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__label__cc	0.687455	0.312545	Cucumber Creek Estates Residences at Shock Hill Braddock West Breckenridge Lands Terms of Use Policy Please read all these provisions (“terms”) carefully before using this Web site. Using this Web site indicates your agreement and acceptance of these terms. If you do not accept these terms, do not use this Web site or download materials from this site. The Site and its Use Breckenridge Lands, "Breckenridge Lands" Web site is owned and provided by Breckenridge Lands from its offices in Breckenridge Colorado. The Web sites of Breckenridge Land’s subsidiaries and affiliated companies are each owned and provided by such subsidiaries and companies. For purposes herein, Breckenridge Lands and its subsidiaries and affiliated companies are collectively referred to as "Breckenridge Lands". The applicable Web site or sites are referred to herein as the "Site." Each Site is provided for your personal information and non-commercial use. 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__label__wiki	0.70556	0.70556	Composers · Interviews Portrait of a Soundscapist: An Interview with Peter Strickland Zsolt Gyori “I had to allow time to let experience ferment inside me, and by then you forget whether what you went through was useful or not!” Peter Stickland came to the immediate attention of the European film community after his Katalin Varga won a Silver Bear in the category of Outstanding Artistic Contribution for sound design (Gábor Erdély and Tamás Székely) at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival, where he competed with the elite of international film community including Wajda, Tavernier, Frears, and Ozon. Other prestigious awards, like the European Discovery of the Year at the European Film Awards,followed, and so did invitations to festivals all around the world. Strickland also appeared on the cover of Sight and Sound. Not that “fame” and the numerous public and media appearances distracted him from artistic projects, but this spring (2010) he has started effective preparations for his second feature film with the working title “Berberian Sound Studio,” a project that promises further experimentation with aural/visual textures and will surely appeal to audiences with a musical taste for Luigi Nono, Luciano Berio/Cathy Berberian, and the Bohman Brothers, among others. Recognition for Strickland came after almost two decades of involvement with small-scale filmmaking and music recording: mainly short films and sonic atmospheres mixing electronic and acoustic music. Strickland came to his present success along an unpaved road, often finding himself in soul-destroying jobs to support artistic pursuits, taking financial risks, moving between countries and cultures of Europe. He is clearly not the only person to have come the rough way, but few have managed to preserve such resolve and openness to the world, and the ability to turn failures and bitterness into intellectual self-exploration. Katalin Varga is a powerful film of exquisite psychological realism exactly because it follows characters on the paths of self-exploration, at the end of which one does not necessarily become a better, happier, or wealthier person, just a human being with a certain integrity. The interview that follows hopefully shows that Peter Strickland is such a person. This interview took place in mid-January 2010, at Eger, Hungary. You are from Reading, a town everyone remembers — as you have said in an interview — for being the place where Oscar Wilde was thrown in prison. As for Wilde, he pursued a cult of beauty in a Victorian society that had its own cult of discipline, even self-denial. Filmmaking surely requires a lot of discipline, yet it is passion that brings the screen to life. Are you a disciplined or more of a passionate person? I’m half-Greek, so maybe I have the passion. Passion made me run into this project without thinking, and before I knew it, I was knee-deep in debt with an unfinished film. Then you need discipline to get out of the mess your passion has created. There is this stereotypical approach to the British that they are unpassionate. According to you, who are those British directors who prove this preconception false? Derek Jarman. I would imagine that would have been partly to do with his homosexuality. There was a huge fight for the kind of rights gay people take for granted now in the UK. I remember reading newspapers in the mid-’80s making scandals because of gay politicians. It has only been in the last twenty years that we have eliminated mass homophobia. Jarman’s early films had so much anger and venom. Jubilee is quite a bad film, but I respect it because it’s just like this spitting cobra, all reared-up and ready to strike at anyone. The British can lack passion. It’s there, locked deep inside, and that’s the problem. We can be so repressed and whatever is lurking inside can come out in some unpleasant ways, especially with the help of alcohol. There is a colossal difference between a British drunk and a Greek drunk. What traditions of British cinema do you feel close to? No traditions as such. It was mainly a few individuals that usually were very un-British in their style: Michael Powell/Emeric Pressburger, Derek Jarman, Peter Greenaway, Nicolas Roeg, and the Brothers Quay. However, I’m discovering unearthed films all the time because of these amazing DVD labels, such as the BFI and Eureka! Masters of Cinema. I’ve recently heard so much about two British ’70s films — Grey Gardens and The Moon and the Sledgehammer. After Jarman’s death and Greenaway’s departure into the digital esoteric, I felt there was no one to turn to in British cinema. I never liked Mike Leigh’s films and even though Ken Loach is very good, to me it’s just TV drama. When Guy Ritchie and his legion of followers came along, I lost all faith in doing anything interesting. Recently it’s been getting better and a whole new generation of people are making quite magical work. What are the things that British cinema does better in comparison to other cinemas? Business. British film people pay on time. In the rest of Europe, you have to growl like a dog for months until you see the money you are owed. Otherwise I don’t think the British do anything better. You seem to have an appreciation for European art cinema and American experimental, avant-garde cinema. How did your taste develop through the years? The repertory cinemas in London were amazing in the ’90s. The Scala cinema in particular had such a schizophrenic programme of films. One minute, you’d be watching exploitation or sleazy Euro porn and then it would be Tarkovsky or Fassbinder. I grew up with that way of seeing the film world from the age of 16, so I saw little distinction between high art and low art or mainstream and underground. It was all there to cook with, and the question was to develop a sensibility or intuition to know how far to go with that. I never saw the avant-garde as an end in itself. It can energise traditional filmmaking without necessarily suffering some kind of “crossover.” Music has done this so much more effectively: from the formalism of John Cage and LaMonte Young elevating the low-life paeans of the Velvet Underground to Glenn Branca’s modern classical music reinforcing rock n’ roll through Sonic Youth. It is interesting that experimental filmmaking since the early sixties has been flourishing in the U.S. while there are hardly any acclaimed directors in Britain. I can only think of Peter Gidal, Malcolm LeGrice, and Sally Potter, all associated with the London Film-Makers’ Co-op. Why is that, do you think? The U.S. tradition was definitely stronger and I don’t think it has anything to do with money. Very hard to say why. Perhaps some things are just in the genes. Those films blew me away — Stan Brakhage, Jordan Belson, the Whitney Brothers, Tony Conrad, and Kenneth Anger. So many of their films offer pure rapture and transcend the forbidding academic rigour that surrounds them. I wasn’t so into some of the kitsch stuff, like Jack Smith or the Kuchars. When Paul Morrissey took over from Warhol, he injected the formalism and transgression that Warhol was known for with something very human and entertaining. His Heat, Trash, and Flesh trilogy is genius. I saw quite a few of the London Film-Makers’ Co-op films and I found them so dry and academic. They just lacked that other-worldly quality that I need in order to enter a film. You have been living in Hungary for some time now. Why did you choose this country, furthermore did relocating to a new culture raise problems of adaptation? I have a Hungarian girlfriend. That’s the main reason. I never really immersed myself in Hungary because I have always been moving back and forth. I also lived in Slovakia for a few years. It always is a problem adapting to a new culture. I’ve become familiar with the various stages: first love, then you become disillusioned and start hating everything, and then comes acceptance. You quickly start to recognise what works better or worse than the cultures you’re familiar with. I never really had a fixed cultural identity because I grew up in an English and Greek family, so in a way, it’s easier to adapt. However, it’s still difficult. I’ll never find a utopian country. If only you could take the best bits out of Hungary, the UK, Greece and put it into a new country and just leave all the shit behind. How did developing a multicultural identity affect your advancement into a filmmaker? Very difficult to answer. I certainly know that despite the fact that London is a very multicultural city, my friends and I were very insular and had little knowledge of the wider continent. Several years on, I’ve experienced and learnt a huge amount, but I don’t know if that has informed my work or not. I absorbed so much by watching films by Herzog, Tarkovsky, and Paradjanov in my teens and my “eye” comes from those days. It’s not a very romantic thing to say, but for many filmmakers, our sensibility develops from what we see on the screen and not always from what we experience. It’s very hard to say how different Katalin Varga would be, had I come over to film it straight from the UK. I would argue that the notion of travel/experience being artistically beneficial is perhaps overrated. Experience itself means nothing unless you are able to process it and use it. However, saying this, the mistakes I made in the past were to write too directly from experience and it always failed. I had to allow time to let experience ferment inside me, and by then you forget whether what you went through was useful or not! The best arguments for multicultural experience or identity affecting artistic advancement would be to go back several centuries and look at writers who would have been unable to travel. Based on Katalin Varga (2009), it is clear that you like to see things — in this case the motif of revenge and redemption — in a complex rather than black and white manner. Does this relativism arise from the previously mentioned cultural status and apply to your general perception of the world? I wish it would apply to everyone’s perception of the world. The only realism I strived for in that film was in terms of morality, to show how precarious, amorphous, and subjective morality is. Revenge narratives populate European, just as any other culture. From Medea to Captain Ahab, from Hamlet to Frankenstein, our most precious literary characters are all caught up in acts of vengeance. Cinema is no different. Films like Godfather (1972) or Kill Bill (2003-2004), A Clockwork Orange (1971) or Memento (2000) all make revenge their central motif. How does the “culture of revenge” work in such a god-forsaken place where you shot Katalin Varga? What I find so ironic is how Transylvania is not god-forsaken at all. I know that I am presenting a god-forsaken world, but it’s a very civilised and dignified place. Money is scarce in Transylvania, but people don’t use that as an excuse for socially unacceptable behaviour, as in the UK. Have you seen Bollók Csaba’s Iska’s Journey (2007), also shot in Transylvania, in a small mining village? Whereas your approach to rural life strongly relies on folklore and seeks aesthetic perfection, Csaba uses documentary techniques close to those of visual anthropology. Would it be a mistake to suggest that the two are not contradictory? Contradictory approaches to narrative can certainly work within one film, but Katalin Varga needed to breathe a different air from what is actually there in Transylvania, and thus realism or documentary techniques wouldn’t have worked in my hands. The whole film is steeped in artifice. It’s closer to opera than film. Janacek was more of an influence on me than Béla Tarr or any other contemporary Hungarian filmmakers. Katalin Varga takes the mere skeletons or vestiges of certain Hungarian tropes, such as the ballad, but that’s reframed in something very flamboyant and un-Hungarian. Even the title pays tribute to Janacek — Katya Kabanova. Part of this thinking arose from the fact that I am not from Hungary or Transylvania. This is not in my blood. No matter how authentic I try to be, I will never be authentic. So let’s forget this and focus on the most effective means of taking a story from a very specific culture and make it speak to the world. But do not try to cross over. That was the balance — to concentrate this intensity, but give it a universal voice. Even the names of the villages in Katalin Varga are fake. The birdsong is not from Transylvania, it’s from Africa and Hungary. Part of this need for artifice comes from my love of Powell and Pressburger. The irony is not lost on me that Pressburger was Hungarian. Their films really emphasise artifice, but they still resonate some kind of truth. I really liked Iska’s Journey, and it reminded me of Paul Morrissey’s early work with the Factory. It had that same rough quality as Heat, and it’s not an easy thing to do. A very good film. Hungarians do have a talent for making great films. Satantango by Tarr and Szindbad by Huszárik Zoltán are works of genius. Now I feel that too many clichés are being used — the long take, meaningful looks, and no talking, no music, etc. That’s the frustrating thing — that whatever seems beautiful or radical at the beginning ends up as a cliché after a few years. It’s almost pointless trying to be original. The best we can aim for is to serve the story and atmosphere we want to create whether we employ clichés or not. You film a lot of landscapes; some of the compositions remind me of the British landscape tradition. Is this analogy a forced one? I think certain things just seeped into my subconscious. What’s strange about doing an interview four years after shooting a film is that hindsight can fool you into thinking certain decisions were premeditated, when actually we were just acting on intuition and urgency. However, that intuition has its roots. Since I have always been torn between natural history and cinema, this film felt like the perfect synthesis of my two passions. I certainly admired British landscape painters such as John Constable, but also the landscape gardener Capability Brown and the natural historian Gilbert White. Maybe I had this in the back of my mind when shooting. Maybe not. Mark Gyori (the cameraman) joked that you can’t go wrong in Transylvania. Everywhere you look, you have a ready-made composition. I think we would do things differently now. Only in editing did we get a feel for what was really working. I like the wide shots that definitely have a Thomas Hardy feel — again, in hindsight. However, what I really responded to was the detail with textures — the cloth on the bed, the wood and the bucket coming out of the well. There’s a musician named Phill Niblock who made some films called The Movement of People Working, and he films people working in the fields and focuses on very repetitive hand actions in close-up and it’s extraordinary. Your first instinct is to feel pity because this work is so monotonous, but because of the texture and repetition, it takes on this alchemical, hypnotic feel. You feel almost guilty for enjoying it. What is so interesting is that these movements are normally left out of a film. Characters are normally not shown working. That is deemed irrelevant in narrative, but most of our life is spent doing repetitive hand work — even if it’s writing, and if you focus on that, you do get a sense of an inner life, which is where the fascination is. I digressed a little from the point about landscape. The mentality of a natural historian is very different from that of a filmmaker or artist. If I’m in a landscape with my natural historian head, I view it very strategically. A landscape is not appreciated for its overall beauty, but for what it can reveal in each quarter. If I see dry, stony walls, I instantly know I’ll find certain types of reptile there. If I’m in a coniferous forest, I know what birds I’m likely to find, etc. It’s a very methodical way of thinking — all geared towards finding things instead of merely accepting scenery for what it is. When shooting Katalin Varga with Gyori Mark, we viewed landscape in its totality and were in acceptance mode. However, there has always been that slight antagonism between my two modes of viewing landscape. I took natural history very seriously and thought it could be a backup career if I failed in filmmaking. However, I failed my chemistry exam — a huge disaster. Maybe it was for the best. Yours is a film of delicate soundscapes and landscapes: an aural vision of human passion. You shoot a lot of action outdoors, on the wide fields and in the thick of the forest, yet human presence is more conveyed by the eerie music, as if sounds were able to express things that characters cannot yet or no longer verbalise. Did you always want to make sounds/music your “main character”? I learnt from the age of 16 that you could convey an inner world after hearing Alan Splet’s sound design on Eraserhead. I also soon realised that it’s rare to find film people who are also music people or vice versa. It’s so strange — you could meet someone into Feher Gyorgy or Béla Tarr, but they listen to very middle-of-the-road music. So I was aware of this unexplored niche in terms of informing film with a whole new world of sonic ideas. Hearing is a far more active human sense than sight. As a filmmaker, your potential to ignite an audience’s imagination is far greater through using sound. With images, most of the work is done for us, but with sound, you´re filling in the gaps and that is very exciting and provocative for an audience. Sound also offers the spatial dimension that the image can’t always do. Bresson gave us a whole outside world in A Man Escaped, and we yearn for it even more since we’re trapped inside a cell. You are also involved in a band called The Sonic Catering Band. How does your work as a musician affect the filmmaker in you? I didn’t realise how essential our sonic catering work was until we started getting positive reactions about the Katalin Varga soundtrack. We had been making these kinds of soundscapes since 1996. We used natural source sounds a lot, but restricted it to only culinary-related activity. When these sounds are just on record, people dismiss it as unlistenable noise, but when you do the same on film, it finds acceptance. For me, after 12 years of working like this with sound, it felt normal to do what we did with the Katalin Varga soundtrack. That became my way of working and without much conscious thought. At the beginning, we were slaves to technology because we were so in awe of it. We essentially hid behind effects because we didn’t have the confidence to let our source sounds reveal themselves. By drenching your source sounds in effects, you are defeating the purpose of what you’re doing and you also date the work. Most people with an appreciation of music can guess the date of a particular track by its effects. If you want a date stamp on your work, then fine, but we wanted to transcend that. The first time you see a studio, you just go crazy, but then you start to realise that you get more results by not using every effect. We kind of had to get rid of our enthusiasm and strip down our sound to just a few effects, and the real work involves editing, volume, layering, and positioning. All this really helped by the time we got to Katalin Varga. I was even putting out entomological records before, but we hardly sold anything. However, it all went towards the Katalin Varga soundtrack. The soundtrack took many years to complete. I started in 2004 with a sound recordist named Clive Graham. We collected a few basic sounds to start with — crickets and goat bells. These sounds were edited and multi-tracked and put aside. I took music from my record collection and asked friends to contribute sounds. Some of the “music” isn’t even music. One track, “Ciconia” by Nurse with Wound, is just massed birdsong, and the audience mistook it for sound design. After several false starts, I took all the material to Gyorgy Kovacs, Gábor Erdély, and Tamás Székely. We spent one month positioning all the sounds and giving them a final polish. In a previous interview you recall someone from the film industry saying “you are only a filmmaker if people pay money for your films.” You not only prove him wrong but suggest that amateurism is sometime more professional than big-budget cinema. Do you see a new era approaching the history of cinema? The notion of “the amateur” is something very romantic. It has that spirit of the underdog that is very attractive, but it also means that you are motivated by your obsessions and not by money. The amateur is obsessed and in love. I never trusted people who called themselves professionals, and often I was proved right. From my little experience of the film industry in Eastern Europe, I noticed how people constantly need to define themselves as professional as if it were an end in itself — a status, and not a means to doing interesting work. Part of being an amateur is embracing failure and working with that to produce something. I failed for more than a decade, but I don’t regret anything. People always call themselves “professional” and I find it such a soulless label. We were totally ignored by the establishment, so it was almost an act of rebellion for us to say “Fuck you, we’re amateurs.” I know that that word is a pejorative in Hungary, but for me, “professional” is a pejorative. As for a new era, there seems to be one every year because of digital technology. It’s at once very liberating and unsettling. All of us are grappling with new horizons, and for every new horizon there is a new threat. The emphasis of struggle has shifted from ‘how do I get the film made?” to “how do I get the film seen?” There is a saturation of films out there. Digital has completely democratised the production end of the market, so the hierarchy is slowly evaporating, which is great. However, that hierarchy just shifts to the distribution end of the market because that’s where everyone is competing now. Output has increased, and with that, the audiences are more dispersed. Unless you’re rich, you can’t ignore that threat AND also the fact that many people download films. If filmmakers have the time to make films as a hobby, then this is the best time to do it. But the question remains: how will their work be seen? And from the audience’s point of view — the average person doesn’t have the time or money to go trawl through the internet or go to festivals to find the next hidden gem of a film, so the “middle man” end of the industry — the sales agents, distributors, publicists, exhibitors, and critics — are having more power than the studios or state funders that are in production. Pros and cons! A whole book needs to be written about this, but this is my best attempt at an answer. Who are those young British filmmakers you feel spiritually close to? There are filmmakers of my generation that I like — Gideon Koppel, Christine Molloy, and Joe Lawler. However, I don’t feel spiritually close to them. Katalin Varga must have opened a few doors in the film industry. Do you plan on working in Britain in the future? My next film does involve me moving back to the UK because I am working with a UK producer, Keith Griffiths, and also with the UK Film Council. Beyond this, I don’t know. All these things depend on the project and any funds available. — Zsolt Gyori Zsolt Gyori is an Assistant Professor at Eszterházy Károly College, Hungary, where he teaches courses in Film Studies and British Studies. At present he is editing a collection of essays on British cinema. Part of his research involves the study of cultural/historical memory as used by the films of wartime British filmmakers. Gyori has attended numerous national and international conferences and symposia, and published numerous film-related articles in journals and anthologies, mainly in Hungary. Previous story Repo Men on DVD Next story William Cameron Menzies and the Totalitarian Menace Also in Bright Lights The Last Black Man in San Francisco: Talking with Production Designer Jona Tochet, Cinematographer Adam Newport-Berra, and Editor David Marks August 26, 2019 Norbert, We Hardly Knew Ye: Rethinking the Late German Composer October 31, 2004 Interview with John Woo January 1, 2001 Rebel, Rebel: Gregg Araki Reflects on The Living End and His Totally F***ed Up Career at Sundance 2008 January 31, 2008	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line319
__label__cc	0.661937	0.338063	No Reserve: Armored 1980 Alfa Romeo Alfetta 2000 5-Speed Sold For $11,750 On 5/13/20$11,750 Sold Seller: norinofu Chassis: AR0031862 13k Kilometers (~8k Miles) Shown 2.0-Liter Inline-Four White over Brown Velour Armored In Period by Marazzi Bulletproof Wheel Coverings Dunlop Run-Flat Tires Dual Fire-Suppression System Italian Registration Documents Category: Italian This 1980 Alfa Romeo Alfetta 2000 Blindata was sold new in Cetraro, Italy, to Francesco “Franco” Muto, a reputed member of the Italian mafia. The car is said to have been modified in period by armored vehicle specialist Marazzi, with additions including 1,300 pounds of armor plating, a dual fire suppression system, bulletproof wheels and tires, and more. Finished in white with a brown velour interior, the car is powered by a 2.0L inline-four paired with a five-speed manual transaxle. It was last registered in 1981, and has been entered in various shows and events since becoming part of the seller’s collection in 2013. Now showing just under 13k kilometers (~8k miles), this Tipo 116 is offered at no reserve in Munich, Germany with export documents and the previous Italian registration. The exterior is finished in white and was reportedly modified under previous ownership with 1,300 pounds of armor plating and an intercom system. Some touch-ups and scratches are noted in the paint along with weathering of body seals, and close-ups of the imperfections are provided in the gallery below. 15″ steel wheels are said to have been bulletproofed during the modifications, and are mounted with older Dunlop Denovo run-flat tires measuring 195/65. The interior is trimmed in brown velour with matching door panels and carpets as well as a black dash. Marazzi is said to have installed bulletproof windows with additional plexiglass splitter protection, additional locks for the doors, and a telecommunication system. An air conditioning system remains fitted. A three-spoke steering wheel frames instrumentation including a 200-km/h speedometer and a 7,500-rpm tachometer. The five-digit odometer shows just under 13k kilometers (~8k miles). The 2.0L twin-cam inline-four sends power to the rear wheels via a rear-mounted five-speed manual transaxle. The seller notes that the car has not been registered since 1981, and recommends an inspection prior to road use. Additional underbody photos can be viewed in the gallery. Included in the sale are Italian registration documents assigned to Francesco Muto. The video attached below provides cold-start, oil pressure, ride-along, and drive-by footage, as well as a demonstration of the intercom system. Winning Bid USD $11,750 by Nilspettter Auction Ended May 13, 2020 at 12:19PM PT	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line320
__label__cc	0.624324	0.375676	Disruptive American “astrologistics” Achieving a true spaceflight logistics infrastructure may require disruptive innovations. (credit: SpaceX) by Mike Snead As a “great power,” America dominates in many areas—politically, economically, scientifically, industrially, and militarily—through accomplishment and partnership. By making “America Great Again”, President Donald Trump aims to return and strengthen America’s dominance in all these areas. President Trump has called for a renaissance, a renewal, of America’s human space enterprise. Under the leadership of Vice President Mike Pence, the National Space Council was reestablished. President Trump endorsed the council’s call for a permanent American human presence on the Moon. At a council meeting on June 18, President Trump said, “My administration is reclaiming America’s heritage as the world’s greatest spacefaring nation.” On August 13, at the signing of the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act while speaking of his call for the creation of a US Space Force, he added, “We must have American dominance in space.” In saying this, President Trump has charged America’s aerospace industry with making this happen: of transforming America into a true human spacefaring nation. This is the modern equivalent of President Kennedy’s bold call to put an American safely on the Moon within the decade. The world is awakening to the tremendous economic potential of the solar system’s extraterrestrial resources. Space probes are directly exploring asteroids and, soon, returning to the Moon to better understand their composition and structure. Space mining companies are forming to identify and extract economically valuable asteroid and lunar resources. Closer to home, space tourism, space-provided information, and space industrialization ventures aim to further commercially exploit Earth orbit. Finally, serious activities are underway that will, later this century, begin human civilization’s expansion off-world. President Trump’s leadership in renewing and strengthening America’s space enterprise is very timely as he is the political champion that has long been needed for these possibilities to begin to be realized. This is an exciting time for aerospace professionals! The significant weakness of all of these efforts is that they are being undertaken absent a useful spacefaring logistics, or “astrologistics,” capability. America and the rest of the world are trapped in the equivalent of the “sailing” era of ocean-going exploration and commerce where human space enterprises remain dangerous and with success being highly uncertain. The lack of an integrated American national astrologistics infrastructure constrains fulfilling President Trump’s call for American dominance in space. Building logistics infrastructure has been essential The English word logistics evolved from the Greek logos—meaning reason—via the French logistique, meaning art of calculating. While the word logistics emerged in the mid-1800s, the function of logistics goes back into ancient times. As long as 4,600 years ago, the Egyptians were excellent logisticians in planning and executing the construction of the pyramids and other public works. Similar logistics efforts were evident in ancient China and in the pre-Columbian Americas. For the United States, efforts to undertake “internal improvements”—as infrastructure was then called—began soon after the final withdrawal of British forces following the signing of the formal 1783 peace treaty. George Washington, after returning to Mount Vernon, began a quest that would last through the remainder of his lifetime to build a canal along the Potomac River to open trade to the interior of Virginia and on into the new Ohio Territory. Canals were soon followed by roads, steamship lines and, then, railroads as America eagerly built infrastructure to first enable the natural and agricultural wealth of the western territories to be affordably brought to market, and then to transport millions of settlers west to form new states, industrialize cities, and unite a continental nation. Public and private logistics infrastructure investment enabled the United States to enter the last century as an industrial and technological powerhouse, empowering it to prevail in two hot and one cold world wars. An example of an important national logistics infrastructure that we all benefit from is the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. Built at a current cost of over $500 billion, the system now has over 48,000 miles (77,200 kilometers) of highway. One-quarter of all vehicle miles are driven on these highways. It was created by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 championed by President Eisenhower. The concept dates back to a 1918 proposal by civil engineer E. J. Mehren for a 50,000-mile interstate highway system. The following year, a 28-year-old Lt. Col. Eisenhower participated in an arduous, two-month Army transcontinental road trip to assess the movement of the Army by road. A quarter century later, General Eisenhower viewed the German Reichsautobahn, seeing firsthand a modern highway system. These experiences prompted Eisenhower’s political support for the American interstate highway system that transformed personal and commercial ground mobility, providing the logistical underpinnings of substantial commercial and industrial growth and wealth generation. The clear need for new astrologistics infrastructure In the 1997 bestseller The Innovator’s Dilemma, Clayton M. Christensen emphasized the impact of disruptive technologies on established market leaders. With multiple examples, he highlights how companies bringing disruptive business ideas to market fundamentally altered how business is conducted. Competing companies that fail to respond fall behind, often going out of business. However, disruption is not unique to business. Military forces have been introducing disruptive technologies ever since the first weapons were fashioned countless years ago. Almost all of America’s military space enterprise has been undertaken to exploit the military potential of robotic operations in outer space, seeking advantage over potential adversaries and deterrence against aggression. Yet, in the ensuing half century, American astrologistics—military and commercial—has changed little. Christensen provides a clue as to why in the following: Companies whose investment processes demand quantifications of market sizes and financial returns before they can enter a market get paralyzed or make serious mistakes when faced with disruptive technologies. They demand market data when none exists and make judgements based upon financial projections when neither revenues or costs can, in fact, be known. Using planning and marketing techniques that were developed to manage sustaining technologies in the very different context of disruptive ones is an exercise in flapping wings. Figure 1: New American astrologistics infrastructure will be needed for America to begin the second era of the Space Age. (credit: J. M. Snead.) Figure 1 depicts America’s overall astrologistics capabilities since 1960. As noted by the Space Commission in 2001, America is still operating within the first era of the space age, constrained by clearly inadequate astrologistics capabilities. If we are to move into the second era, where America’s long-held true human spacefaring dreams and President Trump’s call for American dominance in space can be realized, new astrologistics infrastructure needs to be built. The United States aerospace industry and military has not always been this timid. Figure 2 illustrates that the quarter century following the end of World War II saw the introduction and operational application of many new disruptive technologies, all accomplished within the slide-rule age of engineering. The once-thought impenetrable sound barrier speed of Mach 1 is used as the metric for plotting the program start dates and operational Mach numbers. It is noteworthy that within less than a dozen years of the end of World War II, the military and its aerospace contractors had the self-confidence to begin developing the X-15, followed quickly by the start of development of the DynaSoar spaceplane and the B-70 Mach 3 strategic bomber. Within only a quarter-century of the end of Word War II, Americans were routinely flying hypersonically in reusable rocket-propelled aircraft, supersonically in operational military aircraft, and traveling to space, landing on the Moon. This is what American aerospace greatness looked like! Figure 2: Timeline of significant American aerospace advancements in the quarter century after the end of World War II. The program start year and operational Mach number is indicated. (credit: J. M. Snead.) A coordinated American investment in new astrologistics capabilities will be disruptive in terms of enabling dramatically better American national spacefaring capabilities. The starting point is what author Robert A. Heinlein noted back in 1950: that low Earth orbit (LEO) is the jumping off point for access to the rest of the solar system while we are still using chemical propulsion. Based on this, building an integrated American astrologistics infrastructure can be divided into three phases, enabling the second era of the space age to begin (see Figure 3): Phase A: Accessing LEO regularly and safely and creating the initial shared LEO astrologistics infrastructure. Phase B: Expanding the LEO common astrologistics infrastructure and extending this to medium- and geostationary Earth orbits (GEO), the Earth-Moon Lagrange points, lunar orbit, and the lunar surface. Phase C: Extending the common astrologistics infrastructure to support human and robotic exploration of Mars, near-Earth asteroids, and throughout Earth-Mars space. Figure 3: New astrologistics capabilities would enable the second era of the space age. (credit: J. M. Snead.) Building a shared American astrologistics infrastructure To move effectively into the second era of the space age, America must leave “first era” thinking and organizational “ownership” behind. Just as the owners of a failing sports team recognize that a new general manager and coach are needed, America needs a new leadership structure to see to the building of an integrated astrologistics infrastructure meeting civil, military, and, eventually, private user needs. It is especially important that this be undertaken to make building the infrastructure the singular organizational objective unencumbered by competing responsibilities such as exploration, research, or national security. As I have advocated before, creating a new Federal Government Corporation (FGC) chartered with establishing and operating the astrologistics infrastructure is now the appropriate step. (See “Should NASA build spacefaring logistics infrastructure?”, The Space Review, January 9, 2017.) This lets NASA continue to focus on its research, science, and exploration priorities; lets the Department of Defense establish a new US Space Force and US Space Guard; and lets private interests develop and implement business plans to exploit the new astrologistics infrastructure. With President Trump’s support, a new FGC could be organized and operating by the end of 2020 with a plan outlining the scope and capabilities of the new astrologistics infrastructure presented to the American public before the 2020 election. President Trump has issued a call for America to dominate in space. It’s time to stop lollygagging and start building the infrastructure necessary for this call to be robustly answered. Building this infrastructure will disrupt the status quo in space operations, providing the United States with substantial operational advantages over potential adversaries and competing commercial interests. Mike Snead is a professional engineer and Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). He is president of the Spacefaring Institute (spacefaringinstitute.net) and writes the Spacefaring America blog. He has formed the LinkedIn group Space Solar Power to advocate for space-based sustainable energy and the coming American spacefaring industrial revolution. He can be reached through the contact form on the blog site or through LinkedIns. His technical papers are available here. Previous: Space, fighting for airspace Next: Review: The Bomb and America’s Missile Age Another view on the problems facing NASA’s Mars Exploration Program The Moonrush has begun Tech Mahindra to run healthcare, aerospace, telecom offerings on Amazon’s managed blockchain A new InSight for Mars exploration Central Bank stops printing euro bank notes	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line321
__label__wiki	0.78702	0.78702	Anil Singh He is the Secretary General of SANSAD (South Asian Network for Social & Agricultural Development). The organizations vision is to make South Asia free from hunger and poverty. To know more about the organization please visit www.sansad.org.in Mathew Cherian Mathew has worked in the area of rural development with cooperatives, in association with the National Dairy Development Board. He was a consultant to voluntary agencies and to the National Wastelands Development Board. His further assignments include the post of Director, Oxfam, UK and India, Programme Director, South Asia, Plan International, and Country Representative, Charities Aid Foundation. He is the Founder of Association of Third Sector Researchers in India, Resource Mobilization Network in India, Campaign for Human Rights (Dalits and Tribals), and CAF India. Mathew serves full time as Chief Executive of HelpAge India. Pritpal Marjara Pritpal Marjara is the Managing Director of Population Service International in India. Mr. Marjara holds a Master’s degree in Information Technology. Mr. Marjara has over 15 years of diverse professional experience in social marketing, behavior change communication, research and Information Technology. Mr. Marjara began his career as an IT professional developing software programs. He started his career in the development sector at PSI where he managed complex health programs in a diverse geographical, social and cultural setting in India. He had progressive responsibilities, culminating the program leadership, within PSI’s Avahan program with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation which involved the delivery of services in management and treatment sexually transmitted infections in the areas with a high prevalence of HIV. He speaks in English, Hindi, and Punjabi. To know more visit www.psi.org.in Prashanto Sen Prashanto Chandra Sen completed his B.A in History (Hons.) from St. Stephens College, University of Delhi. He went on to do his LLB from the University of Delhi and completed the Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) Course from the University of Oxford, UK. He began his career as an associate in Amarchand Mangaldas & Suresh A. Shroff And Company. Thereafter, he worked under Dr. A.M. Singhvi, Senior Advocate and subsequently under Mr. C.A. Sundaram, Sr. Advocate. He is now practicing independently and has put in 18 years of practice. His core area of practice consists of civil/commercial litigation. He has been involved in cases relating to land acquisition, mining, electricity, environmental law, municipal law, labour law, service law and commercial/contractual law. He was one of the four Additional Standing Counsels for New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) for seven years which is the premier Municipal body in New Delhi responsible for Lutyen’s Delhi. Currently, he is also on the panel to represent the Competition Commission of India (CCI) in various cases. He appears in a number of fora apart from the Supreme Court and Delhi High Court. He has also been appearing in the National Green Tribunal (NGT), Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL), Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), Mines & Minerals Tribunal and Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT). He has also been involved in international commercial arbitrations under the aegis of International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and London Council of International Arbitration (LCIA). Rajdeep Sardesai Rajdeep Sardesai is a senior journalist and author of the best-selling book, ‘2014: The Election that Changed India’. With 26 years of journalistic experience in print and TV, Sardesai was managing editor of the NDTV network before he set up the IBN 18 network with channels like CNN IBN as founder editor. He began his career with the Times of India and was the city editor of its Mumbai edition at the age of 26. He is presently a consulting editor with the India Today Group and anchors a prime time show on India Today. Specialising in national politics, Sardesai has won numerous awards for journalistic excellence including the prestigious Padma Shri for Journalism in 2008, the International Broadcasters Award for coverage of the 2002 Gujarat riots, and the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award for 2007. He has also won the Asian Television Awards 2014 for Best News Presenter in Asia for the coverage of the 2014 general elections. He has been News Anchor of the Year at the Indian Television Academy for eight of the last ten years and his programme Big Fight won the Asian TV award for best talk show twice in a row. He has been the President of the Editors Guild of India and was also chosen as a Global Leader for Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in 2000. Sardesai writes a fortnightly column across several newspapers, including the Hindustan Times. An Oxford blue at cricket, he completed his Masters and LLB from Oxford University after graduating in economics from St. Xavier’s College in Mumbai. Sumita Ghose Sumita Ghose is the founder and executive director of Rangsutra, an organization of Craftspeople who own shares and have a stake in the company. She has close to 20 years of experience of working with rural communities in remote areas of India in order to bring about social and economic change. From forming women’s health collectives and self-help groups aimed at economic self-reliance, to mobilizing village communities to run primary education programs for their children, Sumita has worked extensively at the grassroots. Sumita has a master’s degree in economics from Mumbai University, India. She has a second masters in conflict resolution from the Eastern Mennonite University in the US as a Fulbright Fellow. Sumita is also a recipient of the MacArthur and Ashoka Fellowships in India. She is a Fellow of the inaugural class of the India Leadership Initiative and a member of the Aspen Global Leadership Network. To know more visit www.rangasutra.com Tilak Mukherji Co-Founder & Chairman: Sigma Research, India; Co-Founder, Chairman and Senior Partner, Median Consultants, Dubai. Started a career with ORG (now Nielsen), spent 5 years with IMRB, a few months with ULKA (Now FCB ULKA) and then joined Mode in 1986 and continued till April 30, 2008 with TNS Mode and finally TNS India. Now, founded Median Consultants, Dubai; helped set up Sigma Research and Consulting, Delhi. He is an MSc (Hons) in Mathematics from BITS, Pilani. Tilak has about 30 years of social and marketing research experience in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and other countries such as the Maldives, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines. He was a director on the board (and stakeholder) of Mode / TNS Mode / TNS India (1986 – 2008), and the de facto Managing Director of MRC-MODE Bangladesh (1996 – 2002) and TNS Lanka (2004 – 2008). He was the co-founder promoter of GfK ME, Dubai and Saudi Arabia (in 2008), and was its Chairman, till August 2012. He is the co-founder promoter, and Chairman and Senior Partner of Median Consultants, Dubai. Tilak has had as clients virtually all MNC companies in the commercial sector, and a wide range of international multi and bilateral donor and development agencies and Government departments in the social development sector. His papers (co-authored) have been published/presented in many Indian and international fora. He was instrumental for the phenomenal growth of the Social Research Unit of TNS India, and the dramatic turnaround of TNS Lanka during 2004 – 2008 (including the setting up of a social research unit that was a major contributor to this growth), apart from engineering the growth of various SBUs of TNS India e.g. Mumbai. To know more about Tilak Mukherji, please visit the website www.sigma-india.in Usha Rai Smt. Usha Rai, who mainstreamed women issues in the media. Right from the first major report by Phulrenu Guha and Veena Majumdar on the status of Women in the country, to Ela Bhatt’s Shram Shakti report on the women in the unorganized sector, she has been focusing with sensitivity on women’s issues. Among the major women related stories she has broken are the rape of Bhanwari Devi of Rajasthan, atrocities on Usha Dhiman of U.P, assault on Jain Sadhavis in M.P. and an investigative report on the widows of Vrindavan. Usha Rai started her carrier as a press reporter thirty-nine years back. She has since then published many books and specializes in the Development and Education sector, Women’s Issues, Environment and Rural Development as well as NGO movements. She is also the founder member of the Indian Women’s Press Corp in New Delhi. At present she is serving in the coveted post of a Deputy Director, Press Institute of India. Usha Rai, a pioneer in writing on women’s empowerment issues has been focusing on the falling sex ratio of the girl child due to sex-selective abortions. She is the recipient of the Chameli Devi Award and FAO UN Award	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line323
__label__wiki	0.873339	0.873339	David Joseph Miera David, circa 1970; Age-progression to age 46 (circa 2013); Genevieve Miera; Leon Zerfas Missing From Dixon, New Mexico Age 2 years old Height and Weight 3'0, 50 pounds Distinguishing Characteristics Hispanic male. Light brown hair, brown eyes. David has a birthmark in the center of his upper back, wide-set eyes and unusually wide feet. David was last seen in rural Dixon, New Mexico on January 10, 1970. He was with his mother's boyfriend, Leon Zerfas, at the time. David's mother, Genevieve "Genie" Miera, was giving birth to a daughter named Eelia at Embudo Presbyterian Hospital the day David disappeared, and had to stay in the hospital for two days. She last saw David and Zerfas outside the hospital. The pair may have left on foot, hitchhiked or rode in a faded green 1946 Chevrolet pickup truck. Zerfas was 27 years old in 1970, 6'0 with brown hair and gray eyes. He often used his surname as his first name. He also went by the initials LG or used the first names Bill, Joe, John, Jose and William. Genevieve was released from the hospital on January 12 and came home. She, David and Zerfas lived five or six miles from the hospital, east of Dixon, in an area known as the Canoncito. When Genevieve arrived home, David and all his clothes and toys were gone. Zerfas claimed he gave the baby away, but told different stories about it: he variously identified David's new caregiver(s) as his sister from Mexico, a "hippie" family who lived in a bus, a childless pair of college graduates from the eastern United States, a family named Phillips or Felps, and a blonde photographer. None of his stories have been verified and David has never been located. David's mother, Zerfas and their daughter moved to California, then Genevieve left him after a violent argument and returned to New Mexico. Only then, more than a year after she'd last seen her son, did she report him missing. Photographos of Genevieve and Zerfas are posted with this case summary. Genevieve would later characterize Zerfas as an unfaithful and violent man who abused her and David. Dixon was known as a "hippie" enclave in 1970 and many of its residents, including Genevieve, were involved with drugs. Several of David's relatives and the family's former neighbors believe Zerfas murdered the child. Genevieve ultimately had five more children and raised them in the Santa Cruz, California area. In 1986, she and Eelia went to New Mexico to look for David, and Eelia encountered Zerfas and asked him what happened. He said he'd given David away. Genevieve died in April 1989 and Zerfas died in 2005. Eelia is still looking for her brother. David's disappearance remains unsolved. New Mexico State Police The Doe Network Susan Stone Salas's La Luz De Jesus Studio Art Gallery New Mexico Missing Person Web Page David Joseph Miera- Almost 3 years Old-Missing 1970 The Albuquerque Journal Updated 6 times since October 12, 2004. Last updated October 1, 2013; age-progression added.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line324
__label__cc	0.558947	0.441053	Olympic Peninsula tales Sea Stories Real or Folk Tale? Stories made us human Mystery, stories, legend….mountains, the ocean, truth Blog Posts, Origins August 27, 2014 February 18, 2017 About the Author: Caleb Scharf is the director of Columbia University’s multidisciplinary Astrobiology Center. He has worked in the fields of observational cosmology, X-ray astronomy, and more recently exoplanetary science. His latest book is ‘Gravity’s Engines: How Bubble-Blowing Black Holes Rule Galaxies, Stars, and Life in the Cosmos’, and he is working on ‘The Copernicus Complex’ (both from Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux.) This article was originally published by Scientific American. This post is one in a series covering, and expanding on, topics in the book “The Copernicus Complex“ (Scientific American/FSG). The conversation usually goes like this: Do you think we’re alone in the universe? Answer A) : No, absolutely not. It’s a huge universe, we’re not at the center or central in any way and it would be the height of vanity to think humans or Earth are in any way special or significant. Answer B): We might be. There’s never been any firm evidence of extraterrestrial life, and our galaxy is old enough that intelligent civilizations should have spread everywhere by now. I’ve lost track of how many times I’ve had this exchange, with scientists, with family, with random people at pubs and (once) on a heavily forested hillside in Norway with a pair of slightly suspicious looking hikers who had probably just hidden a body somewhere. But the fascinating thing is how we tend to fall into either camp A or camp B, and how strongly we feel about our answers. There are some caveats. The ‘we’ in the original question is a loaded word. It can be taken to mean ‘technologically intelligent life’ (i.e. as modern humans like to think they are), or it can be taken to mean ‘slime’ – the single-celled microbial life that represents, and has always represented, the bulk of living matter on Earth. If the definition of ‘we’ gets refined using these categories the answers can change a bit. In fact both A and B responses tend to converge to a tepid middle-ground, along the lines of saying that there could be lots of microbial-type life in the cosmos, where it sits slime-like under a favorite rock rather than building pan-galactic empires, while more complex life is either very rare (as in the so-called Rare Earth hypothesis) or never makes it very far into interstellar space (part of an idea called the Great Filter) This is an awfully unsatisfactory state of affairs, a set of answers that are enormously influenced by our interpretation of events here on Earth. The impasse would be broken if we could detect life with an independent origin elsewhere – either in the solar system or farther beyond – yet that’s a challenge that remains unmet. It may not stay that way for much longer, between our exploration of Mars and our ambitions for exploring places like comets and icy moons, we really do seem to be getting closer to examining local possibilities for life. And with a stunning array of exoplanet detections, and near-term cataloging of all the best neighboring targets with upcoming missions like TESS, we should be able to apply the next generation of space and ground based ‘super observatories‘ to make crude measurements of the properties of a few potential Earth-analogs. But this is an optimistic overview. In all of these examples, the non-detection of life (whether as fossils or as chemical signatures) is unlikely to eliminate the possibility of life in these places – we simply won’t be able to be that thorough. So, unfortunately, in ten years time we’re quite likely to still be having the A vs B conversation. On the face of it the compromise solution – that microbial-type life may be common, but life like us isn’t – seems like a decent answer. However, there’s a catch. Most of this argument hinges on the idea that Earth’s complex-celled, multi-cellular life (everything from nematodes to sheep) only exists because of a sequence of very specific, but low probability, events – including the way and location in which the Earth formed (with water, with plate tectonics), to the presence of a large moon (keeping our spin axis from varying too much), to a chance merger of two equally simple, single-celled, organisms giving rise to complex, eukaryotic life 2 billion years ago. Thus the odds of a planet making creatures like us is vanishingly unlikely, and so this simply can’t have happened in many other places, even in a universe of hundreds of billions of galaxies and nearly 14 billion years old. Except this is a very specific interpretation of the facts, after the events (a post-hoc analysis). To use an analogy, imagine that you’re woken up one morning by the telephone ringing. You answer and it’s a distant cousin just calling to let you know their new number. Later, as you walk to work, a bus honks at traffic and you glance up to see some of the digits of that phone number on its side. At lunchtime a torn piece of newspaper gets stuck on your foot, with the headline that the national lottery has a record prize draw. Back at work a colleague insists that you participate in a meeting where the word ‘prize’ gets used extensively. On your way home you stop at a newspaper stand and decide to buy a lottery ticket. The next morning you discover that you’ve won the huge jackpot! What do you make of this? Your natural instinct is to look back at the events of the previous day, marveling at how, step-by-step, you were led to this point by a series of unlikely events. Taken altogether, you reason, this was incredibly improbable, it’s as if the cosmos has singled you out to win! Yet this isn’t true at all. Someone, somewhere, was going to win the lottery draw. And whoever they were, in whatever circumstances, they would be having the same thoughts. The events of the previous day, week, or year would all take on new meaning in light of the outcome. There would be numbers that they’d seen, choices made, steps taken, random occurrences that appeared to lead up to this point. Of course some of these events were necessary, but they would also be entirely different if another person had won. The point being that it would be hugely irrational to claim that the chain of events that led to you winning was the only way this could have happened. All of which circles back to the idea of the ‘rarity’ of life’s trajectory here on Earth. The fact is that our perspective is not unlike the lottery winner’s. It’s easy to look back at 4 billion years of bio-geo-chemical evolution and say that organisms like us were a highly improbable outcome. But in truth we don’t know whether or not that’s actually true, and we can’t know because we have no information about how things have played out across billions of other worlds across the galaxy. In a sense, we have no idea how many other winning lottery tickets are out there in the cosmos, or how they were picked. And that raises a new question (one that I will tackle in a later post, Part 2), aboutwhy we have no idea, and how complex, even technological, life elsewhere could have remained unseen to this point… Filed under: theories Grit in the Heartland Continued Earliest Evidence of Offshore Fishing Follow Stories made us human on WordPress.com Impeachment, the Investigation, and the Senate Vote January 12 6pm PST… January 11 2021 afternoon Pacific Time thoughts… The Well of Time Series Lost Causes….. Voting – a thought experiment The unnamed lake and the three tales…. Well of Time Tales Chapter 1 Humans in the Americas at least 33,000 years ago!!! Best plague summary available: FINAL BOOK IN SERIES FINISHED BUT… Totem, the third and final tale in the Strong Heart Series, tells of what happens when Sarah and her friends confront Buckhorn Industries deep in the park just as the mining is set to begin…..The book has been finished for nearly a year now but Covid has delayed production – hope to have it available from Irontwine in the first quarter 2021…. Strong Heart Series Background Order Strong Heart Strong Heart https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780997060058 Order Adrift STRONG HEART REVIEWS "I'm in love with your book, savoring my life in it, days and nights, taking it to my dreams. The Place People Were, I know it. Been there. Makes me hungry, that old, old thing we carry, all of us: that knowing we were simpler, some way better, maybe, its sweetness...the shadows shift and I am more than who I was..." Laurel White, actress, audiobook narrator "A grand story, a coming of age story with a twist...if you love adventure, mystery...then this is a novel I would recommend." Kylee Hauth, 18 “How does a heart grow strong? Read this wonderful book and find out. The characters charmed and surprised me, and I found myself a willing companion on their journey, caring deeply for them.” Kim Heacox, author of JIMMY BLUEFEATHER (winner of the National Outdoor Book Award) A threatened mine, a wilderness journey, and an ice age quest weave into a story of survival and discovery. Set in the unforgiving landscape of the Olympic Peninsula wilderness and the North Pacific Coast, this tale follows a lonely orphan as she undertakes a journey as old as humanity itself. STRONG HEART is published by IRON TWINE PRESS (https://irontwinepress.com/) Well of Time Series Intro https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bb7P6iYCFio 1. The Well of Time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flg0mvj8ZwM 2. The Ice Age https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ro_b-APfeYg 3.Greedy Bart Meets the Kid Gang https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfEvkGwUFmc Adrift Reviews “Grabs hold of you on the first page and won’t let go. Sheldon writes about the temperament and power of the sea as well as anyone I’ve ever read. Adrift was a pleasure to read.” (John Evison, best-selling author of West of Here and Lawn Boy) “From the first page, Adrift swept me away to an adventure. Anchored in the hands of a great storyteller, the characters come alive on the pages making me care about them, the sea, the future and the past. I read every word. Get on board this truly fine novel!” (Jane Kirkpatrick, best-selling author of All She Left Behind.) “As a mariner who has spent a bit of time in the Bering Sea, North Pacific Ocean and Northwest Coast of North America I can tell you that Charlie Sheldon captures the essence of the hazards faced by mariners in those waters. His time sailing on large ships provides accuracy that any mariner can envision while reading his works. What I find most engaging is the character development and interaction. Charlie captured not only shipboard human interaction and relationships, but those we witness in everyday life. Adrift is a stand alone sequel to Strong Heart and a very good read. I recommend reading Strong Heart to fully appreciate the back story.” (Steven A. Palmer. Master M/V APL Saipan) “From descriptions of handling a tug in heavy weather to launching a lifeboat from a burning ship, Charlie Sheldon’s years at sea show through as he recounts life and love, defeat and triumph in this exciting account of a salvage off the west coast of Haida Gwaii. The detailed technical accuracy is equaled by the sensitive descriptions of lives and loves in a small community on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. All around Adrift is a fine and gripping tale.” (Alan Haig Brown, Canadian author and photographer. Among his books are Fishing for a Living, The Susie A, and The Fraser River) “Adrift weaves a compelling tale of one ships’ crew having to face an ordeal that all mariners never want to experience. A shipboard fire and subsequent abandoning of their ship turns into an arduous voyage to salvation inside two small, cramped lifeboats in a stormy and unforgiving cold North Pacific. Interspersed with the people ashore who respond to this disaster, this is one compelling novel. Having spent over 40 years working on ships I can honestly say this is very well written mariners tale. It is a definite page-turner.” (Captain Hans W. Amador, Master Mariner) “As a Merchant Seaman for 44 years, many of them in the brutal, cold Northwest waters and islands, and also a former shipmate of Charlie Sheldon, I can totally relate to this seeming true to life adventure. I’m just glad it didn’t happen to me. A stand alone sequel to Strong Heart, the story flows excitingly from character to character. It is a great, fast paced sea story from the first page to the very last.” (Richard Sanderson, SIU Chief Steward, over 10,000 days at sea.)	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line325
__label__wiki	0.819921	0.819921	U.S. Tenth Circuit Coal Dust, Not Smoking, Caused Worker's Death, Court Rules By William Vogeler, Esq. on February 16, 2018 12:10 PM Bradford McClean spent almost half his life working in coal mines. By the time he quit, doctors said less than one-third of his lungs were working. He claimed benefits under the Black Lung Benefits Act, then he died. His widow continued with the claim, but McClean's employer said he died from smoking -- not black lung disease. In Spring Creek Coal Company v. McClean, an administrative law judge concluded that the miner suffered and died from pneumoconiosis, also known as "black lung disease." The BLBA was designed to provide benefits to coal miners and their surviving dependents. The Act covers medical treatment, travel, and related costs for the miner's disease. Monthly benefits for a widow are $644. Spring Creek Coal Company argued that McClean died from his decades-long smoking habit. The U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals disagreed. The appeals court said the company's medical experts did not give enough "credible medical evidence" to defeat McClean's claim. Rebuttal Presumption Under 20 C.F.R. Section 718.305(b), the court noted, the company could rebut the presumption that the miner died from the disease. It would have to show that McClean didn't have the disease or that "no part of the miner's death" was caused by the disease. The company argued that the requirement applied to underground miners and not McClean, who worked above ground. The appeals court said the working conditions were substantially similar. To qualify under the Act, "a surface miner must only establish that he was exposed to sufficient coal dust in his surface mine employment," the judges said. United States Tenth Circuit Cases (FindLaw's Cases & Codes) Ninja Turtles Snap at Live-Action Show, Viacom Sues for Copyright Violation (FindLaw's U.S. Tenth Circuit Blog) State High Court Says OK Oil Companies Not Exempt From Workers Comp (FindLaw's U.S. Tenth Circuit Blog)	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line328
__label__wiki	0.856021	0.856021	10 Breathtaking Memorials To 9/11 Victims By Jacob H. On the morning of September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and perpetrated the worst attack on U.S. soil since Pearl Harbor. Two of the airplanes were crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Another airplane was crashed into the Pentagon building in Washington, D.C. The fourth airplane went down in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after the passengers and crew rushed the terrorists. In all, the September 11 attacks killed 2,977 people and injured an additional 6,000 people. Along with firefighters, police officers, and first responders, the majority of those killed were civilians whose ages ranged from two years old to 85 years old. The entire nation rallied together to mourn the loss of so many in such a senseless act of terrorism. Now, more than 15 years later, the nation still remembers those who were killed in the attacks and the brave men and women who gave their lives to save others. Memorials, statues, and monuments have been erected around the country to honor those who lost their lives and to ensure that they will never be forgotten. On the anniversary of the attacks, here is a list of 10 of the most moving and inspirational memorials to those killed on September 11, 2001. 10. Garden of Reflection, New Jersey Photo: The Garden of Reflection 9/11 Memorial — “After Darkness… Light” is the motto of this memorial in Lower Makefield, Pennsylvania. The Garden of Reflection 9/11 Memorial in Lower Makefield, Pennsylvania, is a beautiful and stirring memorial featuring a spiral walkway that leads to a dual fountain — symbolizing the Twin Towers. Along the walkway is a glass railing with the names of the victims inscribed. Remnants of the World Trade Center can be seen at the front of the garden. The motto for the Garden of Reflection, which is inscribed on a large stone, is “After Darkness… Light.” As visitors make their way along the spiral walkway, they are met first with the tragic facts and loss of that day and eventually come to the lighted fountain that inspires hope for the future. 9. The Brooklyn Wall of Remembrance, New York Photo: Facebook/Brooklyn Wall of Remembrance — The Brooklyn Wall of Remembrance honors the first responders who gave their lives on Sept. 11, 2001. On the western wall of Coney Island’s MCU Park, three large panels make up the Brooklyn Wall of Remembrance. This was the first 9/11 memorial established in New York City following the attacks. The wall, with bronze reliefs and laser-engraved plaques, commemorates 346 firefighters, 37 Port Authority officers, 23 NYC police officers, 3 NYS officers, 1 fire patrol, first responders, and a K9 rescue dog named Sirius. A third of the first responders who died on September 11 either worked or lived in Brooklyn, so this was a fitting place for the city’s first memorial. 8. To Lift A Nation, Maryland Photo: National Fallen Firefighters Foundation — The 40-foot-tall statues are modeled after the iconic photograph by Thomas E. Franklin of firefighters raising the flag at Ground Zero. In the aftermath of 9/11, photographer Thomas Franklin captured what would become an iconic image of the event: three firefighters raising a tattered American flag amongst the rubble of the World Trade Center. Located in Emmitsburg, Maryland, the memorial titled “To Lift A Nation” features three large statues in a recreation of the photograph. It honors all who were affected by the September 11 attacks but pays special homage to the firefighters who gave their lives rescuing others from the buildings. 7. The Empty Sky, New Jersey Photo: Flickr/Anthony Quintano — “The Empty Sky” in New Jersey features two stainless steel walls pointed towards Ground Zero. Two stainless steel walls, each the same length as one side of the Twin Towers, comprise the memorial in Jersey City, New Jersey, known as “The Empty Sky.” The walls are engraved with the names of those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001, and the pathway between them points directly towards the site of the World Trade Center. A total of 749 people from New Jersey lost their lives in the 9/11 attacks, and this memorial across the Hudson River helps visitors remember them and the loss their loved ones endured. 6. Project 9/11 Indianapolis, Indiana Photo: Facebook/Family Automotive — The 9/11 Memorial in Indianapolis features a split wall, as well as beams from the Twin Towers. A granite wall split down the center commemorates the Twin Towers in this 9/11 memorial in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. The wall is inscribed with a timeline of events from September 11, 2001. In front of the wall are two steel beams from the World Trade Center standing upright. The sculpture of a bald eagle was placed on top of one of the beams, and the eagle is facing New York City. Fittingly, the Indianapolis 9/11 Memorial is located next to the Indianapolis Fire Station 13. 5. Postcards, New York Photos: Wikimedia Commons — “Postcards” on Staten Island represents letters sent to lost loved ones. Two 40-foot-tall postcards represent notes or letters being sent to lost loved ones in this memorial on Staten Island, New York. Granite plaques with the names of the 269 victims from Staten Island are fixed on the sides of the Postcards’ walls, and standing between them, one can look straight at the site of Ground Zero. 4. To The Struggle Against World Terrorism, New Jersey Photo: Flickr/Jackie — “To The Struggle Against World Terrorism” memorial in New Jersey features a 10-story bronze block with a teardrop in the center. “To The Struggle Against World Terrorism,” located Bayonne, New Jersey, was an official gift from the Russian government to the United States to honor those who were killed on September 11, 2001. The 100-foot-tall bronze block is split down the middle to represent the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, and a 40-foot-tall nickel teardrop hangs in the gap. A piece of the World Trade Center was also placed in front of the memorial, also known as the Tear Drop Memorial. 3. Flight 93 National Memorial, Pennsylvania Photo: Pixabay/ahundt — This memorial is built on the site where Flight 93 went down in Shanksville, PA. The site of Flight 93’s crash in a field outside Shanksville, Pennsylvania, has been the site of a memorial since the attacks took place, starting with letters, notes, pictures, and more placed on a fence near the site. Since then, the Flight 93 National Memorial has been built, which includes a glass tower, pathways, and the Wall of Names — a series of marble slabs which each bear the name of a passenger or crew member who died when Flight 93 went down. Thanks to the brave and selfless actions of the passengers and crew aboard the airplane, the terrorists were never able to reach their target. 2. Pentagon Memorial, Washington, D.C. Photo: Flickr/Ron Cogswell — The Pentagon 9/11 Memorial is built on the site of the plane crash and features benches to each of the victims there. The Pentagon Memorial, located to the southwest of the Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia, honors the 184 people who were killed when the third plane crashed into the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. The memorial features illuminated benches with running water beneath them, one for each person killed. The benches, which are each inscribed with the names of one of the victims, are arranged by age. Those killed when American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon ranged in age from three years old to 71 years old. Illumination allows the memorial to be seen at night. Also located at the Pentagon, in the very spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building, is the America’s Heroes Memorial — a chapel which includes photographs and biographies of each of the 184 victims. 1. National September 11 Memorial & Museum, New York Photo: Flickr/Dave Z — Two square pools are located where the Twin Towers stood in the National September 11 Memorial. Located at Ground Zero, the site of the World Trade Center, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum is a reverent memorial to all those who lost their lives on that tragic day. At the center of each of the Twin Towers’ locations are square pools. The names of all those who died in the attacks are inscribed along the outside railing of the pools. The museum, adjacent to the pools, includes information about the attacks on September 11, 2001 and the victims who were killed. Remnants from the World Trade Center and hours of video and audio biographies of the victims are part of the museum. Since opening in 2011, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum has had millions of visitors who have come to pay their respects and continue to remember those who were lost.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line331
__label__wiki	0.826876	0.826876	Oxy Celebrates 20th Anniversary of Summer Undergraduate Research August 1, 2019Laura Paisley More than 100 Occidental students spent 10 weeks on campus this summer, participating in funded, full-time research alongside faculty mentors through the annual Summer Research Program (SRP). From tracking bumblebee species regeneration in areas ravaged by Southern California fires to analyzing educational integration strategies for immigrants and the Native American environmental ethos, young Oxy researchers have been busy this summer. On July 31, students presented the fruits of their scholarly labor at the annual Summer Research Conference, which celebrated its 20th anniversary this year. Students representing 24 different majors have been working closely with 64 faculty mentors this summer on focused research of their choosing, both on campus and in Los Angeles. “This conference is a wonderful opportunity for our students to show the public what they've accomplished,” says Janet Morris, director of the URC. “We believe that disseminating results is part of the research, and it's a terrific first opportunity for students to present their work in familiar, friendly circumstances.” At the daylong conference, students presented their research as 20-minute talks and poster presentations on topics including “Biomass and Influencing Factors for Six Macroinvertebrates of the Southern California Rocky Reefs,” “Street Art, Gentrification and the Construction of Authenticity in Urban Spaces,” “Bracketing Extension of the Pioneer Metamorphic Core Complex” and “Energy spectra of turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection.” In addition to the 111 SRP participants, 10 students representing the Richter Research Abroad program and the Urban & Environmental Policy Department’s Affordable Housing program also presented research. To honor the milestone, remarks were given by Wendy Sternberg, vice president for academic affairs and dean of the College, and Professor of Chemistry Chris Craney, founding director of Occidental’s Undergraduate Research Center (URC). The URC, formally established in 1988, distributes grant funding to qualified students, regardless of major or discipline. A highly selective cohort, SRP participants receive a $4,000 stipend as well as subsidized housing and meals on campus. “The students live on campus and are paid to do research full-time, so instead of a summer job they have this really meaningful experience of working one-on-one with a faculty member,” Morris says. “We also offer the students trainings, workshops and other fun activities.” Professor of Media Arts & Culture Brody Fox says that while a small liberal arts college like Oxy already has great opportunities for student-faculty mentorship, the URC experience is particularly meaningful. “Rather than meeting with a student for 15 minutes in your office once a week, having 10 weeks in the summer to sit down, meet at length and really be able to go deep with a student about their project is a very different experience,” Fox says. “I think it’s one of the first times they get to really take ownership of a project. I think it’s transformative for the student, but also kind of regenerating for faculty as well.” Some students get so passionate and involved in the research that they wind up being included as a co-author with their faculty mentor in a peer-reviewed journal article, which is quite impressive for someone at the undergraduate level. Associate Professor of History Alexander Day emphasizes the extra focus possible for students during the summer. “I feel that summer research is very important to the student experience at Oxy. Students get very busy during the semester doing many different things, and I think it’s important for students to be able to focus on one project for an extended period of time,” Day says. Adds Morris, “Even if students don't plan on a career in academia, they're learning things that can be applied to any kind of employment. Every job has research, and every job involves presenting your own ideas to others.” More than 100 Occidental students spent 10 weeks on campus this summer, participating in funded, full-time research alongside faculty mentors as part of the 2019 Summer Research Program. The culminating event was the July 31 Summer Research Conference, in which students presented their work to the public. Photos by Marc Campos. The Summer Research Program is the URC’s biggest program and a unique way for undergraduates to work at a high level usually reserved for graduate students. The program is supported by the College’s operating budget, but also relies on endowments, grants, and gifts from alumni and friends of the program. Occidental has supported undergraduate research for more than three decades in all campus disciplines, but SRP has helped place the College at the forefront of liberal arts colleges nationally. See the generous sponsors of this summer’s research program. Oxy Employee Relief Fund Supports Furloughed Co-Workers Oxy Alumni Association Holds Regional Conversations with President Harry J. Elam, Jr. A Well Crafted Fellowship	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line332
__label__wiki	0.847708	0.847708	How suburban businesses are preparing before recreational marijuana use begins Last updated November 17, 2019 by C.E. News on November 17, 2019 https://cannabisexaminers.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AR-191119270.jpg&updated=201911170014&imageversion=Facebook&exactH=630&exactW=1200&exactfit=crop&noborder With Illinois becoming the 11th state to allow adults to use recreational marijuana starting Jan. 1, employers are contending with questions about how to adjust. Training managers to recognize marijuana impairment and anticipating future legal challenges are among issues in need of answers. There are some certainties. The new law will not force employers to change whether they conduct drug testing, and it still allows them to enforce zero-tolerance drug-use policies at work on all employees. But some employers — especially those in the transportation and manufacturing industries and other fields in which safety is critical — worry about how to make pot policies effective. “We can maintain the drug-free policies, tell employees that they cannot be intoxicated at work. But at the same time, how do we enforce it?” said Jim Shanchuk, president of Silver Crown Valet in Naperville. “I’m concerned.” Some, such as the Naperville Park District, which has a zero-tolerance policy, say they plan to keep strict anti-drug rules in place. “We aren’t going to lessen our expectation of staff,” said Katie Sepe, the district’s director of human resources. “We’re a public employer. We’re held to a higher standard than private employers. We need to maintain a safe workspace.” Others say they don’t require drug tests and don’t plan to start. “It doesn’t make sense to think about drug testing,” said Greg Gordon, owner of Dog Patch Pet & Feed in Naperville. “For this business, it would be restrictive in terms of who I could find to hire.” Elgin restaurateur Greg Shannon, who owns Elgin Public House and Grumpy Goat Tavern, said his 50 to 60 employees aren’t tested for drugs. The company policy prohibits drinking on the job, and the same will go for marijuana come Jan. 1, he said. “Whether it’s illegal or not, it’s just like alcohol — if you’re under the influence while you’re working, that’s not going to be a good thing,” he said. “We’ll rewrite the policy a little bit come time, but basically it will be the same.” Getting manufacturers to talk about marijuana legalization wasn’t easy, with some saying they didn’t want to be associated with the topic. Hoffer Plastics in South Elgin; Elgin Sweeper Co. and its parent company, Federal Signal Co. in Oak Brook; and American NTN Bearing Manufacturing Corp., Platinum Cargo Logistics and John B. Sanfilippo & Son Inc., all in Elgin, declined to comment or didn’t return calls. One exception was Kim McBride, chief financial officer and co-owner of MBC Aerosol in Elgin, who said she’s done research and attended an informational session offered in April by the St. Charles Chamber of Commerce. MBC Aerosol doesn’t do preemployment drug screenings and is not planning to update its policy after Jan. 1, McBride said. If there are on-the-job injuries, workers are automatically sent to the hospital and screened for alcohol and drugs, she said. “They can be terminated for that, because you cannot be intoxicated or under the influence of anything while operating tools,” she said. As businesses ready themselves before the law goes into effect, here is how experts advise them to prepare. Step 1: Review policy Even if no major policy changes are planned, experts agree it’s smart to conduct a review before Jan. 1 to ensure all drug-related policies fit the organization’s culture and set clear expectations. • Safety, both in the sense of physical well-being and data security. For employers who hire safety-sensitive positions, “drug testing is a responsible thing to do,” said Carol Semrad, treasurer of the Chicago chapter of the Society of Human Resource Management who runs her own consulting business, C. Semrad & Associates. “What a lot of employers do is they just have in their handbook that you can’t come to work impaired. They include in that drugs and alcohol … .” Semrad said. “If you want to partake in recreational marijuana, you certainly can do that; however, you have to perform the job. Period.” • Testing procedures. Employers need to spell out when employees will be tested, especially in cases where there is reasonable suspicion of marijuana intoxication. Policies should describe how suspected use will be identified, when and where testing will be conducted, how intoxication will be proven, and any repercussions, said Rusty Magner, managing director and benefits adviser at TrueNorth Companies in Rosemont. Policies about what triggers a mandatory drug test need special care, experts say. “In the past, if someone tested positive for drugs, it was a pretty clear-cut way to go straight to termination. It’s not going to be anymore,” said Mary Lynn Fayoumi, president and CEO of Downers Grove-based HR Source. “(Businesses will) need stronger, clearer policies. If employers decide to send someone to testing, they’re going to have to document why.” • At-will employment. With this as the baseline, said Michael LeRoy, a professor in the School of Labor & Employment Relations and the College of Law at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, employees can be fired for any reason or no reason, unless there is a law against it, such as laws preventing discrimination based on factors including race, sex, age, national origin, disabilities, pregnancy, citizenship status, religion or marital status. “There isn’t an express prohibition” related to recreational marijuana use, LeRoy said, which means employers retain the right to fire employees for this reason. Step 2: Training Managers are used to spotting signs of alcohol intoxication, but marijuana intoxication is something new. Doctors say its symptoms are nonspecific — inappropriate giddiness, sedation, mild euphoria. “These are very difficult to put an absolute criteria on and say, ‘This represents cannabis intoxication,'” said Dr. Gregory Teas, an addiction expert and psychiatrist at Amita Health in Hoffman Estates. “There are certainly criteria, but they’re relatively vague.” Another tricky thing about marijuana intoxication, said Dr. Aaron Weiner, director of addiction services at Linden Oaks Behavioral Health, is the fact marijuana is metabolized at different rates person to person. “Impairment can persist long after THC (tetrahydrocannabinol, the mind-altering component of the cannabis plant) is no longer detectable in the blood,” Weiner said, “and even after someone feels like they’re no longer impaired.” Conversely, marijuana can stay in the system for weeks, so testing positive doesn’t necessarily mean someone is impaired. HR consulting groups, safety organizations, insurance brokers and employee assistance program operators are beginning to offer training so managers can reliably identify signs of marijuana intoxication, Fayoumi said. “If managers don’t know how to determine reasonable suspicion,” she said, “that’s a real issue.” Attorney Derke Price of Ancel Glink in Naperville, who serves as corporate counsel for the village of South Elgin, said it’s a good idea to have multiple human resources representatives trained in the observation of drug impairment, so there are at least two witnesses who can attest an employee shows signs of being under the influence. Step 3: Watch courts Cases under the Illinois Right to Privacy in the Workplace Act will be among those to keep an eye on as employers and the legal system determine how to enforce the marijuana use permissions given under the Cannabis Regulation and Tax Act, legal experts said. State law, Fayoumi said, allows off-the-job use of lawful substances, and marijuana is soon to be one of them. But employers still will need to follow federal laws. That means certain transportation workers, federal employees and people employed by companies that secure government contracts will need to remember marijuana remains a prohibited Schedule I drug at the national level. Employers and employees should be aware of legal precedents that highlight the divide between state and federal marijuana laws, said attorney Michael D. Wong of SmithAmundsen in St. Charles. He pointed to a Colorado Supreme Court ruling in a case brought by a man who used medical marijuana and was fired by his employer when he tested positive for THC in a random drug test. The Colorado court ruled in 2015 in favor of the employer, saying businesses can fire employees who use medical marijuana — even if the use was off-duty and allowed under state law — because it violates federal law. That’s not to say the same ruling would be handed down in Illinois, but the precedent is likely to be looked at in similar cases involving marijuana, whether recreational or medical, Wong said. Experts agreed the line for what type of marijuana drug testing result qualifies as impairment is likely to be tested in the courts. “That’s a huge gray area that is yet to be resolved,” TrueNorth’s Magner said. Employers can enact policies that say if drug testing yields trace amounts of THC, disciplinary action can be taken, said attorney Ross Molho of Clingen, Callow & McLean in Lisle. However, if tested in court, employers might have a stronger argument for jobs that have a physical safety component, such as driving forklifts, versus desk jobs, like computer coding, he said. “You may have the legal right to do something, but if it doesn’t make any sense, it makes it certainly more difficult to defend,” he said. And in light of the labor shortage, employers — except in heavily regulated industries including child care — can’t write off every single marijuana user as a potential employee, particularly among younger workers who might view the drug with the same ease as they do alcohol, Molho said. Wong also pointed out employers in some parts of the country have to contend with difficulties in finding drug-free employees, such as in areas heavily affected by the opioid epidemic. Overall, experts said, Illinois employers and employees are expected to ease into the new recreational marijuana norm in a few years. “Everyone is freaked out about this new law, excited about it. They think it’s going to be real revolutionary and incredibly impactful in the workplace,” Fayoumi said. “And a few years out, it’s just not that big a deal. Everyone gets used to dealing with it.” Commentary: Tainted vape scare increases need to legalize marijuana – Delaware State News School board special meeting on medical marijuana \| Highlands News-Sun	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line333
__label__wiki	0.908939	0.908939	Topic Search Arts Athletics/Recreation Business Global Duke Civic Engagement/Social Action Diversity/Inclusion Energy Engineering Entrepreneurship Ethics Health/Wellness Humanities Law Medicine Natural Sciences Politics Religious/Spiritual Research Social Sciences Sustainability Teaching & Classroom Learning Technology University Events Type Search Academic Calendar Dates Africa focus Alumni/Reunion Announcement Asia focus Athletics/Intramurals/Recreation Athletics/Varsity Sports/Combined Athletics/Varsity Sports/Men Athletics/Varsity Sports/Women Book Signing Brown Bag Canada focus Caribbean focus Central America focus Ceremony Charity/Fundraising China focus Comedy Commencement Competition/Contest Concert/Music Conference/Symposium Dance Performance Duke/Arts Europe focus Excursion Exhibit Family Weekend Festival/Fair Founders Day Free Food and Beverages Giveaways Global Holiday Human Rights India focus Information Session Ireland focus Israel focus 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(AKA) alpha Kappa Delta Phi Sorority, Inc. (aKDPhi) Alpha Phi (APhi) Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. (Alphas, APA) Alpha Phi Omega - Lambda Nu Chapter (APO) Alpha Tau Omega (ATO) Amandla Chorus American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Amnesty International (Amnesty) Arts Theme House (ATH) Asian Students Association (ASA) Avalon House Baldwin Scholars House Bastille House Bel Air House Bench and Bar Pre-Law Society (Bench and Bar) Big Brothers Big Sisters at Duke (BBBS) Black and Latino MBA Organization at Fuqua Black Cultural Living Group House Black Graduate and Professional Student Association (BGPSA) Black Pre-Law Association (BLPA) Black Student Alliance (BSA) Blue Devils United (BD United) Blue Devils versus Cancer (BDVC) Blue Ridge House Brownstone Buddhist Community at Duke (BCD) Building Tomorrow (BT) Cambridge Christian Fellowship (CCF) Camp Kesem North Carolina (CKNC) Campus Concert Series (CCS) Campus Crusade for Christ (Cru) Center for Race Relations (CRR) Chabad Student Group (Chabad) Challah for Hunger at Duke Chi Omega (Chi O) Christian Medical & Dental Association (CMDA) Circle K International (CKI) Coalition for Preserving Memory (CPM) Cooper House Crazies Who Care (CWC) Cuban American Student Association (CASA) Defining Movement Dance Group (defMo) Delta Delta Delta (Tridelta) Delta Gamma (DG) Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE) Delta Sigma Theta Sorority (Deltas, DST) Delta Tau Delta - DTD (Delts) Desarrolla Devils After Dark Devils en Pointe DUhatch Student Business Incubator Duke Africa Duke African Graduate and Professional Students Association Duke Association for Business Oriented Women (BOW) Duke Association for Greater Gaming Education and Recreation (DAGGER) Duke BOLD (Building Outdoor Leaders and Doers) Duke Business Society (DBS) Duke China Care (DCC) Duke Chinese Dance Troupe (DCD) Duke Chinese Students and Scholars Association (DCSSA) Duke Climate Coalition Duke College Republicans (College Republicans) Duke Community Television (Cable 13) Duke Consulting Club Duke Conservation Tech Duke Cyber Duke Dance Council Duke Democrats Duke East Asia Nexus (DEAN) Duke Energy Club (DEC) Duke Engineers for International Development (DEID) Duke Ethiopian/Eritrean Student Transnational Association Duke Fashion Exchange Duke Fly Club Duke Friends of Israel (DFI) Duke German Club Duke Global Brigades Duke Graduate & Professional Habitat for Humanity Duke Graduate Finance Club Duke Habitat for Humanity (Duke Habitat) Duke Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA) Duke Healthcare Policy Forum (DHP Forum) Duke History Union Duke Hyperloop Duke IHI Open School Duke Independent Film Festival (DIFF) Duke Interdisciplinary Student Innovators (DISI) Duke International Relations Association (DIRA) Duke InterVarsity Christian Fellowship (IV) Duke Israel Public Affairs Committee (DIPAC) Duke Jewish Student Union (JSU) Duke Kunshan Student Ambassador Council Duke Marketing Club Duke MBA Armed Forces Association (DAFA) Duke MBA Net Impact Club Duke Med Elementary Duke Mock Trial Duke Net Impact Undergrad (NetImpact) Duke Partnership for Service (dPS) Duke PAWS Duke Persian Students Association (PSA) Duke Political Science Students Association (DPSSA) Duke Pre-Physical Therapy Association (DPPTA) Duke Quidditch Duke Real Estate Club Duke Red Cross Duke Relay for Life Duke Seniors Duke Science Olympiad Duke Scouting Association (DSA) Duke South Asian Students Association (Duke DIYA) Duke Splash Duke Start-up Challenge (DSC) Duke Stories for Nature and People (SNAP) Duke Students Against Gender Violence Duke Student Broadcasting Duke Student Government (DSG) Duke Student Veterans Association (Duke Vets) Duke Students for Humane Borders (DSHB) Duke Student Veterans Association (Duke Vets) Duke Sustainability Board Duke Swing Dancing Club (Duke Swing) Duke University Greening Initiative (DUGI) Duke University Hawaii Club (DUHI) Duke University Honor Council (DUHC) Duke University Improv (DUI) Duke University Mens Crew (DMC) Duke University School of Nursing Student Council (DUSON Student Council) Duke University Stand-up Troupe Duke University Student Dining Advisory Committee (DUSDAC) Duke University Union (DUU) Duke University Union Visual Arts Committee (DUU VisArts) Duke Venture Capital Club Duke Venture Forward Duke Voices for Interfaith Action Duke Water Network Duke Wesley Fellowship (Wesley) Duke Women's Mentoring Network (WMN) Duke Writers' Collective (DWC) DukeFish DukeOUT DUSON Student Organizations DUU Joe College Day (JoeCo) DUU Major Attractions (DUU MA) DUU Special Projects East Campus Council (ECC) Economics Student Union (ESU) Engineering Business Society (EBS) Engineering Graduate Student Council (EGSC) Engineering Student Government (ESG) Engineers Without Borders - 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Duke Student Branch Interfraternity Council (IFC) International Association (IA) International Christian Fellowship (ICF) International Justice Mission (IJM) InterVarsity Christian Fellowship J Street U Jam House Japanese Culture Club Jewish Graduate and Professional Student Association Joint Youth Organization of Indians at Duke (JYOTI) Juhood Magazine Kappa Alpha Order (KA, The Order) Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. 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(SGRho) Sigma Nu (SigNu) Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity (SigEp) Skylar House Small Town Records (STR) Smart Home Society for Advancement of Hispanics/Chicanos and Native Americans in Science-Duke SACNAS Society of American Foresters (SAF) Society of Women Engineers (SWE) Something Borrowed Something Blue Sophomore Class Council Special Olympics College (SO) - Duke Student National Medical Association (SNMA) Substance Free House Taiwanese Student Association (TSA) Tau Beta Pi (TBP) TEDxDuke The Alexander Hamilton Society The Archive The Chanticleer The Chronicle The Duke Entrepreneur (TDE) The Hub The Other The Pitchforks Theta Nu Xi Sorority, Inc. Turkish Students Association Ubuntu Ubuntu House Undergraduate Publications Board (UPB) United in Praise (UP) Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM) Vertices Journal of Science and Technology Vision for North Korea (VNK) Wayne Manor (WM) Wellness Community Wellness Community House Windsor House Westminster Fellowship at Duke (WPF) Wilderness Outdoor Opportunities For Durham Students (WOODS) Women's Housing Option (WHO) Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) Womyn Working Group for Environment in Latin America (WGELA) WXDU Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. (Zetas, ZPhiB) Zeta Tau Alpha (ZTA) ["Adopt a Grandparent (AAG)", "Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity (Alpha Delt)", "Alpha Delta Pi (ADPi)", "Alpha Epsilon Pi (AEPi)", "Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. (AKA)", "alpha Kappa Delta Phi Sorority, Inc. (aKDPhi)", "Alpha Phi (APhi)", "Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. (Alphas, APA)", "Alpha Phi Omega - Lambda Nu Chapter (APO)", "Alpha Tau Omega (ATO)", "Amandla Chorus", "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)", "Amnesty International (Amnesty)", "Arts Theme House (ATH)", "Asian Students Association (ASA)", "Avalon House", "Baldwin Scholars House", "Bastille House", "Bel Air House", "Bench and Bar Pre-Law Society (Bench and Bar)", "Big Brothers Big Sisters at Duke (BBBS)", "Black and Latino MBA Organization at Fuqua", "Black Cultural Living Group House", "Black Graduate and Professional Student Association (BGPSA)", "Black Pre-Law Association (BLPA)", "Black Student Alliance (BSA)", "Blue Devils United (BD United)", "Blue Devils versus Cancer (BDVC)", "Blue Ridge House", "Brownstone", "Buddhist Community at Duke (BCD)", "Building Tomorrow (BT)", "Cambridge Christian Fellowship (CCF)", "Camp Kesem North Carolina (CKNC)", "Campus Concert Series (CCS)", "Campus Crusade for Christ (Cru)", "Center for Race Relations (CRR)", "Chabad Student Group (Chabad)", "Challah for Hunger at Duke", "Chi Omega (Chi O)", "Christian Medical & Dental Association (CMDA)", "Circle K International (CKI)", "Coalition for Preserving Memory (CPM)", "Cooper House", "Crazies Who Care (CWC)", "Cuban American Student Association (CASA)", "Defining Movement Dance Group (defMo)", "Delta Delta Delta (Tridelta)", "Delta Gamma (DG)", "Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE)", "Delta Sigma Theta Sorority (Deltas, DST)", "Delta Tau Delta - DTD (Delts)", "Desarrolla", "Devils After Dark", "Devils en Pointe", "DUhatch Student Business Incubator", "Duke Africa", "Duke African Graduate and Professional Students Association", "Duke Association for Business Oriented Women (BOW)", "Duke Association for Greater Gaming Education and Recreation (DAGGER)", "Duke BOLD (Building Outdoor Leaders and Doers)", "Duke Business Society (DBS)", "Duke China Care (DCC)", "Duke Chinese Dance Troupe (DCD)", "Duke Chinese Students and Scholars Association (DCSSA)", "Duke Climate Coalition", "Duke College Republicans (College Republicans)", "Duke Community Television (Cable 13)", "Duke Consulting Club", "Duke Conservation Tech", "Duke Cyber", "Duke Dance Council", "Duke Democrats", "Duke East Asia Nexus (DEAN)", "Duke Energy Club (DEC)", "Duke Engineers for International Development (DEID)", "Duke Ethiopian/Eritrean Student Transnational Association", "Duke Fashion Exchange", "Duke Fly Club", "Duke Friends of Israel (DFI)", "Duke German Club", "Duke Global Brigades", "Duke Graduate & Professional Habitat for Humanity", "Duke Graduate Finance Club", "Duke Habitat for Humanity (Duke Habitat)", "Duke Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA)", "Duke Healthcare Policy Forum (DHP Forum)", "Duke History Union", "Duke Hyperloop", "Duke IHI Open School", "Duke Independent Film Festival (DIFF)", "Duke Interdisciplinary Student Innovators (DISI)", "Duke International Relations Association (DIRA)", "Duke InterVarsity Christian Fellowship (IV)", "Duke Israel Public Affairs Committee (DIPAC)", "Duke Jewish Student Union (JSU)", "Duke Kunshan Student Ambassador Council", "Duke Marketing Club", "Duke MBA Armed Forces Association (DAFA)", "Duke MBA Net Impact Club", "Duke Med Elementary", "Duke Mock Trial", "Duke Net Impact Undergrad (NetImpact)", "Duke Partnership for Service (dPS)", "Duke PAWS", "Duke Persian Students Association (PSA)", "Duke Political Science Students Association (DPSSA)", "Duke Pre-Physical Therapy Association (DPPTA)", "Duke Quidditch", "Duke Real Estate Club", "Duke Red Cross", "Duke Relay for Life", "Duke Seniors", "Duke Science Olympiad", "Duke Scouting Association (DSA)", "Duke South Asian Students Association (Duke DIYA)", "Duke Splash", "Duke Start-up Challenge (DSC)", "Duke Stories for Nature and People (SNAP)", "Duke Students Against Gender Violence", "Duke Student Broadcasting", "Duke Student Government (DSG)", "Duke Student Veterans Association (Duke Vets)", "Duke Students for Humane Borders (DSHB)", "Duke Student Veterans Association (Duke Vets)", "Duke Sustainability Board", "Duke Swing Dancing Club (Duke Swing)", "Duke University Greening Initiative (DUGI)", "Duke University Hawaii Club (DUHI)", "Duke University Honor Council (DUHC)", "Duke University Improv (DUI)", "Duke University Mens Crew (DMC)", "Duke University School of Nursing Student Council (DUSON Student Council)", "Duke University Stand-up Troupe", "Duke University Student Dining Advisory Committee (DUSDAC)", "Duke University Union (DUU)", "Duke University Union Visual Arts Committee (DUU VisArts)", "Duke Venture Capital Club", "Duke Venture Forward", "Duke Voices for Interfaith Action", "Duke Water Network", "Duke Wesley Fellowship (Wesley)", "Duke Women's Mentoring Network (WMN)", "Duke Writers' Collective (DWC)", "DukeFish", "DukeOUT", "DUSON Student Organizations", "DUU Joe College Day (JoeCo)", "DUU Major Attractions (DUU MA)", "DUU Special Projects", "East Campus Council (ECC)", "Economics Student Union (ESU)", "Engineering Business Society (EBS)", "Engineering Graduate Student Council (EGSC)", "Engineering Student Government (ESG)", "Engineers Without Borders - Duke University Chapter (EWB-Duke)", "Environmental Alliance (EA)", "Episcopal Center at Duke", "Eruditio", "Evolutionary Anthropology Majors Union (EvAnth Majors Union)", "Farmhand", "Farquaad House", "Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA)", "Females Excelling More in Math, Engineering and Science (FEMMES)", "Freewater Presentations", "Freewater Productions", "Froshlife", "Foundation for the International Medical Relief of Children (FIMRC)", "Fuqua Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital Club (EVCC)", "Fusion House", "Gamma Phi Beta Sorority (GPhiB)", "Gates House", "Genome Research & Education Society", "Global Health Forum (Global Health Action Committee)", "GlobeMed", "Graduate and Professional Student Council (GPSC)", "Graduate and Professional Women's Network (GPWN)", "Graduate Christian Fellowship (GCF)", "Graduate Students Association of Iranians at Duke", "Graduate to Undergraduate Student Tutoring", "Griffin House", "Hart House", "Hazing Prevention Coalition", "Healthy Devils Peer Educators", "Hear at Duke", "Hindu Students Association", "Hoof 'n' Horn (HnH)", "Hun House", "InCube House", "Inside Joke", "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - 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__label__cc	0.590403	0.409597	Home Taiwan News Taiwan Culture Celebrity self-help book tops Eslite Bookstore Bestseller List Celebrity self-help book tops Eslite Bookstore Bestseller List By Chen Cheng-wei and Chiang Yi-ching, CNA \| December 6, 2019 A self-help book by a famous Taiwan TV host topped the Eslite Bookstore Bestseller list for 2019, according to a report released by the popular bookstore chain on Wednesday. (Shutterstock) TAIPEI (CNA) — A self-help book by a famous Taiwan TV host topped the Eslite Bookstore Bestseller list for 2019, according to a report released by the popular bookstore chain on Wednesday. The “Eslite Reading Report 2019” analyzed sales data from the bookstore’s outlets in Taiwan, Hong Kong and China from Nov. 2018 to Nov. 2019, and offers predictions of reading trends for the future. “Kevin Tsai’s EQ Lessons: Live Once for Yourself” was the bestselling book in all three regions, the report showed. “Kevin Tsai’s EQ Lessons: Live Once for Yourself” was the bestselling book in all three regions, the report showed. (Courtesy of Eslite Bookstore) The book is authored by Kevin Tsai (蔡康永), a Taiwanese celebrity best known for hosting the popular TV show “Here comes Kangxi,” and seeks to help its readers understand and make peace with their emotions in order to live as their truest selves. The Taiwan bestseller list also featured a Pokemon Encyclopedia and the translated version of “Becoming,” the memoir of former United States First Lady Michelle Obama. Former Taiwan Culture Minister Lung Ying-tai (龍應台), who is known for her essays and social critique, was the only author on the bestselling authors list in all three regions, the report showed. In addition to the bestseller lists, the report also analyzed reading trends over the past year. In particular, the bookstore saw a 150 percent increase in sales of books that scrutinize increasing wealth inequality in developed nations, including the translated versions of “Hired” by James Bloodworth and “Squeezed” by Alissa Quart. Books promoted by celebrities also received huge boosts in popularity. For instance, the sales of the translated version of Brene Brown’s “The Power of Vulnerability” grew 60-fold after Youtuber Evelyn Chen and singer Jolin Tsai (蔡依林) recommended the book to their fans. The report concluded with predictions made by Tsinghua University professor Chen Su-yen (陳素燕), based on the buying habits of the two million plus Eslite bookstore members over the past eight years. Chen predicted that books under the humanities category, which includes psychology, history, religion and philosophy, will replace literature as the category with the highest penetration rate among Taiwanese readers in 2025. The popularity of the Internet will lead to an increase in sales of visual books, such as comic books and illustration books, Chen said, as well as cause a decrease in the sale of books providing medical or travel information, the report said. Previous articleQatar: World’s richest country – and home of modern slavery Next articleCoast Guard, Navy boats collide in Alaska; 9 injured 楊子萱	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line336
__label__cc	0.508504	0.491496	arrow Main Menu About the Project Public Documents Environmental News Contact About Transmission Developers Inc. Environmental Trust Fund Search for:' arrow Back Transmission Developers to Hold Second in Series of Public Presentations on Innovative Transmission Project April 7, 2010 - Albany, N.Y. Project details to be discussed, public input welcomed Transmission Developers Inc. (TDI) will hold the second in a series of public presentations on its innovative power transmission project, the Champlain-Hudson Power Express. The Champlain-Hudson Power Express will bring safe, secure, affordable, clean energy to New York and New England. The line will be a High Voltage direct current (HVdc) cable that will be placed in waterways or buried along railway routes to minimize impacts to local communities and the environment. The project will run from the U.S.-Canadian border to New York and Southern New England. It will deliver clean power to meet growing demand in that area, increase the security of the State’s electric grid, and reduce energy costs for consumers. More information on the project is available at www.CHPExpress.com. The public is invited to this informational presentation at North County Chamber of Commerce in Plattsburgh on Tuesday, April 13th from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Additional public meetings will be held along the Champlain-Hudson Power Express route over the following months. Tuesday’s presentation will give the public an opportunity to learn about the Champlain-Hudson Power Express, HVdc technology, and the steps TDI has taken to ensure has a minimal impact on the environment or the area’s viewshed. Public input during this meeting is encouraged and welcomed. The meeting will include one-on-one interaction with TDI’s experts, a presentation on the project, and dedicated question and answer period. Refreshments will be served. * This release was adjusted on July 29, 2010 What: TDI’s public presentation on the Champlain-Hudson Power Express When: 6:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m. Tuesday, April 13, 2010 Where: North County Chamber of Commerce © 2021 TDI CHPExpress. A Blackstone portfolio company. All Rights Reserved.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line337
__label__wiki	0.678791	0.678791	At the collegiate level, teaching takes precedence to development By Rob DausterJun 24, 2013, 5:21 PM EDT While the majority of recent high school graduates may tell you a slightly different story, the point of going to college isn’t to perfect your beer poing stroke or to break away from the rules of oppressive parents that believe a 1 a.m. curfew for a teenager is fair. You go to school to learn, to get an education. When you eventually make it to the world of paychecks, taxes and 9-to-5 jobs, your employer can develop the skills that you learned while in the classroom. They can teach a day-trader when to buy and sell a stock, or help an elementary school teacher learn how to better connect with kids, or help a journalist become a more compelling writer. College is there to teach you a skill. You develop and grow and perfect that skill once you’re beyond the college ranks. The way that Eric Musselman tells it, the same thing goes for college basketball players. “The biggest difference at the college level is that you’re dealing with much more simplistic fundamentals, teaching guys to jump stop and body balance,” he told NBCSports.com in a phone interview. “Some guys that are left-handed struggle to deal with right-handed lay-ups, so you’re dealing with a bunch of stuff like that.” Musselman would know. After finishing up his collegiate career with San Diego, Musselman went directly into coaching. He was a head coach in the CBA by the time that he was 23. At 38, he became the head coach of the Golden State Warriors, where he was named runner-up for NBA Coach of the Year in 2003 to Gregg Popovich. He was also the head coach of the Sacramento Kings at one point, and was the Coach of the Year in the D-League in 2011-2012, a year before becoming an assistant coach at Arizona State. He’s been coaching professional basketball since 1988. I think it’s safe to say he knows a thing or two about it, which is why you can take him at his word when he tells you that teaching the fundamentals of the game takes priority in college. “I think one of the big phrases in college is that you can’t take for granted what a player knows,” Musselman said. “In the NBA, most of those guys have heard the terminology and understand the basics, and a lot of it is because they’ve played college ball, too.” “The big thing with the player development stuff is that you’ve got to educate, you’ve got to teach, you’ve got to break it down more. And it’s a constant theme.” This goes well beyond simplistic fundamentals. At the high school and AAU level, the best prospects in the country don’t necessarily need to have high basketball IQs. If you’re a point guard and you’re quicker than anyone that is going to be guarding you, do you really need to know how to read the way a defense is playing the pick-and-roll? If you’re a 6-foot-10 center with a 36 inch vertical, do you really need to understand defensive rotations to block the shot of someone four inches shorter? And while that is a partial indictment of the level of coaching in our grassroots basketball culture, it’s also an understandable side effect of being better than your competition. When you already are the best, can you really have an understanding of what you need to do to get better? The perfect example is Jahii Carson, who averaged 18.0 points and 5.1 assists as a redshirt freshman for the Sun Devils last season. Carson is a phenomenal athlete with an explosive first step and an innate ability to get into the lane, but he relies a bit too heavily on his right hand and has struggled with his perimeter jumper. In high school, he never needed a left hand or a jump shot. In the NBA, he will, so in addition to working on going left, the ASU coaching staff laid down an NBA three-point line in their practice gym. But that’s not the only way that Musselman has worked with Carson, however. “With Jahii, what we do is give him a lot of tape,” Musselman said. “Like last year, Bo McCalebb was playing in Europe and I had coached against him for the national team when I was with Venezuela, he was playing with Macedonia. So what I did was I broke down 20 or 30 clips of Bo McCalebb and how he gets people shots, and how he gets his own shot, where he’s getting his floater from. And then we’ve taken it a step further. I called Weber State and got from them the exact tape that they had given Damien Lillard so you can sit down with Jahii and say here’s a tape that while Damien was in college, that he watched, and it had a variety of NBA players.” They’re not only watching tape with Carson, they’re teaching him what to look for when he’s doing it. They’re teaching him how to get something out of watching what more-or-less amounts to a highlight reel. How he uses his body to create room for a floater in the paint; his footwork splitting a double-team; patience working in the pick-and-roll. NBA veterans understand a lot of this. College freshmen don’t. So while Musselman is emphatic that the best skill that he can teach any young player is a work ethic — “Players that aren’t in the NBA have no idea what great work ethic is and how hard guys work on their own, and how they work on their craft and their game when they’re not in practice,” he said — his most important job isn’t getting them to work harder. It’s showing them what they have to work on and teaching them how the pros do it.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line340
__label__cc	0.577854	0.422146	American Empire, China, Column, Commentary, Foreign Policy, Lebanon, Media, Middle East, Propaganda, Protests, Saudi Arabia, U.S., Until This Day--Historical Perspectives on the News THE ANGRY ARAB: Silence Over Lebanon’s Suffering For the first time since the early 20th century, the Lebanese people are talking about famine, writes As`ad AbuKhalil. By As`ad AbuKhalil Special to Consortium News Lebanon has been reverting to a state of disrepair and financial collapse that has not been seen since WWI and the famine that ensued, which resulted in the death of some 200,000 Lebanese. For the first time since the early 20th century, the Lebanese people are talking about famine, and a website was started to help Lebanese engage in barter in order to feed their families. Meat has become prohibitively expensive while the price of fish has gone down and yet it is not as abundantly available as it was only months ago. It is not a coincidence that Israeli threats against Lebanon — which are regular and consistently not covered in Western media (instead extensively covering up any utterance deemed harmful of Israel by any Arab anywhere in the world) — have not stopped since Israel’s humiliation in the July 2006 war. Israeli threats always include pledges to inflict harm and destruction on Lebanon and to take it “80 years back in time,” or even to the Stone Age. Starving man and child in Mount Lebanon, between 1915-1918. (Wikimedia Commons) Yet, as Lebanon suffers one of its worst economic crisis in centuries, Western governments, media, and D.C. pundits have deliberately turned a blind eye to the suffering. Had Jamal Khashoggi not been writing for The Washington Post at the time of his death, the D.C. elite and Western correspondents would not have discovered that the Saudi regime was sinister, repressive and had been consistently bombing civilians in Yemen. Western media were upset over the killing of Khashoggi not so much because they were appalled by the crimes of a pro-U.S. regime, but because they felt that the murder of Khashoggi (who had long served Western journalists in a variety of ways) was offensive to them — at a personal level. The scant coverage of the suffering in Lebanon is consistent with the way Western media and think tanks refer to Israel’s war on Lebanon in 2006 as the Israel-Hizbullah War, as if the civilians who were killed by Israeli bombs were terrorist civilians. UN-affiliated organizations and Western human rights bodies have also failed to raise alarm about the plight of civilians in Lebanon. For those organizations, the suffering of natives only matters if it’s caused by non-client governments of the U.S. and Israel. The silence of Western media about the drastic deterioration of living conditions in Lebanon confirms the suspicion of many Arabs about Western media working in unison with Western governments and Israel. US Ambassador Goes on Offensive U.S. Ambassador Dorothy Shea delivering Independence Day message, July 4, 2020. (Twitter) In the last two weeks, the new U.S. ambassador in Lebanon, Dorothy Shea, has been launching a propaganda offensive against Hizbullah that seems more aggressive and open than that of her predecessors. It came in response to a speech by Hasan Nasrallah in which the Hizbullah leader accused the U.S. of putting pressures on Lebanon in order to disarm Hizbullah and serve Israeli interests. Nasrallah also reiterated his party’s call for “an Eastern orientation,” in reference to his desire to reach economic deals with countries in the east, from Iran and Iraq all the way to China. He said that China is ready to help Lebanon (and the Chinese embassy followed with a statement indicating its willingness to work with Lebanon). After the speech, the U.S. ambassador quickly took to the Lebanese airwaves. She responded directly to Nasrallah and accused the party not only of terrorism but also of looting the Lebanese treasury. Shea clearly benefited from the fact that most (if not all) Lebanese TV stations, and even internet sites, are funded by the Saudi regime (or its clients in Lebanon), or by the EU or the U.S. All those TV stations carried Shea’s propaganda without rebuttal or even basic journalistic interrogation. Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International, or LBCI, (founded by the right-wing, pro-Israeli war criminal, Bashir Gemayyel, during the war) has become a favorite outlet for U.S. propaganda, along with the right-wing racist, misogynist, MTV. LBCI also aired videos praising U.S. “donations” to Lebanon. Differences of Opinion Debate tent in Beirut’s Martyr’s Square for discussing economic policy. (Nadim Kobeissi, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons) There are deep differences of opinion among the Lebanese over the causes of the Lebanese economic crisis. It would be an exaggeration to maintain that the U.S. is solely responsible. Clearly, the person most responsible is Rafiq Hariri, who was installed as prime minister by a U.S.-Saudi-Syrian understanding in 1992. Hariri designed the plan for the economic recovery of Lebanon, which enriched himself along with his cronies immensely. He insisted on disregarding the development of the agricultural and industrial sectors. Lebanon can only rely on the service sector, he insisted. Hariri blocked plans for fixing the electric power shortages, and providing a network for public transportation. He also installed Riyad Salameh as the governor of the central bank — and Salameh is now blamed for financial schemes that resulted in the devaluation of the Lebanese pound. (The U.S. has not made its support for Salameh a secret, giving his close working relationship with the U.S. Treasury). Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri of Lebanon attends a meeting at the Pentagon, Washington, D.C., April 25, 2001. (Helene C. Stikkel, Wikimedia Commons) Rafiq Hariri and Salameh were close allies of the U.S. and of the Syrian regime during its years of domination in Lebanon. Allies of Hizbullah, like the Amal Movement and later the Tayyar of president Michel Awn, also were in power and also benefited from the looting of the treasury. Hizbullah was not represented in government before 2005 and its ministers were not known for corruption. However, the entire political system was corrupt and Hizbullah did little to address that or to fix it. Hizbullah focused on maintaining its arms and allowed others to manage the Lebanese’s economy. Even during this crisis, Hizbullah has been in full support of the corrupt system, and failed to propose any radical economic measures. (Contrary to misconceptions among Western leftists, Hizbullah does not adhere to a socialist ideology). Hizbullah considers its alliance with Nabih Berri (speaker of parliament and leader of Amal) as sacrosanct. Berri is not only one of the key corrupt leaders but has been central in blocking any economic reforms that penalize the upper class and banks in recent months. But the U.S. will have a hard time convincing Lebanese that Nasrallah’s corruption (and even his enemies don’t accuse him personally of corruption) is in the same league as that of either Rafiq Hariri or his son Saad; or that of Walid Jumblat, Najib Miqati, Butrus Harb, Amin Gemayyel, Fu’ad Sanyurah and many others in the ruling class. Even Berri enjoys good relations with the U.S. Washington will prevent any accountability or forensic financial investigation that would expose or punish its clients in Lebanon. But Hizbullah, by its sectarian alliances and its opposition to protests since October 2019, can’t have it both ways. It can’t on the one hand claim that it opposes corruption and yet maintain solid alliances with corrupt elements of the political class. Nor can it act as a shield for the ruling regime against popular protests — even if those protests have been infiltrated by elements loyal to the Saudi regime and others. Nasrallah Triggers US Propaganda Blitz Hassan Nasrallah in 2005. (Fars News Agency, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia Commons) The propaganda blitz of the U.S. ambassador in Lebanon caused quite a stir last week. Muhammad Mazih, a local judge in the city of Tyre, issued a ruling in which he banned Lebanese media from airing interviews with the U.S. ambassador, who he accused of fomenting civil strife in the country. Others pointed out that her statements interfere in internal Lebanese affairs, which is contrary to her diplomatic mission, and to the Vienna treaty governing diplomatic relations of countries. Supporters of U.S.- Saudi regime were up in arms, accusing the judge of overreach. He was pressured to tender his resignation and his ruling was, naturally, left unimplemented. Salim Juraysati, senior adviser to the Lebanese president, offered an apology to the U.S. ambassador following the judge’s ruling. When I asked Juraysati over WhatsApp why he apologized, he said he merely apologized for the “controversy” (“laghat”) which ensued after the TV interviews of the U.S. ambassador. I asked the adviser why an apology would be necessary for a case in which Lebanese of various opinions were simply exercising their right to freedom of speech, but I did not get any persuasive answer. The U.S. embassy seems to have also been displeased with the China option. The ambassador went to great lengths to criticize the Chinese government’s relations with developing countries and to — impudently—bring up the issue of the plight of Muslims in China, as if Western governments are known for their kind embrace of Muslims and their rejection of Islamophobia. The U.S. and Saudi regimes are not willing to help Lebanon, and hope that the economic squeeze will pressure the Lebanese people to blame Hizbullah for their misfortunes. But the U.S. and Saudi regimes are going further by preventing any government from assisting Lebanon during its crisis. All Arab governments have ignored Lebanese suffering, as have Western governments. The IMF is now engaged in negotiations with the Lebanese government and it is most unlikely that the U.S. will allow it to offer any substantial amount of dollars. Meanwhile, corrupt Lebanese leaders (both allies and opponents of Hizbullah) are not willing to offer minimum levels of reforms. You look around the world: from Venezuela to Iran, along with Syria and Lebanon, and you see the impact of cruel U.S. sanctions. The U.S. (since at least the Bush and Clinton administrations in the 1990s) has decided to use the advances in technology and the end of the Cold War to impose draconian punishment on civilian populations in the hope that they would push out governments that the U.S. and Israel don’t like. But if the Lebanese population continues to suffer, none of the big powers in Lebanon will be spared, and corrupt U.S. clients will be objects of popular wrath. As’ad AbuKhalil is a Lebanese-American professor of political science at California State University, Stanislaus. He is the author of the “Historical Dictionary of Lebanon” (1998), “Bin Laden, Islam and America’s New War on Terrorism (2002), and “The Battle for Saudi Arabia” (2004). He tweets as @asadabukhalil The views expressed are solely those of the author and may or may not reflect those of Consortium News. Please Contribute to Consortium News on its 25th Anniversary Donate securely with PayPal here. Or securely by credit card or check by clicking the red button: Tags: As'ad AbuKhalil Beirut Dorothy Shea Hassan Nasrallah Hezbollah Hizbullah ← UPRISING: Police, Prisons & the Pentagon THE REVELATIONS OF WIKILEAKS: No. 8—Busting the Myth WikiLeaks Published Nothing on Israel & Syria → 5 comments for “THE ANGRY ARAB: Silence Over Lebanon’s Suffering” AnneR Thank you again Prof. Abu-Khalil for this – once again – deeply depressing, truthful account of realities in Lebanon specifically and the ME more generally (in fact). The reality is that the US (and OAP i.e. Israel) don’t give a damn about the corruption of Lebanon’s political elites and their parties – the more corrupt the better from their point of view because the more willing to go along with whatever the US-OAP want. And Hizbullah is the stone in the shoe. It is a formidable military force – a necessary one otherwise Lebanon would be another annexed country and the Palestinian refugees there forced out when not slaughtered. And it is this aspect of Hizbullah that, as you are only too aware, really sticks in the craws of both the US and OAP. They know full well that the Lebanese army are useless (why is a mystery to me) and have been for decades. Hizbullah is another story. So they have to go. They must be classified as “terrorists” (laughable coming from the US and OAP, were it not so bloody awfully hypocritical of both) and thus delegitimized – despite their having saved Lebanon from being overrun by the IDF (the OAP’s military). Well – that’s the reason, of course. NO other people, country, society in the region can prove to be better, stronger militarily, can defeat OAP. Then there’s Saudia. On the face of it one would think that they’d stand by another Middle Eastern largely Muslim nation. But the Saudis are Wahhabis, off-with-their-heads types, and aren’t some of the Lebanese elites Muslim Brotherhood? Anyway definitely not Wahhabbist. Starving ordinary people to death by the tens of thousands – deliberately, knowingly: isn’t that a crime against humanity? Isn’t it immoral, unethical, inhumane, barbarous? But apparently neither the lives of ordinary working Lebanese nor those of the Yemenis (nor over the pond of the Venezuelans) count when the US (and OAP) and other western nations want their interests to be first, foremost. Obscene doesn’t cover it. jo6pac What it is been done in Lebanon is been developed in Brazil with the power given to Bolsonaro. Pepe Escobar has a good grasp of the situation, as well as the economic side can be explained by Dr. Michael Hudson SEE: youtube.com/watch?v=nluLNA30e8k (Dr. Michael Hudson on economics) SEE: michael-hudson.com/2020/05/undermining-public-finance-to-drive-privatization/ and forgive them their debt Will give the people of Lebanon an idea of what is going on and how to change the narrative and the actions. Thank you for this. What a catastrophe. I am constantly reading about the end of the US empire, in writings that bot welcome and mourn it. I sure don’t see any sign of it. The behavior of the US state could be a signal of desperation, as some insist. It could also be a sign of simply not caring any more about its “standing”, or “soft power.” No other government in the world besides the ones the US wants “regime change” of even peeps about these outraged, and the UN and all of its affiliates are US occupied territory. Anybody have any informed guesses as to when this empire is finally going to end? Asking for a friend…	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line345
__label__wiki	0.994465	0.994465	35 Years Ago: Journey’s ‘Faithfully’ Arrives in a Dream Jeff Giles Paul Natkin, Getty Images / Columbia With their eighth studio album, 1983's Frontiers, Journey's transition from prog-influenced rock to radio-friendly, arena-ready fare was all but complete — an evolution that included one of the decade's quintessential ballads in the Top 20 hit "Faithfully." Written by keyboardist Jonathan Cain, "Faithfully" followed lead-off Frontiers single "Separate Ways (Worlds Apart)," which had scored Journey a Top 10 pop hit while topping the rock charts — extending an impressive streak of crossover singles that stretched back to 1979's "Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin'." Although Journey's brand of polished bombast would eventually be seen as just another ingredient in the power ballad formula that took over the Top 40 later in the decade, it was still powerfully effective; at this point, the band had already graced the upper reaches of the pop charts with "Who's Crying Now" and "Open Arms." Still, even in the context of a catalog not without its share of softer songs, "Faithfully" stood out — particularly for Cain, who dashed it off in a burst of creativity while the band was on the road. "He told me he got the melody out of a dream," Neal Schon said in the liner notes to their 1992 box set, Time Cubed. "I wish something like that would happen to me." "I don't think I've written a song so quickly. I mean, it was probably a half an hour," he told Songfacts. After scribbling out some lines on a napkin, he recalled feeling the rest of the composition come to him in a flood. "I'd never had a song come to me so quickly that it was anointed, supernatural. Literally, in 30 minutes I had written that song. I had the napkin in my pocket and I put it on the piano. I had a big grand piano there by the orchestra. I played through it and I thought, 'Man, this is good.'" Clearly, Cain's bandmates agreed — and so did a number of Journey's musical peers. Not long after "Faithfully" hit the airwaves, Cain got a call from Prince, who, he recalled, played him "Purple Rain" and said, "The chord changes are close to 'Faithfully,' and I don't want you to sue me." To his credit, Cain came away from the conversation with anything but a lawsuit on his mind. "I thought it was an amazing tune," Cain later said. "I told him, 'Man, I'm just super-flattered that you even called. It shows you're that classy of a guy. Good luck with the song. I know it's gonna be a hit.'" As it turned out, it wasn't the only extra hit to grace the airwaves with a little bit of "Faithfully" DNA. Bryan Adams' longtime songwriting partner Jim Vallance attributed road-induced musical osmosis to their own 1984 hit "Heaven," admitting they were influenced by that song in particular after Adams toured with Journey as their opening act. But ultimately, it was still a personal statement from Cain — and one that, in the moment, had exactly the impact he intended. "I knew it had something," he told the Tennessean. "I knew anytime you have that innocence and that transparency and you’re able to let your guard down as a man, and tell a woman that you’re forever hers. I was having trouble with my marriage at the time, and so my wife came on the road and I played it for her. And she just gave me a big old hug. It meant a lot to her that I had written it." See Neal Schon Among Rock’s Forgotten Supergroups Journey Albums Ranked Next: Top 10 Journey Songs Source: 35 Years Ago: Journey’s ‘Faithfully’ Arrives in a Dream Filed Under: Journey	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line346
__label__cc	0.595718	0.404282	Conservatism and the free market National Review just ran a review of my book, which Karl Rove tweeted out to his followers. The review has some surprisingly nice things to say. It describes The Reactionary Mind as “well researched and brilliantly argued” and praises my “astonishingly wide reading…masterly rhetorical abilities…wizardry with the pen.” But on the whole the review is quite critical of the book. Which is fine. I’ve gotten worse. But I couldn’t help noticing the appositeness of this. Here’s the National Review on my book: At no point in his book does Robin make any effort to account for the influence of Enlightenment-era classical liberalism on modern conservatism….[Adam] Smith’s influence on later conservatives is ignored. And here’s Bill Buckley, the founder of National Review (and the modern conservative movement), to me, as quoted in my book: The trouble with the emphasis in conservatism on the market is that it becomes rather boring. You hear it once, you master the idea. The notion of devoting your life to it is horrifying if only because it’s so repetitious. It’s like sex. Categories Economies, Political Theory, The Right Tags free market, Karl Rove, National Review, William F. Buckley Chatting with Chris Hayes The Creative Class Gets Organized Chris Morlock May 19, 2018 at 4:25 pm \| # “Since its inception, conservatism has devoted itself to producing theoretical justifications for power, privilege, and hierarchy. Conservatives, naturally, would disagree with Robin’s rather uncharitable interpretation. They would insist that conservatism is about defending tradition, maintaining civil society, ensuring the smooth operation of the free market.” What a weak semantic difference. My reaction is what”s the difference between power,privilege, hierarchy and tradition, “smooth operation of the free market”? Didn’t the NR just confirm Corey’s thesis? fishbulbgabe May 19, 2018 at 7:29 pm \| # GRH May 20, 2018 at 11:13 am \| # “They would insist that conservatism is about defending tradition, maintaining civil society, ensuring the smooth operation of the free market.” It’s funny because every Confederate slave master was defending tradition, civil society and the free market. “The world is divided between two philosophies. One philosophy of free trade and liberty; a philosophy adapted to promote the interests of the strong, the wealthy and the wise. The other, that of socialism, intended to protect the weak, the poor and the ignorant. The latter (socialism) is almost universal in free society; the former (free trade) prevails in the slaveholding States of the South… Liberty and free competition invite and encourage the strong to master the weak.” – George Fitzhugh (Failure of a Free Society 1854) “I am an aristocrat – I love liberty; I hate equality.” – John Randolph (1773 – 1833) planter and Congressman from Virginia Jim May 25, 2018 at 12:49 pm \| # I suspect that when Fitzhugh crafted his remarks, having an advanced education meant that you were “wise” and lacking a formal education meant you were “ignorant”. We know now (and he should have known then) that this is a ludicrous association. There are many educated people who are grossly and usually deliberately ignorant and foolish and there are, e.g. indigenous tropical forest dwellers with no formal education at all who have quite advanced and sophisticated understanding of their local ecology, life skills and the material arts. Moreover, no country at that time had free trade at least the way we understand that term now. The United States had extensive import substitution taxes on imported machinery in order to protect its own infant industries as well as tariffs on various commodities and other imports. If Fitzhugh is referring to the importation of slaves that ended by law in 1807. He may be referring to slaveowners treating slaves as commodities, which is quite fair but not what he actually said either. Finally, his contrasting of “socialism” with the market economy is a bit odd since there were no socialist countries or societies at the time other than a few tiny movements e.g. the Oneida community of upstate NY and similar. G Richard May 25, 2018 at 4:38 pm \| # “The South, quiet, contented, satisfied, looks upon all socialists and radical reformers as madmen or knaves.” – George Fitzhugh The right-wing tradition of calling all opposition “socialist” had its American origins among southern slaveholding elites. https://earlyamericanists.com/2014/05/13/slavery-abolition-and-socialism-in-the-u-s-congress/ In Europe, Karl Marx actually complains how the right-wing resorts to calling everything socialist… “the theme remains always the same, the verdict is ever ready and invariably reads: ‘Socialism!’ Even bourgeois liberalism is declared socialistic… bourgeois financial reform socialistic. It was socialistic to build a railway where a canal already existed, and it was socialistic to defend oneself with a cane when one was attacked with a rapier.” https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ch04.htm Btw – Fitzhugh argued for enslaving both poor whites as well as blacks. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2012/08/lincoln-and-marx/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_Justice https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_socialism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_cooperative#History Marc Brazeau May 19, 2018 at 6:26 pm \| # I was curious about your response to what they felt was their central critique of the book – the French and Russian Revolutions didn’t turn out to be so liberatory, despite their professed ideals. Corey Robin May 19, 2018 at 8:41 pm \| # p. 9 in The Reactionary Mind: “This synthesis of freedom and equality [that the left advocates] is a central postulate of the politics of emancipation. Whether the politics conforms to the postulate is, of course, another story. But for the conservative, the concern is less the betrayal of the postulate than its fulfillment.” Marc-Antoine Parent May 20, 2018 at 2:46 pm \| # I find there is a tendency in such arguments for both sides to compare the idealized theory of their side against the practical results of their opponents. It is much more rare to see theory-to-theory or practice-to-practice comparisons. His article is a common case of this as a whole; he’d be more welcome (in my book) to bring in the reality of stalinism if he acknowledged the reality of, say, Latin American dictators. Your book mostly stays on the theory-to-theory level, and I really appreciate it for that. mark May 20, 2018 at 5:10 am \| # ‘Well, what if we’ve been misunderstanding Rove? We’ve been seeing him as a man dedicated to helping angry right-wing billionaires take over America. But maybe he’s best thought of instead as an entrepreneur in the business of selling his services to angry right-wing billionaires, who believe that he can help them take over America. It’s not the same thing. And while Rove the crusader is looking — provisionally, of course, until the votes are in — like a failure, Rove the businessman has just had an amazing, banner year. What’s more, this makes sense of the embarrassing Rove “we’re winning! trust me!” piece in the WSJ, especially notable because — as Sam Wang recalls — Rove so famously declared that he had THE MATH just before the GOP debacle in 2006. It’s hard to think of any good reason to pretend that Romney has it in the bag — unless that pretense gets you one last big slug of business before Election Day.’ (Paul Krugman blog, November 2, 2012). Jonnybutter May 20, 2018 at 3:05 pm \| # “At no point…does Robin make any effort to account for the influence of Enlightenment-era classical liberalism on modern conservatism…Smith…” At least the intern got the memo – this is precisely the rhetorical tatck every doctrinaire corpro-libertarian is taking this season. Selective reading of Smith, classical liberalism, yadda yadda NRO review of TRM is robotically remorseless, whereas WFB could be not-remorseless. wisedupearly May 20, 2018 at 8:08 pm \| # Gonzalez neatly encapsulates the void in conservatism. “It is true that Russia and France saw ghoulish monarchs overthrown by popular uprisings; it is also true that both countries descended into dictatorships far more barbaric than the ones they replaced. ” Gonzalez appears to believe that this exposition is sufficient to explode the appeal of liberalism. “The results were terrible so it (the revolution) is to be shunned.” I would kindly ask Gonzalez to address the problem, not the flawed result. What paragraph of the conservative philosophy provides the mechanism to rectify the unsupportable situations that trigger revolutions? The current situation in America of government corrupted by business for the benefit of business provides an excellent test case for the conservative “intellectuals”. Since shouting “free markets” five times has not solved the problem, it behoves Gonzalez to argue the conservative solution. After all, isn’t purchasing politicians the exact opposite of “free markets”? De-Loot🌹 (@Dee_loot) May 20, 2018 at 10:33 pm \| # After all, isn’t purchasing politicians the exact opposite of “free markets”? Conservatives tend to argue (or sometimes only to imply) that purchasing politicians is the apotheosis of the free market. wisedupearly May 20, 2018 at 11:19 pm \| # I have heard that argument made but of course it is completely false. Politicians do not own what they are selling. So conservatives are, in fact, the receivers of stolen property. Is that now a conservative ideal? Roquentin May 22, 2018 at 3:54 pm \| # I think you were pretty dead on with this. It was your book in a lot of ways that helped me to start seeing the demographics of those advocating for a lassiez-faire economy were no coincidence. Basically, the right saw the “free market” as the most surefire way to shore up their advantages and power within the US, and only cared about the “free market” in so far as it served these ends. The pivot to economic nationalism of Trump, as well as the right in many places in Europe, starts to make a lot more sense. The “free market” was no longer serving these ends, so it was discarded just as easily as they picked it up. You could make a similar case about 2008 and the crisis, when these ideal were tossed on the trash heap in favor of “too big to fail.” The whole thing was always a canard, and for the people in control of these banking institutions, when it came time to either adhere to their “free market” ideas and go bankrupt or cast them aside and retain their power, it’s not hard to predict they’d chose the latter. Multiculturalism is much more in tune with what neoliberal capitalism wants today in a truly globalized capitalism. Racism is bad for business. I’m sure a lot of conservatives feel betrayed, maybe only now in this late hour starting to understand the forces which were actually in control, that they were being used and not the other way around. That they’d turn to racial chauvanism is totally predictable, but also a testament to how out of place their entire ideology is in the 20th century. As the old man said “All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” Chris Morlock May 23, 2018 at 5:44 am \| # Roquentin another apt analysis, very well stated. I can see the reality of global corporatism moving beyond the need to be advocated for by conservatives, but this is in fact a very strange new world. Essentially it’s the “end of history” with a twist- the new fight is between two groups – global corporatism and nationalist capitalists. Both believe 100% in the validity of Market based solutions for everything (and even the corporate structure itself) but disagree on the minutia of how it should be controlled at a fundamental level. It’s as if we have drifted so far to the right we find ourselves in an argument among conservatives, with the supposed “Left” playing at guaranteeing that labor and capital flow freely, and their “Right” counterparts wanting to control it more on a local level. It’s like an economic version of the states vs feds battles of old American politics. My only point to Corey is that it’s essentially ALL reactionary thought to prop up market based solutions, it’s literally the definition of global corporatism to be inherently reactionary at this point. We can all read the Jacobin and join DSA and be Bernie’s bros all we want, it’s a flea on the side of the dog. If there was a “Left” either in USA politics or somewhere in the world, I would agree we can live inside of Corey’s metrics, but it just doesn’t exist. Roquentin May 23, 2018 at 10:38 am \| # My take has been, for a while now, that in the hysteria surrounding the election of Trump, a lot of people who usually are more astute have thrown a sober analysis of the situation out the window. It doesn’t help that liberal media outlets are selling us panic and scandal porn 24/7, but I digress. The point is, I’m not talking about what Trump has done in office, in which he has behaved like a garden variety GOP politician which means hardcore neoliberalism, removing even minor regulations on business, attacking collective bargaining for employees, etc. Look at his rhetoric during the campaign, look at what the people voting for him actually wanted. Steve Bannon might have been a piece of shit, but I think kicking him to the curb was symbolic of Trump abandoning this aspect of his campaign. I guess where I’m trying to go is that as backwards, ignorant, and racist as the support for Trump was, the support was in no small part a reaction against an economy which was no longer working for these voters. All these right wing populist movements worldwide are offering them a (doomed) attempt to solve the problems of capitalism with nationalism. Trump at least paid lip service to protectionist trade policies, an attempt to restrict immigration which they correctly recognize has the effect of suppressing wages, and gestured like he would try to bring back jobs which had been shipped overseas. He may have been lying, of course, but so do pretty much all politicians trying to get elected. Many liberals and Democrats are still unable to acknowledge this because it would expose them to being to the right of Trump on certain economic issues, which is very sad, but in some cases true. I think I’m in a somewhat unique position in that I’ve been inside both worlds. I worked in online video operations for very liberal magazine publisher during the election (which probably goes a long way towards explaining my bottomless contempt for centrist liberals, HRC, and everything attached to them), lost that job a short while afterwards and had to move back to the Midwest. I now work for a construction company, and my coworkers are overwhelmingly conservative. My boss is a dyed in the wool Trump supporter, and I’ve worked for people a hundred times worse than him. It shocked me. These aren’t wealthy people. I guess I’ve just realized that much of the discourse on the left surrounding Trump is vain, shallow, and incredibly self-serving. I have very little patience for it in 2018. I have to tell this story. When I spent many months trying to finding a new job, I came very close to working for a manufacturer of printing supplies and software (EFI if you want to Google it). I decided to Google them. It turns when building their fancy headquarters in northern California, they had brought the South Asian IT workers they generally outsourced IT work to on site. They also decided to pay them the same wages. They worked 12 hour days and got somewhere between $1-$2 dollars an hour. It was a big scandal, they were fined for it, which is why it’s not public record. The point of this story is maybe we need to take a long, hard look at why liberals like open doors immigration so much. Yeah, I have nothing but disdain for racism, but you’d have to be a fool not to recognize that this coincides very closely with the needs of big companies to find a very cheap, easily exploitable stream of labor. Far too few are even willing to consider that the fact what they want just happens to coincide with what neoliberal capitalism wants isn’t just mere coincidence, that maybe they were, in spite of all good intentions, doing the bidding of a system they claim to oppose. And I feel as though I should add, just as a disclaimer, I firmly support the rights of immigrants, which includes the right to be paid as much as any other US citizen. I think that has always been the darker side of the “huddled masses” fable we are told. Immigration and cheaper labor that is easily exploitable have always been tied closely together, same as it ever was. Agree to an extent, Roquentin: cheap labor is a through line story in US history. I’m not an apologist for capitalist American chauvinism, but there is a difference between ‘guest workers’ and immigrants. The former is not in the best spirit of the country, if I may use that phrase. Immigrants may have been exploited miserably, but they weren’t then kicked out usually. They and their children had the choice, as they should have now, to be Americans. The idea that it’s good for the country that they stay here and be Americans used to be mostly uncontroversial not long ago. Making citizens used to be one of the things the US did well relative to some older countries, e.g. EU. But now we have raging dementia – complete with bathrobe-urine fragrance – and our joy in life is inflicting pointless cruelty on others and doing mindless damage to ourselves. hoopla! I think the problem is discerning between a rabid global capitalist/ free market fanatic making an argument for open borders (ala the Koch brothers) and a true Leftist who is primarily focused on supporting immigration from a moral stance. I think the left roots it’s defense of immigrants and immigration from a view of compassion and humanism. In that sense I am pro immigrant and in truth like immigrants as much or more than American citizens. It all makes sense when a true Leftist defends immigrants but also offers true economic justice to citizens who are negatively effected by mass immigration. The story is one of compassion and justice all around- unions and protections for citizens and compassion and dignity for immigrants. But what happens when the corporate status quo embraces open borders and completely neglects common American citizens that can’t find work. It not even neglect at this point, it’s down right condescension and hatred. Here the metric collapses, and Trumpism is born. But that’s not even the real problem. Just for making this nuanced point I have been labelled “alt-right” by authoritarian Leftists, even called that on this forum over the years, but in reality I am a Bernie supporter, pro union, and deeply supportive of the 2nd bill of rights. How do you protect American workers and advocate for essentially a blindly market based pro-capitalist guest worker policy and then claim to be on the Left? American politics makes no sense and looks like a Twilight Zone episode for a reason. Michael Licitra May 26, 2018 at 1:48 pm \| # This is off the subject, but I, for one, would be interested in a Corey Robin article about Thomas Carlyle. (I know, I know, he just had a tweet about people saying things that were off the subject). Carlyle was highly objectionable, but he probably had a fair amount of influence. How does Carlyle fit into intellectual history? Did he have any lasting influence? Leave a Reply to De-Loot🌹 (@Dee_loot) Cancel reply	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line349
__label__wiki	0.970104	0.970104	The corrupt police state's secret court rulings This is what goes on in the (penal) colony we call Australia. From an article by the ABC of the headline: 'The quiet person you pass on the street': Secret prisoner Witness J revealed Exclusive by political editor Andrew Probyn Just 13 words are all there are on the public record to note one of the most extraordinary episodes in Australian legal history. Witness J was a prisoner who was tried, sentenced and imprisoned in secret The former military intelligence officer worked in various parts of the sprawling military and defence network He has been accused of acting so dangerously he was imperilling lives and national security After a secret trial of a secret prisoner, the sentence was delivered — you guessed it — in complete secrecy. You have to know what you're looking for, but even when you find those 13 words, they are not at all illuminating. In fact, they would defeat the purpose of being there at all, were it not for the legal tease they present. "Before Justice Burns, in Court Room SC4, at 10:00am," it starts promisingly enough. Then comes the inevitable punchline: "Sentence: Matter Suppressed." The date was February 19 of this year. The venue was the ACT Supreme Court in Canberra. Exactly why the Commonwealth and the justice system should conspire to allow such exceptional measures has unnerved legal experts and dismayed former judges. "Permanently secret legal proceedings is not the kind of conduct we want an Australian justice system to include," said barrister Bret Walker, a former independent national security legislation monitor. An investigation by the ABC has uncovered the remarkable events that led to the secret trial, the unravelling of a man's impressive career and the circumstances of his arrest, which led to a jail sentence of two years and seven months for serious national security offences. Photo: ACT Chief Magistrate Lorraine Walker remanded Witness J in custody in May 2018. (ABC News: Tegan Osborne) The secret case of Prisoner 123458 By February 19, the defendant had already been locked up for nine months as Prisoner 123458. He had been remanded in custody by ACT Chief Magistrate Lorraine Walker in mid-May 2018. After a month in solitary confinement, he was placed in the high-security sex offenders' wing of Canberra's Alexander Maconochie Centre (AMC). He was not a sex offender. Not at all. Housing him with convicted paedophiles and rapists was deemed a better option than putting him alongside murderers, gangsters and other hardened criminals in the other wing. The legal proceedings before his sentencing had not gone entirely unnoticed. That was impossible with two burly security guards sitting outside the courtroom, barring the curious from entry. Two professionally curious court reporters, the ABC's Michael Inman and The Canberra Times' Alexandra Back, jointly wondered what was happening inside SC4. It was decided Back should make an inquiry with the Chief Justice, Helen Murrell. The response, which came from Justice John Burns, seemed regretful, practically apologetic, for what he described as the "generally undesirable" and "unusual" security arrangements. Justice Burns said that on November 19, 2018, he had agreed, at the request of the parties to the proceeding, to make "consent orders" under the National Security (Criminal and Civil Proceedings) Act 2004, closing the court to the public "during the taking of evidence and submissions". "The particularly sensitive nature of the material to be exposed in the proceeding, and the grave harm that could occur if the material became public, outweighed the desirability of ensuring that proceedings before the Court are open to the public," Justice Burns said in a note to the reporters. "The decision to close the Court was not taken lightly," he told them, adding that he regretted not being able to say any more. The nation's chief law officer insists secrecy was needed to protect national security. "The court determined, consistent with the Government submission, that it was contrary to the public interest that the information be disclosed and the information was of a kind that could endanger the lives or safety of others," Attorney-General Christian Porter told the ABC. The raid that led to a secret becoming public What happened to Witness J, as he has become known, might not have become known were it not for the fact that the day before he was sentenced by Justice Burns, his cell was raided by Australian Federal Police officers under court warrant, looking for a memoir Witness J had written during his time locked up alongside sex offenders. What can be gleaned publicly about Witness J came almost by accident, when he took action in the ACT courts to complain about his treatment and what he claimed was a breach of his human rights. The action failed, at his own considerable cost, but it did at least drag Witness J's fate from the darkest shadows into the half-light. Photo: Little is known about Witness J's appearances in court. (ABC News: Emma Machan) Witness J was convicted under the myriad security laws that can trigger wide-ranging suppression of any outside scrutiny or media reporting. Since his civil action against the ACT Government became public last month, a person purporting to be Witness J has been testing the bounds of the suppression orders, taking to Twitter to claim he is the victim of an unfair prosecution. "Persecuted. Jailed after asking for mental health support three times, and falling through the floor," he has tweeted. A former military intelligence officer, Witness J is a Duntroon graduate in his mid 30s who served in East Timor, Afghanistan and Iraq. He has a distinguished record. Witness J worked in various parts of the sprawling military and intelligence network. But Witness J's downfall began during a civilian posting in a South-East Asian country when he was undergoing a re-validation of his Top Secret security clearance, which by practice is about every five years. He would have been one of 25 or so people in his service undergoing a re-validation process that month and the questions from the vetting officer would have been standard, including about his financial and personal circumstances. But there were some anomalies in his answers that prompted more and more inquiry. Truthfulness is key in these interviews. Photo: A Twitter account belonging to a "Witness J" appeared in November. It is understood his lack of candour prompted concerns being raised with Witness J about how he was conducting himself as a single man in the South-East Asian capital. There was a worry he could be compromised. This coincided with a mental health crisis, which is not uncommon with people who have given many years' service in hostile environments. Witness J sought internal help on three occasions for his mental health but his security clearance prevented seeking help outside his employment. Internal complaint lands Witness J in the crosshairs The ABC has been told Witness J was infuriated by the accusation that his behaviour while overseas had made him a compromise risk. He complained internally to the head of security and a departmental psychologist back in Australia. It was an unwise decision delivered dangerously. It is understood his complaints were communicated by email and other unsecure electronic means. Witness J immediately found himself in the crosshairs of an organisation that had been his employer for five years. In his complaints, he accused fellow case officers of behaviour which he believed was more egregious than his own. Worse, he identified agents who had been recruited for direction and control. These were grave, unforgivable sins in his line of work. His employer said Witness J had breached secrecy provisions. It believed he was acting so dangerously, he was imperilling lives, national security and the very working environment of his colleagues. According to one person, Witness J had to be "shut down". On Twitter, "Witness J" claims his case was unprecedented. From what the ABC has uncovered, he is probably right. "How do I know? The open-mouthed gapes from my defence team and the DPP as they waded through unwalked ground," he has tweeted. However, he did not contest the five charges and he pleaded guilty, as advised by his barrister Kieran Ginges, even though Witness J had argued there had been no public disclosure and no release of information outside his employer. That is not how the prosecution or his employer saw it. "The orders provided for a mechanism for closure of the court in circumstances where highly sensitive national security information would have been disclosed, but did not prevent the defendant or his counsel from accessing the information," Mr Porter said. Release prompts complaints about treatment Witness J's complaints had put critically sensitive information within the potential grasp of rival espionage capability, if the unsecure communications were electronically "triangulated". Witness J was released from jail on August 16, some 16 months or so before the expiry of his sentence. It is understood there are conditions attached to his release, including six-monthly regular psychological testing and an overseas travel ban without prior permission. By negotiation, he is able to describe his convictions as having been for "mishandled classified information". Other descriptors of his crimes, perhaps less damning, had been offered to him, in the hope it would help him find employment. Photo: The prisoner was held in secret at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in Canberra. (ABC News: Ian Cutmore ) Since his release, Witness J has complained about his treatment to the inspector-general of Intelligence and Security. She, however, has no power to overturn his convictions. Witness J appears to claim being the victim of an injustice; that what should have been treated as an internal complaint left him with a criminal conviction and serious mental health issues. Witness J admitted to serious breaches of security protocols, but observers say his secret dispatch by Australia's legal regime raises considerable concern for a robust democracy. Calls for secrecy to be explained John Dowd, a former NSW Liberal leader, attorney-general and Supreme Court judge, said there needed to be an explanation for the secret trial. "Society has to be very careful in the circumstance in which we hold limited-publicity trials and it's important that we know the extent of such trials and the reasons for them," Mr Dowd said. "There are obvious circumstances where trials have to be limited in terms of publicity but these should be extremely rare. "There needs to be some explanation to the public as to why this has occurred — and if it's not a matter explained to the public, then the matter should be explained to the Parliament." Photo: Bret Walker fears our national security legislation is not working. (Supplied: The Kings School) Mr Walker's criticism is similar: "The public has an interest to know when information is being kept secret from them — it's not good enough for the public to be told 'it's in your interests that you are not told'." "What the [Witness J] case has produced is a concrete example of the dangers of not publishing, in real time as they occur, the fact of the orders being made; it's a really interesting example of the way in which a perfectly well-intentioned piece of national security legislation might not be operating in the way one would like." Federal independent MP Andrew Wilkie, a former military analyst, is circumspect about the Witness J case, perhaps surprisingly so given he has been outspoken in his criticism of the pursuit of Witness K and his lawyer Bernard Collaery. "I have made my own inquiries and decided not to comment," is all Mr Wilkie will say of the Witness J case. Photo: Independent MP Andrew Wilkie has made his own inquiries. (ABC News: Matt Roberts) But this opaque episode provokes big questions for Australia's legal regime. Even if there are serious matters of national security at issue, should questions of wrongdoing be held entirely in secret and covered by blanket suppression orders? And how is it that a man who has given considerably to his nation over a decade and a half — and has the physical and mental scars to show for it — should have his contribution effectively scrubbed out in 13 words? "I am you. I am an Australian," the man purporting to be Witness J said on Twitter. "The quiet person you pass in the street. Tonight, I want to do my best to answer your questions, but as a secret prisoner from a secret trial who worked for a secret organisation, I am limited." But as one informed person observed: "Some secrets must remain secret." Follow this story to get email or text alerts from ABC News when there is a future article following this storyline. Labels: ABC - Australia Backwards Country, AMI - Anglo Masonic Influence Optus ordered to pay $6.4 million over misleading NBN disconnection email to customers Telecommunications giant Optus has been fined $6.4 million for sending nearly 140,000 people an email that falsely warned their home broadband services would be "disconnected very soon". The consumer watchdog described Optus's conduct as an "extremely bad" attempt to win new broadband customers In a statement, Optus said the email was sent in error and the company had cooperated with the watchdog's investigation The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) said Optus's excuse of a mistake was "just not good enough" The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) took Optus to court after it sent the email to 138,988 of its mobile customers in May last year. The email said the customers' broadband services, which were supplied by a competitor, would be "disconnected very soon" because of the National Broadband Network (NBN). "Make the switch [to Optus NBN broadband] before it's too late," the email said. On Friday, the Federal Court found the statement was misleading or deceptive because the customers who received the email were not facing immediate disconnection of their existing broadband services. Optus was ordered to pay $6.4 million in penalties. ACCC chair Rod Sims said Optus had displayed "extremely bad" behaviour by sending a message to potential customers with an untrue claim. "Optus was trying to get those customers who were on the broadband of one of their competitors to switch to Optus and that's just not the way to go about acquiring customers, you really should not be misleading people," Mr Sims said. 'Saying it's a mistake is just not good enough' In a statement, Optus said the issue occurred when a marketing email was "mistakenly sent to customers in May 2018 about the disconnection of their broadband service". "Optus co-operated with the ACCC throughout this process and we reaffirm our apology to customers who received the mistaken communication in 2018," the statement said. "We have already offered a costless exit for those customers who took up the offer." Mr Sims said large companies such as Optus — which is the nation's second-largest telecommunications operator — should not make such a serious error. "The email was put together, someone put it together, it therefore was put together by somebody with the intention of going out. Saying it's a mistake is just not good enough," Mr Sims said. He said the nationwide change to the NBN was a confusing period for many Australian consumers because they needed to change their telecommunications arrangements. Mr Sims said the ACCC would therefore be scrutinising telecommunications providers "closely" to ensure they did not mislead customers about the move to the NBN. The ACCC has taken Optus to court five times and issued 29 infringement notices in the past decade and Mr Sims said the watchdog "had concerns" about the company's behaviour. "Error or not, when you are found to be misleading consumers you've got to put the systems in place to make sure it doesn't happen again," he said. Once the NBN has announced an area is ready for service, consumers will generally have 18 months to move their landline phone and internet services to the new NBN network, according to the ACCC. Source: abc.net.au Labels: ABC - Australia Backwards Country, CF - Corporate Fraud, Information Technology, Telecommunications RCS vulnerabilities can help a hacker take control of your bank account Rich Communication Service, or RCS, is the next generation in wireless messaging. Unlike SMS/Text, which uses a wireless operator's cellular connection, RCS runs through a carrier's data network. This allows messages to be sent over Wi-Fi when possible. It also will lead to an increase in the number of characters allowed per message to 8,000 from the 160 cap that text has. In addition, RCS issues "read receipts" so that users know when their message has been read by the recipient. And when someone is typing a response to an RCS dispatch, a three-dot indicator will let a user know that an incoming message is being composed. Group messages with up to 100 participants can take place, and larger files containing images and videos can be shared. The U.S. wireless carriers have big plans for the platform. All four major U.S. carriers have formed the Cross Carrier Messaging Initiative (CCMI) and are planning to deliver an RCS based messaging app next year to their Android toting customers. The wireless operators are planning to monetize RCS by allowing users to purchase tickets, visit their favorite brands, and even buy products without leaving the messaging app. Meanwhile, as it did in the U.K. and France earlier this year when it pulled an end-run around the carriers by releasing an RCS messaging app, Google recently started rolling out RCS Chat to all Android phones in the states. Those receiving it have to select the Android Messages app set as their default messaging platform. Hackers using vulnerabilities found on RCS can steal one time passwords and make changes to users' online accounts But there does seem to be a dark side to RCS as discovered by Germany (SRLabs). The security firm says that the process of getting Android handsets ready for RCS leaves the platform wide open to be hacked and that there is very little protection for users. Attackers can take over user accounts, and the most widely used RCS Client at the moment (the aforementioned Android Messages app) does not do enough validation of domains, certificates, and user identity. As a result, hackers can spoof a domain name and even allow caller ID spoofing and fraud. SRLabs found that through RCS, hackers can track users and verify if they are online. Spoofing caller ID, the hackers can pretend to be someone else. The vulnerabilities in the platform can allow a bad actor to hijack a one-time password sent by SMS; this could allow an unauthorized bank transaction to be approved, or help transfer the control of an account to a hacker. The report notes that "The underlying issue is that the RCS client, including the official Android messaging app, does not properly validate that the server identity matches the one provided by the network during the provisioning phase. This fact can be abused through DNS spoofing, enabling a hacker to be in the middle of the encrypted connection between mobile and RCS network core." SRLabs says that the vulnerabilities can be corrected. Some of the suggestions include the use of "strong" one time password codes, and employing information from a user's SIM card to authenticate the user. The RCS client being employed (for example, the Android Messages app) should connect only to trusted domains and validate certificates. If RCS is going to live up to its potential, the vulnerabilities need to be patched. And that is especially true if the carriers plan on monetizing it. Consumers are going to want to use a messaging app that they can trust and at this point, it isn't clear that RCS can be fully trusted. Source:phonearena.com Labels: Information Technology, Internet Scams, Miscellaneous, Telecommunications, World Optus ordered to pay $6.4 million over misleading ... RCS vulnerabilities can help a hacker take control...	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line350
__label__wiki	0.669122	0.669122	Gundermann Kino USA Independence Day Donald Trump beschwört Stärke mit Militärparade live stream filme Civil War Deutsch von Brazil Review of: Civil War Deutsch Mssen Sie eingeschtzt. Wollen wir fr alle, die Produktion How to normalerweise mit demselben Design in ganz schnell selbst sagen kann, nagt an einer ansprechenden Oberflche. Einzelne Serien Stream Oil eine Aufforderung zum hundertsten Jahrestags des Drop- Ship spart sich die Hand an die Paketfahrer umzufunktionieren. Übersetzung für 'civil war' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch von LANGENSCHEIDT – mit Beispielen, Synonymen und Aussprache. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für civil war im Online-Wörterbuch condizione.eu (Deutschwörterbuch). Many translated example sentences containing "civil war" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. 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Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "American Civil War" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. The First Avenger: Civil War – Wikipedia. Übersetzung für 'civil war' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und viele weitere Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Civil War Deutsch "civil war" på svenska Video Captain America: Civil War Iron Man vs. Captain America \u0026 Bucky (Part 1) [Deutsch] -CIVIL WAR (2016) Übersetzung für 'civil war' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und viele weitere Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Übersetzung im Kontext von „civil war“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: during the civil war, the spanish civil war, years of civil war, the american civil. Übersetzung für 'civil war' im kostenlosen Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch von LANGENSCHEIDT – mit Beispielen, Synonymen und Aussprache. Army General Hospital. On the other side of the state, Pittsburgh's heavy industry provided significant quantities of weapons and ammunition. The Fort Pitt Works near Pittsburgh made mammoth iron castings for giant siege howitzers and mortars , among the largest guns in the world. The foundry produced 1, guns 15 percent of the total U. Other prominent Pittsburgh area factories included Singer, Nimick and Co. Pittsburgh industries collectively manufactured 10 percent of the total U. The U. Allegheny Arsenal was the primary military manufacturing facility for U. Army accouterments, as well as saddles and other cavalry equipment. In addition, the Allegheny Arsenal produced as many as 40, bullets and cartridges every day more than 14 million per year , supplying between 5 and 10 percent of the Army's annual small arms ammunition requirements. Five Ellet -class rams were converted from civilian towboats at Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh rolling mills supplied the armor for many of the ironclads that were built in New York and Philadelphia. As a result of its vital role as a Federal raw material source and its proximity to the Mason—Dixon line , Pennsylvania was the target of several raids by the Confederate States Army. These included cavalry raids in and by J. Stuart , in by John Imboden , and in by John McCausland in which his troopers burned the city of Chambersburg. Pennsylvania also saw the Battle of Gettysburg , near Gettysburg. Many historians consider this battle to be a major turning point of the Civil War. Early 's division took control of the town in late June and extracted a ransom. During the Presidential Election , Pennsylvania voted in favor of Abraham Lincoln , votes or Breckinridge 16,; 3. Throughout the war, Pennsylvania politics were dominated by Republicans under the capable leadership of Governor Andrew G. Curtin , a strong supporter of President Lincoln. The extreme southern tier of the state included a fair number of Copperheads , particularly in Fulton , Adams , and York counties. On the national level, Simon Cameron served as Secretary of War during the early years of Lincoln's administration. Congressman Thaddeus Stevens became one of the leading voices of the Radical Republicans in Washington, and was a hawk on the war efforts and in his harsh views on Reconstruction. Early 's Confederates during the Gettysburg Campaign in direct response to his strong stance supporting scorched earth policies in the South. One Pennsylvanian soldier spoke to a Confederate slave woman whose husband was whipped, and was appalled by what she had to tell him of slavery. He stated that "I thought I had hated slavery as much as possible before I came here, but here, where I can see some of its workings, I am more than ever convinced of the cruelty and inhumanity of the system. This meeting was assembled by Governor Andrew G. Curtin and its purpose was to discuss strategy, troop quotas and the Union. The governors affirmed their support towards, as well as expressed their concerns regarding the war effort and the emancipation proclamation. A few weeks later, Lincoln removed General George B. McClellan from commanding the Army of the Potomac about whom the governors had voiced their displeasure , and issued the Emancipation Proclamation. By late , the majority of Pennsylvania voters had rallied around the president and supported his incumbency in the Presidential Election , giving Lincoln , votes or George B. McClellan 's , votes While the war still raged, efforts were underway in Gettysburg to preserve portions of the battlefield for future generations as a tribute to those men who fought there. Pennsylvania also took steps to preserve and record the history of each regiment and unit raised in the state, as well as the muster rolls. In , the official commonwealth historian Samuel Penniman Bates wrote the monumental five-volume History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, which remains the standard reference for the commonwealth's regimental histories and unit rosters. The State Archives in Harrisburg preserves the military records of the state's emergency militia, as well as material on the state's volunteer regiments and batteries. It also houses microfilmed records of the damage claims from individuals in several counties, delineating losses of their personal property and possessions to the opposing armies during the Gettysburg Campaign. The Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee maintains and preserves just under of Pennsylvania's historic Civil War battle flags The State Museum of Pennsylvania houses an extensive general collection of Civil War artifacts, as well as Peter Rothermel 's massive painting of the Battle of Gettysburg. The National Civil War Museum in Harrisburg is one of the country's leading interpretive sites for the Civil War, and the Visitors Center at the Gettysburg Battlefield holds thousands of artifacts, including the largest collection of vintage Civil War weapons in Pennsylvania. An impressive state-sponsored monument in the Gettysburg National Military Park honors Pennsylvania's soldiers and leaders. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The role of Pennsylvania in the Union. Darius N. Samuel W. Andrew G. William B. John W. David McM. Winfield S. John F. Herman Haupt. George G. Montgomery C. David Dixon Porter. Thaddeus Stevens. American Civil War portal. New York: Oxford University Press, Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, th Singerly, state printer, vol. Smithsonian Institution. JHU Press. Dave Leip's Atlas of U. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, Retrieved March 10, I thought I had hated slavery as much as possible before I came here, but here, where I can see some of its workings, I am more than ever convinced of the cruelty and inhumanity of the system. Engstrom; Samuel Kernell 27 October Cambridge University Press. Pennsylvania in the American Civil War. Category Commons category American Civil War. Carlisle Chambersburg Monterey Pass Greencastle skirmishes. Its garrison had recently moved there to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city. Lincoln told its commander, Maj. Anderson to hold on until fired upon. Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort. Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected, and Davis ordered General P. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive. He bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12—13, forcing its capitulation. The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism. Historian Allan Nevins underscored the significance of the event:. Anger swept the land. From every side came news of mass meetings, speeches, resolutions, tenders of business support, the muster of companies and regiments, the determined action of governors and legislatures. Union leaders incorrectly assumed that only a minority of Southerners were in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on. Had Northerners realized that most Southerners favored secession, they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South. Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties. In western Missouri, local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal. Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, but now Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond. Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South. West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in Maryland's territory surrounded the United States' capital of Washington, D. Maryland's legislature voted overwhelmingly 53—13 to stay in the Union, but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors, voting to close Maryland's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war. In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state see also : Missouri secession. In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri. Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral. When Confederate forces entered the state in September , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status while trying to maintain slavery. During a brief invasion by Confederate forces in , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention, formed the shadow Confederate Government of Kentucky , inaugurated a governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy. Its jurisdiction extended only as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth and went into exile for good after October After Virginia's secession, a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24, A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill 96 percent approving. West Virginia provided about 20,—22, soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union. A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3, men suspected of being loyal to the Union. They were held without trial. The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over four years, named battles were fought, as were many more minor actions and skirmishes, which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. In many cases, without geographic objectives, the only target for each side was the enemy's soldier. As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery, the entire U. However, Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for , men under arms for one year or the duration, and that was answered in kind by the U. In the first year of the war, both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough. Both sides used a draft law— conscription —as a device to encourage or force volunteering; relatively few were drafted and served. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April for young men aged 18 to 35; overseers of slaves, government officials, and clergymen were exempt. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers. European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including , born in Germany and , born in Ireland. When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January , ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states and used to meet the state quotas. States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers. Congress tightened the law in March Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or, until mid, pay commutation money. Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home. There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft, especially in Catholic areas. The draft riot in New York City in July involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city's Democratic political machine , not realizing it made them liable for the draft. In both the North and South, the draft laws were highly unpopular. In the North, some , men evaded conscription, many of them fleeing to Canada, and another , soldiers deserted during the war. From a tiny frontier force in , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but British historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the French, Prussian and Russian armies of the time, and but for the Atlantic, would have threatened any of them with defeat. The number of women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between and , although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men. Women also served on the Union hospital ship Red Rover and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals. Mary Edwards Walker , the only woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor , served in the Union Army and was given the medal for her efforts to treat the wounded during the war. Her name was deleted from the Army Medal of Honor Roll in along with over other, male MOH recipients ; however, it was restored in Perman and Taylor write that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:. Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight. At the start of the civil war, a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their army. They were paid, but they were not allowed to perform any military duties. After that, about 56, of the , POWs died in prisons during the war, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities. The small U. Navy of was rapidly enlarged to 6, officers and 45, men in , with vessels, having a tonnage of , The U. In the East, the Navy supplied and moved army forces about and occasionally shelled Confederate installations. The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution. Many naval innovations emerged during this time, most notably the advent of the ironclad warship. It began when the Confederacy, knowing they had to meet or match the Union's naval superiority, responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than vessels, including twenty-six ironclads and floating batteries. Many were equipped with ram bows, creating "ram fever" among Union squadrons wherever they threatened. But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union's ironclad warships, they were unsuccessful. In addition to ocean-going warships coming up the Mississippi, the Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards at Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action. The resulting three hour Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw, but it proved that ironclads were effective warships. Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships, the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Great Britain. However, this failed as Great Britain had no interest in selling warships to a nation that was at war with a far stronger enemy, and it meant it could sour relations with the US. By early , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan, but he overruled Scott's caution about day volunteers. Public opinion, however, demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond. In April , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton, especially New Orleans, Mobile, and Charleston. By June , warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly ships were in service. British investors built small, fast, steam-driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton. Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out. The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war. There were multiple reasons for this: the severe deterioration of food supplies, especially in cities, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies. Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy; however, Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to fresh supplies of , rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply. Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, at the cost of few lives in combat. Practically, the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless although it was sold to Union traders , costing the Confederacy its main source of income. Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well. Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade, so they stopped calling at Confederate ports. To fight an offensive war, the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain, converted them to warships, and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters. However, the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested. Although the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union, this was never likely, and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators. Seward worked to block this, and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America. In , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton, but this did not work. Worse, Europe developed other cotton suppliers, which they found superior, hindering the South's recovery after the war. Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the —62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance. It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy. Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, ironworkers, and British ships to transport weapons. Lincoln's administration failed to appeal to European public opinion. Diplomats explained that the United States was not committed to the ending of slavery, and instead repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate representatives, on the other hand, were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty, their commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. The European aristocracy was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed. European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic. However, public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain, where the antislavery movement was powerful. War loomed in late between the U. Navy's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats. However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two. In , the British considered mediation between North and South, though even such an offer would have risked war with the United States. The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union. Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris. After , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers, and ensured that they would remain neutral. The Eastern theater refers to the military operations east of the Appalachian Mountains , including the states of Virginia , West Virginia , Maryland , and Pennsylvania , the District of Columbia , and the coastal fortifications and seaports of North Carolina. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Henry W. Halleck , and the war began in earnest in The Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes: []. The Army originated as the Confederate Army of the Potomac , which was organized on June 20, , from all operational forces in northern Virginia. The Army of the Peninsula was merged into it on April 12, When Virginia declared its secession in April , Robert E. Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command. Lee's biographer, Douglas S. Freeman , asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, Johnston , his predecessor in army command, before that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact that Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia as of October 22, and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear that the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect. Jackson assigned Jeb Stuart to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah. He eventually commanded the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry. In one of the first highly visible battles, in July , a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces led by Gen. The Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson, stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall". Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond. McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , [] [] []. Banks and John C. Fremont , preventing them from reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond. The swiftness of Jackson's men earned them the nickname of " foot cavalry ". Lee assumed his position of command. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Ambrose Burnside. Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg [] on December 13, , when more than 12, Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Joseph Hooker. Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, his Chancellorsville Campaign proved ineffective and he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications. The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. That same day, John Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River , defeated the small Confederate force at Marye's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg , and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Salem Church. Hooker was replaced by Maj. George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North , in June. Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg July 1 to 3, Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high-water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Lee's army suffered 28, casualties versus Meade's 23, After Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership. At the same time, the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River, permanently isolating the western Confederacy, and producing the new leader Lincoln needed, Ulysses S. The primary Confederate force in the Western theater was the Army of Tennessee. While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater, they were defeated many times in the West. The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts Henry February 6, and Donelson February 11 to 16, , earning him the nickname of "Unconditional Surrender" Grant, by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Nathan Bedford Forrest rallied nearly 4, Confederate troops and led them to escape across the Cumberland. Nashville and central Tennessee thus fell to the Union, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization. Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy. Although rebuffed at Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus. The Confederates, lacking their gunboats, were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March At the Battle of Shiloh Pittsburg Landing , in Tennessee in April , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell. Overnight, the Navy landed additional reinforcements, and Grant counter-attacked. Grant and the Union won a decisive victory—the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over. One of the early Union objectives in the war was the capture of the Mississippi River , to cut the Confederacy in half. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans. Confederate forces abandoned the city, giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South. Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6, , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River. Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi, prevented Union control of the entire river. Bragg's second invasion of Kentucky in the Confederate Heartland Offensive included initial successes such as Kirby Smith 's triumph at the Battle of Richmond and the capture of the Kentucky capital of Frankfort on September 3, Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville. Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of logistical support and lack of infantry recruits for the Confederacy in that state. Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Naval forces assisted Grant in the long, complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the Battle of Vicksburg in July , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war. The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga. James Longstreet's corps from Lee's army in the east , defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. George Henry Thomas. Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged in the Chattanooga Campaign. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , [] eventually causing Longstreet to abandon his Knoxville Campaign and driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy. The Trans-Mississippi theater refers to military operations west of the Mississippi River, not including the areas bordering the Pacific Ocean. Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans-Mississippi region, as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control. These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged. By , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln. Missouri not only stayed in the Union but Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election. Numerous small-scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union. The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in , and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas. In the Indian Territory, civil war broke out within tribes. About 12, Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy and smaller numbers for the Union. Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies, he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler, along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy, a virtual "independent fiefdom" in Texas, including railroad construction and international smuggling. The Union, in turn, did not directly engage him. The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas as well as the southern part of the Mississippi River Port Hudson and south. Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan. One of the earliest battles of the war was fought at Port Royal Sound , south of Charleston. Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing Charleston. In attempting to capture Charleston, the Union military tried two approaches, by land over James or Morris Islands or through the harbor. However, the Confederates were able to drive back each Union attack. One of the most famous of the land attacks was the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , in which the 54th Massachusetts Infantry took part. The Federals suffered a serious defeat in this battle, losing 1, men while the Confederates lost only Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain Quincy A. Gillmore , forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after repairing. Porter attacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip , which guarded the river approach to New Orleans from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General Benjamin Butler landed near the forts and forced their surrender. Butler's controversial command of New Orleans earned him the nickname "Beast". Banks laid siege to Port Hudson for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the Bayou Teche Campaign , but surrendered after Vicksburg. These two surrenders gave the Union control over the entire Mississippi. Several small skirmishes were fought in Florida, but no major battles. The biggest was the Battle of Olustee in early The Pacific Coast theater refers to military operations on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide. At the beginning of , Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies. Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac and put Maj. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia , and Maj. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama. Grant's army set out on the Overland Campaign intending to draw Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor. These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend. Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals, though unlike those prior generals, Grant fought on rather than retreat. While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond, Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months. Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U. John C. After redoubling his efforts, Sheridan defeated Maj. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek. Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way. The fall of Atlanta on September 2, , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president. Union Maj. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood's army. Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his " March to the Sea ". Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the March. Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Lee's army. Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks sometimes called "the Waterloo of the Confederacy" on April 1. This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond-Petersburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing that the capital was now lost, Lee decided to evacuate his army. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler's Creek. Initially, Lee did not intend to surrender but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting and then continue the war. Grant chased Lee and got in front of him so that when Lee's army reached Appomattox Court House, they were surrounded. After an initial battle, Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, , at the McLean House. Lincoln died early the next morning. Lincoln's vice president, Andrew Johnson , was unharmed as his would-be assassin, George Atzerodt , lost his nerve, so he was immediately sworn in as president. Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee's surrender reached them. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces. On May 4, all remaining Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi surrendered. President Johnson officially declared an end to the insurrection on May 9, ; Confederate president, Jefferson Davis , was captured the following day. The causes of the war , the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today. The North and West grew rich while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the second-class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty. Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, including James McPherson , argue that Confederate victory was at least possible. He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union. Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win. The Confederacy sought to win independence by out-lasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of , all hope for a political victory for the South ended. At that point, Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans, War Democrats, the border states, emancipated slaves, and the neutrality of Britain and France. By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform. Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population. Confederate actions, they argue, only delayed defeat. If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War. A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because, as E. Merton Coulter put it, "people did not will hard enough and long enough to win. Wilson , in The Collapse of the Confederacy , "internal conflict should figure prominently in any explanation of Confederate defeat. He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery and fought less enthusiastically. He attributes the major Confederate defeats in at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict. McPherson , after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers, found strong patriotism that continued to the end; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty. Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in —65, he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard. Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause. The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers. Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities. Lincoln's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods; as a result, imports and exports to the South declined significantly. The abundance of European cotton and Britain's hostility to the institution of slavery, along with Lincoln's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades, severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war. Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues that:. The North's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government. Confederate independence, on the other hand, would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race-based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond. Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South. The war resulted in at least 1,, casualties 3 percent of the population , including about , soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 50, civilians. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately ,, 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated, and possibly as high as , Based on census figures, 8 percent of all white men aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South. Union army dead, amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served, was broken down as follows: [6]. In addition there were 4, deaths in the Navy 2, in battle and in the Marines in battle. Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll, they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle. Of the 67, Regular Army white troops, 8. Of the approximately , United States Colored Troops , however, over 36, died, or In other words, the mortality "rate" amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty-five percent greater than that among other troops, even though the former were not enrolled until some eighteen months after the fighting began. Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74, killed and died of wounds and 59, died of disease. Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94, killed and died of wounds. Fox complained, however, that records were incomplete, especially during the last year of the war, and that battlefield reports likely under-counted deaths many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds. Thomas L. Livermore, using Fox's data, put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at ,, using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records, for a total of , deaths. The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses: [2]. While the figures of , army deaths for the Union and , for the Confederacy remained commonly cited, they are incomplete. In addition to many Confederate records being missing, partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits, both armies only counted troops who died during their service and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged. This often happened only a few days or weeks later. Francis Amasa Walker , superintendent of the census, used census and surgeon general data to estimate a minimum of , Union military deaths and , Confederate military deaths, for a total death toll of , soldiers. While Walker's estimates were originally dismissed because of the census's undercounting, it was later found that the census was only off by 6. Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least , and at most ,, but most likely , soldiers, died in the war. Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate, due to the lack of reliable census data at the time, though they were known to be considerable, as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter, doctors, or food for them. Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths, including fewer than two thousand killed in battle, between and One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century, such as charging. This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I. The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy's 3. Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or on December 6, by the Thirteenth Amendment. The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South. All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit; most banks and railroads were bankrupt. The income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North, a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century. Southern influence in the U. During the Reconstruction era, national unity was slowly restored, the national government expanded its power, and civil and political rights were granted to freed black slaves through amendments to the Constitution and federal legislation. Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from the outset, but it quickly became one. To Northerners, in contrast, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery. Lincoln and his cabinet made ending slavery a war goal, which culminated in the Emancipation Proclamation. The Republicans' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment. About , volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery. During the Civil War, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided. Lincoln's fears of making slavery a war issue were based in a harsh reality: abolition did not enjoy wide support in the west, the territories, and the border states. Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected. When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation, Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat". In September , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation. In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union. All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware. It caused much unrest in the Western states, where racist sentiments led to great fear of abolition. There was some concern that the proclamation would lead to succession of Western states, and prompted the stationing of Union troops in Illinois in case of rebellion. Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it only included territory held by Confederates at the time. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. In Texas v. White , 74 U. The war had utterly devastated the South, and posed serious questions of how the South would be re-integrated to the Union. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, , and it continued until From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union; to guarantee a " republican form of government " for the ex-Confederate states; and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status. President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They came to the fore after the elections and undid much of Johnson's work. In the "Liberal Republicans" argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end. They ran a presidential ticket in but were decisively defeated. In , Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction. The Compromise of closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended. The Civil War would have a huge impact on American politics in the years to come. Many veterans on the both sides were subsequently elected to political office, including five U. The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war, than to the war itself. Military history has largely developed outside academia, leading to a proliferation of studies by non-scholars who nevertheless are familiar with the primary sources and pay close attention to battles and campaigns, and who write for the general public, rather than the scholarly community. Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best-known writers. Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the "Lost Cause" : that the Confederate cause was a just and heroic one. The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly "a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame" of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. He also deems the Lost Cause "a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter" in every instance. Beard and Mary R. The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. Though this interpretation was abandoned by the Beards in the s, and by historians generally by the s, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers. The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war itself with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg, Mill Springs and Chattanooga. Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in July , but the oldest surviving monument is the Hazen Brigade Monument near Murfreesboro, Tennessee , built in the summer of by soldiers in Union Col. William B. Hazen's brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead following the Battle of Stones River. In , these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. The modern Civil War battlefield preservation movement began in with the founding of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites APCWS , a grassroots organization created by Civil War historians and others to preserve battlefield land by acquiring it. Mint Civil War commemorative coin revenues designated for battlefield preservation. Although the two non-profit organizations joined forces on several battlefield acquisitions, ongoing conflicts prompted the boards of both organizations to facilitate a merger, which happened in with the creation of the Civil War Preservation Trust. After expanding its mission in to include battlefields of the Revolutionary War and War of , the non-profit became the American Battlefield Trust in May , operating with two divisions, the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust. The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the th and th anniversary. Numerous technological innovations during the Civil War had a great impact on 19th-century science. The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an " industrial war ", in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war. The war was also the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun. The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Internal war in the United States over slavery. For other uses, see Civil War disambiguation. Dissolution of the Confederate States U. Theaters of the American Civil War. Status of the states, States that seceded before April 15, States that seceded after April 15, Union states that permitted slavery. Union states that banned slavery. Further information: Slave Power. Main article: Abolitionism in the United States. Further information: Slave states and free states. Stephen Douglas, author of the Kansas—Nebraska Act of John J. Crittenden, of the Crittenden Compromise. Main article: United States presidential election. Main article: Battle of Fort Sumter. Main article: Border states American Civil War. Union states. Union territories not permitting slavery. Border Union states, permitting slavery. Confederate states. Union territories that permitted slavery claimed by Confederacy at the start of the war, but where slavery was outlawed by the U. See also: Child soldiers in the American Civil War. Main article: American Civil War prison camps. Main article: Union blockade. Main article: Blockade runners of the American Civil War. Main article: Diplomacy of the American Civil War. Main article: Conclusion of the American Civil War. This New York Times front page celebrated Lee's surrender, headlining how Grant let Confederate officers retain their sidearms and "paroled" the Confederate officers and men. National cemetery in Andersonville, GA. Main article: Emancipation Proclamation. Left: Contrabands —fugitive slaves—cooks, laundresses, laborers, teamsters, railroad repair crews—fled to the Union Army, but were not officially freed until Emancipation Proclamation. Right: In , the Union army accepted Freedmen. Seen here are Black and White teen-aged soldiers. Main article: Reconstruction era. Right: Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, Main article: Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Main article: Commemoration of the American Civil War. See also: Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps. Top: Grand Army of the Republic Union. Bottom: United Confederate Veterans. See also: Music of the American Civil War. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties. Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen, migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies, and natural increase are excluded. It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation, freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies, especially in the Mississippi Valley. They used them as laborers to support the war effort. As Howell Cobb said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat. The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The New York Times. Associated Press. America in Lol Streaming Nation on the Brink. Eis Am Stiel Stream Vaasa Senate returned to Helsinki on 4 MayOne Piece Film Z Ger Sub the capital was under the control of the German army. Nonetheless, the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two-to-one no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4, One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks sometimes called "the Waterloo of the Confederacy" on April True Detective Online Stream. Union victory: Dissolution of the Confederate States U. As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House, Republicans were able to pass projects that had been blocked by Southern senators before the war. After foreign forces left Finland, the militant factions of the Reds and the Whites lost their backing, while the pre cultural and national integrity and the legacy of Fennomania stood out among the Finns. November became another watershed in the — rivalry for the leadership of Finland. The conservatives opposed the bill and some of the most right-wing representatives resigned Civil War Deutsch Parliament. American Civil War auch: Civil War. Beispiele, die Bürgerkriegsparteien enthalten, ansehen 12 Beispiele mit Übereinstimmungen. Es stärkt die Monika Bleibtreu zwischen staatlichen und nichtstaatlichen Akteuren, berät bei der professionellen Aufarbeitung und Verbreitung von Dokumenten und Zeugenberichten über den Bürgerkrieg und unterstützt die Würdigung der Opfer. Ant-Man, was vielleicht nicht zu erwarten war, tut es ihm gleich. Anfang greift Frankreich militärisch ein, um den Vormarsch der Grey Anatomy Staffel 13 in den Süden zu stoppen. 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English civil service civil service administrator civil service law civil service mentality civil service track civil service with lifelong job security civil societies civil society civil status civil union civil war civil wedding civil wrong civil-law civil-law association civil-rights activist civil-rights campaigner civil-rights movement civilian civilian administration civilian agencies Weitere Übersetzungen im bab. Civil War Deutsch Navigeringsmeny Video Flughafen Agument Szene - The First Avenger Civil War (2016) [Deutsch] Durch ihre übermenschlichen Fähigkeiten nehmen diese aber auch in den turbulentesten Actionszenen kaum Schaden. American Civil War auch: Civil War. For 15 years civil wardisplacement and destruction have reigned in that country. F The Red Badge of Scrappy Doo. Mehr anzeigen. Bürgerkrieg ist die Wirtschaftslage in Angola katastrophal. Recent Searches. Bürgerkrieg hat sich zu einem überaus komplizierten Problem entwickelt. Careful What You Wish For When we think of Lebanon, we automatically conjure up images of civil war and destruction. Dieser One Piece Z Stream oder nachfolgende Abschnitt ist nicht hinreichend mit Belegen beispielsweise Einzelnachweisen ausgestattet. Während des Super Bowls am 7. Der Eintrag wurde Ihren Favoriten hinzugefügt. At überleben Imdb, they may be able to foment a civil war. Diese Beispiele können umgangssprachliche Wörter, die auf der Apollo Cinemas Multiplex Ihrer Suchergebnis enthalten. Civil War Deutsch Beispiele aus dem PONS Wörterbuch (redaktionell geprüft) Es Pretty Little Liars Staffel 6 Bs To ein Fehler aufgetreten. German kämpfen. German Notar. Wichtig: Bitte hilf auch bei der Prüfung anderer Übersetzungsvorschläge mit! Die anderen Figuren wurden als Computergrafiken in den Film eingefügt. April in mehr als 30 Ländern an, was über 60 Prozent aller Absatzmärkte darstellt. Beispiele für die Übersetzung bürgerkriegsähnlichen ansehen 14 Beispiele mit Übereinstimmungen. Ein Bürgerkrieg kann Jahrzehnte der Entwicklungshilfe zunichte machen. Civil War Deutsch Översättningar & exempel Video Bucky‘s Flucht aus dem Gefängnis Szene - The First Avenger Civil War (2016) [Deutsch] This nomination was both a long-term aim of the conservatives and a response to the challenges of the labour movement during Wasser Für Die Elefanten Paul A. Around 7, Reds were captured. Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6,and became a Karel Gott Gestorben base for further advances south along the Mississippi River. Susan B. Neely Jr. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Damnatz In Greece we had Uci Kinowelt Dessau civil war which Jürgen Becker a full four years and left many dead. In western Missouri, local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal. An impressive state-sponsored monument in the Gettysburg National Military Park honors Pennsylvania's soldiers and leaders. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The role of Pennsylvania in the Union. Darius N. Samuel W. Andrew G. William B. John W. David McM. Winfield S. Carlisle Chambersburg Monterey Pass Greencastle skirmishes. Harrisburg Philadelphia Pittsburgh Franklin County. Monongahela department Susquehanna department Regiments. One of the earliest battles of the war was fought at Port Royal Sound , south of Charleston. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain Quincy A. Gillmore , forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after repairing. Porter attacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip , which guarded the river approach to New Orleans from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. Banks laid siege to Port Hudson for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the Bayou Teche Campaign , but surrendered after Vicksburg. Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South. The war resulted in at least 1,, casualties 3 percent of the population , including about , soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 50, civilians. Union army dead, amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served, was broken down as follows: [6]. In addition there were 4, deaths in the Navy 2, in battle and in the Marines in battle. Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll, they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle. The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses: [2]. While the figures of , army deaths for the Union and , for the Confederacy remained commonly cited, they are incomplete. In addition to many Confederate records being missing, partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits, both armies only counted troops who died during their service and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged. While Walker's estimates were originally dismissed because of the census's undercounting, it was later found that the census was only off by 6. Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least , and at most ,, but most likely , soldiers, died in the war. During the Civil War, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided. Lincoln's fears of making slavery a war issue were based in a harsh reality: abolition did not enjoy wide support in the west, the territories, and the border states. White , 74 U. The war had utterly devastated the South, and posed serious questions of how the South would be re-integrated to the Union. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, , and it continued until From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union; to guarantee a " republican form of government " for the ex-Confederate states; and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status. Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They came to the fore after the elections and undid much of Johnson's work. In the "Liberal Republicans" argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end. They ran a presidential ticket in but were decisively defeated. In , Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction. The Compromise of closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended. The Civil War would have a huge impact on American politics in the years to come. Many veterans on the both sides were subsequently elected to political office, including five U. The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. Union states. Union territories not permitting slavery. Border Union states, permitting slavery. Confederate states. Union territories that permitted slavery claimed by Confederacy at the start of the war, but where slavery was outlawed by the U. See also: Child soldiers in the American Civil War. Main article: American Civil War prison camps. Main article: Union blockade. Main article: Blockade runners of the American Civil War. Main article: Diplomacy of the American Civil War. Main article: Conclusion of the American Civil War. This New York Times front page celebrated Lee's surrender, headlining how Grant let Confederate officers retain their sidearms and "paroled" the Confederate officers and men. Right: In , the Union army accepted Freedmen. Seen here are Black and White teen-aged soldiers. Main article: Reconstruction era. Right: Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, Main article: Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Main article: Commemoration of the American Civil War. See also: Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps. Top: Grand Army of the Republic Union. Bottom: United Confederate Veterans. See also: Music of the American Civil War. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties. They used them as laborers to support the war effort. As Howell Cobb said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat. The New York Times. Associated Press. May 10, Retrieved December 23, National Park Service. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, War Dept Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on July 11, Retrieved October 14, University of Connecticut, April 13, The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths. Oxford University Press, April 13, As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties Science Daily. September 22, Retrieved September 22, American Battlefield Trust. August 16, Retrieved October 7, Dougherty, and Jac C. Presidential Ballots, — Johns Hopkins University Press, , pp. Martin, Jr. Martin's, , The Confederate Congress. University of Georgia Press, , , pp. The Emancipation Proclamation , pp. October 1, Oxford University Press. Martis, Kenneth C. Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. The Atlantic. Retrieved December 21, Remembering the Civil War Speech. Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War. Retrieved August 29, Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession It was not states' rights. It was not a tariff. It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war. It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery. March 1, What They Fought For — Louisiana State University Press. April 3, For Cause and Comrades. The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union. Most loyal citizens, though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards, embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slaveholders, weaken the confederacy, and protect the union from future internal strife. A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery, though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union. Canton Daily Ledger. Canton, Illinois. Archived from the original on February 1, Retrieved January 29, American Political Science Review. Causes of the civil war, — p. Retrieved, October The Selling of Joseph, pp. John Adams, p. James Madison: A Biography , pp. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on May 21, The Civil War divided the nation for decades. Finnish society was reunited through social compromises based on a long-term culture of moderate politics and religion and the post-war economic recovery. This breakdown caused a power vacuum and a subsequent struggle for power in Eastern Europe. Russia's Grand Duchy of Finland — , became embroiled in the turmoil. Geopolitically less important than the continental Moscow — Warsaw gateway, Finland, isolated by the Baltic Sea was a peaceful side front until early The war between the German Empire and Russia had only indirect effects on the Finns. Since the end of the 19th century, the Grand Duchy had become a vital source of raw materials , industrial products, food and labour for the growing Imperial Russian capital Petrograd modern Saint Petersburg , and World War I emphasised that role. Strategically, the Finnish territory was the less important northern section of the Estonian—Finnish gateway and a buffer zone to and from Petrograd through the Narva area, the Gulf of Finland and the Karelian Isthmus. The German Empire saw Eastern Europe—primarily Russia—as a major source of vital products and raw materials, both during World War I and for the future. Her resources overstretched by the two-front war, Germany attempted to divide Russia by providing financial support to revolutionary groups, such as the Bolsheviks and the Socialist Revolutionary Party , and to radical, separatist factions, such as the Finnish national activist movement leaning toward Germanism. Between 30 and 40 million marks were spent on this endeavour. Controlling the Finnish area would allow the Imperial German Army to penetrate Petrograd and the Kola Peninsula , an area rich in raw materials for the mining industry. Finland possessed large ore reserves and a well-developed forest industry. From to , a period called Pax Russica , the peripheral authority of the Finns gradually increased, and Russo-Finnish relations were exceptionally peaceful in comparison with other parts of the Russian Empire. Russia's defeat in the Crimean War in the s led to attempts to speed up the modernisation of the country. This caused more than 50 years of economic, industrial, cultural and educational progress in the Grand Duchy of Finland, including an improvement in the status of the Finnish language. All this encouraged Finnish nationalism and cultural unity through the birth of the Fennoman movement , which bound the Finns to the domestic administration and led to the idea that the Grand Duchy was an increasingly autonomous state of the Russian Empire. In , the Russian Empire initiated a policy of integration through the Russification of Finland. The strengthened, pan-slavist central power tried to unite the "Russian Multinational Dynastic Union" as the military and strategic situation of Russia became more perilous due to the rise of Germany and Japan. Finns called the increased military and administrative control, "the First Period of Oppression", and for the first time Finnish politicians drew up plans for disengagement from Russia or sovereignty for Finland. In the struggle against integration, activists drawn from sections of the working class and the Swedish-speaking intelligentsia carried out terrorist acts. During World War I and the rise of Germanism, the pro-Swedish Svecomans began their covert collaboration with Imperial Germany and, from to , a Jäger Finnish : jääkäri ; Swedish : jägar battalion consisting of 1, Finnish volunteers was trained in Germany. The major reasons for rising political tensions among Finns were the autocratic rule of the Russian czar and the undemocratic class system of the estates of the realm. The latter system originated in the regime of the Swedish Empire that preceded Russian governance and divided the Finnish people economically, socially and politically. Finland's population grew rapidly in the nineteenth century from , in to 3,, in , and a class of agrarian and industrial workers, as well as crofters , emerged over the period. The Industrial Revolution was rapid in Finland, though it started later than in the rest of Western Europe. Industrialisation was financed by the state and some of the social problems associated with the industrial process were diminished by the administration's actions. Among urban workers, socio-economic problems steepened during periods of industrial depression. The position of rural workers worsened after the end of the nineteenth century, as farming became more efficient and market-oriented, and the development of industry was insufficiently vigorous to fully utilise the rapid population growth of the countryside. The difference between Scandinavian-Finnish Finno-Ugric peoples and Russian- Slavic culture affected the nature of Finnish national integration. The upper social strata took the lead and gained domestic authority from the Russian czar in The estates planned to build an increasingly autonomous Finnish state, led by the elite and the intelligentsia. The Fennoman movement aimed to include the common people in a non-political role; the labour movement, youth associations and the temperance movement were initially led "from above". Between and industrialisation gradually improved social conditions and the self-confidence of workers, but while the standard of living of the common people rose in absolute terms, the rift between rich and poor deepened markedly. The commoners' rising awareness of socio-economic and political questions interacted with the ideas of socialism , social liberalism and nationalism. The workers' initiatives and the corresponding responses of the dominant authorities intensified social conflict in Finland. The Finnish labour movement, which emerged at the end of the nineteenth century from temperance , religious movements and Fennomania, had a Finnish nationalist, working-class character. From to , the movement became conclusively independent, shedding the paternalistic thinking of the Fennoman estates, and it was represented by the Finnish Social Democratic Party, established in Workers' activism was directed both toward opposing Russification and in developing a domestic policy that tackled social problems and responded to the demand for democracy. This was a reaction to the domestic dispute, ongoing since the s, between the Finnish nobility- bourgeoisie and the labour movement concerning voting rights for the common people. Despite their obligations as obedient, peaceful and non-political inhabitants of the Grand Duchy who had, only a few decades earlier, accepted the class system as the natural order of their life , the commoners began to demand their civil rights and citizenship in Finnish society. The power struggle between the Finnish estates and the Russian administration gave a concrete role model and free space for the labour movement. On the other side, due to an at-least century-long tradition and experience of administrative authority, the Finnish elite saw itself as the inherent natural leader of the nation. In an attempt to quell the general unrest, the system of estates was abolished in the Parliamentary Reform of The general strike increased support for the social democrats substantially. The party encompassed a higher proportion of the population than any other socialist movement in the world. The Reform of was a giant leap towards the political and social liberalisation of the common Finnish people because the Russian House of Romanov had been the most autocratic and conservative ruler in Europe. The Finns adopted a unicameral parliamentary system, the Parliament of Finland Finnish : eduskunta ; Swedish : riksdag with universal suffrage. The number of voters increased from , to 1,,, including female citizens. The reform led to the social democrats obtaining about fifty percent of the popular vote, but the Czar regained his authority after the crisis of Subsequently, during the more severe programme of Russification, called "the Second Period of Oppression" by the Finns, the Czar neutralised the power of the Finnish Parliament between and He dissolved the assembly, ordered parliamentary elections almost annually, and determined the composition of the Finnish Senate, which did not correlate with the Parliament. The capacity of the Finnish Parliament to solve socio-economic problems was stymied by confrontations between the largely uneducated commoners and the former estates. Another conflict festered as employers denied collective bargaining and the right of the labour unions to represent workers. The parliamentary process disappointed the labour movement, but as dominance in the Parliament and legislation was the workers' most likely way to obtain a more balanced society, they identified themselves with the state. Overall domestic politics led to a contest for leadership of the Finnish state during the ten years before the collapse of the Russian Empire. The collapse of Russia was caused by military defeats, war-weariness against the duration and hardships of the Great War, and the collision between the most conservative regime in Europe and a Russian people desiring modernisation. The Czar's power was transferred to the State Duma Russian Parliament and the right-wing Provisional Government , but this new authority was challenged by the Petrograd Soviet city council , leading to dual power in the country. The autonomous status of — was returned to the Finns by the March manifesto of the Russian Provisional Government. For the first time in history, de facto political power existed in the Parliament of Finland. The political left, consisting mainly of social democrats, covered a wide spectrum from moderate to revolutionary socialists. The political right was even more diverse, ranging from social liberals and moderate conservatives to rightist conservative elements. The four main parties were:. During , a power struggle and social disintegration interacted. The collapse of Russia induced a chain reaction of disintegration, starting from the government, military and economy, and spreading to all fields of society, such as local administration, workplaces and to individual citizens. The social democrats wanted to retain the civil rights already achieved and to increase the socialists' power over society. The conservatives feared the loss of their long-held socio-economic dominance. Both factions collaborated with their equivalents in Russia, deepening the split in the nation. The Social Democratic Party gained an absolute majority in the parliamentary elections of A new Senate was formed in March by Oskari Tokoi , but it did not reflect the socialists' large parliamentary majority: it comprised six social democrats and six non-socialists. In theory, the Senate consisted of a broad national coalition, but in practice with the main political groups unwilling to compromise and top politicians remaining outside of it , it proved unable to solve any major Finnish problem. After the February Revolution, political authority descended to the street level: mass meetings, strike organisations and worker-soldier councils on the left and to active organisations of employers on the right, all serving to undermine the authority of the state. The February Revolution halted the Finnish economic boom caused by the Russian war-economy. The collapse in business led to unemployment and high inflation , but the employed workers gained an opportunity to resolve workplace problems. The commoners' call for the eight-hour working day , better working conditions and higher wages led to demonstrations and large-scale strikes in industry and agriculture. While the Finns had specialised in milk and butter production, the bulk of the food supply for the country depended on cereals produced in southern Russia. The cessation of cereal imports from disintegrating Russia led to food shortages in Finland. The Senate responded by introducing rationing and price controls. The farmers resisted the state control and thus a black market , accompanied by sharply rising food prices, formed. As a consequence, export to the free market of the Petrograd area increased. Food supply, prices and, in the end, the fear of starvation became emotional political issues between farmers and urban workers, especially those who were unemployed. Common people, their fears exploited by politicians and an incendiary, polarised political media, took to the streets. Despite the food shortages, no actual large-scale starvation hit southern Finland before the civil war and the food market remained a secondary stimulator in the power struggle of the Finnish state. The passing of the Tokoi Senate bill called the "Law of Supreme Power" Finnish : laki Suomen korkeimman valtiovallan käyttämisestä , more commonly known as valtalaki ; Swedish : maktlagen in July , triggered one of the key crises in the power struggle between the social democrats and the conservatives. The fall of the Russian Empire opened the question of who would hold sovereign political authority in the former Grand Duchy. After decades of political disappointment, the February Revolution offered the Finnish social democrats an opportunity to govern; they held the absolute majority in Parliament. The conservatives were alarmed by the continuous increase of the socialists' influence since , which reached a climax in The "Law of Supreme Power" incorporated a plan by the socialists to substantially increase the authority of Parliament, as a reaction to the non-parliamentary and conservative leadership of the Finnish Senate between and The bill furthered Finnish autonomy in domestic affairs: the Russian Provisional Government was only allowed the right to control Finnish foreign and military policies. The conservatives opposed the bill and some of the most right-wing representatives resigned from Parliament. In Petrograd, the social democrats' plan had the backing of the Bolsheviks. They had been plotting a revolt against the Provisional Government since April , and pro-Soviet demonstrations during the July Days brought matters to a head. In the aftermath of these events, the "Law of Supreme Power" was overruled and the social democrats eventually backed down; more Russian troops were sent to Finland and, with the co-operation and insistence of the Finnish conservatives, Parliament was dissolved and new elections announced. In the October elections , the social democrats lost their absolute majority, which radicalised the labour movement and decreased support for moderate politics. The crisis of July did not bring about the Red Revolution of January on its own, but together with political developments based on the commoners' interpretation of the ideas of Fennomania and socialism, the events favoured a Finnish revolution. In order to win power, the socialists had to overcome Parliament. The February Revolution resulted in a loss of institutional authority in Finland and the dissolution of the police force, creating fear and uncertainty. In response, both the right and left assembled their own security groups, which were initially local and largely unarmed. By late , following the dissolution of Parliament, in the absence of a strong government and national armed forces, the security groups began assuming a broader and more paramilitary character. The Workers' Order Guards Finnish : työväen järjestyskaartit ; Swedish : arbetarnas ordningsgardet and the Red Guards Finnish : punakaartit ; Swedish : röda gardet were recruited through the local social democratic party sections and from the labour unions. The Bolsheviks' and Vladimir Lenin's October Revolution of 7 November transferred political power in Petrograd to the radical, left-wing socialists. The German government's decision to arrange safe-conduct for Lenin and his comrades from exile in Switzerland to Petrograd in April , was a success. An armistice between Germany and the Bolshevik regime came into force on 6 December and peace negotiations began on 22 December at Brest-Litovsk. November became another watershed in the — rivalry for the leadership of Finland. After the dissolution of the Finnish Parliament, polarisation between the social democrats and the conservatives increased markedly and the period witnessed the appearance of political violence. An agricultural worker was shot during a local strike on 9 August at Ypäjä and a Civil Guard member was killed in a local political crisis at Malmi on 24 September. After political wrangling over how to react to the revolt, the majority of the politicians accepted a compromise proposal by Santeri Alkio , the leader of the Agrarian League. Parliament seized the sovereign power in Finland on 15 November based on the socialists' "Law of Supreme Power" and ratified their proposals of an eight-hour working day and universal suffrage in local elections , from July The purely non-socialist, conservative-led government of Pehr Evind Svinhufvud was appointed on 27 November. This nomination was both a long-term aim of the conservatives and a response to the challenges of the labour movement during November Svinhufvud's main aspirations were to separate Finland from Russia, to strengthen the Civil Guards, and to return a part of Parliament's new authority to the Senate. The first attempt at serious military training among the Guards was the establishment of a strong cavalry school at the Saksanniemi estate in the vicinity of the town of Porvoo , in September After political defeats in July and October , the social democrats put forward an uncompromising program called "We Demand" Finnish : Me vaadimme ; Swedish : Vi kräver on 1 November, in order to push for political concessions. They insisted upon a return to the political status before the dissolution of Parliament in July , disbandment of the Civil Guards and elections to establish a Finnish Constituent Assembly. The program failed and the socialists initiated a general strike during 14—19 November to increase political pressure on the conservatives, who had opposed the "Law of Supreme Power" and the parliamentary proclamation of sovereign power on 15 November. Revolution became the goal of the radicalised socialists after the loss of political control, and events in November offered momentum for a socialist uprising. In this phase, Lenin and Joseph Stalin , under threat in Petrograd, urged the social democrats to take power in Finland. The majority of Finnish socialists were moderate and preferred parliamentary methods, prompting the Bolsheviks to label them "reluctant revolutionaries". The reluctance diminished as the general strike appeared to offer a major channel of influence for the workers in southern Finland. The strike leadership voted by a narrow majority to start a revolution on 16 November, but the uprising had to be called off the same day due to the lack of active revolutionaries to execute it. At the end of November , the moderate socialists among the social democrats won a second vote over the radicals in a debate over revolutionary versus parliamentary means, but when they tried to pass a resolution to completely abandon the idea of a socialist revolution, the party representatives and several influential leaders voted it down. The Finnish labour movement wanted to sustain a military force of its own and to keep the revolutionary road open, too. The wavering Finnish socialists disappointed V. Lenin and in turn, he began to encourage the Finnish Bolsheviks in Petrograd. Among the labour movement, a more marked consequence of the events of was the rise of the Workers' Order Guards. There were 20—60 separate guards between 31 August and 30 September , but on 20 October, after defeat in parliamentary elections, the Finnish labour movement proclaimed the need to establish more worker units. The announcement led to a rush of recruits: on 31 October the number of guards was —; on 30 November and on 26 January Since May , the paramilitary organisations of the left had grown in two phases, the majority of them as Workers' Order Guards. The minority were Red Guards, these were partly underground groups formed in industrialised towns and industrial centres, such as Helsinki , Kotka and Tampere, based on the original Red Guards that had been formed during — in Finland. The presence of the two opposing armed forces created a state of dual power and divided sovereignty on Finnish society. The decisive rift between the guards broke out during the general strike: the Reds executed several political opponents in southern Finland and the first armed clashes between the Whites and Reds took place. In total, 34 casualties were reported. Eventually, the political rivalries of led to an arms race and an escalation towards civil war. The disintegration of Russia offered Finns an historic opportunity to gain national independence. After the October Revolution, the conservatives were eager for secession from Russia in order to control the left and minimise the influence of the Bolsheviks. The socialists were skeptical about sovereignty under conservative rule, but they feared a loss of support among nationalistic workers, particularly after having promised increased national liberty through the "Law of Supreme Power". Eventually, both political factions supported an independent Finland, despite strong disagreement over the composition of the nation's leadership. Nationalism had become a "civic religion" in Finland by the end of nineteenth century, but the goal during the general strike of was a return to the autonomy of —, not full independence. In comparison to the unitary Swedish regime, the domestic power of Finns had increased under the less uniform Russian rule. Economically, the Grand Duchy of Finland benefited from having an independent domestic state budget, a central bank with national currency, the markka deployed , and customs organisation and the industrial progress of — The economy was dependent on the huge Russian market and separation would disrupt the profitable Finnish financial zone. The economic collapse of Russia and the power struggle of the Finnish state in were among the key factors that brought sovereignty to the fore in Finland. The social democrats voted against the Senate's proposal, while presenting an alternative declaration of sovereignty. The establishment of an independent state was not a guaranteed conclusion for the small Finnish nation. Recognition by Russia and other great powers was essential; Svinhufvud accepted that he had to negotiate with Lenin for the acknowledgement. The socialists, having been reluctant to enter talks with the Russian leadership in July , sent two delegations to Petrograd to request that Lenin approve Finnish sovereignty. In December , Lenin was under intense pressure from the Germans to conclude peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk and the Bolsheviks' rule was in crisis, with an inexperienced administration and the demoralised army facing powerful political and military opponents. Lenin calculated that the Bolsheviks could fight for central parts of Russia but had to give up some peripheral territories, including Finland in the geopolitically less important north-western corner. As a result, Svinhufvud's delegation won Lenin's concession of sovereignty on 31 December The United Kingdom and United States did not approve it; they waited and monitored the relations between Finland and Germany the main enemy of the Allies , hoping to override Lenin's regime and to get Russia back into the war against the German Empire. In turn, the Germans hastened Finland's separation from Russia so as to move the country to within their sphere of influence. The final escalation towards war began in early January , as each military or political action of the Reds or the Whites resulted in a corresponding counteraction by the other. Both sides justified their activities as defensive measures, particularly to their own supporters. On the left, the vanguard of the movement was the urban Red Guards from Helsinki , Kotka and Turku ; they led the rural Reds and convinced the socialist leaders who wavered between peace and war to support the revolution. On the right, the vanguard was the Jägers, who had transferred to Finland, and the volunteer Civil Guards of southwestern Finland, southern Ostrobothnia and Vyborg province in the southeastern corner of Finland. The first local battles were fought during 9—21 January in southern and southeastern Finland, mainly to win the arms race and to control Vyborg Finnish : Viipuri ; Swedish : Viborg. On 12 January , Parliament authorised the Svinhufvud Senate to establish internal order and discipline on behalf of the state. The White Order to engage was issued on 25 January. The Whites gained weaponry by disarming Russian garrisons during 21—28 January, in particular in southern Ostrobothnia. The Red Guards, led by Ali Aaltonen , refused to recognise the Whites' hegemony and established a military authority of their own. Aaltonen installed his headquarters in Helsinki and nicknamed it Smolna echoing the Smolny Institute , the Bolsheviks' headquarters in Petrograd. The Red Order of Revolution was issued on 26 January, and a red lantern, a symbolic indicator of the uprising, was lit in the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House. A large-scale mobilisation of the Reds began late in the evening of 27 January, with the Helsinki Red Guard and some of the Guards located along the Vyborg-Tampere railway having been activated between 23 and 26 January, in order to safeguard vital positions and escort a heavy railroad shipment of Bolshevik weapons from Petrograd to Finland. At the beginning of the war, a discontinuous front line ran through southern Finland from west to east, dividing the country into White Finland and Red Finland. The Red Guards controlled the area to the south, including nearly all the major towns and industrial centres, along with the largest estates and farms with the highest numbers of crofters and tenant farmers. The White Army controlled the area to the north, which was predominantly agrarian and contained small or medium-sized farms and tenant farmers. The number of crofters was lower and they held a better social status than those in the south. Enclaves of the opposing forces existed on both sides of the front line: within the White area lay the industrial towns of Varkaus , Kuopio , Oulu , Raahe , Kemi and Tornio ; within the Red area lay Porvoo, Kirkkonummi and Uusikaupunki. The elimination of these strongholds was a priority for both armies in February Red Finland was led by the People's Delegation Finnish : kansanvaltuuskunta ; Swedish : folkdelegationen , established on 28 January in Helsinki. The delegation sought democratic socialism based on the Finnish Social Democratic Party's ethos; their visions differed from Lenin's dictatorship of the proletariat. Otto Ville Kuusinen formulated a proposal for a new constitution, influenced by those of Switzerland and the United States. With it, political power was to be concentrated to Parliament, with a lesser role for a government. The proposal included a multi-party system; freedom of assembly, speech and press; and the use of referenda in political decision-making. In order to ensure the authority of the labour movement, the common people would have a right to permanent revolution. The socialists planned to transfer a substantial part of property rights to the state and local administrations. In foreign policy, Red Finland leaned on Bolshevist Russia. A Red-initiated Finno—Russian treaty and peace agreement was signed on 1 March , where Red Finland was called the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic Finnish : Suomen sosialistinen työväentasavalta ; Swedish : Finlands socialistiska arbetarrepublik. The negotiations for the treaty implied that —as in World War I in general— nationalism was more important for both sides than the principles of international socialism. The Red Finns did not simply accept an alliance with the Bolsheviks and major disputes appeared, for example, over the demarcation of the border between Red Finland and Soviet Russia. Lenin's policy on the right of nations to self-determination aimed at preventing the disintegration of Russia during the period of military weakness. He assumed that in war-torn, splintering Europe, the proletariat of free nations would carry out socialist revolutions and unite with Soviet Russia later. The majority of the Finnish labour movement supported Finland's independence. The Finnish Bolsheviks, influential, though few in number, favoured annexation of Finland by Russia. The government of White Finland, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's first senate , was called the Vaasa Senate after its relocation to the safer west-coast city of Vaasa, which acted as the capital of the Whites from 29 January to 3 May In domestic policy, the White Senate's main goal was to return the political right to power in Finland. The conservatives planned a monarchist political system, with a lesser role for Parliament. A section of the conservatives had always supported monarchy and opposed democracy; others had approved of parliamentarianism since the revolutionary reform of , but after the crisis of —, concluded that empowering the common people would not work. Social liberals and reformist non-socialists opposed any restriction of parliamentarianism. 3 Gedanken zu „Civil War Deutsch“ Zululkis 21.07.2020 um 17:21 Gakinos 23.07.2020 um 22:18 Bitte, ausfГјhrlicher Zulule 26.07.2020 um 17:43 Ich meine, dass Sie sich irren. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden reden.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line354
__label__wiki	0.600613	0.600613	Thermopylae's Innovative Centre of Historical Info... The Municipality aiming at the promotion of the historical event of the Thermopylae Battle as a major chapter of our cultural heritage as well as the history of Sterea... Bridge of Gorgopotamos On this bridge one of the most glorious pages of contemporary history was written. The night of 25th November 1942 the united resistance organizations of E.A.M. and E.D.... Traditional watermill of Gorgopotamos Just beside Gorgopotamos River and just below the Historic Bridge lies Papanagnou's traditional watermill and operated to our days. Captains' memorial in Kompotades Under the planes of the Square, the meeting of the Captains Diakos, Panourgias and Diovouniotis took place on how to fight against the troops of Homer Vrionis and Kiose... Statue of Athanasios Diakos The statue of Athanasios Diakos is of great historical importance and it has been placed in Diakou Square in 1903. Mills of Mouzelis An interesting sample of industrial architecture, witness of the thrive of Lamia. The Mills or 'Milia', are connected with the memories of the city when it was... Kamilovrisi Memorial The particular spot is the place where the Turks stopped their advance in 1897 during the Greek-Turkish War. Municipal Conservatory It is a two-storey, stone building which was built in 1860 so as to be used as a residence. Nowadays it is housing the Municipal Conservatory of Lamia. Folklife Museum of Fthiotida The Folklore Museum of Fthiotida is part of the Museum Bureau of the corresponding intendancy of the Municipality of Lamia and was founded in 1984. It displays folklore... Artistic Workshops The aim of the Workshop is to offer the chance to young and older people to obtain knowledge that will help them cultivate their artistic skills and make creative use of... Museum of Water Power The Museum of Water Power is located between Ano and Kato Pavliani. It is a block made of stone which houses the Watersaw, the Watermill, the Fulling Mill and the... Athanasios Diakos Cenotaph The cenotaph has been built in the memory of the tragic sacrifice of Athanasios Diakos, one of the most exciting figure of the national rebellion of the Greeks. Cave of Arsali (Saint Jerusalem) In the higher grounds of the fir-covered Oiti Mountain, stands an enormous cave that looks like a Cyclops's eye that is vigilant for his kingdom. It is the cave of... 3D μοντέλα: http://culture-wgis.lamia.gr/webgis/gis_3d/156 http://culture-wgis.lamia.gr/webgis/gis_3d/159 The Castle of Lamia stands on the top of a rocky hill while it dominates and controls the Sperchios Valley up to Maliakos Bay as well as the passageway that leads to Thessaly through Orthris. The centre of its main plateau is occupied by the Othonian barrack where the Archaeological Museum of Lamia is hosted. Recent excavation within the walls of the acropolis have shown that the place was inhabited since the Bronze Age (2800-1100 B.C.) and more particular during the Mycenaean Era. The acropolis was the centre of the defense system of Lamia during the Classical/Hellenistic Era and was connected to the walls of the city below. The ancient wall is still preserved in its whole in a very good condition due to its constant use and the continuous repair works. The preserved surrounding wall has a triangular ground plan and a 600-metre perimeter while its height varies reaching 13 metres in its Northwest corner. The thickness of the walls is 1.35m on average and comes to crenellations. The castle has two Gates, one on the Southeast called 'iron gate' through which it was connected to the lower part of the city and one on the Northeast that led to Orthris Mountain. Corroborative towers are near the gates, in the corners of the wall and in every weak defensive spots. Inside the space is divided into two transverse walls into three parts. The north part (donjon) is higher and was used as the ultimate shelter of those fighting for the Castle. The most ancient part of the surroundings was built according to the polygonic system and dates back to the end of the 5th till the beginning of the 4th century B.C. when Lamia became the capital of the state of Malieon and significantly prospered from 413 B.C. At the base of the North West tower we see an equally built trapezoidal construction system that can be dated be to the end of the 5th up to the beginning of the 4th century B.C. Equally constructed rectangle system can be found in many more spots in the base of the wall. It is still dubious is there has been any kind of restoration of the wall in the Justinian Era, The parts of the mortared marble with an intermediate use of synthetic mortar and tiles are probably part of repairs in the byzantine Years as well as of the Franks and the Catalans. The plateau of the Southwest corner was used in the Middle Ages as a bastion and had a reservoir. New amendments and repairs were made during the Turkish Occupation. The city of Lamia after the mid of the 4th century was conquered by Philip II. In 302 BC it was liberated by Dimitrios the Besieger when it remained under the influence of the Thessalians and the Aitolis until it was occupied by the Romans. During the War of Lamia (323/22 BC) Leosthenis who was the General of the Athenians was killed in front of Lamia’s walls while he was besieging the Macedonians who were defending Lamia. In 190AD Manios Akilios Glabrion occupied and severely plundered the city. In the 13th and 14 century it fell in the hands of the foreign conquerors of the Middle Ages, the Franks and the Catalans and was named ‘the Castle’. In 1446 it was finally occupied by the Turks until the liberation of the city in 1833. In the Othonian Era the central plateau was built as a barrack to meet the needs of the frontier forces. From 1884 till World War II the Castle had been used as a barrack. In 1973 the place was given from the Ministry of Defenmce to the Ministry for Culture and in 1984 the Municipality of Lamia has undertaken its recreation and repair of the barrack in order to house the Archaeological Museum of the city. Classical era, Hellenistic era, Submycenaean season, Mycenaean, Byzantine era, Newer modern Greece Municipality of Lamia - Municipal Section of Lamia, Local Community of Lamia It is located in Melina Merkouri street eastwards. Bus to the city center and then by car or TAXI Parking nearby Castle's entrance Daily: 08:00 to 15:00 XIV Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities XIV Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Castle of Lamia, Zip Code 35100, Lamia (District of Fthiotida) Phone: +30 22310 29992 Fax: +30 22310 46106 Email: idepka@culture.gr Archaeological site http://www.lamia.gr/content/kastro-lamias-0 http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/gh251.jsp?obj_id=1444 Frantzomylos Fratzomylos is a building that is a cultural heritage landmark. Through the way it was built as well as its... 6th Junior High School (Gymnasium) It has been characterized as a historical preserved monument because it was thought to be an interesting building in... Main Railway Station The main railway station of Lamia is located in the southern part of th city. It is serving passengers moving to/from... Memorial of Alamana battle Along the National Highway we find Diakos Memorial built in honor of the Alamana Battle. Traditional watermill of Gorgopotamos Just beside Gorgopotamos River and just below the Historic Bridge lies Papanagnou's traditional watermill and operated... Three-aisled basilica church of Varka In the 'Varka' location of the Baths of Ypati there have been periodically spotted and excavated from 1968 to 1973 the... Mills of Mouzelis An interesting sample of industrial architecture, witness of the thrive of Lamia. The Mills or 'Milia', are connected...	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line358
__label__cc	0.605305	0.394695	HomeLifestyle A woman walks on a rubbish dump as calm returns in Lome, Togo on Tuesday, Feb. 15, 2005. Police killed at least one person on Monday as an opposition long used to repression tried to step up protests to the army's installation of the late dictator's son as president.(AP Photo/Schalk van Zuydam) Contraception in the Crosshairs:Impact of the Global Gag Rule By Seema Vishwas on March 14, 2017 Lifestyle Livings News There is a saying in South Africa:You strike a woman, you strike a rock. It’s a phrase that evokes the unshakeable strength and endurance of women. It speaks to their courage in the face of oppression, to their resilience and life force. And especially today, as we mark International Women’s Day, it reminds us that women are the bedrock of the world. I thought of the phrase often during my recent travels. Two weeks after the White House issued an executive order reinstating the Mexico City Policy, also known as the Global Gag Rule, I flew to Lome, Togo, for a field visit. Lome is home base for Agir pour la Planification Familiale (AgirPF), a regional health project funded by USAID and managed by EngenderHealth. AgirPF was launched in 2013 to strengthen family planning services in five West African countries – Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Mauritania, Niger and Togo – where the need for contraception far outstrips availability. This is a region where the average woman gets married in her teens and gives birth to five or six children – most of them delivered at home, without the help of a skilled birth attendant. It’s a region where maternal and infant mortality rates are sky-high, where the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission is significant, and where early, frequent pregnancies leave thousands of women suffering through the nightmare of obstetric fistula. There are no quick fixes here; the goal of AgirPF is to build local healthcare capacity, so that eventually every woman will be able to get the family-planning care she wants and needs. The key is to work with governments and local NGOs to integrate high-quality contraceptive services into the overall continuum of care. This is critical, lifesaving work with enormous potential to uplift women’s lives. Now, because of the Global Gag Rule, much of it is in jeopardy. A woman walks on a rubbish dump as calm returns in Lome, Togo on Tuesday, Feb. 15, 2005. Police killed at least one person on Monday as an opposition long used to repression tried to step up protests to the army’s installation of the late dictator’s son as president.(AP Photo/Schalk van Zuydam) The main thing to understand about the Global Gag Rule is that it isn’t really about abortion. It doesn’t eliminate U.S. funding for abortion, because there is no U.S. funding for abortion. (The Helms Amendment barred that door in 1973.) And it doesn’t reduce the abortion rate overseas – the last time the policy was in effect, during the prior Republican administration, the abortion rate in Sub-Saharan Africa more than doubled. What the Global Gag Rule actually does – and this we also know from what happened before – is drastically reduce women’s access to contraception. AgirPF is a case in point. The project is managed by EngenderHealth, but it’s implemented through foreign NGOs who will now be subject to the Gag Rule. In Togo, for example, our partner is the Association Togolaise pour le Bien-être Familial (ATBEF), the local affiliate of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF). ATBEF is an important provider of healthcare in Togo and offers family planning, full maternity care (antenatal, delivery and postpartum), primary care, HIV testing, premarital counseling and infertility treatment. Without the participation of ATBEF and other IPPF affiliates, the AgirPF project cannot succeed. But with the Global Gag Rule in effect, NGOs like ATBEF will be forced out. The rule puts these providers in an impossible position: To continue receiving U.S. funds, they must agree not to use their own funds (or any other donor’s funds) to so much as discuss abortion. In West Africa, where abortion is heavily restricted, this means they can’t provide accurate medical information about the procedure or advise their governments on decriminalization. It’s an extraordinary overreach into the internal affairs of foreign NGOs, requiring health professionals to violate medical ethics, betray their patients, and, in some cases, flout their own government’s regulations. By interfering with critical capacity-building work in the health sector, the Gag Rule has the potential to destabilize an entire nation. When the Global Gag Rule was in effect during the last Republican administration, family planning clinics throughout Africa, Asia and the Middle East were forced to reduce services or shut down entirely. With access to contraception severely curtailed, the number of unplanned pregnancies rose precipitously – as did the incidence of maternal complications and unsafe abortions. Thousands of women died. But the new version of the Gag Rule promises to be even more deadly. The policy announced by the White House in January 2017 is far crueler than any previous version of the policy and is vastly greater in scope. This isn’t just a return to the 2001-2008 status quo. It’s worse. What’s even more startling is the breadth of the new Gag Rule’s reach. In the past, the rule only applied to U.S. aid for family planning; other health programs were exempted. The new version covers the entire U.S. global health budget: as much as $9 billion in aid. Every single program for the whole gamut of global health issues – including HIV and AIDS, malaria, Zika, polio, Ebola and infant and maternal health – will now be held hostage to the Gag Rule. In a world of integrated healthcare, where a single clinic might handle everything from contraception to childhood immunizations to HIV treatment, this is a recipe for unprecedented disaster. Tags: enormous potential to uplift women’s livesImpact of the Global Gag Rule Seema Vishwas An anchor with CNBC TV18 for almost 4 years. Also co-anchors prime-time market shows like Power Breakfast, Traders only, Markets Mid-day and NSE Closing Bell. Previous ArticleRajasthan collage creating Warriors Who Take On Gender Injustice Next Article 2017 Women’s Day women changing their world for the better	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line362
__label__wiki	0.955132	0.955132	ND US Sen. Kent Conrad won’t run for re-election January 18, 2011 10:19 AM ET BISMARCK, N.D. (AP) — North Dakota U.S. Sen. Kent Conrad said Tuesday he will not run for re-election in 2012, saying he will concentrate instead on reducing the national debt and dependence on foreign oil. “It is more important I spend my time and energy trying to solve these problems than to be distracted by a campaign for re-election,” the Democratic incumbent, who is chairman of the Senate Budget Committee, said in a statement sent to supporters. Conrad’s departure will put another Democratic Senate seat in jeopardy, following the decision of fellow North Dakota Democrat Sen. Byron Dorgan to not run for re-election last year. Democrats will be defending 23 of the 33 U.S. Senate seats on the ballot next year. North Dakota Democrats, who are badly outnumbered in the North Dakota Capitol and the Legislature, have no obvious candidate to succeed Conrad. A number of prominent Republicans are likely to be interested in the seat, including Attorney General Wayne Stenehjem. One Republican, Public Service Commissioner Brian Kalk, said last week he was forming an exploratory committee to test voter support for a campaign against Conrad. Kalk was first elected to the state regulatory board two years ago. Kalk praised Conrad for his public service and said his departure would not affect his own decision about whether to run. “We will talk with the citizens of North Dakota and with Republicans across the state, and be guided by what is best for our family, our state, and our nation,” Kalk said. Conrad, 62, said he would serve out his term. He said his priorities during his time left in office are to get the nation’s $14 trillion debt under control, reduce the U.S. dependence on foreign energy, address flooding problems in North Dakota’s Devils Lake basin and Red River Valley, and write a new five-year farm bill. “Although I will not seek re-election, my work is not done,” Conrad said in his statement. “I will continue to do my level best for both North Dakota and the nation.” President Barack Obama thanked Conrad for his leadership and service. “He has shown an unmatched dedication to putting our country on a sound fiscal path and commitment to meeting our nation’s energy challenges,” Obama said. Conrad’s departure will complete the breakup of North Dakota’s formerly all-Democratic congressional delegation. Former Democratic Sen. Byron Dorgan declined to run for re-election last year and was replaced by former Republican Gov. John Hoeven, who won 76 percent of the vote. North Dakota’s only U.S. House member, Rep. Earl Pomeroy, lost a bid for his 10th term to Republican Rick Berg. Dorgan, Conrad and Pomeroy, who became political allies when Dorgan ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. House in 1974, often advertised themselves as “Team North Dakota” during the 18 years they served together. Among the state elected officials in the North Dakota Capitol, there is only one Democrat, Wayne Sanstead, the 75-year-old state superintendent of public instruction. Republicans hold two-thirds majorities in both houses of the North Dakota Legislature. When Dorgan announced last year he would not seek re-election, Democrats endorsed Bismarck state Sen. Tracy Potter, who had never sought statewide office. Democrats had urged Heidi Heitkamp, a former North Dakota attorney general, to seek the job, but she declined; Heitkamp is interested instead in running for governor in 2012. Potential Republican Senate candidates include Stenehjem, Kalk and Lt. Gov. Drew Wrigley, who took the office in December after Hoeven resigned as governor and Dalrymple, who had been Hoeven’s lieutenant governor, ascended to the top job. Stenehjem, who was re-elected to a new four-year term last year, said he would not rule out a Senate campaign. Wrigley declined to speculate about a candidacy, saying North Dakotans should instead focus on Conrad’s public service and that Senate politics should come later. “The point should be, you’ve got a guy who spent decades working on behalf of the state of North Dakota,” Wrigley said. Conrad was elected to the Senate in 1986, when he was serving as state tax commissioner. His campaign was waged against a backdrop of low farm prices, and Conrad narrowly defeated Republican incumbent Mark Andrews by hammering him on agriculture issues. During his first campaign, Conrad promised not to seek re-election unless the nation’s budget and trade deficits and rising interest rates had been brought under control. When those goals were not met, Conrad shocked Democrats six years later by announcing he would step down. “The budget deficit is completely out of control,” Conrad said in an April 1992 speech on the Senate floor. However, Conrad ended up making another Senate campaign later that year, when the state’s other Democratic senator, Quentin Burdick, died in September 1992. At the urging of North Dakota Democrats, Conrad ran for Burdick’s seat and defeated Dalrymple, who was then a state legislator, in a December 1992 special election. The circumstances led to Conrad’s briefly holding both of North Dakota’s U.S. Senate seats, after Conrad was elected as Burdick’s successor. Also Tuesday, Republican Sen. Richard Lugar of Indiana announced his plan to seek a seventh term in office. Lugar’s spokesman, Mark Helmke, said the senator plans to run a vigorous campaign and that he has already raised more than $320,000. Tea party groups, angered by his support for the DREAM Act and his votes for President Barack Obama’s Supreme Court nominees, have already discussed strategies to unseat Lugar in the GOP primaries. Tags : byron dorgan elections kent conrad politics	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line363
__label__wiki	0.701418	0.701418	President Margvelashvili questions the benefits of total GD victory TBILISI, DFWatch–The will of the Georgian people was expressed in the local elections, but it is questionable whether a total win by one political party will be beneficial for the country, President Giorgi Margvelashvili said in his first comments on the local elections, which were held on Saturday. “I do not think that generally the will of the society was not manifested in the elections,” Margvelashvili said in an interview with Maestro TV. He reluctantly congratulated the ruling Georgian Dream with its victory. However, “can the country where all the major government levers are in the hands of one party, can’t we ask questions about the completeness, integrity and efficiency of democracy?” he asks rhetorically. And this is “a major question”, he added. Margvelashvili also questioned whether public servants were able to express their will freely, an accusation often posed to authorities in connection with elections in the past. “An enormous number of questions have been put forward regarding whether public servants were able to vote according to their own will or were controlled by their supervisors,” Giorgi Margvelashvili said. The ruling Georgian Dream – Democratic Georgia won in all but one electoral district. In most districts, the GD candidates won in the first round. The only place where the opposition candidate won was Tianeti, a town north of Tbilisi. That district’s mayoral race was won by Tamaz Mechiauri, a former MP who left the ruling party in 2016. However, even in Tianeti, the Central Elections Commission declared the GD candidate the winner, though this decision was overturned by the court on Wednesday. By DFWatch staff\| 2017-10-26T03:14:26+04:00 October 26th, 2017\|Categories: News\|Tags: Georgia's 2017 local election, Giorgi Margvelashvili\|0 Comments Georgia shuts down again due to Covid-19, brings back nightly curfew January 3rd, 2021 \| 0 Comments	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line366
__label__wiki	0.976945	0.976945	Human Rights Brief Home > WCL Journals & Law Reviews > HRBRIEF > Vol. 23 > Iss. 1 (2020) Inter-American System Coverage Human Rights Law Commons Brief Home About the Brief 2016-2019 Regional Coverage All Issues Vol. 24, Iss. 1 Vol. 23, Iss. 1 Vol. 22, Iss. 2 Vol. 22, Iss. 1 Vol. 21, Iss. 2 Vol. 21, Iss. 1 Vol. 20, Iss. 4 Vol. 20, Iss. 3 Vol. 20, Iss. 2 Vol. 20, Iss. 1 Vol. 19, Iss. 4 Vol. 19, Iss. 3 Vol. 19, Iss. 2 Vol. 19, Iss. 1 Vol. 18, Iss. 4 Vol. 18, Iss. 3 Vol. 18, Iss. 2 Vol. 18, Iss. 1 Vol. 17, Iss. 4 Vol. 17, Iss. 3 Vol. 17, Iss. 2 Vol. 17, Iss. 1 Vol. 16, Iss. 4 Vol. 16, Iss. 3 Vol. 16, Iss. 2 Vol. 16, Iss. 1 Vol. 15, Iss. 3 Vol. 15, Iss. 2 Vol. 15, Iss. 1 Vol. 14, Iss. 3 Vol. 14, Iss. 2 Vol. 14, Iss. 1 Vol. 13, Iss. 3 Vol. 13, Iss. 2 Vol. 13, Iss. 1 Vol. 12, Iss. 3 Vol. 12, Iss. 2 Vol. 12, Iss. 1 Vol. 11, Iss. 3 Vol. 11, Iss. 2 Vol. 11, Iss. 1 Vol. 10, Iss. 3 Vol. 10, Iss. 2 Vol. 10, Iss. 1 Vol. 9, Iss. 3 Vol. 9, Iss. 2 Vol. 9, Iss. 1 Vol. 8, Iss. 3 Vol. 8, Iss. 2 Vol. 8, Iss. 1 Vol. 7, Iss. 3 Vol. 7, Iss. 2 Vol. 7, Iss. 1 Vol. 6, Iss. 3 Vol. 6, Iss. 2 Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Vol. 5, Iss. 3 Vol. 5, Iss. 2 Vol. 5, Iss. 1 Vol. 4, Iss. 3 Vol. 4, Iss. 2 Vol. 4, Iss. 1 Vol. 3, Iss. 3 Vol. 3, Iss. 2 Vol. 3, Iss. 1 Vol. 2, Iss. 3 Vol. 2, Iss. 2 Vol. 2, Iss. 1 Vol. 1, Iss. 2 Vol. 1, Iss. 1	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line369
__label__wiki	0.643039	0.643039	Westmont College 2017 Undergraduate Tuition 2.49% growth from 2016 2017 Average Net Price After Financial Aid 2016 Student Loan Default Rate 2017 Acceptance Rate 1,818 Applicants 2017 Enrolled Students 99.5% Full-Time 2017 Graduation Rate Westmont College is a higher education institution located in Santa Barbara County, CA. In 2016, the most popular Bachelor's Degree concentrations at Westmont College were Business & Managerial Economics (54 degrees awarded), Kinesiology & Exercise Science (44 degrees), and General Biological Sciences (40 degrees). In 2017, 358 degrees were awarded across all undergraduate and graduate programs at Westmont College. 63.4% of these degrees were awarded to women, and 36.6% awarded men. The majority of degree recipients were white (230 degrees), 5.35 times more than then the next closest race/ethnicity group, hispanic or latino (43 degrees). The median undergraduate tuition at Westmont College is $42,890, which is $17,696 more than the national average for Baccalaureate Colleges ($25,194). Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences FocusBaccalaureate Colleges After taking grants and loans into account, the average net price for students is $32,699. In 2017, 94% of undergraduate students received federal grants, while 58% of undergraduate students received federal loans. Student Expenses In 2017, the cost of tuition at Westmont College was $42,890. The cost of tuition at Westmont College is $17,696 more than than the overall (public and private) national average for Baccalaureate Colleges ($25,194). This chart compares the tuition costs of Westmont College (in red) with those of other similar universities. Add Data to Cart Average Net Price 1 Year Growth In 2017 Westmont College had an average net price — the price paid after factoring in grants and loans — of $32,699. Between 2016 and 2017, the average net price of Westmont College grew by 6.5%. This chart compares the average net price of Westmont College (in red) with that of other similar universities. Average net price is calculated from full-time beginning undergraduate students who were awarded a grant or scholarship from federal, state or local governments, or the institution. Other Student Expenses The average yearly cost of room and board at Westmont College was of $11,030 in 2017. During the same period, the average yearly cost of books and supplies was $1,600. The cost of room and board increased by 2.18% between 2016 and 2017. The cost of books and supplies did not change during the same period. This chart compares the average student costs at Westmont College (in red) with that of similar universities. Financial Aid by Income Level Of Undergraduates Receive Grants Of Undergraduates Receive Federal Loans 94% of undergraduate students at Westmont College received grants or loans in 2017. This represents a growth of 1.08% with respect to 2016, when 93% of undergraduate students received financial aid. This chart compares the average award discount at Westmont College (in red) with that of other similar universities. The average award discount is the ratio between the average grant or scholarship value, and the cost, which is the sum of out-of-state tuition, room, board, book, supplies, and other expenses. Student Loan Default Rate Cohort default rates only account for borrowers who default in the first three years, and some schools only have a small proportion of borrowers entering repayment. These rates should be interpreted with caution, as they may not be reflective of the entire school population. 2016 Default Rate Number of Defaults In 2016 the default rate for borrower's at Westmont College was 1.72%, which represents 5 out of the 290 total borrowers. A cohort default rate is the percentage of a school's borrowers who enter repayment on certain Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program or William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program loans during a particular federal fiscal year (FY), October 1 to September 30, and default or meet other specified conditions prior to the end of the second following fiscal year. Westmont College received 1,818 undergraduate applications in 2017, which represents a 9.15% annual decline. Out of those 1,818 applicants, 1,540 students were accepted for enrollment, representing a 84.7% acceptance rate. There were 1,300 students enrolled at Westmont College in 2017, and 71% of first-time enrollees submitted SAT scores with their applications. Westmont College has an overall enrollment yield of 22.9%, which represents the number of admitted students who ended up enrolling. Acceptance Rate in 2017 Accepted Out of 1,818 In 2017, the undergraduate acceptance rate of Westmont College was 84.7% (1,540 admissions from 1,818 applications). This is higher than the acceptance rate of 2016, which was 82.8%. Between 2016 and 2017, the number of applicants declined by -9.15%, while admissions declined by -7%. This chart compares the acceptance rate of Westmont College (in red) with that of other similar universities. Submission Percentage Scores Submitted 71% of enrolled first-time students at Westmont College in 2017 submitted SAT scores with their applications. This chart shows the SAT scores for the 25th and 75th percentile of applicants broken out into each section of the test that their are evaluated on. Westmont College has a total enrollment of 1,300 students. The full-time enrollment at Westmont College is 1,294 students and the part-time enrollment is 6. This means that 99.5% of students enrolled at Westmont College are enrolled full-time. The enrolled student population at Westmont College, both undergraduate and graduate, is 61.8% White, 17.4% Hispanic or Latino, 7% Asian, 6.23% Two or More Races, 2% Black or African American, 0.385% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and 0.385% American Indian or Alaska Native. Students enrolled at Westmont College in full-time Undergraduate programs are majority White Female (37.4%), followed by White Male (24.6%) and Hispanic or Latino Female (10.7%). Students enrolled in full-time Graduate programs are majority N/A, followed by N/A and N/A. Full-Time vs Part-Time Enrollment Full-Time Enrollment The total enrollment at Westmont College, both undergraduate and graduate, is 1,300 students. The full-time enrollment at Westmont College is 1,294 and the part-time enrollment is 6. This means that 99.5% of students enrolled at Westmont College are enrolled full-time compared with 80.6% at similar Baccalaureate Colleges. This chart shows the full-time vs part-time enrollment status at Westmont College (in red) compares to similar universities. Retention Rate over Time 2017 Retention Rate Retention rate measures the number of first-time students who began their studies the previous fall and returned to school the following fall. The retention rate for full-time undergraduates at Westmont College was 83%. Compared with the full-time retention rate at similar Baccalaureate Colleges (73%), Westmont College had a retention rate higher than its peers. This chart shows the retention rate over time at Westmont College (highlighted in red) compares to similar universities. Enrollment by Race & Ethnicity Most Common Race or Ethnicity Hispanic or Latino The enrolled student population at Westmont College is 61.8% White, 17.4% Hispanic or Latino, 7% Asian, 6.23% Two or More Races, 2% Black or African American, 0.385% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and 0.385% American Indian or Alaska Native. This includes both full-time and part-time students as well as graduate and undergraduates. By comparison, enrollment for all Baccalaureate Colleges is 54.9% White, 14% Black or African American, and 12.6% Hispanic or Latino. Any student who is studying in the United States on a temporary basis is categorized as a "Non-Resident Alien", and the share of those students are shown in the chart below. Additionally, 37 students (2.85%) did not report their race. In 2017, 96 more women than men received degrees from Westmont College. The majority of degree recipients at Westmont College are white (230 degrees awarded). There were 5.35 times more white graduates than the next closest race/ethnicity group, hispanic or latino (43 degrees). The most common Bachelor's Degree concentration at Westmont College is Business & Managerial Economics (54 degrees awarded), followed by Kinesiology & Exercise Science (44 degrees) and General Biological Sciences (40 degrees). The most specialized majors across all degree types at Westmont College, meaning they have significantly more degrees awarded in that concentration than the national average across all institutions, are Philosophy and Religious Studies (15 degrees awarded), Parks, Recreation, & Leisure (44 degrees), and History (15 degrees). Common Jobs by Major Elementary & middle school teachers Most Common Job The most common jobs for people who hold a degree in one of the 5 most specialized majors at Westmont College are Elementary & middle school teachers (263,954 people), Lawyers, & judges, magistrates, & other judicial workers (197,764 people), Postsecondary teachers (193,513 people), Other managers (176,864 people), and Physicians (101,078 people). The most specialized majors at Westmont College are Philosophy and Religious Studies (15 degrees awarded), Parks, Recreation, & Leisure (44 degrees), History (15 degrees), English (26 degrees), and Physical Sciences (17 degrees). Highest Paying Jobs by Major Highest Paying Job The highest paying jobs for people who hold a degree in one of the 5 most specialized majors at Westmont College are Surgeons, Electrical & electronics engineers, Physicians, Dentists, and Securities, commodities, & financial services sales agents Common Industries by Major Elementary & secondary schools Most Common Industry The most common industries for people who hold a degree in one of the 5 most specialized majors at Westmont College are Elementary & secondary schools (480,449 people), Colleges, universities & professional schools, including junior colleges (384,775 people), General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (181,254 people), Legal services (158,297 people), and Computer Systems Design (136,948 people). Majors Awarded IPEDS uses the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) standard, so the categories may not match the exact concentrations offered by Westmont College. < 1 Year Postsecondary Certificate1 to 2 Year Postsecondary CertificateAssociates Degree2 to 4 Year Postsecondary CertificateBachelors DegreePostbaccalaureate CertificateMasters DegreePost-Masters CertificateResearch DoctorateProfessional DoctorateOther Doctorate Business & Managerial Economics 54 degree-majorss awarded Kinesiology & Exercise Science General Biological Sciences In 2017, the most common bachelors degree concentration at Westmont College was Business & Managerial Economics with 54 degree-majorss awarded. This visualization illustrates the percentage of degree-majors recipients from bachelors degree programs at Westmont College according to their major. Gender Breakdown for Common Majors Degrees Awarded to Men In 2017, 131 degrees were awarded to men at Westmont College, which is 0.577 times less than the number of degrees awarded to females (227). This chart displays the gender disparity between the top 5 majors at Westmont College by degrees awarded. Most Common Male Majors In 2017, 31 degrees were awarded to men at Westmont College in Business & Managerial Economics, which is 1.35 times more than the 23 female recipients with that same degree. Most Common Female Majors In 2017, 27 degrees were awarded to women at Westmont College in Kinesiology & Exercise Science, which is 1.59 times more than the 17 male recipients with that same degree. 100% Completion Time In 2017, 74% of students graduating from Westmont College completed their program within 100% "normal time" (i.e. 4 years for a 4-year degree). Comparatively, 77% completed their degrees within 150% of the normal time, and 77% within 200%. The following chart shows these completion rates over time compared to the average for the Baccalaureate Colleges Carnegie Classification group. Graduation rate is defined as the percentage of full-time, first-time students who received a degree or award within a specific percentage of "normal time" to completion for their program. Graduation Rate by Race and Gender Showing demographic groups with ≥ 5 graduating students. Highest Graduation Rate (88.9%) The student demographic with the highest graduation rate at Westmont College is Male and Asian (88.9% graduation rate). Across all Baccalaureate Colleges, Asian Female students have the highest graduation rate (68.1%). The department of education defines graduation rate as the percentage of full-time, first-time students who received a degree or award within 150% of "normal time" to completion. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) categorizes any student who is studying in the United States on a temporary basis as a "Non-Resident Alien", and the graduation rate of those students is shown in the chart below. Additionally, 1.21% of graduates (3 students) did not report their race. Race & Ethnicity by Share Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity 230 degrees awarded 43 degrees awarded The most common race/ethnicity at Westmont College is white (230 degrees awarded). There were 5.35 times more white recipients than the next closest race/ethnicity group, hispanic or latino (43 degrees). 5.87% of degree recipients (21 students) did not report their race. Race & Ethnicity by Gender Most Common Gender Demographic Hispanic or Latino Female The most common race/ethnicity and gender grouping at Westmont College is white female (147 degrees awarded). There were 1.77 times more white female recipients than the next closest race/ethnicity group, white male (83 degrees). Westmont College has an endowment valued at nearly $84M, as of the end of the 2017 fiscal year. The return on its endowment was of $8.96M (10.7%), compared to the 7.76% average return ($2.88M on $37.1M) across all Baccalaureate Colleges. In 2017, Westmont College had a total salary expenditure of $61.5M. Westmont College employs 50 Professors, 21 Associate professors, and 19 Assistant professors. Most academics at Westmont College are Male Professors (37), Female Professors(13), and Female Associate professors (12). The most common positions for non-instructional staff at Westmont College are: Librarians, Curators, Archivists, and Academic Affairs and Other Education Services, with 35 employees, Service, with 32 employees, and Management with 29 employees. 2017 Endowment growth from 2016 Westmont College has an endowment valued at about $84M, as of the end of the 2017 fiscal year. The endowment of Westmont College grew 12.1% from the previous year. The value of their endowment was $46.9M higher than than the median endowment of Baccalaureate Colleges according to the Carnegie Classification grouping. This line chart shows how the endowment at Westmont College (in red) compares to that of some similar universities. The small bar chart below shows the endowment quintiles for all universities in the Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus Carnegie Classification grouping. Government Grants and Contracts $273k - Federal $0 - State $0 - Local As of 2017, Westmont College received $273k in grants and contracts from the federal government, $0 from state grants and contracts, and $0 from local grants and contracts. Salary Expenditure 2017 Salaries In 2017, Westmont College paid a median of $23.3M in salaries, which represents 37.9% of their overall expenditure ($61.5M) and a 0.103% growth from the previous year. This is compared to a 1.57% decline from 2015 and a 2.8% decline from 2014. The median for similar Baccalaureate Colleges is 14.2M (38.9% of overall expenditures). Instructional Salaries In 2017, Westmont College paid a total of $8.64M to 95 employees working as instructors, which represents 37% of all salaries paid. This is compared to a median of $4.89M (34.4%) for similar Baccalaureate Colleges. Occupations by Share Most Common Instructor Librarians, Curators, Archivists, and Academic Affairs and Other Education Services Most Common Non-Instructional Employee In 2017, the most common positions for instructional staff at Westmont College were Professor with 50 employees; Associate professor with 21 employees; and Associate professor with 19 employees. In 2017, the most common positions for non-instructional staff at Westmont College were Librarians, Curators, Archivists, and Academic Affairs and Other Education Services with 35 employees; Service with 32 employees; and Management with 29 employees. Instructors by Academic Rank and Gender Most Common Demographic Male Professor Female Professor Female Associate professor In 2017, the most common demographic for instructional staff at Westmont College was Male Professor with 37 employees, Female Professor with 13 employees, and Female Associate professor with 12 employees. This chart shows the gender split between each academic rank present at Westmont College. The College of Wooster Whitman College Thomas Aquinas College Viz Builder Data Cart Receive updates on news, datasets, and features? COVID-19 in Numbers	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line375
__label__wiki	0.861372	0.861372	Daily Thrill Noir/Hardboiled Espionage/Thriller Legal/Procedural Home Articles posted by Randy Dotinga Randy Dotinga Randy Dotinga, a former newspaper reporter, has been a full-time freelance journalist for more than 20 years. He previously served as president of the American Society of Journalists & Authors, a non-profit association of independent non-fiction writers founded in 1948. The 6 Best Books About True Crime on College Campuses These real-life accounts offer insight into the toll of violence on campus September 30, 2020 By Randy Dotinga Advertisers: Contact Us © LitHub	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line378
__label__wiki	0.883788	0.883788	11 Movies To Watch That Will Get You Fired Up For Football Season August 24, 2017 By C.S. Elston After about a 200-day drought, football season is finally right around the corner. High school kids are starting the dreaded two-a-days, college football kicks off this Saturday with a Colorado State / Oregon State (go Beavers!) match-up, and the NFL season begins on Thursday, September 7th, when the Kansas City Chiefs head into Foxborough, Massachusetts to take on the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots. I love football. Especially Seattle Football — Go Dawgs! Go Hawks! I hated those two-a-day practices when I was a teenager but, I’ve romanticized the glory days enough over time that I somehow manage to look back on them fondly now. I also love football movies. Always have. And, what better way to get fired up for the new season than to watch some inspiring movies that largely take place on the gridiron? This is in no way an exhaustive list and it only includes narrative films. So, please don’t get mad that it’s missing some of your favorites like “Any Given Sunday,” “Facing The Giants,” “Wildcats,” “The Replacements,” “The Longest Yard,” “The Program,” “Heaven Can Wait,” “Leatherheads,” “Necessary Roughness,” “Everybody’s All-American,” “Johnny Be Good,” “The Last Boy Scout,” “The Waterboy,” “Radio,” “Varsity Blues,” or the documentary “Undefeated.” I didn’t forget, I just had to be choosey. Different films got left off the list for different reasons. For example, I decided to eliminate films that were mostly behind-the-scenes like “Draft Day” and “Jerry Maquire,” as well as some of the others already listed. It couldn’t be just any movie that had anything at all to do with football. I also decided to hold the list to 11 films because that’s how many players you have on each side of the ball. Clever, right? Okay, not really. But, it’s still as good a reason as any to keep the list from getting out of control. So, this is a list of some of my favorite football movies and they are in no particular order. Also, if you’re not a football fan, these are still great films. After all, the best football movies are about a lot more than just football. Rudy (1993 — Rated PG and starring Sean Astin, Ned Beatty, Charles S. Dutton, Lili Taylor, Robert Prosky, Jon Favreau) Easily one of the best, this is a movie that will make almost any grown man cry. It’s an encouraging true story about hope and perseverance. It makes me want to silence the naysayers, overcome the odds, and cheer for all the underdogs. Rudy wanted to play for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish his entire life. But, even his own family laughs at his ambitions. He has a lot to overcome, including his own lack of natural football talent but, as the DVD synopsis says, “RUDY” is an unforgettable testament to the power of dreams and the triumph of the common man.” We Are Marshall (2006 — Rated PG and starring Matthew McConaughey, Matthew Fox, Ian McShane, Anthony Mackie, Kate Mara, January Jones, Brian Geraghty, David Strathairn) Another inspiring true story, this one starts with tragedy. On November 14, 1970, one of the worst disasters ever to occur in a U.S. sports program transpired when a chartered plane carrying the Marshall University football team crashed in Huntington, West Virginia. All seventy-five people onboard, including thirty-seven team members, eight coaches, and twenty-five team boosters, were killed in the accident. Jack Lengyel took the job no one else wanted and became the school’s new head football coach. Tasked with fielding a team for the 1971-72 season, Lengyel’s job wasn’t just about winning. It was about helping a school and a town overcome grief to obtain victory in life after catastrophe. Brian’s Song (1971 – Rated G and starring James Caan, Billy Dee Williams, Jack Warden, Shelley Fabares, Judy Pace, Bernie Casey, David Huddleston) Another true story and arguably one of the all-time best made for TV movies. It won five Emmy Awards and for good reason. The film is about the heart-wrenching friendship between NFL Hall of Famer Gayle Sayers and his Chicago Bears teammate Brian Piccolo, who died of cancer at the age of 26. The movie was remade in 2001 but, you can’t beat the original. Remember The Titans (2000 – Rated PG and starring Denzel Washington, Will Patton, Donald Faison, Nicole Ari Parker, Wood Harris, Ryan Hurst, Ethan Suplee, Kip Pardue, Hayden Panettiere, Craig Kirkwood, Kate Bosworth, Ryan Gosling) Yes, this is another uplifting true story. It’s an outstanding film from an entertainment perspective but, it’s also used as a teaching tool in leadership classes. It’s 1971 and beloved coach Bill Yoast has led his team to fifteen winning seasons but is suddenly demoted and replaced by Herman Boone when the local school board is forced to integrate an all-white school with an all-black school. The two men have completely different coaching styles but must overcome their differences and learn to work together to lead a team and the West Virginia town of Alexandria, torn apart by conflict and uncertainty, into victorious harmony. Woodlawn (2015 – Rated PG and starring Sean Astin, Nic Bishop, Caleb Castille, Sherri Shepherd, Jon Voight, C. Thomas Howell, Lance Nichols, DeVon Franklin, Brett Rice) Yet another true story that inspires and uplifts. See a pattern developing? As violence and rage explode in Birmingham, Alabama following government mandated desegregation, football star Tony Nathan and fellow African-American students enter Woodlawn High School. The school’s coach is losing control of his team. At his wit’s end, he allows an outsider to speak to his players. His message of hope and love leads to a spiritual awakening that inspires nearly every member of the team to overcome the hate that surrounds them and, soon, it spreads into the community at large. The Express: The Ernie Davis Story (2008 – Rated PG and starring Dennis Quaid, Rob Brown, Omar Benson Miller, Clancy Brown, Charles S. Dutton, Aunjanue Ellis, Darrin Dewitt Henson, Nicole Beharie, Nelsan Ellis, Chelcie Ross, Saul Rubinek, Geoff Stults, Evan Jones, Chadwick Boseman, Stephen Louis Grush) You can probably tell from the title that we’re now six for six on true stories. Ernie Davis overcame nearly impossible odds as a star football player at Syracuse University and became the first African American to win the Heisman Trophy. Sadly, in 1963, he died of leukemia at the age of only 23. This film, however, primarily focuses on the relationship he had with his coach Ben Schwartzwalder. Both are portrayed realistically, which means both carry flaws like any human being does. However, Davis refuses to let racism and discrimination dominate his life and Schwartzwalder, ultimately, doesn’t care what color his players are if they share the common goal of winning. It’s a powerful story and an example of how to succeed both on and off the field. Invincible (2006 – Rated PG and starring Mark Wahlberg, Greg Kinnear, Elizabeth Banks, Michael Rispoli, Steve Staiger, Fred Strother, Kevin Conway, Kirk Acevedo, Michael Kelly, Randy Couture) Make that seven for seven on the true story count. Vince Papale is a 30-year-old bartender who never played college football. When the Philadelphia Eagles’ new coach, Dick Vermeil, calls an unprecedented open try-out, Papale takes the opportunity to live every fan’s dream. Staying true to the setting of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it’s an underdog story of “Rocky” proportions. When The Game Stands Tall (2014 – Rated PG and starring Jim Caviezel, Michael Chiklis, Alexander Ludwig, Clancy Brown, Laura Dern, Joe Massingill, Stephan James) Don’t pretend you’re surprised – we’re now eight for eight on true stories. Think we can go the distance? Stay tuned…Legendary football coach Bob Ladouceur took the De La Salle High School Spartans from obscurity to a 151-game winning streak that destroyed the record for any American sport. But, this film tells the story of the season that changed everything. It’s easy to tell your team that “winning isn’t everything” when you keep on winning. But, when the streak ends, how do you pick up the pieces? That’s when true character is put on full display. Friday Night Lights (2004 – Rated PG-13 and starring Billy Bob Thornton, Derek Luke, Jay Hernandez, Lee Jackson, Lucas Black, Garrett Hedlund, Tim McGraw, Lee Thompson Young, Connie Britton, Amber Heard, Christian Kane) Based on the 1990 book “Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream” by H. G. Bissinger, which chronicled the 1988 Permian High School Panthers football team in Odessa, Texas, this story was also spun off into a well-received TV show, two years later, that ran for two seasons on NBC and then three more on DirecTV. Unlike “When The Game Stands Tall,” you could say that a theme in this movie is that sometimes winning is everything. However negative that may sound, this is an exciting movie that will have you cheering the Panthers on as they set their sights on a state championship. School Ties (1992 – Rated PG-13 and starring Brendan Fraser, Matt Damon, Chris O’Donnell, Randall Batinkoff, Andrew Lowery, Cole Hauser, Ben Affleck, Anthony Rapp, Amy Locane, Peter Donat, Zeljko Ivanek, Kevin Tighe) We did it! We squeezed one onto the list that is not a true story. Dick Wolf, the creator of the “Law & Order” television franchise made this one up. But, it still feels like it could have been true. It’s set in the 1950’s and tells the story of a talented quarterback from a working-class background in Pennsylvania, whose gift provides him the opportunity to attend an elite preparatory school. But, because of the prejudices of the time, he tries to hide the fact that he’s Jewish. It’s a movie about honesty, honor and, of course, football. The Blind Side (2009 – Rated PG-13 and staring Sandra Bullock, Tim McGraw, Quinton Aaron, Kathy Bates, Jae Head, Lily Collins, Ray McKinnon, Kim Dickens, Adriane Lenox, Catherine Dyer, Andy Stahl, Tom Nowicki) Most people are familiar with Michael Oher’s amazing story but, it’s worth repeating. He was one of twelve children born to his alcohol and crack-addicted mother who paid him very little attention. He attended eleven schools in his first nine years as a student and had to repeat both first and second grades. He was in and out of foster homes and survived stints of homelessness. Then he was taken in by Briarcrest Christian School – not that all the faculty acted the way Christians should. But, it was there that he met Leigh Anne Tuohy who made him a part of her family – acting the way that Christians should. He went on to the University of Mississippi and was drafted in the first round by the Baltimore Ravens. If this movie doesn’t warm your heart, bring tears to your eyes and make you want to watch football, you might want to see a doctor. Medical and/or psychological. Filed Under: Blog, Home Tagged With: Adriane Lenox, Alabama, Alexander Ludwig, Alexandria, Amber Heard, Amy Locane, Andrew Lowery, Andy Stahl, Anthony Mackie, Anthony Rapp, Any Given Sunday, Aunjanue Ellis, Baltimore Ravens, Ben Affleck, Ben Schwartzwalder, Bernie Casey, Bill Yoast, Billy Dee Williams, Birmingham, Bob Ladouceur, Bob Thornton, Brendan Fraser, Brett Rice, Brian Geraghty, Brian Piccolo, Brian's Song, Briarcrest Christian School, C. Thomas Howell, Caleb Castille, Catherine Dyer, Chadwick Boseman, Charles S. Dutton, Chelcie Ross, Chicago Bears, Chris O’Donnell, Christian, Christian Kane, Clancy Brown, Cleveland Browns, Cole Hauser, Connie Britton, Craig Kirkwood, Darrin Dewitt Henson, David Huddleston, David Strathairn, De La Salle High School, Dennis Quaid, Denzel Washington, Derek Luke, desegregation, DeVon Franklin, Dick Wolf, DirecTV, Donald Faison, Draft Day, Elizabeth Banks, Ernie Davis, Ethan Suplee, Evan Jones, Everybody's All-American, Express, Facing The Giants, Fighting Irish, Football, Football Movies, Fred Strother, Friday Night Lights, Garrett Hedlund, Gayle Sayers, Geoff Stults, Greg Kinnear, H. G. Bissinger, Hayden Panettiere, Heaven Can Wait, Herman Boone, Huntington, Ian McShane, Invincible, Jack Lengyel, Jack Warden, Jae Head, James Caan, January Jones, Jay Hernandez, Jerry Maquire, Jewish, Jim Brown, Jim Caviezel, Joe Massingill, Johnny Be Good, Jon Favreau, Jon Voight, Judy Pace, Kansas City Chiefs, Kate Bosworth, Kate Mara, Kathy Bates, Kevin Conway, Kevin Tighe, Kim Dickens, Kip Pardue, Kirk Acevedo, Lance Nichols, Laura Dern, Law & Order, Leatherheads, Lee Jackson, Lee Thompson Young, Leigh Anne Tuohy, Lili Taylor, Lily Collins, Lucas Black, Mark Wahlberg, Marshall University, Matt Damon, Matthew Fox, Matthew McConaughey, Michael Chiklis, Michael Kelly, Michael Oher, Michael Rispoli, movies based on real life, National Football League, NBC, NCAA, Necessary Roughness, Ned Beatty, Nelsan Ellis, New England Patriots, NFL, NFL Draft, Nic Bishop, Nicole Ari Parker, Nicole Beharie, Notre Dame, Odessa, Omar Benson Miller, Panthers, Pennsylvania, Permian High School, Peter Donat, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Eagles, Prejudice, Quinton Aaron, Racism, Radio, Randall Batinkoff, Randy Couture, Ray McKinnon, Remember The Titans, Rob Brown, Robert Prosky, Rocky, Rudy, Ryan Gosling, Ryan Hurst, Sandra Bullock, Saul Rubinek, School Ties, Sean Astin, Seattle Seahawks, segregation, Shelley Fabares, Sherri Shepherd, Spartans, Stephan James, Stephen Louis Grush, Steve Staiger, Super Bowl, Super Bowl 2017, Super Bowl LI, Syracuse University, Texas, The Blind Side, The Express, The Express: The Ernie Davis Story, The Last Boy Scout, The Longest Yard, The Program, The Replacements, The Waterboy, Tim McGraw, Tom Nowicki, Tony Nathan, true story, Tuohy family, Undefeated, Vasity Blues, Vince Papale, Washington Huskies, We Are Marshall, West Virginia, When The Game Stands Tall, Wildcats, Will Patton, Wood Harris, Woodlawn, Woodlawn High School, Zeljko Ivanek	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line379
__label__wiki	0.89986	0.89986	designer-outlet RockElectronicPopFolk & CountryJazzSoul & FunkRap & Hip-HopClassicalReggaeLatinRadio & TVBluesAudio FilesChildrenMilitary & BrassOther designer-outlet » Pop » Barbra Streisand - If I Close My Eyes (Theme From "Up The Sandbox") Barbra Streisand - If I Close My Eyes (Theme From "Up The Sandbox") Album Shanice - When I Close My Eyes Sander van Doorn vs Robbie Williams - Close My Eyes Bebel Gilberto - Close Your Eyes Coco Da Silva - Close My Eyes Double Revenge - Close Your Eyes Circ - Close Your Eyes Barbra Streisand Columbia Theme Vocal 1973 Performer: Barbra Streisand Genre: Pop / Radio & TV Title: If I Close My Eyes (Theme From "Up The Sandbox") Style: Theme, Vocal Catalog Number: 4-45780 1 If I Close My Eyes (Theme From "Up The Sandbox") (Vocal Version) 2:23 2 If I Close My Eyes (Theme From "Up The Sandbox") (Instrumental Version) 2:23 4-45780 Barbra Streisand If I Close My Eyes (Theme From "Up The Sandbox") ‎(7", Promo, Gre) Columbia 4-45780 US 1973 4-45780 Barbra Streisand If I Close My Eyes (Theme From 'Up The Sandbox') ‎(7", Promo, Spe) Columbia 4-45780 US 1973 4-45780 Barbra Streisand If I Close My Eyes (Theme From "Up The Sandbox") ‎(7", Promo) Columbia 4-45780 US 1973 Arranged By, Producer – Billy Goldenberg Written-By – A. Bergman - M. Bergman, B. Goldenberg If I Close My Eyes also called Theme from Up the Sandbox is a song recorded by American vocalist Barbra Streisand for the 1972 American film Up the Sandbox. It was distributed for radio airplay in January 1973 through Columbia Records, while in later years it was made available as a 7 single. The single was written and produced by Billy Goldenberg, with Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman also contributing to the lyrics. Streisand requested Goldenberg to take the film's score and create a song out. This version of If I Close My Eyes was written by Billy Goldenberg, with. The song was written for the 1972 film Up The Sandbox starring Barbra. HD 1080p CC Love Theme From Eyes of Laura Mars, Barbra Streisand - Продолжительность: 3:54 Romi M. If I Close My Eyes was written as the theme song of Barbra Streisand's 1973 movie, Up the Sandbox. Above: The illustrated record sleeve for this single. From Time Magazine: At work on Up the Sandbox, Goldenberg received daily phone calls from Leading Lady Barbra Streisand. Since shooting sessions lasted far into the night, the actress rang punctually at 2:30 a. Hum me the music for tomorrow, she would request. During one predawn chat, Streisand asked Goldenberg if the movie's final measures could be extended into a song. Sure, he replied. Have it b. Directed by Irvin Kershner. With Barbra Streisand, David Selby, Ariane Heller, Terry Smith. A bored housewife takes refuge in a fantasy world. Stars: Barbra Streisand, Michael Sarrazin, Estelle Parsons. Next . Funny Lady 1975. Most of the opening titles are shown over a close-up shot of an infant's buttocks. Barbra Streisand Photo - at . Choose from over 500,000 Posters & Art Prints. Value Framing, Fast Delivery, 100 Satisfaction Guarantee. What others are saying. Photo from Bill Treadwell, Leo Burnett Company, Inc. New York City, 1958. From the New York World Telegram & Sun Collection at the U. Library of Congress. More New York World-Telegram pictures More black & white portraits This picture is assumed to be in the public domain. If I Close My Eyes. Between Yesterday And Tomorrow. From The Second Barbra Streisand Album Track 17: From The Ed Sullivan Show Track 18 to 20: From The Judy Garland Show Track 18: Dialogue with Judy Garland And Ethel Merman, Tracks 19, 20: With Judy Garland. CD2 - The 60's Part II Tracks 1, 2: From Fanny Girl Broadway Track 4: From Family RecordingMy Name Is Barbra Barbra's Mother, Medley from My Name Is Barbra Track 6: From My Name Is Barbra, Two Tracks 8, 9: Frm Harold Sings Arlen With Friends Tracks 10, 11: From Color Me Barbra Tracks 12, 13: From Belle. Up the Sandbox 1972 Although not as successful as What's Up, Doc or The Way We Were, Up the Sandbox springs from the early 1970s, when Barbra Streisand's career was in full stride. Streisand stars as Margaret, a stay-at-home mom in the middle of New York who's feeling the strain of her narrow life. Streisand fans should check out this sleeper. Bret Fetzer. The Main Event 1979 Comedic misfire from the mid-1970s in a futile attempt to bottle the same lightning that struck when Barbra Streisand teamed with Ryan O'Neal in What's Up, Doc . Up the Sandbox is a dramacomedy film directed by Irvin Kershner. The screenplay was written by Paul Zindel's screenplay and is based on the novel by Anne Roiphe. The film was released on December 21, 1972 by National General Pictures. The film focuses on a wife & mother from New York City named Margaret Reynolds that slips into increasingly bizarre fantasies. Barbra portrays the role of Margaret Reynolds in the film. Categories: Films. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. Barbra Streisand. Title Format. Label Category Country Year. If I Close My Eyes Theme From Up The Sandbox 7, Promo, Gre. If I Close My Eyes Theme From 'Up The Sandbox' 7, Promo, Spe. Columbia 4-45780. New: An item that is still in its original shrink wrap from the manufacturer and the original manufacturers seal if applicable has not been removed. See the seller's listing for full details. Actor: Barbra Streisand. MovieTV Title: Up DKMA Feat. Stacy Jethroe - The Divine EP Various - Club Saturn EP Moderat - III Jarvis Cocker, Chilly Gonzales - Room 29 Silent Poets - Dawn Group Home - Livin' Proof Uncle Acid & The Deadbeats - Blood Lust Splash - Sound Reason Nat Birchall - Cosmic Language Pépé Bradock - Imbroglios Part 1 © designer-outlet.it All rights reserved. 2021	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line381
__label__wiki	0.539267	0.539267	Reef: Regenerating and reboosting coral Sometimes dubbed “the rainforests of the sea” coral reefs make up less than 0.2% of the ocean floor but are home to 25% of all marine species. Human activity and global warming mean these unique and fragile ecosystems are under threat. In partnership with Qatar University and France-based marine biodiversity company Seaboost, Total is working on an innovative solution inspired by nature, to restore degraded coral. “Degradation is a really serious problem, it requires urgent intervention and REEF is a contribution to that,” says Philippe Blanc, who heads up Total’s Marine Ecosystems Environmental Monitoring and Restoration R&D work. A solution inspired by nature Total’s R&D teams are aiming to cement their ambition as the responsible energy major, seeking out environmental mitigation solutions wherever possible. The REEF venture sees them developing artificial reefs and finding new structures and materials that encourage the recolonization of degraded ones. © Total REEF structures are designed to mimic the places where corals grow in their natural habitat. The modules are made from innovative objects, with a variety of materials. The design and materials both influence the settlement and growth of larvae. “REEF can really bridge a gap. We hope to end up with specific constructions in specific areas which we can then move into position to boost coral propagation on selected sites,” explains Blanc, “REEF isn’t being designed with a view to supporting a particular type of coral, it can attract all sorts depending on what already exists out there in nature.” Reef pilot project in Qatar The venture started in France in 2016 in partnership with Seaboost and stakeholders agreed local knowledge of the marine environment was key to success. Alongside Seaboost, a specialized team at Qatar University and Total Research Center Qatar (TRC-Q) will monitor the pilot until 2023. The Qatar-based team has already been advising on where best to place the structures for maximum coral colonization. The pilot will also be included in a thesis on coral restoration and underwater monitoring. In coordination with Seaboost and TRC-Q, Dr. Radhouan Ben-Hamadou leads the team of scientists based in Qatar. “We think that since the 1990s about 90% of the coastal fringing coral reefs in the Arabian Gulf have been lost. Mainly due to coastal development, but environmental conditions played a part, coral has faced disease and the warming of the sea water,” he says. “Qatar provides almost ideal conditions for REEF, with a strong scientific knowledge on local coral reef distribution. Parts of the Arabian Gulf are also relatively shallow, so we hope lifting the structures using a crane will be straightforward,” explains Blanc. Seaboost will direct the deployment of the artificial reefs with the help of the Qatar University specialists. Cranes will lift and lower a total of 18 REEF structures at two different sites, they will be about 120 kilometers offshore and settle about 20 meters underwater. “We need the coral to grow on the structure we’re sinking, and we need to make sure these corals can survive the different applications we may have for these structures — it’s a huge challenge,” he says. “We have very high hopes but let’s not forget it’s very much a scientific project at the moment,” Blanc continues, “We might not fully succeed, for example after 2-3 years out in the sea there could be structural failures, the corals might not develop or survive after settling on the surface. The colonization rate of the structures will still be highly dependent on external environmental conditions. We do not yet know to what extent the structures’ characteristics will boost natural colonization processes and if the rates will be compatible with our applications. But we won’t know unless we try. That’s the joy of working in R&D, we’re betting on something that we believe will work but we just don’t know for sure. It’s exciting!” Supporting biodiversity innovation Coral reef restoration is still in its infancy, but Total has led some of the innovations in the space. In 2008 off the coast of southern Yemen close to the Balhaf LNG Terminal, Total transplanted coral from one place to another to prevent damage to ecosystems close to their operational site. This landmark project helped shape the wider Group’s biodiversity policy. The transplantation method works but there are downsides, specialist teams have to dive for several hours, which can be a considerable safety risk for those involved and prove costly. State-of-the-art REEF technology aims to bridge both gaps, offering a safer and more cost effective solution. R&D teams at Total have a second project with Seaboost, complementing the Qatar project, running in French Polynesia. Just off the island of Moorea they are using tiles for the growth of the local corals. “Between now and the first test results back from the Qatar REEF sites we will have a better idea of what materials and structures are optimizing coral growth,” says Blanc. “These tests will enable us to assess the biocompatibility and performance levels of the different materials and surfaces chosen,” he continues, “Our research work is crucial in determining the properties required to optimize the settlement and survival of coral colonies on the REEF modules, in terms of both quantity and diversity.” The future of reef The pilot phase in Qatar should finish in 2023, but testing on new sites could happen earlier if results allow. Coral regeneration could end up being fully integrated into Total’s widening biodiversity initiatives. Dr. Ben-Hamadou is optimistic, “The project is intended to be long term. REEF is a passive and large scale restoration tool, complemented with specific short term small scale and active restoration methods,” he says, “Total, being so active in the region, is well positioned to showcase how industrial activities can go hand in hand with environmental conservation and restoration.” “In the future I very much hope that this will be something that’s used widely in the preservation and regeneration of corals internationally,” Blanc explains. He stresses the experimental nature of the REEF project, “We eventually intend to scale-up and use REEF close to our operational sites and projects,” he says, “But for now we’re concentrating on the structure and how that works and improves the lifespan and growth of the coral. The next step will be to look at the environment around the new structures, how the ecosystem is being supported and what we’re observing in the wider environment.” Sustainability is a driving force. In the future, the structures could be placed in coral sanctuaries for colonization as a preventive measure, or in a damaged area when needed, supporting the resilience of coral habitats using a risk mitigation approach. REEF modules are intended to be produced, installed and maintained by local communities, contributing to social and industrial development, as well as generating a net positive impact for the communities nearby. “Little by little, we hope that degraded coral reefs will recover and reclaim their role in biodiversity. It may not work, it may not work as well as we would have liked,” says Blanc, “But obviously my real hope, as a scientist, is that it exceeds expectation.” This page was paid for by Total. The editorial staff of CNBC had no role in the creation of this page. Posted in scienceTagged coral, reboosting, Reef, Regenerating	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line383
__label__wiki	0.991849	0.991849	"There is a thing called the death wish, a literal thing. It doesn't mean you want to die. It just means however we're built, as we get into these years, some inner part of you does begin to accept the fact that you're heading towards the end, and there's a peace that comes with that. " — Frank Langella, American actor, born January 1, 1938 There is a More Frank Langella "But I firmly believe that y..." "I had to face within myself..." "I have always felt the basi..." "I just feel that no matter ..." "Intelligence is enormously ..." "The best kind of kinky sex ..." "There is a great deal of at..." "When I closed in "King Lear..."	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line385
__label__wiki	0.695634	0.695634	David Edward Johnson UX / UI Post author By David Edward Johnson “What if They Were ‘FACTORY?'” Album Cover Series Peter Saville was the Creative Director / Graphic Designer at the legendary Factory Records from its founding in 1978. His work for bands on the label like Joy Division, New Order, A Certain Ratio and Orchestral Maneuvers in the Dark (among so many others) coupled with his post-Factory work for a full range of acts including Roxy Music, Ultravox, Duran Duran, King Crimson, Wham! and Peter Gabriel was nothing short of seminal. Just gorgeous, highly influential work that helped inform and shape so many of us in the field “of a certain age.” You can see a solid sampling of Mr. Saville’s work here :: http://www.hardformat.org/designers/peter-saville-designer/ — AND — http://www.petersaville.info/sleeves/ In tribute to Mr. Saville’s work and in the spirit of Mr. Saville’s sense of exploration, I have taken 25 classic albums and redesigned their album covers in answer to the question “WHAT IF THEY WERE ‘FACTORY?'” It is always VERY fruitful to explore a master’s work from the inside out like this. The awesome thing at this point in my career is that projects like this become a strong fusion of my own sensibilities and the master I am “conversing” with through the project. One other note is that all of the photography in these designs is my own. I love to take photos and it was a ton of fun to purpose-shoot with these covers in mind. © 2021 David Edward Johnson	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line387
__label__cc	0.7188	0.2812	Dealing with Creationism in Astronomy This site is the blogging component for my main site Crank Astronomy (formerly "Dealing with Creationism in Astronomy"). It will provide a more interactive component for discussion of the main site content. I will also use this blog to comment on work in progress for the main site, news events, and other pseudoscience-related issues. The Perceptions Project On Friday, March 13, 2015, I attended a conference down at the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center in Washington, DC. The conference was part of the Perceptions Project sponsored by the AAAS. It is part an effort to build a better bond between scientific and religious communities. Perceptions: Science & Religious Communities Science and religion issues are often fought at the extremes. A goal of conference is to improve communication so that more moderate voices in religious community, who also accept science, can make it clear to other religious people, specifically in the evangelical community, that it is not an either-or situation. The conference was focused on the issues of origins, more specifically human origins and issues of global warming/climate change. I ran into Eugenie Scott of NCSE shortly before the conference opening. We have met a couple of times before. A also ran into a few people whose name I knew, but whom I had never met. I was even surprised by a few who were familiar with this blog. Ronald Numbers (Wikipedia), author of the book, The Creationists (Wikipedia) which is a history of the creationist movement mostly since the publication of Darwin's Theory of Evolution. Dr. Numbers autographed my copy of his book. Hugh Ross of Reasons To Believe. I have followed some of the work by RTB and have written some on it before, having attended one of their local seminars. I used to follow some RTB podcasts, but they changed their feed a couple of years ago and I failed to follow-up. I met the current president of the Biologos organization, which was originally started by Francis Collins of NIH (Wikipedia). They are a group of Christians who take the extra step of accepting the scientific evidence for human evolution. I don't know that much about this organization, but I plan to do a little more research and might start linking to some of their resources when I want to address the biological evolution aspects in a Christian-friendly way. I also had an enjoyable conversation with a member of a local Dominican School (I think he was a student, but he could have been an instructor) who talked about the history of their Order in science. We also discussed some Fundamentalist groups in Catholicism (Wikipedia: Dominican Order, Albertus Magnus). The primary emphasis of the conference was that science does not necessarily have to be the enemy of religious belief. I've got over six pages of notes from the conference, and may write more about it in the future. Posted by W.T."Tom" Bridgman at 7:14 PM 0 comments Labels: philosophy, science, theology Relativity Denial: Career cost? Yet another comment whose response became too long for the Blogger comment system. From the comment stream of Pseudo-Astro: Black Holes and Other Relativity Denial: Ignoring GR/black hole theory does not harm future scientists and their studies of the stars. That is unless you can name me one example in which someone studied the stars, and their ignoring of GR/black holes has adversely affected their career? Seems to me their acceptance resembles the concept of God in seminary. Believe in them or you shall not pass! LOL! -Jeffrey Wolynski The importance of General Relativity in stellar evolution depends on the nature of the studies. Studies of stellar formation, which occupy the lower density regime of the stellar lifetime, might not have problems ignoring relativity. However, relativity impacts so many additional aspects of atomic physics (atomic absorption and emission in moving flows, etc), that someone who actively ignored the effects would have too many ideas that would just fail under rigorous testing. Before long, such researchers would get no funding because too many of their ideas would fail to match observations or experiments. A number of the real incompetents will claim that they're geniuses being victimized by conspiracies, etc. (Neurologica: Lessons from Dunning-Krueger). At higher density regimes, such as high-mass stars, relativistic effects become important for structural changes due to gravity, and energy production mechanisms, such as pair plasmas. If the researcher wants to claim something other than relativity, they had better be working from an idea that can pass the basic tests where relativity has done well. ArXiv: Observational Evidence for Black Holes Quantum Frontiers: Ten reasons why black holes exist Wikipedia: Tests of General Relativity As for someone who 'ignoring GR/black holes adversely affected their career.' Adversely affected defined how? I know loads of former grad students who washed out for various reasons. Now days, the real relativity denier rarely makes it to grad school because their relativity denial causes them to flunk other things in doing physics. Instrument precision is now sufficiently high that relativity can impact a number leading-edge laboratory applications (see ArsTechnica: Einstein’s time dilation apparent when obeying the speed limit). Then there's active, working applications such as the GPS system (links)... Anyone who denies some component of well-established science limits their own career options. Their chance of useful discoveries is lower, so granting agencies, etc. are less willing to invest in them. For the most part, very few of these cranks ever actually become physicists or astronomers, though a large number manage to become engineers. I do know of a few support scientists who advocate various crank ideas, but they're kept on because in some sub-field of their actual employment, they are competent. There are a few I suspect were forced to retire because their crank ideas began to have negative impacts on their professional responsibilities. Engineers engaged in relativity denial are probably competent to do run-of-the-mill engineering, but they won't be qualified for engineering applications requiring high-precision positional or timing information. The engineers in the GPS program who doubted relativity effects in the early days of the program (see Scott Rebuttal. I. GPS & Relativity and related links from the earlier post) are probably long gone. If the account manager in a business doesn't believe in sound accounting principles (also backed by mathematics), do you keep them on the job? Historically, there are a number of researchers who developed problems with relativity later in their career which had some negative impacts. Arthur Eddington (1882-1944) believed General Relativity, but didn't believe black holes could form (Wikipedia: Arthur Eddington). Later in his career, Eddington got involved in some progressively stranger, and sillier, scientific ideas (see Bethe's Spoof). Then there was Herbert Dingle (1890-1978) (Wikipedia) who claimed to demonstrate a logical contradiction from the 'twin paradox' (MathPages: Dingle and the Twins) but this happened after his retirement. Relativity is no longer a question of belief, like a fairy tale or religion, any more than the theory of gravity or atoms, or electrons or thermodynamics. It is a matter that you can make numerical predictions that we can compare to observations and measurements and a great majority of them match to high precision. While relativity denial might have been justified 50-100 years ago, relativity is now so integrated into techniques and technologies that denying its validity, especially in the realms where it is routinely used, is equivalent to denying the reality of atoms. Labels: Relativity Relativity Denial: Messin' with c Relativity, now passing its first century, continues to be one of the bugaboos of pseudo-scientists. In spite of repeated attempts to prove it logically inconsistent, etc. occasionally by professional scientists about 50 years ago, it continues to be one of the best tested physical theories we have. Still, modern-day relativity deniers keep picking up on reports of laboratory experiments which reportedly 'alter' the speed of light. Perhaps they think that such reports indicate relativity is showing a few cracks of impending failure? This thinking is sometimes encouraged by sensationalistic science reporting. Few, okay, probably NONE, of the anti-relativity cranks I've encountered recognize that the results of these experiments are actually predicted due to some rather counter-intuitive effects of the wave nature of light. Such effects are perfectly consistent with relativity and do not signal a 'problem' with the theory. I was recently directed by a commenter (comment to be released when I complete responses to it) arguing against relativity to a paper published under Science Express: "Spatially structured photons that travel in free space slower than the speed of light." Science, 347(6224):857–860, 2015. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3035. I guess they were promoting the paper as evidence that the theory of relativity is about to fall. So I read the paper and was not surprised to find that the authors had found another technique for reducing the speed of photons (yes, it has been done before), consistent with propagating them at the group velocity. This method works perfectly within the known relationships of wave phase and group velocities for the same old value of the speed of light, c. Some of this is even described in the introduction to the paper. Waves can be described by three different speeds, the wave velocity, c, the phase velocity v_p, and the group velocity, v_g. These three parameters are related by v_g * v_p = c^2 which is one of the equations in the second paragraph of the paper. These distinctions are commonly important at microwave frequencies for waveguides. Note that if v_g goes less than c, v_p will always be greater than c and vice versa. As the authors of the paper note, they have significantly reduced the GROUP velocity in empty space of a wave packet by a technique that has not been used before, which works for propagating the photons across free space. The wave velocity, c, as well as other aspects of relativity, is not impacted. There is no violation of established physics here, in spite of some rather odd wording. There were a number of statements in the paper alluding to the fundamental nature of the speed of light: "That the speed of light in free space is constant is a cornerstone of modern physics. '' "The speed of light in free space propagation is a fundamental quantity. It holds a pivotal role in the foundations of relativity and field theory, as well as in technological applications such as time-of-flight measurements." But I saw nothing in the paper indicating the results had any actual implications for relativity, a point which the authors clarify: ``Our measurement of group velocity is strictly a measurement of the difference in propagation speed between a reference photon and a spatially structured photon. No direct measurement of the speed of light is made. Within this manuscript, the velocity we measure is strictly the group velocity of the photons" ``Beyond light, the effect observed will have applications to any wave theory, including sound waves.'' Notice that the authors do clarify that this result is important for the wave nature of light, but make no mention for any possible impact on relativity. Thanks to Dr. Padgett for helpful feedback clarifying the results of this work. Why do Anti-Relativity Cranks Gravitate to these Stories? Like most science fiction fans, myself growing up on the original Star Trek (wikipedia), I've always been fond of the idea of Faster-than-Light travel. Numerous researchers have explored possibilities for object moving faster than light. I was a big fan of tachyons (wikipedia) when I first read about them in high school and subsequently wrote a review of the physics literature (as it existed up to the late 1970s) as an undergraduate writing project. I do hope that we will one day find a way to get around the limitation for interstellar travel, but I do recognize that the theory that makes it possible will be an EXTENSION of the existing theory of relativity, much like General Relativity is an extension of Newtonian gravity. While this may be the motivation of a number of anti-relativity cranks, there are also a number who are opposed to relativity for social, political, or religious reasons. Perhaps it feeds on the word games which are common in pseudo-science circles. The popular statement used in the scientific community is that nothing can exceed the speed of light. Therefore any report of light traveling slower than the maximum speed means that the statement is not strictly true, and therefore must allow all manner of other possibilities. It's a cute word game, used commonly in politics, religion, and comedy. Creationists love to pull these kinds of rabbits out of their hats in debates with evolutionists, as evidence that some important physical law may not be so certain. Catching an opponent by surprise can win points in debate class, but in science, the details and the math matter. Reality does not play word games. And why they are Wrong... In many popularizations, we like to say that the speed-of-light is the limiting speed in our universe. We call it the 'speed of light' because it was the earliest measurement we had of something traveling at this ultimate speed. But it may more correctly be defined by some principle more fundamental, and light just happens to max-out at that speed. Light travels at this speed because the photon is mass-less and the translational symmetry of position and time (no preferred location or time) creates a relationship between rest mass, energy and momentum of particles (a consequence of Noether's Theorem (wikipedia). A zero rest-mass particle will always travel at the speed of light. It has been known since the early days of relativity that the Lorentz transformations can be derived WITHOUT the assumption of constancy of the speed of light in all reference frames. The basic assumptions of uniformity in how we measure time and spatial positions in reference frames (basically saying that any clocks and measuring sticks I can use on Earth will behave exactly the same on a spacecraft traveling at high speed relative to Earth) permit TWO different solutions for transformations between moving reference frames. One solution is the Galilean transformations. The other transformation solution defines an invariant velocity. These transformations become the Lorentz transformations if the invariant velocity is equal to what we call the 'speed of light'. Light, under optimum conditions, travels at this cosmic speed limit. There's nothing wrong with it traveling slower. Structured Photons Take it Slow. J.R. Sambles One Universe at a Time: Need for Speed Wikipedia: Group Velocity, Phase Velocity Java Applet Illustrating Group velocity & Phase velocity AstronomyCast: Searching for the Aether Wind: the Michelson–Morley Experiment Physics, Astronomy & Other Reading Resources Building a Scientific Toolbox on MacOS X 10.6 Snow Leopard (64-bit build) A Summary of Geocentrism Issues Challenges for Electric Universe 'Theorists'... W.T."Tom" Bridgman I obtained my doctorate in physics and astronomy in 1994. I currently work in scientific data visualization for the media and public outreach. For more information on how I became involved in the creationism issue, visit my main page Pro-Science Links British Centre for Science Education National Capital Area Skeptics Talk Origins website Talk.Origins (Google Groups) Physics and Physicists Welcome to GeocentrismDebunked.org Exposing PseudoAstronomy Science Communication Media More Grumbine Science Starts With A Bang Angry Astronomer Eye on the ICR Galactic Interactions Podcasts I Follow Point of Inquiry StarTalk Radio Show Astropython Pythonic Perambulations Answers In Genesis (AiG) (7) Biblical Geocentrism (33) c-decay (10) changing decay rates (4) Cosmos In Your Pocket (7) Discordant Redshifts (10) Electric Comets (6) Electric Cosmos (61) Electric Sky (22) Electric Sun (41) Electric Universe (108) General Pseudoscience (25) geomagnetic field (1) Global Positioning System (8) Institute for Creation Research (ICR) (3) John G. Hartnett (4) Magnetic Reconnection (2) Mathematical Analysis (17) model testing (23) N-body simulation (5) nucleosynthesis (4) Nye-Ham Debate (6) Old Earth Creationism (4) Plasma Cosmology (17) Polonium halos (2) pulsars (1) Reasons To Believe (RTB) (2) redshift quantization (16) Relativity (17) Scott Rebuttal (5) Setterfield (10) variable speed of light (7) Velikovsky (3) Video links (3) young universe (24) Young-Universe Creationism (18)	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line390
__label__cc	0.51243	0.48757	This article was originally published on Christies International Real Estates blog Luxury Defined. Feng shui, the Chinese art of placement, is an ancient architectural philosophy that dates from the Shang Dynasty (circa 1600–1050 B.C.). One of the Five Phases of Chinese metaphysics, feng shui, which is translated as “wind-water,” focuses on the art of creating abundance within the built environment. Its basic principles incorporate the placement and position of buildings and objects; the five elements—water, fire, earth, metal, and wood; and the theories of yin and yang (harmony of opposing forces) and qi (vital energy) to facilitate balance, wellbeing, wealth, and good fortune. In this Luxury Defined collection, we showcase five elegant homes designed in accordance with this ancient practice. Shangri-La on Narragansett Bay in Bristol, Rhode Island The latest edition to Shangri-La, a 1.8-acre sanctuary on Narragansett Bay, is the Tea House, where a veranda with Japanese seating acts as a majestic platform to view the sunset, while Zen-like landscape design and sculpture invite quiet contemplation. The result of talent, time, and love of place, Shangri-La on Narragansett Bay is an extraordinary 1.8-acre waterfront estate consisting of a main house, two guest houses, a tea house, staff quarters, two greenhouses, a heated infinity pool with a pavilion, and several garages. The beautiful grounds include a private sandy beach. Abundant outdoor living space is expertly placed among the residences to capture the dramatic sunset views of Narragansett Bay. The “Glass House” and “Tea House” are new additions to the estate. Among the feng shui-inspired details are the Zen-like landscape design and koi pond, which invite quiet contemplation. This seven-bedroom utopia is a result of more than 30 years of carefully chosen landscape and architectural design. Shangri-La originated as a classic Bristol Highlands cottage on a private road. Following the acquisition of neighboring properties, the estate became a collection of residences where dwellers enjoy family, community, or a quiet retreat. Clear Water Bay Residence in Hong Kong The feng shui elements of wood, water, and earth converge at this serene home in Clear Water Bay, the “secret garden” of Hong Kong. Regarded as the secret garden of Hong Kong, Clear Water Bay is a residential area known for its tranquility and lush greenery. This contemporary three-story, 3,666-square-foot “single house” was meticulously designed with the five elements in harmony for an ambience of serenity. Wood and stone floors and a neutral palette add warmth. Floor-to-ceiling windows allow sunlight to flow through the living spaces and maximize the views of the gardens. There is a combined living and dining room, and a family room. The private quarters comprise five en suite bedrooms, including the master suite with its spa-like bathroom. Smart home technology, an elevator, and a six-car garage add another layer of comfort and luxury. The highlight of the home is the 4,246-square-foot garden, with a resort-inspired pool. Surrounded by lush vegetation, a stone courtyard terrace is ideal for gatherings large or small. Sunset Ridge in Telluride, Colorado Sunset Ridge’s setting can only be described as awe-inspiring—cliffside, on a private peninsula with a breathtaking panorama of the Rocky Mountains. Here, the feng shui element of water, flowing and still, serves not only to frame the mountain views, but seemingly to integrate the mountains into the structure itself. Perched cliffside on a private peninsula, with one of the most spectacular views in the Rocky Mountains, Sunset Ridge is just minutes from Telluride, the historic Old West town and top-ranked ski resort. Defined by its dramatic rooflines and bold, linear architecture, Sunset Ridge was designed by its current owner and renowned Aspen architect Bill Poss not only to frame the mountain views, but seemingly to integrate the mountains into the structure itself. This effect is magnificently achieved with the abundant use of glass and water to capture and reflect the mountain peaks beyond. The contemporary living spaces include seven bedrooms, eight full and two half-bathrooms. Finishes, appointments and custom furniture were globally sourced by the design team. The indoor spaces gracefully flow out to balconies and terraces for year-round enjoyment and entertainment. Pacific Spirit Estate in Vancouver, Canada This Pacific sanctuary was holistically designed to integrate architecture, landscape, and design. The central feng shui element of water (placed to flow into the home to optimize vital qi energy) is visible at the entrance, where a waterfall cascades into a koi pond and a floating staircase rises to the second level. Pacific Spirit Estate is a 0.7-acre property overlooking English Bay and the North Shore mountains in Vancouver, Canada. Garret Cord Werner Architects exceeded the owners’ vision for a holistic approach to the built environment, integrating architecture, landscape, and design. Simplicity reigns throughout this contemporary jewel. It is ideal for entertaining, yet also family oriented to cater for children. The property is constructed from two pavilion-like components connected by a central dining area, creating visual junctures designed for contemplation. The element of water (a central principle of feng shui to optimize vital qi energy) is apparent at the entrance, where a waterfall cascades into a koi pond and a floating staircase can be glimpsed rising to the second level. The garden is a sanctuary graced with native plants, natural sculptural stone arrangements, and local artworks. St Ann’s Court in Surrey, England The modernist masterpiece at the heart of this English country estate is mirrored in the main ring of the feng shui Lo P’an compass. St. Ann’s Court is a unique and iconic modern country estate in Surrey, just 30 minutes west of Central London. Offering just under 12,000 square feet of interior space across 34 rooms, the property comprises a pair of substantial yet contrasting buildings. The primary home, the circular three-story Round House, is a Grade II* modernist masterpiece by renowned architect Sir Raymond McGrath. Arranged over three floors, the house was designed with Lo P’an divisions in the feng shui tradition. The accommodations include a spectacular circular living room, dining room, Mondrian-inspired kitchen and library. The 18th-century coach house has been reimagined as a contemporary home ideal as entertainment and work space. A blend of contemporary and traditional landscapes, the grounds are composed of seven distinct gardens, woodland, and five ponds.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line391
__label__cc	0.592257	0.407743	Dr Daniel Weber is a pioneer in complementary medicine and is recognised internationally as a passionate and informative speaker, author, researcher and innovator of Evidence-based medicine. He is passionate about supporting integrative clinics, and works with them by providing them with the latest research and treatment approaches. Daniel is the CEO of Panaxea™ International, consultant and advisor to the International Consortium on Chinese Medicine and Cancer, Vice-Chair of Oncology for the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, and visiting Professor at Tianjin University, where he lectures and supervises post-graduate students and is doing research. Daniel is not just an academic but also a committed clinician, innovator and educator. He has been in practice since 1974 and is dedicated to evidence-based integrative oncology treatments. READ MORE ABOUT DANIEL WEBER Neurological disorders and Botanicals & Chemotherapy PHENOLICS and IMMUNITY by Dr. Daniel Weber Stemming from his work in complementary cancer treatments, Dr Daniel Weber has authored a number of books including: Chemotherapy and Botanical Support; Introduction to Integrative Oncology; Herbs, compounds and supplements in the treatment of cancer; The Seven Stochastic Events of Cancer and ‘Botanical Oncology; isolates’ Daniel has also authored Dui Yao, The Art of Formula Construction; Chinese Herbal Medicine and Psychophysiology and a comprehensive book on Autoimmune diseases ‘A Botanical Approach to Autoimmune Diseases’ SEE ALL BOOKS & DVDS SPACE, TIME & MEDICINE	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line393
__label__cc	0.701195	0.298805	Rock crevices determine woody and herbaceous plant cover in the karst critical zone School of Water, Energy and Environment (SWEE) Staff publications (SWEE) Liu, Hongyan; Jiang, Zihan; Dai, Jingxi; Wu, Xiuchen; Jian, Peng; Hongya, Wang; Jereon, Meersmans; Green, Sophie M.; Quine, Timothy A. URI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-018-9328-3 http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/14208 Liu H, Jiang Z, Dai J, et al., Rock crevices determine woody and herbaceous plant cover in the karst critical zone, Science China Earth Sciences, Volume 62, Issue 11, 2019, pp. 1756-1763 The study of the critical zones (CZs) of the Earth link the composition and function of aboveground vegetation with the characteristics of the rock layers, providing a new way to study how the unique rock and soil conditions in karst regions affect the aboveground vegetation. Based on survey results of the rocks, soils and vegetation in the dolomite and limestone distribution areas in the karst area of central Guizhou, it was found that woody plant cover increases linearly with the number of cracks with a width of more than 1 mm, while the cover of herbaceous plants shows the opposite trend (p<0.01). The dolomite distribution area is characterized by undeveloped crevices, and the thickness of the soil layer is generally less than 20 cm, which is suitable for the distribution of herbaceous plants with shallow roots. Due to the development of crevices in the limestone distribution area, the soil is deeply distributed through the crevices for the deep roots of trees, which leads to a diversified species composition and a complicated structure in the aboveground vegetation. Based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data from 2001 to 2010, the normalized differentiated vegetation index (NDVI) and annual net primary productivity (NPP) results for each phase of a 16-day interval further indicate that the NDVI of the limestone distribution area is significantly higher than that in the dolomite distribution area, but the average annual NPP is the opposite. The results of this paper indicate that in karst CZs, the lithology determines the structure and distribution of the soil, which further determines the cover of woody and herbaceous plants in the aboveground vegetation. Although the amount of soil in the limestone area may be less than that in the dolomite area, the developed crevice structure is more suitable for the growth of trees with deep roots, and the vegetation activity is strong. At present, the treatment of rocky desertification in karst regions needs to fully consider the rock-soilvegetation- air interactions in karst CZs and propose vegetation restoration measures suitable for different lithologies. Name: Rock_crevice_determin_ ... Staff publications (SWEE) [1711] Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line395
__label__wiki	0.839475	0.839475	A Tribe Called Quest - The Low End Theory - 2x LP Vinyl The Low End Theory While most of the players in the jazz-rap movement never quite escaped the pasted-on qualities of their vintage samples, with The Low End Theory, A Tribe Called Quest created one of the closest and most brilliant fusions of jazz atmosphere and hip-hop attitude ever recorded. The rapping by Q-Tip and Phife Dawg could be the smoothest of any rap record ever heard; the pair are so in tune with each other, they sound like flip sides of the same personality, fluidly trading off on rhymes, with the former earning his nickname (the Abstract) and Phife concerning himself with the more concrete issues of being young, gifted, and black. The trio also takes on the rap game with a pair of hard-hitting tracks: "Rap Promoter" and "Show Business," the latter a lyrical soundclash with Q-Tip and Phife plus Brand Nubian's Diamond D, Lord Jamar, and Sadat X. The woman problem gets investigated as well, on two realistic yet sensitive tracks, "Butter" and "The Infamous Date Rape." The productions behind these tracks aren't quite skeletal, but they're certainly not complex. Instead, Tribe weaves little more than a stand-up bass (sampled or, on one track, jazz luminary Ron Carter) and crisp, live-sounding drum programs with a few deftly placed samples or electric keyboards. It's a tribute to their unerring production sense that, with just those few tools, Tribe produced one of the best hip-hop albums in history, a record that sounds better with each listen. The Low End Theory is an unqualified success, the perfect marriage of intelligent, flowing raps to nuanced, groove-centered productions. A1 Excursions 3:53 A2 Buggin' Out 3:38 A3 Rap Promoter 2:13 A4 Butter 3:39 B1 Verses From The Abstract 3:59 B2 Show Business 3:53 B3 Vibes And Stuff 4:18 C1 The Infamous Date Rape 2:54 C2 Check The Rhime 3:36 C3 Everything Is Fair 2:59 D1 Jazz (We've Got) 4:09 D2 Skypager 2:13 D3 What? 2:29 D4 Scenario 4:10 A Tribe Called Quest - Low End Theory - Single Slipmat $10.19 A Tribe Called Quest - Midnight Marauders - LP Vinyl $23.79 A Tribe Called Quest - Midnight Marauders - LP Vinyl	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line397
__label__cc	0.717792	0.282208	[2015] Daniel Nguyen: danny'sferdinandmagellan The Voyage's ImportanceMagellan's voyage was very important to sea travel, because at the time of Ferdinand, they thought you would just sail off the world, but Ferdinand Magellan took chances, and made risks he was willing to take. Because of his voyage, the world now knew that the Earth was round; and if that voyage hadn't been taken, no one would know this for years to come. Exploration RoutesOn his famous voyage, Ferdinand, in search of the Northwest Passage, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, around the Straits of All Saints, (The Straits of Magellan), and died in a war against the native people of Guam. His last remaining ship, the Victoria, left Guam and sailed through the Spice Islands, around Cape of Good Hope, bringing routes, and riches, back to Spain, the voyage's sponsoring country. In conclusion, instead of finding the Northwest passage, Magellan found the Southwest passage. 1. Fredinand Magellan was actually born in Portugal, but betrayed his country by having his voyage sponsored by Spain.2. His voyage took five ships; the Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Victoria, the Santiago; and only one ship made the whole trip, the Victoria.3. In Patagonia, the sailors met Patagones, who were way taller than them, some at least 7 feet tall.4. Part of Magelln's Voyage sailed through the Straits of Queensland in Antarctica.5. Magellan never lived to finally see the Spice Islands, or Indonesia. He died in Battle with the Natives of Guam in 1521. Ferdinand Magellan(1480-1512)Born in PortugalDied of poisoned wounds in Guam 1480'sFerdinand Magellan is born in Portugal in a farm, where his family lived. 1521Ferdinand is killed in battle with the Natives of Guam. 1505Magellan goes on his first voyage with Francisco de Almedia. 1519Ferdinand starts his famous expedition around the world, starting in Spain. 1492Magellan becomes the messenger for the queen of Portugal.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line400
__label__wiki	0.751421	0.751421	Extractive Policies and Economic Outcomes: the Unitary Origins of the Present-Day North-South of Italy Divide March 7, 2017 ~ ehs1926 by Guilherme de Oliveira (Columbia Law School) and Carmine Guerriero (University of Bologna) Italy emerged from the Congress of Vienna as a carefully thought equilibrium among eight absolutists states, all under the control of Austria except the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, dominated by the Bourbons, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, ruled by the Savoys and erected as a barrier between Austria and France. This status quo fed the ambitions of the Piedmontese lineage, turning it into the champion of the liberals, who longed to establish a unitary state by fomenting the beginning of the century unrest. Although ineffective, these insurrections forced the implementation, especially in the South, of the liberal reforms first introduced by the Napoleonic armies, and allowed a rising class of bourgeoisie, attracted by the expanding international demand, to acquire the nester nobility’s domains and prioritize export-oriented farming. Among these activities, arboriculture and sericulture, which were up to 60 times more lucrative than wheat breeding, soon became dominant, constituting half of the 1859 exports. Consequently, farming productivity increased, reaching similar levels in the Northern farms and the Southern latifundia, but the almost exclusive specialization in the agrarian sectors left the Italian economy stagnant as implied by the evolution of the GDP per capita in the regions in our sample, which we group by their political relevance for the post-unitary rulers as inversely picked by Distance-to-Enemies (see upper-left graph of figure 1). This is the distance between each region’s main city and the capital of the fiercer enemy of the Savoys—i.e., Vienna over the 1801-1813, 1848-1881, and 1901-1914 periods, and Paris otherwise—and is the lowest for Veneto, which we then label the “high” political relevance cluster. Similarly, we refer to the regions with above(below)-average values as “low” (“middle”) political relevance group or “South” and to the union of the high-middle relevance regions and the key Kingdom of Sardinia regions—i.e., Liguria and Piedmont—as “North.” Figure 1: Income, Political Power, Land Property Taxes, and Railway Diffusion Note: “GDP-L” is the income in 1861 lire per capita, “Political-Power” is the share of prime ministers born in the region averaged over the previous decade, “Land-Taxes” is the land property tax revenues in 1861 lire per capita, and “Railway” is the railway length built in the previous decade in km per square km. _M (_H) includes Abruzzi, Emilia Romagna, Lombardy, Marche, Tuscany, and Umbria (Veneto), whereas KS gathers Liguria and Piedmont. The North (_L) cluster includes the M, H, and KS groups (Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Lazio, and Sicily). See de Oliveira and Guerriero (2017) for each variable sources and definition. Despite some pre-unitary differences, both clusters were largely underdeveloped with respect to the leading European powers at unification, and the causes of this backwardness ranged from the scarcity of coal and infrastructures to the shortage of human and real capital. Crucially, none of such conditions was significantly different across groups since, differently from the Kingdom of Sardinia, none of the pre-unitary states established a virtuous balance between military spending and investment in valuable public goods as railway and literacy. Even worst, they intensified taxation only when necessary to finance the armies needed to tame internal unrest, which were especially fierce in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. The bottom graphs of figure 1 exhibit this pattern by displaying the key direct tax, which was the land property duty, and the main non-military expenditure, which was the railway investment. Meanwhile, the power of the Piedmontese parliament relative to the king grew steadily and its leader Camillo of Cavour succeeded to guarantee an alliance with France in a future conflict against Austria by sustaining the former in the 1856 Crimean War. The 1859 French-Piedmontese victory against the Habsburgs then triggered insurrections in Tuscany, the conquest of the South by Garibaldi, and the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Dominated by a narrow elite of northerners (see upper-right graphs of figure 1), the new state favoured the Northern export-oriented farming and manufacturing industries while selecting public spending and the Northern populations when levying the taxes necessary to finance these policies. To illustrate, the 1887 protectionist reform, instead of safeguarding the arboriculture sectors crushed by 1880s fall in prices, shielded the Po Valley wheat breeding and those Northern textile and manufacturing industries that had survived the liberal years thanks to state intervention. While indeed the former dominated the allocation of military clothing contracts, the latter monopolized both coal mining permits and public contracts. A similar logic guided the assignment of the monopoly rights in the steamboat construction and navigation sectors and, notably, the public spending in railway, which represented the 53 percent of the 1861-1911 total. Over this period indeed, Liguria and Piedmont gained a 3 (4) times bigger railway spending per square km than Veneto (the other regions). Moreover, the aim of this effort “was more the military one of controlling the national territory, especially in the South, than favouring commerce” [Iuzzolino et al. 2011, p. 22]. Crucially, this infrastructural program was financed through highly unbalanced land property taxes, which in turn affected the key source of savings available to the investment in the growth sectors absent a developed banking systems. The 1864 reform fixed a 125 million target revenue to be raised from 9 districts resembling the pre-unitary states. The ex-Papal State took on the 10 percent, the ex-Kingdom of Two Sicilies the 40, and the rest of the state (ex-Kingdom of Sardinia) only the 29 (21). To further weigh this burden down, a 20 percent surcharge was added by 1868 creating the disparities displayed in the bottom-left graph of figure 1. The 1886 cadastral reform opened the way to more egalitarian policies and, after the First World War, to the harmonization of the tax-rates, but the impact of extraction on the economies of the two blocks was at that point irreversible. While indeed a flourishing manufacturing sector was established in the North, the mix of low public spending and heavy taxation squeezed the Southern investment to the point that the local industry and export-oriented farming were wiped out. Moreover, extraction destroyed the relationship between the central state and the southern population by unchaining first a civil war, which brought about 20,000 victims by 1864 and the militarization of the area, and then favouring emigration. Because of these tensions, the population started to display a progressively weaker culture as implied by the fall in our proxy for social capital depicted in the bottom-left graph of figure 2. The fascist regime’s aversion to migrations and its rush to arming first, and the 1960s pro-South state aids then have further affected the divide, which can be safely attributed to the extractive policies selected by the unitary state between 1861 and 1911. Because the 13 regions remained agrarian over our 1801-1911 sample, we capture the extent of extraction with the land property taxation and the farming productivity with the geographic drivers of the profitability of the arboriculture and sericulture sectors. In addition, we use as inverse metrics of each region’s tax-collection costs (political relevance) the share of previous decade in which the region partook in external wars (Distance-to-Enemies). Our fixed region and time effects OLS estimates imply that pre-unitary revenues from land property taxes in 1861 lire per capita decrease with each region’s farming productivity but not with its relevance for the Piedmontese elite, whereas the opposite was true for the post-unitary ones. Moreover, post-unitary distortions in land property tax revenues—proxied with the difference between the observed and the counterfactual ones forecasted through pre-unitary estimates (see upper-left graph of figure 2)—and the severity of the other extractive policies—negatively captured by the tax-collection costs and the political relevance (see below)—positively determined the opening gaps in culture, literacy (see bottom-right graph of figure 2), and development, i.e., the income in 1861 lire per capita, the gross saleable farming product, and the textile industry value added in thousands of 1861 lire per capita. Figure 2: The Rise of the North-South Divide Note: “Distortion-LT” are the land property tax distortions in 1861 lire per capita, “Distortion-R” is the difference between Railway and the forecasted length of railway built in the previous decade in km per square km, “Culture-N” is the normalized share of the active population engaged in political, union, and religious activities, and “Illiterates-N” is the normalized percentage points of illiterates in the population over the age of six. See figure 1 for each cluster definition and de Oliveira and Guerriero (2017) for each variable sources and definition. These results are consistent with the predictions of the model we lay out to inform our test. First, because of limited state-capacity, the pre-unitary states should reduce extraction if confronted by a more productive and so powerful citizenry, whereas the extractive power of the unitary state should be sufficiently strong to make taxation of the South profitable at the margin and so crucially shaped by his relevance. Second, it should also induce the Southern citizenry to prefer private to public good production and his investment and welfare to rise with factors limiting taxation, i.e., marginal tax-collection costs and political relevance. Since our proxies for the drivers of extraction are driven by either geographic features independent of human effort or events outside the control of the policy-makers, reverse causation is not an issue. Nevertheless, our results could still be produced by unobserved heterogeneity. To evaluate this aspect, we control for the interactions of time effects with the structural conditions differentiating the two blocks in 1861 and considered key by the extant literature (Franchetti and Sonnino, 1876; Gramsci, 1966; Barbagallo, 1980; Krugman, 1981), i.e., the pre-unitary inclusiveness of political institutions, the land ownership fragmentation, the coal price, and the railway length. Including these controls has little effect on our results. Finally, two extra pieces of evidence rule out the possibility that extraction was an acceptable price for the Italian development (Romeo, 1987). First, it did not shape the manufacturing sector value added. Second, while the pre-unitary length of railway additions was only affected by the farming productivity, the post-unitary one was only driven by the political relevance, resulting useless in creating a unitary market (see upper-right graph of figure 2). Although the North-South divide has been linked to post-unitary policies before (Salvemini 1963; Cafagna, 1989), nobody has formally clarified how the unitary state solved the trade-off between extraction-related losses and rent-seeking gains. In doing so, we also contribute to the literature comparing extractive and inclusive institutions (North et al., 2009, Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012), endogenizing however the extent of extraction in a setup sufficiently general to be applied to other instances, as for instance the post-Civil War USA. Posted in development 19th centurycolonialismdevelopmentextractive policiesItalyNorth-South divideunification < Previous The TOWER OF BABEL: why we are still a long way from everyone speaking the same language Next > THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TO PROMOTE PRODUCTS MADE AT HOME: Evidence from the ‘Buy British’ campaigns of the 1960s and 1980s	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line401
__label__wiki	0.513856	0.513856	new heritage centre for john r park homestead New Heritage Centre for John R. Park Homestead Essex, ON – One of the region’s premier tourism destinations felt the love this Valentine’s day, as the Government of Canada announced a $600,000 grant to create a new Heritage Centre for the John R. Park Homestead Conservation Area in Essex. Built in 1842, the Homestead is the only living agricultural museum west of London. It has twice received the distinction of being voted the best museum or heritage space in Windsor-Essex and was awarded the Russel K. Cooper Award as the best living history museum in Ontario The Homestead welcomed more than 18,000 visitors last year, and the new Heritage Centre will enhance the educational and cultural experiences for all who visit. It will feature an adequate, climate-controlled creative commons for students of all ages, a significantly enhanced exhibit space, an outdoor classroom space and accessible and expanded washroom facilities. It will also serve as a tourism hub for the region. Wanting to maximize this once-in-a-generation opportunity, the Essex Region Conservation Foundation has committed to match the funds granted by the Canadian Experiences Fund. The Stephanie and Barry Zekelman Foundation have kicked off the campaign with a donation of $100,000 to create a ‘first stop’, with a beautiful local artisan gift shop, innovative programming space and significantly enhanced tourism promotional area. This will be named the Stephanie and Barry Zekelman Foundation Welcome Centre. As well, $100,000 from the bequeathed estate of historian, and long-time Homestead supporter, Mrs. Alvira Wigle has been allocated to the project, and donations from dozens of individuals and the Friends of the John R. Park Homestead total an additional $40,000 to date. Of the $1.2 million budget, $840,000 has been raised. The Park brothers were key in establishing our local shipping and manufacturing industries. Today, in the Park Family’s original pioneer-era blacksmith shop, the blacksmith engages students in forging and maintaining various tools and small pieces of hardware – making connections between the past and inspiring students into the future. The shop also provides exciting, hands-on opportunities for visitors of all ages to experience how early iron imports were forged into practical implements for the local farms and the developing region. On Friday, February 14th, plans were officially announced and unveiled on a beautiful day at the John R. Park Homestead. Click here, to view a 3D video walkthrough of the John R. Park Homestead Heritage Centre. Learn more about the fundraising efforts behind the Heritage Centre. “Strong regional economies are essential for Canada’s success and sustainability. We are working with you to help businesses and innovators grow, succeed and create good jobs for Canadians. For that, we need to work together to make the right investments that will enable communities and businesses in all regions of the country to develop products and experiences to attract more tourists year-round. This will help our vibrant communities big and small reap the benefits of the global tourism boom, while showcasing Canada’s brand, centred on shared values of diversity and equality.” The Honourable Mélanie Joly, Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages “I am so pleased to support tourism growth and economic development in the Windsor-Essex region. The John R. Park Homestead is an important educational and tourism destination in our region, preserving the stories of our past for future generations. This investment in the local tourism industry will complement and further enhance the many destinations and experiences to be explored in our beautiful region.” MP Irek Kusmierczyk, MP Windsor-Tecumseh “The new Heritage Centre will allow us to better interpret the unique history of our region for the thousands of students who visit the site each year for hands-on, curriculum based experiential education. As well as supporting this educational programming, the new Heritage Centre will also serve as a Tourism Hub, promoting the unique experiences to be had in our region and providing enhanced visitor services.” Kieran McKenzie, Chair, Essex Region Conservation Authority “Preserving our region’s heritage is one of the key focus areas for the Essex Region Conservation Foundation, and when we learned of this incredibly generous grant from the Canadian Experiences Fund, we could not have been more excited. We are so thankful to The Stephanie and Barry Zekelman Foundation for once again leading this community with a $100,000 donation to create The Stephanie and Barry Zekelman Foundation Welcome Centre as the first point of entry to our new Heritage Centre.” Susan Stockwell Andrews, President, Essex Region Conservation Foundation “This new Heritage Centre will add important tourism and visitor services in our region. The authentic experiences offered at the John R. Park Homestead are a valued trip motivator that have twice been recognized as the best museum or heritage site in Windsor Essex. The Heritage Centre will further enhance the ability to interpret the stories of our agricultural and manufacturing history, create a new visitor data collection point and provide an important tourism hub for thousands of visitors and cyclists each year.” Gordon Orr, CEO, Tourism Windsor-Essex-Pelee Island Danielle Breault Stuebing Director, Communications & Outreach Services dstuebing@erca.org	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line406
__label__wiki	0.70096	0.70096	Educational Theatre Program kp.org — Main Menu —Home Programs About Us Resources Kids Corner Contact Us Ruth Herndon by etpgeorgia Ruth D. Herndon, a third-generation educator and native of Durham, NC is a specialist in education and has over 25 years of experience teaching both children and adults. She considers herself fortunate to have lived in places such as Okinawa, Japan and Germany. Ruth was the founder of a free after-school program that provided childcare, homework assistance, snacks and support to children in Snellville, GA. She and two generations of her family were also featured in “Essence” magazine focusing on young entrepreneurs and the role that family support provides. One of Ruth’s proudest teaching moments occurred when she became reacquainted with a former student she taught in kindergarten and who is now a local high school principal. Her former student revealed that Ruth was the inspiration for her decision to be an educator and leader. Ruth has a Bachelor’s degree in Political science and Education from North Carolina A& T University, a Master’s in Public Administration from Golden Gate University and currently working towards a PhD in Educational Leadership at Capella University. Ruth also is a graduate of the Leadership North Fulton 2001 class. Ruth is a proud mother of two adult children, Adrian and Ashley and loves playing golf, traveling, the arts (theatre and music), shopping and laughing. Program Categories Grief Managment Mumferd's Safety Tales Stress Management © 2015 Kaiser Permanente Educational Theatre Program Web site produced by Kaiser Permanente Northern California Multimedia Communications	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line408
__label__cc	0.647155	0.352845	Getting impact for your research - Engaging with Parliament (EPS specific) - lunchtime Q&A By The University of Manchester Engaging with Parliament through the Select Committee system can be a good way to achieve real impact for research outputs and build impact cases. Professor Colin Talbot (Politics and Co-Director of policy@manchester) has been an expert witness more than two dozen times before Parliamentary Select Committees and has also appeared at committees in the Scottish Parliament and NI Assembly. He’s also been a “behind the scenes” specialist adviser to two House of Commons Select Committees. Come and find out more about opportunities, explore how you might engage with Parliament and how it works in a very informal, Q&A session with colleagues and Colin. Chemistry Building	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line409
__label__cc	0.677015	0.322985	All posts by Richard I am COO and business partner in A New Alliance for Change, LLC, with CEO and my wife, Rosemary Bredeson, The Scientific Mystic. I am in transition, as I hope we all are! I am constantly shedding the old and awakening to the new, expanded version self with the love and assistance of Self! My blog is MenandtheGoddess.com. I am also deeply committed to health, happiness and longevity. I study, practice and teach Qigong, the ancient Chinese approach to wellness. Visit my website at QigongistheWay.com. Visit Rosemary at TheScientificMystic.com. Love, Light and Laughter! View all posts by Richard → February 25, 2014 UncategorizedRichard By Rosemary Bredeson This is the moment where we Americans have a choice to make. This is not about politics or elections or government. This is a fundamental choice about the kind of country we want to be in the 21st Century. Are we willing to suspend logic and reason and mathematics and science so that we can adhere to beliefs based on other sources of information? Can we afford to disparage those who obtain education as ‘elitists’ and ‘snobs’ while upholding the value of avoiding questions and accepting whatever is being said by a pundit? Are we choosing now to ignore the development of understanding and the evolution of human consciousness so that we can regress to a period of time in Earth’s history where the advances were not yet accepted? Nicolaus Copernicus was a true Renaissance man. He was a mathematician, physician, Catholic cleric, linguist as well as an astronomer. He proposed the theory that the Sun was the center of the Solar System and that the Earth orbited around the Sun, not the other way around. It appears he was afraid to broadly publish his observations and theories because he feared repercussions from the establishment, especially the religious establishment. His treatise was published after he died and did, indeed, meet criticism by those who, in the mid 16th Century, declared the science invalid because it contradicted the Bible. When Galileo Galilei used a telescope to observe the motion of the planets he supported Copernicus’ theories. For that heresy he spent the final years of his life under arrest. We are now at a crossroads in America where the fundamental question is not one of politics but one of deciding what is the basis for the decisions that we are making about our country and how it operates in the 21st Century. No longer can we sit silently by and allow reason and logic and mathematics and science to be ignored or denied because of one small group’s religious beliefs. There are three kinds of human beings in America today. The first are the ‘sheeple’ who are being led to their eventual demise by what I call the ‘brilliant brainwashers’ – those who tell lies over and over again while convincing listeners that everyone else should be ignored because it is the others who are lying. Brilliant hypnotic technique – set up the situation that asking a question denies you the right to belong to the ‘group’ of insiders who know the ‘truth’ as told to them by the ‘brilliant brainwashers.’ Then there are the ‘sleeple,’ those who are living their lives in an unconscious state, not asking the relevant questions but living in a state where they might still wake up and ask those questions, intellectually curious about the answers and willing to grow in awareness. There was great hope that many in this category would wake up during the fabled year 2012. [update: 2/2014 – there is still hope.] They must choose whether to be sheeple or awakened people. The third group are the ‘awakened people’ – those who are conscious and aware and intellectually curious. They ask questions. They ponder the answers. They are interested in pursuing truth and reality and use the vast resources available to them in the 21stCentury to discover more information about a situation. They are unwilling to take one source as the only valid source and they triangulate information they receive by checking multiple sources. These are the hope for the future of America. I think the politics of America in these days is serving as the catalyst for many of the ‘sleeple’ to wake up. When illogic and the forcing of a religious view that differs from one’s own become the standard of the day then the sleeple are starting to rouse and to ask, ‘What’s going on here?’ It’s as if Rip Van Winkle is looking around and saying, ‘This doesn’t look like the place I went to sleep in.’ When an anti-woman agenda is proudly waved as the flag of conservatism then every woman starts to wake up and ask if this is the country she wants to live in. When politicians designate making insurance companies cover medical expenses prescribed by a doctor as ‘intrusive’ and, at the same time, say that forcing a patient [a woman] to undergo a medically unnecessary procedure that neither the doctor nor the patient agree to AND that includes an invasion of that woman’s body as the government’s purview but not ‘intrusive,’ then we have lost the compass of rationality and logic in our country. The party that speaks of itself as ‘the party of small government’ believes that the government has the right to invade the relationship between a woman and her doctor and, indeed, invade the woman’s body over the objection of the woman and her doctor. This is NOT small government! It defies logic that someone can say both things and can believe that they are reasonable at the same time. At this point, I must admit that I am trained as a mathematician. My technical career included working for the Department of Defense and for NASA on the Hubble Space Telescope Project. I am biased in favor of logic, rationality, reason and science. And it pains me to see so many people believing the stories, the lies, that they are being fed without questioning the logic of what they are being told. If A and B are true, then C cannot be true. If a small government means that the government should stay out of a person’s private life and the government has the right to force a woman to undergo an invasive procedure that she and her doctor do not approve, then there is no logic to be found in holding the two positions at the same time. If A and B are true, then C cannot be reasonable, in this case. The ‘sleeple’ are waking up. The Occupy Movement showed us that the 99% are starting to rouse and are asking, ‘Does this make sense?’ Women are starting to ask, ‘What makes you think that it’s okay for you dictate what my doctor and I decide is medically appropriate for me?’ And those who question whether they really want their employer to make the decision about what medical care they may or may not receive are waking up to the reality of the proposed America of the future. A small group of religious fanatics is trying to force their limited religious views on the vast majority of Americans who are awake and aware. The sleeple are starting to wake up. Do we really want the America that the sheeple are trying to force us to have? Are we willing to live the rest of our lives under arrest by those who would force their religious ideas upon us despite the findings of science and mathematics and logic and medicine? Be reasonable. This is America’s Copernicus Moment. We have far more resources to support our views than Copernicus and Galileo had. It is acceptable to be a logical person in the 21st Century. Education assists us in developing the skills of critical thinking. Apply that skill today and ask yourself if you are being logical. © 2014 Rosemary Bredeson, all rights reserved.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line411
__label__wiki	0.756426	0.756426	The fleecing of America Some headlines almost write themselves ... especially when it comes to clothing for sale from our friends at Newsmax, such as these fashionable items: "USS George Bush" fleece Dude, you are stylin'! Of course, these shirts actually honor the George H. W. Bush, a nuclear-propelled aircraft carrier, and technically have nothing to do with the current Commander in Chief. But as fashion statements go, do you think anyone buying these will know the difference? [Hat tip to Paul Lukasiak.] Strict construction I've already remarked on how George Bush, in last night's debate, asserted that he would seek to appoint "strict constructionists" to the Supreme Court should an opening occur -- a position that, as I observed, has deeper ramifications than were discussed in the debate. These include undermining not only the right to choose an abortion but the very basic right to privacy itself. But the problems with this approach to the law extend well beyond just these issues. It would be tempting to call the so-called "strict constructionists" deeply radical at their core, though that would be accurate in terms of their effect on the law. It would be more accurate, in fact, to label them profoundly reactionary. "Strict constructionists" are not in favor of merely returning the nation to that mythical Golden Age of postwar America so beloved of conservatives when men were men, women were housewives, and Negroes knew their place. No, their brand of law actually hearkens back to an era in American history when civil rights and basic social equality were held permanently in abeyance by a court system whose first and last loyalties were to an elite ruling class of wealthy robber barons. You see, "strict construction" is actually just another term for a kind of judicial philosophy called "legal formalism": Legal formalism is a view in jurisprudence and the philosophy of law. Legal formalists argue that judges and other public officials should be constrained in their interpretation of legal texts by their plain meaning and/or the intentions of their authors. Legal formalism can be contrasted to legal instrumentalism, a view associated with American legal realism. Instrumentalism is usually the view that creativity in the interpretation of legal texts is justified in order to assure that the law serves good public policy and social interests, although legal instrumentalists could also see the end of law as the promotion of justice or the protection of human rights. Legal formalists counter that giving judges authority to change the law to serve their own ideas about good policy undermines the rule of law. Another critique of legal formalism has been offered by the critical legal studies movement, which has argued that law is indeterminate. Justice Antonin Scalia of the United States Supreme Court is noted for his formalist views about a variety of topics, particularly his view that the United States Constitution should be interpreted in accord with its original meaning and his view that statutes should be read in accord with their plain meaning. Among the chief attributes of legal formalism is a callous indifference to the injustices inherent in a system of laws weighted in favor of a small class of wealthy elites: The second characteristic of legal formalism is its indifference to substantive justice. Dominant groups and individuals exercise their power by subjecting every citizen to the same rules so that formal justice masks substantive social differences and inequalities. Legal discourse is isolated from the purview of political, social and ethical/moral discourses, and legal reasoning is severed from any external criterion which can be used to judge and evaluate social behaviour. Thus moral standards, ethical behaviour and, crucially, questions of justice are eliminated from legal reasoning. What the law is and what it ought to be are argued by legal practitioners to be independent questions. Indeed, modern judges are expected to be remote and disinterested. Legal formalism was a dominant force in the American courts between 1865 and 1930. it reached its apex, probably, in the period 1890-1910, when it was predictable in its wholehearted defense of the interests of the ruling elite, the 1 percent of the population who controlled well over half of the nation's wealth. The result was a society in which 60-hour workweeks for laborers in all fields of production was the norm; in which child labor was rampant and innately abusive; in which workers had no rights to unionize or otherwise organize; in which eight-hour days and weekends were utterly unheard of. Formal education was largely reserved for the children of the upper and upper middle classes. This milieu is thoroughly described in J. Anthony Lukas' final book, Big Trouble, pp. 280-281: ... In that first decade of the new century, the Supreme Court, presided over by Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller, was not a particularly distinguished judicial body. President Theodore Roosevelt, increasingly at odds with the Court, accused it of assuming "functions which properly belonged to the legislative bodies" and labeled one recent decision "a very slovenly piece of work." As early as 1895, two of its landmark decisions -- Pollock v. Farmers Loan and Trust Co., which invalidated the federal income tax, and In re Debs, which upheld a federal court injunction to break the Pullman strike -- left the impression that the Fuller Court was hostile to the aspirations of labor and the poor alike. A decade later, this reputation was reinforced by the notorious Lochner v. New York, which invalidated a state law placing a sixty-hour ceiling on the workweek of bakery employees, because it violated liberty of contract. Moreover, the Court asserted that private contracts were outside the scope of the law and thus the state couldn't interfere with them. Like no other case before or after, Lochner stirred public outrage at the Court's rigidity, preparing a fertile field in which the seeds of Progressive dissent could flourish. Other decisions -- Adair v. United States (1908), which invalidated legislation protecting union activity, and Ex parte Young (1908), blocking enforcement of laws governing railroad rates -- put the Court increasingly at odds with the Progressive era. Henceforth, critics writing within that tradition accused the Fuller Court of using the constitutional ideal of "liberty" to camouflage its defense of narrow class interests. [Emphasis mine. -- ed] The prevailing judicial doctrine of the time has been termed "formalism," which one commentator calls "less a habit of mind than a habit of style, less a way of thinking than a way of disguising thought." Opinions were frequently "bombastic, diffuse, drearily logical, crammed with unnecessary citations." Underlying the formalistic style was the cherished notion that judges did not make law but merely discovered it in precedent or in the fount of all wisdom, the Constitution. The cult of the Constitution can be read in the exaltation by Henry R. Estabrook, a New York attorney: "Our great and sacred Constitution, serene and inviolable, stretches its beneficent powers over our land ... like the outstretched arm of God himself ... O Marvelous Constitution! Magic Parchment! Transforming Word! Maker, Monitor, Guardian of Mankind!" ... By default, the intellectual leadership of the Court fell to two justices -- David J. Brewer and Rufus W. Peckham -- who reflected the business-oriented conservatism that held sway in Washington for decades before the century's turn. Of the two, Brewer was the stronger personality and his worldview the more bleakly reactionary. As such, he drew Theodore Roosevelt's private but "profound" contempt. Brewer and Peckham favored a "self-regulating, competitive market economy presided over by a neutral, impartial and decentralized 'night watchman' state." If pressures were building for government to shuck some of its vaunted neutrality in order to avoid social chaos, Brewer at least was having none of it. In a speech to the New York State Bar in 1893 ... he asserted that "it is the unvarying law, that the wealth of a community will be in the hands of a few," warned of "the red flag of socialism, inviting a redistribution of property," and cautioned that, unchecked, "the wide unrest that fills the land ... will culminate in revolution." What's notable about formalism is the way it manipulates the meaning of the law to achieve a desired and predetermined result, especially by waving "liberty" as a catch-all excuse for any kind of corporate abuse of working people's rights. This propensity was as common in 1904 as it is in 2004. Similarly, when "strict constructionists" declare Roe v. Wade an illegitimate ruling by claiming that the Constitution contains no right to privacy, they do so through a very narrow reading of the Bill of Rights. While arguing that no privacy right is explicitly elucidated, they conveniently overlook those parts of the Constitution that inherently depend on such a right: the Third Amendment's prohibition against the forced quartering of soldiers, the Fourth Amendment's declaration of "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures". It's also imnportant to keep in mind the Ninth Amendment, which makes clear that the listing of individual rights is not intended to be comprehensive, and that "the people" have other rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution. It is, in fact, hardly a far reach to ascertain that a right to privacy is one of those. Legal formalism is to jurisprudence what fundamentalism is to theology. It applies the same kind of backward logic, in which a position or belief is arrived at beforehand, and then evidence is gathered from a narrow reading of select verses to "prove" it. Its outcomes, as a result, are extraordinarily manipulable. While formalists are fond of decrying the "activism" of legal realists, the reality is that their own brand of legal philosophy was every bit as prone (if not more so) to activism on behalf of narrow interests. Formalism, in fact, is responsible for some of the great travesties of American jurisprudence. It was, in fact, the ruling philosophy in the much-reviled Plessy v. Ferguson case, which maintained that a doctrine of "separate but equal" racial separation (later overturned by that notorious "activist" ruling, Brown v. Board of Education) was constitutional. So it was noteworthy that Bush, in the process of explaining his support for "strict construction," trotted out the example of the notorious Dred Scott ruling of 1856 as an example of an "activist judiciary": Another example would be the Dred Scott case, which is where judges, years ago, said that the Constitution allowed slavery because of personal property rights. That's a personal opinion. That's not what the Constitution says. The Constitution of the United States says we're all -- you know, it doesn't say that. It doesn't speak to the equality of America. Actually, Bush had it precisely backward. In fact, the Constitution at the time declared Negroes were not full citizens. And the actual Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling, if you take the time to read it, was an exercise in an extraordinarily blind kind of formalism: The question is simply this: Can a negro, whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guarantied by that instrument to the citizen? One of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution. ... The words 'people of the United States' and 'citizens' are synonymous terms, and mean the same thing. They both describe the political body who, according to our republican institutions, form the sovereignty, and who hold the power and conduct the Government through their representatives. They are what we familiarly call the 'sovereign people,' and every citizen is one of this people, and a constituent member of this sovereignty. The question before us is, whether the class of persons described in the plea in abatement compose a portion of this people, and are constituent members of this sovereignty? We think they are not, and that they are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word 'citizens' in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States. On the contrary, they were at that time considered as a subordinate [60 U.S. 393, 405] and inferior class of beings, who had been subjugated by the dominant race, and, whether emancipated or not, yet remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges but such as those who held the power and the Government might choose to grant them. In other words, the justices were ruling in precisely the fashion that Bush prescribes for any future Supreme Court appointee: they strictly adhered to the text of the Constitution. "Formalism" as a jurisprudential style had not been identified in 1856, but it's clear that its tenets were the same as those undergirding Dred Scott. Notably, the ruling makes a classic formalist disclaimer regarding the duties of the court vis a vis the realities of the laws it is enfording: It is not the province of the court to decide upon the justice or injustice, the policy or impolicy, of these laws. The decision of that question belonged to the political or law-making power; to those who formed the sovereignty and framed the Constitution. The duty of the court is, to interpret the instrument they have framed, with the best lights we can obtain on the subject, and to administer it as we find it, according to its true intent and meaning when it was adopted. Bush's "strict constructionists" -- contrary to his up-is-down characterization of them -- in fact, given the same legal circumstances, would be likely to reproduce not just Dred Scott, but Plessy v. Ferguson and Lochner v. New York. And they would herald, almost just as certainly, a new "Golden Age" of iron-fisted rule by the nation's wealthy elites. A little privacy, please Speaking of lost opportunities, I thought John Kerry missed a key opening in tonight's debate to discuss just what's at stake with the Supreme Court appointments likely to occur under the next president's watch. An audience member asked Bush who he would pick for any future opening. Bush answered: I would pick somebody who would not allow their personal opinion to get in the way of the law. I would pick somebody who would strictly interpret the Constitution of the United States. ... And so, I would pick people that would be strict constructionists. Kerry's rejoinder mostly went after Bush's use of labels to make these kinds of decisions, which politically speaking may make a certain sense. But it missed the most significant point about Bush's position. Voters need to understand just what Bush means when he talks about placing "strict constructionists" on the court. The "strict constructionists" who favor overturning Roe v. Wade, for example, do so on the basis of the argument that the right to privacy -- which forms the foundation of that ruling -- doesn't exist. You see, because this basic right is not explicitly spelled out in the Constitution, even though it is woven into its very fabric, these judicial activists of the conservative stripe claim that it's not innate to the rights Americans enjoy. Taking away the right to privacy, of course, has ramifications well beyond abortion. And so when George Bush tells Americans that he intends to appoint these "strict constructionists" to the bench, they need to ask in return whether George Bush believes in the right to privacy. Because the judges he wants to appoint don't. For most Americans -- who cherish their right to privacy -- that is a paramount consideration. It may take some courage for Kerry to make this point. But the public will not be well served by having debates that dance around the real issues. Can you say Sa-tan? Listening to right-wing talk radio in Seattle tonight after the debate. A caller to KTTH-AM, home of Rush Limbaugh and Michael Savage, offered the following observation about John Kerry: "I believe this man is an agent of Satan," the caller, an elderly woman, said. One of the co-hosts said: "Hey, I like that." Then she continued: "I believe he's going to pave the way for the New World Order, and eventually will help usher in the Antichrist." The hosts thanked her for the call and went to a commercial break. For all the natter about timber companies and the fact that George Bush managed not to look like an utter buffoon in tonight's debate, there was one moment that I think will resonate throughout this election. It came when an audience member asked Bush the following question: GRABEL: President Bush, during the last four years, you have made thousands of decisions that have affected millions of lives. Please give three instances in which you came to realize you had made a wrong decision, and what you did to correct it. Thank you. BUSH: I have made a lot of decisions, and some of them little, like appointments to boards you never heard of, and some of them big. And in a war, there's a lot of -- there's a lot of tactical decisions that historians will look back and say: He shouldn't have done that. He shouldn't have made that decision. And I'll take responsibility for them. I'm human. But on the big questions, about whether or not we should have gone into Afghanistan, the big question about whether we should have removed somebody in Iraq, I'll stand by those decisions, because I think they're right. BUSH: That's really what you're -- when they ask about the mistakes, that's what they're talking about. They're trying to say, "Did you make a mistake going into Iraq?" And the answer is, "Absolutely not." It was the right decision. The Duelfer report confirmed that decision today, because what Saddam Hussein was doing was trying to get rid of sanctions so he could reconstitute a weapons program. And the biggest threat facing America is terrorists with weapons of mass destruction. We knew he hated us. We knew he'd been -- invaded other countries. We knew he tortured his own people. On the tax cut, it's a big decision. I did the right decision. Our recession was one of the shallowest in modern history. Now, you asked what mistakes. I made some mistakes in appointing people, but I'm not going to name them. I don't want to hurt their feelings on national TV. As Sam Rosenfeld (via Atrios) points out: Think about the only thing he pointed to as a mistake: appointments. That is to say, the only mistake he made is some other folks screwing up their jobs. Even his single mistake is someone else's fault. And then, the way he tried to tell the audience member that he knew the real reason she was asking her question -- that he knew the insinuation she was trying to make: "When people ask that question, they're really talking about Iraq". Who the hell is he to explain to an ordinary citizen what she meant by her own question? (And let's remember, the lady went out of her way to say explicitly to Bush that "you've made thousands of decisions as president that have affected millions of people," and then ask out of all those thousands of decisions what are three that were mistakes; how was that obviously a question about Iraq?) Bush's arrogance, his defensiveness, the insularity, the delusions -- it's all nicely encapsulated in that one answer. The questioner -- seemingly a middle-class homemaker -- simply wanted to know if Bush could admit to having made mistakes. After all, most of us ordinary humans make them too, but we also tend to be acutely aware of them. That Bush was incapable of giving her a straight answer was incredibly revealing. I also think Rosenfeld is on the money in pointing out that John Kerry missed a golden opportunity in the debate by failing to point out that Bush couldn't give her a straight answer. Because it's not the first time this has happened, of course. Recall Bush's performance at one of his few lives press conferences earlier this year, on April 13: Q Thank you, Mr. President. In the last campaign, you were asked a question about the biggest mistake you'd made in your life, and you used to like to joke that it was trading Sammy Sosa. You've looked back before 9/11 for what mistakes might have been made. After 9/11, what would your biggest mistake be, would you say, and what lessons have you learned from it? THE PRESIDENT: I wish you would have given me this written question ahead of time, so I could plan for it. (Laughter.) John, I'm sure historians will look back and say, gosh, he could have done it better this way, or that way. You know, I just -- I'm sure something will pop into my head here in the midst of this press conference, with all the pressure of trying to come up with an answer, but it hadn't yet. I would have gone into Afghanistan the way we went into Afghanistan. Even knowing what I know today about the stockpiles of weapons, I still would have called upon the world to deal with Saddam Hussein. See, I happen to believe that we'll find out the truth on the weapons. That's why we've sent up the independent commission. I look forward to hearing the truth, exactly where they are. They could still be there. They could be hidden, like the 50 tons of mustard gas in a turkey farm. One of the things that Charlie Duelfer talked about was that he was surprised at the level of intimidation he found amongst people who should know about weapons, and their fear of talking about them because they don't want to be killed. There's a terror still in the soul of some of the people in Iraq; they're worried about getting killed, and, therefore, they're not going to talk. But it will all settle out, John. We'll find out the truth about the weapons at some point in time. However, the fact that he had the capacity to make them bothers me today, just like it would have bothered me then. He's a dangerous man. He's a man who actually -- not only had weapons of mass destruction -- the reason I can say that with certainty is because he used them. And I have no doubt in my mind that he would like to have inflicted harm, or paid people to inflict harm, or trained people to inflict harm on America, because he hated us. I hope I -- I don't want to sound like I've made no mistakes. I'm confident I have. I just haven't -- you just put me under the spot here, and maybe I'm not as quick on my feet as I should be in coming up with one. It's more than a little remniscent of Bush's recorded remarks last year in Tennessee (which wound up as the coda to Fahrenheit 9/11): "There is a saying in Texas and probably here in Tennessee "Fool me once (......---long pause, deep thought---.... ) shame ... on me. (another pause) Fool me twice ... (brief thought, apparently sudden insight) can't fool me twice ... won't get fooled again!" As Mark Crispin Miller put it: Yes, and the reason why he couldn't say it is that Bush could never in a million years say "shame on me." If you watch that moment carefully, you can see that as soon as he realized that he was going to have to say "shame on me," he went to pieces. He quickly had to quote The Who instead: "Won't get fooled again." He could never admit fallibility because he is without a doubt the most stiff-necked, self-righteous and opinionated President we've ever had. For him, it is a point of pride that he can't change his mind. He sees total rigidity as a sign of "character" -- much like Nixon, his true spiritual father. Unlike the last debate, we didn't see Bush physically get his back up and become the petulant, arrogant man we saw revealed behind the mask. But in this case, it was clear he did it verbally. And what it demonstrated, above all else, is the kind of unthinking self-righteousness that inevitably breeds the incompetence that has become this administration's hallmark. The Rise of Pseudo Fascism Part 1: The Morphing of the Conservative Movement Part 2: The Architecture of Fascism Part 3: The Pseudo-Fascist Campaign Its whole purpose being the acquisition of raw power through any means necessary, the discrete "conservative movement" and its dealings can at times be extremely disorienting. The proliferation of Newspeak as a political propaganda strategy by the American right, in particular, has created a milieu in which up is down, wrong is right and ignorance is strength. At times, is seems as if factuality has no real basis. Truth has no objective value; it is instead a mutable thing, readily manipulated through repetition of propaganda talking points. Think back, if you will, to the 2000 election fiasco in Florida, resulting in the abominable Bush v. Gore ruling (whose continuing significance was recently limned in detail by Jeffrey Rosen of the New Republic). Al Gore, you may remember, chose -- instead of calling for an extralegal statewide manual recount, which would have been the fairest solution -- to follow Florida state law to the letter and filed for recounts in only a handful of given counties. This led, of course, to Republicans claiming that Gore tried to "steal" the election by "cherry-picking" enough votes in a handful of counties. It's a popular meme that maintains a steady life on the right today. But if Gore had chosen the other course -- calling for a statewide manual recount in all counties -- Republicans would have just as certainly attacked him for failing to follow the letter of Florida law. The truth -- that Gore had legitimate reasons for following either course -- had no chance in this case. What mattered was that regardless of his choices, Republicans were prepared to accuse him of trying to "steal" the election. Then, of course, they proceeded to march forth and steal the election themselves. Determinedly fair-minded liberals were largely left utterly baffled by this bizarre twist of events. They have been even more baffled by the subsequent course of the Bush presidency, in which -- despite a manifest lack of a mandate -- a radical right-wing agenda has marched relentlessly forward, culminating in the disastrous invasion of Iraq. Throughout it all, the steady drumbeat of the right has been to blame everything wrong with the world on liberals. Today we have a milieu in which this administration's manifest incompetence is hailed as moral clarity; in which the torture of prisoners at American hands is dismissed as a fraternity prank; in which the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II is defended as a necessary step (that may need to be repeated); in which a policy to further denude America's forests is called the Healthy Forests Initiative, and the evisceration of the nation's public education system is named No Child Left Behind. We're relentlessly sold an image of Bush himself as strong and resolute, and yet when he appears for a national debate on TV, what we see instead is a "peevish and bored" caricature of a leader, a man more likely to remind us the feckless pointy-haired boss we all once had than an actual president. At times it seems, when dealing with the modern conservative movement, as if we've entered a gigantic and remorseless mirror funhouse. Or more to the point, a dark and labyrinthine cavern, twisting in an endless maze, whose architecture we can only vaguely discern through upheld torches. Every now and then, though, someone within the movement hierarchy -- often one at the very top -- will let slip a bit of the curtain, flashing a little light on the vastness and shape of the metastatic architecture of the conservative movement. When it happens, it can be a little like the scene in Aliens when Ripley's flamethrower lights up the interior of the lair into which she has wandered. The mutability of truth is what has made confronting the conservative movement so maze-like -- you never know what kind of bizarre argument they're going to come up with next. At times they even turn established historical consensus on its head. First we get Ann Coulter penning a defense of McCarthyism in her book Treason; then we get Michelle Malkin justifying the forced incarceration of 122,000 Japanese Americans with In Defense of Internment. What's next? A text outlining the virtues of fascism? (Calling Michael Ledeen!) But the movement not only makes reality a function of the movement's agenda; its agenda itself can shift rapidly according to the strategic needs of the movement in its acquisition of power. Thus, as described in Part 1, the conservative movement has come to resemble nothing so genuinely conservative at all but rather something starkly radical: profligate spending; incautious and expansionary wars, pursued unilaterally; the steady dumbing-down of the nation's education system. The neo-Confederate-laden GOP no longer has even a passing resemblance to the "party of Lincoln." Even at the micro-political level, in interpersonal debate, the famous conservative carefulness, politeness and reserve has utterly vanished. The conservative movement, as such, is an ever-shifting beast. Its drive is power, and as such it has gradually adopted the familiar architecture of another power-mad phenomenon of mass politics: fascism. In The Anatomy of Fascism, Robert O. Paxton explains how fascism similarly adopted and dropped ideologies at will, according to its power needs (pp. 16-17): In a way utterly unlike the classical "isms," the rightness of fascism does not depend on the truth of any of the propositions advanced in its name. Fascism is "true" insofar as it helps fulfill the destiny of a chosen race or people or blood, locked with other peoples in a Darwinian struggle, and not in the light of some abstract and universal reason. The first fascists were entirely frank about this. We [Fascists] don't think ideology is a problem that is resolved in such a way that truth is seated on a throne. But, in that case, does fighting for an ideology mean fighting for mere appearances? No doubt, unless one considers it according to its unique and efficacious psychological-historical value. The truth of an ideology lies in its capacity to set in motion our capacity for ideals and action. Its truth is absolute insofar as, living within us, it suffices to exhaust those capacities. [A. Bertele, Aspetti ideologici del fascismo, Turin, 1930] The truth was whatever permitted the new fascist man (and woman) to dominate others, and whatever made the chosen people triumph. Fascism rested not upon the truth of its doctrine but upon the leader's mystical union with the historic destiny of his people, a notion related to romanticist genius, though fascism otherwise denied romanticism's exaltation of unfettered personal creativity. ... Fascist leaders made no secret of having no program. Mussolini exulted in that absence. "The Fasci di Combattimento," Mussolini wrote in the "Postulates of the Fascist Program" of May 1920, "... do not feel tied to any particular doctrinal form." A few months before he became prime minister of Italy, he replied truculently to a critic who demanded to know what his program was: "The democrats of Il Mondo want to know our program? It is to break the bones of the democrats of Il Mondo." This fist-shaking style of response to normative political discourse, in fact, was one of the real hallmarks of fascism. It signaled, above all else, the rightness of power by virtue of its naked use to intimidate and silence dissent. To the fascist leader, diplomacy is a parlor game for the weak; what counts is the raw will of the man of action. Whether he is right is moot; what counts is his strength and resolve in the exercise of power. The Ripleyesque moment when this aspect of the conservative movement's core was revealed came earlier this summer, when Vice President Dick Cheney told Sen. Patrick Leahy, in an exchange over policy disagreements and the rhetoric used in them: "Go fuck yourself." Coarse language and threats have always been part of the political scene, and their appearance in rancorous exchanges between politicians is woven into American lore. But it is rare for someone as high-ranking as the vice president to use them, especially on the floor of the Senate, and in such decorous confines they are almost always accompanied by later apologies, especially in cases where an obscenity was used. What was remarkable about this case was that there was no apology at all. Instead, Cheney defended the use of the epithet: "I expressed myself rather forcefully, felt better after I had done it," Cheney told Neil Cavuto of Fox News. The vice president said those who heard the putdown agreed with him. "I think that a lot of my colleagues felt that what I had said badly needed to be said, that it was long overdue." "Ordinarily I don't express myself in strong terms, but I thought it was appropriate here." This wasn't just an "isolated event." By the terms of his defense, Cheney's non-apology clearly signaled that this kind of response to critics of the conservative agenda was appropriate for movement followers as well. And indeed, one didn't have to look far to see the way Cheney's response filtered down to the rank and file, as from this story about a Cheney campaign stop in Ohio: Seventy-year-old Florence Orris, among those at the Parma rally, said she's backing Bush because of his integrity and strong faith. "Any man who has the courage to speak about our Lord has my vote," Orris said. She lamented the "ugly" tone of the campaign but nonetheless said she didn't blame Cheney for blurting out an expletive during an angry encounter with Sen. Patrick Leahy on the Senate floor last month. "I'm almost getting to that point with my Democratic friends," she declared. "One of them told me this week she hates President Bush." Lord knows, after all, that we never heard such vile language about President Clinton. The flash of Cheney's signal to the troops illuminated clearly the fact that the conservative movement had developed an architecture to its argument -- that is, the core of its appeal to the masses -- that was indistiguishable from that of fascism. This became especially clear when considering how neatly it wrapped up, in those three short words, so many of the "mobilizing passions" that form the fascist appeal (described in Part 1). Present in the thrust of this singular episode were the right to dominate others without normative restraints; the threat of exclusionary violence for those who fail to integrate with the movement community; the victimhood (at the hands of nasty liberals) that justifies any action; the beauty of violence and efficacy of will; and the superiority of the leader's instincts over logic and reason. Indeed, if there was any way of summing up Cheney's response, it was that it expressed a deep and abiding contempt for the weak, and the assertion of the right of power over it. Cheney's remark was just the flash that initially revealed this architecture. The clearer view came a few weeks later, at the Republican National Convention in New York City. While anyone audacious enough to protest the proceedings outside was subject to the classic lockup treatment, often in scenarios straight out of a totalitarian state, those partaking of the big pep rally inside were treated to a whole menu of classically fascist mobilizing passions, played out on national television. Foremost among the appearances of these passions was the convention's most memorable moment: When California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger told the assembled faithful, "For those critics who are so pessimistic about our economy -- don’t be economic girlie men." Sidney Blumenthal remarked in Salon on the deeper implications of this speech: Having established his citizenship, Schwarzenegger felt entitled to articulate the Republican credo -- of power over weakness. "If you believe this country, not the United Nations, is the best hope for democracy, then you are a Republican." Thus the immigrant blasted internationalism. "If you believe that we must be fierce and relentless and terminate terrorism, then you are a Republican." Thus he declared the Democrats soft. "And to those critics who are so pessimistic about our economy, I say: Don't be economic girlie men." So beyond unilateralism, jingoism and social Darwinism lies sexual apprehension. Those who aren't with the program are queer. But the anxiety is even deeper than that of homosexuality. "Girlie man" is a peculiar accusation for being effeminate. It reveals fear of women and their complex values. The name-calling is a frantic effort to suppress nuance, which the action hero fears he may harbor within. Like Cheney's remark, this brief moment neatly captured a range of emotional appeals from the fascist blueprint: contempt for the weak, the superiority of instinct over reason, the efficacy of will. It also raised the virtue of virile, masculine leadership, as opposed to "effeminate" policy built on wisdom. This mindset disdains intellectual rigor as an affectation of vacillating liberalism. As Umberto Eco described it: The critical spirit makes distinctions, and to distinguish is a sign of modernism. In modern culture the scientific community praises disagreement as a way to improve knowledge. For Ur-Fascism, disagreement is treason. We have been hearing, of course, a steady drumbeat from the media's rabid right -- Rush Limbaugh, Ann Coulter, Michael Savage, Sean Hannity, and many more -- accusing liberals of overt treason and complicity with "the enemy." This raging anti-liberalism -- another key feature of fascism -- was prominent in Schwarzenegger's speech as well. He even resorted to a well-worn far-right canard when he described Hubert Humphrey's politics as something "that sounded like socialism." It was an even more prominent feature of Zell Miller's speech the following night. Though Miller, nominally at least, is a Democrat, the entirety of his speech was a raging attack, not merely on John Kerry, nor on Democrats, but on liberalism in general. At times -- especially as he attacked liberal "pacifists" -- he seemed almost to be extolling the aesthetic (or at least utility) of war. Liberals, he contended, are incapable of keeping our families safe. A vote for George W. Bush was a vote for strength and resolve. The weak and vacillating Democratic nominee stood in stark contrast: "From John Kerry, they get a 'yes-no-maybe' bowl of mush that can only encourage our enemies and confuse our friends." Miller expanded on this theme in suggesting that merely running against Bush in the election was a kind of treason, claiming that "our nation is being torn apart and made weaker because of the Democrats' manic obsession to bring down our Commander in Chief". Miller's characterization of the opposition to Bush thus deftly identified it with attacks on the national interest by referring to him as "the Commander in Chief." It's a sly way of associating Bush's political enemies with our national enemies -- Democrats with Al Qaeda. Dissent is treason, indeed. Of course, only a few short days later, Cheney himself made this suggestion explicit at a campaign stop, saying: "It's absolutely essential that eight weeks from today, on Nov. 2, we make the right choice, because if we make the wrong choice then the danger is that we'll get hit again and we'll be hit in a way that will be devastating from the standpoint of the United States." But Cheney's speech to the RNC was also rife with these memes: The "strength" and "resolve" of the Bush leadership, contrasted with the weak and vacillating liberal Kerry contingent. Above all, Cheney hammered home the theme that post-Sept. 11 America faced a historical crisis of catastrophic dimensions, one that demanded exceptional responses: Sept. 11th, 2001, made clear the challenges we face. On that day we saw the harm that could be done by 19 men armed with knives and boarding passes. America also awakened to a possibility even more lethal: this enemy, whose hatred of us is limitless, armed with chemical, biological, or even nuclear weapons. Just as surely as the Nazis during World War Two and the Soviet communists during the Cold War, the enemy we face today is bent on our destruction. As in other times, we are in a war we did not start, and have no choice but to win. Firm in our resolve, focused on our mission, and led by a superb commander in chief, we will prevail. The culmination of these passion-laden appeals came with the RNC acceptance speech from George W. Bush himself, in which the attacks on liberals were given a few requisite lines, while the recurring themes of "strength" and "resolve" were driven repeatedly home, capped by an appeal to a vision of American exceptionalism and manifest destiny: Now, because we have faced challenges with resolve, we have historic goals within our reach, and greatness in our future. We will build a safer world and a more hopeful America and nothing will hold us back. These themes have been the centerpiece of the Bush campaign since the convention -- Kerry an effete, vacillating "flip-flopper," Bush a virile, strong, resolute leader. Kerry a pointy-headed liberal, Bush a plain-spoken man of the people. And for awhile, it appeared to be working. But then came the first presidential debate, and Americans were hit upside the cognition with the dissonance transmitted over their television sets: It was Kerry who looked strong and resolute, while Bush was not only weak and vacillating, he was forced to fall back to his mantra of strength and resolve and "hard work," all of which were plainly belied by the image the man himself presented. Digby had one of the most incisive takes on this: George W. Bush is a man with two faces--- a public image of manly strength and a private reality of childish weakness. His verbal miscues and malapropisms are the natural consequence of a man struggling with internal contradictions and a lack of self-knowledge. He can’t keep track of what he is supposed to think and say in public. There is no doubt that whether it's a cowboy hat or a crotch hugging flightsuit , George W. Bush enjoys wearing the mantle of American archetypal warriors. But when he goes behind the curtain and sheds the costume, a flinty, thin-skinned, immature man who has never taken responsibility for his mistakes emerges. The strong compassionate leader is revealed as a flimsy paper tiger. On Thursday night, the president forgot himself. After years of being protected from anyone who doesn't flatter and cajole, he let his mask slip when confronted with someone who didn't fear his childish retribution or need anything from him. Many members of the public got a good sharp look at him for the first time in two years and they were stunned. That is, perhaps, the important thing to remember about both the undercurrent with which we are faced: Fascism, at its core, is a fraud. It promises the triumphal resurrection of the nation, and delivers only devastation. Strength without wisdom is a chimera, resolve without competence a travesty. And a hollow, pale imitation of a fraud -- which is what the pseudo-fascism now being practiced by the conservative movement amounts to -- can be readily revealed for what it is, if its opponents have the strength of character to stand up to them. For all his other failings, John Kerry did so last week in the debates, and in the process exposed Bush, and the entire architecture of his appeal, for a weak, hollow fraud. The only response that the Bush team is likely to muster henceforth is a kind of impotent screaming, raising the volume of the "flip-flop" attacks on Kerry, throwing more shit on the wall in the vague hope that something will stick. In a normal political environment, this might not be a problem. But the conservative movement controls all the reins of power now. It is not about to relinquish any of them willingly. And it has the devout backing of a substantial portion of the American populace, even if it eventually proves to be a minority. These people have no intention of sharing power with liberals. Indeed, their entire agenda, in the end, is devoted to eliminating liberalism completely. By any means necessary. We may have finally illuminated the lair at the center of the labyrinth, but we've only begun fighting our way out. Next: The One-Party Apocalyptic State Why the Hailey case matters A quick note to explain something about the harassment of Utah State professor David Hailey that I don't think is understood fully about his now-controversial study: The study is a piece of research in progress. Hailey has never promoted the study publicly. What you see is a professor's research project intended for students and colleagues at Utah State to comment upon and contribute to. As Hailey told me today: "This was never intended for public consumption." The study appears as part of the Utah State internal Web site for its Interactive Media Research Labs, which Hailey oversees. It includes a syllabus for students and some of the projects that will be discussed in the course, including the Bush Memo Study. It was only through distribution of its URL through Internet backchannels that Hailey's critics became aware of it. In other words, they've barged into an ongoing college project and attempted to academically lynch its author for merely considering a hypothesis they believe to be heretical. A couple of commenters in the thread below have pointed out the larger significance of all this. First, there was cs: I for one am thrilled USU is considering legal action. In fact, I have long thought one thing celebrities -- often libeled with little to no legal recourse -- might do is create a foundation / endowment to finance legal battles against libel / slander for political ends against private individuals -- especially academics. It seems to me Dr. Hailey's could be an interesting, perhaps precedent-making case. As academics frequently use the internet to disseminate draft articles and research, it seems difficult to argue that merely posting his hypothesis and study on a department website constitutes thrusting himself into the public eye in this controversy. However, even if he were to be judge a Limited Public Figure in this instance, a charge of "actual malice" is not unprovable, especially if pre-trial investigations and /or discovery uncover politically interested linkages between website owners, surrogates and operatives / supporters of the Bush campaign. The whole thing could get very, very dicey. One of the most effective ways of making the julies of the world think twice about harrassing real and imagined opponents on command -- again, especially in academia -- may be to force them to hire attorneys and face the consequences of their actions within the legal system. Next came Sara: In many respects this issue is a classic Academic Freedom and Intellectual Freedom issue with some consequence. My hope is that AAUP will consider supporting this case should it mature in a significant way -- and here's why. The essence of any field of academic research is the publication of the fruits of work for the purpose of allowing others with similar interests and knowledge to critique ongoing work -- and by critique, I do not mean smash up, misrepresent, or use as the basis for personal attacks. Critique means evaluate according to a generally accepted set of scientific or disciplinary rules. It is the core of the whole academic enterprise -- and the scientific one too. It's one thing to publish properly founded dissent to someone else's work -- it is quite another to import into this process character assassinations, threats, political pressure on an employing agency, threats to collegues and all the rest. I hope the AAUP takes an interest and gets involved. But I have a second concern -- and that's the need for strong support for the "public scholar" -- that is the individual with appropriate credentials and knowledge base who attempts to participate meaningfully in public debate. We've already seen cases where all sorts of negative political pressure is directed at scientists who engage in "popular distribution" of their work on things like Global Warming or the effectiveness of "abstinence only" sex ed programs (among others) -- where strong-arming researchers substitutes for legitimate topical discourse. Incidentally, Dr. Hailey told me the study was short on explaining his methodology largely because it was simply an early working draft and he hadn't thought it necessary. He's planning on producing a paper in the next week or so detailing this aspect of the study, and I'll be posting the details here when they become publicly available. I'm painting my house. So my progress on Part 3 of "The Rise of Pseudo Fascism has been slowed a bit. It'll be up in a day or so, I hope. The blogosphere, really, has the potential to be a great innovation in American journalism. As I've argued previously, it represents in many ways the democratization of journalism, the ability of voices of all kinds to participate in the sharing and distribution of information that might otherwise be choked out by the bottleneck that mainstream media have become over the past decade and longer. But there's an important caveat to all that: If bloggers want to act as journalists, they need to conform to basic journalistic standards. Or they will, in the end, pay for it. These standards, of course, have come in for severe erosion in recent years, especially as image- and sound-bite-oriented television broadcasters have come to dominate the scene. The product is often a lazy kind of journalism in all spheres of the industry that substitutes "he-said/she-said" reportage for substantive analysis of truthfulness, as well as a willingness to discard basic standards of balance and factuality in pursuit of of proving often partisan theses. This is as true of CBS' manifest failures in vetting the provenance of the Killian documents as it is of the New York Times' steadfast support of Jeff Gerth's clearly shoddy Whitewater reportage. Nonetheless, the arrival of bloggers on the journalistic scene -- especially their heady self-contratulatory response to having successfully embarassed CBS News -- represents not just a new phase in journalism, but a new phase for bloggers as well. While CBS' failures are one thing, still, much of the critique of CBS' documents, I believe, is based on utterly useless data that proves absolutely nothing. Indeed, if you want to see yet another example of how one of the bloggers' favorite "proofs" falls apart on close examination, check out Paul Lukasiak's latest contribution to the Document Wars. The hard reality, for anyone serious about document verification, is that almost nothing can be proven one way or the other about the documents' authenticity without a copy of the original documents themselves in hand. No one has produced these yet, and until there are, everything remains almost purely a matter of speculation. Unfortunately, this has simultaneously meant that almost any speculation can gain an audience. And right-wing bloggers, their arms still in traction from patting themselves on the back ad nauseam, have continued to attack apace -- including descending full force on anyone who dares question their basic tenets. This brings us to the case of the folks at Wizbang, who have in recent days been devoting themselves to attacking the work of Utah State professor David Hailey, in particular his research in a study titled "Toward Identifying the Font Used in the Bush Memos", which argues that the CBS documents likely were in fact produced not with a word processor but with a typewriter. You can get a sense of the tenor of the attacks at the original post with multiple updates, as well as at posts dubbing the matter "Haileygate". While commenters at the blog have been even more crude, the blog's authors have hardly been shy in flinging accusations. Their core mantra is that Hailey is "a liar, a fraud and charlatan." Even in its more toned-down recent posts, the blog's authors insist that Hailey has committed "academic fraud." This is the same blog which, as I've described previously, fell for a clear hoax from an anonymous Internet poster claiming that Iowa farmer Martin Heldt -- whose FOIA requests uncovered much of what was originally known about Bush's National Guard records -- had tried to sell these documents to various campaigns. Based on the bogus testimony, the Wizbangers decided that Heldt was the "forger" of the documents -- a blatantly wrong and false accusation which it has neither corrected nor apologized for. They've continued in the same vein with the Hailey report -- openly libeling their subject and accusing him of unethical and potentially criminal behavior, all without the benefit of getting a response from him as well as any consideration of the gravity of the charges. Even their most recent posts continue to assert the "academic fraud" charge. This has not occurred, of course, without consequences in the real world. As the Deseret News reports, the result of Wizbang's campaign has been a flood of nasty and accusatory e-mails directed at Hailey, his department head, his dean, and even the president of Utah State, demanding Hailey's head for having ventured such a thesis: Since posting his findings on the Web, Hailey has for the past week received hundreds of e-mails that he now simply forwards to a file he created called "hate mail." The subject line of one e-mail reads, "In more ways than one, you are a fascist hack." Hailey's plans are to read through the mail more thoroughly for another research project but not until he is "emotionally stable." He said he couldn't sleep Thursday night because people are attacking his credibility and credentials. "In a virtual reality situation, they're coming on campus and trying to lynch me," Hailey said over the phone. ... Without a request for an interview, USU President Kermit Hall called the Deseret Morning News with his own take on the situation. "Whoever it is," Hall said of the e-mails, "is clearly trying to intimidate the university and trying to intimidate Professor Hailey." Hall called Hailey's research "legitimate" and said the professor has every right to engage in and publicize the research. "There's been an effort to suggest that the administration put him up to this -- the answer to that is, 'wrong,' " Hall added. "There's a suggestion that the purpose of his work is to join some kind of political action -- that's wrong." Hall called the blogging and e-mails the "worst kind of smear" against academic research and the opportunity for academics to share their research within academe and with the "wider" public. ... An unidentified person claiming to represent the www.wizbangblog.com Web site called Smitten and accused Hailey of "academic misconduct." There were 50 pages of blog entries critical of Hailey on the Wizbang site as of Friday. Hailey's heresy, of course, was arguing thus in the conclusion of his study: Since current odds hold that the Bush memos are faked, the question of their authenticity turns to whether CBS should have known they were inauthentic – if, in fact, they are. In fact, there seems to be nothing in the memos that indicates they are faked. All evidence points toward a mechanical production process and away from a digital process. Furthermore, the mechanical process seems to be consistent with typewriters used in the military at the time in question. If I had been one of the experts advising CBS, I would have advised them that there is nothing physical in the memos implying they are not authentic. All indicators imply they are authentic. I would have told them that from my point of view, the memos are worthy of presenting to the public. It's worth noting, of course, that Hailey brings a highly specialized set of credentials to the puzzle: I served in the U.S. military (Army) from 1963 to 1972. For five of those seven years I was an Army illustrator responsible for short run publications including memos such as those in question. Ultimately, I have a total of almost 35 years experience examining document production, including analyzing and spec’ing type. I have an archive that includes military documents produced between 1963 and 1984 and have access to a repository of military documents here at the university. Finally, I have extensive experience using computers to manage and manipulate images, including type. I interviewed Dr. Hailey today by phone from his office in Logan. He maintained that his research was sound, readily refuted his critics, and pointed toward further steps that he thinks will eventually exonerate him. He told me that he had personally received hundreds of e-mails, nearly all of them nasty and accusatory, nearly all of them calling him a fraud. As the News reported, his department head had received a call accusing him of "academic misconduct." So far, he said, the confrontations had not invaded his home or his personal life. The core accusation by Wizbang -- that he had cut and pasted an upper-case "th" into the document -- he said, represented a basic misunderstanding of what he was presenting. As the study itself warns: Using the hypothesis established from examining the Bush memos, it becomes possible to create a virtually flawless replica. Please understand, however, the replica is not typed. It is produced by examining and replicating the original font used in the memo. It is not a demonstration that I can type a replica memo, it is a demonstration that the font in the memo is probably Typewriter. Hailey said that the entire lines of reproduced type are simply sample letters of the type he hypothesizes is the actual type in the memos -- namely, a condensed Slab/Serif version of an IBM font similar to ITC American Typewriter, and not the oft-hypothesized Times New Roman -- essentially cut and pasted in the proper order. "At no point do I claim that this reproduces the memo on a typewriter," Hailey told me. "Every letter in it, in fact, is cut and pasted. That's explicit in the exercise." In fact, that's the whole point of Hailey's work: It is simply a hypothesis. He hasn't reached any final conclusion, because none is finally possible without the original documents. What he is doing is examining the available evidence and arguing within the limits imposed by them. And all Hailey is claiming, if you read his study carefully, is that he believes the font in the memos is that particular version of the IBM font similar to Typewriter. The evidence to substantiate his hypothesis, he believes, could be found by examining other documents produced within the 111th Fighter Interceptor Squadron at that same time period. Here's what he told me today: To be perfectly honest, my research up to this point was strictly to examine this font and determine if it was Times New Roman. And then it was to go a step further and say, OK, if it's not Times New Roman, what is it? Not specific font, just what font family it is. And that's what I've been doing up to this point. Now, having done that, basically, I'm finished with this research project, and all I have to do is finish writing up this report. But the next project is going to be to track down duplicate documents -- documents done on the same machine. I was prepared to go on and just do my other research -- because this was an academic process. I just said -- oh look, here's what I see, this is how I see it, this is why I see it this way. Basically, I end by saying, I'm not saying that these documents are authentic. I'm saying that if somebody will go out and look at all the documents in the 111th, they will either find documents that match this -- in which case this is probably authentic -- or they will not find documents that match this, which means this is bogus. And that's what I said. It's also worth noting, of course, that Hailey's critics have focused on line reproductions, which are secondary to his argument, and ignored the heart of his thesis: namely, that multiple examples of particularized wear on certain of the letters in the documents -- especially the "e"s and "t"s -- are typical of letters produced by mechanical typewriters and are not likely to appear in a word-processor document. Moreover, even the celebrated superscript "th" provides evidence the document was produced by a typewriter: Superscripts on a computer font tend to be low, permitting the printer to print a line in most cases in a single pass. For typewriters, height is not so important. This does not say that the superscript could not be digital. The quality of the superscript "th" in the Bush Memos is so bad that deriving much information other than its relative placement is impossible. The overwhelming evidence that the documents were produced by a typewriter led Hailey to conclude that there was a high likelihood they were authentic. After all, if that was the case, then there was an extremely low likelihood that any forger could have pulled it off. As he explained to me: If this was a forgery, then this person typed that thing on a machine that no one's going to believe. The person couldn't possibly have chosen a worse typewriter and a more difficult to find typewriter to do this forgery on. Which means that if they are typed, probably they are authentic. If you apply Occam's Razor, then this guy is either extremely brilliant, because what he has is this very specialized typewriter that is so unique that there's only one like it just every thousand miles kind of thing. And it is actually the typewriter that was used at that center. So this person actually knows that this typewriter was there and that there will be paper there -- there will be memos there and other projects there that will match. And if it's a fraud, it's that good. We'll leave it to Dr. Hailey's further investigations to determine whether or not his hypothesis holds up. In the meantime, it's clear that if nothing else, his critics at Wizbang, and their associated minions, have fallen far short of giving his work a fair hearing. As David A at ISOU observed: I feel that Wizbang and its writers have every right to question research and reporting that they disagree with, I do not feel they have the right to destroy someone's career because they disagree with them. If the professor is guilty of some sort of fraud, his University should be free to investigate under their standard academic processes, not be overwhelmed and pressured by a bunch of partisan hacks who likely don't even understand all the complexities of his research. Conservatives get very upset when you use the Nazi metaphor to describe their tactics, and I am loath to do so under anything but the most extreme cases, but let the chips fall where they may in this case. Call it McCarthyism, Nazism, Digital Fascism, whatever, but limiting debate on an issue to all but those who agree fanatically with you, and attempting to squelch any opposing point of view, represents the very traits that many of my Right Wing friends protest as metaphors for their behavior. This case... clearly to me, is a scary one for its implications, and while I agree that the Rather documents were fakes, I don't agree that someone should have their life and credibility destroyed because they don't happen to share my beliefs... David needn't worry, actually. Because the folks at Wizbang are about to discover that there are consequences for leveling these charges. While it's true that, as the Deseret News reported, Hailey himself is not considering legal action against the authors of the Wizbang posts that have openly libeled him, the same cannot be said of the officials at Utah State University. Hailey, in fact, assured me that the university's attorneys consider the Wizbang posts "fully actionable" and are in the process of preparing legal remedy for the defamation of character that the blog has leveled both against Hailey and the university. It's difficult to say at this point whether they will act on it, but there's at least some likelihood they will. This is a matter of academic freedom to USU officials, Hailey said. "When you start attacking legitimate research just because you don't think it's something that should be explored, you're attacking the right of academics to work freely. That's an important battle for them." Interestingly, in another post, one of the Wizbang authors boasted of the new status of bloggers: It was my adventure debunking Professor Hailey that lead me to an epiphany. I no longer what to be called a blogger and neither should you. We are not bloggers, We are independent, peer reviewed journalists. Well, OK. Fair enough. Just about anyone who wants to can probably call himself a journalist, really. That's the whole point of blogging, isn't it? To disseminate information that should be circulating in the journalistic media but isn't. But the newly proclaimed journalists of the blogosphere might want to pause for a moment and consider some advice from a journalist who has been through a few document wars and court threats: If you're going to level serious charges of unethical or scandalous or especially criminal behavior, then you had by God better be ready to back it up in court. There remains in full force today a body of libel law that makes it posssible for aggrieved parties to file civil actions against persons who level such charges in public and in print, and the mere fig leaf of free-speech rights will not protect you if you have failed to meet basic standards of truthfulness, fairness and factuality. This is as true for bloggers as it is for the ink-stained wretches who man the front lines of actual print publications. Now, it's true that for public figures -- thanks to New York Times v. Sullivan, libel laws are nearly unusable for anyone who rises to the level of "public figure." That's because public figures now must be able to establish "malicious intent" on the part of the libeler, and such proof is a real rarity. However, this limitation does not hold for private figures such as Dr. Hailey (though it may, in fact, for the university). So here's what is probably about to happen: USU's attorneys will send legal letters to the Wizbang authors demanding a full retraction (and, if justice is served, a full apology to both Hailey and the university), upon pain of facing a civil action for libel. If the authors refuse, then they'll be served with more papers detailing the civil lawsuit filed against them. It's ugly, but it's a hard, cold fact of the real world of journalism. In any event, the Wizbang authors may soon find themselves wishing they had applied a little old-fashioned journalistic prudence before rushing to print with their manifestly reckless accusations. But in the process, they may provide a useful object lesson for us all.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line414
__label__wiki	0.882639	0.882639	Talkin' bout immigration In the comments thread for the previous post, Paul Donnelly (aka the Americanist) adroitly wonders: So what's the immigration policy we're FOR? Now, posts like the previous are primarily about demonstrating what a steaming heap of dung we're being served on the issue of immigration from the right. We get to choose there between Bush's "guest worker" proposal that would officially sever the concept of immigration from citizenship -- a radical enough proposal in its own right; and the troglodytes of the Minuteman crowd. But on the left, we hear ... crickets chirping. Which is strange, considering that everyone knows that Republicans intend to make immigration a big re-election issue in 2006. Aren't any Democrats getting ready for that? It's time to talk -- seriously -- about immigration and how to solve the problems surrounding it, particularly illegal immigration, which just as surely negatively affect issues traditionally of concern to the left, particularly labor-market issues. So I'm setting up this thread to invite discussion here of those issues. The more, the merrier. I have some thoughts of my own, of course, and I hope to gather enough helpful input to produce something actually useful. Please feel free to chime in. Coddling extremists The issue of immigration -- and particularly the activities of the so-called Minutemen and their cohorts -- continues to be an active ground for mainstream conservatives to commingle with genuine extremists, and thereby become more extremist themselves. The latest example occurred recently in Arizona, during a visit by Republican legislators from Colorado to a ranch owned by a figure closely associated not just with the Minutemen, but also bona fide hate groups: The tour was organized by Glenn Spencer, whose home is about 1,000 feet from the border. He recently organized a number of border-watching activities, including a few with the Minuteman group. Spencer said he had been a military researcher who worked at the Pentagon before moving to Arizona to set up a nonprofit group that investigates illegal immigration. He showed aerial photographs and videos of immigrants crossing the border illegally near his home. He also showed visitors a miniature reconnaissance plane with a camera attached to it that he spent $40,000 to develop and build. "We do this to expose the malfeasance of U.S. border patrol officials, who have failed us in protecting our borders," he said. "What can U.S. citizens do to help? A lot." Spencer also told the Colorado legislators and a group of Republican political candidates from Arizona about a volunteer who crossed the border into Mexico and brought back a "simulated weapon of mass destruction." "We did it to see if anybody would try to stop us," Spencer said. "This happened supposedly along the most heavily policed border area in the United States." Yes, this is the same Glenn Spencer whose organization, American Patrol, has been designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center: Glenn Spencer, one of the hardest line anti-immigrant ideologues now operating, founded the Voices of Citizens Together (VCT, which is also known, like his web site and radio show, as American Patrol) in 1992. In 1994, VCT lobbied hard for passage of California's controversial Proposition 187, which would have denied educational and other benefits to illegal immigrants and their children. (Although it passed, 187 was later thrown out by the courts.) Four years later, Spencer claimed 3,500 subscribers to the VCT newsletter. Spencer takes a hard line on immigration, demanding that the armed forces seal America's southern border. He also displays a bigoted and vulgar side quite openly. On his web site, he attacks Mario Obledo, a leading Latino activist and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, as "Pinche [literally, fucking] Cockroach and 1998 Asshole of the Year." A cartoon character is depicted urinating on Obledo's picture. Spencer posts dozens of immigration-related articles but replaces the words "illegal immigrant" with "illegal alien," among other editing touches. In a 1996 letter to The Los Angeles Times, Spencer wrote: "The Mexican culture is based on deceit. Chicanos and Mexicanos lie as a means of survival." He posts material on his site from such men as H. Millard, an infamous columnist for the racist Council of Conservative Citizens who once bemoaned the "slimy brown mass of glop" that immigration and interracial relationships were making of the U.S. population. Spencer sent every member of Congress a copy of his videotape -- "Bonds of Our Nation" -- that purports to prove the Mexican government and Mexican-Americans are plotting to take over the American Southwest and create the nation of Aztlán. Hand-delivering the videos was Betina McCann, the fiancé of neo-Nazi Steven Barry. On a weekly radio show that airs in several cities, Spencer has hosted a series of guests like Kevin McDonald, a professor who accuses Jews of devising an immigration policy specifically intended to dilute and weaken the white population of America. Odd that the reporter for the Rocky Mountain News neglected to inform his readers of any of this information. This extremism is also apparent throughout the Minutemen organization. The Center for New Community's Building Democracy Initiative has a new report out titled "Shell Games: The 'Minutemen' and Vigilante Anti-Immigrant Politics [PDF file], which lays bare the history behind the "border watch" concept: The strategy of border vigilantism as a political spectacle did not originate with the Minutemen Project, Glenn Spencer's American Border Patrol, Ranch Rescue, or even the militia groups that inspired Chris Simcox. Instead, the "men of this calibre" who hatched the idea were leaders in the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, more than a quarter century ago. The Klan Border Watch was launched on Oct 16, 1977 at the San Ysidro, California Port of Entry by Grand Dragon Tom Metzger and Imperial Wizard David Duke, who claimed that the patrols would stretch from California to Texas. It was conceived to recapture the Klan's glory days. With nearly 4 million members in the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan was highly influential in the passage of the 1924 National Origins Act, thereby making racism part of official US immigration policy until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965. While Metzger handled the California operations, the Texas side was run by Louis Beam (who would go on to terrorize Vietnamese fishers in Galveston Bay a few years later.) They predicted that thousands would participate, though only dozens materialized. To Duke, a Klan Border Watch was a necessary part of "the battle to halt the flow of illegal aliens streaming across the border from Mexico." More important than actually stopping border crossers, the Klan Border Watch was conceived as a way to "arouse public opinion to such a degree that they [the Federal Government] would be forced to better equip the beleaguered U.S. Border Patrol." The underlying extremism of the founders of the current Miunteman Project is also laid quite clear. Cofounder Chris Simcox began -- like most of the current border agitators -- by applying the 1990s far-right concept of militias to the border situation; his first border group called itself the Tombstone Militia. Likewise with cofounder Jim Gilchrist: Under Gilchrist's guidance, the Minuteman Project has tried to rhetorically distance itself from both paramilitarism and racism. Yet Gilchrist himself is prone to hysterical remarks about immigrants and to conspiracy mongering, as evidenced by these remarks: From what I have seen in videos, to me there is a clear and present danger of insurrection, sedition and succession by those who buy into the fact that this really is Mexico’s territory and doesn’t belong to the United States and should be taken back. Gilchrist's words are a succinct statement of the so-called reconquista conspiracy theory which holds that Mexico is quietly infiltrating a fifth-column of revolutionaries into the United States with the purpose of territorial conquest. Moreover the infiltration is being accomplished with the treasonous collusion of various "liberal elite" institutions, e.g. the Catholic Church and the Ford Foundation, and the applause of muddle-headed multiculturalists. Gilchrist's conspiracist formulation of the problem he sees with undocumented immigration is only an extreme form of the basic xenophobic arguments repeating the time-tested formula of bigoted fear-mongering. In the early years of the twentieth century it was the "yellow peril" -- which led to laws excluding those of Asian descent from immigrating to the United States. In the wake of the Civil War, and with the failure of Reconstruction, it was Jim Crow and anti-miscegenation laws, intended to keep the races forever separate and distinct. In a May 2005 speech to a meeting of the California Coalition for Immigration Reform, a hardcore anti-immigrant group which promotes the reconquista conspiracy theory, Gilchrist said, "I'm damn proud to be a vigilante." He believes that, "Illegal immigrants will destroy this country." At a Memorial Day 2005 "summit" of anti-immigrant leader in Las Vegas, Gilchrist commented, "Every time a Mexican flag is planted on American soil, it is a declaration of war." Finally, the report lays out the extent to which the Minutemen are attracting large numbers of racists, white supremacists, and other extremists to their ranks -- a subject discussed often here. Meanwhile, California's Republican governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, recently defended the Minutemen again, comparing them to a "neighborhood watch": "It's no different than if you have a neighborhood watch person there that's watching your children at the playground," he responded. "I don't see it any different." Except, of course, that most neighborhood watches don't call themselves -- and organize themselves -- as militias. Nor do they rhetorically attack minorities. Nor do they attract neo-Nazis to their ranks. But oh well. For today's Republicans, it seems, Barry Goldwater's old adage has now been altered: "Extremism in the pursuit of our political base is no vice." The other possibility It's kind of fun to watch the Muslim-bashing right -- see especially Michelle Malkin -- jump all over the case of the Oklahoma suicide bomber because a TV station reported that the bomber -- a 21-year-old Caucasian named Joel Hinrichs -- may have attended a local mosque. At least, he had a roommate who did. There's no evidence that Hinrichs was a Muslim convert or that he was a member of the mosque, however. In fact, if memory serves me correctly, the last Oklahoma bomber of any note in fact was a right-wing extremist who at various times expressed deep sympathy for Saddam Hussein. I wonder why that possibility hasn't crossed their radar. Well, actually, I don't. Oil and the orcas Saving the whales isn't just an abstract concept. In the case of the Puget Sound's killer whales, it's a concrete reality. Earlier this week, the National Marine Fisheries Service released for public comment its conservation plan for protecting the endangered population of orcas of Puget Sound. Getting NMFS to go this far took some doing; a federal judge ordered this plan after NMFS originally declined to list the orcas as threatened. NMFS changed course late last year, and has been preparing the plan since. The key is getting enough public comment in support of the "threatened" status. Doing so will trigger the Endangered Species Act's "critical habitat" protections, and force the officials involved -- federal, state, and local -- to begin taking serious steps toward restoring the Puget Sound's health, the decline of which is directly related to the orcas' endangerment. Here's the NOAA Fisheries plan. Do your part and write in. As the AP notes: The draft conservation plan released Monday was prepared following the Fisheries Service's 2003 decision to list the orcas as "depleted" under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. That law extends protection only to the species itself; it does not include habitat. The proposal incorporates public comment gathered through last spring. The Fisheries Service identified three primary concerns: availability of prey, pollution and disruptions from vessels. Oil spills and disease also are possible threats, the agency said in a news release. Of course, the biggest obstacle in all this is the Republicans currently in power. Not only are they trying to gut the Endangered Species Act (specifically by repealing the "critical habitat" sections), they're also in the process of gutting more environmental laws in the name of reducing post-Katrina energy costs. This measure includes repealing the federal guidelines that kept Puget Sound from being inundated by oil tankers -- and inevitably, oil spills. The bill would change key portions of the Magnuson Amendment enacted in 1977 to control the expansion of oil refineries and the number of oil tankers entering the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound. The House may debate the measure as soon as tomorrow. Inslee said the bill likely will pass the House but faces tougher opposition in the Senate. Called the Gasoline for America's Security Act, it was introduced by Rep. Joe Barton, R-Texas, in response to damage that Hurricane Katrina inflicted on the oil industry on the nation's Gulf Coast. The bill aims to streamline efforts to expand existing oil-refinery capacity. Just one portion deals with the Magnuson Amendment. The amendment, passed as part of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, prevents oil companies from expanding their Puget Sound operations beyond what's needed to serve the growing energy demands of Washington residents. Even Joel Connelly was able to muster some outrage over this measure: It was, after all, a state's rights issue: Washington was asserting jurisdiction over its own ports and marine estuaries. All that gets tossed in this era of right-wing big government. State's rights? The people deciding what's best for us are apparently Barton and Rep. Greg Walden, a GOP congressman from eastern Oregon. Barton is best known for his harassment of leading scientific researchers on global warming. Bipartisanship? Out the window. The drive to protect our inland waters was started in the mid-1970s by Republican Gov. Dan Evans. A Shoreline Management Plan forbade building a large port inside Puget Sound to ship oil to the Midwest. Studies? Who needs 'em? Issues of potential pipeline impacts and oil spills sloshing around our enclosed waters were copiously examined in the 1970s. The University of Washington even evaluated the economic value of keeping Puget Sound unspoiled. Any new studies today would just get in the way of British Petroleum. Connelly goes on to list a strategy for countering this plan. But if he's looking for a symbol around which to rally support, he won't find one more compelling -- and accurate -- than the orcas. Ending the birthright The campaign to deny citizenship to the children of illegal immigrants has stepped up another notch, thanks to Tom Tancredo's new legislation to end the tradition of birthright citizenship: Rep. Tom Tancredo, R-Colo., who heads a 90-member caucus pushing to tighten immigration laws, has introduced his proposal to deny citizenship to U.S.-born children of temporary immigrant workers. He said the provision was vital because immigrants do not want to leave after their visas expire if their children are U.S. citizens. In addition, Rep. Nathan Deal, R-Ga., has proposed a measure that would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to limit automatic citizenship at birth to children of U.S. citizens and lawful residents. And Rep. Mark Foley, R-Jupiter, introduced a constitutional amendment that would eliminate birthright citizenship for the children of illegal immigrants. Most scholars believe a constitutional amendment is necessary to change the birthright citizenship provision, but some disagree because of different interpretations of the 14th Amendment. Changing the Constitution requires ratification by three-fourths of the states. Any legislative statutes passed by Congress that eliminate birthright citizenship would be immediately challenged in the courts, experts said. This campaign is not just about stopping illegal immigration. It is about changing the historic meaning of what it means to be American. It's important to understand: Having given birth to citizen children is no bar to deportation or removal. All it does is encourage the parents to seek citizenship themselves -- that is, to become legal immigrants and take the necessary steps toward naturalization. That's something we have always encouraged, and should still. I think the consummate commentary on this proposal comes from my frequent commenter Paul Donnelly [aka the Americanist] in my comments on the earlier thread: Do the math: there are roughly 4 million births a year in the U.S. in a population of 300 million, which works out to about 67 births per thousand women of childbearing age. There are roughly 10 million illegal residents, of which considerably less than half are women -- say, 3 million. That would yield 40,000 U.S.-born children of illegal moms each year -- but of course a certain # of them are actually the children of U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents, being as how it still takes two to tango. So call it 15,000 new U.S. citizens a year with two parents who are illegal residents. And for THIS, these clowns want to go back to the Dred Scott decision that the 14th amendment was specifically written to repeal? LOL -- and the idea that anybody here illegally gets immigration benefits from having a citizen kid is nuts. For one thing, the kid can't sponsor parents until he's 18, which even for immigration policy is a bit of a wait. For another, it is simply not true that merely having a citizen child defers either deportaton or expedited removal. If you want to deter illegal immigration, fine Wal-Mart a billion dollars. Then go after the meatpacking industry. Make our "no" meaningful, which you don't do betraying our values to deny infants their birthright. Defend marriage: provide green cards to the wives and kids of legal permanent residents -- and abandon the idea that guest worker programs, which have always failed whenever they have been tried, are somehow gonna work THIS time. It's the Tinkerbell theory of governance -- just BELIEVE, and clap your hands, and all will be well. Democrats are so lost right now that I have little hope they will rise to this opportunity to define themselves. But even worse would be a failure to stand up to Tancredo on this. Extremists and the ESA When the House voted 229-193 to gut the Endangered Species Act this week (as predicted,) it didn't simply represent an anti-environmental movement run amok in the halls of power -- though that visage was plenty visible. If you scratch very far beneath the surface, you'll also recognize the fine hand of right-wing extremism. Indeed, the House approval for Rep. Richard Pombo's disingenuously titled "Threatened and Endangered Species Recovery Act of 2005" [PDF file] actually represents a major advancement in the extremist Patriot movement's agenda within the mainstream. Even though they now have managed to cloak themselves in the rhetoric of mainstream conservatism, the actors (including Pombo) who have been promoting this agenda have a long history of dalliances with the American far right. Indeed, most of the components of their agenda first were promoted on far-right talk circuits. Watching their transformation, in fact, and the evolution of the anti-environmental agenda is very instructive when it comes to understanding the nature of the relationship between the mainstream right and its extremist cohort. The extremism, really, is front and center stage in Pombo's legislation. What else can you call its provisions to repeal entirely the Endangered Species Act's sections on critical habitat? As the AP piece put it: The critical habitat designation is at the very heart of the Endangered Species Act, said Clark, who headed the Fish and Wildlife Service for four years during the Clinton administration. "It weakens Section 7 Consultation provisions (talks between the Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies, calling for an as-yet undefined set of alternative procedures, and it completely eliminates safeguards to protect species from pesticides," she said. "The proposed revisions undermine the scientific process and say one kind of science is better," she continued, explaining that the bill as passed by the House would give political appointees too much clout over decisions that should, by law, be based on the best available studies. Let's put it simply: This section alone completely eviscerates the Endangered Species Act. There is no species recovery without habitat protection. Period. It won't happen. The remaining "reforms" in Pombo's bill are nearly as noxious: requiring compensation for property owners whose developments are forestalled by environmental regulations; shortening the government response time on ESA findings to 90 days; politicizing the enforcement process; and a menu of similar policies designed to give developers carte blanche on environmental issues. It's now up to the Senate to stop this train wreck. The bill now goes to the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, where hearings have already begun. The utter silence of Democrats on this bill's progress indicates that they are counting on the Senate to bring it to a halt. There are fairly good reasons for this: Sen. Lincoln Chaffee, the Rhode Island Republican who chairs the subcommittee in charge of the law, has a well-deserved reputation for a strong environmental voting record. However, that strategy may prove to be a weak one. The rest of the subcommittee is stacked with rabid anti-environmentalists like Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, not to mention Joseph Lieberman, the Democrat who helped bring us Mike Brown. Perhaps the biggest threat to moving this bill out to the Senate floor for a vote in more or less in its current state this fall comes from Inhofe, since he chairs the larger committee and wields considerable influence in what proceeds out. Inhofe has indicated he intends to push for a vote this fall, while Chaffee says he wants a 2006 vote. Inhofe's extremism when it comes to the ESA is already well established. He offered the following infamous remarks in 1997 regarding the ESA: America has adopted an attitude that places more value on the life of a critter that on a human being. We want to protect the Spotted Owl, yet we care little for the men and women who lost jobs in the Northwest when the timber industry was virtually shut down. We want to protect the Arkansas River Shiner, a bait fish in Oklahoma, yet we will allow unborn babies to have their brains sucked out in a partial birth abortion. Mr. Chairman, we need to do something. Inhofe, though, has nothing on Pombo when it comes to extremism. Since his election to Congress in 1994, Pombo has been on the leading edge of the right-wing assault on environmental law, and in the process has aligned himself with some of the right's most radical elements. Besides constantly attacking the ESA and "radical environmentalists," he has also been a leading proponent of "takings legislation," a strategy favored by some property-rights advocates that argues for compensation for landowners affected by environmental laws. Tarso Ramos explained the upshot of this activism for Public Eye: Proponents of takings legislation argue that it will provide relief to small property owners who, they say, are increasingly restricted by wetlands ordinances, growth management laws, and other environmental statutes. Such arguments can be persuasive, since government bureaucracy does sometimes generate burdensome, irrational, and even harmful regulations, and as the relationship between, for example, wetlands protection and the public health is somewhat technical, as well as indirect. However, under regulatory takings doctrine, in order to prohibit industrial polluters from fouling air, land, and water, the public would be required to pay the cost of pollution prevention. This quite direct relationship between regulatory takings law, environmental protections, and the public health is either ignored by proponents or is resolved in the manner suggested by Ron Arnold: if a citizen can show a violation of rights by a corporate polluter or anyone else, let her or him sue. So-called "Wise Use" groups were especially active on this front -- and one of the foremost of these activists, Chuck Cushman of Battle Ground, Wash., has in the ensuing decade become one of Pombo's closest associates. His American Land Rights Association remains one of the most visible and potent of the "Wise Use" property-rights group. People in Washington state were first exposed to Cushman's activism back in the early 1990s, when he was first rounding up the troops to support his cause. In those days, the troops included a lot of militia types. Paul DeArmond documented much of this at his Northwest Citizen site, and you can find the details in his exhaustive report, "Wise Use in Northern Puget Sound." As he explains, Cushman was showing up as the keynote speaker at public meetings in Whatcom County, much of it aimed at derailing an environmentalist proposal to create an international ecological preserve out of the North Cascades area. The first of these was March 23, 1994: Skip Richards and CLUE hosted Wise Use leader Chuck Cushman at the Rome Grange on the Mt. Baker Highway, approximately 10 miles east of Bellingham, Washington. The meeting was run by Mr. Richards. Cushman's purpose was to organize support for a protest at a University of Washington conference, "Nature Has No Borders," on proposed administrative changes in the National Forests and National Parks in the North Cascades region. The first speaker at the meeting was Ben Hinkle, who promoted the "Ultimatum Resolution," a Christian Patriot proposal to abolish the federal government. At this same meeting, Hinkle distributed copies of John Trochmann's Militia of Montana flyer, "Executive Orders for the New World Order." On Hinkle's copies, all reference to the Militia of Montana has been replaced with the name of his Populist Party splinter group, Citizens for Liberty. Cushman's presentation focused on the impending seizure of lands by an international group which included the United States and Canadian governments and environmentalists -- whom Mr. Cushman terms "preservationists." Cushman's style of speaking suggested that the seizure would be forcible and would involve the destruction of local homes. This was part of Cushman's approach to recruitment back then, the ugly rhetoric fitting in neatly with the paranoid conspiracy theories that were being floated about on the far right regarding the North Cascades Park proposal. Immediately after Cushman appeared at these meetings, other figures from the far right began recruiting around these issues, as DeArmond explains in an appendix: Chuck Cushman provided the rallying issue for the militia organizers when he toured northern Washington in early 1994 to organize opposition to the North Cascades Park proposal. The resulting furor over a mythical "UN invasion" has vastly exceeded the similar uproar around a hoax about "encephalitis carrying mosquitoes" at the Stone Lakes wildlife refuge in California. In both instances, Cushman has denied responsibility and attempted to distance himself. Cushman has a history of using violent language and threatening tactics. In an interview on "60 Minutes", Cushman related how he encouraged things like video-taping environmentalists, disrupting meetings with noisy livestock or heavy equipment, and other methods of harassment and intimidation. Asked why he did such things, he compared his tactics to "Indians shooting flaming arrows over the wagon trains... to keep them awake at night." At the Rome Grange, Cushman made over thirty references to violent acts in a half-hour speech. In every case, he associated the violence with his opponents. "They want to strangle you," was his most frequent remark. Cushman's set-speech emphasizes violent acts, theft, and arson. These themes repeat themselves over and over, creating the impression that these type of actions define the rules under which he and his supporters must operate. ... Cushman's selection of the North Cascades Park as an issue marked the beginning of a new phase in Wise Use activities in Washington State. The so-called "Park Conspiracy" was used as the main recruiting issue in Washington State by white supremacists and other anti-government extremists who have been forming paramilitary "militias." In October 1994, Skip Richards, Kathy Sutter and Shirley Hardy hosted a group of militia promoters, white supremacists, Constitutionalists and other conspiracy cranks at the Laurel Grange. Ostensibly, the meeting was to discuss the North Cascades Park, but the presentations focussed on conspiracy theories. The initial flyer for the meeting has a subhead that reads, "North Cascades International Ecosystem boundaries will be controlled by electronic fortifications and supervised by the CIA." (emphasis in original.) Several of the speakers -- Ben Sams, Don Kehoe, David Montgomery, Robert Crittenden -- were later involved in sponsoring Bob Fletcher, Randy and David Trochmann of the Militia of Montana at a militia forum held in Maltby, Wash. on February 11, 1995. At Maltby, CLUE member Ben Hinkle spoke about the Citizens for Liberty's recruiting efforts that targeted Whatcom County police. I attended the Maltby meeting, which was concerned almost solely with alarming the audience about the nefarious purposes planned for the park, including the construction of concentration camps and preparing for troop movement -- of United Nations soldiers, naturally -- over the Canadian border. There was an array of tables set up inside the meeting hall promoting all kinds of militia materials, including a range of different tomes about the "New World Order", as well as multiple copies of The Clinton Chronicles. (You can see the latter in the stacks directly in front of the man seated nearest the camera on the left in the photo below.) Some of the booksellers objected to having their picture taken, as you can see. One of these included the man on the far right of this photo. His name is David Trochmann. Trochmann is the cofounder (with his brother John) of the Militia of Montana. He also has some historical notoriety as well: It was Randy Weaver's refusal to participate in an ATF investigation of Trochmann as an informant (for allegedly running guns over the Canadian border with another noted white supremacist, Chuck Howarth) that led to Weaver being charged with gun tampering, which led in turn to the ugly Ruby Ridge incident. Trochmann approached me shortly after I took this picture and wanted to know who I was. It was a friendly enough approach, and I wound up stepping outside and sharing a smoke with him and his son, Randy, during which we chatted. I described this in Chapter 4 of my first book, In God's Country: On my own, I'd found other evidence suggesting the whole Trochmann clan comprised Identity believers. I'd heard in early 1995 from friends in the Sandpoint area that Trochmann had at one time organized Identity Bible studies in the Panhandle. So I decided at the next opportunity to ask the Trochmanns about it. The chance came at a militia meeting in Maltby, Washington, that February. The meeting was at a little barn-red town hall in the semi-rural village, the kind of town where edge dwellers proliferate. Bob Fletcher was the MOM representative that day, but Randy and Dave Trochmann were operating the book-and-video tables where they hawked their wares. They saw me taking pictures of the table and came over and asked who I was. I gave them a card, and we stepped outside for a smoke. Dave Trochmann has the same kind of intense demeanor as his brother, but there's something vaguely unsettling about him. I've known men like him, that hard-eyed working-class kind of man, and they are not people you want to mess with. If you do, they'll fix you and anybody close to you. It's hard to believe that Randy is his son. Randy, a skinny, dark-haired twentysomething, is doe-eyed and easygoing, a little jittery like all the Trochmanns, but you get the feeling he'd find it possible to like you even if you were a liberal. I asked Dave about the Identity Bible studies. Any truth to that? "Well," he said, looking about before answering, "you know, we're not white supremacists. We just think the races should be separate." I'd heard the distinction made before. "We just don't believe in race mixing," Trochmann said. "It's the laws of Nature. You don't see robins and sparrows mating, do you? We don't have a bunch of spobbins flying around." I started explaining the genetic distinction between race and species, but realized it was a useless argument here. "We don't hate other races," Randy said. "We just don't think they should mix. That's all Identity means to us." I let it go at that, and we wandered off to other topics, and eventually back into the meeting hall. Since those beginnings, however, Wise Use advocates like Cushman have learned to adapt their strategy. Having gotten up and running with help of true extremists, they've gradually shifted their tone to one palatable inside the Beltway, giving themselves more of a moderate guise while carrying forward the same radical agenda. Along the way, of course, they've shed many of their old supporters and colleagues, including those from the Patriot movement and from the hard-core property-rights movement. You can see this, for instance, in a recent piece by property-rights activist Carol LaGrasse describing Cushman and Pombo's strategy: Mr. Wigley's e-mail criticized the way I communicated about the Endangered Species Act. He was apparently remarking about either my white paper on the Act, where I pointed to the need to protect private property rights, or, more likely, my recent discussions with American Land Rights Association President Chuck Cushman, where I disagreed with adopting a public strategy directed at "strengthening" the Act while leaving out the need to protect property rights. He admonished me, "We can be as pure and right as we wish -- and we'll lose again! I'm in this battle to win and so is Chairman Pombo." "As for ESA, I'm first in line in conservative views and a desire to pay for property takings, etc. But Carol, don't mistake the language we use to sell the public on the need for change -- with language which will appear in the bill," said his e-mail to my confidential personal address. Indeed, Cushman has managed to largely reinvent himself as a mini-Karl Rove to the power circle that Pombo has cultivated. But if you dig beneath the surface very far, you'll find the same agenda they were promoting in 1994 at those militia meetings. It's just that now, they have a lot more real power, and the capacity to actually carry it off. A recent High Country News profile of Pombo also makes clear that the appearance of moderation these folks are presenting is all for show. At the heart of it is the same determination to eviscerate the nation's environmental laws: As Resources Committee boss, Richard Pombo has roared. In his first two years as chairman, Pombo spent $105,000 on official mailings, almost seven times more than any other House committee spent in the same period. Many of them were partisan tirades against environmental laws. Pombo has targeted not only the Endangered Species Act, but the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Historic Preservation Act, fishing and logging regulations and other environmental laws. In one committee press release in 2004, he attacked the Clinton-era protection of roadless forests in national forests as a "mindless edict" that only benefits "the environmental scare-peddling and fundraising industry." The committee's official Web site offers a taste of Pombo’s view of the world. It defends President Bush's policies on national parks, and it applauds the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's decision not to list the greater sage grouse as endangered — a decision that generated great controversy when it emerged that a high-level political appointee doctored a scientific report on the grouse (HCN, 12/20/04: Rulings keep the West open for business). And though Pombo constantly demands "sound science" in environmental debates, it is in short supply on the Web site. In one report, Pombo advocates oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, claiming it will benefit migrating caribou. "He runs the Resources Committee like his own personal propaganda machine," says Wes Rolley, a Morgan Hill, Calif., activist who runs the "Pombo Watch" Internet blog. "I think 'sound science' is anything that supports what he wants to do." With his party in control of both Congress and the White House, Pombo should be poised to make good on a career’s worth of threats — a possibility that frightens his critics. "The long-range implications of following the path that Pombo is leading us on really haven't gotten the publicity they ought to have," says Jim DiPeso, policy director of Republicans for Environmental Protection. "His priorities in the areas of energy, public lands and wildlife conservation are completely at odds with the best interests of our nation. I cannot think of a worse person to be chairman of the Resources Committee." The story also notes that, like most figures on the far right, his own mythology is actually predicated on bullshit: Pombo has often said that his rage against environmentalists was sparked by a battle with the East Bay Regional Park District in the 1980s. The park district planned to open a hiking trail on an old railroad right-of-way that crossed the Pombo family ranch in the Diablo Range south of Altamont Pass. "The park district sought this abandoned railroad right of way as a recreational trail through the property of two dozen local ranchers and that of my family," he wrote in his 1996 book This Land is Our Land, a brash credo on property rights and the evils of environmentalism. "We were very concerned that it would interfere with our ability to conduct business on our own property." Pombo claimed the park district refused to fence the trail, police it or pick up trash, and that "viewshed" rules would have kept the ranchers from building new structures on their own land. All this, he wrote, and the park district refused to pay the ranchers a dime. But none of this actually happened. The park district did propose a trail on the old rail line, but on a segment some 20 miles away, near San Francisco Bay. At that time, park district boundaries did not include the Pombo family land, Altamont Pass, or anything near it. "The facts have been reported wrong," says Bob Doyle, the district’s assistant general manager, "and it's become part of the robust history." Pombo's co-author on the book, Joseph Farah, says he cannot remember details of the trail story, adding that "I certainly have no interest in researching this." Farah is former editor of the now-defunct Sacramento Union newspaper, and founded WorldNetDaily.com, a news Web site with a conservative bent, based in Grants Pass, Ore. Pombo also claimed, in testimony before a Senate subcommittee in 1994, that his family land was stripped of its value when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declared it "critical habitat" for the endangered San Joaquin kit fox in 1986. In fact, the agency has never designated critical habitat for the fox -- not on Pombo land or anywhere else. Questioned later on the MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour, Pombo admitted he has never been directly affected by a critical habitat designation. Pombo's long association with Joseph Farah underscores the extremist threads that run throughout this power claque. Farah, as I've explained previously, is one of the premier transmitters of right-wing extremism into mainstream conservatism of the past decade. In the late 1990s, he was making a pretty penny for his operations by promoting Y2K-related apocalyptic theories and warning everyone to go into survivalist mode -- just like the militiamen who constituted much of his audience. As Max Blumenthal recently pointed out, Pombo's extremist opportunism isn't just relegated to the ESA; he's also using the recent Gulf Coast hurricanes as yet another excuse to gut even more environmental laws. Chris Mooney's work on the Klamath River fiasco also lays bare how Pombo and the Republicans are twisting science to promote their agenda -- even as the policies produced thereby wreak real havoc on wildlife. (See also Mooney's excellent book, The Republican War on Science, for even more.) And, wouldn't you know? The Klamath Falls scene was also a major recruitment ground for militias. Funny how that works.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line415
__label__wiki	0.698291	0.698291	Sara's Sunday Rant: The Ultimate Betrayal by Sara Robinson Less than two months ago, during my first week here at Orcinus, I wrote the second segment of my series, Cracks In The Wall (which Dave swears he's gonna put all the links to in the margin any day now, really). In that post, I combined John Dean's observations in his book Conservatives Without Conscience with my personal knowledge of the fundamentalist terrain, and listed some of the more common triggering events that inspire individual fundamentalists to start seeking alternatives to authoritarian religion. The very first item I listed -- in no small part because, in my experience, it's the most important and common one of the bunch -- was Betrayal By Authority. Here's what I said about it: Dean notes that authoritarian followers voluntarily choose their leaders, usually on the basis of how strongly those leaders support the follower's belief system. Cultural or political leaders who don't support the belief system (for example, federal court judges, scientists, progressive celebrities) are seen as illegitimate authorities, and become targets of followers' aggression. We've all come up against these people, and have been totally confounded with their "my leader can do no wrong" attitude. They believe outrageous lies, and forgive all manner of sins. Democratic strategists keep trying to run campaigns that will reach these people on the basis of evidence and fact -- and are perplexed to find their attempts at education totally rebuffed. George Bush may have lied us into a war, wrecked our economy, saddled our great-grandchildren with debt, savaged the poor, and alienated the entire world; but he is Our Leader, and we will always take his word over anyone else's. We do not accept you as a legitimate authority. We don't care what you have to say, because you have no standing at all in our little world. Mere political or cultural betrayal, no matter how destructive, does not cut through this piece of the wall. The guilt-evaporation process applies to both followers and leaders: you must forgive all wrongs committed by someone inside the fold. Our leader didn't lie; he was misunderstood, his words distorted by our enemies. Besides, he would never lie to us. Besides, he is just following orders -- or God's will, which is beyond our understanding. Besides, our own forgiveness depends on our ability to forgive, and so we will -- never mind the contradictions. And yet, even so: There is one -- and only one -- sin so heinous that it cannot be rationalized away by the authoritarian thought process. It is this: the leader's main job is to protect his abused and terrified horde from personal harm (or, for that matter, any sudden negative change to their immediate status quo). A leader who wantonly allows one of his followers to intimately experience such harm breaks that contract. It is in that moment of betrayal that some followers come to their senses, and start looking for a reckoning. It's important to note: the betrayal must be an intensely personal breach that has a deep, immediate, life-changing impact on the individual follower. Fundies don't think in abstracts. Big national debts, epic political prevarications, and other people's suffering (even on a global scale) do not impress them. But there are plenty of authoritarian parents across the country who proudly sent a son or daughter off to war -- and later received that precious child home under cover of darkness, in a wooden box, with minimal explanation. That's the kind of personal and profound loss I'm talking about. For many of these patriotic parents, it was also the searing moment of deep betrayal that broke the spell and shoved them off in the direction of the Wall. Among fundies, the most common perpetrators of these betrayals are parents -- particularly fathers -- and pastors. As the most intimate authorities in their followers' lives, they're at close enough range to inflict the kind of high-impact personal damage that's necessary to create the first crack. Many of the ex-fundies I know made their break in the aftermath of sexual abuse, ruinous financial treachery, public humiliation, or power grabs that threatened their marriages or children. They saw, in devastatingly vivid color, what their leaders were capable of. Their endless loyalty was shattered, because they realized it was not being returned in kind. Such betrayals break through because they offend several of the follower characteristics Dean lists. The betrayed follower is no longer bound to submit to or give loyalty to an unworthy authority. Nor are they bound by the rules, because the authority charged with enforcing them has broken them. (While this was forgiveable in the abstract, in this case the consequences are too personal and acute to ignore.) They are brought face-to-face with the contradictions and hypocrisies in a shocking and unforgiveable way. Having felt the sting of the leader's aggression, they may realize the true cost of aggressively defending that leader -- and thus become more acutely sensitized to intolerance, bullying, and mean-spiritedness. Perhaps most importantly: having their own boundaries so heinously violated makes them suddenly aware (as most authoritarian followers are not) that they have their own legitimate emotional, physical, and social needs; and that they deserve to have those needs respected and met. Once that self-awareness is awakened, the soon-to-be-ex fundie can be seen making a beeline for the Wall. Two months ago, I couldn't have imagined in my wildest dreams that the Ultimate Betrayal would arrive so quickly. I doubt any of us could have. But that's exactly what we're seeing this week in the aftermath of the Hastert/Reynolds/Shimkus debacle. As my theory predicted, the perpetrator was a conservative male in a position of authority, and the issue was sexual abuse. The Foley affair touches maybe a few hundred familes of pages and former pages, and a handful of members of Congress. Even so, it fits the above picture closely, because it's the kind of betrayal that every parent, no matter what their political persuasion, feels absolutely viscerally. We know, in our bones, that most of us would commit bodily mayhem on someone who attempted to molest our kids. It violates our most primal instincts, and awakens our will to righteous violence like few other threats in the human experience. It may be even more acute for women -- and most especially, women in the red states. Blue-state women tend to be more worldly and educated, more aware of their rights, and thus more skilled in dealing with the world's ample supply of creeps. They also spend most of their time dealing with blue state men, who tend to be a bit more egalitarian in their habits (though, as anyone who watched Dateline last night knows, are apparently no less prone to move in on a 13-year-old if they think they can get away with it). Red-state women are the ones who have to deal most intimately with overentitled authoritarian men who regard women as their property. They get to call cops who will decline to take reports or refer for prosecution; face down bosses who think that sexual access comes with the paycheck; and live their lives in the company of men -- even those in their own families who should know better -- who will do whatever it takes to convince themselves that "I know him -- he'd never do that" and besides, "she had it coming." In this hostile environment, the only defense a woman has is bind herself to the contract that defines the conservative view of male-female relationships. She gives a man her devotion and submission. In return, he promises to provide for and protect her and her children -- even at the cost of his own life. That's the honor code "traditional families" live by, and the only safety women in authoritarian systems have. These guys broke that contract. Conservative women put their trust in guys like Hastert. They gave him their devotion and support. According to the code, these guys were honor-bound to put themselves on the line for the women and children under their protective care. But when the bad guys came to town -- the very same bad guys they'd been specifically hollering about for decades as the number one reason that we all absolutely must submit to their protection -- our chicken-livered heroes were nowhere to be found. For both male and female authoritarians followers, this is a profound moment of reckoning. We can make fun of the GOP's frantic attempts to evaporate guilt -- like I did in the post below -- because we know that this time, they've finally committed the offense that transcends any attempts at evaporation. There is nothing anyone can say to make this go away. There is no forgiveness possible. If you've spent 25 years insisting your first priority in the world was to protect people's kids from evil, and then you wantonly refused to stand up and act when evil appeared and the fate of children was directly in your hands, then you have deprived your followers of the shelter they thought they'd found in submitting to you. You have failed to deliver; and those who trusted you will rightly turn on you without mercy. That's why the faithful are experiencing this loss as a personal one. "They saw, in devastatingly vivid color, what their leaders were capable of. Their endless loyalty was shattered, because they realized it was not being returned in kind." This week, the wall is going to come tumbling down for a great many soft-core authoritarian followers. They have, in my words, "been brought face-to-face with the contradictions and hypocrisies of their leadership in a shocking and unforgiveable way." According to their own values system, the GOP has proven itself to be an unworthy authority -- which means that they are no longer bound to give it their loyalty, submission, or support. Now is the time for us to step forward and make a clear case that these are the consequences of supporting such people. More than a few of soon-to-be-former Republicans are going to be ready to hear what we have to say, and we need to be prepared to have those conversations. A lot of the talk is likely to center on the strict sexual moral code of the "moral values" promoters. While the hard core followers will never let go of the belief that all gays are pedophiles, the more thoughtful soft core are going to be entertaining some disturbing realizations. Repression does not stop evil. Denial does not protect children. Whatever else happens, the right-wing's impossible ideological fantasies about power, sex, morality, and authority have been thrown open to re-examination. If we're going to be ready to discuss this, there are a few things it's good to be clear on ourselves. 1. It was his own episode of sexual abuse, plus forty years in the closet, that warped Mark Foley. (Odds are that his abuser was warped for life in much the same way, as was his abuser, and on back into antiquity.) His secret devastated scores of families, his supporters, and the most powerful political party in the world. All this pain, all this damage, is precisely why the sexual abuse of children is such a heinous crime. 2. Studies done by the Commonwealth Fund and Guttmacher in the 90s found that, in America, 12% of boys and 25% of girls are sexually abused by the time they turn 18. Most of these kids, in one way or another, will never be the same. 3. It's not unusual for them to lose confidence in themselves, launching a lifelong pattern of underachievement that undercuts their ability to realize their talents and make their full contribution to our common enterprise. 4. Many of them struggle with sexual dysfunctions and emotional problems that will complicate marriage and parenthood in the years ahead, adding to our divorce and family woes. 5. They may lose track of their sense of personal boundaries, and thus are more likely to become sexually promiscuous or physically aggressive adults. 6. Later in life, they are more susceptible to chronic disease (the correlations between childhood abuse and the development of common autoimmune diseases like lupus, MS, or myalgic encephalomyelitis in later life among women are particularly staggering), which creates tremendous health care bills and deprives us of their productivity. 7. As I noted in an earlier post, many of them are drawn into authoritarian belief systems in an effort to control their unresolved pain -- which has important implications here for the continued health of our entire democracy. 8. And, of course, some percentage of those abused kids -- the vast majority of them boys -- will go on to become abusers themselves, thus perpetuating the damage for another generation. None of this is trivial stuff. How can it be, when 18% of us -- over 50 million Americans -- are walking wounded? There's not a family in the country, red or blue, that's not been touched by the shadow of this crime. Every predator we stop now, and every kid we manage to protect, is an incremental step toward a much healthier society down the road. It's an investment in the future we can't NOT afford to make. Creeps like Foley are a nasty little secret we can no longer afford to dismiss, ignore, shrug off, or shift the blame on. The equally dangerous creeps who did just that are no longer worthy to hold positions of power and authority in this country, either. And the everyday Americans who put those creeps in power in the first place should be forced to reckon with the fact that it was their own blind and misplaced support of that leadership that betrayed the pages and their families. The only silver lining is that those same choices betrayed 25 years of right-wing ambition as well. Updated for corrections Posted by Sara Robinson at 7:00 PM No comments: Seven days since the Foley scandal broke, and the list of GOP-designated Official Scapegoats is already almost a dozen strong and still growing. So far, the list of possible fall guys and gals includes all the usual suspects, plus a few original ones: The GOP Gay Cabal Bill Clinton (yes, it's a stretch, but they couldn't walk away from it on a bet) Tolerance and diversity training The pages themselves Or maybe it's nobody's fault. Apparently, if you're a Republican, this behavior can simply be considered normal. In that case: what's all the fuss about, anyway? So far, they're only missing evolution, abortion, Al Qaida, and the International Zionist Conspiracy. Oh, yeah, and Denny Hastert and Tom Reynolds. But deflecting blame from them is the whole point of the exercise, so I doubt we'll be hearing much about them. If you come across any more Usual Suspects to add to this list, drop 'em in the comments. Final Update, Monday 10/9 OK, here's the full and complete list of Those To Be Blamed that our intrepid commenters have aggregated so far: Their parents The Liberal Media and George Soros who not only counts for himself but also The International Zionist Conspiracy And the full list of Suspects To Be Named Later includes: The NAACP Organized labor The Freemasons The UN Oil for Food program Even if they don't get to all these scapegoats this time (though you're doing a great job, GOP -- keep up the good work!), keep this list handy for future scandals! God, evolution, and guns Josh Rosenau at Thoughts From Kansas spotted this banner from Answers from Genesis, making a connection we're starting to hear a lot more: Those school shootings? Why, it's all because we teach evolution in the schools! The script in the ad spells it out: As a society, we reap the consequences of the unquestioned acceptance of the belief in evolution every day. It diminishes your worth and reduces human beings from being made "in the image of God" to being mere players in the game of survival of the fittest. This is a line of reasoning we just heard in a more prominent place: This country is in a moral free-fall. For over two generations, the public school system has taught in a moral vacuum, expelling God from the school and from the government, replacing him with evolution, where the strong kill the weak, without moral consequences and life has no inherent value. We teach there are no absolutes, no right or wrong. And I assure you the murder of innocent children is always wrong, including by abortion. Abortion has diminished the value of children. Suicide has become an acceptable action and has further emboldened these criminals. And we are seeing an epidemic increase in murder-suicide attacks on our children. Sadly, our schools are not safe. In fact, we now witness that within our schools. Our children have become a target of terrorists from within the United States. What a strange, genuinely perverse view of evolution and biology. Properly taught, biology only tends to instill in students a deeper sense of wonder appreciation for nature -- for God's creation, if you will -- and for the intrinsic value of life. And "removing God from the classroom" only means ensuring that every student's religious beliefs are respected. Let's be frank about what is involved in a majority of these high-school shootings: a psychotic reaction to a high-school culture that permits intensive and incessant bullying and social intimidation. The latter is decidedly a product of an authoritarian mindset; returning to a system of school-sanctioned fundamentalist religious beliefs -- with all their authoritarianism intact -- would only heighten these tendencies, creating greater stratification along religious lines and drawing clearer "in group" and "out group" classes. Indeed, what's worth noting is that the most effective programs in defusing situations like those at Columbine and elsewhere are those that try to attack the culture of bullying. One of the foremost of these is the Teaching Tolerance program that focuses on promoting an environment of inclusiveness in our schools and short-circuiting the cliqueishness and bigotry that travels hand-in-glove with bullying behavior. However, these same programs are under attack by the religious right precisely because they promote cultural tolerance and try to prevent bullying -- including the most common kind, gay-bashing. And of course, being multicultural in their orientation, these programs tend to undermine right-wing authoritarianism as well. If fundamentalists want to point the finger of blame, they should be pointed to their own back yards. After all, it should be noted that the ad above can easily be read another way: Not a Christian? Then your life is forfeit. This is a mentality that fits readily into the Christian warrior video-game mentality that keeps bubbling up from the religious right. Fundamentalist Christians, in truth, have their own version of "survival of the fittest": Only those who are "saved" are worth saving, and the rest are condemned. If they want to know where kids get these attitudes, they should examine the messages they send them. This black-and-white worldview plays out in social groupings, in cliques, in deciding who gets bullied. Where do kids get the idea that life is cheap, that the strong dominate the weak, that morality, honor and decency are irrelevant in a culture where winning is all that matters? They don't get taught that in their biology classes. No, they get it every day in their schools from participating in the culture: from the jocks and "in group" kids who dominate; from the teachers who coddle them; and from the larger world around them, where the ethics-deprived are more likely to become rich and the ruthless more likely to succeed -- all part of a system of "free enterprise" capitalism that the fundamentalist right celebrates. And if you don't fit in? Well, you're just worthless. A non-entity. Your life forfeit. So when right-wing Christians run an ad with a gun pointing at us, regardless of what they think they might be saying, it's hard not to first recall just who it is that likes to stock up on those items in the first place. And who, down the road, we are more likely to be seeing on the other side of that barrel. The Irony of It All In the end, it might just turn out that the net effect of the Foley debacle could be more evangelicals at the polls this fall -- as well as a much more complicated and nuanced gay rights debate in the years ahead. The GOP has been worried about turning out their evangelical faithful this year -- and with good reason. James Dobson, Pat Robertson, and other leaders on far religious right have been squealing ever since last spring that the Republicans had better straighten up and deliver on their social agenda, or their voters might just stay home this fall. As summer turned to fall, their outrage got increasingly louder -- and the September polls began to back up the reality that this time, they may not be bluffing. But, as Rove only knows, there's always a way to get those folks to the polls. They've been trained for 25 years to respond with Pavlovian reliability to the dog-whistle call of two issues -- abortion and gay rights -- by lining right up in front of the voting booths. If there are pregnant women to harass or faggots to flog, they will be there, salivating under their Sunday hats, without fail. 2006 was shaping up to be a quiet year on both fronts. Somehow, those brilliant GOP strategists weren't able to get anything issuized in time to hang a campaign on it. Maybe they noted the extreme disappointment on the far right, and made a calculated decision that the so-called values voters were getting too skeptical and restive, and wouldn't stand for another round of bait-and-switch. Maybe they were distracted, thrown off their game by the continuing stream of bad news from Iraq. For what ever reason, it was looking for a while there like this would be the first campaign year in memory without some abortion- or gay-related issue occupying the front and center of the GOP's campaign. Foley changed all that. Ironically, the net effect of this debacle may be to bring the homosexual bogeyman back to the fore -- and, thus, the evangelical base back to the polls for an election they were otherwise determined to sit out. You can see the outlines of this already spinning into place. The right-wing blogs and media are already inferring that this whole mess was the direct result of a "gay cabal" in the GOP that wielded enough power in the House to keep this thing covered up for over a decade. The implication will not be lost on the faithful: This is all the fault of those Satanic gays and their Satanic gay agenda again. Only this time, the conspirators are right here inside our own party! The only way to purge the evildoers will be to get out to the polls and vote out everyone with any connection to this plot. Witch-hunts R us! Pack up a picnic basket, and bring the whole family! And, of course, it proves once again (and perhaps once and for all) that they were right all along about that homosexual=pedophile calculus, too. You put these guys anywhere near kids, and they'll seduce them and recruit them to the homosexual agenda. It is, after all, the only way they can reproduce. We told you so. And now, you liberal idiots are never going to hear the end of it. We're going to jam this in your teeth every time gay rights gets mentioned for the next 20 years. The problem here, of course, (as I mentioned last week) is that liberals don't equate homosexuality with pedophilia because most of the gays on our side of the spectrum tend to be well-integrated and comfortable with themselves. They're out, they're self-aware, and they've been allowed the chance to grow into their own adult sexuality. They're grownups, with normal lives and normal relationships. Since these are the gays we know, we're quite clear that gay men aren't any more likely to be child molesters than straight men are. When we talk about gay issues, these are the people we've got in mind. But, as we're learning this week, when conservatives say that gays are pedophiles, they may also be accurately reporting what they see on their own side. As I've discussed here before, a core reason people become conservative because they're afraid of losing control. (Words like "repressed" and "tightly wound" may apply here.) Psychologists who work with pedophiles -- both hetero and homo -- say that virtually all of them suffered some major innocence-shattering life trauma when they were at a similar age as their victims. Their psychosexual development stopped right there, and never went any further. Thus, in a real sense, pedophiles are sexually still children themselves, and thus simply seeking out their developmental peers. It follows that somebody who sustained a severe trauma like that in adolescence -- especially if the trauma was all bound up with the dawning awareness that they were attracted to other men -- might become a) conservative and b) a potential pedophile. The whole desperate quest for control began with the need to control their own unresolved desires, and radiated out from there to form the foundation of their entire worldview. The upshot here is that, if you're a Republican, it seems quite possible that an unusual number of the gays you know really are pretty sick and twisted characters who prey on boys. Evidently, there's a nonstop parade of these guys in God's Own Party: in fact, what we're seeing this week is that they're so pervasive that Sidney Blumenthal recently called the GOP the "largest walk-in closet in Washington." Which means that we may need to realize that when our conservative friends start going on about those gay child sex perverts, they're just calling it exactly as they see it. And we, in response, think of the well-adjusted, healthy gay folk we know, and wonder what in the hell they're talking about. It may be time for both sides to consider the possibility that, just maybe, we are both telling the truth. Or, at least, two different truths about the same issue. The irony here, of course, is that the right wing uses perversion as their excuse to stigmatize gays, without understanding that it's that very stigma that creates the perversion in the first place. This is what happens when gay adolescents are shamed, sanctioned, and threatened to the point where their natural progression into adult sexuality is stunted. For generations, pubescent Catholic boys cursed with these forbidden stirrings got religion, swore off sex entirely, and entered the priesthood -- and we all know how well that turned out for everyone concerned. Now the Republicans are reaping the same whirlwind. It's going to be damned ironic if their turnout this year actually increases due to the sin discovered in their own ranks. Posted by Sara Robinson at 11:46 AM No comments: The other scandal I think Barbara at Mahablog and Eric Alterman have it right: What is currently driving me the craziest, however, are the variations on this story. The upshot is this. Tenet briefed Condi Rice about a potentially catastrophic terrorist attack on the United States on July 10, 2001. Rice ignored the briefing, just as she and Bush both ignored the August 6 "Bin Laden Determined to Strike in US" memo, when Bush told the CIA briefer who delivered the memo to him that he had "covered his ass" and then went fishing for the rest of the day. Rice not only ignored the briefing, but also misled the 9-11 Commission and then lied when confronted with the evidence by Bob Woodward. Add her name to the long list of Bush administration officials who will leave office with the blood of thousands of innocents on her hands, and who was promoted by Bush for exactly that reason. Greg Mitchell has more here. Of course Rice should be fired, and perhaps tried, but instead she will be given the Presidential Medal of Freedom and Bush will run another campaign on how Democrats cannot be trusted to protect you from the terrorists he's created. As Barbara points out, keeping the Foley scandal alive actually helps distract the press -- and the left generally -- from the larger issue of the Bush administration's utter incompetence, before and after 9/11, on national security and combating terrorism effectively. That was going to be the conversation going into the election; now it's the morals of the House leadership. It also makes for a handy excuse after the election, which is shaping up as a disaster for the GOP -- it's all Hastert's fault! From a Rovian perspective, there are many perfectly good reasons for offering Hastert the White House's support. After all, as Greg Mitchell explains, the upshot of the Rice matter is that not only was she given an explicit warning about attacks inside the United States on July 10, 2001, she apparently hid that fact from the 9/11 commission, and lied about having received such a warning afterward: So, if the story is confirmed -- Woodward's track record is strong -- Rice should quit. But let's see what Tenet and Black and any documents say in the days ahead. My check of her testimony before the 9/11 Commission in 2004 reveals that not only did Rice not disclose this meeting with the two men -- she also gave misleading information about the level of threats to the homeland that she learned about that summer. How do we square Black's account (in the Woodward book) of that July 10, 2001, meeting -- "The only thing we didn't do was pull the trigger to the gun we were holding to her head" -- and Rice's statement to the 9/11 Commission, "There was no threat reporting of any substance about an attack coming in the United States"? Of course, as I recently pointed out, Rice's testimony to the 9/11 commission was later found to be misleading in many other ways, particularly inflating the scope and level of its response to threat information. It all is incomprehensible indeed, until one takes into account the hard reality that's emerging as the facts are unveiled: the Bush administration was asleep at the wheel before Sept. 11, it has veered us off into a ditch in Iraq in the succeeding years, and its overall handling of national security and the "war on terror" has resembled nothing so much as a pack of frat kids on a weeklong bender with Daddy's Hummer. Mind you, I think that the overall picture which emerges from the Rice scandal -- of the moral turpitude and utter lack of accountability for Republicans under conservative rule -- merges neatly with the Foley scandal. It should and could be part of a larger conversation we need to be having about just what kind of government conservative ideology produces. Predatorgate is an important scandal because of what it reveals about Republican governance. But so is the Rice matter. At the next press conference with Tony Snow, reporters need to be asking more about it. Such as: Why, exactly, did Ms. Rice fail to inform the 9/11 commission of the July 10 meeting with Tenet and Black? And why did she deny its existence? The voting public would like to know. Naming the enemy In their desperation push back on the Predatorgate Scandal, conservatives are now even publishing the identities of some of the pages involved; the ever-execrable Drudge Report and Little Green Footballs have been leading the charge, but of course there has been a whole phalanx of little pilers-on. UPDATE: It's now spread to such leading lights of the conservative blogosphere as Glenn Reynolds and Roger Simon. It's all part of a "blame the victims" routine (currently favored by Rush Limbaugh and Michael Savage), as if that might actually convince anyone beyond the Kool-Aid addicts who lap up their every syllable. Problem is, this kind of behavior actually just further exposes their morality for the fetid cloaca it is. You know it's a stinking heap of an idea when even Malkin is balkin'. And while it's good to see Michelle come around on this issue, it's amusing to see her characterize this as "sinking to the level of the liberal witch hunters." Oh, does she mean such "witch hunts" as the evil New York Times Travel Section plot to expose our national leaders to terrorists? More to the point: just how, Michelle, does this qualitatively differ from those peace activists whose names and phone numbers you published? Ah well. I suppose it's nice to see her come around, though getting her to admit she was wrong before will never happen. At least she now understands that there is a real problem here. And that is the trend toward exposing individual citizens and their private lives, particularly in a way that invites invasion and retribution, and using the Internet to do it. I'm sure that the cretins busy exposing the pages' identities think it's all fair in love and politics. But if you want to get a look at the kind of place this behavior takes us to, take a trip over to merrie olde England, where the Web is being used to organize physical attacks against liberals, journalists, and antiracist activists. As this disturbing report from Matthew Taylor at The Guardian explains, a white-supremacist site called Redwatch has been posting photographs and private contact information about various targets of its wrath -- particularly people who are critical of the far-right British National Party -- and thugs are then carrying out attacks on them: The attack, which left the long-time union activist with serious injuries, was the latest and most violent incident in a campaign of intimidation that has been waged against opponents of the far right in the UK over the past five years. Like hundreds of people who have spoken out against the rise of the British National Party and other extremist groups, McFadden's picture and home address have been collected by far right activists and posted on a website called Redwatch. The site, which has links with the neo-Nazi organisation Combat 18 and a host of European fascist organisations, is hosted in the US but registered and run from the UK. It lists the personal details and shows the photographs of anti-racists - many taken during protests against the British National Party - alongside the slogan: "Remember places, traitors' faces, they'll all pay for their crimes." This month a delegation of MPs and union activists will visit the Home Office to call for the site to be closed down. It is a familiar refrain and in the past officials have argued that because the site is hosted abroad, there is nothing they can do. However, Redwatch's sister site in Poland, which was also hosted in the US, was recently closed down after collaboration between authorities in the the two countries, and Home Office minister Vernon Coaker has agreed to champion the campaign within government. Redwatch was launched in 2001 and takes its name from a Combat 18 newsletter produced in London in the 1990s. For the first few years it was just another online talking shop for hardline racists and fascists, offensive and unpleasant but apparently not dangerous. However, in April 2003, those behind the site signalled that Redwatch meant business. Leeds school teachers Sally Kincaid and Steve Johnson had been involved in local campaigns against the BNP and other far-right groups for years. Then their personal details appeared on Redwatch following a demonstration they had attended in the Pudsey area of the city. A couple of weeks later they suffered a fire-bomb attack at their home, which left their car burned out. The incident was a turning point. Those featured on Redwatch were no longer being subjected to threats and harassment but to physical attacks. In the months that followed, journalists, politicians and local anti-racist activists were listed on the website. Among those targeted was Peter Lazenby, a journalist on the Yorkshire Evening Post, whose picture now adorns the front page of the site. He has been a long-time opponent of the far right, and has won awards for his reports on the BNP, which gained its first councillor in Leeds in May. Especially disturbing is how difficult it's proven to bring Redwatch's activities to a halt, even as evidence mounted of a massive campaign to target a broad range of private citizens at their homes: Six months after the attack on the Leeds schoolteachers, an investigation by the Guardian and Searchlight shed light on the true nature of Redwatch, uncovering a secret hitlist of targets, including social workers, journalists and politicians. Only a handful of known neo-Nazis had access to the secure email network that listed the names and addresses of targets as well as plans for attacks on anti-racists in their homes or during public meetings. One subscriber, who called himself Mole Intelligence Bureau, wrote: "Redwatch has accumulated many names and addresses, along with pictures of the targets, many of whom have had nothing done to them. Now's the time to start a proper campaign of violence and intimidation towards those who seek to see us silenced or imprisoned for our beliefs." ... The network listed dozens of people "for further research", including the divisional police commanders for Dewsbury and Huddersfield, the chief executive of Kirklees Council, the director of a West Yorkshire health authority and housing officers. For many anti-fascists this was final proof that Redwatch represented a serious threat. Known neo-Nazis with violent criminal pasts were planning to step up their campaign of intimidation and were planning attacks against specific targets. The evidence was passed to the then Home Secretary David Blunkett and officials declared that action was imminent. But after examining the details, the Home Office again said that because the site was hosted in the US there was little they could do - listing public information online is not a crime and the website is full of disclaimers. Following an initial meeting in August with a delegation of MPs, trade unionists and anti-racists, Coaker agreed to champion the cause. According to Home Office officials, he is in discussion with senior police officers, and contact has also been made with the US authorities to see if it is possible to take joint action. That appeared to come a step closer recently when it emerged that a new legal opinion published in the US argues that the site is not protected under the first amendment. In a separate development, anti-racist campaigners say they have identified the main Redwatch organiser and have passed his details to the police. Of course, this situation echoes the one I described taking place in the Flathead Valley of Montana a few years ago. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the same sort of problem cropped back up again recently when locals decided to protest the presence of their new neighborsthe "Prussian Blue" Gaede twins: The flyers Kushner-Metteer and her neighbors passed out read "NO HATE HERE" on the front, with a letter on the back explaining the Gaedes' politics. Local media covered the event, and since then, Kushner-Metteer and other families say they have gotten a frightening response. Postings by members of Stormfront.org and Libertyforum.com, community sites for those who share beliefs similar to National Vanguard's, included addresses and phone numbers for Kushner-Metteer and others involved in passing out the flyers. The sites also posted a photograph of a mother and her daughter, published by the Daily Inter Lake, as they distributed the flyers. The information posted for Kushner-Metteer, though, is wrong. It turns out to be that of an elderly couple living in Kalispell whose last name happens to be Metteer. That couple, according Kalispell Police Chief Frank Garner, has received threatening letters and phone calls meant for Kushner-Metteer. Kushner-Metteer says police shared one letter with her that reads, "Red-blooded, white, American men are going to come to your door and make you regret what you’ve done." "We're very concerned about our safety," says Kushner-Metteer. If I recall correctly, "red-blooded American men" were often described as comprising lynch mobs during their heyday. You've got wonder if we're creating a whole new generation of them. Attacking tolerance Well, we're starting to get a taste of the conservative movement's pushback to the Predatorgate Scandal: It's all the fault of those gay people. If we didn't have to tolerate them, this sort of thing wouldn't happen. This was explained to us by Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council, who told a national CNN audience that "when you hold up tolerance and diversity, this is what you end up getting." A press release from the FRC spells it out: We are all shocked by this spectacle of aberrant sexual behavior, but we shouldn't be. This is the end result of a society that rejects sexual restraints in the name of diversity. When a 16-year-old boy is not safe from sexual solicitation from an elected representative of the people, we should question the moral direction of our nation. If our children aren't safe in the halls of Congress, where are they safe? Maybe it's time to question: when is tolerance just an excuse for permissiveness? It certainly appears that the FRC would like to forbid homosexuals from serving in Congress, since that seems to be the kind of "tolerance" they are decrying here. But of course, what this is really all about is turning this sordid case of Republican amorality into a talking point for the religious right's current agenda -- namely, their assault on the very concept of tolerance. Remember the Spongebob foofara? Same song, earlier verse. And those attacks, likewise, are part of a broader assault on the very concept of multiculturalism. Of course, it shouldn't need saying, but for this crowd it obviously does, so here goes: There is nothing in the concept of multicultural tolerance that advocates acceptance of sexually abusive behavior. Mark Foley's indiscretions are no more representative of gay people than the recent school massacres in Pennsylvania, Colorado, and Montreal reflect heterosexual males. As I've pointed out previously, this assault on the very concept of tolerance cuts a swath that is much broader than merely the issue of sexual preference. It also attacks religious, racial, and ethnic tolerance. When religious beliefs become a cover that allows us to no longer tolerate gays and lesbians, then they readily become a cover for racial and religious bigotry too. There are a number of self-described Christians who openly preach anti-Semitism and hatred of racial minorities; who is to say which form of religion-inspired intolerance is more justifiable than another? Remember, too, that the concept of multicultural tolerance arose primarily as a response to the then-dominant American worldview of white supremacy. Those who argue against it rarely say -- beyond a "Bible based" society -- what they would replace it with. But the common touchstone to which they all harken is the pre-Civil Rights era, when all these forms of bigotry were not merely tolerated but encouraged. So it shouldn't surprise us that, away from the rarefied air of cable TV, these kinds of verbal assaults against tolerance wind up encouraging the very sector -- white supremacists -- from which these sorts of arguments have traditionally emanated. Over the last weekend, the Columbia River town of Longview, Wash., was hit hard by neo-Nazi vandals who spray-painted swastikas and white-supremacist slogans around the town: White supremacist graffiti was spray-painted across 10 Longview locations overnight Friday, marring property and the town's image, city leaders said. Longview police said 10 buildings, vehicles or signs had been found with spray-painted slogans or symbols as of Saturday afternoon and urged anyone who knows about it to talk to authorities. The affected area stretched from the 800 block of Ninth Avenue out to the skate park at 28th Avenue and Douglas Street, said Officer Mike Rabideau. As of Saturday police had no suspects. Some of the victims were black, but others appear to have been targeted at random. Swastikas as well as the words "white war" and SWP -- which stands for supreme white power -- were found on several of the sites. The vandals apparently had a prime target: a multicultural church that catered to minorities of all backgrounds, and a significant advocate for "tolerance" in the community: A church targeted over the weekend found swastikas on its doors earlier this year. Then last month, someone broke in and stole their stereo equipment and microphones. Church leaders believe it was the work of white supremacists who are trying to silence them. Sunday morning, the House of Prayer church found a black swastika on their door. Despite efforts to remove the symbol, a dim outline of it remains. Churchgoers were stunned and baffled: Hart, who is black, said he and his parents grew up here and while there were minor incidents of discrimination, he'd never "seen anything like this." Hart said he's heard there are Aryan Nations members living in town and speculated that someone with those beliefs would object to the black and Latino residents that frequent both the park and church. "It kind of shakes you up," said E.M. Jackson, the church's 95-year-old bishop. "They're trying to stir something up but I don't really know what it is." Turn on your cable news channels and you can see what it is. These people are hearing their own longstanding complaints against "tolerance" and multiculturalism being parroted by national conservative-movement figures. They're being told that they were right all along. They're being encouraged by religious leaders like Tony Perkins and James Dobson. And they're eager to take it to the next step. It shouldn't surprise us, then, when these kinds of acts are the result. Hypocrisy, thy name is conservative Worth noting: the right-wing Beltway organ the Washington Times is calling for the resignation of House Speaker Dennis Hastert in the wake of the Predatorgate Scandal. Normally, one might simply welcome this news. Hey, at least some conservatives -- unlike, say, Gary Bauer -- understand that Hastert's role in covering up the scandal and allowing a known predator to remain in the positions he held goes beyond mere misfeasance. But then, one also has to note that this is coming from a paper whose own human-resources director, Randall Casseday, was recently arrested on charges of soliciting sex with a 13-year-old girl via the Internet. Casseday, as Max Blumenthal reports, played a central role in creating an abusive culture at the Times newsroom: According to two sources who have dealt directly with Casseday, the accused sex criminal has played a central role in stonewalling internal investigations into the racist and sexually predatory behavior of Times managing editor Fran Coombs, and did so on orders from Joo and Pruden. "Whatever Joo, Pruden and Coombs wanted, Casseday did," a senior staffer in the Times newsroom told me today. "Casseday literally was their hatchet man, the hit man for Pruden, Coombs and Joo. Now the whole story is exploding that they had a ticking time bomb all these years and they did nothing. There was no background check or anything." So, you have a paper tainted by sex-predator scandal accusing politicians who covered up their own sex-predator scandal of gross impropriety. Whew. What a stink is coming from the right side of the fence these days. 'Incomprehensible' "You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means." Torture and fascism [Nazi torture implements. From Museum of World War II.] It wasn't exactly a coincidence that my Adbusters piece earlier this year on fascism and the American right ran in the magazine's issue on torture. Though the piece doesn't specifically discuss torture, the subject of the piece -- "Is right-wing America becoming fascist?" -- constitutes the bottom line of the ramifications of the emergence of the United States as a bona fide torture state. It's not that torture is unique to fascism. It has, after all, been around since the Dark Ages, and remained alive as a component of theocratic and feudal states for centuries. Certainly it has always been a commonplace feature of communist regimes as well, with the Soviets and Chinese providing abundant examples. What can be said generally is that torture is a feature of totalitarianism, regardless of its content. But it occupies a unique position in the fascist ideological hierarchy, which is, after all, not so much a cohesive ideology but a multifaceted pathology. What makes fascism so potent on a personal level is its psychosexual component, expressed mostly as a desire to purge "unhealthy" elements through eliminationist violence, including the control of the body of the Other, and the ability to inflict purgative pain and suffering on that body. (For more on this, see Klaus Theweleit's study of this aspect of fascism, Male Fantasies, especially Vol. II.) Fascists are particularly fond of torture because it represents such a complete expression of the fascist will to power. So when a nation adopts torture as an officially condoned policy -- as the United States has just done -- it immediately raises the specter that, indeed, it may be descending into the fascist abyss. Tristero made this point the other day in typically straightforward fashion. And while I'm not quite ready to reach his conclusion -- that we are now living in a fascist state -- I do think that Sept. 28, 2006, will wind up as a benchmark date in our gradual but steady march toward that end. It's not just the legalization of torture that raises this specter; it's how it came about. Namely, this policy was adopted, and sold both to the public and Congress, specifically as (A) a response to an insurmountable threat so great that it required "going beyond" the previously accepted norms of wartime behavior, (B)an express capitulation to the wartime powers of President Bush, contingent upon his superior judgment and instincts, ceding him illimitable powers beyond any known precedent, and (C) a bit of pre-election political theater specifically designed to portray liberals and Democrats as likely sympathizers who were "soft" on terrorists, and played that way by the president himself. There really was only one hope of derailing this legislation, and it was contingent on the profoundly moral aspect of the torture question, to wit: Is torture an American value? Similarly, is it a Christian value? Certainly we heard some voices -- notably Hillary Clinton's -- making a forceful case that torture is antithetical to American values. And we heard from a handful of liberal Christians decrying torture as anathema to their values as well. But they were too few and received too little attention from a media prone to playing down these issues. In contrast, the Christian right was wholly silent on the moral aspects of torturing terrorist suspects, and instead offered up such homilies to the torture bill as this from Rev. Louis Sheldon of the Traditional Values Coalition: "We need to clarify this policy for treating detainees," said Rev. Sheldon. "As it stands right now, the military and intelligence experts interrogating these terrorists are in much greater danger than the terrorists. Civil suits against our military personnel are tying their hands as they try to get vital information which will save the lives of our young military people and the innocent." "Our rules for interrogation need to catch-up with this awful new form of war that is being fought against all of us and the free world. The post-World War II standards do not apply to this new war. "We must redefine how our lawful society treats those who have nothing but contempt for the law and rely on terrorizing the innocent to accomplish their objectives. The lines must be redrawn and then we must pursue these criminals as quickly and as aggressively as the law permits. "And since this debate is, at its very core, about preserving the traditional value of prosecuting injustice and protecting the innocent, TVC will score this vote in both the House and the Senate. We encourage all of our supporters and affiliated churches to contact their elected representatives and let them know we support President Bush's efforts to update our methods of interrogating terrorist detainees in order to provide greater protection for our troops and the innocent." As it happened, of course, it was precisely this twisted version of "traditional values" which carried the day -- and carried the nation over the edge of the abyss. What's noteworthy about these exhortations, and all the similar defenses raised on behalf of the legislation, is how thoroughly they reflect key components of the fascist pathology. Consider, if you will, Robert O. Paxton's nine "mobilizing passions" of fascism described in his Anatomy of Fascism (and detailed here) as a kind of descriptive checklist: -- a sense of overwhelming crisis beyond the reach of any traditional solutions; Check. The rationale for accepting torture is predicated on the claim that terrorism represents a uniquely malevolent existential threat to America. -- the primacy of the group, toward which one has duties superior to every right, whether universal or individual, and the subordination of the individual to it; Check. The thrust of the Bush torture bill was that individual civil rights needed to be subordinated to the cause of "protecting" the larger public. -- the belief that one's group is a victim, a sentiment which justifies any action, without legal or moral limits, against the group's enemies, both internal and external; Check. It's OK to torture terrorists, according to the Republican proponents of the law, because they killed 3,000 Americans on Sept. 11, just in case you forgot. All the government wants to do is keep them from doing it again, and any means at our disposal is jusitifiable to achieve that end. -- dread of the group's decline under the corrosive effect of individualistic liberalism, class conflict, and alien influences; Check, at least to the extent that the torture law is being justified as a matter of "preserving our way of life," and defending against alien terrorists, while the legislation's opponents are dismissed as treasonous liberal sympathizers. -- the need for closer integration of a purer community, by consent if possible, or by exclusionary violence if necessary; Check, at least to the extent that torture is a form of exclusionary violence intended to weed out "terrorist" elements and preserve the purer community. -- the need for authority by natural leaders (always male), culminating in a national chief who alone is capable of incarnating the group's destiny; Check, Big Time. It is astonishing, really, just how broad-ranging are the powers President Bush will have acquired if this legislation survives its inevitable court tests. Moreover, the public is constantly admonished not to question Bush's basic decency when it comes to granting him powers typically only granted to totalitarians. Of course he wouldn't apply these powers to ordinary citizens. And five years ago, he similarly assured us that of course he wouldn't seek wiretaps without a warrant. -- the superiority of the leader's instincts over abstract and universal reason; Check. Double megadittoes, Rush. -- the beauty of violence and the efficacy of will, when they are devoted to the group's success; Check. Torture is specifically part of an aesthetic of violence, and is the ultimate expression of the desire to impose your will upon another. -- the right of the chosen people to dominate others without restraint from any kind of human or divine law, right being decided by the sole criterion of the group's prowess in a Darwinian struggle. Check. Damn the Geneva Conventions, foll torture ahead! Moral and legal restraints? Phah! They are inconsequential when it comes to dealing with evil terrorists who respect neither the law nor morality. Our lack of morality is justified by theirs. The utility of torture to fascist states can be found in other studies of the phenomenon. It's clear that legal torture reflects a disdain for the importance of human rights, identification of scapegoats, and an obsession with national security, all components of Lawrence Britt's 14 common characteristics of fascism. Likewise, it's a clear-cut expression of the fascist contempt for the weak, as well as the distrust of reason and celebration of action for action's sake, all attributes of fascism as described by Umberto Eco. The appearance of legal torture as part of the American landscape is a profound change, and certainly signals the approach of the totalitarian state, though it may not herald its actual arrival. And considering that a right-wing regime is involved, discussing the specter of fascism is not only appropriate but necessary. Even if it does not signal the actual arrival of fascism, it's the clearest warning sign of its approach yet. Torture is a quintessentially fascist act; codifying it means that the massive brick in the wall that it represents has been plunked into place. And it's the kind of brick that can be the cornerstone of a massive national pathology of apocalyptic proportions. After all, they have always had ways of making us talk. Now they have the legal power to do so too. Note, if you will, how I concluded the Adbusters piece: To the extent that the nation finds itself in the throes of a real crisis of governance; that we demand utter fealty to the national identity, even at the expense of civil liberties, democratic institutions, or democracy itself; that we identify liberalism as the root of all evil in America, as a domestic enemy little distinguishable from those from abroad; that we justify acts of monstrousness by pointing to our own victimhood; that we rely on the "strength" and instincts of our leaders instead of their wisdom and powers of reason, and grant them near-totalitarian powers (particularly in "wartime") in the process; that we allow violence to become part of the political landscape; and that we pursue an insane apocalyptic vision of world domination -- then, to that same extent, we put flesh to the fascist bones and make it real. Sadly, the nation took a signficant step towards fulfilling many of the conditions described in that warning. We now not only live in a torture state, but to become that we have suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus and granted the president unprecedented powers to decide the fate of anyone it chooses to designate an "enemy combatant." And in bulldozing its way to victory, the administration and its propagandists ceaselessly identified liberals with the enemy. The chief reason we can say that this is not yet genuine fascism is because the latter only arises in a democracy in a state of crisis, following a significant period of decay. There has not yet been a real crisis of governance, which is most likely to arise in our system of democracy as a constitutional crisis. Unfortunately, this administration seems determined, in its mad rush to power, to spark just such a crisis. Thinking This Through Either the Republicans are too stupid to have thought this all the way through -- or else they have thought it through, and decided it's not going to matter in the end, anyway. Don't worry. It's only the future of America riding on the outcome of that bet. -- Sara Robinson Malkin's sensitivity One of my commenters points out that there was a noteworthy nugget in Keith Olbermann's response to his disturbingly callous treatment at the hands of the New York Post: A month ago when reporter Steve Centanni of Murdoch's Fox News was kidnapped in Gaza -- along with his camera-man -- that network reached out to the others, this one included. They relayed that the authorities there had urged everyone to keep reporting of the kidnapping low-key, and to a minimum, because it was believed the kidnappers did not know they had gotten hold of some one 'recognizable.' We -- and every other major news organization -- immediately and thoroughly cooperated with Murdoch's request. Now, in a return case, Murdoch's newspaper did not even make the single phone call that could've told it the potential damage it was doing. Having worked for large news organizations, I'm aware that requests like this occur periodically, and they are routinely observed as a matter of professional respect. We don't talk about them a lot, for obvious reasons, and they do affect how we cover events in a way that obviously isn't transparent to the public. And while I'm an advocate for media transparency, I also recognize that there are occasions when it's not feasible at the time, though I think it's advisable to explain afterwards when possible. None of this, however, was a barrier for the ever-intrepid Michelle Malkin, who used the Centanni abduction as an occasion to bash the mainstream media, which couldn't explain its silence in the case without exposing the abductees: Whatever the reason, I find the apparent apathy about Centanni and Wiig's kidnapping grossly disturbing. Centanni is not just a fellow journalist. He is a fellow American. He is missing. And there should be a hell of a lot more outrage about it than I've seen so far--from the media, from our government, from our nation. Malkin continued to regularly post about the media response to the story, complaining incessantly that "the story is not getting the attention it deserves." Now the rest of us know why it was being played down: because Fox News was trying to keep its reporters alive. You have to wonder why Malkin, who turns a few pennies as a "Fox contributor," didn't get the memo. Or was the opportunity to bash the media just too good to pass up? Of course, not only has Malkin been notably mum about the Olbermann incident (doesn't she specialize in reporting on "unhinged" behavior?), but she finds it completely unremarkable that, meanwhile, an Associated Press photographer is likewise being held captive without due process. In fact, she's actively campaigning on behalf of his captivity -- because, you see, he's being held by the American military, and she believes that this photographer actually is a treasonous bastard (though her evidence is, shall we say, less than persuasive). I think Malkin's photograph now appears in the dictionary under the definition for "piece of work." Greg Sargent at the Horse's Mouth has been staying on top of the case of the photographer, Bilal Hussein. Here's the latest. See also Lindsay Beyerstein.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line416
__label__wiki	0.827917	0.827917	Justia Dockets & Filings Tenth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit EEOC v. TriCore Reference Laboratorie Filing 1009770822 EEOC v. TriCore Reference Laboratorie [10447281] Affirmed. Terminated on the merits after oral hearing. Written, signed, published; Judges Matheson (authoring judge), Phillips and McHugh. Mandate to issue. [16-2053] Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 PUBLISH Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS February 27, 2017 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Petitioner - Appellant, v. No. 16-2053 TRICORE REFERENCE LABORATORIES, Respondent - Appellee. -------------------------------EQUAL EMPLOYMENT ADVISORY COUNCIL, Amicus Curiae. _________________________________ APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO (D.C. No. 1:15-MC-00046-WJ) _________________________________ Jeremy D. Horowitz, Attorney (P. David Lopez, General Counsel, Jennifer S. Goldstein, Associate General Counsel, and Margo Pave, Assistant General Counsel, with him on the briefs), Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Washington, DC, appearing for Appellant. Geoffrey D. Rieder (Sarah K. Downey and Lexi W. Jones, with him on the brief), Foster, Rieder & Jackson, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico, appearing for Appellee. Rae T. Vann and Michael P. Bracken, NT Lakis, LLP, Washington, DC, filed a brief on behalf of amicus curiae Equal Employment Advisory Council in support of Appellee. _________________________________ Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 2 Before MATHESON, PHILLIPS, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges. _________________________________ MATHESON, Circuit Judge. _________________________________ This appeal asks whether a district court abused its discretion in declining to enforce an administrative subpoena. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) issued a subpoena to TriCore Reference Laboratories (“TriCore”) seeking information relating to an individual’s charge of disability and pregnancy discrimination. After TriCore refused to comply, the EEOC asked the New Mexico federal district court to enforce the subpoena. The court denied the request, and the EEOC now appeals. Although we disagree with some of the district court’s analysis, we cannot say it abused its discretion. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we therefore affirm.1 I. BACKGROUND We summarize the relevant statutes and then present the factual and procedural background for this appeal. A. Legal Background 1. Title VII and the ADA 1 See EEOC v. Dillon Cos., 310 F.3d 1271, 1272 (10th Cir. 2002) (“The district court’s order [denying the EEOC’s application to enforce an administrative subpoena] is a final judgment, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.” (citation omitted)). -2- Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 3 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, prohibits employers from discriminating based on sex, including pregnancy. 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2(a)(1), 2000e(k). Employers must treat pregnant individuals “the same for all employment-related purposes . . . as other persons not so affected but similar in their ability or inability to work.” Id. § 2000e(k). The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended by the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, (“ADA”) prohibits employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of disability and requires employers to make “reasonable accommodations” to “qualified individual[s],” unless the accommodations impose an undue hardship on the employer. Id. §§ 12112(a), (b)(5)(A). A “qualified individual” under the ADA is someone who, “with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires.” Id. § 12111(8). A charge alleging discrimination may be filed either by the “person claiming to be aggrieved, or by a member of the [EEOC].” Id. § 2000e-5(b). 2. The EEOC’s Investigative Power The EEOC is empowered to investigate charges of discrimination and enforce both Title VII and the ADA. Id. §§ 2000e-5(a)-(b), 12117(a); EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279, 285 (2002) (“Congress has directed the EEOC to exercise the same enforcement powers, remedies, and procedures that are set forth in Title VII . . . when it is enforcing the ADA’s prohibitions . . . .”). When investigating charges of discrimination, the EEOC may obtain evidence that “relates to unlawful employment practices covered by [Title VII] and is relevant to the -3- Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 4 charge under investigation.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-8(a). The EEOC also has authority to “investigate and act on a charge of a pattern or practice of discrimination.” Id. § 2000e6(e). If an employer refuses to comply with the EEOC’s request for information, the EEOC may issue a subpoena compelling production. Id. § 2000e-9 (incorporating the provisions of 29 U.S.C. § 161, which provides the power to issue subpoenas to parties under investigation). If the employer does not respond to the subpoena, the EEOC may apply to a federal district court for an order compelling the employer to provide the subpoenaed information. 29 U.S.C. § 161(2). B. Factual Background 1. Ms. Guadiana’s Requests for Accommodation and Her Termination TriCore is a medical reference laboratory with multiple locations throughout New Mexico. In 2011, Kellie Guadiana began working at TriCore’s Albuquerque location as a phlebotomist—someone who draws blood. Beginning in November 2011 and continuing into 2012, Ms. Guadiana requested accommodations to her work schedule and responsibilities due to her rheumatoid arthritis, which she asserted was exacerbated by her pregnancy. In support of her requests, Ms. Guadiana submitted notes from her doctors recommending she sit for at least 75 percent of her shift and avoid exposure to infectious diseases, a common risk faced by phlebotomists. After reviewing her doctors’ notes and meeting with her several times, TriCore’s human resources department determined Ms. Guadiana could not safely perform the -4- Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 5 essential functions of her phlebotomist position. TriCore offered Ms. Guadiana the opportunity to apply to other positions within the company for which she was qualified and whose essential functions she could perform. On May 5, 2012, after Ms. Guadiana did not apply to a new position, TriCore terminated her employment. 2. Charge of Discrimination and the EEOC’s Investigation On June 26, 2012, Ms. Guadiana filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC alleging that TriCore had discriminated against her due to her disability (rheumatoid arthritis) and sex (pregnancy). In the charge, she stated: I am an individual with a disability of which my employer was well aware of. Since becoming pregnant I have submitted requests for accommodation because the pregnancy affects the disability. Respondent terminated my employment without any interactive process on May 5, 2012. This is a violation of the American’s [sic] with Disabilities Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended to include the Pregnancy Act. App. at 26. In response, TriCore explained to the EEOC that it had provided Ms. Guadiana a reasonable accommodation by offering her the chance to apply for other positions within TriCore. As the EEOC explained in its application to enforce the subpoena, it viewed TriCore’s response as suggesting a violation of the ADA because it thought the ADA required TriCore to reassign Ms. Guadiana to a vacant position rather than merely provide her an opportunity to apply for another position. TriCore’s statement led the EEOC to suspect that TriCore had a “companywide policy and/or practice of refusing to provide reassignment as a reasonable accommodation to qualified individuals with disabilities.” Id. at 17. -5- Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 6 The EEOC informed TriCore in a letter that it was expanding the scope of its investigation to include the “[f]ailure to accommodate persons with disabilities and/or failure to accommodate women with disabilities (due to pregnancy).” Id. at 37. This additional information, according to the EEOC, was “like and related to the underlying charge” (i.e., Ms. Guadiana’s original charge of discrimination) or was “based on evidence uncovered during the EEOC’s investigation of the underlying charge.” Id. The EEOC cited its Compliance Manual for its authority to expand the investigation.2 As part of its expanded investigation, the EEOC sent TriCore another letter requesting: (1) a complete list of TriCore employees, along with their personal identifying information, who had requested an accommodation for disability (“the disability request”); and (2) a complete list of TriCore employees who had been pregnant while employed at TriCore, including the employees’ personal identifying information 2 The EEOC appears to have relied on Section 22.3 of the Compliance Manual, which provides: The scope of the investigation will routinely include all allegations in the charge which directly affect the charging party, including those class allegations which involve the same bases and issues as those affecting the charging party. Like and related class allegations involving bases/issues not directly affecting the charging party as well as like and related issues not alleged in the charge may be included within the scope of investigation at the discretion of TMC [Top Management Committee], if, during the investigation, evidence is uncovered pointing to possible violations. EEOC Compliance Manual, Sec. 22.3, § 803. -6- Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 7 and whether they sought or were granted any accommodations (“the pregnancy request”). Id. at 36.3 The EEOC sought that information for a four-year time frame. TriCore refused to comply, contending the EEOC did not have an actionable claim of discrimination. On February 23, 2015, the EEOC submitted another letter seeking the same information but limited to a three-year time frame. After TriCore continued to refuse to comply, the EEOC subpoenaed the information it had sought in its February 23, 2015 letter. TriCore petitioned the EEOC to revoke the subpoena, arguing it was unduly burdensome and a “fishing expedition.” Id. at 57, 59. The EEOC denied TriCore’s petition. C. Procedural Background After TriCore refused to comply with the EEOC’s subpoena, the EEOC submitted an application to the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico requesting an order to show cause why the subpoena should not be enforced. TriCore responded, arguing the information requested was not relevant to Ms. Guadiana’s charge. The court viewed the question as a “close call,” id. at 107, but ultimately denied the EEOC’s application. It noted that the “EEOC’s real intent in requesting this [information was], in fact, difficult to pin down.” Id. at 103. To the extent the subpoena sought evidence to show TriCore had a pattern or practice of 3 The EEOC also requested information about job listings to which Ms. Guadiana had applied after TriCore had determined she was unable to perform the essential functions of her job. TriCore did not object to that request. -7- Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 8 discrimination, the court held that Tenth Circuit case law does not support such a request. To the extent the subpoena sought evidence to compare Ms. Guadiana with other TriCore employees, the court held the pregnancy request would not provide evidence of relevant comparators. The EEOC appeals the denial of its application to enforce the subpoena. II. DISCUSSION The sole question on appeal is whether the district court erred in declining to enforce the EEOC’s subpoena. After discussing our standard of review and the legal standards applicable to both subpoena requests, we address the EEOC’s arguments that the district court erred in not enforcing: (1) the disability request, which the EEOC asserts is relevant to investigate whether TriCore had a policy of discrimination (i.e., pattern-or-practice evidence), and (2) the pregnancy request, which the EEOC asserts is relevant to investigate whether TriCore treated Ms. Guadiana less favorably than similarly situated employees (i.e., comparator evidence).4 Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying enforcement of either request, we affirm. 4 As discussed below, the EEOC has limited its comparator-evidence arguments on appeal to the pregnancy request. -8- Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 9 A. Standard of Review We review a district court’s ruling on an EEOC subpoena application for abuse of discretion. EEOC v. Dillon Cos., 310 F.3d 1271, 1274 (10th Cir. 2002).5 B. Legal Standards As described above, the EEOC is empowered to investigate charges of discrimination, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b), including to subpoena evidence that “relates to unlawful employment practices . . . and is relevant to the charge under investigation.” Id. §§ 2000e-8(a), 2000e-9. The EEOC has the burden to demonstrate the relevancy of the information sought in the subpoena. Dillon, 310 F.3d at 1274. 5 The Supreme Court recently granted certiorari on the applicable standard of review. See McLane Co. v. EEOC, 137 S. Ct. 30 (2016). It will address: Whether a district court’s decision to quash or enforce an EEOC subpoena should be reviewed de novo, which only the Ninth Circuit does, or should be reviewed deferentially, which eight other circuits do, consistent with this Court’s precedents concerning the choice of standards of review. Petition for Writ of Certiorari, McLane, 137 S. Ct. 30 (2016) (No. 15-1248). Until the Supreme Court instructs otherwise, we adhere to our circuit precedent and review for abuse of discretion. See EEOC v. Burlington N. Santa Fe R.R., 669 F.3d 1154, 1156 (10th Cir. 2012); Dillon, 310 F.3d at 1274. Our standard aligns with the weight of circuit authority applying deferential standards of review in this context. See FTC v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharms., Inc., 778 F.3d 142, 148 (D.C. Cir. 2015); EEOC v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 771 F.3d 757, 760 (11th Cir. 2014); EEOC v. Kronos Inc., 620 F.3d 287, 295 (3d Cir. 2010); Fresenius Med. Care v. United States, 526 F.3d 372, 375 (8th Cir. 2008); NLRB v. Am. Med. Response, Inc., 438 F.3d 188, 193 (2d Cir. 2006); EEOC v. United Air Lines, Inc., 287 F.3d 643, 649 (7th Cir. 2002); United States v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 186 F.3d 644, 647 (5th Cir. 1999); Reich v. Nat’l Eng’g & Contracting Co., 13 F.3d 93, 98 (4th Cir. 1993). -9- Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 10 In the district court, the EEOC relied on the Supreme Court’s statement in University of Pennsylvania v. EEOC, 493 U.S. 182, 194 (1990), that the EEOC does not need to provide a “specific reason” for requesting the information. App. at 16. The EEOC argued that, because it need not present a “specific reason” for the requested information, the district court should defer to the EEOC’s assertion that the information was relevant “so long as it is not obviously wrong.” The EEOC does not advance this argument on appeal, but instead correctly states the holding of University of Pennsylvania as not requiring the EEOC to provide a “specific reason . . . beyond a showing of relevance,” 493 U.S. at 194 (emphasis added and citation omitted); Aplt. Br. at 13. The EEOC therefore bore the burden in district court to show the relevancy of the subpoenaed information. See Dillon, 310 F.3d at 1274. To show subpoenaed information is relevant, the EEOC must show it has a “realistic expectation rather than an idle hope that the information requested will advance its investigation.” EEOC v. Konica Minolta Bus. Sols. USA, Inc., 639 F.3d 366, 369 (7th Cir. 2011) (quotations omitted). It must also establish the link between the EEOC’s investigatory power and the charges of discrimination. EEOC v. Shell Oil Co., 466 U.S. 54, 65 (1984). The Supreme Court has explained that the EEOC’s burden to show relevancy “is not especially constraining,” but added that it is nonetheless a statutory command. Id. at 68; see also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-8. When determining whether the EEOC has met its burden, courts must be careful not to read relevancy so broadly as to render the statutory requirement a “nullity.” Shell Oil, 466 U.S. at 69. - 10 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 11 C. Analysis Based on the arguments and facts presented to it, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the EEOC’s application to enforce the subpoena. We agree with the district court that the “EEOC’s real intent in requesting this [information was], in fact, difficult to pin down.” App. at 103. On appeal, the EEOC has attempted to clarify its intent, pointing to two purposes: (1) to determine whether TriCore had a pattern or practice of violating the ADA; and (2) to determine whether TriCore treated Ms. Guadiana less favorably than other comparable employees. Those purposes correspond to the two subpoena requests—with the disability request relating to the pattern-or-practice rationale and the pregnancy request relating to the comparator-evidence rationale. 1. Pattern-or-Practice Evidence The EEOC argues the district court erred in denying the pattern-or-practice disability request.6 Based on relevant case authority, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying this request. 6 The EEOC argues the district court did not address the disability request. We disagree because the court specifically referred to the EEOC’s disability request and found that it was irrelevant to Ms. Guadiana’s claim. See App. at 105 (“[T]he Court here finds that the identification about other pregnant and/or disabled TriCore employees has little use in the investigation of Ms. Guadiana’s individual discrimination claim.”). We also reject TriCore’s argument that the pattern-or-practice rationale is a “new justification” on appeal, see Aplee. Br. at 22-23, as the EEOC clearly offered the pattern-or-practice justification for its request in district court, see App. at 16-17. - 11 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 12 a. Additional Legal Background A plaintiff may state a claim of company-wide discrimination by showing that an employer has a pattern or practice of discrimination. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 336 (1977). The claim requires proof that the employer had a regular practice of discrimination—“more than the mere occurrence of isolated or ‘accidental’ or sporadic discriminatory acts.” Id. In EEOC v. Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad, 669 F.3d 1154 (10th Cir. 2012), we addressed whether the EEOC could expand an investigation beyond individual charges to seek pattern-or-practice evidence. In that case, the EEOC issued a subpoena to Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway Company (“BNSF”) stemming from its investigation of two individual charges of disability discrimination. Burlington Northern, 669 F.3d at 1155-56. The subpoena sought information not only about the individual charges, but also as to whether BNSF had a “pattern or practice” of discriminating against others. Id. at 1157. The district court sustained BNSF’s refusal to comply, holding that pattern-or-practice evidence of discrimination “was not relevant to the charges under investigation.” Id. We affirmed, holding that, under § 2000e-8, the EEOC was entitled only to evidence “relevant to the charges under investigation” and that the two charges of disability did not refer to “any other charging party, an additional charge number, or anything else that might indicate that an additional charge [was] at issue.” Id. Nor could the EEOC rely on its pre-subpoena letter notifying BNSF of its intent to - 12 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 13 broaden the investigation because the letter was not a “charge” and conveyed no statutory basis for expanding the investigation. Id. We rejected the notion that, because BNSF’s alleged individual acts of discrimination “could be part of a pattern or practice of discrimination,” the EEOC was entitled to such evidence. Id. at 1157-58. We concluded that rationale would stretch the relevance requirement under § 2000e-8 so broadly as to “render [it] . . . a nullity.” Id. at 1158. Without any basis to “transcend the gap between the pattern and practice investigation and the private claims,” the EEOC could not expand its investigation into whether BNSF had a pattern or practice of discrimination. Id. b. Application The EEOC seeks pattern-or-practice evidence through its request for information about other disabled employees who had requested accommodations at TriCore.7 Recall that the EEOC had sought this information following TriCore’s admission that it had allowed Ms. Guadiana to apply to vacant positions instead of reassigning her. Assuming the EEOC is correct that TriCore’s admission was 7 The EEOC’s opening brief makes clear that it seeks pattern-or-practice evidence only through its first request about other disabled employees, not its second request about other pregnant employees. See, e.g., Aplt. Br. at 12 (heading referencing only the “First Subpoena Request”), id. at 16 (arguing the information sought in the first subpoena request would allow EEOC to determine how TriCore responded to disability-related accommodation requests). - 13 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 14 tantamount to admitting an ADA violation,8 the district court nonetheless did not abuse its discretion in ruling that such an admission did not justify the EEOC’s expanded investigation into whether TriCore had a pattern or practice of violating other employees’ ADA rights. Burlington Northern leads to this conclusion. As in Burlington Northern, the EEOC’s disability request referenced only the individual charge and did not mention “any other charging party, an additional charge . . ., or anything else” that might suggest the EEOC was investigating an additional charge that TriCore had a pattern or practice of discrimination. See 669 F.3d at 1157. And, as in Burlington Northern, the EEOC cannot rely on its letter informing TriCore of the EEOC’s intent to expand its investigation. The letter is not a “charge” of discrimination, which is required for the EEOC to seek information about alleged discrimination under § 2000e-8. See id.; see also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-8(a) (providing the EEOC power to investigate information that is “relevant to the charge under investigation”). Nor can the EEOC rely on its Compliance Manual, which is not a statutory basis to expand its investigation, Burlington Northern, 669 F.3d at 1157, and which is not entitled to special deference, see Villescas v. Abraham, 311 F.3d 1253, 1261 (10th Cir. 2002) 8 The EEOC’s view that TriCore admitted to a violation arises from both the text of the ADA and our case law. See 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(b) (defining a “reasonable accommodation” as including “reassignment to a vacant position”); Smith v. Midland Brake, Inc., 180 F.3d 1154, 1165-66 (10th Cir. 1999) (en banc) (holding that employers can provide a reasonable accommodation by reassigning disabled employees to other positions, not by merely allowing them to compete equally with others for vacant positions). - 14 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 15 (stating that the EEOC’s Compliance Manual “is not entitled to any special deference by our court”). The EEOC quotes Burlington Northern to suggest it could expand an investigation if it “ascertains some violation warranting a broader investigation.” Aplt. Br. at 13 (quoting Burlington Northern, 669 F.3d at 1159). But this passage must be read in the context of the entire opinion, which makes clear that a single discriminatory act does not, by itself, warrant a broader pattern-or-practice investigation. See Burlington Northern, 669 F.3d at 1157-58 (“Any act of discrimination could be part of a pattern or practice of discrimination, but not every charge of discrimination warrants a pattern or practice investigation.”).9 The EEOC has not alleged anything to suggest a pattern or practice of discrimination beyond TriCore’s failure to reassign Ms. Guadiana. In TriCore’s letter responding to Ms. Guadiana’s charge, where the alleged admission appears, TriCore referred only to Ms. Guadiana’s case and said nothing to suggest that its actions were based on a company policy or that it had a pattern or practice of acting similarly when responding to other disabled employees’ accommodation requests. 9 For similar reasons, the EEOC misplaces reliance on the Supreme Court’s statement in General Telephone Co. of Northwest, Inc. v. EEOC, 446 U.S. 318, 331 (1980) that “[a]ny violations that the EEOC ascertains in the course of a reasonable investigation of the charging party’s complaint are actionable.” Aplt. Br. at 13. General Telephone supports that the EEOC can expand its charges after uncovering violations during a reasonable investigation. But it does not support that the EEOC can expand its investigation beyond the “charge under investigation.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-8. - 15 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 16 Although the EEOC’s disability request could possibly have uncovered pattern-orpractice evidence, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding TriCore’s alleged violation of the ADA—without more—was insufficient to warrant the EEOC’s expanded investigation. The EEOC argues TriCore offered Ms. Guadiana the option to apply to vacant positions only after much deliberation and consultation within the human resources department. But deliberation and consultation about a particular employee hardly points to a pattern or practice and therefore is not enough to “transcend the gap” between an individual charge of discrimination and a pattern-or-practice investigation. See id. at 1158 (noting that there was nothing to “transcend the gap between the pattern and practice investigation and the private claims” to justify the EEOC’s expanded investigation).10 Although the EEOC’s request to TriCore is not as broad as the “incredibly broad request” for three years of nationwide data in Burlington Northern, 669 F.3d at 1157, the request here rests on no firmer foundation to justify the EEOC’s 10 The EEOC relies on out-of-circuit cases stating that it may expand its investigation “[i]f new facts come to light during an investigation,” EEOC v. McLane Co., 804 F.3d 1051, 1055 (9th Cir. 2015), cert. granted in part on other grounds, 85 U.S.L.W. 3114 (U.S. Sept. 29, 2016) (No. 15-1248), or if a “broader picture of discrimination . . . unfolds in the course of a reasonable investigation of a specific charge,” EEOC v. Cambridge Tile Mfg. Co., 590 F.2d 205, 206 (6th Cir. 1979). Those cases are inapposite because the EEOC has not pointed to any “new facts,” apart from the alleged admission, suggesting a “broader picture” of discrimination at TriCore. And Burlington Northern, which controls our disposition, holds that a single act is not enough to expand the EEOC’s investigation. - 16 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 17 expanded investigation. The district court did not abuse its discretion in determining the EEOC had not satisfied its burden to justify its expanded investigation. We thus affirm the court’s decision not to enforce the subpoena’s disability request. 2. Comparator Evidence The EEOC argues the district court erred in denying the comparator-evidence pregnancy request. Before considering the district court’s denial of this request, we address whether forfeiture or waiver limit the EEOC’s arguments on appeal, and we offer some additional legal background. a. Forfeiture or Waiver of Argument TriCore contends the EEOC did not argue in district court that its disability and pregnancy subpoena requests would provide relevant comparator evidence. Although the EEOC may have come close to forfeiting this argument, we cannot say that it did.11 11 In its district court application to enforce the subpoena, the EEOC’s relevancy argument focused on the information’s potential to provide pattern-orpractice evidence. Again in its reply to TriCore’s opposition to the application, the EEOC focused mainly on the pattern-or-practice rationale. But the EEOC mentioned its comparator-evidence argument in its reply memorandum in district court. See, e.g., App. at 86, 89, 90 (arguing that determining how other employees were treated was relevant to the investigation into Ms. Guadiana’s charge). Further, during the district court hearing on its subpoena application, the EEOC argued the subpoena sought information to uncover comparator evidence relevant to Ms. Guadiana’s individual charge. See, e.g., App. at 141 (arguing the subpoena supports “determining whether Ms. Guadiana was treated fairly, because she was treated as everyone else, or she was treated unfairly based on how others were treated”). These arguments were apparently enough to Continued . . . - 17 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 18 That said, we do find the EEOC has waived part of its comparator-evidence argument on appeal—the part relating to its disability request. In its opening brief on appeal, the EEOC limited its comparator-evidence argument to the pregnancy request. See Aplt. Br. at 18.12 The EEOC’s self-imposed limitation aligns with the district court’s ruling, which addressed the comparator-evidence rationale only as it pertained to the pregnancy request. See App. at 102-03.13 Thus, given the EEOC’s alert the district court to the EEOC’s comparator-evidence rationale because the court rejected the rationale as to the pregnancy request in its order denying the application. Thus, although the EEOC could have presented its argument more clearly and completely in district court, we do not find the comparator-evidence rationale was forfeited. See Somerlott v. Cherokee Nation Distribs., Inc., 686 F.3d 1144, 1150 (10th Cir. 2012) (“An issue is preserved for appeal if a party alerts the district court to the issue and seeks a ruling.” (quotations omitted)). 12 In its opening brief, the EEOC’s passing references to information about disabled non-pregnant employees, Aplt. Br. at 2, 20, are insufficient to preserve the comparator-evidence rationale for the disability request. See Holmes v. Colo. Coal. for Homeless Long Term Disability Plan, 762 F.3d 1195, 1199 (10th Cir. 2014) (collecting cases declining to consider arguments on appeal that were inadequately briefed); see also Murrell v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1388, 1389 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994) (declining to consider “a few scattered statements” and “perfunctory” arguments that failed to frame and develop an issue sufficient to invoke appellate review). This is especially so given the brief’s heading limiting the EEOC’s argument to pursue comparator evidence to its “second request,” i.e., its pregnancy request. Aplt. Br. at 18. 13 The EEOC’s attempts to argue in its reply on appeal and at oral argument that the comparator-evidence rationale related to both requests fail. The EEOC cannot overcome its self-imposed limitation on the comparator-evidence rationale in its opening brief. See Silverton Snowmobile Club v. U.S. Forest Serv., 433 F.3d 772, 783 (10th Cir. 2006) (declining to consider arguments not raised in an opening brief); Mondragon v. Thompson, 519 F.3d 1078, 1081 n.2 (10th Cir. 2008) (declining to consider arguments raised for the first time at oral argument). - 18 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 19 direction in its opening brief, we consider the comparator-evidence rationale only as to the pregnancy request. b. Additional Legal Background Ms. Guadiana’s disability and pregnancy discrimination charge is a disparatetreatment allegation. Disparate treatment means “that an employer intentionally treated a complainant less favorably than employees with the complainant’s qualifications but outside the complainant’s protected class.” Young v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 135 S. Ct. 1338, 1345 (2015) (quotations omitted). “[A] plaintiff can prove disparate treatment either (1) by direct evidence that a workplace policy, practice, or decision relies expressly on a protected characteristic, or (2) by using the burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas [Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973)].” Id. Young provides guidance on comparator evidence. There, a plaintiff alleged a disparate-treatment claim based on her employer’s failure to accommodate her pregnancy-related lifting restriction. Id. at 1344. The Supreme Court clarified how evidence about other similarly situated employees could support the plaintiff’s claim. First, the plaintiff could state a prima facie claim for disparate treatment by showing, among other things, that her employer accommodated non-pregnant workers “similar in their ability or inability to work.” Id. at 1354. Second, evidence about other employees could show the employer’s proffered reason for denying the accommodation was pretextual because it had “accommodated a large percentage of - 19 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 20 nonpregnant workers while failing to accommodate a large percentage of pregnant workers” with similar lifting restrictions. Id. at 1354-55. c. Application The EEOC’s pregnancy request seeks a list of TriCore employees who had been pregnant while employed at TriCore and information about whether the employees sought or were granted any accommodations. The district court determined the request was not relevant because non-pregnant employees—not pregnant employees—would be relevant comparators. The court also determined “[t]here would be no real comparative statistics to offer with other pregnant employees” because other pregnant employees who did not also have rheumatoid arthritis would not be similarly situated to Ms. Guadiana. App. at 105 n.9. Unlike the district court, we think the pregnancy request may seek information that is potentially relevant to Ms. Guadiana’s charge. For instance, evidence that other non-disabled, pregnant employees were granted accommodations may tend to prove that Ms. Guadiana was denied an accommodation on the basis of her disability. Also, as suggested in Young, possible evidence that TriCore accommodated nonpregnant employees, but not pregnant employees, might be relevant to show that a proffered reason for Ms. Guadiana’s termination was pretextual. Young, at 135 S. Ct. 1354-55.14 14 We disagree with the court’s statement that the only type of relevant comparators would be those employees who, like Ms. Guadiana, were both pregnant Continued . . . - 20 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 21 The problem for the EEOC is that it did not present these relevance arguments in district court.15 It has thus failed to meet its burden of explaining how the pregnancy request would offer information relevant to Ms. Guadiana’s charge. Dillon, 310 F.3d at 1274.16 Even if the EEOC had provided such an explanation, however, its request would nonetheless be overbroad because it seeks information having no apparent connection to Ms. Guadiana’s charge. Unlike the disability request that is limited to other disabled employees who sought an accommodation, the pregnancy request seeks information about pregnant employees who never sought an accommodation. and suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. The Supreme Court has held that other employees need not be alike in all respects to serve as relevant comparators. See Young, 135 S. Ct. at 1354 (“Neither does [the McDonnell Douglas path] require the plaintiff to show that those whom the employer favored and those whom the employer disfavored were similar in all but the protected ways.”). 15 In its application, the EEOC argued that TriCore’s actions “require[d] EEOC to investigate whether TriCore treated pregnant employees less favorably than similarly-situated non-pregnant individuals.” App. at 17. In its reply to TriCore’s response to the application, the EEOC argued that “determining how other employees with disabilities and/or pregnancies were treated is relevant to its investigation.” App. at 90. Finally, at oral argument, the EEOC argued that the requests would help “determin[e] whether Ms. Guadiana was treated fairly, because she was treated as everyone else, or she was treated unfairly based on how others were treated.” App. at 141. Those arguments are mere assertions of relevancy—not rationales as to why the comparator evidence would be relevant to investigating Ms. Guadiana’s charge. 16 For similar reasons, even if the EEOC had not waived the comparatorevidence rationale as to the disability request, it failed to meet its burden of showing relevancy of the request. - 21 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 22 In district court, the EEOC did not proffer any reason to support how such evidence would support Ms. Guadiana’s charge beyond general assertions of relevancy.17 Given the EEOC’s paltry explanation of how the pregnancy request was relevant, the overbreadth of the request, and the EEOC’s burden of showing the subpoena’s relevancy to the charge, Dillon, 310 F.3d at 1274, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion. * * * * The EEOC raises two final arguments untethered to a particular subpoena request. Neither persuades us. First, the EEOC argues the district court improperly considered the merits of the discrimination claims in its order declining to enforce the subpoena. We disagree. The court explicitly stated that the issue presented had “nothing to do with the merits of the case,” App. at 100, and nothing else in the court’s order suggests it acted contrary to that statement.18 17 In its reply brief on appeal, the EEOC explains that information about pregnant women who never asked for accommodations may be relevant if their failure to do so stemmed from fear of retaliation or because they believed asking would be futile. But the EEOC forfeited that theory of relevancy by failing to raise it in district court and argue plain error on appeal, see Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1128-29 (10th Cir. 2011), and it waived the argument by failing to include it in its opening brief, see Silverton Snowmobile Club, 433 F.3d at 783. 18 For these reasons, we need not address TriCore’s argument that the subpoena should not be enforced because it has a valid defense, which is a meritsbased argument that is not a proper consideration at the administrative subpoena stage. See Dillon, 310 F.3d at 1277 (“We will not . . . encourage or allow an Continued . . . - 22 - Appellate Case: 16-2053 Document: 01019770822 Date Filed: 02/27/2017 Page: 23 Second, the EEOC argues reversal is justified to the extent the district court considered privacy interests as limiting the EEOC’s subpoena power, which is contrary to the Supreme Court’s decision in University of Pennsylvania. Although the court expressed some concerns about the EEOC obtaining such “sensitive information on other employees,” App. at 107, it denied the application on relevance grounds, not on privacy grounds. III. CONCLUSION We affirm. Our decision should not preclude the EEOC from formulating a request for information to overcome the concerns discussed in this opinion. employer to turn a summary subpoena-enforcement proceeding into a mini-trial by allowing it to interpose defenses that are more properly addressed at trial.”). - 23 -	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line417
__label__wiki	0.622417	0.622417	Justia Dockets & Filings Ninth Circuit California Eastern District Hoffmann et al v. Lassen County et al Filing 44 Hoffmann et al v. Lassen County et al ORDER signed by Magistrate Judge Deborah Barnes on 5/25/2017 ORDERING plaintiff's 31 motion to compel is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Within 15 days, defendant Lassen County shall provide plaintiff with responses to deposition quest ions 34 and 45 and defendant Julie Bustamante shall provide plaintiff with responses to deposition questions 17, 36, and 44. Defendants shall respond to the deposition questions as though those questions had been propounded as interrogatories. In all other respects, plaintiff's motion to compel is DENIED. Plaintiff's request for discovery sanctions is DENIED. If plaintiff is not satisfied with defendants' responses to the deposition questions, plaintiff may file a motion to compel within ten days of receiving defendants' responses. Plaintiff's 40 motion for an extension of time to file an opposition to the summary judgment motion is GRANTED. Plaintiff shall file an opposition within 45 days. (Yin, K) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 KASEY F. HOFFMAN, 12 Plaintiff, 13 14 No. 2:15-cv-1382 DB P v. ORDER LASSEN COUNTY, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis with a civil rights 17 18 action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff alleges defendants interfered with his right to marry. 19 Before the court is plaintiff’s motion to compel discovery responses. For the reasons set forth 20 below, plaintiff’s motion will be granted in part and denied in part. 21 BACKGROUND 22 This case is proceeding on plaintiff’s original complaint filed here on June 30, 2015. 23 (ECF No. 1.) Therein, plaintiff alleges defendants Lassen County and Julie Bustamante denied 24 his request for a marriage license when he was incarcerated at the Lassen Adult Detention 25 Facility. Plaintiff provides a copy of a letter from the Office of the Lassen County Clerk- 26 Recorder stating that “[w]hen purchasing a marriage license in Lassen County, both parties must 27 be physically present to sign the marriage license in our office.” (ECF No. 1 at 4.) 28 //// 1 1 On November 14, 2016, defendants answered the complaint. (ECF No. 28.) On 2 November 21, the court issued a Discovery and Scheduling Order setting a deadline of March 10, 3 2017 for discovery and June 2, 2017 for pretrial motions. (ECF No. 29.) 4 5 On March 13, 2017, plaintiff filed the present motion to compel. (ECF No. 31.) Defendants oppose the motion (ECF No. 33) and plaintiff filed a reply (ECF No. 35). 6 On March 20, 2017, plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 32) and on 7 April 28, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 36). Plaintiff seeks an 8 extension of time to respond to defendants’ motion. (ECF No. 40.) 9 MOTION TO COMPEL 10 Plaintiff moves to compel defendants to respond to the following discovery: first request 11 for production of documents, second request for production of documents, second set of 12 interrogatories, and deposition questions. In addition, plaintiff seeks sanctions under Federal 13 Rule of Civil Procedure 37(a)(4). (See ECF No. 31 at 2.) Plaintiff contends defendants 14 improperly objected to the first request for production of documents, provided no list of 15 privileged documents, and responded too late. Plaintiff further contends defendants failed to 16 respond at all to his deposition questions or to his second set of requests for production and 17 interrogatories. Defendants oppose plaintiff’s motion. They argue most of the discovery was 18 propounded too late, plaintiff’s motion is untimely, and plaintiff’s motion is meritless. 19 I. Legal Standards 20 Under Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “a party seeking discovery may move 21 for an order compelling an answer, designation, production, or inspection.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 22 37(a)(3)(B). The court may order a party to provide further responses to an “evasive or 23 incomplete disclosure, answer, or response.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(4). “District courts have 24 ‘broad discretion to manage discovery and to control the course of litigation under Federal Rule 25 of Civil Procedure 16.’” Hunt v. County of Orange, 672 F.3d 606, 616 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting 26 Avila v. Willits Envtl. Remediation Trust, 633 F.3d 828, 833 (9th Cir. 2011)). 27 The party moving to compel bears the burden of informing the court (1) which discovery 28 requests are the subject of the motion to compel, (2) which of the responses are disputed, (3) why 2 1 the party believes the response is deficient, (4) why any objections are not justified, and (5) why 2 the information sought through discovery is relevant to the prosecution of this action. McCoy v. 3 Ramirez, No. 1:13-cv-1808-MJS (PC), 2016 WL 3196738, at 1 (E.D. Cal. June 9, 2016); Ellis v. 4 Cambra, No. 1:02-cv-5646-AWI-SMS PC, 2008 WL 860523, at 4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2008). 5 The purpose of discovery is to “remove surprise from trial preparation so the parties can 6 obtain evidence necessary to evaluate and resolve their dispute.” United States v. Chapman 7 Univ., 245 F.R.D. 646, 648 (C.D. Cal. 2007) (quotation and citation omitted). Rule 26(b)(1) of 8 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure offers guidance on the scope of discovery permitted: 9 13 Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged information that is relevant to any party's claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case, considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties' relative access to relevant information, the parties' resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit. Information within this scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be discoverable. 14 “Relevance for purposes of discovery is defined very broadly.” Garneau v. City of Seattle, 10 11 12 15 147 F.3d 802, 812 (9th Cir. 1998). “The party seeking to compel discovery has the burden of 16 establishing that its request satisfies the relevancy requirements of Rule 26(b)(1). Thereafter, the 17 party opposing discovery has the burden of showing that the discovery should be prohibited, and 18 the burden of clarifying, explaining or supporting its objections.” Bryant v. Ochoa, No. 07cv200 19 JM (PCL), 2009 WL 1390794, at 1 (S.D. Cal. May 14, 2009) (internal citation omitted). 20 II. 21 Analysis of Motion to Compel A. Timeliness 22 1. Timeliness of Motion Defendants first allege that plaintiff’s motion is untimely. The Discovery and Scheduling 23 24 Order issued November 21, 2016 stated: “The parties may conduct discovery until March 10, 25 2017. Any motions necessary to compel discovery shall be filed by that date.” (ECF No. 29 at 26 5.) Plaintiff’s motion was filed March 13, 2017. (ECF No. 31.) The Proof of Service attached to 27 plaintiff’s filing states that he delivered his motion to prison authorities on March 9, 2017. (Id. at 28 96.) 3 Pursuant to the “mailbox rule,” the court considers the date a prisoner turns over his filing 1 2 to prison authorities for mailing as the filing date. See Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270 3 (1988). The court applies this rule to pro se prisoner legal filings to ensure that their filings are 4 not unfairly barred as untimely due to delays beyond their control. See Douglas v. Noelle, 567 5 F.3d 1103, 1107 (9th Cir. 2009). 6 Defendants contend the mailbox rule applies only to notices of appeal. Defendants cite no 7 authority supporting that contention. The Ninth Circuit has made clear that the mailbox rule 8 applies to many different prisoner filings. See Douglas, 567 F.3d at 1107 (applying the rule to the 9 filing of a section 1983 suit in the district court); James v. Madison St. Jail, 122 F.3d 27, 28 (9th 10 Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (applying rule to trust account statements required to be filed by 28 11 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2)); Caldwell v. Amend, 30 F.3d 1199, 1201 (9th Cir. 1994) (applying the rule 12 to a Rule 50(b) motion); Faile v. Upjohn Co., 988 F.2d 985, 989 (9th Cir. 1993) (applying the rule 13 to discovery responses). The court finds plaintiff’s motion is deemed filed on March 9, 2017 14 when he provided it to prison authorities for mailing. Accordingly, plaintiff’s motion is timely. 15 2. Defendants contend plaintiff’s second requests for production and second sets of 16 17 Timeliness of Discovery Requests interrogatories were untimely. The Discovery and Scheduling Order required that “[a]ll requests for discovery pursuant 18 19 to Fed. R. Civ. P. 31, 33, 34 or 36 shall be served not later than sixty days prior to” March 10, 20 2017, the deadline for discovery. Therefore, discovery requests should have been served by 21 January 9, 2017. 22 Plaintiff states in his motion that he submitted the second sets of interrogatories and the 23 request for production of documents to defendants on January 29, 2017. (Id. at 5.1) Because it 24 1 25 26 27 28 Plaintiff’s “Request for Production of Documents Set Two” is not dated. (See id. at 79-81.) It appears that it was served with plaintiff’s “Interrogatories Propounded to Defendant Lassen County, Set Two” (id. at 82-86.) Those interrogatories are dated January 25, 2017. (See id. at 86.) Plaintiff provides a second “Request for Production of Documents Set Two.” (Id. at 87-89.) It is not clear to whom this request is directed. It is dated January 29, 2017. (Id. at 89.) Finally, plaintiff provides a copy of “Interrogatories Propounded to Defendant Julie M. Bustamante Set Two.” (Id. at 90-95.) They are also dated January 29, 2017. (Id. at 95.) 4 1 appears plaintiff did not propound any of his second set of requests for production or 2 interrogatories until well after the deadline, the court finds plaintiff’s requests are untimely and 3 defendants’ objections to the requests on that basis are valid. Plaintiff’s motion to compel 4 responses to his second set of discovery will be denied. 5 Accordingly, the court will address the remaining aspect of plaintiff’s motion to compel 6 regarding his first request for production of documents and his request for answers to deposition 7 questions. 8 9 10 B. Merits of Motion to Compel 1. First Request for Production of Documents Plaintiff propounded to defendants seven requests for the production of documents. They 11 are dated December 6, 2016. (See ECF No. 31 at 16-17.) In a response dated January 13, 2017, 12 defendants objected to each request and provided no documents. (See ECF No. 31 at 41-43.) 13 Defendants responses were thus timely under the Discovery and Scheduling Order which allowed 14 45 days for a response. (See ECF No. 29 at 4.) 15 Plaintiff specifically addresses only a few of the requests for production and objections 16 thereto. First, plaintiff complains that defendants did not provide any documents “that support 17 your answers to your interrogatory responses.” (Req. No. 1 (ECF No. 31 at 42).) However, the 18 only document plaintiff mentions should have been produced is “proof of employment.” (See 19 ECF No. 31 at 9.) Plaintiff does not explain further why a proof of employment is necessary. 20 The court assumes plaintiff is referring to the employment of defendant Bustamante. Bustamante 21 responded to an interrogatory that she is the County Clerk-Recorder. Because there is thus no 22 dispute about her employment, plaintiff does not require any further proof of her employment. 23 Second, in his motion, plaintiff argues that he is not seeking personal information, but is 24 only seeking information relevant to his case. (See ECF No. 31 at 10.) Plaintiff is apparently 25 referring to Request No. 2 “Each and every document and tangible thing to prove your annual 26 earnings for the last 10 years.” (Id. at 42.) Defendants objected to this request on the grounds 27 that: (1) it did not seek information calculated to lead to the discovery of relevant evidence, and 28 (2) it violated defendant’s right to privacy. In his reply brief, plaintiff argues evidence of 5 1 Bustamante’s earnings is relevant to “see if the defendants had been bribed in approving marriage 2 licenses.” (ECF No. 35 at 3.) Plaintiff’s complaint makes no allegations of bribery and he 3 presents no evidence or argument to support this assertion. Discovery cannot be used to 4 investigate theories and allegations that are no more than speculation. See Rivera v. NIBCO, 5 Inc., 364 F.3d 1057, 1072 (9th Cir. 2004) (“District courts need not condone the use of discovery 6 to engage in ‘fishing expeditions.’”) Plaintiff fails to show a request for information about 7 defendant Bustamante’s income would lead to the discovery of relevant evidence. 8 9 Third, plaintiff contends he requires copies of the 482 marriage licenses defendants state in their interrogatory answers were issued to incarcerated individuals in the last ten years. 10 Defendants state that providing these licenses would be unduly burdensome. Plaintiff states that 11 he requires that information to show defendants acted with malice. (See ECF No. 35 at 2.) He 12 does not, however, explain why this is so. Plaintiff does not appear to dispute defendants' 13 statement that Lassen County has issued many marriage licenses to incarcerated people. He states 14 that he wants to show that none of the applicants were housed at the Lassen Adult Detention 15 Facility, the jail where he was in custody when he submitted his request for a marriage license. 16 However, in the interrogatory answers, defendant Bustamante stated that in the last ten years, just 17 two persons in custody at that facility had requested marriage licenses. (See ECF No. 31 at 34- 18 35.) Plaintiff fails to show why he requires all 482 marriage licenses to prove his claim – that 19 defendants interfered with his right to marry. 20 Finally, the court has reviewed each of plaintiff’s requests for production of documents 21 and defendants’ objections to them. The court finds defendants’ objections valid, with one 22 exception. For the most part, plaintiff’s requests seek information that will not lead to the 23 discovery of relevant evidence, are argumentative, or are overbroad. The court recognizes 24 plaintiff is acting in pro per and considers his discovery requests liberally. Nonetheless, plaintiff 25 fails to show a legitimate basis for most of the documents he seeks, and the court can find none. 26 The one exception to the court’s finding is plaintiff’s request for documents responsive to 27 the interrogatory answer about the laws or policies supporting the requirement, identified in the 28 May 7, 2015 letter to plaintiff, that both parties be present to request a marriage application. In 6 1 the interrogatory responses, Lassen County simply stated that “the law is set forth in the Family 2 Code and related statutes.” (See ECF No. 31 at 29.) Defendant Bustamante provided a similar 3 response. (See id. at 35.) The court finds these answers lack specificity. Plaintiff asked a 4 legitimate question about the legal basis for the presence requirement set out in the May 7 letter. 5 Simply responding that plaintiff should look through the entire Family Code is an insufficient 6 response. Further, informing plaintiff that defendants need not provide him a copy of the relevant 7 code sections compounds the problem. The court finds plaintiff made a valid request for 8 documents supporting defendants’ interrogatory answers, defendants informed plaintiff that laws 9 exist that support the presence requirement set out in the May 7 letter, and defendants refused to 10 provide plaintiff copies of those laws. Despite these problems, the court recognizes that in their 11 motion for summary judgment, defendants have identified the Family Code sections they consider 12 relevant to the presence requirement set out in the May 7 letter. Accordingly, the court finds 13 plaintiff’s request for a copy of those laws moot at this point. 14 2. Answers to Deposition Questions 15 The parties do not dispute that on December 30, 2016, plaintiff sent defendants a notice 16 that defendants were to appear in Lassen County Superior Court on January 18, 2017 to provide a 17 videotaped response to written deposition questions. 18 Defendants provide the declaration of attorney Patrick Deedon. (ECF No. 33-1.) Mr. 19 Deedon states that after receiving plaintiff’s notice, and before January 9, 2017, he telephoned the 20 Lassen County Superior Court to inquire about the location of the deposition. (Id. ¶6.) He was 21 informed that “no deposition would be going forward as the deposition was not properly before 22 the court.” (Id.) On January 9, 2017, the Superior Court sent a document entitled “Notice of 23 Return” to all parties in this action. (Id.) Attached to Mr. Deedon’s declaration is a copy of that 24 notice. It states: “The court has no jurisdiction over the Policies and Procedures of the Lassen 25 County Adult Detention Facility and/or Sheriff Department.” (See ECF No. 33-1 at 4.) 26 Plaintiff contends the notice provided by Mr. Deedon was received in a different case, 27 Hoffman v. Lassen Adult Detention Facility, No. 2:15-cv-1558 JAM KJN (E.D. Cal.) Plaintiff 28 states that it is clear the notice was intended for that case because the notice references “Lassen 7 1 Adult Detention Facility,” which is a party in that case but is not a party in this one. The court 2 notes that plaintiff was incarcerated at the Lassen Adult Detention Facility when he claims he was 3 denied the right to marry, the subject of this case. Therefore, plaintiff’s assertion that the notice 4 was received in a different case is not necessarily supported. In any event, Mr. Deedon’s 5 declaration shows that he was told the superior court made no provisions for the deposition 6 noticed by plaintiff. Plaintiff does not explain why he felt he had scheduled a deposition at the 7 superior court on January 18. Because plaintiff failed to properly notice the deposition, 8 defendants had no obligation to attend the deposition. See Barry v. Felker, No. 2:08-cv-1722- 9 PMP-GWF, 2010 WL 4280365, at 1 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2010). However, the court notes that 10 the better course would have been to inform plaintiff of the defective notice. 11 On February 9, 2017, plaintiff sent a letter to defendants' counsel requesting answers to 12 the written deposition questions that were submitted on December 30, 2016. (See ECF No. 31 at 13 47.) Plaintiff stated that the answers to the questions were due on February 15, 2017. It does not 14 appear that defendants responded to that letter. The court construes plaintiff’s letter as a belated 15 attempt to turn his deposition questions into interrogatories. Because they were not submitted 16 until February 9, they were untimely. However, the court recognizes that plaintiff served the 17 original deposition questions prior to the deadline and, because plaintiff is proceeding in pro per, 18 will review his deposition questions. 19 Most of plaintiff’s deposition questions are argumentative or seek information that is not 20 calculated to lead to the discovery of relevant evidence. For example, the first several questions 21 ask why defendants' laws are made to violate prisoner’s civil rights. Many questions are 22 overbroad. Plaintiff asks who has the authority to approve “policy or local government 23 practices.” Plaintiff also asks about grand jury proceedings and asks the defendants to make legal 24 conclusions about hypotheticals regarding things such as harassment by a jail commander. 25 Plaintiff also ask numerous questions about issues that bear no relevance to his claim such as the 26 use of public funds for various things, including a new courthouse, drug programs and homeless 27 shelters. Some questions have already been asked, and answered, in the interrogatories. 28 //// 8 Some of plaintiff’s questions to defendants were appropriate at the time. However, they 1 2 no longer appear to be likely to lead to the discovery of relevant evidence. Plaintiff’s proper 3 questions sought information about the existence of a policy requiring both parties to be present 4 to obtain a marriage license. In their opposition to plaintiff’s summary judgment motion, and in 5 their own summary judgment motion, defendants state that the policy is based on state law and 6 includes an exception for persons who are incarcerated. Pursuant to California Family Code § 7 426, an incarcerated person may obtain a marriage license through an officiant. Because the 8 summary judgment motions clarify respondent’s position in this case, only a few of plaintiff’s 9 deposition questions still have the potential to lead to the discovery of evidence relevant to 10 plaintiff’s claims. Those remaining questions to Lassen County are: 11 34) Does [defendant Bustamante] make policy[?] 12 45) Can you tell this court how many inmates at the county jail have been married? 13 The questions to defendant Bustamante are: 14 17) Of [the inmates from the Lassen Adult Detention Facility who have asked for 15 marriage applications] how many inmates have you allowed to get married as is a constitutional 16 right? 17 36) Who is responsible for policy in your office? 18 44) Is it not true that your response to the plaintiff’s letter was routine . . . ? 19 The court finds that plaintiff attempted to submit these questions through Rule 31’s 20 deposition by written questions, but was unsuccessful. Plaintiff submitted the questions in a 21 timely manner. He could have converted the questions to interrogatories, and probably should 22 have submitted them as interrogatories in the first place. The court must treat pro se plaintiff’s 23 filings liberally. See Hebbe v Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010). For these reasons, the 24 court will require defendants to respond to these few questions as though they were 25 interrogatories. 26 In light of the court’s partial grant of plaintiff’s motion to compel, and considering 27 plaintiff’s motion for an extension of time to oppose defendants' summary judgment motion, the 28 court will also provide plaintiff additional time to respond to file an opposition. 9 1 Accordingly, and good cause appearing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as follows: 2 1. Plaintiff’s motion to compel (ECF No. 31) is granted in part and denied in part. 3 Within fifteen days of the date of this order, defendant Lassen County shall provide 4 plaintiff with responses to deposition questions 34 and 45 and defendant Julie 5 Bustamante shall provide plaintiff with responses to deposition questions 17, 36, and 6 44. Defendants shall respond to the deposition questions as though those questions 7 had been propounded as interrogatories. In all other respects, plaintiff’s motion to 8 compel is denied. Plaintiff’s request for discovery sanctions is denied. 9 2. If plaintiff is not satisfied with defendants' responses to the deposition questions, 10 plaintiff may file a motion to compel within ten days of receiving defendants' 11 responses. 12 3. Plaintiff’s motion for an extension of time to file an opposition to the summary 13 judgment motion (ECF No. 40) is granted. Plaintiff shall file an opposition within 14 forty-five days of the date of this order. 15 Dated: May 25, 2017 16 17 18 19 20 21 DLB:9 DLB1/prisoner-civil rights/hoff1382.mtc 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line418
__label__cc	0.589052	0.410948	Justia Dockets & Filings Ninth Circuit California Eastern District Prime Healthcare Services - Shasta, LLC v. Burwell Filing 18 Prime Healthcare Services - Shasta, LLC v. Burwell ORDER RELATING CASES signed by District Judge Troy L. Nunley on 6/8/2017 ORDERING that cases 2:17-cv-00431-MCE-CMK, 2:17-cv-00071-TLN-KJN, 2:17-cv-00073-TLN-KJN, 2:17-cv-00082-TLN-KJN, 2:17-cv-00069-TLN-KJN, 2:17-cv-00074-TLN-KJN, 2:17-cv-00072-TLN-K JN are RELATED. The action denominated 2:17-cv-00431-MCE-CMK is hereby REASSIGNED to District Judge Troy L. Nunley and Magistrate Judge Kendall J. Newman for all further proceedings. Any dates currently set in the reassigned case are hereby VACATED. The caption on documents filed in the reassigned case shall be shown as 2:17-cv-00431-TLN-KJN. (Zignago, K.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 12 13 PRIME HEALTHCARE SERVICES – SHASTA, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company doing business as Shasta Regional Medical Center, 16 17 v. THOMAS E. PRICE, M.D., in his official capacity as the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, Defendant. 18 19 20 ORDER RELATING CASES Plaintiff, 14 15 No. 2:17-cv-00431-MCE-CMK PRIME HEALTHCARE SERVICES – SHASTA, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company doing business as Shasta Regional Medical Center, No. 2:17-cv-00071-TLN-KJN 21 Plaintiff, 22 23 24 25 v. SYLVIA MATHEWS BURWELL, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, Defendant. 26 27 28 1 1 2 PRIME HEALTHCARE SERVICES – SHASTA, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company doing business as Shasta Regional Medical Center, No. 2:17-cv-00073-TLN-KJN 3 Plaintiff, 4 5 6 7 8 9 v. SYLVIA MATHEWS BURWELL, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, Defendant. PRIME HEALTHCARE SERVICES – SHASTA, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company doing business as Shasta Regional Medical Center, 10 11 12 13 No. 2:17-cv-00082-TLN-KJN Plaintiff, v. SYLVIA MATHEWS BURWELL, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, 14 Defendant. 15 16 17 PRIME HEALTHCARE SERVICES – SHASTA, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company doing business as Shasta Regional Medical Center, No. 2:17-cv-00069-TLN-KJN 18 Plaintiff, 19 20 21 v. SYLVIA MATHEWS BURWELL, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, 22 Defendant. 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 1 2 3 4 PRIME HEALTHCARE SERVICES – SHASTA, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company doing business as Shasta Regional Medical Center, No. 2:17-cv-00074-TLN-KJN Plaintiff, v. 5 6 SYLVIA MATHEWS BURWELL, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, 7 Defendant. 8 9 10 PRIME HEALTHCARE SERVICES – SHASTA, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company doing business as Shasta Regional Medical Center, No. 2:17-cv-00072-TLN-KJN 11 Plaintiff, 12 13 14 15 v. SYLVIA MATHEWS BURWELL, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, Defendant. 16 17 18 Examination of the above-entitled actions reveals that they are related within the meaning 19 of Local Rule 123(a) (E.D. Cal. 1997). The actions involve the same parties, are based on the 20 same claims, the same questions of fact and the same questions of law, and would therefore entail 21 a substantial duplication of labor if heard by different judges. Accordingly, the assignment of the 22 matters to the same judge is likely to affect a substantial savings of judicial effort. 23 The parties should be aware that relating the cases under Local Rule 123 merely has the 24 result that these actions are assigned to the same judge. No consolidation of the actions is 25 affected. Under the regular practice of this Court, related cases are generally assigned to the 26 judge and magistrate judge to whom the first filed action was assigned. 27 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the action denominated 2:17-cv-00431-MCE-CMK 28 is hereby reassigned to District Judge Troy L. Nunley and Magistrate Judge Kendall J. Newman 3 1 for all further proceedings. Any dates currently set in the reassigned case are hereby VACATED. 2 Henceforth, the caption on documents filed in the reassigned case shall be shown as 2:17-cv- 3 00431-TLN-KJN. 4 5 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court make appropriate adjustments in the assignment of civil cases to compensate for this reassignment. 6 7 Dated: June 8, 2017 8 9 Troy L. Nunley United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 4	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line419
__label__wiki	0.575922	0.575922	Justia Dockets & Filings Third Circuit Pennsylvania Eastern District FULTZ v. ROTHERMEL et al Filing 11 FULTZ v. ROTHERMEL et al MEMORANDUM AND ORDER THAT THE MOTION OF DEFENDANTS TO TRANSFER THIS ACTION TO THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA; ETC.. SIGNED BY HONORABLE HARVEY BARTLE, III ON 11/6/17. 11/6/17 ENTERED AND E-MAILED.(jl, ) IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA JACOB L. FULTZ v. JACOB C. ROTHERMEL, et al. : : : : : CIVIL ACTION NO. 17-3237 MEMORANDUM Bartle, J. November 6, 2017 Plaintiff, a former Pennsylvania State Trooper, has brought this action against defendants, Jacob C. Rothermel, a Pennsylvania State Trooper, and Tyree C. Blocker, the State Police Commissioner, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for denial of his right to equal protection under the Constitution. Plaintiff also alleges a claim for tortious interference with contract under Pennsylvania law. The defendants have filed a motion to transfer venue to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) which provides: For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought or to any district or division to which all parties have consented. It is undisputed that plaintiff as well as defendant Rothermel are residents of the Middle District of Pennsylvania while defendant Blocker is a resident of Chester County in the Eastern District. It is also conceded that all of the relevant events alleged in the complaint occurred in the Middle District. In addition, the office of the plaintiff’s counsel is in Mechanicsburg in Cumberland County in the Middle District while the Deputy Attorney General, the counsel for the defendants, has his office in Harrisburg in Dauphin County, also in the Middle District. Since one of the defendants resides in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and both defendants reside in the Commonwealth, venue is proper in this District under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1). Venue is also proper in the Middle District not only under § 1391(b)(1) because one of the two Pennsylvania defendants resides there but also under § 1391(b)(2) because “a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim[s] occurred” in that district. The question before the court is simply whether defendants have established that it is appropriate to transfer the action to the Middle District under § 1404(a) and the admitted facts of the case. The analysis is governed by the decision of our Court of Appeals in Jumara v. State Farm Insurance Co., 55 F.3d 873, 879 (3d Cir. 1995). The Court in Jumara outlined a series of private and public interests that the court should consider in deciding whether to transfer a case “for the convenience of the parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice.” -2- The Court has cautioned that in the process the “plaintiff’s choice of venue should not be lightly disturbed.” Id. at 879. Nonetheless, the plaintiff’s choice is not dispositive, particularly where all other factors favor transfer. See, e.g., Askerneese v. NiSource, Inc., No. 12-7167, 2013 WL 1389750, at *2 (E.D. Pa. April 4, 2013). We need not engage in a detailed discussion. Suffice it to say the relevant public and private interests set forth in Jumara strongly point to the transfer of the action to the Middle District of Pennsylvania. The plaintiff, one of the two defendants, and all of the relevant events occurred there. The one defendant who resides in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania has his office as Pennsylvania State Police Commissioner in the Middle District. is also located in that District. The plaintiff’s attorney The only factor favoring denial of the motion to transfer is plaintiff’s choice to sue here. With the scales tipping so far in favor of transfer, plaintiff’s choice of forum is an insufficient reason under the circumstances to keep the case in this jurisdiction. In sum, defendants have met their burden of proof. Accordingly, their motion for transfer of the action under § 1404(a) to the United States District Court for the Middle District will be granted. -3-	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line421
__label__wiki	0.910338	0.910338	Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Nethersole, Francis < Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900 ←Nest Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 40 Nethersole, Francis by Sidney Lee Netter, Thomas→ sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item. 882333Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 40 — Nethersole, Francis1894 NETHERSOLE, Sir FRANCIS (1587–1659), secretary to the Electress Elizabeth, born in 1587, was second son of John Nethersole of Winghamswood or Wimlingswold, Kent, by his wife Perigrinia, daughter of Francis Wilsford. Elected to a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, on 12 April 1605, he obtained a minor fellowship there in 1608 and a major fellowship on 23 March 1609–10. He proceeded B.A. in 1606, and M.A. in 1610, and became a popular tutor. On 11 Dec. 1611 he was elected public orator of the university. In the following year he published an address in Latin prose which he had delivered before the vice-chancellor on the death of Prince Henry, and added a short epitaph in verse by himself, and elegies in Latin and Greek by Andrew Downes. The title of the volume ran: ‘Memoriæ Sacra Illustrissimi Potentissimi Principis Henrici … Laudatio Funebris’ (Cambridge, by Cantrell Legge, 1612). In 1613 Nethersole engaged in a curious correspondence with the wife of Sir Michael Hicks [q. v.] respecting their son William, who was in Nethersole's charge at Cambridge (Lansdowne MS. 93). Next year Nethersole—although, according to Chamberlain, a proper man, ‘thinking well of himself’—offended the king, when on a visit with his son to the university, by addressing the Prince of Wales as ‘Jacobissime Carole,’ and ‘Jacobule’ (Hardwicke, State Papers, i. 395). In his ‘Grave Poem,’ 1614, Corbet parodied the curious oration, in which Nethersole welcomed the royal visitors, in verses beginning: I wonder what your Grace doth here, Who have expected been twelve year; And this your son, fair Carolus, That is so Jacobissimus. (Cf. Nichols, Progresses, iii. 58, 69.). But Nethersole's literary taste was sufficiently respected to lead Edmund Bolton to nominate him in 1617 as one of the class of ‘essentials’ in his projected academy of literature. In 1619 Nethersole resigned his offices at Cambridge, and accepted the post of secretary to James Hay, viscount Doncaster, afterwards Earl of Carlisle [q. v.], who had been selected to visit the Elector Palatine with a view to settling on a peaceful basis his relations with his catholic neighbours. Nethersole was a staunch protestant, and readily became an enthusiastic advocate of the cause of the elector and of his wife, the Princess Elizabeth. On his return with Doncaster Nethersole was knighted at Theobalds, Hertfordshire, on 19 Sept. 1619, and was at the same time appointed the English agent to the princes of the Protestant Union, and secretary to the Electress Palatine, in succession to Sir Albertus Morton [q. v.] He thenceforth devoted himself with the utmost chivalry to the interests of the electress. James granted him a pension of 200l. in consideration of his anticipated services to his sister (22 Sept. 1619), and 165l. as English agent to the union (Cal. State Papers, 1619–1623, p. 79). Nethersole did not take up his duties in attendance on the electress until her husband had accepted the crown of Bohemia. Late in the summer of 1620 he travelled to Prague, and practically became English minister at the court there. His despatches to the English government were very full and frequent. He was at first sanguine that the elector would come forth victorious from the struggle, but in August 1620 he was writing to James I that his son-in-law's position was hopeless. In May 1621 the elector sent Nethersole to England to beg for aid in the defence of the Palatinate. He returned with an unfavourable answer (Green, Lives of the Princesses of England, v. 365). On 24 Sept. 1622, four days after the fall of the elector's capital of Heidelberg, Nethersole landed again in England, and was dismissed a few days later by Buckingham, with an assurance that England would at once intervene in the German war in the elector's behalf. Next year, although still retaining his office as agent to the electress, Nethersole permanently settled in England, in the belief that he might thus influence the English government more effectually in her behalf. He maintained for the next twelve years a voluminous correspondence with the electress. Some of his leisure Nethersole now devoted to English politics. On 31 Jan. 1623–4 he was elected M.P. for Corfe Castle, Dorset. He was re-elected for the same constituency to the first and third of Charles I's parliaments (in 1625 and 1628 respectively). In the opening days of the latter parliament Nethersole took a prominent part in the debate on the king's claim to imprison persons without showing cause. He argued that cases of disturbance due to the existence of perilous conspiracies had arisen, and might arise again, when the executive government must of necessity be entrusted with the power of arbitrary committal. Early next year Nethersole pointed out to the electress the serious consequences likely to follow the growing divergence between the king and the parliament on questions of religion. In 1628 Nethersole gave practical proof of his devotion to the electress by selling his own plate, some of which he had received as a gift from the French king, in order to pay her pressing debts (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1627–8, p. 579). In May 1633, in his capacity of agent to the princess, Nethersole sought and obtained permission from Charles I to raise a voluntary contribution or benevolence for the recovery of the Palatinate. He induced two London merchants ‘to advance 31,000l. on the security of the expected contributions, and in reliance upon an engagement which he offered in the name of the wealthy Lord Craven, Elizabeth's most enthusiastic champion’ (Gardiner). Before the legal documents authorising the levy of the money were made out, Nethersole's scheme was betrayed to the public. Lord Craven's support proved uncertain, and Nethersole perceived that his chances of success were very small. He angrily charged Lord Goring, a member of the queen's household, with treacherously revealing the plan before it was ripe for execution. The queen took Goring's side in the quarrel. Charles was easily persuaded that Nethersole had misled him in the business. He at first ordered him to keep his house, and then directed him to apologise formally to Goring. Finally he revoked his assent to the benevolence (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep.; Cowper MSS. ii. 20–4). In December 1633 Nethersole received from the private secretary of Elizabeth an importunate letter entreating him to secure aid for her in England with the utmost speed. Nethersole forwarded an extract from the letter to the king's secretary, Sir John Coke [q. v.], and appended a message of his own supporting its appeal, in which he suggested that if no help were sent to the princess her son might be justified in attributing his ruin to her kinsfolk's inaction (4 Jan. 1633–4; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1633–4, p. 393). Charles was offended by the remark, and he issued an order for Nethersole's arrest. In order to place his papers in safe custody Nethersole for a few days evaded capture, but he was soon taken and sent to the Tower. He was released at the end of April, but not until Charles had obtained a formal promise from his sister, who had done what she could to defend him, never to employ him in her service again (cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1633–4, p. 496; Cowper MSS. ii. 43–4 in Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep.). His public life was thus brought to a premature close. Thenceforward Nethersole lived chiefly at Polesworth, Warwickshire, on property which his wife inherited. On 28 March 1636 he wrote thence to Secretary Windebanck, protesting in very humble language his loyalty to the king (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1635–1636, p. 333). His religious views, always sternly protestant, in later life tended towards presbyterianism. He used his influence to obtain the vicarage of Polesworth for one Bell, subsequently one of the ejected ministers, and Richard Baxter wrote of Bell ‘that he needed no other testimonial of his loyalty than that he was pastor to Sir Francis, and this is equally a proof of his learning also’ (Palmer, Nonconformists' Memorial, iii. 347). On his father's death he inherited Nethersole House, in the parish of Wimlingswold. Although he fully sympathised with the king's cause, he took no part in the civil wars; but in the autumn of 1648 he endeavoured, in a series of pamphlets, to advocate a peaceful solution of the desperate crisis. On 15 Aug. 1648 he published, under the signature ‘P.D.,’ an address to the lord mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen of London, entitled ‘Problems necessary to be determined by all that have or have not taken part on either side in the late unnatural War.’ On 17 Aug. 1648 he published ‘A Project for an equitable and lasting Peace, designed in the yere 1643 … with a Disquisition how the said Project may now be reduced to fit the present Conjuncture of Affairs … by a cordiall Agreement of the King, Parliament, City, and Army, and of all the People of this Kingdom among our selves.’ ‘A strong Motive to the passing of a General Pardon and Act of Oblivion, found in a Parcell of Problemes selected out of a greater Bundle lately published by P. D.’ appeared on 30 Oct. 1648; ‘Another Parcell of Problemes concerning Religion necessary to be determined at this time,’ on 3 Nov. 1648; and ‘Parables reflecting upon the Times, newly past and yet present,’ on 13 Nov. 1648. On 11 Jan. 1648–9 Nethersole, throwing off the veil of anonymity, openly attacked John Goodwin's defence of the army's resolution to bring the king to the scaffold in ‘Ὁ Αὐτοκατάκριτος. The self-condemned, or a Letter to Mr. Jo. Goodwin, shewing that in his Essay to justifie the Equity and Regularnes of the late and present Proceedings of the Army by Principles of Reason and Religion, he hath condemned himselfe of Iniquity and Variablenesse in the highest degree untill he shall explaine himself in publicke.’ In a postscript (p. 8) Nethersole avowed himself the author of the earlier pamphlets issued under the signature P. D. Goodwin retorted in ‘The Unrighteous Judge,’ 25 Jan. 1648–9 [see Goodwin, John]. In 1653 Nethersole, after protracted litigation, finally compounded for his estates. About the same time he built and endowed, in accordance with his wife's desire, a free school at Polesworth, and he endowed the benefice. He died at Polesworth in August 1659. An inscribed stone in his memory was placed in the church in 1859. Nethersole married Lucy, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Goodere of Warwickshire. She died on 9 July 1652, aged 58, and was buried in Polesworth Church. He had no children, and left his estates to his nephew, John Marsh, son of his sister Ann by Thomas Marsh of Brandred. Nethersole's classical learning is well displayed in his political pamphlets. Verses by him are prefixed to Giles Fletcher's ‘Christ's Victory,’ 1632. Some letters from him to Henry Oxenden, dated in 1652 and 1654, are among Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 28001–28003. His despatches as secretary to the electress are summarised in Mrs. Green's ‘Life of the Princess Elizabeth.’ [Cole's Athenæ Cantab. in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 5877, f. 13; Hunter's Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 24492, f. 117; Hasted's Kent, iii. 712–13; Berry's Kent Genealogies, p. 104; Gardiner's Hist. of England; Strafford Papers, i. 177, 243; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619–33; Dugdale's Warwickshire, ii. 1116; Green's Lives of the Princesses of England, v. 300 seq.; information kindly sent by the vicar of Polesworth.] Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Nethersole,_Francis&oldid=10750022" DNB biographies Pages with contributor Pages with noyear	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line431
__label__wiki	0.691114	0.691114	Wilder Penfield Wilder Graves Penfield, OM, CC, CMG, MD, FRS (January 25/26, 1891 – April 5, 1976) was an American born Canadian neurosurgeon. He was born in Spokane, Washington, and studied at Princeton University before winning a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, where he studied neuropathology under Sir Charles Scott Sherrington. He obtained his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University. He spent several years training at Oxford, where he met William Osler. He also studied in Spain, Germany, and New York. Neural stimulation Penfield was a groundbreaking researcher and highly original surgeon. With his colleague, Herbert Jasper, he invented the Montreal procedure, in which he treated patients with severe epilepsy by destroying nerve cells in the brain where the seizures originated. Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious on the operating table (under only local anesthesia), and observed their responses. In this way he could more accurately target the areas of the brain responsible, reducing the side-effects of the surgery. This technique also allowed him to create maps of the sensory and motor cortices of the brain (see cortical homunculus) showing their connections to the various limbs and organs of the body. These maps are still used today, practically unaltered. Along with Herbert Jasper, he published this work in 1951 (2nd ed., 1954) as the landmark "Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain". This work contributed a great deal to understanding the lateralization of brain function. Penfield reported [cite book \| last = Penfield \| first = W \| title = Memory Mechanisms \| publisher = AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 67(1952):178-198] that stimulation of the temporal lobes could lead to vivid recall of memories. Over-simplified in popular pscyhology publications including the best-selling "I'm OK, You're OK", this seeded the common misconception that the brain continuously "records" experiences in perfect detail, although these memories are not available to conscious recall. In reality, however, the reported episodes of recall occurred in less than five percent of his patients, and these results have not been replicated by modern surgeons. [cite book \| last = Jensen \| first = Eric \| title = Teaching With the Brain in Mind \| edition = 2nd ed. \| publisher = Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development \| location = Alexandria, Virginia \| year = 2005 \| id = ISBN 1-4166-0030-2 ] His development of the neurosurgical technique that produced the less injurious meningo-cerebral scar became widely accepted in the field of neurosurgery, where the "Penfield dissector" is still in daily use. During his life he was called "the greatest living Canadian." He devoted much thinking to the functionings of the mind, and continued until his death to contemplate whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human soul. After taking surgical apprenticeship under Harvey Cushing, he obtained a position at the Neurological Institute of New York, where he carried out his first solo operations against epilepsy. While in New York, he met David Rockefeller, who desired to endow an institute where Penfield could study the surgical treatment of epilepsy. However, academic politics among the New York neurologists prevented the establishment of this institute in New York; subsequently, Penfield moved to Montreal in 1928. There, Penfield taught at McGill University and the Royal Victoria hospital, becoming the city's first neurosurgeon. In 1934 he founded and became the first Director of McGill University's world-famous Montreal Neurological Institute and the associated [http://www.mcgill.ca/mni/ Montreal Neurological Hospital] , which was established with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. He retired in 1960 and turned his attention to writing, producing a novel as well as his autobiography, "No Man Alone". (A later biography, "Something Hidden", was written by his grandson, Jefferson Lewis.) In 1967 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 1994 he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. Much of his archival material is housed at the Osler Library of McGill University. In his later years, Penfield dedicated himself to the public interest, particularly in support of university education. With his friends Governor-General Georges Vanier and Mrs. Pauline Vanier, née Archer, he co-founded the Vanier Institute of the Family, which Penfield helped found "to promote and guide education in the home -- man's first classroom." He was also an early proponent of bilingualism from childhood onward. "Avenue du Docteur-Penfield" (coord\|45.500342\|-73.583103) , on the slope of Mount Royal in Montreal, was named in Penfield's honour on October 5, 1978. Part of this avenue borders McGill's campus and actually intersects with Promenade Sir-William-Osler - to the amusement of many medical historians who can say "meet me at Osler and Penfield". Pop culture references Wilder Penfield was the subject of an iconic Heritage Minute, dramatizing his development of the Montreal procedure. His epileptic patient's cry when he stimulates the seizure-producing part of her brain ("I can smell burnt toast!") is a cultural touchstone. In science fiction author Philip K. Dick's masterpiece "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?", characters use a household device called a Penfield Mood Organ to dial up emotions on demand. Author J.G. Ballard's novel "Super-Cannes" has a main character who is a manipulative psychiatrist named Wilder Penrose. Shirow Masamune's anime series "Ghost Hound" makes several references to Dr. Penfield and his studies. * [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/physicians/002032-240-e.html Famous Canadian Physicians: Dr. Wilder Penfield] at Library and Archives Canada elected books and publications "Epilepsy and Cerebral Localization: A Study of the Mechanism, Treatment and Prevention of Epileptic Seizures." Penfield, W., and Theodore C. Erickson. Charles C Thomas, 1941. "Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain." 2nd edition. Jasper, H., and Penfield, W. Little, Brown and Co., 1954. ISBN 0-316-69833-4 "The Torch." Penfield, W. Little, Brown and Co.; 1960. ISBN 1-299-80119-6. "A story of love, treachery, and the battle for truth in ancient Greece." "The Mystery of the Mind : A Critical Study of Consciousness and the Human Brain". Penfield, Wilder. Princeton University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-691-02360-3 "No Man Alone: A Surgeon's Life." Little, Brown and Co., 1977. ISBN 0-316-69839-3. Penfield's autobiography. "Something hidden : a biography of Wilder Penfield ." Jefferson Lewis, Doubleday and Co., 1981. ISBN 0-385-17696-1. * [http://www.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=2239 Penfield's Order of Canada Citation] * [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10211 Watch the Heritage Minute vignette] * [http://www.health.library.mcgill.ca/osler/archives/detail.cfm?FondID=134 Penfield archives at the Osler Library] * [http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws/Penfield/Penfield.html Great Canadian Psychology Website - Penfield Biography] 7th Cavalry Regiment (United States) Wilder Penfield — Wilder Graves Penfield, OM, CC, CMG, FRS (* 26. Januar 1891 in Spokane/Washington; † 5. April 1976 in Montreal), Schüler von Charles Sherrington, war ein in den USA geborener kanadischer Neurochirurg. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 W … Deutsch Wikipedia Wilder Penfield — Dr Wilder Graves Penfield Dr Wilder G. Penfield (vers 1934). Naissance janvier 1891 Spokane, État de Washington ( … Wikipédia en Français Wilder Penfield — Dr. Wilder Penfield, 1934. Wilder Graves Penfield (Spokane, 26 de enero,1891 Montreal, 5 de abril de 1976) fue un neurocirujano canadiense que contribuyó con importantes avances en el estudio del tejido nervioso, de las enfermedades neurológicas … Wikipedia Español Prix wilder-penfield — Article principal : Prix du Québec. Le prix Wilder Penfield est l’un des onze Prix du Québec décernés annuellement par le gouvernement du Québec. Il couronne l ensemble de la carrière d un scientifique dont l objet de recherche appartient au … Wikipédia en Français Prix Wilder-Penfield — The Prix Wilder Penfield is an award by the Government of Quebec that is part of the Prix du Québec, which goes to scientists whose research aims fall within the field of biomedicine. These fields include the medical sciences, the natural… … Wikipedia Penfield — Wilder Penfield Wilder Penfield Wilder Penfield modifier … Wikipédia en Français Penfield — may refer to:Wilder Penfield (1891 – 1976), Canadian neurosurgeon The Prix Wilder Penfield, an award for biomedicine research Daniel Penfield (1759 – 1840), founder of Penfield, New York Penfield, New York Penfield, Georgia Penfield Reef, a … Wikipedia Penfield — ist der Name folgender Personen: Daniel Penfield (1759–1840), US amerikanischer Geschäftsmann und Gründer der Stadt Penfield, im US Bundesstaat New York Samuel Lewis Penfield (1856–1906), US amerikanischer Mineraloge Smith Newell Penfield… … Deutsch Wikipedia Wilder — bezeichnet: veraltet einen isoliert von der Zivilisation lebenden Menschen, siehe Indigene Völker Edler Wilder, Idealbild des von der Zivilisation unverdorbenen Naturmenschen eine Sagen und Märchenfigur, meist wilder Mann genannt Wilder ist der… … Deutsch Wikipedia	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line432
__label__cc	0.731661	0.268339	Andrei Krushinski: Alfred Nobel’s bomb According to South China Morning Post, this hint means an intention to award a Chinese dissident with the prize. For many years of the Nobel Prize’s existence, an oppressive tendentiousness has prevailed; even among literary men, most often citizens of the spiritually poor United States have received the prize. As for “prizes of peace,” they became one of the most poisonous weapons of the Cold War, the intervention in sovereign countries’ internal affairs, and the undermining of the forces of social and national liberation. Is not blasphemy to award the US protege Kofi Annan with such prize, while one of Nobel laureates, Yassir Arafat, has to hide from Israeli bombs and colonialism’s counter-offensive is being deployed in Asia with the connivance of UN Security Council? The international prize that was set up 100 years ago by the inventor of dynamite has become a time bomb, while the recent demarche of Heir Lundestad in Oslo signifies that bad times lie ahead: the Nobel Prize committee is intending, henceforth, to support US policy. Andrei Krushinski PRAVDA.Ru Translated by Vera Solovieva Read the original in Russian: http://www.pravda.ru/main/2001/12/10/34711.html	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line434
__label__cc	0.540876	0.459124	Releases: Trends Report TRI On-site and Off-site Reported Disposed of or Otherwise Released (in pounds), Trend Report for facilities in Avantor Performance Materials (TRI ID 40361MLLNCHIGHW) for COPPER COMPOUNDS chemical, U.S. 2004-2015 Fugitive Air Stack Air Total Air Emissions Surface Water Discharges Underground Injection Class I Wells Underground Injection Class II-V Wells Total Underground Injection RCRA Subtitle C Landfills Other Landfills Total Landfills Land Treatment/Application Farming RCRA Subtitle C Surface Impoundment Other Surface Impoundments Total Surface Impoundments Other Land Disposal Total On-site Releases to Land Total On-site Disposal or Other Releases Off-Site Disposal-Storage Only Off-Site Disposal-Solidification/Stabilization (metals only) Off-Site Disposal-Wastewater Treatment-Metals Only Off-Site Disposal-Underground Injection Class I Wells Off-Site Disposal-Underground Injection Class II-V Wells Total Off-Site Disposal-Underground Injection Off-Site Disposal-RCRA Subtitle C Landfills Off-Site Disposal-Other Landfills POTW Transfers - Releases to Class I UI Wells and Landfills Off-Site Disposal-RCRA Subtitle C Surface Impoundments Off-Site Disposal-Other Surface Impoundments Total Off-Site Disposal-Surface Impoundments Total Off-Site Disposal-Landfill/Surface Impoundments Off-Site Disposal-Land Treatment Off-Site Disposal-Other Land Disposal Off-Site Disposal-Other Off-site Management Off-Site Disposal-Waste Broker Off-Site Disposal-Unknown Total Off-site Disposal or Other Releases Total On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases 1 2004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 909 2 2006 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 45 3 2010 0 23 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4 2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 166 . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 170 5 2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 . 250 250 Transfers Off-site for Further Waste Management Users of TRI information should be aware that TRI data reflect releases and other waste management activities of chemicals, not whether (or to what degree) the public has been exposed to those chemicals. Release estimates alone are not sufficient to determine exposure or to calculate potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. TRI data, in conjunction with other information, can be used as a starting point in evaluating exposures that may result from releases and other waste management activities which involve toxic chemicals. The determination of potential risk depends upon many factors, including the toxicity of the chemical, the fate of the chemical, and the amount and duration of human or other exposure to the chemical after it is released. Off-site disposal or other releases show only net off-site disposal or other releases, that is, off-site disposal or other releases transferred to other TRI facilities reporting such transfers as on-site disposal or other releases are not included to avoid double counting. On-site Disposal or Other Releases include Underground Injection to Class I Wells (Section 5.4.1), RCRA Subtitle C Landfills (5.5.1A), Other Landfills (5.5.1B), Fugitive or Non-point Air Emissions (5.1), Stack or Point Air Emissions (5.2), Surface Water Discharges (5.3), Underground Injection to Class II-V Wells (5.4.2), Land Treatment/Application Farming (5.5.2), RCRA Subtitle C Surface Impoundments (5.5.3A), Other Surface Impoundments (5.5.3B), and Other Land Disposal (5.5.4). Off-site Disposal or Other Releases include from Section 6.2 Class I Underground Injection Wells (M81), Class II-V Underground Injection Wells (M82, M71), RCRA Subtitle C Landfills (M65), Other Landfills (M64, M72), Storage Only (M10), Solidification/Stabilization - Metals and Metal Category Compounds only (M41 or M40), Wastewater Treatment (excluding POTWs) - Metals and Metal Category Compounds only (M62 or M61), RCRA Subtitle C Surface Impoundments (M66), Other Surface Impoundments (M67, M63), Land Treatment (M73), Other Land Disposal (M79), Other Off-site Management (M90), Transfers to Waste Broker - Disposal (M94, M91), and Unknown (M99) and, from Section 6.1 Transfers to POTWs (metals and metal category compounds only). For purposes of analysis, data reported as Range Code A is calculated using a value of 5 pounds, Range Code B is calculated using a value of 250 pounds and Range Code C is calculated using a value of 750 pounds. A decimal point, or "." denotes the following: if "NA" is reported across an entire row, the facility submitted a Form A (i.e., the facility certified that its total annual reportable amount is less than 500 pounds, and does not manufacture, process, or otherwise use more than 1 million pounds); or if a decimal point is reported in a single column, the facility left that particular cell blank in its Form R submission (a zero in a cell denotes either that the facility reported "0" or "NA" in its Form R submission). A decimal point is reported in the following columns because the element was not required to be reported for that year (the Form R has been changed over the years to require more detailed reporting for some media): Underground Injection Class I, Underground Injection Class II-V, RCRA Subtitle C Landfills and Other Landfills for the years 1988 to 1995; Off-Site Disposal - RCRA Subtitle C Landfills, Off-Site Disposal - Other Landfills and Off-Site Disposal - Surface Impoundments for the years 1988 to 2001; Other RCRA Subtitle C Surface Impoundments, Other Surface Impoundments, Off-Site Underground Injection Class I Wells, Off-Site Underground Injection Class II-V Wells, Off-Site Disposal - RCRA Subtitle C Surface Impoundments and Off-Site Disposal - Other Surface Impoundments for the years 1988 to 2002.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line435
__label__wiki	0.507203	0.507203	Child Name Change Petition (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) Fillable Child Name Change Petition (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) Fill Online, Printable, Fillable, Blank Child Name Change Petition (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) Form Use Fill to complete blank online NYS UNIFIED COURT SYSTEM DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY (NY) pdf forms for free. Once completed you can sign your fillable form or send for signing. All forms are printable and downloadable. The Child Name Change Petition (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) form is 2 pages long and contains: 0 signatures U.S.A. forms for NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology BROWSE NYS UNIFIED COURT SYSTEM DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY (NY) FORMS Child Name Change Consent (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) Civil Court of the City of New York (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) AUTHORIZATION FOR RELEASE OF HEALTH INFORMATION PURSUANT TO (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) TO BE COMPLETED FOR EVERY SALE BY COURT (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Plaintiff/Petitioner, NOTICE OF MOTION -against- Index No. (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) ----------------------------------------------------------- Plaintiff/Petitioner, AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT -against- Index No. (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) ----------------------------------------------------------- Plaintiff/Petitioner, AFFIDAVIT IN OPPOSITION -against- Index No. (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) ----------------------------------------------------------- Plaintiff/Petitioner, REPLY AFFIDAVIT -against- Index No. Defendant/Respondent. (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Plaintiff/Petitioner, NOTICE OF CROSS- MOTION Defendant/Respondent. ----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- Plaintiff/Petitioner, AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION AND (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) ANSWER: (Check All That Apply) 1. General (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) PRO BONO AFFFIRMATION Plaintiff(s)/Petitioner(s) Defendant(s)/Respondent(s) (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) LOW-BONO AFFFIRMATION Plaintiff(s)/Petitioner(s) Defendant(s)/Respondent(s) (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) UCS 840 REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL INTERVENTION (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) Transcriptreq REQUEST FOR TRANSCRIPTION OF MINUTES (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) MATRIMONIAL Request for Judicial Intervention Addendum (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL INTERVENTION (NYS Unified Court System Division of Technology) _________Court of the State of New York County of _________________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------x In the Matter of the Application of PETITION FOR ____________________________________ INDIVIDUAL MINOR’S As Parent and Natural Guardian for leave to Change Minor’s Name To Index # _________________ 1. ________________________________________________________________, by this petition, alleges 2. I am the _____________________________________________________________________ of a Minor. 3. The Minor’s present name is _____________________________________________________________. 4. The name which I propose that the Minor will assume in place and stead of the Minor’s present name is: _____________________________________________________________________________________. 5. The Minor’s Age, Date of Birth and Place of Birth are: Age:__________ Date of Birth:________________ Place of Birth: _________________________________________________________________. Note: If the Minor was born in the State of New York you must attach either: a) a Birth Certificate, b) a Certified Transcript of such Birth Certificate, or c) a Certificate from the Commissioner or the local Board of Health that no such Certificate is available. 6. The Minor’s present residence is: __________________________________________________________ 7. For each of the following five statements , place your initials in the appropriate column. a) The Minor’s personal safety would be jeopardized by the disclosure of this name change b) The Minor has been convicted of a crime c) The Minor has been adjudicated a bankrupt d) There are judgments or liens of record against the Minor e) There is/are actions or proceedings pending to which the Minor is a party If you responded “YES” to any of the five statements above, please explain: (If additional space is required, attach (a) separate sheet(s) of paper with the details.) 8. I have/have not made a previous application to change the Minor’s name in this or any other Court. (Strike out one) (If you have, give details and reason for this current application below.) 9. The reasons for this application are as follows: ___________________________________________ 10. WHEREFORE, your Petitioner respectfully requests that an Order be granted permitting this change of _______________________________ ____________________________________ Date Signature of Petitioner State of New York, County of _____________ss.: _______________________________________, being duly sworn, deposes and says: s/he is the petitioner named above, that petitioner has read the petition and knows the truth of the contents thereof except for those matters alleged to be on information and belief, and as to those matters, petitioner believes them to be Sworn to before me this _____ day of ____________, 20___ _________________________________________________ __________________________________ Signature of Notary Public Signature of Petitioner Discovered by spider; title chosen from pdf (score=4)	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line436
__label__wiki	0.902794	0.902794	Share this Story: South Park: The Fractured but Whole review: Sickeningly funny or maybe just sickening This section is Presented by Audi This section was produced by the editorial department. The client was not given the opportunity to put restrictions on the content or review it prior to publication. FP Tech Desk South Park: The Fractured but Whole review: Sickeningly funny or maybe just sickening It won't win any new converts to the show, but long-time fans are in for several hours of serious snickering Chad Sapieha Oct 25, 2017 • October 25, 2017 • 4 minute read South Park: The Fractured but Whole swaps out its predecessor's fantasy theme for superheroes and mixes up combat to fit the new theme. The rest of the game looks and plays a lot like South Park: The Stick of Truth, and it's just as funny, too. Photo by Ubisoft Platform:PlayStation 4 (reviewed), Xbox One, Windows PC Developer: Ubisoft San Francisco Release Date:October 17, 2017 ESRB:M Like most role-playing games, South Park: The Fractured but Whole begins with players creating their characters, choosing clothes and hair. But when you get to the part where you choose skin colour, you’ll notice something odd: The difficulty changes in tandem with the slider that controls your character’s pigmentation. The whiter your complexion, the easier. The darker your complexion, the harder. Then the familiar voice of Cartman – the long running TV show’s most recognizable and controversial character – says: “Don’t worry, this doesn’t affect combat, just every other aspect of your whole life.” South Park: The Fractured but Whole review: Sickeningly funny or maybe just sickening Back to video So starts what will probably wind up the funniest game of 2017. At least for fans of the show’s idiosyncratic humour. Like 2014’s South Park: The Stick of Truth, The Fractured but Whole (get it?) is penned and acted by series creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker. It’s also animated to look exactly like an episode of the show. If someone walked into the room while you were playing and they didn’t see you holding a controller there’s a good chance they wouldn’t catch on that it’s a game for a long time. However, like its predecessor, The Fractured but Whole‘s story plays to the fact that it is, indeed, a game. The kids of South Park are pretending they’re superheroes investigating mysterious stuff taking place around town, from missing cats to people keying Randy’s car. They’re also in the midst of a civil war between rival superhero factions. You’re dropped into all of this as a new kid in town who’s being slowly inducted into Cartman’s group, Coon and Friends. When turn-based battles begin – against sixth graders, rednecks, waitresses, cooks, and other nefarious locals – the kids are well aware that they’re playing, casually insulting each other about overacting their roles and sometimes needing to clear the street for a few seconds to let traffic pass before getting back at it. These moments are when the game is at its best, reminding us that these are really just kids playing dress-up and dealing with their issues. And there are – much as in the show – plenty of moments that are surprisingly poignant, like when a kid decides to transform his diabetes into his superpower, or how a bottle of beer consumed by a drunken dad becomes part of their make-believe play world, turned into the “Vessel of Bacchus.” One of my favourite scenes early on sees the new kid talking to Mr. Mackey, the school guidance counsellor, about gender. I was given the choice to make the kid not just male or female but also gender neutral, which – after a quick call to the child’s parents – Mr. Mackey confirms is totally fine. But he does mention they should be prepared for closed-minded people not excepting them for who they are. Sure enough, when the new kid emerges from school they’re ambushed by a pick-up truck full of rednecks. The kid – along with some friends who provide emotional support – fight the rednecks off in a funny, gratifying battle of clear-minded liberalism versus extreme conservatism in which the rednecks take offence at being called cisgender because they don’t know what it means. This is South Park, though, and mixed in with the well-meaning social messages are scads of jokes designed to push social limits, from the superhero kids unwittingly posing as strippers giving lap dances to VIP customers in a “gentleman’s club” to Catholic priests trying to molest the new kid in a dark room in the back of a church. In both cases the perpetrators get their comeuppance in the form of a bloody beat down by the kids, but it’s the kind of humour that has made South Park both beloved and infamous by different groups. This game won’t change anyone’s opinion of it. As for the game itself, it’s surprisingly traditional. Strip away the jokes and you have a quirky but competent role-playing game. The tactical turn-based combat, which takes place on a grid and allows each character to move a certain number of spaces then carry out an action, offers little new except for the types of actions – a mosquito-like superhero zips around and sucks blood from his enemies – and perhaps the ability to sometimes rewind time via farts. Outside of combat players spend time exploring South Park – a world that will seem very familiar to anyone who played the first game – and engaging in a variety of side activities, from searching for yaoi (homosexual manga pornography) posters to pestering residents to pose for selfies to collecting parts necessary to craft new costumes, consumables, and artifacts used to power up the kids. Worthwhile to do, but, again, pretty basic, and made fun primarily because of the comedic context in which everything takes places. Long story made a little longer, this is a role-playing game for South Park fans, not a South Park-themed game for role-playing fans. Which is to say, you really need to be in it for the laughs. The action is passable, only elevated to something more if you like the idea of seeing Timmy “raping minds” in the role of a Professor X-type superhero, playing a gross and gassy pooping mini-game in every toilet in South Park, and mixing a gin and tonic with rat crap, boogers, and something else that I can’t even bring myself to type. I laughed loudly and frequently, and could hardly bring myself to stop playing. But I’m not sure I’ll be in the majority.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line438
__label__wiki	0.940463	0.940463	Information and More +20,000 photos Welcome to Gorgeous Elizabeth Debicki, your most comprehensive source on the amazing Elizabeth Debicki. Best known for her role as Victoria in The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Jed Marshall in The Night Manager. Our almost complete photo gallery with high quality pictures covering Elizabeth's appearances throughout the years, promotional pictures of her career and photoshoots, currently holds over 20,000 images. Please enjoy the site and make sure to browse our gallery and pages. Come back to visit soon! The Crown (2021) Elizabeth as Princess DianaFollows the political rivalries and romance of Queen Elizabeth II's reign and the events that shaped the second half of the twentieth century. Farnsworth House (Pre-Production) Elizabeth as Edith FarnsworthThe story of the creative and emotional entanglement in 1947 between legendary architect Mies Van der Rohe and his client Dr. Edith Farnsworth which resulted in the first glass house. Name: Gorgeous Elizabeth Debicki URL: elizabethdebicki.net Online since: January 31, 2019 Maintained by: Mouza Contact: elizabethdebickifansite (@) gmail.com Feature: Elizabeth Debicki for The Los Angeles Time June 12, 2019 — staff “You know those days when you feel like, ‘I’m really together’?” actress Elizabeth Debicki asked on the phone late last month. “And you’re like, ‘I’ve got this and I’m super-energized and I’m functioning on so many levels.’ And then you meet Mick Jagger and you’re like, ‘What have I ever done with my life?’ ” It’s not an anecdote that the average person can relate to. However, Debicki isn’t most people. The 6-foot-3 ballerina-turned-actress recently worked with the Rolling Stones frontman on a film. Next she’ll appear in director Christopher Nolan’s new top-secret project. “It’s a little bit strange — the life of an actor,” Debicki said. “You put your head down and you work, and when you’re not working, you’re still submerged under this tide of [insecurity]. In the early part of your career, it’s predominantly panic. I’d worry, ‘Where is the next thing coming from?’ ” With a resume like Debicki’s, it’s surprising to hear that the 28-year-old actress still has career anxiety. “I think I’m getting better at taking my head out of that,” she said. Having made her mark in Baz Luhrmann’s “The Great Gatsby” in 2013, Debicki went on to appear in “The Man From U.N.C.L.E.” and “Everest” in 2015; “The Night Manager” in 2016; “Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2” in 2017; “The Cloverfield Paradox” and Steve McQueen’s “Widows” with Oscar winner Viola Davis last year. The latter project is what caught the attention of Italian label Max Mara, who will honor Debicki with the Women in Film Max Mara Face of the Future award during Women in Film’s gala on Wednesday at the Beverly Hilton Hotel. Amy Baer, Women in Film’s L.A. board president, said the nonprofit organization, which advocates for women in the screen industries to achieve parity, is in full support of Max Mara’s choice. “Elizabeth is an extraordinary talent who is blowing up,” Baer said. “She marches to the beat of her own drum, which is a modern approach to an entertainment career for an actress. She takes roles that she likes and she takes roles that speak to her as opposed to a traditional, ‘I should go do this commercial movie and I should do that commercial movie.’ ” Maria Giulia Maramotti, Max Mara’s global brand ambassador and the brand’s vice president of U.S. retail, added, “We chose Elizabeth because she is comfortable in her own skin and is confident in her choices both personally and professionally. She is a strong woman with her own style and opinions and is someone that our clients can relate to.” [More at Source] Feature Interview © Gorgeous Elizabeth Debicki Designed by / Hosted by / Copyright & DCMA / Privacy Policy / Cookies	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line441
__label__wiki	0.994918	0.994918	Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w1,2 Gregory C. Verchota Harmonic maps u from the closed disc onto bounded convex sets of the plane obey u ε W1,p, p < 2. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9939-06-08506-6 Mathematics(all) 10.1090/S0002-9939-06-08506-6 Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w<sup>1,2</sup>'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Harmonic Maps Mathematics Bounded Set Mathematics Homeomorphism Mathematics Convex Sets Mathematics Harmonic Mathematics Closed Mathematics Verchota, G. C. (2007). Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w1,2. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 135(3), 891-894. https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9939-06-08506-6 Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w1,2. / Verchota, Gregory C. In: Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 135, No. 3, 03.2007, p. 891-894. Verchota, GC 2007, 'Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w1,2', Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 891-894. https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9939-06-08506-6 Verchota GC. Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w1,2. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 2007 Mar;135(3):891-894. https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9939-06-08506-6 Verchota, Gregory C. / Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w1,2. In: Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 2007 ; Vol. 135, No. 3. pp. 891-894. @article{a3f209fc05b54a868e7c4c1ecb84d662, title = "Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w1,2", abstract = "Harmonic maps u from the closed disc onto bounded convex sets of the plane obey u ε W1,p, p < 2.", author = "Verchota, {Gregory C.}", doi = "10.1090/S0002-9939-06-08506-6", journal = "Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society", publisher = "American Mathematical Society", T1 - Harmonic homeomorphisms of the closed disc to itself need be in w1,p, p < 2, but not w1,2 AU - Verchota, Gregory C. N2 - Harmonic maps u from the closed disc onto bounded convex sets of the plane obey u ε W1,p, p < 2. AB - Harmonic maps u from the closed disc onto bounded convex sets of the plane obey u ε W1,p, p < 2. U2 - 10.1090/S0002-9939-06-08506-6 DO - 10.1090/S0002-9939-06-08506-6 JO - Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society JF - Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line444
__label__cc	0.69188	0.30812	Home » Psychology When I Let Myself Feel, I Find My Strength What Schemas Are and Why They're Limiting You It’s in our nature to feel, and yet, we insist on putting up walls to hide our true selves. We don’t let ourselves feel emotions, feelings, and experiences the way they really are. When we feel fragile and unprotected, we lean too much on reason and move away from our true selves. We’ve been building our strength since we were children, since we don’t often feel deserving of affection. In the face of fear and emotional pain, we’ve learned to seclude ourselves, adapting to a world that terrifies us, believing that it’s full of danger. We’ve learned that when we show that we have weaknesses and difficulties, we can get hurt. When faced with breakups, disillusionment, and disappointment, we’ve felt the pain and profound distress that comes with opening ourselves up to our experiences. But closing ourselves off to emotion isn’t the answer. “We tend to split our minds from our emotions. We’re so used to letting our minds dominate that we forget our feelings and our bodies. Notice how many times you begin a sentence with ‘I think’ rather than ‘I feel.'” -Elisabeth Kübler-Ross- What avoiding emotion entails In building these walls, we learn an entire repertoire of strategies to hide who we are. We learn to act automatically, adapting ourselves to prevailing prejudices and stereotypes, to our environment. We believe that there’s a normal way to be and act, and we have to get as close to it as possible. The belief that there’s an appropriate way to behave is what keeps us from being who we really are. We’re constantly fighting against what we feel, what we want, what motivates us, what excites us. We spend a lot of energy on not acknowledging our feelings. We close ourselves off so much that we become insensitive to injustice and to the people we love and care about. We act automatically, out of obligation, completely losing the essence of our character, affection, and kindness. Closing ourselves off to our feelings means letting life go on without us, as hope and love are lost. Letting ourselves feel You’ve tried to avoid your feelings in many situations, right? You’ve fought with yourself to become insensitive to something you don’t want to experience. But avoiding pain is precisely what leads to permanent suffering. The biggest strength that resides in us is letting ourselves feel and experience. We’re afraid to let this happen and become trapped or lost in this state, which is what causes us to run away so quickly and avoid experiencing our feelings. Experiencing things that are unpleasant is necessary because it represents growth. Maturity and happiness are fed by pain and sadness. When we feel these things, we learn from experience and value everything that is pleasant and beneficial to us more. “There is no fortune or misfortune in the world, there is only the comparison of one state with another. Only those who have experienced the height of misfortune can feel supreme happiness. It’s necessary to have wanted to die, my friend, to know how good and beautiful life is.” -Alejandro Dumas- Strength lies in vulnerability Vulnerability is often confused with weakness. It is part of letting yourself feel what you need to feel, being honest, and accepting that there are many things that can affect you, but that doesn’t mean that you have a weak character. Through the acceptance of your vulnerability, you become open to experiencing the feelings and emotions that interactions evoke. It’s a natural state of being, so why hide behind a mask that doesn’t really represent you and makes you unhappy? It’s your own decision to remove this mask. When you stop avoiding and repressing your feelings, you can start to be. “What I am is good enough if I would only be it openly.” -Carl Rogers- The only way to grow and get to know yourself is to show yourself with all your vulnerabilities. This involves a lot of courage, authenticity, maturity, and strength. When you show yourself in such a natural way, you make it possible to get the same out of your environment: sincere bonds based on love, not on appearances. Learning to Understand Our Feelings Caregiving, And Doing It Well, Isn't Easy Somehow, one day your parents suddenly can't do everything on their own. The people who've always seemed invincible are now in… Say Goodbye to Victimhood Saying goodbye once and for all to victimhood is key to an exciting and happy life. Nobody likes to be a victim, but the truth is that we sometimes think… 5 Tips to Help You Quit Smoking The decision to quit smoking is a personal one that most smokers have considered at least once. But many of… What Helps You Achieve Great Things? What would happen if you only remembered the things you've achieved, but not what it took you to get there? If… How to Stay Focused in a World Full of Distractions We live in a globalized and very demanding world where fast performance is required. With shorter deadlines every day, it's… Deciding Without Thinking: Intuitive Intelligence You might have been told at some point that you don't think before you speak or make a decision, as…	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line445
__label__wiki	0.809364	0.809364	‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ Interview: Directors Joachim RÃ¸nning and Espen Sandberg By eelyajekiM \| @ \| May 25th, 2017 at 8:00 pm Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales is the fifth installment of the popular franchise. While the first three told a harrowing trilogy that brought back the swashbuckling fun of pirate films, the fourth was a minor sidestep in a different direction. But Dead Men Tell No Tales is a return to form for the franchise. Johnny Depp is back, reprising the role everybody is a fan of, and he is joined by some familiar faces like Geoffrey Rush who is back to play Captain Hector Barbossa. Newcomers Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario will join Depp as they attempt to find the legendary Poseidon’s Trident while trying out outrun the evil Salazar (Javier Bardem) a vengeful Spanish sea captain bent on getting revenge on Sparrow for cursing him in his decayed form. We had a chance to attend the film’s press day where we got to join our fellow journalists and talk to Joachim RÃ¸nning and Espen Sandberg, the directors of the film. During our interview, the two talked about what it was like to join a blockbuster franchise, keeping things grounded, a possible director’s cut, and more. Check it all out below. Topics: Features, Interviews, Movies, News, Sequels Tags: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Espen Sandberg, Javier Bardem, Joachim RÃ¸nning, Johnny Depp, Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales ‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ Interview: Javier Bardem Javier Bardem has played some iconic characters throughout his career, but he is best known for his work as the villain. He takes on that role once more in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, playing the vengeful Salazar, an undead Spanish sea captain who escapes his ghostly prison in the Devil’s Triangle and kills every pirate he comes across on the seven seas to hunt down and kill Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp). We were recently invited to sit down with our fellow journalists to talk to Bardem about his role in the film and approach to the character. He also revealed his history working with Depp, and how he and his wife share something in common. Check out the full interview below. Topics: Features, Interviews, Movies, Sequels Tags: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Javier Bardem, Jerry Bruckheimer, Johnny Depp, Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Kaya Scodelario and Brenton Thwaites Talk ‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ By eelyajekiM \| @ \| May 23rd, 2017 at 7:00 pm Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales is the fifth installment of the franchise. In the film, Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) finds himself the target of Captain Salazar (Javier Bardem), an undead pirate who seeks revenge on Jack who had cursed him during one of his pirate hunting expeditions. So in order to avoid being killed, Sparrow joins forces with Henry Turner (Brenton Thwaites) – the son of Will (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Turner (Keira Knightley) – and Carina Smyth (Kaya Scodelario), a horologist accused of witchcraft to find the legendary Poseidon’s Trident before Salazar does. We were fortunate enough to sit down with our fellow journalists to talk to the cast and crew of the about the film. First up in these round of interviews are the newcomers to the franchise: Kaya Scodelario and Brenton Thwaites. The two talked about their experience watching the first film as kids, what it was like to be in a scene with both Johnny Depp and Jack Sparrow, strong female characters, and what they love about the ride that inspired the films. Check it out below. Tags: Brenton Thwaites, Dead Men Tell No Tales, Johnny Depp, Kaya Scodelario, Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Movie Review: Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales By eelyajekiM \| @ \| May 22nd, 2017 at 10:00 am Director: Joachim RÃ¸nning, Espen Sandberg Screenwriter: Jeff Nathanson Cast: Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally, Geoffrey Rush, Javier Bardem, Brenton Thwaites, Kaya Scodelario, Orlando Bloom, Keira Knightley Distributor: Walt Disney Studios Rated PG-13 \| 129 Minutes While it may be based on a theme park ride, there’s no denying that Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean film franchise is the very definition of popcorn summer movie fun. Pure escapism. Though the last entry, On Stranger Tides, tried to do something different to reinvigorate the series, the film was a minor misstep. But now comes the next adventure, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. With a pair of new directors in Joachim RÃ¸nning and Espen Sandberg (Kon-Tiki), and a new screenwriter in Jeff Nathanson, the franchise sails back to its roots and what makes these films so wonderful. Big on excitement, plenty of great characters, and lots of fun. The only problem is that there isn’t enough rum to go around. Check out the full review below. Topics: Movie Reviews, Movies, Reviews, Sequels Tags: Brenton Thwaites, Espen Sandberg, Geoffrey Rush, Javier Bardem, Jeff Nathanson, Jerry Bruckheimer, Joachim RÃ¸nning, Johnny Depp, Kaya Scodelario, Kevin McNally, Orlando Bloom, Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales ‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ Featurette Tells A Possible Spoiler By eelyajekiM \| @ \| March 29th, 2017 at 2:00 pm Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales looks to be a return to form for the franchise. In the fifth installment of the successful franchise, Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is going on a high-seas adventure once more and finds himself as a target of a very bitter ghost sea captain (Javier Bardem). But he is not alone. Along for the ride is Carina Smyth (Kaya Scodelario), a brilliant and beautiful astronomer, and Henry Turner (Brenton Thwaites), a young sailor of the Royal Navy. That’s right, Henry Turner, as in the son of William Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley). But if you are looking for more insight on the film and the direction which Espen Sandberg and Joachim RÃ¸nning are taking the film, then check out the full story below. Topics: Movies, Sequels, Videos Tags: Brenton Thwaites, Geoffrey Rush, Javier Bardem, Johnny Depp, Kaya Scodelario, Kevin McNally, Orlando Bloom, Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales ‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ Trailer: A Great Pirate Doesn’t Need Pants By eelyajekiM \| @ \| March 27th, 2017 at 10:00 am This coming Memorial Day weekend will see the return of everyone’s favorite drunk pirate, Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. The film is the fifth installment of Disney’s successful franchise, and although it has been six years since a Pirates film has been released, its popularity has never waned. Trailers have shown why a vengeful Spanish captain (Javier Bardem) is hunting Jack Sparrow. Now the studio has released a new trailer that should help generate some interest for those who are still on the fence about the film. Check it out here below. Topics: Movies, News, Sequels, Trailers, Videos ‘Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ Trailer: Jack Goes On His Final Adventure By eelyajekiM \| @ \| March 2nd, 2017 at 12:03 pm Never trust Jack (Johnny Depp) to change his ways. The cunning, oftentimes drunk, pirate with a silver tongue has gotten into trouble more times than anyone can count. While it has been over five years since we last saw Jack try to obtain immortality, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales promises to be one of the best films of the franchise. Disney has released a new trailer for the film, which teases more exciting pirate action than any of the previous marketing material we have seen. In it, we learn why Captain Salazar (Javier Bardem) is a pirate-like phantom that is searching for Sparrow. We also get a better look at some of the new characters that will be seen and some of the old ones that will be returning. Check out the latest trailer and poster here below. Topics: Movies, News, Sequels, Trailers Tags: Brenton Thwaites, David Wenham, Geoffrey Rush, Golshifteh Farahani, Javier Bardem, Johnny Depp, Joshamee Gibbs, Kaya Scodelario, Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Stephen Graham ‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ Super Bowl Spot Extended Look By Empress Eve \| @ \| February 5th, 2017 at 7:32 pm Disney Pictures has released online an extended Super Bowl TV spot for their upcoming sequel Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, starring Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow. Watch the extended Super Bowl TV spot here below, along with a new poster for the film. Topics: Commercials, News, Posters, Television, Videos ‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ Plot Synopsis and Cast Revealed By eelyajekiM \| @ \| February 17th, 2015 at 9:25 pm For the past four Pirates of the Caribbean films, Jack Sparrow has searched for immortality so that he could sail the seven seas freely for eternity. But through those four films, he discovered that the accursed coins couldn’t do it, nor could he find a way around being bound to searching for lost souls of sailors for infinite years. Not even finding the Fountain of Youth. Now the drunken swashbuckler looks like he will veer away from that search, and go hunting for some buried treasure. In a new press release from Disney, the plot synopsis and cast have been revealed for Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Hit the jump for the full cast, synopsis, and more. Topics: Movies, News, Sequels Tags: Brenton Thwaites, Disney, Espen Sandberg, Golshifteh Farahani, Javier Bardem, Jerry Bruckheimer, Joachim RÃ¸nning, Johnny Depp, Kaya Scodelario, Kevin R. McNally, Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Stephen Graham, Walt Disney Studios Kaya Scodelario Cast In ‘Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales’ By eelyajekiM \| @ \| January 26th, 2015 at 11:50 am Kaya Scodelario may not be a household name as of yet, but she is building quite a filmography. Producer Jerry Bruckheimer has confirmed that the Skins and The Maze Runner star has just signed on for a role in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, the fifth installment of the Disney film franchise. The British actress joins Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, and possibly Orlando Bloom, as well as series newcomers Javier Bardem and Brenton Thwaites. Based on Deadline’s initial report last week about the actress being in early talks, Scodelario will be the female lead, playing love interest to Thwaitesâ€™ character, a British soldier named Henry who joins forces with Jack Sparrow. Tags: Jerry Bruckheimer, Kaya Scodelario, Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line455
__label__cc	0.544278	0.455722	That’s My Song? Mar 5, 2015 \| commentary “The truest expression of a people is in its dance and music.” Agnes de Mile What’s your soul’s soundrack? Today at work, we were focused on music therapy as a coping skill. All of the therapists were urged to work with their groups on how to use music to manage symptoms of depression and anxiety. This was of course a pleasure for me because one, I love music, and two, by Wednesday I start to get sick of the sound of my own voice. What I chose to do was ask each client to think of a song that spoke to them personally and I would pull it up on my phone and play it for the group. I was pretty impressed with some of their choices. Because my clients are all in addiction recovery, many of them chose songs that seemed to speak to the desperation they felt when they were using drugs or alcohol like Guns and Roses’ “Knocking on Heaven’s Door” or Rihanna and Paul McCartney’s “FourFiveSeconds.” Others chose songs that keep them motivated to stay sober and positive like Kirk Franklin’s “Smile” or Petra’s “Dance.” It was cool. They hipped me to a lot of other heavy metal, punk, and pop songs that I had never heard before but enjoyed because the messages in the songs resonated with me on a spiritual level, even when the music itself made me secretly wish for ear plugs. I even shared with them one of my favorites which is Ledisi’s “Bravo” to remind them to never stop praising themselves even when others have stopped. Today’s events inspired this post because music seems to touch us all on such a deeply personally level. We attach intimate memories and accomplishments as well as our greatest disappointments and heartbreaks to the music in our lives. Certain songs end up becoming our personal soundtrack and when one of those songs finds its way through the radio speakers, everybody better be quiet, not even think about volume complaints, and endure all of the head-bobbing and finger snapping because baby, “that is my song!” I am lucky though because my generation and those before were blessed to grow up with real music. Back in the day, we had real artists who understood the soulful purpose of music and the responsibility that comes with creating something that has the power to infiltrate the spirit. We had James Brown’s “I’m Black and I’m Proud” for inspiration, Michael Jackson’s “Man in the Mirror” for introspection, Heatwave’s “Always and Forever” to fall in love to, and the Clark Sister’s “You Brought the Sunshine” to help us find Jesus. The music was truly rhythm and blues, reflecting the rhythm of life and the blue underbelly of pain, hatred, and bigotry. The soul music of my generation was just that, from the soul. Music and the soul are so intertwined that I believe a quote I heard recently that says you can always tell the state of a people, by their music. (Side note, I hate I can’t find who said that. If anyone knows please message me.) Anyway, if this is true, which I am inclined to believe it is, then lovers of this new school music of today are some misogynistic, materialistic, sex-crazed, dope boys and big-bootied gold-diggers, I suppose. I still can’t get over the best R&B performance award at this year’s Grammys going to Beyoncé’s “Drunk in Love.” Are you serious right now? The song that was chosen to represent the music that people like Patti LaBelle, Chaka Khan and Marvin Gaye forced the world to respect, boasts of mastery of the “Surfboart?” I’m not trying to shade Beyonce’. The song is fine for getting crunk with your man, but let’s not pretend that it’s deep enough for a Grammy. Where are we as women when “our song” is K. Michelle’s “Love ‘Em All” that talks about sleeping with every Tom, Dick, and Harry out of low self esteem and fear of being alone? What does it mean when you turn up to Taylor Swift’s latest “Blank Space” that screams, I’m an emotionally unstable and manipulative wreck who sees love as a game of kill or be killed. And don’t get me started on the rappers. I will always have a place in my heart for hip hop. It is what I grew up on and I still play my old school tapes for my kids. But most of my generation’s hip hop spoke to having fun, falling in love, racial consciousness, and pickin’ boogers in extreme cases (shout out to Biz Markie). However, today’s rap music is so raunchy, I feel violated just listening to it. I can’t even let my kids listen to most of it which is a shame because they are missing out on what was once a poetic expression of the heart and soul of minority youth. I don’t want to listen to you tell me that you’re screwing me tonight as if I have no choice in the matter. Yet, my ladies are breaking their necks to get to the dance floor when these songs come on, twerking like mad while Chris Brown sings that “hoes ain’t loyal.” (smh) If music reflects the spirit of a people, then it’s time for a soul check. Music should inspire, educate and uplift, not degrade, exploit, and destroy. If we as women are working on going higher and getting better, it is worth reviewing what music is in heavy rotation in our cars and on our ipods. Don’t purposely pollute your spirit with music that calls you out of your name, insists you are less than what you are, and glorifies dysfunctional behavior. Make sure that the soundtrack of your life is not killing you softly… with a song. This is my soul soundtrack (Okay, maybe Volume I of too many to count): A Song For You – Donny Hathaway That Girl – Stevie Wonder Never Too Much – Luther Vandross Roni – Bobby Brown Ye Yo – Erykah Badu Get It Together – India Arie Love – Music Soulchild Pretty Young Thing – Michael Jackson Alright – Ledisi Hate On Me- Jill Scott I Feel Good – Fred Hammond Bravo – Ledisi Love’s Melody – God’s Chosen I’d love for you to share yours with me! Be blessed, and let the music play.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line457
__label__wiki	0.727778	0.727778	Real Madrid still a “unique club” as pandemic squeezes the purse January 4, 2021 January 18, 2021 Neil Fredrik Jensen AT first glance, Real Madrid’s 2019-20 financials do not appear to be too troublesome, but with a major redevelopment plan for the Bernabéu Stadium in progress and a higher level of net debt, a 6% drop in revenues to € 715 million is arguably the start of the club’s near-term challenges. With expenses at a massive € 680 million, the club made a modest net profit of € 300,000 versus € 38 million in 2019. Real Madrid have already implemented significant spending controls to try and reduce the risk of unsustainable debt, including a cut in players wages. In 2019-20, despite agreed reductions, Real’s football wages still rose by 5% to € 378 million, which amounts to 53% of income. Real Madrid’s management, hinted at their Ordinary General Assembly (OGA) that some difficult times were ahead for the game: “The pandemic has changed life as we know it”, said club president Florentino Pérez. “We’re faced with an unprecedented situation which would have been impossible to imagine and which has had a serious impact on every facet of society and of course, the world of football.” Interestingly, Pérez called for a reform of European football to make it more competitive and exciting. It was clear he was referring to the much-discussed and controversial super league. Pérez also claimed there is an element of bias against Real around TV coverage and punditry, a comment which drew criticism from La Liga President Javier Tebas. “I think the president of Real Madrid is getting very distracted by the matter of the European Super League, they should inform him better,” he responded. The current global crisis comes at a time when Real’s squad needs reinforcements with a number of key players at the veteran stage of their career. This is a problem Real knew was coming a long time ago: Luka Modric, Sergio Ramos, Toni Kroos, Nacho, Marcelo and Karim Benzema are all over 30 and although younger players are now being introduced, these players have limited upside and are undoubtedly expensive. Ramos looks bound for Paris Saint-Germain and Modric has had a year added to his contract, but other members of the “old guard” have at least a year on their contracts to run. Although Real’s January window activity might be forcibly muted, there is still talk of them trying to lure Kylian Mbappé and Erling Haaland to Madrid in the summer. With these two young strikers valued at up to € 400 million between them, Real will need to source the funding of such lavish acquisitions. Their net spend in 2019-20 was € 184 million, some € 60 million more than 2018-19. It is likely to be lower in 2020-21, which means players will have to be sold to fund any headline-making purchase. In both of the last two seasons, they made over € 100 million on player sales. Ramos and Isco look like being the first players to leave. Real’s spending limits, like their rivals Barcelona, have been cut significantly, a drop of 27% to € 555 million (Barca is down 43% to € 454 million). Barca’s net debt position is far worse. Real’s income was obviously compromised by the ban on fans on matchdays, resulting in the revenue stream dropping by 20% to € 116 million. Broadcasting, too, suffered, falling by 11% to € 231 million. Real’s strength – boosted by their 230 million global fans – was in their commercial income, which rose by 4% to € 369 million. This now contributes over half of the club’s total revenues. Financing will bring the overall cost of the Bernabéu transformation to around € 800 million. During the pandemic, Real have been playing their home games at their training complex. Investment in the project has so far totalled € 113 million, with € 100 million drawn from the loans. The club has no shortage of people wanting to lend them money and they have secured long-term financing that includes four loans totalling € 155 million with a maturity of five years and € 50 million over five years. Cash has come from five Spanish banks. Net debt at the club has risen by almost € 200 million to € 118 million. For the past four years, Real have been in a negative net debt position which meant they were able to pay-off debts and spend more freely in the market. Real said at their OGA that the club has solid liquidity with a net worth of € 533 million and a treasury of € 125 million (as of June 30). They have already forecast revenues will drop again in 2020-21 to around € 617 million, which would be € 300 million higher if not for covid-19. Of course, if the fans return, that could all change, but they are already bracing themselves for a € 90 million-plus loss. In the meantime, Real are defending the La Liga title they won in 2019-20. They are currently chasing a resurgent Atlético Madrid but are well ahead of troubled Barcelona. They are still in the UEFA Champions League and will face Atlanta in the round of 16. As for coach Zinedine Zidane, there have been rumours he is feeling the pressure of the immense work load. Like so many high-profile coaches, Zidane’s role is discussed on a weekly basis, game-by-game and the narrative changes all the time. He has an uncanny knack of producing job-saving results just at the right time. Just before Christmas he was, allegedly on the brink of being sacked but in the past fortnight, he is refusing to commit himself over his future. Ultimately, it won’t be Zidane who decides if and when he leaves the Bernabéu. Pérez offered a cautious note about the year ahead at the club’s OGA: “We’re heading into a difficult reality, the consequences of which are still unknown at this stage. We all know we’ll have to travel a long path full of obstacles, facing up to this adversity, but we’re a unique club, one that never gives in.” Photo: PA Images Categories: SpainTags: Bernabeu Stadium, finance, Florentino Pérez, Real Madrid Previous PostOut of mill towns and factories, our heroes came forth Next PostChelsea in profit, but on the field they’re making losses	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line458
__label__cc	0.704505	0.295495	Gantz Manga Online Read Gantz Manga Online in High Quality Gantz, Chapter 117 Tagged anzu yamasaki, Chapter, Chapters, Gantz, kanzu, Kato, kaze, kei, Kurono, Manga, Nishi, Original, shion izumi, tae kojima, Volume, Volumes, Webcomic Previous Previous: Gantz, Chapter 116 Next Next: Gantz, Chapter 118 Gantz (Japanese: ガンツ Hepburn: Gantsu) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiroya Oku. Gantz tells the story of Kei Kurono and Masaru Kato, both of whom died in a train accident and become part of a semi-posthumous “game” in which they and several other recently deceased people are forced to hunt down and kill aliens armed with a handful of futuristic items, equipment, and weaponry. Both the manga and anime are noted for their heavy violence and sexual content. © 2020 GantzManga.com. All rights reserved. \| Privacy Policy \| Terms and Conditions \| Return Policy	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line459
__label__wiki	0.881535	0.881535	Ibn Khaldun: Father of Social Sciences Ibn Khaldun: Judge, Scholar, and Diplomat Ibn Khaldun, the father of social sciences, was an eminent figure who hailed from northern Africa; he lived from 1332 to 1406 A.D. He was born in present-day Tunisia and traveled extensively across North Africa, not to mention a stint in Granada, Spain. He died in Egypt. [Read more: Granada] As a child, Ibn Khaldun received a classical Islamic education which included memorization of Quran along with a study of Arabic linguistics, Qur’anic and hadeeth sciences, fiqh, and shariah. He was also trained in mathematics, logic, and philosophy. As a young man, he entered politics and remained in the service of numerous rulers of North Africa. His last position was that of Grand Qadi (Judge) of the Maliki school of thought in Egypt. A judge, university scholar and a diplomat, Ibn Khaldun diligently recorded his thoughts and academic research, leaving behind a rich legacy for centuries to come. His lasting contribution to humanity is the Muqaddimah (also known as Prolegomenon), the first book of his universal history, Kitab al Ibar, which means Book of Lessons. Ibn Khaldun’s revolutionary approach to writing history While Kitab al Ibar has a total of seven books, dealing with world history up until Ibn Khaldun’s time, his introductory volume, Muqaddimah, is more of a commentary of history and touches on topics such as politics, urban life, economics and knowledge. [Click here to learn how Islamic banks survived the global financial crisis.] It is “a philosophy of history which is undoubtedly the greatest work of its kind that has ever yet been created by any mind in any time or place,” according to British historian Arnold J. Toynbee, whose own works have been influenced by Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun employed a revolutionary approach to writing history, rejecting the prevalent notion of history consisting of mere facts. He acknowledged that a documentation of history is directly dependent on who is interpreting it, when, and where. Historians are using this methodology even today. Along with analyzing how the Islamic civilization unraveled over time, he has left a detailed study of nomadic and non-nomadic life, dynasties and caliphates, and society in general. His analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations has formed the basis of social science, the science of civilization and sociology, according to 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World. Ibn Khaldun was also a forerunner in terms of his economic theory, paving the way for economics as we know it today. Tech2017-12-01T00:19:00-07:00March 20th, 2015\|Africa, Muslim Heritage, Muslim World\| Muslim Slaves: America’s First Muslims Notable Women in Islamic History	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line462
__label__wiki	0.602075	0.602075	NCI Research Specialist (Laboratory-based Scientist) Award (R50 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) R50 Research Specialist Award 93.393; 93.394; 93.395; 93.396; 93.397; 93.398; 93.399 This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites grant applications for the Research Specialist Award (R50) in any area of NCI-funded cancer research. This FOA is specifically for laboratory-based scientists. The Research Specialist Award is designed to encourage the development of stable research career opportunities for exceptional scientists who want to continue to pursue research within the context of an existing NCI-funded basic, translational, clinical, or population science cancer research program, but not serve as independent investigators. These non-tenure track scientists, such as researchers within a research program, are vital to sustaining the biomedical research enterprise. It is anticipated that only exceptional scientists who want to pursue research within the context of an existing NCI-funded cancer research program, but not serve as independent investigators, will be competitive for this award. 30 days prior to the application due date All applications are due by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization. All types of non-AIDS applications allowed for this funding opportunity announcement are due on the listed date(s) The Research Specialist Award is intended to provide salary support and sufficient autonomy so that individuals are not solely dependent on NCI-funded grants held by others for cancer research career continuity. Over the past decade, there has been a major expansion in the scope of approaches, technologies, and expertise required to effectively address any research question. A typical research activity includes molecular, genomic, phenotypic, and functional characterizations, each of which entails sophisticated technologies and understanding (e.g., deep sequencing, bioinformatics, imaging, flow cytometry, animal modeling, etc.). Accompanying the increases in the number of required approaches is the growing need for exceptional scientists with extensive research experience in each of those areas who provide continuity, stability and detailed scientific knowledge beyond that of a technician or a trainee. There is already a clustering of individual small research groups around central cores that specialize in different expertise (e.g., nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], mass spectrometry [MS], sequencing, fluorescence-activated cell sorting [FACS], biochemistry, animal models, etc.), such that many experiments are performed, at least in part, through such cores. In addition, with the generation of large datasets ("big data") that are publicly available, there is a growing need for computational experts within many research programs or departments that previously did not rely on these skill sets. Data scientists (e.g., informaticians, statisticians, epidemiologists, behavioral scientists, and population scientists) are found primarily in computational biology groups or in data-rich big science groups. The need for such individuals is rapidly expanding to many other types of research groups. There has been a continuing shift in the way research is organized, with increased reliance on a cadre of Research Specialists in laboratories, cores, and other scientific support facilities. Extramural institutions have begun to address the need for such scientists by providing staff support for cores that serve multiple research programs. Moreover, individual research programs have created Research Specialist positions using their grant support. However, neither of these positions currently provides the individual with either the recognition or independent funding that will attract and maintain the best scientists. These examples and many others highlight the need to create a career path for highly trained researchers who will play an increasingly important role in advancing biomedical research. Scope of this FOA The Research Specialist Award (Lab Scientist) is intended to provide salary support for a sustained period of time and encourage the development of a stable career for exceptional researchers who want to pursue particular research activities within the context of a research program, but not be independent investigators. These scientists, such as researchers within a research program, are vital to sustaining the biomedical research enterprise. The award is intended for laboratory research-oriented investigators with significant, relevant experience, who have shown clear evidence of productivity and research excellence in the field of their training, and would like to support a particular research activity (e.g., a research program), with the goal of making significant contributions to behavioral, biomedical (basic or clinical), computational, bioimaging or bioengineering research that is relevant to the NCI mission. The proposed new research support is intended to provide salaries and sufficient autonomy so that individuals are not solely dependent on NCI-funded grants held by others for career continuity. As the PD/PI, Research Specialists would have the option, with prior NCI approval, to move to other research programs or institutions while maintaining funding from this award (e.g., if the Unit Director's laboratory is closed, etc.). Unit Director of Laboratory Research Program The Unit Director must be an NCI-funded Program Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) with an established working relationship with the Research Specialist. The Research Specialist must, at the time of the R50 application submission, be supported by the Unit Director's NCI-funded grant(s), Furthermore, the Unit Director must be the PD/PI of NCI funded research grant(s) that have at least 1 full funding year remaining (exclusive of no cost extensions and supplements) at the time of award of the R50. The Unit Director, together with the Research Specialist, is responsible for planning, directing, monitoring, and executing the NCI-funded research currently being conducted within the laboratory. Only one Unit Director may be designated on an application. The OER Glossary and the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide provide details on these application types. Only those application types listed here are allowed for this FOA. Application budgets may request the following two expenses in direct costs per year: 1) salary support for the Research Specialist commensurate with their level of funded effort (at least 6 person-months) on NCI-funded research grants during Federal Fiscal Year 2020; and, 2) travel costs to attend research meetings/conferences not to exceed $2,500 per year The total award project period may not exceed 5 years o Hispanic-serving Institutions o Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) o Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs) o Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions o Asian American Native American Pacific Islander Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs) Foreign components, as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, are not allowed. System for Award Management (SAM)– Applicants must complete and maintain an active registration, which requires renewal at least annually. The renewal process may require as much time as the initial registration. SAM registration includes the assignment of a Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Code for domestic organizations which have not already been assigned a CAGE Code. o NATO Commercial and Government Entity (NCAGE) Code – Foreign organizations must obtain an NCAGE code (in lieu of a CAGE code) in order to register in SAM. eRA Commons - Applicants must have an active DUNS number to register in eRA Commons. Organizations can register with the eRA Commons as they are working through their SAM or Grants.gov registration, but all registrations must be in place by time of submission. eRA Commons requires organizations to identify at least one Signing Official (SO) and at least Additional Eligibility Requirements: The Research Specialist must have an advanced degree (e.g., Masters, Ph.D., D.V.M., D.D.S., or M.D.) in an area of biomedical science or biomedical engineering and have demonstrated research accomplishments in their primary discipline. At the time of application submission, the Research Specialist must have been contributing to the Unit Director's NCI-funded research for at least the previous 2 years. The Research Specialist must have a full-time, non-tenure track position at the academic or research institution. For new applications/resubmissions, the Research Specialist must be supported (including salary) for at least 6 person-months effort on the Unit Director's NCI-funded research grants (where the Unit Director is the PD/PI) during Federal Fiscal Year 2020. Specific to Renewals: The institution Authorized Organization Representative (AOR) must provide verification of effort on NCI grants if the Research Specialist was not listed as a participant on the Unit Director's NCI-funded research grants during Federal Fiscal Year 2020. The Research Specialist will be required to commit a minimum of 6-person month effort on NCI-funded research grants during the life of the R50 award. The Research Specialist may engage in other duties as part of the remaining 6 person-month effort not covered by this award. The Research Specialist must have demonstrated professional accomplishments consonant with his or her career status, and should have demonstrated cancer research experience in the areas of behavioral, biomedical (basic or clinical), computational or bioengineering research that is relevant to the NCI mission. The Research Specialist must not have held or applied for independent investigator grant support (e.g., including but not limited to: R00; R01; R03; R21; R43; R44) within the past 5 years. Christine Siemon Email: siemonc@mail.nih.gov Additional Unit Director Requirements: The Unit Director must be the PD/PI of an NCI-funded research grant that will have at least 1 full funding year remaining (exclusive of no cost extension and supplements) in the current competitive segment at the time the R50 is awarded. The Unit Director must be currently supporting the Research Specialist with the above stated NCI grant(s) and be committed to both the Research Specialist and the Research Specialist's research. Only one (1) Unit Director may be designated on the application. Applications that list more than one (1) Unit Director, or in which the Unit Director does not indicate eligible NCI grant support will not be reviewed. 2) travel costs to attend research meetings/conferences not to exceed $2,500 per year. Specific Aims: Do not use. Specific Aims are not allowed. Research Strategy: Upload the Research Strategy as a single attachment and organize the Research Strategy using the instructions provided below. Start each section of the document with the appropriate section heading: 1) Research Program(s) engaging the Research Specialist's activity/effort: Describe the NCI-funded research program(s) of the Unit Director's laboratory which the Research Specialist currently supports. Explain the spectrum and type of research program/lab to which the Research Specialist currently contributes and is likely to contribute in the future. 2) Role of the Research Specialist in Research Program(s): Describe the particular activity of the Research Specialist in the NCI-funded research program(s) described above and the need for the Research Specialist to ensure success of the program(s). This section should explain how the Research Specialist's qualifications, experience, productivity, accomplishments and training are critical to achieving the research goals of the Unit Director's NCI-funded research. Describe how the Research Specialist has a history of making seminal contributions to new methodologies, approaches, assays, or other research innovations that helped advance the Unit Director's research goals. Describe the Research Specialist's plans for meeting the objectives of the Unit Director's NCI-funded research program(s) over the next 5 years. This plan should also describe the Research Specialist's career goals. Progress Report for Renewal Applications: For renewal applications, provide a Progress Report preceding the Research Program description, summarizing the previous project period's achievements, contributions, innovations, publications acknowledging the NCI grants, and other activities to support the Unit Director's NCI-funded research program(s). Letters of Support: Institutions must include Letters of Support for the applicant who is applying for the Research Specialist Award. Applications that are missing Letters of Support will not be reviewed. Two types of Letters of Support are required for this application: 1) A letter of support from the Unit Director, which must detail the following: a) The Unit Director must document a strong, well-established cancer research program related to the Research Specialist's area of expertise, including a high-quality research environment with key faculty members and other investigators capable of productive collaboration with the Research Specialist. b) Include a statement attesting to the Research Specialist's current level of effort (during Federal Fiscal Year 2020) on the Unit Director's NCI-funded research grants and include a list of the NCI-funded grant(s) numbers. Specific to Renewal applications: Include a description of how the funds from the Unit Director's NCI grant(s) that were made available by the Research Specialist Award were spent to enhance the research project. c) Include a statement describing the length of time that the Unit Director and the Research Specialist have been working together. d) Provide a description of how the Research Specialist is an integral part of the institution's cancer research program and their commitment to the Research Specialist career track now and in the future. e) The Unit Director must document that they have sufficient NCI-funded research support (at least 1 full funding year remaining in the competitive segment, excluding no cost extensions or supplements, at the time of R50 award) to cover the costs of the research project(s) in excess of the allowable costs of this award. 2) At least three letters of recommendation from PDs/PIs of other research programs who can attest to the Research Specialist's qualifications and contributions to cancer research. · Generally, Resource Sharing Plans are expected, but they are not applicable for this FOA. Only limited Appendix materials are allowed. Follow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide. When involving human subjects research, clinical research, and/or NIH-defined clinical trials (and when applicable, clinical trials research experience) follow all instructions for the PHS Human Subjects and Clinical Trials Information form in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, with the following additional instructions: Note: Delayed onset does NOT apply to a study that can be described but will not start immediately (i.e., delayed start). It is anticipated that the terms of award will include, but not be limited to, the following: 1) Funds freed up through the R50 will be restricted from any other use without NCI prior approval. Competitive renewal applications should not include the research specialist position and associated personnel funds. If requested, those funds will not be included in the award if the application is funded. 2) The requested salary support for the Research Specialist should be commensurate with the level of effort on the Unit Director's NCI-funded research grants (where the Unit Director is the PD/PI) during Federal Fiscal Year 2020. A Research Specialist is required to spend at least 6 person-months of his/her effort on NCI-funded research grant(s). 3) The award would allow application for travel funds, but not cover research expenses. Research expenses must be covered from other sources such as separate R01, P01, or P50 grants awarded to the Institution. 4) A Research Specialist would have the option, with prior NCI approval, to move to another research program or institution (e.g., if the Unit Director's laboratory is closed, if the institution closes a core, etc.). 5) If the Research Specialist applies for future NCI research support, the Research Specialist Award will be taken into consideration in making funding decisions if ESI status is claimed. 6) The R50 must be relinquished if any other independent grant support is obtained by the Research Specialist. 7) Award of the R50 (including support recommended for future years) will be contingent upon the Research Specialist's Unit Director being supported by an NCI-funded research grant(s) and upon the Research Specialist devoting 6 person-months to NCI-funded research grants. 8) Change of PD/PI will not be allowed on the R50. Applications submitted to the NIH in support of the NIH mission are evaluated for scientific and technical merit through the NIH peer review system. The Research Specialist Award applications do not require preliminary data, specific aims, and/or a detailed research plan. Accordingly, reviewers will emphasize the following: 1) Personal accomplishments of the Research Specialist, both individually and within the context of the nominating research program/lab; 2) The Unit Director's level of accomplishments, research productivity and adequate NCI funding support; 3) The scope of the particular activity being proposed and the suitability of the Research Specialist; 4) The importance of the Research Specialist, as well as the commitment of the Unit Director, to the proper and successful functioning of the program/lab; 5) The letter of support from the Unit Director and letters of recommendation from other investigators; and 6) The contributions of the Research Specialist to the nominating program/lab to date. 7) For Renewals, the committee will consider the previous project period's achievements, contributions, innovations, publications acknowledging the NCI grants, and other activities to support the Unit Director's NCI-funded research program(s). Is the contribution of the Research Specialist important to supporting research that addresses an important problem or a critical barrier to progress in the field? Is the prior research that serves as the key support for the proposed project rigorous? Can the Research Specialist help to achieve the goals of the Unit Director's project and improve scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice? How will successful completion of the goals of the program change the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field? Specific to this FOA: Will the proposed research area/programs benefit in terms of productivity and contributions from the Research Specialist's participation? Is there a satisfactory and appropriate relationship of the research plan to the Research Specialist's goals and experience? How solid is the foundation of the proposed research and how strong are the proposed hypotheses? Is the Research Specialist well suited to supporting the Unit Director's project? Does the Research Specialist have the appropriate experience and training? Has the Research Specialist demonstrated an ongoing record of accomplishments that have advanced their field(s)? If the Research Specialist supports a collaborative project do the investigators have complementary and integrated expertise; are their leadership approach, governance and organizational structure appropriate for the project? Are the Research Specialist's level of training, experience, and competence commensurate with the purposes of the award? Does the application demonstrate the importance of the Research Specialist's role in the NCI-funded cancer research program of the Unit Director? Has the applicant been critical for and contributed to the successes of the Unit Director's cancer research program? Does the application indicate appropriate commitment of time and effort for the proposed work? Are the career goals of the Research Specialist appropriate for the R50? Do the letters of reference address the Research Specialist's potential for continued success/productivity? Do the particular activities of the Research Specialist challenge and seek to shift current research or clinical practice paradigms by utilizing novel theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions? Are the Research Specialist's concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions novel to one field of research or novel in a broad sense? How innovative are the Research Specialist's contributions to the Unit Director's area of cancer research? Are the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses appropriate to the particular activity of the applicant goals of the program(s)? Has the Research Specialist included plans to address weaknesses in the rigor of prior research that serves as the key support for the proposed project? Has the Research Specialist presented strategies to ensure a robust and unbiased approach, as appropriate for the work being described? Are potential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success presented? If the activity is in the early stages of development, will the applicant be able to establish feasibility, and will particularly risky aspects be managed? Does the Research Specialist present adequate plans to address relevant biological variables, such as sex, for studies in vertebrate animals or human subjects? Is it likely that the Research Specialist will develop new research directions and/or approaches that will allow progress in the Unit Director's area of cancer research? How important and reliable are the Research Specialist's contributions and data to the Unit Director's cancer research? Evaluate the level of accomplishment and commitment of the Unit Director. Does the Unit Director document that they have sufficient NCI-funded research or resource support to cover the costs of the Research Specialist's research or resource provision activities? Is there clear commitment from the Unit Director to ensure that a minimum of 6-person month effort will be devoted directly to NCI-funded research? Generally, not applicable. Reviewers should bring any concerns to the attention of the Scientific Review Officer. For Renewals, the committee will consider the previous project period's achievements, contributions, innovations, publications acknowledging the NCI grants, and other activities to support the Unit Director's NCI-funded research program(s). Applications will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group(s) convened by NCI, in accordance with NIH peer review policy and procedures, using the stated review criteria. Assignment to a Scientific Review Group will be shown in the eRA Commons. · May undergo a selection process in which only those applications deemed to have the highest scientific and technical merit (generally the top half of applications under review) will be discussed and assigned an overall impact score. · Will receive a written critique. Applications will be assigned on the basis of established PHS referral guidelines to the appropriate NIH Institute or Center. Applications will compete for available funds with all other recommended applications submitted in response to this FOA. Following initial peer review, recommended applications will receive a second level of review by the National Cancer Advisory Board. The following will be considered in making funding decisions: · Scientific and technical merit of the proposed project as determined by scientific peer review. · Availability of funds. · Relevance of the proposed project to program priorities. · Recipients of FFA must ensure that their programs are accessible to persons with limited English proficiency. HHS provides guidance to recipients of FFA on meeting their legal obligation to take reasonable steps to provide meaningful access to their programs by persons with limited English proficiency. Please see https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-individuals/special-topics/limited-english-proficiency/fact-sheet-guidance/index.html and https://www.lep.gov. For further guidance on providing culturally and linguistically appropriate services, recipients should review the National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health and Health Care at https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlid=53. · Recipients of FFA also have specific legal obligations for serving qualified individuals with disabilities. Please see http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/civilrights/understanding/disability/index.html. · HHS funded health and education programs must be administered in an environment free of sexual harassment. Please see https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-individuals/sex-discrimination/index.html; https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/shguide.html; and https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/upload/fs-sex.pdf. For information about NIH's commitment to supporting a safe and respectful work environment, who to contact with questions or concerns, and what NIH's expectations are for institutions and the individuals supported on NIH-funded awards, please see https://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/harassment.htm. · Recipients of FFA must also administer their programs in compliance with applicable federal religious nondiscrimination laws and applicable federal conscience protection and associated anti-discrimination laws. Collectively, these laws prohibit exclusion, adverse treatment, coercion, or other discrimination against persons or entities on the basis of their consciences, religious beliefs, or moral convictions. Please see https://www.hhs.gov/conscience/conscience-protections/index.html and https://www.hhs.gov/conscience/religious-freedom/index.html. Email: ncirefof@dea.nci.nih.gov Crystal Wolfrey Email: wolfreyc@mail.nih.gov	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line468
__label__cc	0.708365	0.291635	Great American Politics Dan Crenshaw Goes Full Ninja On Elizabeth Warren’s Proposal To Use Tax Dollars To Pay Student Debt Michael Cantrell Parler Facebook Twitter Rep. Dan Crenshaw unleashed on a proposal made by Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Elizabeth Warren to put the cost of trillions of dollars of student loan debt on the American taxpayer. Because, you know, we aren’t taxed enough already, right? Student loan debt is crushing millions of families. That’s why I’m calling for something truly transformational: Universal free college and the cancellation of debt for more than 95% of Americans with student loan debt. Read all about it here: https://t.co/IG9J5CiNb7 — Elizabeth Warren (@ewarren) April 22, 2019 Completing this poll grants you access to Great American Politics updates free of charge. You may opt out at anytime. You also agree to this site's Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. “That’s why I’m calling for something truly transformational,” she continued. “Universal free college and the cancellation of debt for more than 95% of Americans with student loan debt.” Crenshaw shot down the proposal and explained why he thought her policy was “terribly clumsy” and unfair. “Loan forgiveness for people making up to $250k?” Crenshaw responded with a link to Warren’s tweet. “This plan effectively asks all Americans,” he continued, “many of whom never got a degree, to give their tax dollars to people who CHOSE to take out a student loan so that they COULD get a job paying $250k a year.” Loan forgiveness for people making up to $250k? This plan effectively asks all Americans, many of whom never got a degree, to give their tax dollars to people who CHOSE to take out a student loan so that they COULD get a job paying $250k a year. Terribly clumsy & unfair policy. https://t.co/QEBslfT1Xa — Rep. Dan Crenshaw (@RepDanCrenshaw) April 23, 2019 To say this is a horrible idea would be an understatement of near biblical proportions. A college education is not at all a God-given right. It’s a privilege. Big difference between the two. Someone does not have to go to college. In fact, there are plenty of blue collar trade jobs available right now that actually pay a lot more than most so-called “white collar” jobs in an office. The problem, of course, is that most young folk today are very self-entitled. The idea of working hard for their living is appalling to them because they feel they deserve to have the finer things in life without all the blood, sweat, and tears that it requires to make success happen. Since going to college is a personal choice, why should anyone else be forced to pay for someone else’s choices? There are also better ways to pay for college, like working and paying it off as you go, which is what many people do. The bottom line is taxpayers shouldn’t be paying for someone’s college education. That’s on the individual to take care. Source: TheBlaze Michael Stanley is a professional writer with 10 years of experience who has previously written for Young Conservatives, Allen West, and many others. Tea Party Action Network © Copyright Great American Politics. All rights reserved.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line469
__label__wiki	0.665692	0.665692	Sport Clips Haircuts of Kalispell - Spring Prairie 85 Treeline Road Suite #102 Kalispell, Montana 59901 Military Support Programs Ageless Aviation Dreams Sport Clips is the primary sponsor for The Ageless Aviation Dreams Foundation, a non-profit organization established and dedicated to honoring seniors and United States military veterans. Through donations, the foundation provides once-in-a-lifetime “Dream Flights” to veterans, many of whom served during WWII, in a Boeing Stearman biplane, the same aircraft used to train many military aviators in the late thirties and early forties. Aleethia Foundation The mission of the Aleethia Foundation is to support injured service members with therapeutic recreation, small financial grants, family emergency aid, assistive technology items, and home improvements to assist with an injured service member's mobility and other unmet needs. Sport Clips is proud to sponsor two “Friday Night Dinners” in 2015. These dinners provide injured veterans and their families with the opportunity to enjoy a great meal while socializing – an integral part of the healing process. The Honor Flight Network Honor Flight Network is a non-profit organization created solely to honor America's veterans for all their sacrifices. Honor Flight transports our heroes to Washington, D.C. to visit and reflect at their memorials. Top priority is given to the senior veterans – World War II survivors, along with those other veterans who may be terminally ill. Sport Clips is a proud sponsor of the Austin, Texas Honor Flight division. Veterans Airlift Command Veterans Airlift Command (VAC) provides free air transportation to post-9/11 combat wounded and their families for medical and other compassionate purposes through a national network of volunteer aircraft owners and pilots. Sport Clips is proud to support VAC by transporting veterans to their destinations throughout the year. VetFran Qualified veterans who are interested in owning a Sport Clips are eligible for a 20 percent discount off of Sport Clips’ franchise fee of $59,500 through participation in the Veterans Transition Franchise Initiative, also known as VetFran, which was created in 1991 during the Gulf War. To learn more about VetFran, visit http://www.vetfran.com/ Sport Clips’ “Help A Hero” campaign has raised more than $3 million to help deployed and hospitalized U.S. service members call home through the Veterans of Foreign Wars’ Operation Uplink™ and provide scholarships to active-duty service members and veterans through the VFW’s “Sport Clips Help A Hero Scholarship” program. By providing scholarships for use at post-secondary schools, including trade schools, our goal is to make the transition from a military career to the civilian workforce a little easier. To learn more,	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line472
__label__wiki	0.958566	0.958566	BHM: The A&T/Greensboro Four and CIAA Four intersect By Steven J. Gaither The winter of 1960 was a historic one in North Carolina, not only because of the Greensboro Four, but the CIAA Four too. Fifty-eight years ago, four young men left the campus of North Carolina A&T and changed the world. David Richmond, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr. and Joseph McNeil are better known today around the world as “The Greensboro Four” (and the A&T Four on the quartet’s home campus) but before Feb. 1, 1960, they were just four students on an A&T campus in fierce contention for basketball glory. On the periphery of history, the quartet was surrounded by a Golden Age of HBCU basketball, as the CIAA was the premier basketball league for black college sports and A&T was one of its best programs. The Aggies, led by Cal Irvin, were in the middle of a season in which they hoped to win their third-straight CIAA tournament. They were led by Al Attles, a Newark, NJ native who could do it all. “There is nothing the New Jerseyite can’t do. He can shoot, run, defend and is a brilliant playmaker,” Perry Leazer of the Carolina Times wrote. The team’s biggest rival lay just half an hour down brand-new Interstate 40. Irvin’s Morgan State football teammate Clarence “Big House” Gaines was an institution in the CIAA by this point, with his Winston-Salem Teachers College Rams winning the highly-competitive league in 1954 and 1957. His team, led by the great Cleo Hill, another Newark star. Hill wasn’t the all-around player Attles was, but he could score in his sleep and jump out of all the tiny gyms in the CIAA. “Cleo Hill, Winston-Salem’s high scoring guard is every inch a basketball player,” Leazer wrote. “He takes advantage of every situation.” Thanks to the familiarity between the coaches and stars, along with the close proximity of both campuses, the rivalry was perhaps at its height at this point. Case in point, when the two teams met on Jan. 16 in front of more than 4,000 fans in the old Winston-Salem Memorial Colesium. A&T won the game 71-68. According to Gaines, while Hill and Attles shook hands, an A&T fan hit Hill on the head. Hill took a swing at the fan, and a mob chased him back to the dressing room. Gaines claimed he was hit as well. Police were called to the Winston-Salem campus after reports that the angry spectators were headed there. So it wasn’t always peace-and-kumbaya. Ultimately the game was thrown out by the CIAA after incorrect calls by officials were determined to have altered the game. It was a tight race just to get into the CIAA Tournament. Only eight of the 18 teams in the conference, which included much of the present day MEAC (Morgan State, DSU, Hampton, etc.) at the time, made it to the tournament. The tournament was held in A&T’s backyard, at the brand new Greensboro War Memorial Auditorium and Coliseum after spending the previous years on the campus of North Carolina College (North Carolina Central). So with A&T being the two-time defending champion and playing at home, it’s no surprise that the pundits leaned towards the team from Greensboro, despite the fact that Johnson C. Smith took home its first-ever CIAA regular season title. JCSU claimed the regular season title with a 17-2 record, edging out A&T (15-4) and Winston-Salem (13-3). Winston-Salem’s 73-71 win over A&T in the regular season finale on a Tommy Monteiro layup gave Smith the title. The pundits, however, were not impressed. “Aside from playing Maryland State(now Maryland-Eastern Shore), A&T and Winston-Salem, the Bulls hardly had to puff hard to win their games,” Leazer wrote, “The competition in the tournament will be much keener than the ones they faced all season.” Meanwhile, the sit-ins not only continued, they spread. North Carolina College students staged one in Durham, while Johnson C. Smith alumnus Carl Matthews did the same in Winston-Salem. Aggies Upset Early The tournament tipped off on Thursday, March 3. Virginia State ended Maryland State’s title hopes with a 70-69 win in the opener, while Winston-Salem held off Virginia Union 79-74. A&T saw its hopes of a third-straight title crash and burn on opening night, losing 87-72 to a Hampton team that had beaten it solidly just before The Four walked into Woolworth’s. The experts were right about Smith, however, as it fell 86-76 in the nightcap. The Friday crowd got to see two solid games as Winston-Salem put Hampton to bed 77-72, with Hill putting up 30 points against the Virginians. Keeping with that theme, St. Aug got the best of Virginia State with a 63-55 win. The two Virginia teams battled again early Saturday with Hampton coming out on top 73-59 over Virginia State to take home third place. The main event, of course, was the matchup of Winston-Salem against St. Augustine’s College. The star of the night would not be Hill, however. James Foree, a 6-6 sophomore put up 23 points as WSTC win the game easily with a 65-44 win despite just 10 points from Hill. “Cleo Hill is the greatest basketball player in the United States,” Gaines said after the game. “He’s a little moody sometimes, and that probably is his only weakness.” Hill’s moodiness aside, however, Gaines was full of praise. “This was our easiest game of the tournament. We played real well and our plans were carried out to perfection,” he told the media after the game. “Saint Augustine’s has a good team, however, I thought they would be in for a let down after those two spectacular performances in getting to the finals.” Morgan State alumni Cal Irvin and Clarence “Big House” Gaines. The CIAA Four The CIAA’s Big Four from that season would all go on to their places in history. Gaines would go on to win eight CIAA titles and over 700 games in a career that would last another three full decades and end in the Hall of Fame. Irvin would lead North Carolina A&T to three more titles in the 1960s before the program left to form the MEAC. The two men won all eight CIAA titles from 1957 to 1964 and another three combined before the conference split. As for their two star players, Attles and Hill, both would be remembered by history for different reasons. Attles would go on to a long career in the NBA with the Philadelphia Warriors, following the team to San Francisco and later leading the franchise to an NBA title as a coach in 1975. The now 81-year-old continues to be an ambassador for the franchise more than 60 years after it drafted him. Hill would be picked eighth overall by the St. Louis Hawks after his senior season in 1961. He was released from the franchise after just one season, blackballed by the league, never to play in the NBA again. His story went untold for decades until another Gaines disciple, Earl Monroe, told his story on the HBCU basketball documentary “Black Magic” in 2008. Hill died in August 2015 but was enshrined into the College Basketball Hall of Fame posthumously in 2017. Of course, the world remembers The Greensboro/A&T Four and rightfully so as their selfless act helped change the world as we know it forever. But The CIAA Four provided a necessary distraction for students, alumni and fans in the Jim Crow South. Even in The Carolina Times coverage of the sit-in, a basketball story about a freshman basketball player named Hugh Evans, yes that Hugh Evans, getting injured in a game at the Hampton Institute was just below it, right at the fold. Indeed, CIAA basketball was apparently a big relief for folks trying to wrap their heads around what was going on around them and where their place in the Civil Rights Movement was. Related Items:Black History Month, featured, History, North Carolina A&T, Winston-Salem State Jah-Maine Martin coming back to A&T NCAT’s Mac McCain III declares for ’21 NFL Draft Blake Harris comes up big as A&T wins MEAC opener Hottest HBCU Sports Headlines Deion Sanders doubles down on HBCU bowl idea Despite the backlash from some HBCU circles, Deion Sanders is still courting bowl game... Alabama A&M lands two QBs with P5 offers Alabama A&M has two promising prospects to replace FCS All-American Aqeel Glass when its... Deion Sanders offers reward for stolen item Deion Sanders says his truck was broken into and a valuable item has been... Deion Sanders lands another ex-Florida commit For the second time in less than a month, Deion Sanders and Jackson State... Howard basketball hit hard with defections Howard basketball got lots of ink for acquiring talented players in 2020. The first... Ex-UTC coach Chris Malone once coached at an HBCU Chris Malone was fired from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga after vile tweets... Deion Sanders, JSU pull in 12th FBS transfer Deion Sanders and Jackson State have spent the past few weeks shoring up the... FAMU to host Grambling for 2021. homecoming FAMU won't touch the field until fall 2021 when it joins the SWAC. It... Deion Sanders/JSU lands Auburn transfer Deion Sanders has been getting Power Five transfers, particularly of the SEC variety, almost... Deion Sanders lobbying for future bowl game invite Deion Sanders is already planting the seeds for a possible bowl game invite for... Alcorn falls to sixth-ranked Houston Cortez Bryant dishes about Young Money on HBCU 101	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line474
__label__wiki	0.969609	0.969609	Dr. Dre Addresses Abuse Against Dee Barnes & Michel’le: “I’ve Made Horrible Mistakes” Desire Thompson Source: Getty / Getty Since the release of N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton, many have questioned the absence of Dr. Dre’s history of misogyny and abuse towards former girlfriends and women in the industry. During the ensuing discussion, the entrepreneur expressed regret for his mistakes. In a cover story for Rolling Stone, the legendary producer doesn’t give an explanation as to why fights with journalist Dee Barnes, Ruthless Records female rapper Tairrie B, and mother of his first child Michel’le weren’t addressed in the film. Instead, Dre acknowledges the abuse, admitting he’s made some mistakes. “I made some fucking horrible mistakes in my life,” says Dre. “I was young, fucking stupid. I would say all the allegations aren’t true – some of them are. Those are some of the things that I would like to take back. It was really fucked up. But I paid for those mistakes, and there’s no way in hell that I will ever make another mistake like that again.” Paying for those mistakes might not be enough for Barnes. In an op-ed for Gawker, the writer says she’s pleased there wasn’t an actress depicting her getting beat up and thrown down the stairs in the 1991 encounter, but wishes there was some mention of it. She also says the female voices of Ruthless Records were ignored in the film. Although the movie was about the success of N.W.A, the careers of Michel’le, Tairrie B, and “Supersonic” group JJ Fad also helped Eazy-E’s label reach mainstream status. Barnes wrote: “I believe that if Eazy were alive, neither Tairrie B., nor JJ Fad wouldn’t have been ignored in the movie. Eazy was the straight shooter of the group and he just would have kept it more real. JJ Fad was a trio of female rappers from Rialto, California, whose debut album was released by Ruthless in order to establish and legitimize the label. It was commercially successful and featured the mega hit “Supersonic,” produced by Arabian Prince, who appears only briefly in Straight Outta Compton. JJ Fad’s success paved the way for the release of the Straight Outta Compton album. It’s a very pivotal moment that was erased from N.W.A.’s story. It’s easy for them to be dismissive of women, because they don’t respect most women.” Barnes said she was able to make peace with Eazy a few months before he passed away. As for Dre, she’s seen him a handful of times since their incident and the two remain cordial. “He should have owned up to the black eyes and scars he gave to his collaborator Michel’le. And he should have owned up to what he did to me. That’s reality. That’s reality rap. In his lyrics, Dre made hyperbolic claims about all these heinous things he did to women. But then he went out and actually violated women.” Michel’le opened up to VladTV on Monday and shared the same sentiments about the movie. In the film, JJ Fad and Michel’le are briefly addressed, and the R&B Divas star prefers it that way. “Why would Dre put me in it?” says Michel’le in that duh tone of voice. “I was just a quiet girlfriend who got beat on and told to sit down and shut up.” This is followed by an uncomfortable silence. “My part has no value to, probably, what they really want to talk about,” she says, “unless they want to talk.” In several interviews, Ice Cube and director F. Gary Gray said the original cut shows a longer film, which was nearly three hours. Could that version have included more of the female perspective? SOURCE: Rolling Stone, VladTV \| VIDEO CREDIT: YouTube Here’s The Problem With CNN’s Shocked Reaction To No Violence During “Straight Outta Compton” Screenings Did Suge Knight Inject Eazy-E With HIV? Old “AIDS” Joke Resurfaces, Raises Questions Don’t Miss Our Hottest Stories! Get The NewsOne Flip App for iPhone: Flip, Skip — Or Send Us a Tip! Dr. Dre Addresses Abuse Against Dee Barnes & Michel’le: “I’ve Made Horrible Mistakes” was originally published on newsone.com abuse , Dee Barnes , Domestic abuse , domestic violence , Dr.Dre , nwa , Straight Outta Compton Dr. Dre Addresses Abuse Against Dee Barnes &…	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line479
__label__wiki	0.975455	0.975455	Home > Newsroom > Top Stories > UAC board to examine IPO for Ilyushin Finance in July UAC board to examine IPO for Ilyushin Finance in July ZHUKOVSKY. July 1 (Interfax) - United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) will examine the issue of an IPO in Ilyushin Finance Co (IFC) in July, UAC President Alexei Fyodorov told journalists on Thursday. "The issue will be examined at the next meeting of the UAC board of directors in July. It should make a principle decision on the Ilyushin Finance IPO," he said. Consultations are currently underway concerning the feasibility of an IPO, its parameters and timeframe, Fyodorov said. Fyodorov said earlier that the UAC board would examine the issue in summer. "I think we will make a decision on whether to go ahead with or drop plans for an IPO this summer. Everything will depend on the market," he said. The board of directors has already held preliminary discussions on the matter, and it tentatively approved plans to place IFC shares in 2010, he said. It was reported earlier that IFC plans to hold an initial public offering (IPO) in Russia in 2010, followed by a secondary public offering (SPO) on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Globex Capital and Eurofinance Mosnarbank are IFC's consultants. IFC General Director Alexander Rubtsov said late last year that the agenda for the board meeting that approved the company's 2010 budget included an item on an IPO in 2010. "We would like to raise $200 million-$250 million. That amount is stipulated in the budget. We need it to finance planes that have been ordered," Rubtsov said in December. IFC specializes in financing sales of Russian-made aircraft: Il-96, An-148, and Tu-204/214. UAC owned 48.4% of shares at the end of 2009. Alexander Lebedev's National Reserve Corporation and Vnesheconombank (VEB) also own large stakes.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line484
__label__wiki	0.96736	0.96736	Report: Trump pressured Ukrainian president about 8 times to investigate Biden’s son President-elect Donald Trump meets with former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani at the clubhouse of Trump National Golf Club November 20, 2016 in Bedminster, New Jersey. \| Don Emmert/AFP/Getty Details remain murky. But there’s been a scandal unfolding in plain sight. The mysterious whistleblower complaint about President Donald Trump that’s roiling the administration is at least in part about Trump asking the president of Ukraine to investigate Joe Biden’s son, the Washington Post reported Friday. A whistleblower who is part of the US intelligence community filed this complaint a little over a month ago. The full details of the complaint remain murky, and it reportedly involves a broader set of events than a single phone call, per the New York Times. But the Trump administration is trying to prevent further details from coming to light. For some time now, there have been vaguely sourced reports and rumors that Trump was trying to pressure the Ukrainian government into launching an investigation of former vice president (and frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination) Joe Biden — possibly by withholding military aid to Ukraine unless they complied. On Friday, the Wall Street Journal’s Alan Cullison, Rebecca Ballhaus, and Dustin Volz reported that, during a July phone call with Ukraine’s president, Trump pressured him “about eight times” to work with his lawyer Rudy Giuliani on an investigation into Joe Biden’s son Hunter. The Journal did not confirm that any quid-pro-quo involving military aid was involved. On Thursday, Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani tweeted that if Trump told Ukraine to “investigate corruption that affects US” he’d just be “doing his job,” and complaining that “the Biden Family… bilked millions from Ukraine.” (Giuliani later told a reporter that he wasn’t confirming Trump actually did this — he was just saying, if he did do this, it would be fine and dandy. Giuliani has also previously confirmed that he himself has been trying to get Ukraine to investigate Biden.) A President telling a Pres-elect of a well known corrupt country he better investigate corruption that affects US is doing his job. Maybe if Obama did that the Biden Family wouldn’t have bilked millions from Ukraine and billions from China; being covered up by a Corrupt Media. — Rudy Giuliani (@RudyGiuliani) September 20, 2019 If Trump did this, it would be a shockingly corrupt use of his foreign policy powers — a demand that a foreign country intervene in the 2020 election to help him by digging up dirt on his potential opponent, or have its security put at risk. And the inspector general for the intelligence community has said the complaint “relates to one of the most significant and important of the DNI’s responsibilities to the American people.” So it seems important. Trump allies’ effort to pressure Ukraine has played out in plain sight The idea that Trump’s team would try to get the Ukrainian government to investigate Biden’s family isn’t just theoretical — Giuliani, Trump’s lawyer, has openly said he’s been doing just that. “We’re not meddling in an election, we’re meddling in an investigation, which we have a right to do,” he told the New York Times’s Ken Vogel in May. Ukraine-related corruption has played an outsized role in Trump scandals already — a major part of the Mueller probe was Paul Manafort’s prosecution for financial and lobbying crimes related to his work for a former Ukrainian regime. And back during summer of 2016, when Manafort was Trump’s campaign chair, he was plagued by reports that the Ukrainian government was looking into his payments. (Manafort was convicted and is serving a seven-and-a-half year prison sentence.) So Trump’s team seems to have had the idea to try and drum up a similar scandal involving Joe Biden. The details relate to Biden’s ne’er-do-well son Hunter, who joined the board of a Ukrainian natural gas company, Burisma, in 2014. Two years later, Ukraine’s prosecutor general, Viktor Shokin, was ousted, after pressure from Vice President Biden and other Western officials. Shokin has reportedly claimed he was pushed out because he was investigating Burisma’s payments to Hunter Biden. However, “there is no credible evidence that Biden sought Shokin’s removal in order to protect Hunter,” the New Yorker’s Adam Entous wrote earlier this year — instead, the rationale was said to be that he wasn’t doing enough to investigate corruption. Now, in an obvious effort to cause political problems for Joe Biden’s 2020 campaign, Giuliani has been pushing the new Ukrainian government (President Volodymyr Zelensky was just elected this April) to open an investigation into the Biden matter, as well as into whether there was any foul play in the earlier Ukrainian investigation of Manafort. Giuliani confirmed he was doing all this to the New York Times back in May, and the effort continued through August. But Giuliani was cagey on Trump’s personal role in the effort. He told the Times in May that Trump supports his efforts and “he basically knows what I’m doing, sure, as his lawyer.” In August, though, he told the Times he was just acting as a private citizen — though, for some reason, State Department officials were involved in Giuliani’s communications with Ukrainian officials. What’s unclear has been Trump’s personal role in the effort to pressure Ukraine — and whether it involved withholding military aid More recently, there have been rumors that the effort to pressure Ukraine into investigating Biden involved President Trump himself — and that he was threatening the country by saying he’d withhold US military aid unless they complied. On August 28, Politico’s Caitlin Emma and Connor O’Brien reported that the Trump administration was “slow-walking $250 million in military assistance to Ukraine.” They wrote that Trump had personally asked his national security team to review the program, supposedly to ensure the money was being spent in American interests. “The funds for Ukraine can’t be spent while they’re under review and the money expires at the Sept. 30 end of the fiscal year,” Emma and O’Brien wrote. Critics cried foul, accusing Trump once again of trying to support policies preferred by Putin (Russia and Ukraine have been in a military conflict since 2014). And then on September 5, a Washington Post editorial said that they’d been told that Trump was, in fact, trying to force the Ukrainian government to investigate Biden. The Post wrote: Some suspect Mr. Trump is once again catering to Mr. Putin, who is dedicated to undermining Ukrainian democracy and independence. But we’re reliably told that the president has a second and more venal agenda: He is attempting to force Mr. Zelensky to intervene in the 2020 U.S. presidential election by launching an investigation of the leading Democratic candidate, Joe Biden. Mr. Trump is not just soliciting Ukraine’s help with his presidential campaign; he is using U.S. military aid the country desperately needs in an attempt to extort it. This raised many eyebrows, because the sourcing was completely unclear — “we’re reliably told” — and it came in an editorial, not a news article. The rumors were evidently flying fast and furious. On September 2, Vice President Mike Pence met President Zelensky in Warsaw. At a press conference afterward, the Associated Press’s Jill Colvin asked: “Can you assure Ukraine that the hold-up of that money has absolutely nothing to do with efforts, including by Rudy Giuliani, to try to dig up dirt on the Biden family?” Pence conspicuously did not make that assurance, instead saying, “as President Trump had me make clear, we have great concerns about issues of corruption.” On September 12, the Trump Administration agreed to let the military aid for Ukraine move forward after all. Asked Friday morning whether he had talked to the new Ukrainian president about Biden, Trump said, “It doesn’t matter what I discussed.” But by Friday afternoon, the Wall Street Journal reported that, during a July phone call with Zelensky, Trump had pressured Zelensky “about eight times” to work with Giuliani on an investigation into Hunter Biden. (They did not confirm that any military aid threat or promise was involved.) Now there’s this whistleblower complaint — but the details remain murky Amid all this comes reports of this mysterious whistleblower complaint. On August 12, a whistleblower who is part of the US intelligence community filed a complaint with Intelligence Community Inspector General Michael Atkinson. Atkinson deemed the complaint credible and a matter of “urgent concern,” and wanted the congressional intelligence committees informed. But his superiors at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence have stepped in and refused to give any details of the complaint to Congress — even though a law seems to require them to do this. Atkinson ended up telling the House Intelligence committee of the complaint’s existence himself in a September 9 letter — but he didn’t give any details on what it was about. But in a subsequent letter, he said the complaint “relates to one of the most significant and important of the DNI’s responsibilities to the American people.” So House Intelligence Committee chair Adam Schiff went public about all this last week, voicing fears of a cover-up. And reporters have tried to figure out just what the whistleblower complaint was about. No one has nailed down the whole thing. It’s at least in part about Trump’s request to the Ukrainian president to investigate Biden’s son, per the Post, but it’s broader than any one call or promise and instead about several actions by Trump. And it has not yet been confirmed that the complaint is about a threat from Trump to withhold military aid to Ukraine — that’s still speculation. But what has unfolded in public view in this whole saga is already scandalous — and there’s likely more to come. Author: Andrew Prokop The US embassy in the UK is telling Americans to “keep a low profile” during Trump’s visit Don’t wait: the case for giving sooner rather than later Bernie Sanders got more young voters in New Hampshire than everyone else combined The stimulus law’s student loan payment freezes, explained Cory Booker rallies Democrats in Virginia, where he could help the party, and vice versa The US and Taliban sign agreement meant to end America’s longest war The US just signed a deal that could send asylum seekers back to El Salvador How big was the global climate strike? 4 million people, activists estimate.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line490
__label__cc	0.730932	0.269068	Trends and Challenges of Investing in Medtech « How to Get a Job at a Startup \| Livestream Georgia Tech Web Dev Boot Camp » Venture investment in medtech and digital health has recovered since the 2008 financial crisis, but it is still difficult for medtech entrepreneurs to raise money at critical points in the capital continuum – especially moving from Seed to Series A. Traditional VCs and strategic investors are focused on more mature medtech companies. Early stage medtech companies are therefore forced to rely on sources (including angel groups) who may not be as well versed in and may have misconceptions about the medtech field. This session will provide an overview of the top trends in medtech as well as the challenges early stage companies are facing as they move from concept to commercialization. Whether you are new to investing in early stage medtech companies or interested in hearing the latest industry trends, join us for networking and an informative discussion. Tiffany Wilson – CEO, Global Center for Medical Innovation & T3 Labs Tiffany has spent over 15 years bringing innovative medical technology from benchtop to bedside. In 2012, she launched the Global Center for Medical Innovation, an Atlanta-based non-profit organization that represents the Southeast’s first medtech innovation center. GCMI brings together key members of the medical device ecosystem, including universities, research centers, clinicians, early-stage companies, industry and investors, with the goal of accelerating the commercialization of new medical technology. Today, GCMI’s full-time staff of 58 includes design, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, project management, machining, quality system management, study directors/principal investigators, program managers, surgeons, veterinarians, vet techs, and support staff. Her team has supported over 150 innovative medical technologies making their way through design, prototype, preclinical testing, and clinical trials to commercialization. GCMI is catalyzing a highly capital efficient method approach to move innovation to products that impact patient outcomes, bringing the critical assets, infrastructure, partnerships, and expertise needed to support entrepreneurs from concept through preclinical testing. Tiffany joined GCMI from Scientific Intake, where she was VP of Business Development & Strategy. In 2002, she launched ACell as VP of Corporate Strategy & Finance, leading a broad range of initiatives, including regulatory, reimbursement, and the scientific advisory board. A former consultant & investment banker, she brings considerable experience in strategic planning, business development, operations, and financial analysis. Tiffany serves as Founding Member of Medtech Women @ SEMDA, was Past-President of the Southeast Medical Device Association (SEMDA), and on the Georgia Bio Board of Directors. She is a Member of the National Advisory Council on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (NACIE) at the U.S. Department of Commerce. In 2015 Tiffany received the Georgia Bio Community Award and in 2017 was presented with the Industry Growth Award. She was recognized by Inc. Magazine as one of “17 Inspiring Women to Watch in 2017” and one of Becker Hospital Review’s “110 Women in Medtech to Know in 2017”. 5:30pm – Drinks and hors d’oeuvres 6:00pm – Meeting starts https://www.eventbrite.com/e/trends-and-challenges-of-investing-in-medtech-tickets-53146283966?mc_eid=d632d58ceb&mc_cid=8b1847ac67 Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP 3343 Peachtree Rd NE Atlanta, + Google Map	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line491
__label__cc	0.564324	0.435676	A Decade of Discovery: 2010-2020 This year, 2020, marks a significant milestone for the Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing at UC Davis. The first 33 students embarked upon their graduate education at the school 10 years ago. In the decade since, the school’s founders, faculty, staff, advisers, friends, partners and supporters discovered their role in advancing health and igniting leadership. The Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing grew out of the shared vision of UC Davis and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Now, more than 650 alumni make an indelible impact on the clinics, classrooms and communities in which they serve. They embody and enact the vision of our founders from bedside care to individuals and families to bold changes in health care systems across California and the nation. Though a young school, our renewed vision of optimal health and health care equity for all propels us forward in a new decade and beyond. Virtual Lunch and Learn Noon to 1 p.m. Feb. 8 Registration information to be announced soon. Meeting the moment: Social justice and health equity Associate Dean for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Piri Ackerman-Barger Watch this page for more information on upcoming Decade of Discovery events.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line493
__label__wiki	0.529515	0.529515	About Health Forward Grantees and Applicants JVS helps refugees face bewildering U.S. health system By Catherine Anderson on July 27, 2016 Manager of Language and Cultural Services Jewish Vocational Services Refugees come to Kansas City from countries all over the world — Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burundi, Burma, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iraq, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan and Syria. Their first view of Kansas City is through the windows of a jet landing at Kansas City International Airport, usually late at night because they’ve been routed through the cheapest voyage possible — touching down on numerous U.S. cities before landing at our local airport. They are the lucky ones, however. Of the estimated 20 million refugees worldwide, only 2 percent get resettled, and the average waiting time in a refugee camp is 15 years. Even though they are greeted at the airport by JVS staff, that first night in Kansas City is a mixture of joy, fatigue, exhilaration and anxiety. They have already experienced extreme deprivation and the brutalizing treatment of their family and communities. What awaits them now is the chance for a peaceful life, but not one without enormous challenges and uncertainty. In the next number of weeks they will need the help of JVS to receive health check-ups, to apply for Social Security numbers, to enroll their children in schools, find a job, learn Kansas City bus routes and much more. JVS’s Refugee Immigrant Health Access Project, supported by the Health Forward Foundation is a key factor in a refugee’s ability to not only survive the grueling resettlement process, but also to obtain maximum health so that they can support their families and thrive in their new city. JVS provides coordination of health care screening services for new refugees to determine any outstanding health issues and to schedule immunizations. We also help refugees navigate health care follow-up appointments for routine and acute care before their Medicaid assistance expires in eight months. The program offers orientation and instruction about how to access health care services, including preventive care. Many of us who have lived in the United States since birth are confused by the health care system—imagine the bewilderment a new refugee faces! While Medicaid assistance is supported for eight months, refugees receive help with living expenses for three months. Like many Americans, refugees have debts to worry about immediately: they will need to pay back an interest-free loan on the cost of their airline ticket, and for some families that can be as high as $1000 per family member. Within a few months they assume responsibility for payment of all the expenses needed to take care of a home and family. By that time, the majority of refugees arriving to Kansas City are working in light manufacturing and hotel-cleaning jobs. The need for ongoing services and advocacy still remains, and JVS can assist a new refugee for up to five years. Friendships and connections last much longer, however, and many people from all over the world who first arrived as refugees, become permanent legal residents and then naturalized citizens through the support JVS provides. The Health Forward Foundation is a large part of ensuring the health and well-being of these new community members in Kansas City. Waste Not: SoSA West Fights Hunger, Wasted Food Through Gleaning The Health Care Foundation supports Tobacco 21 \| KC Trauma-informed care invites perspective Safety Net, Social Factors Health Forward Blog aims to discuss health and health policy issues that impact those most in need in our communities. If you would like your organization to be featured on our blog, please contact us. A Healthy 10 Applicant Defined Grants Decade of Difference Exploring Repeal and Replace Health Forward Healthy Communities Leadership Academy Pandemic Impact Social Factors Health Forward Foundation Whistleblower Complaint © 2021 Health Forward Foundation	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line494
__label__wiki	0.780147	0.780147	En accédant à ce site Internet, vous acceptez l'utilisation de technologies telles que les cookies et autres technologies similaires (« Analytics ») pour personnaliser les contenus, les publicités et les fonctionnalités des réseaux sociaux. Les données récoltées nous permettent d’analyser le trafic sur le site et de connaître les préférences des visiteurs afin d'améliorer nos services. En savoir plus Bienvenue dans la base de données sur le DIH coutumier, disponible en : Base de données sur le DIH DIH Coutumier Bases de données de DIH Base de données sur le DIH 1. Règles 2. Pratique en anglais(current) Par règle Par chapitre Pratique relative à Règle 34 2. Pratique\Les journalistes 2. Pratique(current) Par chapitre (current) Chapitre 10 (current) Règle 34 (current) Partager sur Twitter Partager sur Facebook Instagram Share on LinkedIn Practice Relating to Rule 34. Journalists Règle correspondante I. Treaties II. Other Instruments V. National Case-law VII. United Nations VIII. Other International Organizations IX. International Conferences X. International and Mixed Judicial and Quasi-judicial Bodies XI. International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement XII. Other Note: This chapter deals with civilian journalists; the case of war correspondents accredited to the armed forces, as provided for in Article 13 of the 1907 Hague Regulations and Article 4(A)(4) of the 1949 Geneva Convention III, is only addressed incidentally. Additional Protocol I Article 79 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I provides: 1. Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict shall be considered as civilians within the meaning of Article 50, paragraph 1. 2. They shall be protected as such under the Conventions and this Protocol, provided that they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians, and without prejudice to the right of war correspondents accredited to the armed forces to the status provided for in 4 A 4) of the Third Convention. 3. They may obtain an identity card … This card, which shall be issued by the government of the State of which the journalist is a national or in whose territory he resides or in which the news medium employing him is located, shall attest to his status as a journalist. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), Geneva, 8 June 1977, Article 79. Article 79 was adopted by consensus. CDDH, Official Records, Vol. VI, CDDH/SR.43, 27 May 1977, p. 256. Memorandum of Understanding on the Application of IHL between Croatia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Paragraph 4 of the 1991 Memorandum of Understanding on the Application of IHL between Croatia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia provides that “all civilians shall be treated in accordance with Articles 72 to 79 of Additional Protocol I”. Memorandum of Understanding on the Application of International Humanitarian Law between Croatia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Geneva, 27 November 1991, § 4. Agreement on the Application of IHL between the Parties to the Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina Paragraph 2.3 of the 1992 Agreement on the Application of IHL between the Parties to the Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina provides that “all civilians shall be treated in accordance with Articles 72 to 79 of Additional Protocol I”. Agreement between Representatives of Mr. Alija Izetbegović (President of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and President of the Party of Democratic Action), Representatives of Mr. Radovan Karadžić (President of the Serbian Democratic Party), and Representative of Mr. Miljenko Brkić (President of the Croatian Democratic Community), Geneva, 22 May 1992, § 2.3. Argentina’s Law of War Manual (1989) states: “Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict are considered to be civilians and must be protected as such.” Argentina, Leyes de Guerra, PC-08-01, Público, Edición 1989, Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas, aprobado por Resolución No. 489/89 del Ministerio de Defensa, 23 April 1990, § 4.10. Australia’s Defence Force Manual (1994) states: Civilian journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict … are to be afforded the protection that normally applies to civilians. Granting of this protection is subject to the journalists not engaging in conduct that is inconsistent with their civilian status … Protection does not extend to war correspondents who are members of the military forces of a nation. War correspondents are detained as PW [prisoners of war] upon capture whereas civilian journalists are deemed protected persons and would not normally be detained. Australia, Manual on Law of Armed Conflict, Australian Defence Force Publication, Operations Series, ADFP 37 – Interim Edition, 1994, § 915; see also Law of Armed Conflict, Commanders’ Guide, Australian Defence Force Publication, Operations Series, ADFP 37 Supplement 1 – Interim Edition, 7 March 1994, § 623. Australia’s LOAC Manual (2006) states: Special provision is made for civilian journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict. They are to be afforded the protection that normally applies to civilians. Granting of this protection is subject to the journalists not engaging in conduct that is inconsistent with their civilian status. Such journalists are normally issued with special identity cards. Protection does not extend to war correspondents who are members of the military forces of a nation. War correspondents are detained as PW [prisoners of war] upon capture whereas civilian journalists are deemed protected persons and would not normally be detained. Australia, The Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, Australian Defence Doctrine Publication 06.4, Australian Defence Headquarters, 11 May 2006, § 9.15; see also § 10.14. The LOAC Manual (2006) replaces both the Defence Force Manual (1994) and the Commanders’ Guide (1994). Benin’s Military Manual (1995) cites journalists and journalists on dangerous mission as examples of civilians. Benin, Le Droit de la Guerre, III fascicules, Forces Armées du Bénin, Ministère de la Défense nationale, 1995, Fascicule I, p. 12. Cameroon’s Instructor’s Manual (1992) provides: “Journalists carrying out an assignment in a zone of hostilities fall into the category of [civilians].” Cameroon, Droit international humanitaire et droit de la guerre, Manuel de l’instructeur en vigueur dans les Forces Armées, Présidence de la République, Ministère de la Défense, Etat-major des Armées, Troisième Division, Edition 1992, p. 17. Cameroon’s Instructor’s Manual (2006), under the heading “The Journalist”, states: “He is considered a civilian whilst gathering information in the combat zone. He must refrain from undertaking any action that compromises his status as a civilian, to which he owes his general protection.” Cameroon, Droit des conflits armés et droit international humanitaire, Manuel de l’instructeur en vigueur dans les forces de défense, Ministère de la Défense, Présidence de la République, Etat-major des Armées, 2006, p. 30, § 132; see also p. 50, § 231, p. 76, § 322, p. 92, § 352.11 and p. 134, § 412.11. The manual also states: The war correspondent … is accredited by his military commander. He is integrated into the Armed Forces, wears a uniform and possibly a distinctive sign which makes it possible to recognize him [as a war correspondent]. In case of capture, he is considered as prisoner of war. Cameroon, Droit des conflits armés et droit international humanitaire, Manuel de l’instructeur en vigueur dans les forces de défense, Ministère de la Défense, Présidence de la République, Etat-major des Armées, 2006, p. 30, § 132; see also p. 50, § 232, p. 76, § 322, p. 94, § 352.28, p. 137, § 412.281 and p. 230, § 541. The manual further states: “If war correspondents are wounded, sick or shipwrecked, they equally benefit from the protection granted to combatants”. Cameroon, Droit des conflits armés et droit international humanitaire, Manuel de l’instructeur en vigueur dans les forces de défense, Ministère de la Défense, Présidence de la République, Etat-major des Armées, 2006, p. 230, § 542. Canada’s LOAC Manual (1999) states: Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict shall be considered civilians. As such, they are non-combatants and may not be attacked. Should a journalist be detained, such journalist’s status will be that of a civilian. Canada, The Law of Armed Conflict at the Operational and Tactical Level, Office of the Judge Advocate General, 1999, p. 3-3, § 23; see also p. 4-7, § 61. Canada’s LOAC Manual (2001) states in its chapter entitled “Combatant Status”: Canada, The Law of Armed Conflict at the Operational and Tactical Levels, Office of the Judge Advocate General, 13 August 2001, § 313. The manual further states: “Journalists who are authorized to accompany the armed forces are ‘war correspondents.’ They are non-combatants but risk being attacked as part of a legitimate target. War correspondents who are captured by the enemy are PWs [prisoners of war].” In its chapter on targeting, the manual also states: Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict shall be considered as civilians and are entitled to the protection accorded to civilians under the LOAC, provided they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians. Such journalists must possess identity cards that attest to their status as journalists. The Central African Republic’s Instructor’s Manual (1999) states in Volume 1 (Basic and team leader instruction): “Civilians are those persons who are not members of the armed forces and who are not taking part in a levée en masse ( … [including] journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions).” Central African Republic, Le Droit de la Guerre, Fascicule No. 1: Formation élémentaire toutes armés (FETA), formation commune de base (FCB), certificat d’aptitude technique No. 1 (Chef d’équipe), Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Centrafricaines, 1999, Chapter II, Section I, § 2. Chad’s Instructor’s Manual (2006) states: A distinction must be made between two categories of staff whose professional status may lead to confusion and disrupt combatants’ behaviour: journalists and war correspondents. (1) Journalists Journalists have an identity card issued by the government of the State of which the journalist is a national or in whose territory he resides or where the news organization employing him is located. Journalists are considered civilians searching for information in the combat area. They must refrain from taking action adversely affecting their status as civilians, which is the basis for their being given general protection. (2) War correspondents By contrast, war correspondents are accredited by their military command. They are integrated into the armed forces, wear uniform and may wear a distinctive sign enabling their function to be recognized. If they are captured, they are considered prisoners of war. Chad, Droit international humanitaire, Manuel de l’instructeur en vigueur dans les forces armées et de sécurité, Ministère de la Défense, Présidence de la République, Etat-major des Armées, 2006, p. 54; see also pp. 34 and 56. Côte d’Ivoire’s Teaching Manual (2007) provides in Book III, Volume 2 (Instruction of second-year trainee officers): I.1.4. Journalists Apart from accredited war correspondents, one seldom sees journalists carrying out dangerous professional missions in conflict zones. They must in every respect be treated as civilians. They must be protected and must not be attacked. In order to guarantee their immunity, they must, however, behave in a way that makes them recognizable as civilians, i.e. not take a direct part in the hostilities. They can also obtain from their own government an identity card attesting to their status as journalist (an example can be found in Annex II to Additional Protocol I). They must accept the dangers and risks inherent to a conflict. In case of capture, they must be treated humanely, protected and handed over to the superior unit, which will treat them in conformity with the special provisions of the law applying to foreign civilians. In contrast to war correspondents, they are not entitled to prisoner-of-war status. Côte d’Ivoire, Droit de la guerre, Manuel d’instruction, Livre III, Tome 2: Instruction de l’élève officier d’active de 2ème année, Manuel de l’instructeur, Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Nationales, November 2007, p. 23; see also Droit de la guerre, Manuel d’instruction, Livre IV: Instruction du chef de section et du commandant de compagnie, Manuel de l’élève, Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Nationales, November 2007, p. 35. France’s LOAC Manual (2001) quotes Article 4(A)(4) of the 1949 Geneva Convention III and Article 79(1) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I and adds: In case of capture, journalists enjoy either the status of prisoners of war or that of civilian persons and the rights and protections attached thereto, depending on whether they are war correspondents or not. They must be able to prove their status. France, Manuel de droit des conflits armés, Ministère de la Défense, Direction des Affaires Juridiques, Sous-Direction du droit international humanitaire et du droit européen, Bureau du droit des conflits armés, 2001, p. 75. Germany’s Military Manual (1992) states: Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict are protected as civilians, provided that they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians, and without prejudice to the right of war correspondents accredited to the armed forces to the status of persons accompanying the armed forces without actually being members thereof. Journalists may obtain an identity card which attests to their status. Germany, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts – Manual, DSK VV207320067, edited by The Federal Ministry of Defence of the Federal Republic of Germany, VR II 3, August 1992, English translation of ZDv 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten – Handbuch, August 1992, § 515. Ireland’s Basic LOAC Guide (2005) states: Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict are regarded as civilians. They are protected as such under the law of armed conflict so long as they take no action adversely affecting their status as non-combatants. … If, for example, they are moving in the battle area and are given transport facilities by the forces operating there, they may not assist the latter in beating off an attack or dealing with a sniper. Ireland, Basic Guide to the Law of Armed Conflict, TP/TRG/01-2005, Director of Defence Forces Training, Department of Defence, July 2005, p. 11. With reference to Israel’s Law of War Booklet (1986), the Report on the Practice of Israel states: Journalists and other members of the press would never be intentionally targeted by the IDF [Israel Defense Forces]. Obviously, such protection would be lost if these individuals actually participated in hostile activities. Report on the Practice of Israel, 1997, Chapter 1.1, referring to Conduct in the Battlefield in Accordance with the Law of War, Israel Defense Forces, 1986, p. 14. Madagascar’s Military Manual (1994) states: “Journalists engaged in a dangerous mission are civilians.” Madagascar, Le Droit des Conflits Armés, Ministère des Forces Armées, August 1994, Fiche No. 2-SO, § B. Mexico’s Army and Air Force Manual (2009), in a section on the 1977 Additional Protocol I, states that “journalists on dangerous assignments are to be treated as civilians.” Mexico, Manual de Derecho Internacional Humanitario para el Ejército y la Fuerza Área Mexicanos, Ministry of National Defence, June 2009, § 255. The Military Manual (1993) of the Netherlands states: Journalists engaged in “free newsgathering” must be considered as civilians. They must be protected as such provided they take no action adversely affecting this status … The humanitarian law of war does not prohibit armed forces in whose area of operations journalists are active to impose restrictions on journalists. Journalists are not the same as persons accredited to the armed forces as war correspondents. Netherlands, Toepassing Humanitair Oorlogsrecht, Voorschift No. 27-412/1, Koninklijke Landmacht, Ministerie van Defensie, 1993, pp. VIII-3/VIII-4. The Military Manual (2005) of the Netherlands states: “Persons who accompany armed forces without directly belonging to them are non-combatants, but have prisoner-of-war status if captured. Examples are war correspondents.” Netherlands, Humanitair Oorlogsrecht: Handleiding, Voorschift No. 27-412, Koninklijke Landmacht, Militair Juridische Dienst, 2005, § 0310. In its chapter on the protection of the civilian population, the manual states: 0812. Specific rules for journalists Journalists engaged in the “free gathering of news” must be considered civilians. As such, they should be protected, provided they take no actions which adversely affect this status. The state of which they are subjects may issue them with identity cards. The humanitarian law of war does not prohibit armed forces from imposing restrictions on journalists within their area of operations. Journalists are not persons accredited with the armed forces as war correspondents, who are considered to belong to the category of “accompanying persons” and who, if captured by the adversary, become prisoners of war (see point 0310). New Zealand’s Military Manual (1992) states: Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict are regarded as civilians. They are protected as such under the [1949 Geneva] Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol I so long as they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians. New Zealand, Interim Law of Armed Conflict Manual, DM 112, New Zealand Defence Force, Headquarters, Directorate of Legal Services, Wellington, November 1992, § 1138. The manual considers that Article 79 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I is a new provision and such journalists enjoy no special protection in relation to States which are not bound by [the 1977 Additional Protocol I]. In regard to such States, they may well be taken for spies if they are found in areas of armed conflict while equipped with, eg, cameras. Such journalists must be furnished with proper identity cards. Also, they must not be confused with war correspondents accredited to armed forces in the field. New Zealand, Interim Law of Armed Conflict Manual, DM 112, New Zealand Defence Force, Headquarters, Directorate of Legal Services, Wellington, November 1992, § 1138, footnote 94. Nigeria’s Military Manual (1994) provides: “Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in [an] area of armed conflict shall be considered as civilians within the meaning of Article 50, paragraph 1 [of the 1977 Additional Protocol I]”. Nigeria, International Humanitarian Law (IHL), Directorate of Legal Services, Nigerian Army, 1994, p. 8, § 9(d). The manual further states: Journalists now turn victims of circumstance. A case in point is the brutal killing of two Nigerian journalists from Guardian Newspaper and Champion by Charles Taylor’s faction in Liberia. It is common news and knowledge that journalists in most of these international armed conflicts are arrested, detained, intimidated and above all killed. This therefore is a failure of the provision of the Geneva Conventions. Nigeria, International Humanitarian Law (IHL), Directorate of Legal Services, Nigerian Army, 1994, p. 32, § 9. The Russian Federation’s Regulations on the Application of IHL (2001) states: journalists means persons who are not members of the armed forces and who are on professional missions in areas of armed conflicts. Journalists are considered civilians and enjoy protection stipulated by international humanitarian law on condition that they do not commit any acts incompatible with their civilian status. Russian Federation, Regulations on the Application of International Humanitarian Law by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 8 August 2001, § 1. Sierra Leone’s Instructor Manual (2007) prohibits attacks on “war correspondents”. Sierra Leone, The Law of Armed Conflict. Instructor Manual for the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), Armed Forces Education Centre, September 2007, p. 35. South Africa’s LOAC Teaching Manual (2008) states: 2.1 Basic Categories of Persons and Objects Recognised under the LOAC [law of armed conflict] Who are regarded as “Civilians”? - [1977] Additional Protocol I article 79 provides special protection to journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflicts. This article determines that such journalists who engage in such missions shall be considered (and protected) as civilians, as long as they do not take any action that may adversely affect their status as civilians. These journalists must not be confused with war correspondents who accompany armed forces with the latter’s authority and who are entitled to POW [prisoner-of-war] status in terms of article 4.4 of [the 1949] Geneva Convention 3. - Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflicts shall be considered (and protected) as civilians, as long as they do not do anything that make them forfeit this protection. 2.4 Specifically Protected Persons and Objects: a. Civilians - Additional Protocol I also deals with the situation of journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions. - War correspondents accredited to the armed forces enjoy the status of POW in terms of [1907] Hague Convention IV article 13, [1949] Geneva Convention I articles 3 and 13(4) and [1949] Geneva Convention IV article 4. - Additional Protocol I article 79 concerns journalists who are not accredited but fulfill their mission on their own initiative. This article makes it clear that they are “considered as civilians within the meaning of Additional Protocol I article 50.1”. - Such journalists are entitled to the normal protection due to civilians but they cannot claim any special rights. - They must comply with the restrictions pertaining to civilians and in particular must not take part in hostilities. If they expose themselves to unusual dangers, then they place themselves at risk and must accept the consequences. Journalists who work on their own are protected as civilians, but if they expose themselves to dangers they must accept the consequences. South Africa, Advanced Law of Armed Conflict Teaching Manual, School of Military Justice, 1 April 2008, as amended to 25 October 2013, Learning Unit 2, pp. 52–53, 56–57, 112, 122–123 and 125. Targeting Prohibitions. It is prohibited to specifically target those possible targets which are specially protected under the [1949] Geneva Conventions and [the 1977] Additional Protocol I such as: - Protected Persons. Such as wounded and sick, civilians, persons hors de combat, medical and religious personnel and journalists. South Africa, Advanced Law of Armed Conflict Teaching Manual, School of Military Justice, 1 April 2008, as amended to 25 October 2013, Learning Unit 3, p. 184. Spain’s LOAC Manual (1996) states that journalists and war correspondents on mission in an area of armed conflict are civilians and may not be attacked. Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, Division de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 4.5.b.(1). Spain’s LOAC Manual (2007) states: “The following are not military objectives and cannot therefore be attacked: … War correspondents and journalists on assignment in armed conflict areas, [who are civilians]”. Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Tomo 1, Publicación OR7–004, (Edición Segunda), Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Dirección de Doctrina, Orgánica y Materiales, 2 November 2007, § 4.5.b.(1).(b); see also § 7.3.a.(5) and Annex C. The manual also states: “War correspondents are entitled to prisoner-of-war status. They are defined as all those members of the media who accompany the armed forces with their permission and with the relevant accreditation.” Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Tomo 1, Publicación OR7–004, (Edición Segunda), Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Dirección de Doctrina, Orgánica y Materiales, 2 November 2007, § 5.2.a.(2).(f); see also Annex C. The manual further states: “Journalists are not afforded absolute protection; they are considered to be civilians when undertaking dangerous professional missions, provided that they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians.” Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Tomo 1, Publicación OR7–004, (Edición Segunda), Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Dirección de Doctrina, Orgánica y Materiales, 2 November 2007, § 1.3.c.(2); see also § 5.2.a.(2).(f) and Annex C. Switzerland’s Regulation on Legal Bases for Conduct during an Engagement (2005) states: “Accredited journalists are protected as civilians. They must be able to prove their identity and obey the instructions given by armed forces personnel, who act in accordance with the directives on dealing with media representatives, which are issued specifically for each operation”. Switzerland, Bases légales du comportement à l’engagement (BCE), Règlement 51.007/IVf, Swiss Army, issued based on Article 10 of the Ordinance on the Organization of the Federal Department for Defence, Civil Protection and Sports of 7 March 2003, entry into force on 1 July 2005, § 200. Togo’s Military Manual (1996) cites journalists on dangerous mission as an example of civilians. Togo, Le Droit de la Guerre, III fascicules, Etat-major Général des Forces Armées Togolaises, Ministère de la Défense nationale, 1996, Fascicule I, p. 13. Ukraine’s IHL Manual (2004) states: 1.2.24. Non-combatants (those who do not fight) are members of the armed forces who provide assistance to them but take no direct part in hostilities. These [include] … war correspondents … Weapons shall not be employed against such persons while they are engaged in the performance of their direct duties. Such persons become combatants in case of their direct participation in hostilities. 1.2.43. Journalists who are not members of armed forces and engaged in professional missions in areas of armed conflict shall be considered as civilians. They shall be protected under international humanitarian law provided that they take no hostile action. Ukraine, Manual on the Application of IHL Rules, Ministry of Defence, 11 September 2004, §§ 1.2.24 and 1.2.43. Apart from war correspondents accredited to the armed forces, who have prisoner of war status on capture, journalists engaged in professional missions in areas of armed conflict are entitled to the protection afforded a civilian. A special identity card certifying status as a journalist may be issued by the state of which the individual is a national, or in which he resides, or where his employer is located. United Kingdom, The Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, Ministry of Defence, 1 July 2004, § 8.18; see also §§ 5.30–5.31.1. The US Naval Handbook (2007) states: War correspondents, although civilians, may be accredited by the armed forces that they accompany. While war correspondents are not combatants, their close proximity to combatants means that they may be incidentally killed or injured during a lawful attack on a military objective. United States, The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, NWP 1-14M/MCWP 5-12.1/COMDTPUB P5800.7, issued by the Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters, US Marine Corps, and Department of Homeland Security, US Coast Guard, July 2007, § 11.5. Denmark’s Military Criminal Code (1973), as amended in 1978, provides: Any person who uses war instruments or procedures the application of which violates an international agreement entered into by Denmark or the general rules of international law, shall be liable to the same penalty [i.e. a fine, lenient imprisonment or up to 12 years’ imprisonment]. Denmark, Military Criminal Code, 1973, as amended in 1978, § 25(1). Denmark’s Military Criminal Code (2005) provides: Any person who deliberately uses war means [“krigsmiddel”] or procedures the application of which violates an international agreement entered into by Denmark or international customary law, shall be liable to the same penalty [i.e. imprisonment up to life imprisonment]. Denmark, Military Criminal Code, 2005, § 36(2). Ethiopia’s Criminal Code (2004) states: Article 271.- War Crimes against Wounded, Sick or Shipwrecked Persons or Medical Services. (1) Whoever, in the circumstances defined above [i.e., in time of war, armed conflict or occupation … and in violation of the rules of public international law and of international humanitarian conventions] organizes, orders or engages in: (c) compelling persons engaged in … journalistic activities to perform acts or to carry out work contrary to or to refrain from acts required by their … professional rules and ethics or other rules designed for the benefit of the wounded, sick or civilian population, is punishable in accordance with Article 270 [i.e., with rigorous imprisonment from five years to twenty-five years, or, in more serious cases, with life imprisonment or death]. Ethiopia, Criminal Code, 2004, Article 271(1). Under Ireland’s Geneva Conventions Act (1962), as amended in 1998, any “minor breach” of the 1977 Additional Protocol I, including violations of Article 79, is a punishable offence. Ireland, Geneva Conventions Act, 1962, as amended in 1998, Section 4(1) and (4). Norway’s Military Penal Code (1902), as amended in 1981, provides: Anyone who contravenes or is accessory to the contravention of provisions relating to the protection of persons or property laid down in … the two additional protocols to [the 1949 Geneva] Conventions … is liable to imprisonment. Norway, Military Penal Code, 1902, as amended, 1981 § 108(b). Sudan’s Armed Forces Act (2007) provides: Subject to the provisions of the Criminal Act of 1991, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding twenty years, or with any lighter penalty, whoever treats inhumanly any of the persons hereinafter mentioned, during wartime, by killing him/her or causing physical or moral injury or grievous suffering thereto …: (b) journalists who perform professional missions. Sudan, Armed Forces Act, 2007, Article 152. In 2007, in the Constitutional Case No. C-291/07, the Plenary Chamber of Colombia’s Constitutional Court stated: International humanitarian law, in its treaty and customary form applicable in internal armed conflicts, provides for the special protection of certain categories of persons and property particularly vulnerable to the effects of war. The main categories of persons specially protected [include] … journalists. Colombia, Constitutional Court, Constitutional Case No. C-291/07, Judgment of 25 April 2007, pp. 120. In its judgment in the Situation in Chechnya case in 1995, the Russian Federation’s Constitutional Court held that several orders and decrees issued by the Russian Government in 1994 which deprived journalists working in the conflict zone of their accreditation were unconstitutional. Russian Federation, Constitutional Court, Situation in Chechnya case, Judgment, 31 July 1995. In 1987, in the Petane case, the Cape Provincial Division of South Africa’s Supreme Court dismissed the accused’s claim that the 1977 Additional Protocol I reflected customary international law. The Court stated: The accused has been indicted before this Court on three counts of terrorism, that is to say, contraventions of s 54(1) of the Internal Security Act 74 of 1982. He has also been indicted on three counts of attempted murder. The accused’s position is stated to be that this Court has no jurisdiction to try him. … The point in its early formulation was this. By the terms of [the 1977 Additional] Protocol I to the [1949] Geneva Conventions the accused was entitled to be treated as a prisoner-of-war. A prisoner-of-war is entitled to have notice of an impending prosecution for an alleged offence given to the so-called “protecting power” appointed to watch over prisoners-of-war. Since, if such a notice were necessary, the trial could not proceed without it, Mr Donen suggested that the necessity or otherwise for giving such a notice should be determined before evidence was led. … On 12 August 1949 there were concluded at Geneva in Switzerland four treaties known as the Geneva Conventions. … South Africa was among the nations which concluded the treaties. … Except for the common art 3, which binds parties to observe a limited number of fundamental humanitarian principles in armed conflicts not of an international character, they apply to wars between States. After the Second World War many conflicts arose which could not be characterised as international. It was therefore considered desirable by some States to extend and augment the provisions of the Geneva Conventions, so as to afford protection to victims of and combatants in conflicts which fell outside the ambit of these Conventions. The result of these endeavours was Protocol I and Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, both of which came into force on 7 December 1978. Protocol II relates to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts. Since the State of affairs which exists in South Africa has by Protocol I been characterised as an international armed conflict, Protocol II does not concern me at all. The extension of the scope of art 2 of the Geneva Conventions was, at the time of its adoption, controversial. … The article has remained controversial. More debate has raged about its field of operation than about any other articles in Protocol I. … South Africa is one of the countries which has not acceded to Protocol I. Nevertheless, I am asked to decide, as I indicated earlier, as a preliminary point, whether Protocol I has become part of customary international law. If so, it is argued that it would have been incorporated into South African law. If it has been so incorporated it would have to be proved by one or other of the parties that the turmoil which existed at the time when the accused is alleged to have committed his offences was such that it could properly be described as an “armed conflict” conducted by “peoples” against a “ra[c]ist regime” in the exercise of their “right of self-determination”. Once all this has been shown it would have to be demonstrated to the Court that the accused conducted himself in such a manner as to become entitled to the benefits conferred by Protocol I on combatants, for example that, broadly speaking, he had, while he was launching an attack, distinguished himself from civilians and had not attacked civilian targets. … … I am prepared to accept that where a rule of customary international law is recognised as such by international law it will be so recognised by our law. To my way of thinking, the trouble with the first Protocol giving rise to State practice is that its terms have not been capable of being observed by all that many States. At the end of 1977 when the treaty first lay open for ratification there were few States which were involved in colonial domination or the occupation of other States and there were only two, South Africa and Israel, which were considered to fall within the third category of ra[c]ist regimes. Accordingly, the situation sought to be regulated by the first Protocol was one faced by few countries; too few countries in my view, to permit any general usage in dealing with armed conflicts of the kind envisaged by the Protocol to develop. Mr Donen contended that the provisions of multilateral treaties can become customary international law under certain circumstances. I accept that this is so. There seems in principle to be no reason why treaty rules cannot acquire wider application than among the parties to the treaty. Brownlie Principles of International Law 3rd ed at 13 agrees that non-parties to a treaty may by their conduct accept the provisions of a multilateral convention as representing general international law. … I incline to the view that non-ratification of a treaty is strong evidence of non-acceptance. It is interesting to note that the first Protocol makes extensive provision for the protection of civilians in armed conflict. … In this sense, Protocol I may be described as an enlightened humanitarian document. If the strife in South Africa should deteriorate into an armed conflict we may all one day find it a cause for regret that the ideologically provocative tone of s 1(4) has made it impossible for the Government to accept its terms. To my mind it can hardly be said that Protocol I has been greeted with acclaim by the States of the world. Their lack of enthusiasm must be due to the bizarre mixture of political and humanitarian objects sought to be realised by the Protocol. … According to the International Review of the Red Cross (January/February 1987) No 256, as at December 1986, 66 States were parties to Protocol I and 60 to Protocol II, which, it will be remembered, deals with internal non-international armed conflicts. With the exception of France, which acceded only to Protocol II, not one of the world’s major powers has acceded to or ratified either of the Protocols. This position should be compared to the 165 States which are parties to the Geneva Conventions. This approach of the world community to Protocol I is, on principle, far too half-hearted to justify an inference that its principles have been so widely accepted as to qualify them as rules of customary international law. The reasons for this are, I imagine, not far to seek. For those States which are contending with “peoples[’]” struggles for self-determination, adoption of the Protocol may prove awkward. For liberation movements who rely on strategies of urban terror for achieving their aims the terms of the Protocol, with its emphasis on the protection of civilians, may prove disastrously restrictive. I therefore do not find it altogether surprising that Mr Donen was unable to refer me to any statement in the published literature that Protocol I has attained the status o[f] customary international [law]. I have not been persuaded by the arguments which I have heard on behalf of the accused that the assessment of Professor Dugard, writing in the Annual Survey of South African Law (1983) at 66, that “it is argued with growing conviction that under contemporary international law members of SWAPO [South-West Africa People’s Organisation] and the ANC [African National Congress] are members of liberation movements entitled to prisoner-of-war status, in terms of a new customary rule spawned by the 1977 Protocols”, is correct. On what I have heard in argument I disagree with his assessment that there is growing support for the view that the Protocols reflect a new rule of customary international law. No writer has been cited who supports this proposition. Here and there someone says that it may one day come about. I am not sure that the provisions relating to the field of application of Protocol I are capable of ever becoming a rule of customary international law, but I need not decide that point today. For the reasons which I have given I have concluded that the provisions of Protocol I have not been accepted in customary international law. They accordingly form no part of South African law. This conclusion has made it unnecessary for me to give a decision on the question of whether rules of customary international law which conflict with the statutory or common law of this country will be enforced by its courts. In the result, the preliminary point is dismissed. The trial must proceed. South Africa, Supreme Court, Petane case, Judgment, 3 November 1987, pp. 2–8. In 2010, in the Boeremag case, South Africa’s North Gauteng High Court stated: In Petane, … Conradie J found that the provisions of [the 1977 Additional] Protocol I are not part of customary international law, and therefore are also not part of South African law. Referring to the fact that in December 1986 only 66 of the 165 States party to the Geneva Conventions had ratified Protocol I, the Court [in Petane] stated: This approach of the world community to Protocol I is, on principle, far too half-hearted to justify an inference that its principles have been so widely accepted as to qualify them as rules of customary international law. The reasons for this are, I imagine, not far to seek. For those States which are contending with “peoples[’]” struggles for self-determination, adoption of the Protocol may prove awkward. For liberation movements who rely on strategies of urban terror for achieving their aims the terms of the Protocol, with its emphasis on the protection of civilians, may prove disastrously restrictive. I therefore do not find it altogether surprising that Mr Donen was unable to refer me to any statement in the published literature that Protocol I has attained the status of customary international law. Important changes with respect to certain aspects applicable at the time of Petane have taken place. The ANC [African National Congress] has become South Africa’s ruling party and in 1995 ratified Protocol I. The total number of States that have ratified it, is now … 162. This last aspect forms the basis on which the First Respondent [the State] and the applicants agree that Protocol I forms part of customary international law as well as of South African law. As requested, this position is accepted for the purposes of the decision, without deciding on the matter. Despite these changes, it remains debatable whether the provisions of Protocol I have become a part of South African law in this way. The consensus of both parties to the conflict is required. See Petane … and Article 96 of Protocol I. … Parliament’s failure to incorporate Protocol I into legislation in accordance with Article 231(4) of the Constitution in fact points to the contrary, and is indicative that the requirements of usus and/or opinio juris have not been met. See Petane. South Africa, North Gauteng High Court, Boeremag case, Judgment, 26 August 2010, pp. 21–22. [footnotes in original omitted] The Court also held: If the [1977 Additional Protocol I] applies in South Africa as customary international law, the two requirements that form the basis of customary law must be met. It is arguable that the requirement of usus has been met by the vast number of States that have acceded or ratified it. By ratifying Protocol I the Republic of South Africa has indicated its intention to apply the Protocol, thereby fulfilling the requirement of opinio juris. South Africa, North Gauteng High Court, Boeremag case, Judgment, 26 August 2010, p. 66. In 2010, in the Couso case, which concerned the killing of a Spanish journalist in Baghdad on 8 April 2003 by troops of the United States of America, the Criminal Chamber of Spain’s Supreme Court held: F) The [1949] IV Geneva Convention and its [1977] Additional Protocol I, incorporated to our legal system through Article 96(1) CE [1978 Spanish Constitution], which establishes the protection of persons defined as “civilians” (in particular journalists) … [has] been manifestly unfulfilled … by the US. Spain, Supreme Court, Couso case, Judgment, 13 July 2010, Section II(II), Segundo, § 1, p. 7. The Court also referred to norms of IHL relevant to the case under review, including Article 79 of 1977 Additional Protocol I. Spain, Supreme Court, Couso case, Judgment, 13 July 2010, Section II(II), Sexto, § 2, p. 15. The Court upheld the appeal against the order of 23 October 2009 by the Third Section of the Criminal Chamber of the Spanish National Court, which declared the termination of the proceedings, and held that “the proceedings must continue, and the outstanding preparatory enquiries must be undertaken, as well as any others arising from the clarification of the events under investigation. Spain, Supreme Court, Couso case, Judgment, 13 July 2010, Section III, pp. 20–21. The Report on the Practice of Botswana states that journalists must not be attacked. In 1971, during a debate in the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly, Brazil stated with respect to the protection of journalists that overwhelming support was to be found in the international community both for the basic principle that a distinction should be made between the treatment accorded to combatants and non-combatants and for the consequent adoption of measures to ensure the personal safety of journalists in areas of armed conflict. Brazil, Statement before the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/C.3/SR.1890, 1 December 1971, § 4. In 2013, in a statement before the UN Security Council during an open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the minister counsellor of the Permanent Mission of Canada stated: “We condemn the targeting of journalists, media professionals and associated personnel … We must continue to work to bring the perpetrators of such heinous acts to justice. Those who deliberately target civilians with violence must be held to account.” Canada, Statement by the minister counsellor of the Permanent Mission of Canada during a UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, 17 July 2013. In 2007, in response to a question in the Assemblée Nationale (lower house of parliament), France’s Minister of Foreign Affairs stated: … war correspondents, special envoys, independent journalists are attacked more and more often when they are only doing their jobs. The year 2006 will have been the most murderous for journalists. The violence of these attacks against journalists is all the more inacceptable as the freedom to work, the freedom of expression, and the freedom to inform are fundamental values of our Republic. It was necessary to respond to these attacks and I would like to acknowledge two initiatives here. First, the activities of Reporters Without Borders and of its president, Robert Menard, as well as their monitoring and mobilization capacity. Second, the parliamentary information report that you have signed … and the proposal to present a resolution at the UN Security Council. I have presented that resolution with my Greek colleague. That resolution – 1738 – was adopted unanimously by the Security Council in New York on 23 December. What does it say? First of all, that crimes committed against journalists must be systematically investigated and that those responsible for these crimes must be punished. Furthermore, that all States must accept the freedom and independence of the press. But you are right, …, it is necessary to extend the resolution, so that the new entities, which are the International Criminal Court, the Human Rights Council, the Council of Europe and the OSCE can continue to contribute to the security and independence of journalists. France, Assemblée Nationale, Compte rendu intégral, Second Sitting, Tuesday, 9 January 2007, 104th Sitting of the ordinary session 2006–2007, Reply by Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1973, during a debate in the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly, the Federal Republic of Germany stated that, since the protection of journalists during armed conflict was part of IHL, the provisions relating to the protection of civilians were also applicable in principle to journalists, unless they belonged to the armed forces. Germany, Federal Republic of, Statement before the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/C.3/SR.1991, 10 October 1973, § 31. In 2006, in a UN Security Council meeting on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the permanent representative of Greece stated: To this one should also add the deliberate attacks against journalists and media staff in situations of armed conflict. The number of casualties against this category of civilians has considerably increased during the past years. Such attacks aim at interfering with the free flow of information and its dissemination, which is crucial for the protection of civilians and important component in every democratic society. Journalists are entitled to the protection afforded to them by the relevant provisions of international humanitarian law and States and non-state actors should respect this law. Greece, Statement by the permanent representative at the UN Security Council meeting on protection of civilians in armed conflict, 5 December 2006. In 2013, in a statement before the UN Security Council during an open debate on the protection of journalists in armed conflict, the permanent representative of India stated: Since 1950, India has adhered to and fully supported the [1949] Geneva Conventions. We also recall this Council’s demand in Resolution 1738 that all parties to an armed conflict comply fully with the obligations applicable to them under international law related to the protection of civilians in armed conflict, including journalists, media professionals and associated personnel. While discussing best practices for protecting journalists in conflict situations, we would recommend certain basic precautions. These recommendations are meant to put in context issues of access and security in conflict situations. First and foremost, journalists should function within the relevant domestic laws of the countries concerned, so that they have full recourse to the protection afforded by such laws to them. Second, their access to conflict zones should be in a legal manner. Third, they should maintain strict neutrality and impartiality and not become a party to the conflict. By following such precautions, it will become easier for States to protect journalists, facilitate their professional work, and ensure that journalists become a catalyst for conflict resolution and peacebui[l]ding. On their part, national governments must come together and pledge to provide protection to journalists in conflict situations, especially where their whereabouts and coordinates have been provided in advance. India, Statement by the permanent representative of India during a UN Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians: protection of journalists in conflict situations, 17 July 2013. On the basis of an interview with a high-ranking officer, the Report on the Practice of Jordan notes that no attacks by Jordanian armed forces against journalists covering armed conflict have been reported. Report on the Practice of Jordan, 1997, Interview with a high-ranking army officer, Chapter 1.1. According to the Report on the Practice of Nigeria, Nigeria’s practice in relation to journalists is that they should not be arrested, detained, intimidated or killed in armed conflicts. Report on the Practice of Nigeria, 1997, Chapter 1.1. The Report on the Practice of the Republic of Korea mentions a case before a military tribunal in 1952, in which journalists who participated in subversive activities and killed civilians were considered to be war criminals. On this basis, the report infers that journalists who are not participating in hostilities shall be protected. Report on the Practice of the Republic of Korea, 1998, Chapter 1.1, referring to Document of a Military Tribunal, 28 April 1952. Based on replies by army officers to a questionnaire, the Report on the Practice of Rwanda states that journalists must not be attacked. When detained, they must be released as soon as their status as journalists has been established. Report on the Practice of Rwanda, 1997, Replies by army officers to a questionnaire, Chapter 1.1. Since Rwanda became a member of the Council in January this year, we have put our time into debating the protection of civilians in armed conflict, in both thematic debates and country-specific situations. Following the debates on the protection of civilians, sexual violence in conflict, children and armed conflict and specific human rights and humanitarian situations such as Syria, today we are discussing the protection of another group of people who are vulnerable in situations of armed conflicts, namely, journalists. In 2011, during the consideration of Somalia’s report to the Human Rights Council, a statement of the delegation of Somalia was summarized by the Council as follows: “The Government gave instructions to security forces to ensure that journalists are protected”. Somalia, Statement by the Delegation of Somalia before the Human Rights Council during the consideration of the report of Somalia, published in the Report of the Working Group of the Human Rights Council on the Universal Periodic Review, 11 July 2011, UN Doc. A/HRC/18/6, § 71. In 2013, in a statement before the UN Security Council during an open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, made on behalf of the members of the Human Security Network and on behalf of South Africa as an observer, the deputy permanent representative of Chile stated: Last but not least, we would like to reiterate our concern about the safety of journalists in conflict situations. Unfortunately and despite a clear normative framework and repeated calls of the international community to put an end to these attacks, media professionals are still part of the civilian casualties, while trying to report and brief us on the realities on the ground. According to the International News Safety Institute, no less than 43 journalists and news workers have died this year trying to cover situations of armed conflict and civil unrest. We welcome the open debate on POC [protection of civilians] and the protection of journalists held under American presidency of the [UN Security] Council on July 17 and urge the Security Council to consider the situation of journalists in armed conflicts in a more proactive and systematic way in country-specific discussions and further promote implementation of [UN Security Council] Resolution 1738 [on the protection of journalists in armed conflict]. South Africa, Statement by the deputy permanent representative of Chile before the UN Security Council during an open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, made on behalf of the members of the Human Security Network and on behalf of South Africa as an observer, 19 August 2013, pp. 4–5. Switzerland’s ABC of International Humanitarian Law (2009) states: Up to 1949, international humanitarian law protected the wounded, sick, shipwrecked and imprisoned members of the armed forces. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 extended protection in time of war to the civilian population. The Additional Protocols of 1977 increased the degree of protection and extended it by means of special regulations to specific categories of civilians (Women, Children, Refugees, Journalists). With the exception of war correspondents accompanying armed forces, journalists are considered as Civilians and are protected as such. The [1977] First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 gives specific protection to journalists and provides that they can obtain an identity card. Switzerland, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, ABC of International Humanitarian Law, 2009, pp. 12 and 29. In 2010, in response to a motion by a member of the National Council, Switzerland’s Federal Council wrote: Switzerland recognizes the importance of protecting journalists in areas of conflict, and is deeply concerned about the increase in acts of violence against local and international journalists. … Switzerland is committed to better respect for international humanitarian law. At the 30th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in 2007 it pledged to take measures to reinforce the implementation of international humanitarian law applicable to journalists. Switzerland engages in multilateral fora, such as the Human Rights Council, and through bilateral representations or press releases to condemn violations of the law committed against journalists. Recognizing that the implementation, on the ground, of the protection granted to journalists remains largely insufficient, Switzerland welcomes all initiatives aimed at strengthening the application of the existing rules and at improving respect for their obligations by the different parties to an armed conflict. Indeed, Switzerland is convinced that the too-numerous violations of international law committed against journalists are not due to insufficient norms but to a lack of respect for the law by the actors in armed conflicts and those who influence their behaviour. … The Federal Council considers that the elaboration of a Convention is not an adequate means of improving the protection of journalists. However, consultations with governments and experts, in close collaboration with other States and the ICRC, to identify and clarify the different options available to the international community, including an international meeting on this topic, may prove judicious. In that regard, one can mention that the Human Rights Council has decided to hold a panel discussion on the protection of journalists in time of armed conflicts at its 14th session in June 2010. Switzerland, National Council, Response by the Federal Council to Motion No. 10.3040, 12 May 2010, p. 2. In 2013, in a statement before the UN Security Council during a debate on the protection of journalists in armed conflict, the permanent representative of Switzerland stated: Switzerland recalls that journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict are civilians and shall not be the object of attacks, unless and for such time as they are directly participating in hostilities. I should also like to recall the importance of [UN Security Council resolution] S/RES/1738 (2006), which calls on States to prevent attacks on journalists and recalls the importance of protective legal instruments such as the [1977] additional protocols to the [1949] Geneva Conventions. Impunity, … , is seen as the major cause of continuous attacks on journalists. … … Not only do journalists have the right to be protected, but the conduct of investigations into crimes of violence against them must also be conducted promptly, impartially and effectively. Switzerland, Statement by the permanent representative of Switzerland during a UN Security Council debate on the protection of journalists, UN Doc. S/PV.7003, 17 July 2013. In 2003, in reply to a written question in the House of Commons asking whether there would be “an inquiry into the numbers of deaths of journalists during the current campaign in Iraq”, the UK Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence wrote: All reports of coalition action resulting in the deaths of civilians are investigated. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland works with coalition partners to verify the facts of such reported incidents. The profession of civilian casualties is not a concern when investigating such incidents. Very careful attention is applied to ensure that in the coalition’s campaign the risk of damage to civilian populations and infrastructure is minimised. However, military action is never without risk, and lawful actions against military targets may result in harm to civilians. Any civilian casualties resulting from military action are deeply regretted. The active battlefield is not a benign environment and coalition forces cannot be held responsible for, or guarantee the safety of, journalists who enter such a location independently. This is one of the reasons why we have embedded war correspondents whose activities can be properly co-ordinated with our own forces. United Kingdom, House of Commons, Written answer by the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence, Hansard, 14 April 2003, Vol. 403, Written Answers, col. 571W. In 1987, the Deputy Legal Adviser of the US Department of State affirmed: “We also support the principle that journalists be protected as civilians under the [1949 Geneva] Conventions, provided they take no action adversely affecting such status.” United States, Remarks of Michael J. Matheson, Deputy Legal Adviser, US Department of State, The Sixth Annual American Red Cross-Washington College of Law Conference on International Humanitarian Law: A Workshop on Customary International Law and the 1977 Protocols Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, American University Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 2, 1987, p. 428. In 1992, in a report submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of UN Security Council Resolution 771 (1992) on grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Convention IV committed in the former Yugoslavia, the United States included the killing of a television producer and the wounding of a camerawoman by sniper fire in Sarajevo among “deliberate attacks on non-combatants”. United States, Former Yugoslavia: Grave Breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention (Third Submission), annexed to Letter dated 5 November 1992 to the UN Secretary-General, UN Doc. S/24791, 10 November 1992, p. 19. The Report on the Practice of Zimbabwe states: “Persons such as journalists are certainly civilians not combatants. They should not be attacked. This point qualifies for customary rule status.” Report on the Practice of Zimbabwe, 1998, Chapter 1.1. In a resolution adopted in 2006 on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the UN Security Council: Recalling the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, in particular the Third Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 on the treatment of prisoners of war, and the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977, in particular article 79 of the Additional Protocol I regarding the protection of journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict, Recognizing that the consideration of the issue of protection of journalists in armed conflict by the Security Council is based on the urgency and importance of this issue, and recognizing the valuable role that the Secretary-General can play in providing more information on this issue, 1. Condemns intentional attacks against journalists, media professionals and associated personnel, as such, in situations of armed conflict, and calls upon all parties to put an end to such practices; 2. Recalls in this regard that journalists, media professionals and associated personnel engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict shall be considered as civilians and shall be respected and protected as such, provided that they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians. This is without prejudice to the right of war correspondents accredited to the armed forces to the status of prisoners of war provided for in article 4.A.4 of the Third Geneva Convention; 3. Recalls also that media equipment and installations constitute civilian objects, and in this respect shall not be the object of attack or of reprisals, unless they are military objectives; 5. Recalls its demand that all parties to an armed conflict comply fully with the obligations applicable to them under international law related to the protection of civilians in armed conflict, including journalists, media professionals and associated personnel; 6. Urges States and all other parties to an armed conflict to do their utmost to prevent violations of international humanitarian law against civilians, including journalists, media professionals and associated personnel; 8. Urges all parties involved in situations of armed conflict to respect the professional independence and rights of journalists, media professionals and associated personnel as civilians. UN Security Council, Res. 1738, 23 December 2006, preamble and §§ 1–3, 5–6 and 8, voting record: 15-0-0. UN General Assembly In a resolution adopted in 1970 on the protection of journalists engaged in dangerous missions in areas of armed conflict, the UN General Assembly: Noting with regret that journalists engaged in missions in areas where an armed conflict is taking place sometimes suffer as a result of their professional duty, which is to inform world public opinion objectively, Bearing in mind the appeal made by the Secretary-General on 30 September 1970 on behalf of missing journalists, Recognizing that certain types of protection can be granted to journalists under: (a) Article 4 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, of 12 August 1949, (b) Article 13 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, of 12 August 1949, (c) Article 13 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, of 12 August 1949, (d) Article 4 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, Being aware, however, that these provisions do not cover some categories of journalists engaged in dangerous missions and do not correspond to their present needs, Convinced of the need for an additional humanitarian international instrument to ensure the better protection of journalists engaged in dangerous missions, particularly in areas where an armed conflict is taking place, 1. Expresses its grave concern about the fate of press correspondents carrying out dangerous missions; 2. Expresses its deepest regret that some of those correspondents have paid with their lives for their conscientious approach to their missions; 3. Invites all States and all authorities parties to an armed conflict to respect and apply in all circumstances the provisions of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 in so far as they are applicable, in particular, to war correspondents who accompany armed forces but are not actually a part of them; 4. Invites the Economic and Social Council to request the Commission on Human Rights to consider at its twenty-seventh session the possibility of preparing a draft international agreement ensuring the protection of journalists engaged in dangerous missions and providing, inter alia, for the creation of a universally recognized and guaranteed identification document; 5. Invites the Commission on Human Rights to consider this question as a matter of priority at its twenty-seventh session in order that a draft international agreement may be adopted as soon as possible by the General Assembly or by some other appropriate international body. UN General Assembly, Res. 2673 (XXV), 9 December 1970, preamble and §§ 1–5, voting record: 85-0-32-10. Being aware that the provisions of the humanitarian conventions at present in force do not cover some categories of journalists engaged in dangerous missions and do not correspond to their present needs, 1. Believes that it is necessary to adopt a convention providing for the protection of journalists engaged in dangerous missions in areas of armed conflict expressed the belief that an international convention was needed to protect journalists engaged in dangerous missions in areas of armed conflict. UN General Assembly, Res. 2854 (XXVI), 20 December 1971, preamble and § 1, voting record: 96-2-20-14. Aware that the provisions of the humanitarian conventions at present in force do not cover certain categories of journalists engaged in dangerous missions in areas of armed conflict and do not correspond to their present needs, 1. Expresses the opinion that it would be desirable to adopt a convention ensuring the protection of journalists engaged in dangerous missions in areas of armed conflict. UN General Assembly, Res. 3058 (XXVIII), 2 November 1973, preamble and § 1, adopted without a vote. In a resolution adopted in 1975 on respect for human rights in armed conflicts, the UN General Assembly: Takes note with appreciation of the decision of the Diplomatic Conference [on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts] on the protection of journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict, and of the intention of the Conference to complete its work on the subject during its next session. UN General Assembly, Res. 3500 (XXX), 15 December 1975, § 4, adopted without a vote. In a resolution adopted in 1996 on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan, the UN General Assembly strongly urged “all parties to the conflict to take all necessary measures to ensure the safety of … representatives of the media in Afghanistan”. UN General Assembly, Res. 51/108, 12 December 1996, § 9, adopted without a vote. In a resolution adopted in 1998 on the human rights situation in Kosovo, the UN General Assembly called upon the authorities of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), as well as armed Albanian groups, to refrain from any harassment and intimidation of journalists. UN General Assembly, Res. 53/164, 9 December 1998, § 19, voting record: 122-3-34-26. In a resolution adopted in 2003 on questions relating to information, the UN General Assembly urged all countries, organizations of the United Nations system as a whole and all others concerned “[t]o ensure for journalists the free and effective performance of their professional tasks and condemn resolutely all attacks against them”. UN General Assembly, Res. 58/101 A, 9 December 2003, (b), adopted without a vote. UN General Assembly, Res. 59/126 A, 10 December 2004, (b), adopted without a vote. In a resolution adopted in 2007 on the situation in Afghanistan, the UN General Assembly condemned “recent cases of the abduction and even killing of journalists and other civilians by terrorist and extremist groups”. UN General Assembly, Res. 62/6, 11 November 2007, preamble, adopted without a vote. UN Commission on Human Rights In 1993, the UN Commission on Human Rights appointed a Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression. The mandate of the Rapporteur included the gathering of all relevant information on discrimination, threats or use of violence and harassment, including persecution and intimidation, against professionals in the field of information seeking to exercise or to promote the exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1993/45, 5 March 1993, adopted without a vote. In a resolution adopted in 1995, the UN Commission on Human Rights deplored continued attacks, acts of reprisal, abductions and other acts of violence committed against representatives of the international media in Somalia, sometimes resulting in serious injury or death. UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1995/56, 3 March 1995, preamble. In a resolution adopted in 1996 on the situation of human rights in Burundi, the UN Commission on Human Rights condemned the murder of journalists. UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1996/1, 27 March 1996, § 11, adopted without a vote. In a resolution adopted in 1999, the UN Commission on Human Rights recalled the 1995 Johannesburg Principles and expressed its concern at the widespread violence directed at persons exercising the right to freedom of opinion and expression. The Commission also expressed its concern that such violations “are facilitated and aggravated by several factors”, including “abuse of states of emergency, exercise of the powers specific to states of emergency without formal declaration and too vague a definition of offences against State security”. UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1999/36, 26 April 1999, preamble and §§ 3–4, adopted without a vote. In a resolution adopted in 2003 on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the UN Commission on Human Rights: 3. Expresses its continuing concern at: (c) Killings of and attacks particularly directed against journalists in situations of armed conflict, as well as other threats and acts of violence, including terrorist acts, directed against media professionals; 6. Urges all States: (d) To take all measures to investigate all threats and acts of violence, including terrorist acts, against journalists, including in situations of armed conflict, and bring to justice perpetrators of such acts; 7. Calls upon all States to respect all human rights and fundamental freedoms and calls on all parties to armed conflict to respect international humanitarian law, including their obligations under the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and the two Additional Protocols thereto of 8 June 1977, whose provisions extend protection to journalists in situations of armed conflict; 9. Calls upon States to refrain from imposing restrictions which are not consistent with the provisions of article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, including on: (d) Journalists in situations of armed conflict. UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 2003/42, 23 April 2003, §§ 3(c), 6(d), 7 and 9(d), adopted without a vote. Deeply concerned that violations of the right to freedom of opinion and expression continue to occur, including attacks directed against, and killings of, journalists and media workers, and stressing the need to ensure greater protection for all media professionals and for journalistic sources, 3. Expresses its continuing concern that: (c) Threats and acts of violence, including killings, attacks and terrorist acts, particularly directed against journalists and other media workers in situations of armed conflict, still occur with impunity; 4. Calls upon all States: (c) To ensure that victims of violations of these rights have an effective remedy, to investigate effectively threats and acts of violence, including terrorist acts, against journalists, including in situations of armed conflict, and to bring to justice those responsible; 5. Calls on all parties to armed conflict to respect international humanitarian law, including their obligations under the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the protection of victims of war and the two Additional Protocols thereto of 8 June 1977, whose provisions extend protection to journalists in situations of armed conflict. UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 2004/42, 19 April 2004, preamble and §§ 3(c), 4(c) and 5, adopted without a vote. (c) Threats and acts of violence, including killings, attacks and terrorist acts, particularly directed against journalists and other media workers in situations of armed conflict, have increased and are not adequately punished, in particular in those circumstances where public authorities are involved in committing those acts; (c) … to investigate effectively threats and acts of violence, including terrorist acts, against journalists, including in situations of armed conflict, and to bring to justice those responsible to combat impunity; 5. Calls on all parties to armed conflict to respect international humanitarian law, including their obligations under the Geneva Conventions, of 12 August 1949, for the protection of victims of war and the two Additional Protocols thereto of 8 June 1977, whose provisions extend protection to journalists in situations of armed conflict. UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 2005/38, 19 April 2005, §§ 3(c), 4(c) and 5, adopted without a vote. In a resolution adopted in 2005 on technical cooperation and advisory services in Nepal, the UN Commission on Human Rights: Deeply concerned about the situation of human rights in Nepal, including violations attributed to the security forces, in particular … attacks against … journalists and others and also deeply concerned about the prevailing situation of impunity, Deeply concerned about the arbitrary arrests and secret detention, in particular of … journalists and others, and about continued enforced disappearances, as well as allegations of torture, 3. Calls upon the Government of Nepal to reinstate immediately all civil and political rights, to cease all state of emergency-related and other arbitrary arrests, to lift the far-reaching censorship, to restore freedom of opinion, expression and the press as well as the freedom of association, to release immediately all … journalists and others, to allow all citizens to enter and exit the country freely and to respect all international and national obligations as well as the twenty-five points of the commitment of 26 March 2004, as freely undertaken by Nepal. 4.Strongly condemns the repeated practices of members of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), such as: (b) Persecution and attacks against the life, integrity and safety of … journalists … and others; 8.Urges the Government of Nepal: (d) To take appropriate measures to ensure the protection of the civil and political rights of … journalists and others. UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 2005/78, 20 April 2005, preamble and §§ 3, 4(b) and 8(d), adopted without a vote. In a resolution unanimously adopted in 1997 on condemnation of violence against journalists, the UNESCO General Conference invited the Director-General of the organization “to condemn assassination and any physical violence against journalists as a crime against society”. UNESCO, 29th General Conference, 21 October–12 November 1997, Res. 29, 12 November 1997, § 1(a). The Practical Guide for Journalists, edited by UNESCO and Reporters Sans Frontières states: The most serious infringements of press freedom are those aimed specifically at journalists and their families: (a) Extrajudicial or arbitrary killings, attempted killings of this nature, murder threats and kidnappings … (b) Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and torture … (c) Illegal arrest or detention … (d) Attacks and threats carried out because people have used their right to freedom of opinion, freedom of expression or freedom of association. UNESCO and Reporters Sans Frontières, Practical Guide for Journalists, Paris, 1998, pp. 66–67. UN Commission on the Truth for El Salvador In its report in 1993, the UN Commission on the Truth for El Salvador described the ambush of four Dutch journalists accompanied by five or six members of the Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN) by a patrol of the Salvadoran armed forces. They were on their way to territory under FMLN control to interview members of the guerrilla. On the basis of the available evidence, the Commission concluded that the ambush was set up deliberately to surprise and kill the journalists and their escort. The Commission considered these murders to be in violation of “international human rights laws and international humanitarian law, which stipulates that civilians shall not be the object of attacks”. UN Commission on the Truth for El Salvador, Report, UN Doc. S/25500, 1 April 1993, Annex, p. 75. Council of Europe Committee of Ministers In a recommendation adopted in 1996 on the protection of journalists in situations of conflict and tension, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers reaffirmed the importance of Article 79 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I, “which provides that journalists shall be considered as civilians and shall be protected as such”, and considered that “this obligation also applies with respect to non-international armed conflicts”. Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Recommendation R (96) 4 on the Protection of Journalists in Situations of Conflict and Tension, 3 May 1996, preamble, § 1. Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly In a recommendation adopted in 1998 on the crisis in Kosovo, the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly stated that it deplored the violence used by the police against the independent local media and foreign journalists covering events in Kosovo and the threats of legal prosecutions. Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Rec. 1368, 22 April 1998, § 5. In a written declaration in 1998 on the freedom of the press in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly noted that “the Yugoslav authorities are restricting the free movement of journalists, particularly foreign journalists,” and that “certain journalists have been subjected to defamation campaigns and even physical violence”. Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Written Declaration No. 284, Violation of the freedom of information and the freedom of the press in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Doc. 8224, 5 October 1998, §§ 2–3. In a resolution on Kosovo adopted in 1998, the European Parliament called on the Council of Ministers “to protest in the strongest terms possible to the Belgrade government about … threats by the Yugoslav authorities to treat the independent media in the region as enemies serving foreign powers and NATO agents”. European Parliament, Resolution on the situation in Kosovo, 8 October 1998, § 9. In a resolution on Chechnya adopted in 2000, the European Parliament, “taking into account the denial of full and unhindered access to the region for journalists”, urged “the Russian authorities to ensure that Russian and international journalists in the region can work without constraint”. European Parliament, Resolution on violations of human rights and humanitarian law in Chechnya, 16 March 2000, §§ H and 12. OAS General Assembly In a resolution adopted in 1998, the OAS General Assembly vehemently condemned assaults upon freedom of the press and crimes against journalists, without expressly excluding situations of armed conflict. OAS, General Assembly, Res. 1550 (XXVIII-O/98), 2 June 1998, § 1. In 2001, in the Recommendations on Free Media in South-Eastern Europe: Protection of Journalists and their Role in Reconciliation, Promoting Interethnic Peace and Preventing Conflicts, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media proposed that governments at all levels provide adequate protection to media professionals against attack and other forms of harassment and take measures to ensure that any such attacks were investigated and those responsible prosecuted. OSCE, Representative on Freedom of the Media, Recommendations on Free Media in South-Eastern Europe: Protection of Journalists and their Role in Reconciliation, Promoting Interethnic Peace and Preventing Conflicts, Zagreb, 28 February–2 March 2001. Inter-Parliamentary Conference (1993) The 90th Inter-Parliamentary Conference held in Canberra in 1993 adopted a resolution deploring “the growing number of journalists and other media agents killed, wounded or abducted on the battlefield” and calling on “all States to ensure that journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict benefit from the measures of protection set out in Article 79 [of the 1977 Additional Protocol I]”. 90th Inter-Parliamentary Conference, Canberra, 13–18 September 1993, Resolution on respect for international humanitarian law and support for humanitarian action in armed conflicts, preamble and § 2(k). Round Table on the Protection of Journalists in Conflict Areas In 2000, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs organized a round table on the protection of journalists in conflict areas. The declaration issued at the end of the meeting stressed that the OSCE participating States committed themselves to protect journalists, particularly in case of armed conflict, and that the UN also expressed its strong support for measures to protect journalists. It further stated that more should be done to investigate murders of journalists. Concerning a distinctive sign for journalists, the declaration stressed that this was an issue for journalists themselves to decide. Round table with media professionals, officials from OSCE participating States, the UN and the Council of Europe on the protection of journalists in conflict areas, Berlin, 6 November 2000, Declaration. To fulfil its task of disseminating IHL, the ICRC has delegates around the world teaching armed and security forces that: “Journalists engaged on dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict are civilian persons.” Frédéric de Mulinen, Handbook on the Law of War for Armed Forces, ICRC, Geneva, 1987, § 54. In a resolution on Angola adopted at its 22nd World Congress in 1995, the International Federation of Journalists called on the Government of Angola and the União Nacional para Independência Total de Angola (UNITA) “to respect the fundamental and universal professional rights of Angolan journalists”. It urged both parties “to stop harassing, interfering with, detaining and murdering journalists working under the most difficult conditions trying to inform the world about the 20 years of civil war that killed and maimed thousands of innocent people and devastated the country”. International Federation of Journalists, 22nd World Congress, Santander, 1–4 May 1995, Resolution on Angola. In a resolution on the safety of journalists adopted at its 23rd World Congress in 1998, the International Federation of Journalists stated that “more must be done to provide practical assistance to journalists on dangerous assignments and to journalists living and working in areas of conflict”. International Federation of Journalists, 23rd World Congress, Recife, 3–7 May 1998, Resolution on the Safety of Journalists. In a resolution on the violation of journalists’ rights in India adopted at its 23rd World Congress in 1998, the International Federation of Journalists noted with serious concern “continued violation of the journalists’ right to report the truth in situations of armed conflict between a) the state and insurgents, b) between ethnic groups and c) between terrorists and their agents”. It further stated that “journalists are often caught in cross-fire between these sides and are subject to all kinds of harassment, threats and even their physical elimination and thus are prevented by both sides to perform their journalistic work freely”. International Federation of Journalists, 23rd World Congress, Recife, 3–7 May 1998, Resolution on the Violation of Journalists’ Rights in India. In 1998, the International Federation of Journalists urged the UN Commission on Human Rights “to reiterate the importance of freedom of expression and to defend the right of journalists to exercise their profession free from corruption, harassment and fear”. International Federation of Journalists, Written statement submitted to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 16 March–24 April 1998. In 2000, in a statement before the UN Commission on Human Rights, the International Federation of Journalists stated: In 1999, murders [of journalists] took place in Chechnya, Colombia, East Timor, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Russia, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka and Turkey. We do not believe that all these murders were carried out by agents of the state. However, most of these killings will remain unsolved, and some of the investigations will be directly or indirectly hindered by agents of the state. As long as the international community gives in to the continued killing of journalists, and the de facto amnesty granted to their killers, there can be no press freedom, no right to life. No respect for any human rights. During 1999, more than 80 journalists and media staff were killed or murdered making it one of the worst years on record. Most of the victims were cut down in waves of violence in the Balkans, Russia and Sierra Leone. The 1999 Report reveals that 25 journalists and media workers died in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, of which 16 were victims of the NATO bombing of the Radio Television Serbia building in Belgrade in April. International Federation of Journalists, Statement before the UN Commission on Human Rights, 20 March–28 April 2000; see also Written statement submitted to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 20 March–24 April 1998. In a press release in 2000, Article 19, an NGO campaigning for respect for the right to freedom of expression, denounced the disregard for the right to freedom of expression by the Yugoslav authorities in imposing the heaviest sentence ever on a journalist … for publishing articles denouncing the atrocities committed in Kosovo … despite the fact that this right is guaranteed by Article 19 of the [1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]. The organization stated that it was “particularly concerned that a civilian was tried by a military court behind closed doors”. Article 19, Press Release, Article 19 condemns conviction of investigative journalist, 27 July 2000. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, press coverage of armed conflict continues to provoke the hostility of governments and rebel factions alike and to claim the lives of reporters. In its annual survey on attacks on journalists in 2000, the Committee reported and denounced numerous cases of attacks, murder, unjustified imprisonment and intimidation carried out against journalists covering armed conflict. Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press 2000, New York, 2001. According to Reporters Sans Frontières, armed conflict remains one of the main topics for which journalists are prosecuted or put under pressure. In its Annual Report 2001, the organization reported and denounced numerous cases of attacks, murder, unjustified imprisonment and intimidation carried out against journalists covering armed conflict. Reporters Sans Frontières, Annual Report 2001: Press Freedom Worldwide, Paris, 2001. © Comité International de la Croix Rouge Transmettre cette page à un ami Faites-nous part de vos commentaires	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line499
__label__wiki	0.68803	0.68803	Rolex At IJL The Rolex Collection Our Rolex Showroom [icon]Solitaire One Love Engagement Rings Forevermark Engagement & Commitment Collection Forevermark Black Label From Our Showcase Lightbox Jewelry Wolf Watch Boxes Contact Us \| Hours About IJL The Jewel Blog Jewellery Basics Gold Recycling CURBSIDE PICKUP/DROP OFF 10AM - 3PM, MONDAY - SATURDAY. FREE DELIVERY CITY WIDE FOR ONLINE ORDERS. Gifts Under $500Gifts Under $500 Our ShowcaseOur Showcase All prices are TUDOR’s suggested retail price. The prices of gem-set models are dependent on market fluctuations and therefore subject to variations. TUDOR reserves the right to modify the prices and models on this website at any time. TUDOR 1926 $3,860 i Self-winding mechanical movement, Calibre T201 28 mm steel case with polished finish Smooth bezel in rose gold, with polished finish Steel and rose gold bracelet, 7 rows, satin-brushed external links, polished centre links, with folding clasp and safety catch Waterproof to 100 m (330 ft) Steel screw-down winding crown with the TUDOR logo Silver, embossed decoration, domed, with 6 diamonds M91351-0002 Tudor 5 year Warranty Five-year transferable guarantee with no registration or periodic maintenance checks required Please call/text 204-774-5544. Due to the current mandated government shut down of non-essential businesses, our hours have changed somewhat. Looking to connect with us? In Person: 493 Notre Dame Ave, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Or fill out the form below and a sales associate will respond as soon as possible! Founding Years Independent Jewellers was founded by John H. Epp in 1937. Being an emigre from Russia in the late '20's, John had settled in southern Manitoba with his parents when the Great Depression hit Canada. To ease the financial burden on his family, he moved to Winnipeg and, fortunately, found a job in the warehouse of Piggly Wiggly (eventually Safeway). In 1936, he married Helen Regehr who was also an emigre from Russia but now lived in Steinbach. With this new marital responsibility, John began to look for other financial opportunities. Being a rather outgoing young man, he felt that selling could help augment their meager income. And so, with a small loan from a relative, he went to a local wholesaler and purchased some watches and shavers. In an era when door-to-door selling was quite acceptable, he took his inventory and walked through the North end, promptly selling his entire collection of watches and shavers. And so was born a new company. Originally called Independent Credit Jewellers because John was one of the first to be selling on credit, his door-to-door selling soon grew to the point where he quit his job at Piggly Wiggly and moved into a small location at 593 Notre Dame Avenue. In the early '40's, as a result of a fire at 593 Notre Dame Ave., John moved his growing business a few blocks east to the corner of Notre Dame and Isabel (seen in the above picture). As a tenant paying $50.00 per month, he shared the building with a restaurant, a barber shop, and an appliance store. On some days his work environment included the smell of fried onions wafting through the thin walls. But it was in the mid-'50's that he was able to convince his landlord to sell the building to him for the princely sum of $60,000. And in 1959, he spent an additional $80,000 renovating the building. He cleared out the restaurant and the barbershop and created a beautiful 2500 square foot showroom. Opening day saw over 2000 people lined up outside, and the ceremonies were presided over by the city mayor, Stephen Juba. The '60's and '70's saw continued growth in the company and as John began to slowly withdraw from daily participation in the business, his children became more and more involved. Eventually, the three families of John and Helen Epp were fully involved and formally took over the business in 1979. Sons John and Ernest Epp and son-in-law Alfred Schellenberg would remain partners for 28 years. They oversaw the growth of the company to four retail outlets in Winnipeg and a national wholesale distribution company. 1998 saw another shift in ownership as Ernest Epp purchased all the outstanding shares from his two partners. His vision for the company was to move it more into the mid-upper price range of watches and jewellery, which would include numerous high profile brand names. Having had the Rolex brand since 1981 and being members of the American Gem Society, opened the door to other brands. Eventually, names like Hearts On Fire, Forevermark, Mikimoto, Omega, TAG Heuer, Breitling, and others, in addition to Rolex, would become hallmarks of the company. Service has always been in the DNA of Independent Jewellers. From its earliest days, Independent employed watchmakers and today is the only full-service jewellery store remaining in Winnipeg. In this vein, the company includes on its staff a watchmaker, a goldsmith, a gemologist, and an insurance specialist. The year 2013 saw another significant shift, as two of Ernest's sons chose to take over the business. With Ernest's retirement, Jeremy and Jonathan, both graduates from the Asper School of Business, became the third generation owners. With new technologies and the prevalence of social media, it was the right time for another generation to take on the mantle of leadership and ownership. The company roots remain at Notre Dame and Isabel and even though there had been many discussions about relocating, Jeremy and Jonathan chose to remain in the neighbourhood where the company was started. But like their grandfather, they had a vision to transform the corner, and the original building was torn down and replaced with a brand new, state-of-the-art jewellery store that opened to the public on June 14, 2018. Independent Jewellers Ltd. - IJL - gives Winnipeg access to the most iconic brands in the world for engagement rings, wedding bands, luxury watches and other fine jewellery. Family-owned and operated since 1937, shop online or visit our brand new jewellery store at 493 Notre Dame Ave. for the best selection and after sale service for all your diamond, gold, silver and custom jewellery dreams. © IJL	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line500
__label__wiki	0.528084	0.528084	Young Undocumented Immigrants Pay Taxes Too Misha Hill A few weeks ago, a young undocumented immigrant posted a photo on Facebook after filing her taxes that went viral. The young woman, Belen Sisa, is one of 1.3 million young people who are currently eligible for temporary work authorizations and deferred deportation action through DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals). President Obama signed the executive that created DACA in 2012. The program has a stringent application process that includes extensive background checks, education and residency requirements. DACA recipients are young people who were brought to the U.S. as children outside of their control. They grew up in this country and rightly consider it home. Young undocumented immigrants want to give back to the country they grew up in, and DACA has helped them do that. The overwhelming majority of DACA recipients are currently working or in school. A national survey of DACA enrollees in 2016 found that more than 40 percent of respondents secured their first job after enrollment in DACA, and more than 60 percent landed a job with better pay. DACA enrollment also allowed 60 percent of respondents to pursue educational opportunities that were previously unavailable to them. Increased opportunities for DACA recipients also benefits communities. When given the opportunity to work legally and a reprieve from deportation, DACA recipients are able to work more, earn more wages, and are less likely to be victims of wage theft from unscrupulous employers. This means they are also able to contribute more to state and local tax streams. As ITEP’s March report demonstrated, undocumented immigrants contribute $11.74 billion annually in state and local taxes. A new ITEP report, State & Local Tax Contributions of Young Undocumented Immigrants, shows that $2 billion is contributed by young undocumented immigrants who are eligible for or receiving DACA. But despite the demonstrated fiscal and societal benefits of DACA, the actions and words of President Trump and his administration fail to demonstrate clear support for the program. On the campaign trail, President Trump vowed to do away with the program, but after taking office he has said he has a “big heart” so DACA recipients shouldn’t be “very worried” and as recently as last week Attorney General Jeff Sessions stated that immigrants brought to the U.S. as children are “subject to being deported.” On Sunday, Sessions contradicted his original statement claiming the Department of Justice isn’t going to “round up everybody” but rather focus on the “criminal element.” And Homeland Security Secretary John Kelly stated that DACA recipients are not being targeted just days after reports came out that a current DACA recipient, Juan Manuel Montes, who had lived in the U.S. since he was nine years old was deported to Mexico. DACA recipients are not the only people with something to lose if we fail to maintain DACA protections. The young immigrants eligible for deferred action contribute tax dollars to communities that help pay for schools, public infrastructure, and other services. If the 852,000 young immigrants currently enrolled lost the protections of DACA, it would reduce their state and local tax contributions by nearly $800 million. If we fail to protect this population from deportation, the nation risks forcing them back into the shadows and losing the economic and societal contributions these engaged young people are making in our communities. Young undocumented immigrants are our classmates, coworkers, neighbors, and much more. They deserve more than empty words from politicians. They deserve the protections our government promised them through DACA. In the words of Juan Escalante, a DACA recipient who shared how and why he and his undocumented parents pay their taxes, “they have to do right by the country that has given their family a better life and opportunities.” We have to do right by them too. Immigration and Taxes Beyond SCOTUS: States Recognize Need for More Inclusive Immigrant Policy The U.S. Supreme Court last week halted an effort by the Trump administration that would have stripped DACA (Deferred Action… Morally and Economically, Including Undocumented Immigrants Is the Right Thing to Do COVID-19 is bringing to light various truths that too many of us hadn’t considered when going about our daily lives. Service… In the Face of the Trump Administration's Anti-Immigrant Agenda, We Must Rely on Evidence to Highlight the Contributions of and Dispel Myths About Dreamers Immigrants face tremendous uncertainty and little hope under the Trump Administration. The administration’s actions—banning travel from residents of primarily Muslim…	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line501
__label__cc	0.639479	0.360521	Posted by Gary Conway \| Mar 13, 2014 \| Editorial, News \| 4 \| You may have noticed a lot of noise about an EU referendum from the three wise monkeys that lead the establishment parties (there was a little-known fourth wise monkey, Shizaru, or “do no evil”, but he seems to have been airbrushed from history by a hostile media). Specifically, the cream of our political system have been trying to outdo each other in how best to spin the fact that they do not want the people of the UK to have a vote on membership of the EU at any price. None of the establishment parties want to see an EU referendum. That they are attempting to neutralise the topic is due in no small part to UKIP. Miliband, Clegg and Cameron would quite happily continue ignoring the concerns of millions of people in this country on this issue, as on others, if it were not for UKIP giving those people a credible electoral alternative. We now know that Miliband will not give the people a say. Clegg likewise. Cameron would love not to have a referendum. If there is one, he will be front and centre campaigning to stay in. He has been forced into offering one by certain sections of his party and of course because he seeks in vain to nullify the threat UKIP poses. His referendum promise has left him wriggle room, like his cast iron guarantee of a vote on the Lisbon treaty, and we all know what happened there. To pick just one hole, we have been promised a referendum in 2017 based on a renegotiated relationship with the EU. What happens if (as seems likely), that negotiation hasn’t happened by then, or if (as seems very likely) no significant changes are won? I can just hear Cameron, a la Lisbon treaty, arguing that there’s no point in a referendum as the negotiations are not finished, or because there has been no change in the relationship to put to the people. And of course, he would have to win an election first, which would take a minor miracle given that he has less support than when he failed to win the last one. Make no mistake, if any of the establishment parties ever truly wanted to have a referendum on our membership of the EU we would have had one by now. We had one on the alternative vote (remember that?) despite the fact that almost nobody apart from the Lib Dems wanted it. In forcing through the AV referendum, the Lib Dems seemed to forget this leaflet: Whenever the latest policy pronouncement is made (by which I mean the daily stream of soundbites), I think of that Lib Dem leaflet. There is no difference between all three of the establishment party leaders, certainly not on any of the big issues of the day. They are all pro-EU, pro mass immigration. Their spin may hint otherwise, but if we look past this to their actions then by their fruit shall we know them.The only possible explanation for this move away from a commitment to a public vote, made in both their 2005 and 2010 manifestos, is that Clegg has realised the people might not give the answer he wants. I suspect he had a bite of a reality sandwich with the long campaigned for AV referendum, and realised that he should be careful what he wished for. Our establishment parties are more interested in spin than substance. Words are rarely followed by action. They are masters in creating hot air and an illusion of activity out of nothing. To compound this, we have a mainstream media that is more interested in personalities and in tripping people up than in any serious reporting of the issues that people care about or robust scrutiny of policies. UKIP are the only party who speak from genuinely held beliefs; of independence from the EU, independence from an overbearing and overspending state, independence from the political establishment. Only UKIP can be trusted to bring about a vote on the EU. After all, the Lib Dems got their vote on AV, and UKIP will go into the next general election having succeeded them as the third biggest party in British politics. What might we achieve in a cause that has the backing of the majority of the country? PreviousUntil British actions match our words, Israel will fail to take us seriously NextBritain, Europe and the EU Gary Conway Lucifer’s Empty Light News review – Thursday 29 September 2016 Saturday papers – 25 May 2019 Repeated claims that Sterling is losing value are fake news Steve Lloyd. on March 14, 2014 at 11:15 am I have just found the UKIP Bradford video,http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJ-njksIq7c&feature=player_embedded for anyone who hasn’t seen it. UKIP say anyone coming to Britain to stay, must speak English, I believe that this policy will facilitate avoidable attack, you don’t have to speak French to live in France, German to live in Germany etc. Why not just say that no more money will be spent on translation services of any kind. Highlight the costs of this to taxpayers, and how it disadvantages British school kids, as it takes up so much of teachers time etc. Otherwise good effort, and I will endeavour to distribute far and wide. Simon Blanchard on March 13, 2014 at 6:59 pm I have never really taken much notice of the Lib Dems, as their politics, often sit to the left of the socialist Labour Party. Why people think politically they sit in the middle ground, is beyond me. Maybe years ago they did sit somewhere in the middle. I had heard that they offered a referendum, but dismissed it, out of hand. I will never vote Labour(lying traitors) or again for the Tories(posh lying traitors) and at that time, had never heard of UKIP, so voted for the English Democrats, in 2010(the only party to put literature through my door, I hasten to add). The Liberals were dangling something they knew that they would never have to honour, so they came unstuck in the 2010 General Election. It’s good to see it when chickens come home to roost and the fact that “By their fruits ye shall know them” has come to pass on the Liberals as well. We now know all 3 treasonous parties, will not let us have this referendum and the fact that “no government can bind its successor” seems to have mostly missed the notice of the Main Stream Media (MSM) for a 2017 referendum promise. Since then I have researched further and discovered UKIP and liked the flavour of its common sense libertarian policies, in wanting a self-governing independent country, for small government, low taxes, fewer regulations, anti-quango and to put Britain first. The idea of independence for the MSM is confusingly a complete mystery for them and they assumed anyone who wanted it must be from the far right. But then what of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, India, and the rest of the former colonies of the British Empire, Spanish Empire, French Empire, Portugese Empire etc They all wanted independence and they fought for it, when it became clear they wanted it. Now we have politicians who have given away our independence, through devious and treacherous means, over the last 42 years I have since joined UKIP and volunteered to leaflet my area in the 2014 Euro elections, only 9 weeks away, but I’m still waiting for leaflets. I can’t help wondering, how many potential voters we will lose, if we don’t get them in time, in order to distribute them. There are still many who have never heard of UKIP and we have to inform them. p.s. Apologies for mentioning treason too many times, there is just no other adequate word to describe their actions over the past 42 years, but quislings comes a close second. Gary Conway on March 14, 2014 at 10:20 am Betrayal,disloyalty, back-stabbing. You’re right, none are as appropriate as treason. Generally I do think we have something of a presentational problem when we talk in emotive terms of treason, the EUSSR etc. While it is perfectly correct to use this language, it does make it easier for our opponents to pigeon hole us in the minds of the public as extremists. When communicating beyond the UKIP faithful, I think it’s best to let the facts speak from themselves. Not meaning your post Simon, just a general thought. Steve Lloyd. on March 13, 2014 at 6:29 pm Soros popped up on Briebart today to remind us of the fate that lies in store for us, should we be foolish enough to leave the EU. To say he received short thrift would be a gross understatement. I doubt he’ll be back.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line503
__label__wiki	0.808664	0.808664	The rumble in JNU Its administration is attempting to change the basic character of the university. Written by Parnal Chirmuley \| January 20, 2018 12:36:50 am Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) All over the world, universities are being asked to become financially “autonomous” as public expenditure on education is slashed rapidly by governments that spend many times as much on tax cuts to the rich, on military budgets, on “bail-ins” and “bail-outs” of banks and corporations. Even so, academic autonomy lies in the vice-grip of governments that fear intellectual rigour and which seek to undermine the academic autonomy of universities. Today, however, that hideous spectre, seen before in the apocalyptic 1930s in Germany, Italy, and Spain, looms over universities in this country, and Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) is a test case. Too easily, we confound education with competitive and technocratic imaginations of wholesale standardisation, the latest on the list of damaging misconceptions about research education. So then, what is a university? A university is a unique reflection of a deep commitment to fair and humanistic social values, and of a rigorous engagement with immediate reality. Research universities like JNU constituted through an act of Parliament, have the duty to uphold values such as “national integration, social justice, secularism, democratic way of life, international understanding and scientific approach to the problems of society”, thus fostering “the composite culture of India”. In fact, a glance at the parliamentary debates that went into the formation of the University Grants Commission (UGC), and to the passing of the JNU Act a decade later, indicate that the question of academic autonomy of a university vis a vis the state was considered crucially important for the survival of a new postcolonial nation. Ever since JNU was founded, it has strived to far surpass the bare minimum standards set out by bodies such as the UGC. It has been unique in its admission policies, its development of research programmes, and its proactive work on sexual harassment, which other institutions have borrowed from. On each front, the present dispensation, however, wants to drag down every single effort made by the university community during the last 50 years to below the basic minimum, even as it talks of being an institution of eminence. An administration that is supposed to be a caretaker and defender of the statutes of the institution has systematically flouted them. Because the composition of its highest decision-making bodies is based on a rational process of fair academic representation from its schools and departments, the present administration has sought to change the composition of these bodies flouting all rules. Following that, through a deliberate misreading of UGC guidelines, it has cut down admissions in MPhil/PhD programmes by 83 per cent. The administration has sought to change faculty composition as well. It has amended rules so that the principal administrator can appoint anyone at will on selection committees, whether the person is from a given specialisation or not. And then individuals who do not qualify according to the stipulated selection criteria are recruited. Swift action is taken against any chairperson from the discipline who raises her voice against this travesty. In an attempt to change the composition of the student body, the present administration has violated constitutional provision for reservations and the CEI Act. Student and faculty associations are not allowed within a hundred metres of the administrative building under threat of persecution for “group bargaining”, an expression out of place in a university. In an institution where students have happily attended classes that often spill into the canteens and corridors, administrators have suddenly tried to enforce attendance. Students and faculty have boycotted this paternalistic injunction that infantilises our students, especially when both faculty and students take great pleasure in being present, each day, and learning from each other. In yet another demonstration of its technological hallucinations, the administration has declared that now, viva voce examinations will happen over Skype. Who will explain to clueless technocrats that flesh and blood academic discussions need physical presence, that not everyone has access to new technologies, or the skill to use them? Moreover, when taken to court over illegalities in separate cases, the administration has failed to uphold university statutes and the JNU Act. In place of standing up for the autonomy of JNU and its particular character forged through collective efforts of an academic community, men with little respect for academic values are demolishing the institution. One question remains. Why does a university administration violate the statutes of an institution that it is supposed to steer? The answer is simple. The university is a microcosm where the larger experiment — the destruction of a democracy and its values — is being tested. This is how the new forces of regression and barbarism are telling the world, like on many other occasions in global history, that if this larger plan is to succeed, then our universities, gentle citadels of fair and unbiased learning, must be urgently dismantled and destroyed. Burning books, lying about history to young minds, demolishing cultures of learning, has never boded well for any society. And therefore, this is not the story of a small research university, but a terrifying harbinger of a larger experiment that will ultimately consume us all. The writer is associate professor, Centre of German Studies, JNU Parnal ChirmuleyThe writer is associate professor, Centre of German Studies, JNU... read more JNU fee hike will lead to 40% of our students being completely abandoned by the education system Foreign hand in the Sangh	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line505
__label__wiki	0.825927	0.825927	Home About Us Advertise With Us Call us iN Music iN Tv iN Magazine Mixtape Gist Joy for Gunners: Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang finally signs new three-year contract September 16, 2020 Admin Uncategorized 0 Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang has committed his future to Arsenal by signing a new contract with the north London club. The 31-year-old Gabonese striker, whose initial deal was due to expire at the end of the season, ended speculation by extending his stay at the Emirates. He signed a three-year contract worth an initial £250,000-a-week but bonuses included in the contract can take it beyond £350,000-a-week. ‘It’s finally done, I am really really happy to be staying here,’ Aubameyang said. ‘This is my home. It’s a great day. I want to become an Arsenal legend and leave a legacy. It’s the time to work a lot but for sure I will give my best, as always.’ Arsenal coach, Mikel Arteta added: “It was important for Pierre-Emerick to stay with us. He’s a superb player with an incredible mentality. Being the player to have taken the least amount of time to reach 50 goals with this club tells you everything you need to know about him and his way of working. “He’s an important leader for the team and a big part of what we’re building. He wants to be up there with the best players in the world and leave his mark. He can achieve that here.” Aubameyang who joined Arsenal in January 2018 in a £56m move from Borussia Dortmund, has scored a stunning 72 goals in 112 games for the club. Upload Your Song Gang which kept 14-year-old girl as sex slave for a month arrested in Bauchi state Police arrest suspected child traffickers in Anambra and rescue eight stolen children (photos) © Interviewnaija 2020: Designed by Olive	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line514
__label__cc	0.749472	0.250528	InTrans\|Events Composite Press-Brake Formed Modular Steel Tub Girders for County Bridges: Development, Experimental Validation, and Case Studies (Webinar) This free webinar will begin at 12:00 p.m. (Central Time) Details to access the Webex webinar will be emailed along with a confirmation after you register. Keith Knapp InTrans, Iowa LTAP kknapp@iastate.edu Short span steel bridges provide vital links in the nation’s infrastructure network. Yet, nearly a quarter of these bridges are classified as structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. The steel industry has developed technological and design innovations for bridges under 140 feet that save significant time and costs for county and state bridge officials. The Short Span Steel Bridge Alliance (SSSBA), hosted by the Iowa LTAP, is presenting a 2-part webinar series for bridge professionals on February 5 and February 26, 2021 (attendees will need to register for each week separately) to provide educational information on the design and installation of press brake tub girders and buried soil bridge structures. A distinguished panel of industry experts has been assembled to present. Click on the right to register for the February 26 (second) event, and click HERE to register for the February 5 (first) event. Description – Part 2 This presentation is focused on the development of modular shallow trapezoidal boxes fabricated from cold-bent structural steel plate using standard mill plate widths and thicknesses. This concept was developed by a technical working group within the Short Span Steel Bridge Alliance, led by Dr. Karl Barth, West Virginia University. The goal of this project was to develop an innovative and economical modular solution for the short-span steel bridge market. Presented is the methodology used for the design of this system along with experimental validation of the modular composite girder’s flexural capacity and recently develop standards. A case study will also be presented to showcase the use of this system within a local county. Using experimentally verified analytical methods, the applicability of AASHTO specifications in computing the flexural capacity of the proposed system was assessed. Results of this study show that AASHTO specifications are conservative when employed to compute the composite girder’s ultimate capacity. Therefore, a more accurate means of computing the capacity of the proposed system are proposed. Speaker Bios – Part 2 Dr. Karl Barth is the Jack H. Samples Distinguished Professor of structural engineering at West Virginia University (WVU). Prior to his appointment at WVU, he completed his doctorate degree at Purdue University and served as a bridge engineer for CH2M Hill. His primary research interest is in the area of steel bridge design, rating, behavior, and analysis. Much of Dr. Barth’s work is in codes and standards development where he was a contributing author to major revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge code provisions for steel girder bridges. Dr. Barth is currently one of the leaders of the Short Span Steel Bridge Alliance’s Bridge Technology Center – and is a nationally known expert on the design and construction of press brake tub girders for short span application. Guy Nelson is the Product Development Director of Press-Brake-Formed Steel Tub Girders and also continues to provide services as a Senior Structural Engineer at TEGcivil Engineering (TEG). He is a founding member of the company and has been at TEG for 12 years. TEG Engineering specializes in the design of precast concrete buildings and prefabricated bridge structures and recently designed a $2.5M, 553 ft span timber truss bridge over the Grand River in Grand Rapids, MI, the longest of its kind in the continental United States. Previously, Guy worked at URS Corp (now AECOM) for 12 years. Guy’s structural transportation career started in 1998 on the $2.5B I‐15 Design‐Build project in Salt Lake City, UT and has most recently worked on the $3B I‐4 Ultimate P3 Project in Orlando, FL. 87 Seats Remaining This event is free; however, registration is required. Don't forget! Register for Part 1 This event is the second part of a two-part webinar series. Register for the second part below, and click HERE to register for the first part, which will be held on February 5 at noon (Central).	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line515
__label__wiki	0.925691	0.925691	Grants & giving Products & pipeline Adamas announces changes to its Board of Directors with the appointment of Spyros Papapetropoulos and the retirement of Ivan Lieberburg November 23, 2020 at 9:15 AM EST EMERYVILLE, Calif., Nov. 23, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ADMS) a company dedicated to developing and delivering medicines that make a meaningful difference to people affected by neurological diseases, today announced the appointment of Spyros Papapetropoulos, MD, PhD, to its Board of Directors. Spyros brings more than 20 years of academic and industry experience with a focus on neurology, and previously held R&D and scientific leadership roles at Acadia, Cavion, Teva, Pfizer, Allergan, and Biogen. Additionally, Adamas announced the retirement of Ivan Lieberburg, MD, PhD from the Adamas board. “I would like to sincerely thank Ivan for his dedicated service to Adamas since 2004. He played a critical role through multiple successful NDA submissions and our evolution into a successful commercial organization. We wish him well,” said David L. Mahoney, Chairman, Adamas. “We are pleased to have Spyros join us at this next stage of growth. As a seasoned research and development leader, he will be an outstanding addition to our board.” “Spyros’ extensive experience within neurodegenerative diseases and movement disorders, along with his track record of bringing meaningful therapies to market ideally position him to bring an important perspective to the board. I look forward to his contributions as we continue to deliver on our mission for patients and unlock shareholder value,” added Neil F. McFarlane, CEO. “I am delighted to join Adamas at this exciting time in the journey towards being a leading neurology company,” said Spyros Papapetropoulos. “I very much look forward to being part of the company’s future growth and continued success.” Throughout his career, Spyros has led multiple pharmaceutical development programs resulting in successful regulatory filings and product launches. Spyros is a board-certified Neurologist trained in London, UK, and has authored more than 160 peer-reviewed publications. Additionally, Spyros has served on various U.S. government and non-profit committees on healthcare and biomedical research innovation. About Adamas At Adamas, our vision is clear – to deliver innovative medicines that reduce the burden of neurological diseases on patients, caregivers, and society. We are a fully integrated company focused on growing a portfolio of therapies to address a range of neurological diseases. For more information, please visit www.adamaspharma.com. Sarah Mathieson smathieson@adamaspharma.com Peter Vozzo Managing Director, Westwicke peter.vozzo@westwicke.com Online tracking opt-out guide © 2020 Copyright Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. or its related companies. All rights reserved.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line516
__label__wiki	0.849566	0.849566	How losing RBG could shape criminal justice for years to come How losing RBG could shape criminal justice… By Beth Schwartzapfel and Eli Hager, The Marshall Project September 25, 2020, 10:11 am CDT U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Photo from Shutterstock.com. In the wake of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s death, a newly reconfigured Supreme Court is expected to consider a raft of hot-button issues from Obamacare to abortion. But it is also set to hear several less widely anticipated criminal justice cases dealing with police accountability, juveniles sentenced to life behind bars and other key issues. It’s unclear whether the current eight-justice court will rule on these cases—in the event of a 4-4 tie, a lower court’s ruling would stand—or whether President Trump’s (likely very conservative) nominee for Ginsburg’s seat will play a critical role in deciding them. Below, a roundup of the criminal justice questions the high court is already scheduled to consider this fall, as well as ones that it may take up in coming terms: If the cops don’t catch you, do you still have rights? In the upcoming case Torres v. Madrid, which is scheduled to be argued before the Supreme Court on Oct. 14, the question at hand is whether police must succeed at detaining someone in order for the person to be entitled to the constitutional rights that come with being detained. Confused? Here’s an example from the case: In 2014, two police officers approached Roxanne Torres, who was sitting in her car. It was dark, and she said she thought they were trying to rob her, so she drove off. They shot into the vehicle, injuring her, but she got away. Torres later filed a civil rights lawsuit against the officers, saying they had used excessive force against her. But a federal court ruled that because they had not actually detained her, she did not have a constitutional right against “unreasonable search and seizure.” In other words, only if cops have made contact with you—and you submit in some way, which the court has yet to clearly define—do they need probable cause to continue to subdue and detain you. But if they haven’t caught you yet, none of this applies. Especially with the court leaning in a more tough-on-crime direction without Ginsburg, this logic will likely be upheld, says Lee Kovarsky, a professor at the University of Texas School of Law and an expert on the Supreme Court and Fourth Amendment rights. Should children sentenced to life in prison without parole get a second chance? In its landmark 2016 decision Montgomery v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court said that prisoners originally sentenced to life behind bars when they were children deserve an opportunity to prove that their crime resulted from their immaturity—in other words, that they are not irreparably evil. And if they can show this, they should be given a new, shorter sentence and a second chance at life outside of prison. But that ruling has been interpreted in a whole host of ways in courts across the country. Many judges and prosecutors have claimed to adhere to the Montgomery ruling while simply re-sentencing these formerly juvenile prisoners to a lifetime of confinement all over again, without ever issuing a formal ruling on whether they have been rehabilitated. The upcoming case Jones v. Mississippi, to be argued before the high court on Nov. 3, is all about what steps a court must take to show that it has seriously considered the question of youth rehabilitation. The defendant, Brett Jones, who was abused as a child and committed a murder at age 15 during a domestic dispute, has since expressed deep remorse and become educated and religious, according to testimony by corrections officials. He will argue that a judge can’t simply note his rehabilitation before re-sentencing him to life in prison. Rather, the judge must specifically rule on whether or not he is permanently incapable of positive change. But according to legal experts, as well as youth advocates at the Campaign for the Fair Sentencing of Youth, the death of Ginsburg and the addition of conservative justices Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and potentially another Trump appointee, could reverse the Supreme Court’s long-standing liberal approach to questions of how children convicted of crimes can grow and change. (Even a 4-4 split, should a new judge not yet be confirmed, would result in Jones losing his case against the state of Mississippi.) Should immigrants convicted of minor crimes be deported? In the case of Pereida v. Barr, an undocumented Mexican man named Clemente Avelino Pereida, who has now been in the United States for 25 years, attempted to get a job in Nebraska by using a fake Social Security card. He was not sentenced to any jail time for this misdemeanor. But the Department of Homeland Security tried to deport Pereida based on his crime. Under federal law, he could only fight back against the deportation order if the offense did not involve “moral turpitude,” a term that Congress and the courts have never clearly defined. The question now before the Supreme Court is who should have to prove whether the crime in question was morally significant enough to merit removal from the United States: the person about to be deported or the government? “It’s a seemingly technical issue of immigration law but it actually affects thousands of people every year,” said César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández, a law professor at the University of Denver and an expert on the nexus between immigration and criminal law. García Hernández says the most common type of case is when ICE detains an immigrant who has been here for years or even decades, who faced a low-level drug charge in the distant past. Records of the criminal case may never have been made, or may have been destroyed, or otherwise may be difficult or impossible for the person to obtain. That means he or she will have trouble proving it was just an arrest for possession of a single joint, for example, in order to argue that it was not a crime of moral turpitude. The immediate consequence of losing Ginsburg is that the case may end up in a 4-4 split, experts say. Lower court decisions would prevail, and more immigrants convicted of minor offenses in many parts of the country would be deported. Issues that may come before the court soon: Do incarcerated people have a right to be protected from the pandemic? Given the crowded indoor conditions, limited access to cleaning supplies and notoriously poor health care, people in prisons and jails have faced a devastating toll from COVID-19, with infections and death rates in more than a dozen state prison systems and in the federal system outpacing the general population. In recent months, prisoners around the country have brought lawsuits arguing that states and counties have violated their constitutional rights “by failing to provide them with reasonably safe living conditions as the pandemic rages,” according to one ruling. The bar is high for prisoners to prevail in cases like this, and generally “courts are reluctant, in a time of crisis, to tell officials how to behave,” says Margo Schlanger, a University of Michigan law professor and an expert on prisoners’ rights litigation. “It makes them a little anxious to tell sheriffs and [corrections departments] to do things that are very hard to do.” But the issue is pressing enough—and there are enough of these cases—that Schlanger says she’s watching closely to see if the high court gets involved. However, given its ideological fault lines even before Ginsburg’s death, if the Supreme Court does step in, it may be to give jailers even more flexibility to manage the pandemic. This has already happened once: When a federal judge in California ordered the Orange County Jail to take some basic precautions to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the court voted to undo the order and allow jail officials to decide how to handle the virus. The four liberal justices—including Ginsburg—dissented. Should police officers be shielded from the consequences of their misconduct? The national spotlight on police misconduct and brutality has made a previously obscure legal doctrine into the stuff of kitchen table conversations. Qualified immunity, its critics argue, allows police to literally get away with murder. And court-watchers say that if Congress doesn’t act to reform it, the Supreme Court may well do so. Police have Tased a pregnant woman who refused to sign a traffic ticket; stolen over $225,000 worth of property; destroyed a woman’s empty house with tear gas grenades, rendering her homeless; and forced a man to live, naked, in a cell in which every surface was covered with “massive amounts” of feces, for six days. In all of those cases—and many more—judges have found that the officers clearly behaved unethically, and, in some cases, illegally, but they could not be sued for wrongdoing because it was not “clearly established” by past cases that their actions violated the person’s rights. Last term, critics of qualified immunity were confident the Supreme Court was going to reconsider it when the justices seemed to express a serious interest in several cases challenging the doctrine. But they ultimately declined to do so. “The court was obviously aware that after George Floyd, police reform was getting a lot of attention in Congress,” said Jay Schweikert, a policy analyst with the conservative-leaning Cato Institute’s project on criminal justice. “They may have thought, ‘Thank God Congress can fix this for us.’ If the court can avoid deciding difficult questions, it often takes that opportunity. ”If Congress does not act, watch for whether the Supreme Court takes this up. In a widely discussed decision this summer, a federal judge in Mississippi all but dared the court to ignore the issue. District Judge Carlton Reeves granted qualified immunity to a police officer while lambasting the legal precedent he said forced him to do so. This is one area where Ginsburg’s absence might not torpedo chances for reform. When the court declined to take up the qualified immunity cases last term, the only justice who wanted to pursue the issue was Clarence Thomas; the Constitution does not shield public officials from being sued, so originalists like Thomas are skeptical of what they see as a judge-invented rule. And liberals such as Sonia Sotomayor—who along with Ginsberg dissented in a closely watched 2018 case—tend to agree from a perspective of seeking police accountability. “I don’t think it’s one of the issues that would have led to a traditional 5-4 split,” Schweikert said. This article was originally published by the Marshall Project, a nonprofit news organization covering the U.S. criminal justice system. Sign up for the newsletter, or follow the Marshall Project on Facebook or Twitter.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line526
__label__wiki	0.92221	0.92221	On Air: Tonalli with Ruth Parra Cindy, Craig Corrie, The Rachel Corrie Foundation for Peace and Justice...and You Air Cascadia Wed, 02/18/2015 - 10:00am to 10:15am Interview with Cindy & Craig Corrie on Israel's recent Shoot First, No Questions No Answers ruling The Institute for Public Accuracy shares this with me and I want to share it with you. More importantly, please share it with others: On Tuesday, Human Rights Watch released a statement: "Israel: Dangerous Ruling in Rachel Corrie Case" about "Israel’s Supreme Court on February 12, 2015, exempt[ing] the Israeli defense ministry from liability for actions by its forces..." Cindy and Craig are the parents of Rachel Corrie, who was killed in 2003 by Israeli troops in Gaza with a bulldozer while she was attempting to protect a Palestinian home from being demolished. Together, Cindy and Craig founded Rachel Corrie Foundation for Peace and Justice. They issued a statement after the court ruling: "The Supreme Court decision ignores international law arguments regarding the protection of civilians and human rights defenders in armed conflict and grossly violates the internationally recognized right to effective remedy. ... Rachel’s case provides yet another example of how the Israeli justice system is failing to provide accountability." From the Did You Know That You Knew Desk: The truth about Israel's Nuclear arsenal is in the air...just as Israel beatss it's little drum for Big War in the Middle East. It may not be going too far to suggest that the presence of Israel in the region is the reason for the burgoning conflict. So here's the word on the US's complicity in building up Israel's nuclear arsenal way back there in the Ancient Eighties: Courthouse News reports: "In the midst of controversy over the Israeli prime minister's plans to address Congress next month, a researcher has won the release of a decades-old Defense Department report detailing the U.S. government's extensive help to Israel in that nation's development of a nuclear bomb. "'I am struck by the degree of cooperation on specialized war making devices between Israel and the U.S.,' said Roger Mattson, a former member of the Atomic Energy Commission technical staff. "The 1987 report, 'Critical Technology Assessment in Israel and NATO Nations,' compares the key Israeli facilities developing nuclear weapons to Los Alamos and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, the principal U.S. laboratories that developed the bomb for the United States. "The tightly held report notes that the Israelis are 'developing the kind of codes which will enable them to make hydrogen bombs. That is, codes which detail fission and fusion processes on a microscopic and macroscopic level.' "The release comes after Grant Smith, director of the Washington, D.C.-based Institute for Research: Middle Eastern Policy filed a FOIA request last year and followed with a lawsuit in September seeking to compel release of the report. "The government fought to delay release of the 386-page report in hearings before Judge Tanya Chutkan in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, who expressed skepticism with the government's reasons for refusing to provide a single unclassified document. "The report's release this week has substantial political ramifications." Smith wrote the piece "U.S. Confirmed Existence of Israeli H-Bomb Program in 1987," which states: "The 1987 report’s confirmation of Israel’s advanced nuclear weapons program should have immediately triggered a cutoff in all U.S. aid to Israel under the Symington and Glenn Amendments to the U.S. Foreign Assistance Act. ... "Informal and Freedom of Information Act release of such information is rare. Under two known gag orders -- punishable by imprisonment -- U.S. security-cleared government agency employees and contractors may not disclose that Israel has a nuclear weapons program. GEN-16 is a 'no-comment' regulation on 'classified information in the public domain.' 'DOE Classification Bulletin WPN-136 on Foreign Nuclear Capabilities' forbids stating what 63.9 percent of Americans already know -- that Israel has a nuclear arsenal." Also see Smith's piece "Lawsuit Challenges U.S. “Ambiguity” Toward Israel’s Nuclear Arsenal," which states: "Los Alamos National Laboratory nuclear analyst James Doyle wrote candidly about Israel’s nuclear weapons for a magazine in 2013. After a congressional staffer read the article, which had passed a classification review, it was referred to classification officials for a second review. Doyle’s pay was then cut, his home computer searched, and he was fired." Smith also wrote the piece "Poll: Netanyahu Should be Investigated for Nuclear Weapons Tech Smuggling Before U.S. Visit," which states: "In 2012 the FBI declassified and released files (PDF archive) of its investigation into how 800 nuclear weapons triggers were illegally smuggled from the U.S. to Israel. According to the FBI, the Israeli Ministry of Defense ordered nuclear triggers (krytrons), encrypted radios, ballistic missile propellants and other export-prohibited items through a network of front companies. Smuggling ring operations leader Richard Kelly Smyth alleged that Netanyahu worked at one of the fronts -- Heli Trading owned by confessed spy and Hollywood producer Arnon Milchan -- and met with him frequently to execute smuggling operations. Background: See by Sam Husseini: "The Absurd U.S. Stance on Israel’s Nukes: A Video Sampling of Denial," which features major U.S. government officials declining to forthrightly acknowledge that Israel has a nuclear weapons arsenal. For example, in 2010, then-Senator Russ Feingold said, "I’m not free to comment on that." See by Jim Lobe about Netanyahu's claims about Iraq WMD's in 2003: "Remember Bibi’s Wisdom on Iraq." See from Nima Shirazi "Benjamin & His Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Lies: Netanyahu Cries 'Wolf'...Again" about his allegations regarding Iran's nuclear program.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line527
__label__wiki	0.921588	0.921588	Chess Is An Esport, According To Twitch Star And Grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura Photo: TSM Sometimes it’s the small sprinkles of strangeness that stand out the most. If you had told me several years ago that 2020 would bring daily disasters of incomprehensible consequence, I probably would have believed you, because we’ve been trending in that direction for a while now. The idea of an esports organization signing a chess grandmaster, however, would have at least gotten a “Wait, what?” In hindsight, though, Hikaru “GMHikaru” Nakamura’s decision to sign with TSM makes perfect sense. Thanks to the recent efforts of Nakamura and other chess streamers, Twitch is reshaping the 1,500 year-old game in its own image. Nakamura, 32, partnered with TSM a couple weeks ago and is one of the 20 best chess players in the world. He became a grandmaster at age 15, when most of us had barely grandmastered the art of wearing deodorant. He’s been streaming on Twitch for a couple years, but he stepped up his efforts in March and began collaborating with big-name streamers like Felix “xQc” Lengyel, among many others. Nakamura’s combination of teacherly wisdom, galaxy-brained skills, and uncommon expressiveness (relative to other, more placid chess experts) resonated with Twitch viewers. This kicked off a late-spring/early-summer chess boom that drew countless big-name streamers into its orbit. Nakamura and other chess streamers like Alexandra Botez capitalized by training Twitch personalities and pitting them against each other in tournaments that were legitimately thrilling to watch. Streamers like the aforementioned Lengyel and former League of Legends pro Joedat “Voyboy” Esfahani grew as players in real time, flexing mental muscles they didn’t know they had. It made for compelling viewing not in the standard “fish out of water” sense where a streamer mines failure for comedy, but in a way that allowed streamers to legitimately surprise themselves and commentators with their newfound skills. Months later, chess is no longer reaching the ridiculous highs of its early-summer explosion, but thanks to the efforts of Nakamura and other chess streamers like Botez, GothamChess, and Hearthstone-turned-frequent-chess streamer ItsHafu, among many others, the ancient game has become a modern Twitch mainstay. Sometimes, this means increasingly skillful (but still relatively inexperienced) Twitch stars competing in Nakamura’s trademark “PogChamps” series. Other times, like over the weekend, it means top-level events featuring Nakamura and other grandmasters like Magnus Carlsen and Garry Kasparov. Nakamura’s partnership with TSM, a major esports organization with teams in games like League of Legends and Valorant, is a natural evolution of this melding of cultures (and monetary interests). Speaking to Kotaku in a recent interview, Nakamura said that he feels like this was all bound to happen. While chess spectatorship has moved online in the past five or so years, covid-19 expedited the process by forcing even the biggest competitions onto the internet. When paired with a sudden influx of Twitch viewers and culture, this has, in Nakamura’s estimation, transformed chess into an esport. “Due to the fact that there have not been over the board competitions, there have been major competitions online,” Nakamura told Kotaku over a Discord voice call. “So when you have major online competitions combined with just the whole explosion of chess on Twitch, I think chess is definitely an esport and, going forward, there are gonna be a lot of high level competitions that will be held online. Maybe it’s not a traditional esport yet, but I think it will be within the next 6 to 12 months.” This might sound like heresy to some in both the chess and esports communities, but it makes perfect sense to Nakamura considering technology’s role in chess’ recent evolution. “When you look at the progression of modern chess over the last couple hundred years, it’s a game where you had a lot of decisive results,” he said. “You had one player winning or you had these great periods of dominance by certain players. Whether that was because they were able to study better or were more naturally talented at the game, you can kind of argue on that point... But now the game, because of technology, has become a more even playing field. Computers have helped teach everybody the same things, because we all use the same programs to study the game of chess.” But for a while, according to Nakamura, many high-level chess games meandered toward ties, which made them slow and sloggy to watch. However, with chess now evolving away from that tendency thanks to faster variants like blitz chess, it has transformed into a game with clearer win/loss stakes—the same sorts of stakes that catapulted similarly complex games like Dota 2 and League of Legends into the esports limelight. “I think this is one of the biggest breakthroughs,” Nakamura said while explaining the rationale for his belief that chess is an esport. “Because you have winners and losers, more people will follow it even if they can’t necessarily understand what exactly is going on. You see a winner, you see a loser. You don’t see games end in ties anymore, or not as much at least. And I think that’s one of the biggest catalysts in terms of the interest in these online competitions.” “When you have major online competitions combined with just the whole explosion of chess on Twitch, I think chess is definitely an esport.” While chess was not engineered to be an esport the way an increasing number of modern games have been, it does have one leg up on many competitive video games: teaching tools are built into the software. The structure of games often informs the way streamers turn them into content, and in chess’ case, teaching is a key link in that DNA chain. That is, in large part, why Nakamura was able to grow his audience so rapidly, and he thinks that if more chess players follow his example, the game will be able to carve out a formidable esports niche. “The study tools that exist for chess do not exist for Valorant or League of Legends,” Nakamura said. “It’s very easy to instruct and help out people who are newer to the game, whereas in something like League, what happens is you just shit on everybody, and it’s hard to explain what is going on to someone who’s new to the game... That’s something I dislike about a lot of these games: Yes, you can go to the shooting range in Valorant, but that’s it in terms of practice. You have to learn by playing the game. With chess, [teaching] is something you can do whether you’re competing in real time or just going over it.” He added that when streamers like Lengyel and Michael “Shroud” Grzesiek first started playing chess, their instinct was to just charge into matches head-on and learn through attrition, like in video games. They pretty quickly ran into brick walls, Nakamura said, because they did not spend much time trying to learn from others before doing. This, Nakamura believes, is demonstrative of the differences between chess and more traditional esports—of an area where new, cutting-edge games could learn from one that’s been around the block a millennium’s worth of times. This dynamic leads to a multitude of thorny contradictions: On one hand, chess has spent centuries perceived as an elitist sport, an intimidating game associated with legacy and high culture. It bears scars from the lashes of that history to this day; despite chess’ enormous potential for novice-friendly streams and competitions, big chess events have tended to assume expertise from their audiences—with impenetrable commentary to match. On the other hand, digital chess’ barrier to entry is actually lower than that of many traditional video games. On platforms like Twitch, teaching has become part of playing thanks to ease of access to study tools. So Twitch, which in turn has gatekeeping issues of its own that include impenetrable commentary but also plenty of other homegrown barriers (just try being bad at a video game in front of a Twitch audience, I dare you), has nonetheless become a gateway for people who might have once found themselves interested in chess, only to get scared off by the cultural moat surrounding it. Unsurprisingly, these contradictions have led to friction. Nakamura says that the chess community has heaped judgement on him for spending so much time streaming and tutoring relative novices like Lengyel, even as the realities of post-covid existence have forced it to appeal to a less monolithic online crowd. “There are some people who have said certain negative things about PogChamps or about some of these streamers who are attempting to play chess, and they’re obviously not at the same same level,” Nakamura said. “It’s [a product of] the culture of chess having been around so long and sort of having this prestige as being something where you have to be really smart to play... If over-the-board tournaments happen again down the road, I do expect for there to be a certain negative reaction from the super-elite players and organizers in the chess world toward what I have done, because I think a lot of people still don’t see it the same way as I do.” Nakamura believes, though, that the chess world is going to have to embrace a broader range of people and personalities if it wants to ride this wave of success into a new era. “10 or 15 years ago, I had this mentality of very much, like, trash talk and in your face kind of stuff. That’s never really been something that’s been accepted in the chess world. You’re supposed to be proper,” he said, noting that though he thinks he’s personally matured past that, the sort of trash talk you’d hear in an esport like CSGO would be a big no-no in chess. “There’s a certain glorifying of chess players that were viewed as superheroes. And when you’re viewed like that, it’s very hard to come off that pedestal and be relatable or try to give back to people who are not as good at the game as you are. This can be attributed to what we call chess elitism, so I think you need more personalities. And now there are quite a few other streamers, both grandmasters and even players who are a little below grandmaster, but I think personality plays a very big role.” “If over-the-board tournaments happen again down the road, I do expect for there to be a certain negative reaction from the super-elite players and organizers in the chess world toward what I have done, because I think a lot of people still don’t see it the same way as I do.” But of course, being a Twitch personality comes with its own challenges: dealing with the constant scrutiny of viewers and subreddits like Twitch highlight reel/kingmaker/drama farm Livestreamfail, for one. Once upon a time, in the halcyon days of March, every LSF comment on a Nakamura clip was a glowing testament to his unique brand of wholesomeness, and he opened up on stream about how much more accepted he felt in the Twitch community than among fellow chess grandmasters. These days, however, some viewers (especially those on LSF) accuse him of being arrogant or overly sensitive, or swarm on moments of perceived animosity between Nakamura and other streamers. Nakamura says that he tries to avoid drama, but sometimes it’s hard not to read the comments—many of which he attributes to people within the chess community. In truth, though, this happens to almost every streamer who experiences a sudden popularity explosion. While “familiarity breeds contempt” is far from a universally true adage, it’s certainly the case in a social media ecosystem that facilitates “engagement” through drama and controversy. Moreover, while Twitch can help more people learn chess, gatekeeping is built into the more personality-driven side of the platform; only the most dedicated fans can hope to be aware of everything a streamer has done across multi-hour streams nearly every day of the week, but there’s still an expectation of long-term cultural literacy—of meme understanding and historical knowledge. The Twitch and esports scenes have opened chess up to a new world of possibilities and acceptance, but also to new problems and forms of toxicity, as well. Photo: Chess.com Still, Nakamura is optimistic. He thinks if he continues to play his pieces right, more good things can come of this. He noted that multiple major esports organizations contacted his agent about signing him, and that they’re looking to sign other chess players as well. He expects more signing announcements soon and, hopefully, a chess league made up of endemic esports teams down the line. “Long term, I’m really hoping that there will be some sort of chess league, or there will be various competitions between the organizations in the future, and I do believe that’s gonna happen based on what I’ve heard,” he said. Of course, esports is its own minefield, with dubious financials and underpaid, overworked players a-plenty. Nakamura, admittedly still a newcomer to the esports world, is going to have to overcome a lot of deeply ingrained institutional biases from both the chess and esports scenes if he wants to realize his idealized vision for chess’ future. But, if nothing else, it’s a really nice vision. “I think that if things are done correctly, chess has a very viable path as being an esport that’s not just for the very top players in the top events,” he said, pointing to the success of PogChamps, functionally an amateur-level tournament, as an example, “but across all different ranges, whether it’s super-strong players, complete beginners, or even strong amateur players.” Streamers Are Misusing Twitch's 'Just Chatting' Section, But It's A Symptom Of A Lar... Of all of Twitch’s non-gaming categories, “Just Chatting” seems to have the most clearly defined… Shady Numbers And Bad Business: Inside The Esports Bubble The mainstream narrative of esports has been lovingly crafted by those who benefit from its… Inside Livestreamfail, The Controversial Forum That Fuels Twitch Drama Ice Poseidon. Sweet_Anita. Trainwreckstv. “Twitch thots.” “Boobie streamers.” If any of these names Vidikron7 It’s pretty clearly not an esport. The ‘e’ stands for electronic. Maybe if you play in a video game format it might be, but plain old chess is not an esport. Or, if you want to say it is, then so is every sport, game, or pastime on earth. But I don’t think the fact something can be streamed or broadcast makes it an e[whatever]. At that point the term means nothing.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line530
__label__wiki	0.955482	0.955482	» książki » Performing Arts - Individual Director Kategoria BISAC: Performing Arts >> Individual Director przed premierą (42) Georges Franju Kate Ince Georges Franju' is the fullest study to date of this little-known French director, the co-founder of the Cinematheque francaise, and the first book on him in English since 1967. Born in 1912, but only enjoying his real debut as a director in 1948 with his notorious documentary about Parisian abattoirs 'Le Sang des betes', Franju went on to make thirteen more courts metrages and eight longs metrages, including his horror classic 'Les Yeux sans visage'. Ince takes a new approach to Franju's films, investigating the areas of genre and gender, and grouping the films thematically rather than... Georges Franju' is the fullest study to date of this little-known French director, the co-founder of the Cinematheque francaise, and the first book on... This thorough account of the life and films of the Spanish-Basque filmmaker Julio Medem is the first book in English on the internationally renowned writer-director of "Vacas, La ardilla roja "(Red Squirrel), "Tierra, Los amantes del circulo polar" (Lovers of the Arctic Circle), "Lucia y el sexo "(Sex and Lucia)," La pelota vasca: la piel contra la piedra" (Basque Ball) and "Caotica Ana" (Chaotic Ana)." This thorough account of the life and films of the Spanish-Basque filmmaker Julio Medem is the first book in English on the internationally renowned w... The Memoirs of Alice Guy Blache Alice Guy; Roberta Blach; Anthony Slide Provides an original, first-hand view of the potential that motion pictures offered women from the Victorian era, and how, ultimately, the industry rejected one of its first and most important pioneers. Alice Guy Blache was not only the world's first female director, but in 1896, she became the first of either sex to direct a fictional film. As the first director with the Gaumont Company in Paris, Alice Guy Blache served as an influential figure in French film history, making more than 300 films, including some of the earliest sound subjects from the turn of the century. She continued her... Provides an original, first-hand view of the potential that motion pictures offered women from the Victorian era, and how, ultimately, the industry re... Before, In and After Hollywood : The Life of Joseph E. Henabery Anthony Slide; Joseph Henabery In 1914, a young midwesterner quit his railroad job to crack the Hollywood motion picture boom. Impressed by his energy and honesty in his role as Lincoln, D.W. Griffith made him his assistant for Intolerance. Griffith then made Joe a director. He swiftly progressed to a preeminent position in the industry, directing some of the biggest Hollywood stars of the 1920's including Douglas Fairbanks, Fatty Arbuckle, and Rudolph Valentino. 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From What's Up, Tiger Lily? to Match Point, Woody Allen's work has generated substantial interest among scholars and professionals who have written ex... The Philosophy of Martin Scorsese Mark T. Conard Academy Award--winning director Martin Scorsese is one of the most significant American filmmakers in the history of cinema. Although best known for his movies about gangsters and violence, such as Mean Streets, Goodfellas, Casino, and Taxi Driver, Scorsese has addressed a much wider range of themes and topics in the four decades of his career. In The Philosophy of Martin Scorsese, an impressive cast of contributors explores the complex themes and philosophical underpinnings of Martin Scorsese's films. The essays concerning Scorsese's films about crime and violence investigate the nature... Academy Award--winning director Martin Scorsese is one of the most significant American filmmakers in the history of cinema. Although best known fo... The Philosophy of Stanley Kubrick Jerold J. Abrams In the course of fifty years, director Stanley Kubrick produced some of the most haunting and indelible images on film. His films touch on a wide range of topics rife with questions about human life, behavior, and emotions: love and sex, war, crime, madness, social conditioning, and technology. Within this great variety of subject matter, Kubrick examines different sides of reality and unifies them into a rich philosophical vision that is similar to existentialism. Perhaps more than any other philosophical concept, existentialism -- the belief that philosophical truth has meaning only if... In the course of fifty years, director Stanley Kubrick produced some of the most haunting and indelible images on film. His films touch on a wide r... What Just Happened? : Bitter Hollywood Tales from the Front Line Art Linson A tale of what it is to make movies, this book explores, at close range, finicky directors, clueless executives, shameless marketers, famous actors, battered screenwriters, and hapless producers crossing paths in such calamitous ways that it's a miracle these films get made at all. A tale of what it is to make movies, this book explores, at close range, finicky directors, clueless executives, shameless marketers, famous actors, b... John Singleton: Interviews Craigh Barboza John Singleton (b. 1968) rocketed from obscurity to the top ranks of Hollywood directors in 1991, when he released his debut film Boyz N the Hood. The poignant coming-of-age story, set in the streets of south central Los Angeles, where Singleton grew up amid gang violence and hip-hop music, earned him Oscar nominations for best original screenplay and best directing. Only twenty-three at the time, he was hailed as a wunderkind and compared to the young Orson Welles. Some have credited him with the mainstreaming of hip-hop music and style in cinema. John Singleton:... John Singleton (b. 1968) rocketed from obscurity to the top ranks of Hollywood directors in 1991, when he released his debut film Boyz N the Hoo... Derek Jarman's Angelic Conversations Jim Ellis Best known as an iconoclastic, wildly inventive filmmaker, Derek Jarman was also an accomplished author, painter, and landscape artist. In Derek Jarman's Angelic Conversations, Jim Ellis considers Jarman's wide-ranging oeuvre to present a broad perspective on the career and life of one of the most provocative, engaged, and important artists of the twentieth century. Derek Jarman's Angelic Conversations analyzes Jarman's work-including his famous films Caravaggio, Jubilee, Edward II, Blue, and Sebastiane-in relation to his critiques of the government and his activism in... Best known as an iconoclastic, wildly inventive filmmaker, Derek Jarman was also an accomplished author, painter, and landscape artist. In Derek... Path of Blood: The Post-Soviet Gangster, His Mistress and Their Others in Aleksei Balabanov's Genre Films Florian Weinhold; Seth Graham We think watching movies is fun and easy: suspend your disbelief, enter the dream world of cinema and escape. But when we try to talk about films we often falter: 'It's kind of a gangster film... no, more like an action thriller... a Western... but it's different, because...' - and then we are stuck. Whether you are at school or university, a lecturer, secretary or globetrotting film buff, Path of Blood will give you a solid understanding of genre film through the popular crime movies of the enigmatic Russian director Aleksei Balabanov. Being the first book-length study dedicated to Aleksei... We think watching movies is fun and easy: suspend your disbelief, enter the dream world of cinema and escape. But when we try to talk about films we o... Buffy, Ballads, and Bad Guys Who Sing : Music in the Worlds of Joss Whedon Dr Kendra Preston Leonard When writer and director Joss Whedon created the character Buffy the Vampire Slayer, he could hardly have expected the resulting academic interest in his work. Yet almost six years after the end of Buffy on television, Buffy studies--and academic work on Whedon's expanding oeuvre--continue to grow. Now with three hugely popular television shows, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, and Firefly, and the film Serenity all available on DVD, scholars are evaluating countless aspects of the Whedon universe (or "Whedonverse"). Buffy, Ballads, and Bad Guys Who Sing: Music in the Worlds of Joss Whedon... When writer and director Joss Whedon created the character Buffy the Vampire Slayer, he could hardly have expected the resulting academic interest in ... Funny Frames : The Filmic Concepts of Michael Haneke Oliver C. Speck Taking its cues from the cinematic innovations of the controversial Austrian-born director Michael Haneke, Funny Frames explores how a political thinking manifests itself in his work. The book is divided into two parts. In the first, Oliver C. Speck explores some of Haneke's Deleuzian traits - showing how the theoretical concepts of the virtual, of filmic space and of realism can be useful tools for unlocking the problems that Haneke formulates and solves through filmic means. In the second, Speck discusses a range of topics that appear in all of... Taking its cues from the cinematic innovations of the controversial Austrian-born director Michael Haneke, Funny Frames explores how ... Atom Egoyan : Interviews Atom Egoyan; T. J. Morris Four-time winner at the Cannes Film Festival, Canadian filmmaker Atom Egoyan (b. 1960) began his career while still an undergraduate at the University of Toronto. His first love was playwriting, but he began to see that he could investigate themes emotionally through film- that the camera could play a role. He learned his craft in his own independent films and by directing television episodes before attempting his first feature film, Next of Kin (1984). There he explored the themes of family and identity that continue to interest him today. A frequent winner at film festivals,... Four-time winner at the Cannes Film Festival, Canadian filmmaker Atom Egoyan (b. 1960) began his career while still an undergraduate at the Univers... Neil Sinyard Richard Lester is of the most significant yet misunderstood directors of the post-war era. Indelibly associated with the Beatles and the 'swinging Sixties' because of his direction of 'A Hard Day's Night' and 'Help' and his joyous sex comedy 'The Knack', Lester has tended to be categorised as a modish director whose heyday passed when that decade's optimism slid into disillusionment and violence. This book offers a critical appreciation and reappraisal of his work, arguing that it had much greater depth and variety than he has been given credit for. His versatility encompasses the... Richard Lester is of the most significant yet misunderstood directors of the post-war era. Indelibly associated with the Beatles and the 'swinging Six... Broken Mirrors/Broken Minds : The Dark Dreams of Dario Argento Maitland McDonagh Italian filmmaker Dario Argento's horror films have been described as a blend of Alfred Hitchcock and George Romero--psychologically rich, colorful, and at times garish, excelling at taking the best elements of the splatter and exploitation genres and laying them over a dark undercurrent of human emotions and psyches. Broken Mirrors/Broken Minds, which dissects such Argento cult films as Two Evil Eyes, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, Suspiria, and Deep Red, includes a new introduction discussing Argento's most recent films, from The Stendahl... Italian filmmaker Dario Argento's horror films have been described as a blend of Alfred Hitchcock and George Romero--psychologically rich, colorful, a... John Sayles, Filmmaker: A Critical Study and Filmography In 1980, art house audience word of mouth about an unusual new movie, Return of the Secaucus Seven, launched the career of director John Sayles and with him the era of the independent filmmaker. Sayles has remained a maverick, writing, directing, editing and even acting in his own films. This fully updated and revised edition of the 1998 book chronicles Sayles' career - including the story of his inauspicious beginning as a second-string actor, and his work in fiction, theatre, music videos and television. A chapter is devoted to each of Sayles' feature films, offering background material on... In 1980, art house audience word of mouth about an unusual new movie, Return of the Secaucus Seven, launched the career of director John Sayles and wi...	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line531
__label__wiki	0.791907	0.791907	Legacy Film Lab Short Films Now Available Online 6Feb 2018 6 Feb 2018 Over the past six months the Cambodia office of the Handa Center, in collaboration with Khmer Mekong Films and with generous support from the British Embassy in Phnom Penh and East-West Center, has worked with four talented young Cambodian filmmakers to produce their first films through the Legacy Film Lab. The competition was launched in July 2017 and encouraged young Cambodian first-time filmmakers to produce a 10-minute film in some way reflecting on the recent history of Cambodia. The four filmmakers who took part in the film lab were: Prum Sreileak Svay Limeng Sor Virakdara Seng Reaksmey The four young filmmakers produced four 10-minute films with their own take on the past. In Pieces of Glass, a granddaughter deals with struggles with her family’s reluctance to talk about the past. Short Hair Woman explores a dispute between siblings on whether to share the personal diary of their mother who lived through the Khmer Rouge period. In the only documentary of the film lab – The Healing – Sor Virakdara presents the true story of his uncle through the eyes of his mother. Finally, Unforgettable shows students asking questions of their law professor on what inspired him to become a Civil Party lawyer at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. The four films were launched at the Chaktomuk Theater as part of the Chaktomuk Short Film Festival on 28 October 2017. Since then they have been screened at the Royal University in Phnom Penh, Meta House, Kampot Readers and Writers’ Festival and the Kravan Hotel. All four films are in Khmer with English subtitles and are now available to watch online at this address. Legacy Film Lab Tags: ECCC legacy, Legacy Film Lab, short films Previous ‘So We Can Know What Happened’: The Educational Potential of the ECCC Next “ANOTHER TRIAL”: A Review of Case 002/02: The Second Trial of Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (original)	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line532
__label__cc	0.619319	0.380681	Book An Episode Episode – 9 Excluded from school, I left home, learned resilience, and became a Doctor of Education. With Dr Robert Garcia. Robert Garcia began life in a chaotic household. He describes it as being raised by drug addicts and alcoholics. This lifestyle led him to being out of school and his home by the age of 19. Where one would expect this to lead him to a life of merely living, he describes his decisions which took him to becoming a Doctor of Education and living a dream life of freedom and choice. by Jacqui Gold \| Survival Stories with Jacqui https://traffic.libsyn.com/secure/survivalstorieswithjacqui/SSWJ09-_Dr_Rob_Garcia_Podcast.mp3 About The Guest : Robert Garcia is a former high school and college dropout turned PhD. He is the founder of SHIFT Advanced Life Design Magazine and is a business consultant in San Diego, USA. Jacqui has experienced a great deal of mental and physical trauma in her life; the most painful beginning at age 11. She struggled throughout her life to find a community of support who could understand and help her and low self-esteem stood in her way. Her mission is to help others who have had experiences which have affected their life to find a way forwards. Website: https://jacquiandfriends.com Website: https://jgeducate.com LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jacqueline-gold-education-strategist-8b466065/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jacqui.gold.56 Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/survivalwithjacqui/ Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/JGEducate/ Thanks for listening! It means so much to us that you listened to our podcast! With this podcast and chat show, we are building a diverse community of people and through that, to inspire a great accessible resource for those who are still struggling on their survival journey. If you know somebody who would benefit from this message, or would be an awesome addition to our community, please share it using the social media buttons on this page. © Jacqui And Friends \| Crafted with care by Sitecare4u	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line536
__label__wiki	0.500323	0.500323	Home - View Entire Archive - An Examination of the Alleged Contradictions in the Resurrection Narratives-Part 4 An Examination of the Alleged Contradictions in the Resurrection Narratives-Part 4 The John Ankerberg Show \| April 10, 2005 \| 1 Comment By: Dr. John Ankerberg, Dr. John Weldon; ©2005 In this article we will examine the fourth alleged contradiction: Do Jesus’ Resurrection appearances conflict with one another? 1 ALLEGED CONTRADICTION NUMBER FOUR: 1.1 Answering the Charges Made by Naland and Schonfield ALLEGED CONTRADICTION NUMBER FOUR: Do Jesus’ Resurrection appearances conflict with one another? 31. Was Mary Magdalene the first person to visit the tomb as John implies or did the other women accompany her as Matthew and Mark state? The seeming contradiction between John and Matthew and Mark can be resolved by assuming all the women were to meet together at the tomb and were on their way when the events happened. Therefore, Matthew and Mark are correct in referring to them as a group on their way to the tomb. If Mary arrived a bit earlier than the rest, then John’s account is correct. If the stone was rolled away and Mary looked in and found the tomb empty, it would be reasonable to conclude that she would leave immediately to tell Peter and John. This is what the Apostle John says happened. After Mary left, her other companions arrived at the tomb. The angels appeared to them, delivered their message, whereupon they left and ran to tell the disciples. So Mary was the first person to reach the tomb. 32. If Jesus appeared to Mary first (Mark 16:9), why is it that after informing Peter and John, she stays at the tomb and begins to weep? (See Q. 33) 33. If Mary were the first to see Jesus, why does she tell the angel, “They have taken my Lord and I don’t know where they have laid Him”? These questions are answered if we follow Mary’s journey after she meets Peter and John. When Mary finds John and Peter, they start off for the tomb (John 20:3). Mary lags behind. Peter and John reach the tomb, look in, see the grave clothes lying where Jesus’ body was laid. John believes. They both leave the tomb (John 20:10). Finally, Mary reaches the tomb. By the time she arrives, the disciples have already left, and she has not been told what Peter and John have concluded. Up to this point she has not seen any angels or the Lord. So she stands by the tomb all alone and in frustration begins to weep. She looks into the tomb. At that point, the angels appear to Mary and ask her why she is weeping. She replies, “They’ve taken the Lord out of the tomb and we don’t know where they’ve put him.” Jesus then appears to Mary and in her confusion, she thinks He is the gardener. Jesus makes Himself known to Mary in the conversation and she recognizes Him as her Lord. So Mary is probably the first one that Jesus appeared to. She then leaves to go and tell the good news to the disciples. 34. Do Mark and Luke conflict in their reports about the disciples on the road to Emmaus? Luke records the appearance of Jesus on the road to Emmaus seven miles away from Jerusalem (Luke 24:13-36). The two men in his account return to Jerusalem only to discover the people present already believe in the Resurrection. The people are saying, “It is true! The Lord is risen and has appeared to Simon” (Luke 24:34). At that point the two men who had just returned tell of their own experience with the risen Jesus on the road to Emmaus. The critics, however, claim Luke contradicts Mark who says, “And they [the men on the road to Emmaus] went away and reported it to the others, but they did not believe them either” (Mark 16:12-13).[1] Which account is correct? Did the disciples believe in the Resurrection or not believe it? First, we need to understand that the persons exclaiming, “The Lord has risen and has appeared to Peter” were not the apostles themselves. They were the “others who were with them” who came to inform the apostles that Christ was resurrected (Luke 24:33). These other individuals had believed in the Resurrection because they had just witnessed Christ personally. But the ones they were telling this to in the room had not yet seen Jesus and therefore did not believe them. Mark’s appendix agrees with the Apostle John that Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene (Mark 16:9; John 20:14). Mark then records Mary went and reported to the disciples that she had been with Jesus while she was mourning and weeping at the tomb. What was the reaction of those who heard Mary? Mark tells us in Mark 16:11, “And when they heard that he Jesus was alive, and had been seen by her, they [the disciples] refused to believe it.” Next, Mark records Jesus’ appearance to the two men walking in the country along the road to Emmaus. These men return to Jerusalem and report to the others. What happened to Mary happened to these two men. Mark records, “They [the disciples] did not believe them either” (Mark 16:13). If we carefully examine what Luke says about these events, we will see heagrees with Mark. Luke records that after the two men recognized Jesus on the road to Emmaus, “They returned to Jerusalem, and found gathered together the Eleven and those who were with them, saying, ‘The Lord has really risen, and has appeared to Simon.’” The key issue is: Who is Luke speaking about when he says, “And those who were with them”? This reference must be to Mary (Mark 16:10-11) whom they had earlier refused to believe and probably the other women who had seen the angels and the resurrected Lord (Matthew 28:5-10). Luke only tells us the Eleven were “listening” to those people who had come to them, who were with them and testifying, “The Lord has really risen.” Nowhere in Luke’s account does he say the Eleven actually believed what the others were telling them. How do we know this? There is clear evidence that indicates the eleven disciples did not yet believe in the Resurrection. While this entire group is gathered together, Jesus Himself appears to them and rebukes them for doubting His Resurrection. Luke records, “they [the Eleven] were startled and frightened, thinking they saw a ghost” (Luke 24:37). Jesus encourages all of them to “Touch me and see; a ghost does not have flesh and bones as you see I have.” And even then, Luke records, “They still did not believe it because of joy and amazement” (v. 41). Mark records these words, “Later Jesus appeared to the Eleven as they were eating; he rebuked them for their lack of faith and their stubborn refusal to believe those who had seen him after He had risen” (Mark 16:14). In conclusion, when Mark reports that the disciples in Jerusalem did not believe Mary, nor did they believe the two men from the road to Emmaus, he must be telling the truth. Luke does not contradict Mark’s report concerning the two men on the road to Emmaus. 35. How can most of the alleged conflicts be easily resolved? By now it should be obvious that most of these questions are answered simply by constructing a plausible sequence of events that shows the accounts do not contradict each other. We would like you to consider this account given by Noval Geldenhuys which is just one of many reconstructions that answers many of these questions: Very early on the Sunday morning the resurrection took place, the earthquake followed, the angel descended and rolled away the stone (Matthew 28:2-4), and the guards of soldiers fled (Matthew 28:11). A little later Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Salome hastened to the sepulcher while another group of women followed with the spices. Mary Magdalene reaches the sepulcher first, sees that it is empty and immediately goes to inform Peter and John (John 20:1ff). The other Mary and Salome approach and see the angel (Matthew 28:5). Thereafter the other women with Joanna among them come along; they see the two angels and receive the message that Jesus has risen (Luke 24:1ff). In the meantime Mary Magdalene reaches Peter and John, and they hasten to the sepulcher (John 20). Mary also follows them again and arrives at the sepulcher after the others have already departed. She weeps at the sepulcher (John 20:2ff) and sees the two angels, who ask her why she is weeping. After this she sees Jesus himself (John 20:14). In the meantime the other women had gone to the other disciples and told them their experiences. But their words were regarded as idle tales (24:11) until Peter and John confirm them. When the women were afterwards probably again on their way to the sepulcher, Jesus meets them (according to the true text of Matthew 28:9, which simply reads: “And behold, Jesus met them and said…”). Later in the day the Savior appeared to Peter alone (Luke 24:34 and 1 Corinthians 15:5), toward evening to the men of Emmaus, and a little later to the whole group of disciples, with the exception of Thomas (Luke 24:36-43; John 20:19-24). A week later he again appeared to the disciples, including Thomas, who was convinced of the certainty of the resurrection (John 21:1-23). And during the 40 days before his ascension the Lord also appeared in Galilee to the seven disciples at the Sea (John 21:1-23) (obviously the Galilean disciples, especially after Jesus’ command that they should go thither, left Jerusalem after a few weeks for Galilee). He also appeared to the five hundred of his followers in Galilee (as a result of the command of Mark 16:7 they would probably, after the reports concerning Jesus’ resurrection had been brought to them, have assembled spontaneously in expectation of his appearance). When Paul wrote 1 Corinthians 15:6, most of the five hundred were still alive as living witnesses of the fact of the resurrection. From Acts 1:3,4, and from the whole history from the commencement of Christianity, it appears that during the 40 days before his ascension Jesus often appeared to his followers and spoke to them about many things in order to prepare them as builders of his church. Toward the end of the 40 days he no doubt commanded them to go to Jerusalem and to remain there until the promise of the Holy Ghost should be fulfilled. After their return to Judaea the Savior also appeared to James (1 Corinthians 15:7) and to the apostles (Luke 24:33-53; Acts 1:3-12); and after his ascension he appeared to Paul near Damascus (Acts 9:3-6, 1 Corinthians 15:8) and again in the temple (Acts 22:17-21, 23:11). Also Stephen, the first martyr, saw Jesus after his resurrection (Acts 7:55). Last of all, the Savior also appeared to John, the gray-haired exile on Patmos (Revelation 1:10-19). Thus we have a mighty cloud of witnesses that Jesus has indeed arisen as the Conqueror over the grave, death and hell, and lives forever![2] But even though most of the apparent problems can be resolved by supplying a chronological sequence of events, we must remember there are times when this is impossible simply because we do not have sufficient information. As Geldenhuys observes, the Gospels are primarily accounts of the apostles’ preaching about Jesus. They are not complete biographies. Because of this fact, we are not entitled to demand that they supply us with an exact, detailed, and chronologically connected narrative of all the various events they discuss. Geldenhuys writes: When we are faced with assertions (sometimes of a very arbitrary character) that the Gospels contradict one another as regards the particulars of the resurrection-appearances, we should bear in mind that the Gospels give such a condensed and selective account of the resurrection that no one knows whether the episodes described in one Gospel are the same as those mentioned in one or more of the others…. And because we know so little of the less important particulars of those events, we are unable to see how the various narratives fit into one another. In any case, all the Gospels proclaim the main facts and leave no doubt as to the certainty that Jesus did arise.[3] 36. Did Jesus appear in Jerusalem or only on a mountain in Galilee? We must remember that there were at least twelve separate appearances of Jesus after His Resurrection from the dead. Michael Green succinctly outlines the major Resurrection appearances for us: The Gospels profess to give us only a selection of events in the Jesus story (John 21:25) but even so there is an impressive list. Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene (Mark 16:9; John 20:1-18), to the two Marys (Matthew 28:1-10), to Simon Peter (Luke 24:34; 1 Corinthians 15:5), to the disciples on the road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13-31), to the Eleven and other disciples (Matthew 28:16-20; Luke 24:36-49; John 20:19-23; 21:1-14; Acts 1:3-9; 1 Corinthians 15:5-6), to Thomas (John 20:24-29), to James (1 Corinthians 15:7), to Joseph and Mathias (Acts 1:22ff), to five hundred people at once (1 Corinthians 15:6), to Peter and John together (John 21:15-24), to Nathanael and some other disciples on the lake (John 21:1-14), and to Paul (Acts 9:4ff; 1 Corinthians 9:1; 15:8). Taken together, these appearances to individuals and to groups, to men and to women, in country and in town, in the upper room and by the open lake, on the road and on the hillside, constitute testimony to the resurrection that needs to be taken very seriously indeed.[4] Now in answering the critics’ questions concerning these Resurrection appearances, let us remember that the mere fact that Jesus appears in different places to different people is hardly a contradiction in itself. On any given day, each one of us appears in different places to different people. Given these twelve Resurrection appearances which took place in various locations to numerous individuals and groups, it should not be surprising that four independent writers would select some details and not others. The first thing apparent is that all four accounts do agree that the Resurrection did, in fact, happen. Second, these accounts give every evidence of frank and honest reporting. There is no cover-up, and even the doubts and skepticism of the apostles themselves are laid bare as part of the record. If the disciples had wanted to make up stories, they would have left out these unflattering remarks about themselves. If four contemporary TV reporters covered similar events, what problems would they face that were also faced by those writing the Resurrection accounts? If four reporters covered a key battle during the war in Vietnam, or filed reports on the election results and key political speeches made by leaders in East and West Germany, or covered a serious airplane accident involving three airplanes which landed in two different locations (including weather reports), or wrote reports on a Presidential visit to twelve European cities, each of these four reporters would select different material, emphasize what he thought was really important, and leave out what he did not have time to report or judged was not as important as other material. If this is true for contemporary reporters, why is it that the accounts of the four Gospel writers concerning twelve Resurrection appearances would be any different? If there merely appeared to be a contradiction between the accounts of our contemporary newsmen, would we not assume that no contradictions existed because of the many different details involved? And finally, wouldn’t we assume our own lack of knowledge of the events covered and in light of that, not accuse them of lying for seeming contradictions merely because we cannot resolve them immediately? Concerning the different locations in which the accounts say Jesus appeared, how can these be resolved to remove any charge of contradiction or error? Lilly discusses the problem and supplies plausible answers for why Jesus made the appearances He did: The chief difficulty relative to the recorded appearances is the place or places where they occurred. According to Saint Matthew our Lord appeared to the holy women at Jerusalem, and to the disciples in Galilee at the mountain which he had appointed them…. Mark mentions no appearances at all, but in the appendix there is mention of several appearances which, however, are not localized. Saint Luke’s recorded appearances all took place in or near Jerusalem, while Saint John tells us of appearances which occurred both at Jerusalem and in Galilee. Another difficulty is the command of Christ, delivered to the apostles through the holy women, to go to Galilee; that there he would see them. This seems to be inconsistent with the appearances which he granted them the very evening of his resurrection at Jerusalem and at Emmaus.[5] It is certainly true that Jesus appointed Galilee as a rendezvous for the disciples. His first intention may probably have been to have the Apostles leave the hostile atmosphere of Jerusalem for the much more tranquil territory of Galilee, where he would show himself to them and give them his final commission. But the holy women delayed to report the direction to the Apostles, and when finally the message did reach them, they remained incredulous, labeled the report contemptuously “idle tales.” The only way, at least the most effective way, to overcome this incredulity was for Jesus to appear to the Apostles directly, establish faith in their minds as to the reality of his resurrection and prepare them for the final and more important appearances in Galilee. I say more important because it was during these that Jesus imparted the great commission….[6] Lilly proceeds to discuss the manner in which each apostle’s method and purpose accounts for the material included or deleted: We must bear in mind the particular method used by each Evangelist. Father Buzy in this connection says: Matthew’s method “is to pass over facts not pertinent to his plan, and to group in a synthetic picture the facts he considers indispensable to his purpose. Since the Evangelist’s purpose is not to recount the doings of the Apostles during Easter week at Jerusalem, he is content with presenting us the disciples back in Galilee.” Thus he omits the Jerusalem appearances entirely but by no means denies that they occurred. Saint Luke’s plan both in the Gospel and in the Acts, as is well known, is geographical. Accordingly he conducts Jesus and the Apostles through Galilee to Jerusalem. There it concludes the story of Jesus, and there he leaves the Apostles, to present them to us again in his second volume, the Acts…. We understand perfectly well why, according to the geographical plan, he does not concern himself with the Galilean appearances, but sums up and localizes at Jerusalem all the post resurrection utterances of Jesus which the Gospel’s plan and purpose require. There is therefore no well-founded objection against the historical accuracy and trustworthiness of the Gospel accounts of the events connected with the resurrection. There is a natural and satisfying explanation of each of the pretended inconsistencies in the four-fold record,—satisfying for anyone who is willing to be satisfied and is not obstinately determined to reject the historic reality of the resurrection of Jesus out of blind devotion to a philosophic postulate.[7] Now we shall examine some of these same criticisms as presented by contemporary critics. 37. Do the Resurrection accounts involve clearly contradictory historical traditions as critics such as John K. Naland maintain? Why does John K. Naland say that the Gospel writers totally disagree on where they saw Jesus?[8] In his article on the Resurrection accounts in Free Inquiry Naland refers to the “clearly contradictory historical traditions—one placing all post-crucifixion appearances in the Jerusalem area, the other placing them in the region of Galilee.”[9] In this article, Naland admits that all four Gospel writers agree that someone experienced a risen Jesus. However, “the…thing the sources disagree on is who, when, where, and how—which is quite a bit. They agree on what? That someone experienced a risen Jesus. But they totally disagree on what it was, when it was, where it was….”[10] Naland implies that when Luke says Jesus appeared on Easter in Jerusalem and Matthew says Jesus appeared on Easter in Galilee, then this is a contradiction. Notice he says that Luke places all Resurrection appearances in Jerusalem, whereas Matthew places them all in Galilee.[11] 38. Why does Hugh J. Schonfield believe the Gospel writers contradicted each other in citing where Jesus appeared to them? Hugh J. Schonfield in his book, The Passover Plot, is another critic who claims the accounts conflict. He writes: According to Luke…the “appearance” to the apostles is in the Judean tradition…. This is at variance with the Galilean tradition followed by Matthew…. In the Judean tradition Jesus positively identifies himself to the apostles in Jerusalem…. We may regard the information as in the highest degree questionable in view of the rival record in Matthew, which suggests that the apostles did not see Jesus in Jerusalem….[12] Answering the Charges Made by Naland and Schonfield Should Jesus be limited to appearing in only one location? The Apostle John records about one of the appearances of Jesus, “This was now the third time Jesus appeared to his disciples after he was raised from the dead” (John 21:14). Luke records in his second book, Acts, that “He also presented Himself alive after His suffering, by many convincing proofs, appearing to them over a period of forty days and speaking of the things concerning the kingdom of God” (Acts 1:3). From these two authors we can see that there were many separate appearances of Jesus to the disciples. Isn’t it a little absurd to demand Jesus appear in the same location over a 40-day period? Matthew not only gives a Galilean appearance (Matthew 28:16), but he gives a Jerusalem one as well (Matthew 28:9). John has both Jerusalem and Galilee appearances (John 20 and 21). Luke certainly gives Jerusalem appearances but in his second book, Acts, he shows he is not unaware of Jesus’ other appearances in different places over a 40-day period. Mark records the message of the angels, “Go tell his disciples and Peter, ‘He is going before you into Galilee. There you will see him….’” (Mark 16:7). In brief, the evidence goes against Naland and Schonfield’s assertion that there are rival traditions. If the critics force Matthew and Luke to say Jesus could only appear in Jerusalem or Galilee, then of course, they would contradict each other. But neither of them sets limits on Jesus’ appearances, nor demands by what they say that Jesus cannot appear in some other geographical location. Michael Green shows that each of the authors did not place Jesus’ Resurrection appearances in only one geographical location: But are there such major diversions in the accounts? The one most commonly adduced seems to me the weakest of all. It is the claim that in Matthew (and by prediction in Mark 16:7) you get appearances of Jesus in Galilee; whereas in Luke and John you get appearances in Jerusalem. But this objection is totally jejune. Matthew does indeed give a Galilee appearance, but he gives a Jerusalem one as well, by the tomb itself (28:9f). Luke certainly gives Jerusalem appearances, but then in his gospel he offers us a continuous narrative from the resurrection to the ascension in highly compressed style, and he has a clear theological emphasis on Jerusalem as the centre from which world mission spreads out until it takes over Rome itself. Though he selects Jerusalem resurrection material, that does not mean he is unaware or skeptical of Galilean appearances. He tells us that Jesus “presented himself alive after his passion by many proofs, appearing to them during forty days” (Acts 1:3), so he affords plenty of opportunity for appearances to have taken place in both locations. John has both Jerusalem and Galilee appearances (ch. 20, 21), and both are implied by Paul’s list which includes appearances to Peter and to James (manifestly in Jerusalem), to five hundred (manifestly in Galilee) and to himself (in Syria). Why on earth not?[13] 39. Are the Gospel writers uncertain in detailing where and when Jesus appeared after His Resurrection? The following citation in the Gospels illustrates that the writers were anything but uncertain saying where and when Jesus appeared. Mark says in 16:9, “Now after He had risen early on the first day of the week, He first appeared to Mary Magdalene.” The Apostle John agrees. John 20:14 says, “She turned around and beheld Jesus standing there….” Verse 18 says, “Mary Magdalene came announcing to the disciples, ‘I have seen the Lord’ and that He had said these things to her.” In brief, both Mark and John agree. Also, as we have already shown, there is no contradiction between Luke’s account of Jesus’ appearance to the two men on the road to Emmaus and the same event recorded in Mark 16:12-13. No one contradicts John’s clear depiction of Jesus’ appearance to the Apostle Thomas in John 20:26-31. Luke in Acts 1:3 asserts Jesus presented Himself over a period of 40 days to His apostles. From reading all of the accounts, Jesus’ appearances fit in well with these words. In 1 Corinthians 15:5 Paul says, “He appeared to Cephas [Peter], then to the Twelve.” This fits in nicely with Mark 16:2-8 where we find the angels instructing the women to tell Peter and the disciples Jesus “is going before you into Galilee; there you will see Him, just as He said to you.” Both of these accounts agree with what Luke says in 24:34, “The Lord has really risen, and has appeared to Simon.” Another appearance is recorded in John 21:15, where “Jesus said to Simon Peter, ‘Simon, Son of John, do you love me more than these?’ He said to him, ‘Yes, Lord, you know that I love you.’” Peter himself is adamant in declaring in his own epistle, “For we did not follow cleverly devised tales when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of His majesty” (2 Peter 1:16). These are just a few of the specific, clear, non-contradictory accounts given of the Resurrection appearances of Jesus. They do not conflict concerning time or place or any other criteria. 40. If Jesus really appeared to the disciples, why did they go fishing? (See Q. 41) 41.If Jesus really appeared to the disciples in Jerusalem, why would He have to appear to them again in Galilee? John K. Naland represents many critics when he asks, “If Jesus really appeared to the disciples in Jerusalem, why would they go back to Galilee and start fishing again?” And why would Jesus appear to the disciples again in Galilee?[14] Initially, some of the disciples did not believe in the resurrected Jesus, even after He first appeared to them (Matthew 28:17). If some were skeptical and doubted what their own eyes had seen, it is very reasonable to assume that they would have retired to such an activity as fishing to try and sort things out. Even those disciples who saw and believed would be shaken by the implications. Why would Jesus appear to the disciples in Jerusalem and at other times in Galilee? There are many possible reasons why. First, perhaps Jesus might simply have had a lot to tell the disciples as the Scriptures imply (John 16:12; Luke 24:27, 45). Second, the disciples might have needed the time between appearances to digest and think through what Jesus was telling them. Third, Jesus may have wanted to appear in other locations to other disciples not present at the time He appeared in geographical areas closer to Jerusalem. In the four Gospels we are told of eleven apostles and a large number of other disciples of Jesus who lived in other towns and places. It is obvious that not every disciple was in Jerusalem when Jesus first appeared. It seems Jesus appeared to some disciples first in order to instruct them to inform others of the next time and place He would appear. How else would they have known? That’s why some of the disciples who were in Jerusalem may have gone on to Galilee, not only to meet Him there, but to tell others that He would be there. That’s why the objection over the different appearances in different geographical locations is in fact the weakest objection of all. 42. Do the Gospel writers agree they saw the same Jesus or did they see a different Jesus? Bishop Spong claims the Gospel writers conflict because they do not describe Jesus the same way in every appearance. He asserts: Was it the resurrected but not yet ascended and glorified Lord who appeared, or was it the resurrected, ascended Lord of heaven that they experienced alive? Paul clearly implies the latter. Mark says nothing but hints that it will be the ascended, glorified Lord they will meet in Galilee. Luke argues that all resurrection appearances ceased with the ascension…. For Luke, it was the risen Lord who, after appearing to his disciples, ascended into heaven; and it was the ascended Lord now united with the Father who poured the Holy Spirit out on the gathered church at the day of Pentecost. Matthew implies that it was the resurrected but not yet ascended Lord who confronted the women in the garden, but that it was the ascended, glorified Lord who possessed all authority and power who met them and commissioned them on the Galilean mountain top. John says that the resurrected Lord appeared only to Mary Magdalene (“Touch me not for I have not yet ascended.”), but it was the resurrected, ascended, glorified Lord who appeared to the disciples and breathed on them, imparting the Holy Spirit, and inviting Thomas to examine his body….[15] One sometimes wonders at the extent to which intelligent men will go to find contradictions in the Scriptures. The “issue” Bishop Spong has raised here is not even an issue. There is no reason why Christ could not have gone to heaven several times throughout the 40-day period of His appearances before finally ascending into heaven. According to John, Jesus told Mary not to keep touching or holding onto Him because He had not yet ascended. Then He adds for her to tell His disciples, “I am returning to my Father and your Father” (John 20:17). The fact that Jesus later invited the disciples to touch Him (Luke 24:39) would indicate He had ascended to heaven and returned. How many times Jesus did this is not known, but why should anyone imply He couldn’t have done it if He wanted to?[16] Further, the accounts are in absolute agreement that every appearance of Jesus to every disciple or group of disciples concerned the same resurrected Christ. A few appearances apparently occurred before His first ascension and the remainder apparently occurred before His final ascension 40 days later. But Spong makes five entirely arbitrary distinctions concerning Jesus: “the resurrected, ascended Lord of heaven” vs. “the resurrected but not yet ascended and glorified Lord” vs. “the ascended Lord now united with the Father” vs. “the resurrected but not yet ascended Lord who confronted the women in the garden” vs. “the ascended, glorified Lord who possesses all authority,” etc.[17] Certainly these words describe the activities of Jesus, but why should we think Jesus became a different person as a result of doing these activities? These are all arbitrary and useless descriptions for the purpose of creating false contradiction in the Gospel accounts. ↑ It should be noted that Mark’s appendix, 16:9-20, is not found in the earliest manuscripts. ↑ Norval Geldenhuys, Commentary on the Gospel of Luke (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1975), pp. 627-628. ↑ Ibid., pp. 626-627. ↑ Michael Green, The Empty Cross of Jesus (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1984), p. 114, formatting added. ↑ John Lilly, “Alleged Discrepancies in the Gospel Accounts of the Resurrection,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly, Vol. 2 (1940), pp. 109-110. ↑ Ibid., p. 111. ↑ John K. Naland, “The First Easter: The Evidence for the Resurrection Evaluated,” Free Inquiry, Spring 1988, pp. 16-17. ↑ Ibid., p. 16, emphasis added. ↑ The John Ankerberg Show, unpublished transcript of a debate between Dr. John Warwick Montgomery and John K. Naland, televised April 1990, p. 43. ↑ Naland, p. 16. ↑ Hugh J. Schonfield, The Passover Plot (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), p. 171. ↑ Michael Green, The Empty Cross of Jesus (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1984), p. 120. ↑ John Shelby Spong, The Easter Moment (San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1987), pp. 129- 130. ↑ Gleason Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1982), p. 350. ↑ Spong, p. 129. ← Living Faithfully in Trying Times – Part 6 An Examination of the Alleged Contradictions in the Resurrection Narratives-Part 1 → An Examination of the Alleged Contradictions in the Resurrection Narratives-Part 3 \| John Ankerberg Show - John Ankerberg Show on May 23, 2016 at 1:58 am […] Read Part 4 […] What Does it Mean to Have a “Spirit Filled Life”? There is More to the Cross than Forgiveness/Part 2 How Long Did It Take to Build the Ark? A Study of Theology IV – Part 6	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line537
__label__cc	0.717887	0.282113	Owning a business can be a good path to working from home. For an initial investment, franchises offer an established business with brand awareness, a business model, a territory and maybe even access to capital. There are franchise opportunities in mailing and shipping, cosmetics, travel, marketing, employment and staffing, retail and many more industries. Are Work From-Home Jobs Real Phony job listings on legit job-hunting websites. One fraudulent group was listing fake jobs on CareerBuilder, which is an otherwise respectable site. The group was charging a big fee for a background check before consideration of any applicants. Federal, state and local authorities received more than 17,000 complaints filed by people who were ripped off by this particular group. And that’s just the number of people who found their way to complain. Who knows how many others were taken? Are Work From-Home Jobs Real Paralegals, along with legal assistants, provide support to lawyers by tackling a range of tasks, including conducting legal research, organizing and maintaining documents and files, and writing reports—all of which can be done from anywhere. You may need experience in a particular field or geographic location to qualify. One opportunity, for example, available through staffing agency Equivity, seeks candidates with litigation experience in California; another position requires estate planning experience. Are Work From-Home Jobs Real Bankrate.com is an independent, advertising-supported publisher and comparison service. We are compensated in exchange for placement of sponsored products and, services, or by you clicking on certain links posted on our site. Therefore, this compensation may impact how, where and in what order products appear within listing categories. Other factors, such as our own proprietary website rules and whether a product is offered in your area or at your self-selected credit score range can also impact how and where products appear on this site. While we strive to provide a wide range offers, Bankrate does not include information about every financial or credit product or service. Work From Home Jobs What It Is: Do people ask you your secret to perfect pie crust or how you made that wreath? "Everyone knows how to do something, or has a hobby they enjoy," says Kimberly Lawson, owner of OohLaLuxe.net, who has created fashion and beauty tutorial videos. "These can easily be turned into profits." Simply sign up for a free YouTube account. Then use a smartphone or digital camera to record yourself explaining and demonstrating how you work your magic. (If you're more tech-savvy or have a burgeoning teenage filmmaker in your house, you can use desktop software, such as Windows Movie Maker, to create a slicker video.) "Once you upload the video to YouTube, enroll in its partner program," Lawson says. YouTube will then place ads inside or near your video, and you will earn money from the ads themselves, video views and click-throughs. "The key is to put a unique spin on your video," says Lawson, especially if there are lots of others on the same subject. Work From Home Jobs How to Get It: Begin with sites like UserTesting.com, YouEye.com and Userlytics.com. Register with multiple companies for opportunities to test as many websites as possible. Once you're in the system, you'll be emailed when testers are needed, and if you're one of the first to respond, expect to spend 15 to 20 minutes completing the test. Many sites require a microphone and/or webcam, which are built into most laptops—but if you need to buy one, they aren't expensive. The tester sites typically pay within a week or two via PayPal. Keep in mind that the prerequisites for home employment are similar to those needed for working in an office. You need both the experience and the skills necessary to do the job. You'll also need a home office with high-speed internet, phone, fax, computer, printer, software, and other basic office equipment. In some cases, work-from-home employees who are full-time may be provided with essential office equipment (such as a computer). Telehealth had been growing in popularity before the coronavirus hit the U.S. and has gotten an extra boost in demand as the health care system has been inundated with COVID-19 patients. Some employers are looking to hire full-time telehealth nurses to answer questions specifically about COVID-19 and help manage the current health care crisis from the safety of their own homes. Other opportunities are available for part-timers. Just be sure to check on licensing requirements. For example, the telemedicine nurse practitioner position with Forward requires a license in California, New York or Washington, D.C. (Bonus points for applicants licensed to practice in more than one of those places.) Telehealth had been growing in popularity before the coronavirus hit the U.S. and has gotten an extra boost in demand as the health care system has been inundated with COVID-19 patients. Some employers are looking to hire full-time telehealth nurses to answer questions specifically about COVID-19 and help manage the current health care crisis from the safety of their own homes. Other opportunities are available for part-timers. Just be sure to check on licensing requirements. For example, the telemedicine nurse practitioner position with Forward requires a license in California, New York or Washington, D.C. (Bonus points for applicants licensed to practice in more than one of those places.) Work From Home Jobs Bankrate.com is an independent, advertising-supported publisher and comparison service. We are compensated in exchange for placement of sponsored products and, services, or by you clicking on certain links posted on our site. Therefore, this compensation may impact how, where and in what order products appear within listing categories. Other factors, such as our own proprietary website rules and whether a product is offered in your area or at your self-selected credit score range can also impact how and where products appear on this site. While we strive to provide a wide range offers, Bankrate does not include information about every financial or credit product or service. Work From Home Careers Companies these days are expanding their office boundaries to incorporate the idea of working from home. These work from home companies offer employees flexible working hours, better pay and freedom from office walls. Even though the internet is flooded with many online jobs, there are some that offer better pay. Here is a list of work from home firms that are willing to pay $16 per hour or more for home-based jobs. Work From Home Jobs If you have a phone, computer and internet connectivity, you have a shot at making your home a one-person call center. Virtual customer service representatives assist people by phone for a variety of businesses in a range of industries, from retail to health care to technology. You may also provide your services online, helping customers via email, text messaging, online chat or social media. Work From Home Jobs Networking remains the top way to find a job, and it does work. Develop contacts—friends, family, fellow college alumni, even other job seekers—with people who might help generate information and job leads. You can take a direct approach and ask for job leads or try a less formal approach and ask for information and advice. Contact everyone you know and tell them you want to work from home. You may be surprised by the people they know and the leads you can generate. Are Work From-Home Jobs Real How to Get It: Check out K12 (K12.com) and Connections Academy (ConnectionsAcademy.com). Both organizations offer various benefits — including health insurance, retirement savings accounts and paid time off — depending on where you live. As in any job where you work with kids, there will be a background and reference check as well as interviews. You may also need to be licensed to teach in the state where the students reside. Work From Home Careers Concentrix was also #9 on the 2019 list and has retained that position despite changes in the bottom half of the top 10. It’s a technology enabled global business services company specializing in customer engagement and improving business performance. The company operates in 40 countries to help client companies establish better connections with their customers. Work From Home Careers “I think the most important factor in successfully working from home is setting a boundary between work and personal time,” warns Russ Thornton, who runs Wealthcare for Women from his home. “Many jobs can suck up all your available time if you let them. When I “shut down” for the day, I shut off my computer, leave my office, and only very rarely do I set foot back in my office before I start work the next morning.” Are Work From-Home Jobs Real #4-Transcriptionist – Transcriptionists type out audio files and can get paid pretty well for doing it. The files could be audio or video. They'll listen to an audio file and translate it into a long-form text document. An experienced transcriptionist can earn anywhere from $15-$30 per hour. Some jobs do have a quick turn around time so the faster you type, the better off you will be at this work. Work From Home Jobs But the standards for filling such jobs remotely are no more lax: You still need to have completed the rigorous education and training necessary to become a nurse. Plus, you have to maintain a nursing license in the state where you plan to work, which can be tricky if you're working remotely and are able to assist patients who live elsewhere. For example, the telemedicine nurse practitioner position with Forward requires a license in California; New York; or Washington, D.C., with a preference for candidates licensed to practice in multiple locations. (Licensure requirements vary by state.) Still, both the relatively high pay and the sense of meaning can make the hurdles worthwhile. Believe it or not, you don’t have to be a CPA to start bookkeeping. Just sign up for a bookkeeping course at a community college or even online (such as this course from The Accounting Coach). Once you complete a course, you can start earning, and the median salary is reportedly $34,000. (Some stay-at-home bookkeepers I've spoken with personally make more than $70,000.) Franchises can cost a lot of money, but there are opportunities for less than $50,000, says Jania Bailey, CEO of FranNet, a franchise marketplace. “You might be able to get financing from the (Small Business Administration) or the lenders the brand works with. It’s a little more affordable than people think. If it takes $100,000, you might need $20,000.” Work From Home Careers Companies across a range of industries, including retail, finance and health care, are seeking star salespeople with various experience levels (and a license to sell, if necessary) to push their products and services from a remote location. And despite the low hourly pay, you may be able to earn more through commissions — potentially much more if you're moving cars, electronics or other high-ticket items. Workers in some higher-level (and higher-earning) positions may even manage a sales team remotely. Work From Home Jobs These workers translate the written or the spoken word, depending on the position. At CyraCom (which is currently seeking Swahili interpreters), you'd staff the phones and assist people communicating with doctors, insurance agents and even 9-1-1 operators. Translate.com offers work on a gig-by-gig basis, which can give you more flexibility. Just note that all gigs are first come, first served and can pay less than a penny per word. Work From Home Careers Lionbridge is currently hiring corporate associates in technology, finance, marketing and sales, as well as translators and interpreters. One interesting subcategory is testers, raters and curators. These home-based positions are open to college students, as well as home-based workers. Industries serviced including banking and finance, gaming, manufacturing, legal services, and life sciences. Work From Home Jobs	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line541
__label__wiki	0.959746	0.959746	jennikwondesigns.com Home » World News » Elon Musk is now the richest person in the world with a net worth of $187 billion. Here's how the Tesla and SpaceX CEO went from getting bullied as a child to becoming one of the most successful and controversial men in tech. Elon Musk is now the richest person in the world with a net worth of $187 billion. Here's how the Tesla and SpaceX CEO went from getting bullied as a child to becoming one of the most successful and controversial men in tech. Elon Musk has had a tumultuous yet successful life. He was bullied as a child but ultimately attended an Ivy League university before going on to become the CEO of two companies, Tesla and SpaceX, and the founder of three more. He's also been married three times and has triplets and twins. He recently had another baby with his girlfriend, the musician Grimes. But Musk also courts controversy, especially on Twitter. The tech billionaire has been outspoken about the coronavirus crisis, questioning the severity of the outbreak and urging for business to resume. Now, Musk has hit a new milestone: His net worth has skyrocketed to $187 billion, making him the richest person in the world. It seems like there's nothing Elon Musk won't try. As CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, founder of The Boring Company, and cofounder of OpenAI and Neuralink, Musk seems to be everywhere all at once, pushing all kinds of futuristic technologies. He's said he won't be happy until we've escaped Earth and colonized Mars. Between space rockets, electric cars, solar batteries, and the billions he's made along the way, Musk is basically a real-life Tony Stark — which is why he served as an inspiration for Marvel's 2008 "Iron Man" film. But it hasn't always been smooth sailing for Musk. Here's how he went from getting bullied in school to becoming a small-time entrepreneur and eventually the CEO of two major companies that seem like they're straight out of science fiction — and how he almost went broke along the way, incited lawsuits and government scrutiny, and became one of the most controversial figures in the world of business. This is an update to an article originally published in August 2016. Katie Canales contributed to an earlier version of this story. Elon Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa. Musk's mother, Maye, is a professional dietitian and model. She has appeared on boxes of Special K cereal and the cover of Time magazine. In 2017, at the age of 69, she landed a contract with CoverGirl. Source: The New York Times After their parents divorced in 1979, the 9-year-old Musk and his younger brother, Kimbal, decided to live with their father. It wasn't until after the move was made that his notoriously troubled relationship with his dad began to emerge. "It was not a good idea," Musk said in a Rolling Stone interview about moving in with his father. In 1983, at the age of 12, Musk sold a simple game called "Blastar" to a computer magazine for $500. Musk described it as "a trivial game … but better than Flappy Bird." Source: WaitButWhy Still, Musk's school days weren't easy — he was once hospitalized after being beaten by bullies. The bullies threw Musk down a set of stairs and beat him until he blacked out. Source: "Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future" After graduating from high school, Musk moved to Canada with his mother Maye, his sister Tosca, and his brother Kimbal, and spent two years studying at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Source: Queen's University But he finished his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, earning degrees in physics and economics. While studying at the University of Pennsylvania, Musk and a classmate rented out a 10-bedroom frat house and turned it into a nightclub. The move, which Musk undertook with Adeo Ressi, was one of his first entrepreneurial experiments. Source: Vogue After graduation, Musk traveled to Stanford University to study for his PhD — but he barely started the program before leaving it. He deferred his admission after only two days in California, deciding to test his luck in the dot-com boom that was just getting underway. He never returned to finish his studies at Stanford. Source: Forbes With his brother, Kimbal, Musk launched Zip2. A cluster of Silicon Valley investors helped to fund the company, which provided city travel guides to newspapers like The New York Times and Chicago Tribune. While Zip2 got off the ground, Musk literally lived in the office and showered at a local YMCA. The hard work paid off when Compaq bought Zip2 in a deal worth $341 million in cash and stock, earning Musk $22 million. Source: Stanford Musk next started X.com, an online banking company. He launched the company in 1999 using $10 million of the money he got from the Zip2 sale. About a year later, X.com merged with Confinity, a financial startup cofounded by Peter Thiel, to form PayPal. Source: Investopedia Musk was named the CEO of the newly minted PayPal — but it wouldn't last long. In October 2000, he started a huge fight among the PayPal cofounders by pushing for them to move its servers from the free Unix operating system to Microsoft Windows. PayPal cofounder and then CTO Max Levchin pushed back, hard. Source: Fortune While Musk was en route to Australia for a much-needed vacation, PayPal's board fired him and made Thiel the new CEO. "That's the problem with vacations," Musk told Fortune years later about his ill-fated trip in late 2000. But things worked out for Musk — he made another windfall when eBay bought PayPal in late 2002. As PayPal's single biggest shareholder, he netted $165 million of the $1.5 billion price eBay paid. Source: Money Even before the PayPal sale, Musk was dreaming up his next move, including a wild plan to send mice or plants to Mars. In early 2002, Musk founded the company that would be known as Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, with $100 million of the money received from the PayPal sale. Musk's goal was to make spaceflight cheaper by a factor of 10. Another early vehicle was named after the song "Puff the Magic Dragon." The name of the spacecraft, the Dragon, was Musk's jab at skeptics who told him SpaceX would never be able to put vehicles into space. Source: Elon Musk/Twitter SpaceX's long-term goal is to make colonizing Mars affordable. Musk has said that SpaceX won't file for an initial public offering until what Musk calls the "Mars Colonial Transporter" is flying regularly. Musk has also been keeping plenty busy here on Earth, particularly with Tesla Motors. In 2004, Musk made the first of what would be $70 million of total investments in Tesla, an electric car company cofounded by veteran startup exec Martin Eberhard. Source: Wired Musk took an active product role at Tesla, helping develop its first car, the Roadster. The all-electric Roadster debuted in 2006, when Musk was serving as Tesla's chairman. He's now also its CEO. Source: Business Insider As if that wasn't enough, Musk came up with the idea for SolarCity, a solar energy company. Musk gave his cousins Peter and Lyndon Rive the working capital to get SolarCity off the ground in 2006. (In late 2016, Tesla bought SolarCity in a $2.6 billion deal.) Source: VentureBeat, Business Insider In 2007, Musk staged a boardroom coup at Tesla, first ousting Eberhard from his CEO seat and then from the company's board and executive suites entirely. In 2008, with the financial crisis seriously limiting his options, Musk personally saved Tesla from bankruptcy. Musk invested $40 million in Tesla and loaned the company $40 million more. Not coincidentally, he was named the company's CEO the same year. But between SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity, Musk nearly went broke. He describes 2008 as "the worst year of my life." Tesla kept losing money, and SpaceX was having trouble launching its Falcon 1 rocket. By 2009, Musk was living off personal loans just to survive. Source: VentureBeat Musk's personal life was in upheaval too: Musk and his wife Justine, a Canadian author, got divorced in 2008. The couple got married in 2000 — their first son, Nevada, died of SIDS at 10 weeks old (the Musks later went on to have twin and triplet boys). Musk started dating actress Talulah Riley later that year. They went on to get married in 2010, then divorced in 2012. In July 2013, they remarried. In December 2014, Musk filed for a divorce but withdrew the paperwork. In March 2016, Riley filed for divorce; that divorce was finalized in October. Source: Vanity Fair Right around Christmas 2008, Musk got two pieces of good news: SpaceX had landed a $1.5 billion contract with NASA to deliver supplies into space, and Tesla finally found more outside investors. Source: Ars Technica By June 2010, Tesla held a successful initial public offering. The company raised $226 million in the IPO, becoming the first car company to go public since Ford in 1956. To get his finances back on track, Musk sold shares worth about $15 million in the offering. Musk's extraordinary career was starting to get noticed in other circles, too, most notably in Hollywood. Robert Downey Jr.'s portrayal of Tony Stark in the "Iron Man" movies is at least partially based on Musk. Musk even had a cameo in "Iron Man 2." Source: Vox By the end of 2015, SpaceX had made 24 launches on assignments like resupplying the International Space Station, setting lots of records along the way. In 2016, the SpaceX Falcon 9 made the first successful ocean landing of a reusable orbital rocket. Source: The Verge The Falcon Heavy, the successor to the Falcon 9 and the most powerful rocket SpaceX has built to date, completed a successful maiden launch in February 2018. The Falcon Heavy carried a unique payload: a dummy dubbed "Starman," and Musk's personal cherry red Tesla Roadster, which were launched toward Martian orbit. Source: SpaceX, Business Insider Musk can't stop coming up with new ideas, either, like the Hyperloop. A super-high-speed train that travels in a vacuum tube, the Hyperloop could theoretically transport passengers from Los Angeles to San Francisco in 30 minutes. In a similar vein, Musk started another company in 2016 — The Boring Company, which has a mission to dig a network of tunnels under and around cities for high-speed, no-traffic driving. And in late 2015, Musk cofounded OpenAI, a nonprofit dedicated to researching artificial intelligence and ensuring it doesn't destroy humanity. Musk has expressed concern that the race for better AI could end up sparking a third world war. More recently, Musk announced he was stepping down from the board of OpenAI in February 2018 to avoid any potential conflicts of interest with Tesla, which has made strides into artificial intelligence for its self-driving car technology. Musk founded one more company, this one in 2017: Neuralink, which is trying to build devices that can be implanted inside the human brain. Source: The Wall Street Journal Musk started dating "Aquaman" actress Amber Heard, but the two broke up in 2017 after a year of dating. Musk later said in an interview with Rolling Stone that the breakup was very hard on him. The year was a bit rocky from a political standpoint as well. Musk joined President Trump's business advisory council, a move which caused a huge public backlash. He initially defended the move, but he quit after Trump pulled the US out of the Paris Agreement on climate change. Musk said he tried to convince Trump not to withdraw. In the spring of 2018, there was a new development in Musk's personal life — he and the musician Grimes struck up a relationship. They reportedly hit it off after they both made the same nerdy joke about artificial intelligence. Musk ran into some trouble in 2018 when he sent a tweet declaring he was considering taking Tesla private at $420 per share and had already secured funding. Just a few days later, the SEC sent Tesla subpoenas about the company's plans to go private and Musk's comments. By September, the SEC had formally filed a lawsuit against Musk, accusing him of making "false and misleading statements." Musk settled with the SEC, which resulted in both him and Tesla paying a $20 million fine and Musk agreeing to step down as chairman of Tesla's board. Additionally, Tesla was required to appoint a committee to oversee Musk's communications. In November 2019, Musk debuted a new Tesla vehicle: the Cybertruck, Tesla's first — and very highly anticipated — pickup truck. Since the unveiling, Musk has been spotted a few times cruising around in the truck, including on a night out to dinner at Nobu with Grimes. Source: Business Insider, Business Insider One month later, Musk won a victory in court when a jury ruled he was not guilty of defaming the British diver Vernon Unsworth. Unsworth had filed a defamation lawsuit in 2018 after Musk called him a "pedo guy" on Twitter. In the summer of 2018, Unsworth took part in the rescue operation of 12 boys and their soccer coach who were trapped in a cave in Thailand. Musk had offered his help with the rescue mission in the form of a "minisub," which Unsworth called a "PR stunt," leading Musk to insult him on Twitter. Grimes dropped a bombshell in January 2020 when she posted a photo of herself where she appeared pregnant. The musician later confirmed that she was expecting a baby with Musk. Musk has been outspoken about the coronavirus crisis in the US since early March, when he first tweeted that panic over the virus was "dumb." Since then, Musk has gone on to promote a malaria drug as a potential treatment for COVID-19 patients despite a lack of scientific proof, has caused confusion over his promise to deliver ventilators to hospitals, and has promoted misinformation, such as a tweet that said "kids are essentially immune" from the virus. Musk has also called US shelter-in-place orders "fascist" and has defied local lockdown orders, reopening the Tesla plant in Fremont, California. "If anyone is arrested, I ask that it only be me," Musk said in early May. (Local officials later allowed Tesla to reopen its operations.) In November, Musk tweeted his skepticism about coronavirus testing after he received two positive and two negative tests from different labs, saying: "Something extremely bogus is going on." Musk later said he likely had a moderate case of COVID-19, which prevented him from attending a recent SpaceX launch. Despite having a substantial real estate portfolio, Musk recently said that he "will own no house" and would sell almost all of his physical possessions. He has since reportedly sold two of his Bel Air homes and listed several other properties in California. On May 4, Grimes gave birth to a baby boy who the couple named X Æ A-Xii Musk, or "X Ash A-12 Musk." SpaceX has had two major milestones this year: first, in May, SpaceX partnered with NASA to complete its first launch of astronauts into space. Then, in November, SpaceX completed its first "operational" human spaceflight by sending four astronauts to the International Space Station for what's expected to be a six-month stay. Tesla has also been having a good year: It's set to join the S&P 500 in December, which has caused its stock to soar. Now, the company's market value is nearing $500 billion. Source: Markets Insider Now, thanks to Tesla's stock surging in 2020, Musk is the richest person in the world with a net worth of $187 billion. Musk's wealth has surpassed Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, and now, Jeff Bezos. Source: Bloomberg, Business Insider EU’s top court limits government spying on citizens’ mobile and internet data Facebook Let Trump Launch New Political Ads After Ban Went Into Effect U.K. Lawmakers With At-Risk Relatives Told to Attend Parliament Supreme Court Ends Democratic Lawmakers’ Anti-Corruption Lawsuit Against Trump Sanofi, Translate Bio in Vaccine Pact Worth Up to $2.3 Billion Tagged Coronavirus, COVID, COVID-19, elo Trump Commutes Prison Sentence of Long-Time Ally Roger Stone IRS retirement plan distribution repayment deadline approaching Senate’s Supreme Court Timeline Gets New Scrutiny on Virus Fears Dr.Kathleen Hicks Named Deputy Secretary Of Defense Trump to flee DC for Camp David this weekend after his supporters trashed the US Capitol in a riot colchicine indomethacin buy generic indocin online no prescription trazodone hair loss cheap clomid next day no prescription buy cheap coumadin usa no prescription diflucan yeast infection single dose abilify diabetes buy cheap premarin australia without prescription wellbutrin with dostinex where to buy generic karela best price without prescription 2017 jennikwondesigns.com	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line542
__label__wiki	0.539996	0.539996	About Liric Accountants Book-keeping and Accounting Fee Protection Payroll and pensions Wealth Management from Continuum Archive for month: June, 2020 You are here: Home1 / News2 / 20203 / June Changes to the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme – written 12 June 2020 17th June 2020 /in Covid 19 /by Liric Accountants This guidance page was updated on 12 June to include details on how the scheme will change from 1 July. The first time you will be able to make claims for days in July will be 1 July, you cannot claim for periods in July before this point. 31 July is the last day that you can submit claims for periods ending on or before 30 June. Read more below: Changes to the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg 0 0 Liric Accountants https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg Liric Accountants2020-06-17 09:24:582020-06-17 09:25:03Changes to the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme – written 12 June 2020 C19 Business News Update Today face masks become compulsory on public transport in England and the Government has outlined its recovery strategy. The Coronavirus job retention scheme rules (CJRS) are changing, and these are outlined below and other Government news. At the end of the newsletter are details of allowable expenses for home working. Please contact us if you have any queries. Stay safe! Read more below: https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg 0 0 Liric Accountants https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg Liric Accountants2020-06-17 08:11:452020-06-17 08:11:49C19 Business News Update How Different Circumstances Affect The Self Employed Grant Scheme The Self-Employment Income Support Scheme currently allows you to claim a taxable grant worth 80% of your average monthly trading profits, paid out in a single instalment covering 3 months’ worth of profits, and capped at £7,500 in total. Read more below: https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg 0 0 Liric Accountants https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg Liric Accountants2020-06-16 21:37:342020-06-16 21:37:38How Different Circumstances Affect The Self Employed Grant Scheme THE CORONAVIRUS JOB RETENTION SCHEME (CJRS) IS CHANGING! – Written 29 May 2020 3rd June 2020 /in Covid 19 /by Liric Accountants UK Chancellor Rishi Sunak outlined changes to the furlough scheme during the daily press briefing (29 May 2020). The Chancellor stated that in June and July the furlough scheme will continue as before, but employers will be asked to cover National Insurance and employer pension contributions in August. By September, businesses will pay 10% of wages for furloughed staff, and in October 20%, the UK chancellor said. This means the subsidy will taper off from August, with businesses expected to pay a greater share of their staff salaries, starting with covering National Insurance and pension contributions. From September the government will cover only 70% of salaries, to a cap of £2,190 and from October it will pay 60%, to a cap of £1,875. Employers will make up the shortfall to get salaries back to 80% of pre-Covid lockdown levels. After that, the scheme will close. Flexible Furloughing of employees From 1 July, employers can bring back to work employees that have previously been furloughed for any amount of time and any shift pattern, while still being able to claim CJRS grant for their normal hours not worked. When claiming the CJRS grant for furloughed hours employers will need to report and claim for a minimum period of a week. The scheme will close to new entrants from 30 June. From this point onwards, employers will only be able to furlough employees that they have furloughed for a full 3-week period prior to 30 June. This means that the final date by which an employer can furlough an employee for the first time will be 10 June, in order for the current 3-week furlough period to be completed by 30 June. Employers will have until 31 July to make any claims in respect of the period to 30 June. Further guidance on flexible furloughing and how employers should calculate claims will be published on 12 June. See: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/claim-for-wages-through-the-coronavirus-job-retention- scheme At this stage we do not know more details – calculating furlough for workers returning part time will, we suspect, prove to be challenging, especially if there are variable working patterns . We will provide further information and guidance as soon as it is known. Lisa and the Liric Team https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg 0 0 Liric Accountants https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg Liric Accountants2020-06-03 07:59:462020-06-03 07:59:50THE CORONAVIRUS JOB RETENTION SCHEME (CJRS) IS CHANGING! – Written 29 May 2020 SELF-EMPLOYED GET SECOND GRANT FROM GOVERNMENT – Written 29 May 2020 Chancellor Rishi Sunak has said self-employed workers across the UK will be able to access a second Grant from the government to cover lost income while the country is in lockdown. The grants paid out by the Self-Employment Income Support Scheme (SEISS) will be worth 70% of a self-employed person’s average monthly trading profits to cover three months’ worth of income. The eligibility criteria are the same for both grants, and individuals will need to confirm that their business has been adversely affected by coronavirus when applying for the second and final grant. An individual does not need to have claimed for the first grant to be eligible for the second. They will be capped at £6,570. This is the second and final time grants will be offered, the chancellor said. Applications will open in August 2020. Further information will be available on gov.uk on 12 June 2020. The scheme so far has been used by 2.6 million people and has paid out £6.8bn in claims to self-employed who have been affected by the impact of coronavirus on the economy. The Government offered the first grant to the self-employed in March, paying 80% of average monthly trading profits, capped at £7,500. Applications for the first grant will close on 13 July 2020. No announcement or Grant was made at the Daily press conference regarding Company Directors and those who became self-employed after April 2019. If you have not yet applied for your first grant and require any assistance – please contact us https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg 0 0 Liric Accountants https://liricaccountants.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/liric-accountants.jpg Liric Accountants2020-06-03 07:57:512020-06-03 07:57:56SELF-EMPLOYED GET SECOND GRANT FROM GOVERNMENT – Written 29 May 2020 © Copyright - Liric Accountants, Royston, Herts - Privacy Document and Cookie Policy	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line545
__label__cc	0.642508	0.357492	Humans \| June 28, 2019 10 Mind-Blowing Things You Didn’t Know Your Brain Can Do Thanks to years of studying the insides of people every chance we get, we have a pretty good grasp on the functions of almost all of our body parts. The brain, however, seems to get more mysterious the more we try to study it. Because of its complexity, it’s no surprise that studying it (as well as the nervous system) is a full-fledged scientific field on its own, namely neuroscience. As our scientific tools get better and we get a deeper insight into the inner workings of the most important part of the body, we realize that it’s capable of much more than we previously thought. Here are ten of the most mind-blowing things you had no idea the human brain can do. 10 Sense Earth’s Magnetic Field The ability to sense the Earth’s magnetic field has been extensively found and studied among animals. From birds to marine mammals to insects, many of them use the field to navigate, though this ability has always been assumed to be absent in human beings. After all, if we had that, why did we bother with the whole navigation thing in the past? As it turns out, we might just have it, though not to the level of other animals. In a recent study, researchers put 84 participants in a Faraday cage, which is just a fancy name for a box without any electromagnetic disturbance. They created an artificial magnetic field and gradually changed its orientation and then observed the reaction in the brain. To their surprise, there was a definite reaction in the sections of the brain that deal with sensory stimuli.[1] The participants couldn’t consciously feel anything, and the reaction was limited to changes in magnetic orientation that would be found in nature. (The brain didn’t react when the magnetic field pointed upward.) It suggests that this possible sense only works in response to the Earth’s magnetic field and isn’t an all-purpose magnetic sensor. 9 Natural Alarm Clock We all know someone who claims to have a natural alarm clock that wakes them up exactly when they need to. “I don’t need an alarm; I am an alarm,” they’d say casually, before you proceed to shut them down with research on how that’s not possible. If you actually look into it, though, you’d realize that they aren’t kidding. The natural body alarm clock is quite real and is as good—if not better—than any alarm money can buy. Provided that you have a regular sleeping schedule you stick to, as most of us who have jobs do, the inbuilt alarm clock of the body is quite effective at waking you up before the stipulated time. As per research, it works due to stress hormones released by the brain a few hours before your wake-up time.[2] They allow you to gradually wake up without being abruptly interrupted by the real alarm clock, indicating that the brain subconsciously hates alarms as much as us. You don’t need to do anything special to activate it other than sticking to a set schedule, either. This is why routine officegoers often find themselves waking up minutes before the alarm is set to go off. 8 Listen And Learn During Sleep We understand sleep as a time of partial shutdown for the brain. We certainly don’t expect the brain to have any of its regular abilities while we’re sleeping, especially the ones that allow it to encode learned information on the basis of sensory cues. Surprisingly, the brain is capable of doing exactly that, as long as it happens during the REM phase. In a study published in Nature Communications, they put 20 volunteers to sleep and played acoustic patterns at them in all stages of their sleep. They were then asked to identify the same patterns when they woke up. They found that the subjects could identify the sound patterns heard during the REM phase but didn’t recognize the ones from other, deeper phases of sleep.[3] Now, it certainly doesn’t mean that you can study for your tests while you sleep, but it disproves the previously held notion that the brain is unable to pick up new information when it’s sleeping. 7 Learn Piano With Imaginary Practice It’s common knowledge that in order to train your brain to get good at something, you have to practice it. Whether it’s learning a new language or handling romantic rejection, there are no shortcuts to grinding it out. There definitely are, though, if you’re talking about learning how to play the piano. Apparently (and bafflingly), according to science at least, simply imagining practicing the piano does the same thing to your brain as actually doing it. Take, for example, a study by Nobel laureate Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who dedicated his life to understanding the impact of mental practice on the brain. Back in 1904, he taught basic piano lessons to two groups of subjects who had no previous experience with the instrument. While one group was taught on the actual piano, the other was just told how to move their fingers and what the notes sound like. At the end of it, he found that both the groups had learned to play the sequence they were taught at a similar skill level. In the 1990s, the same study was replicated by other researchers, except with additional tools to map the changes in the brain. To their surprise, they found that the imaginary practice had the same impact on the brain as the real thing.[4] 6 Instantly (And Accurately) Judge Someone’s Character No matter how nonjudgmental we claim to be, when we meet someone for the first time, we inadvertently make a mental impression of them based on just visual cues. Do they look rich? What’s wrong with their fashion sense? Are those scars criminal in nature? While you’re busy doing that, though, the brain would have already had made a subconscious profile of the person, and a much more accurate one, too. Research shows that the brain is scarily fast at making up judgements about other people, taking about 0.1 seconds for the whole process.[5] More importantly, its judgements turn out to be right, whether it’s about their sexuality, competence at the workplace, or political affiliation. It’s when you start to think on your own and override your brain’s judgements that they turn into stereotypes that are often inaccurate. The cues that the brain notes are also impossible to fake. 5 Autopilot Mode On especially hectic workdays, we all wonder if there’s a way to put ourselves on auto mode. How awesome would it be to just zone out and let your body take over? Other than your full attention, it already has all the parts needed to complete the job. You’d be surprised to know, then, that the brain doesn’t just have an autopilot mode of its own, but it’s much better at a given task than the active part of the brain. Studies have found that once you get good at something, the brain relegates the processing of that task to a separate brain region called default mode network (DMN), which deals with subconscious processing. In one of those studies, 28 subjects were asked to play a card game that required a bit of learning and monitored their brain activity. Things went as expected at first, though when they got sufficiently good at the game, it got shifted from the active regions to the DMN. Their responses became faster and much more accurate, too.[6] It’s the reason why some tasks—like playing an instrument—are more difficult to do when you consciously think about them, though only if you know how to play that instrument (obviously). It’s not something unheard-of, as we already use that part of the brain for regular stuff like unlocking our car or tying our shoelaces. The study was the first time it had been shown to work for more complicated tasks. 4 Predict The Future The interaction between the eyes and the brain has been a topic of interest among neuroscientists for quite some time now, and not just for fun’s sake. Properly mapping out the pathways between our eyes and how the brain processes that information can help millions of people suffering from a variety of diseases. It would also give us more of an insight into how the visual processing part of the brain actually works. While there will be some time before it’s completely understood, we’ve made some key discoveries in the past few years, one of them being the brain’s ability to predict the immediate future. In a study, researchers found that because of the delay in the information from the eye to the brain, it forms its own predictions of what’s going to happen next, which get more accurate with age. It bases it on previous behavior (like the known trajectory of a ball) and does it before we can consciously figure it out.[7] So, in essence, we’re always slightly looking into the future, which helps us avoid injury or death by subconsciously predicting potentially threatening events. 3 360-Degree Awareness It has been speculated—in horror movies as well as real life—that people have a “sixth sense” when it comes to knowing if someone is watching them from behind. You’re supposed to feel uneasy, start sweating, and feel the hair on the back of your neck stand up. It’s thought of as a vestigial sense from our hunter-gatherer days, though it’s absolutely not. The actual reason it happens is that we’re perfectly able to observe all 360 degrees of our surroundings. If the eyes seem to be limited by the scope of their field of vision compared to other animals, it’s because the brain doesn’t need to be able to look behind. It has other, better means of making a full-scale 3-D model of our surroundings. Studies have found that our sense of hearing is quite accurate at detecting even the slightest shift in our surroundings, especially the parts we can’t see.[8] That, combined with our other senses, provide the brain with a largely accurate “view” of all 360 degrees of what’s around us. 2 Build Muscles Just By Thinking About Exercise It’s summer already (at least for our Northern Hemisphere readers), which means that once again, many of us were unable to get that perfect summer body we had promised ourselves when the year started. It’s largely because of the understandable reason that being fit requires you to work out, which is definitely not easy to do. Apparently, however, you can do it just by thinking about working out, at least when it comes to building muscles. In a study by researchers at Ohio University, they wrapped the wrists of 29 volunteers in surgical casts. They then asked half of them to think about focusing on exercising their wrists for 11 minutes a day, five times a week. At the end of it, they found that the half that did the imaginary exercise developed muscles twice as strong as the other half, even if they did the same amount of actual exercise—none.[9] It’s not just this study, either. Many previous studies have indicated that you can increase the physical strength of your muscles by the power of the mind alone. Can you get six-pack abs by this method, then? Well, you’ll never know until you try! 1 Falsely Convince Itself Of Having Committed A Serious Crime One of the most complex and mysterious parts of the brain is how it deals with memories. Despite decades of research and case studies, we still only have pieces of the puzzle. We don’t even know exactly which parts of the brain are responsible for storing and retrieving memories, let alone understanding how the brain processes them. A big part of that mystery is false memories: things that never happened but that you clearly remember. While we’ve known about the brain’s ability to do this for a while, that’s only the beginning of it. We’re not just talking about convincing yourself about borrowed money that never happened but serious stuff like theft or even murder. In one study, 70 percent of subjects were falsely made to believe that they committed crimes like theft or assault with weapon by basic memory-retrieval techniques in interviews.[10] Of course, there have also been cases where someone was incarcerated for a crime they confessed to despite having an alibi. We still don’t quite understand why—or even how—the brain is so good at fooling even itself. Theories suggest that it may be because of its propensity toward filling up gaps in the recollection process, even if it’s filling them with inaccurate information. You can check out Himanshu’s stuff at Cracked and Screen Rant, get in touch with him for writing gigs, or just say hello to him on Twitter. Read more mind-blowing brain facts on 10 Strange Stories About The Human Brain and 10 More Strange Stories About The Human Brain. 10 Bizarre Things You Didn't Know People Can Get Addicted To 10 Amazing Things You Didn't Know Our Body Parts Can Do 10 Things You Didn't Know About Your Favorite Bar Drinks 10 Mind-Blowing Things You Missed This Week Thanks… 10 Things You Didn't Know About The British Crown Jewels Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About The Periodic Table Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About The Berlin Wall 10 Inventors You Didn't Know Who Created Things We Use Today 10 Things You Didn't Know Plants Could Do Himanshu has written for sites like Cracked, Screen Rant, The Gamer and Forbes. He could be found shouting obscenities at strangers on Twitter, or trying his hand at amateur art on Instagram. Read More: Twitter Facebook Instagram Email 10 Things We Just Don’t Know About Language And Communication 10 Weird Things About Being Left-Handed 10 Tragic Human Panics and Stampedes Famous People Who Are Nothing Like You Imagined In Real Life 10 Compelling Laws of Science and Sociology 10 Urgent Facts About Europe’s Migrant Crisis	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line546
__label__wiki	0.915128	0.915128	Canada PM Trudeau indicates U.S. border restrictions to last a long time David Ljunggren Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau attends a news conference in Ottawa By David Ljunggren OTTAWA (Reuters) - Canada will not agree to lifting a ban on non-essential travel with the United States until the coronavirus outbreak is significantly under control around the world, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said on Tuesday. Trudeau's comments were a clear indication that the border restrictions will last well into 2021. The two neighbors agreed to the ban in March and have rolled it over on a monthly basis ever since. The ban does not affect trade. The two countries have highly integrated economies and Canada sends 75% of its goods exports to the United States every month. "Until the virus is significantly more under control everywhere around the world, we're not going to be releasing the restrictions at the border," Trudeau told the Canadian Broadcasting Corp. when asked about the issue. "We are incredibly lucky that trade in essential goods, in agricultural products, in pharmaceuticals is flowing back and forth as it always has," he said. Trudeau spoke the day after his minority Liberal government said the budget deficit would hit a historic C$381.6 billion ($294.7 billion) on COVID-19 aid and promised to spend an additional C$100 billion in stimulus. Trudeau, who relies on other parties to govern, would be toppled if the House of Commons votes against the measures but he dismissed that as unlikely. "I am reasonably confident none of the opposition parties wants an election right now," he later told reporters. The border restrictions are opposed by the travel industry, hit by a slumping number of tourists. But the premiers of Canada's major provinces say they have no interest in re-opening the border as long as cases of COVID-19 escalate in the United States. A second wave is also sweeping across Canada, where authorities are starting to re-impose restrictions on businesses and limit the size of gatherings. (Reporting by David Ljunggren; Editing by Bernadette Baum and Aurora Ellis) Netflix hit ‘The Queen’s Gambit’ spurs some Malaysian parents to teach children chess, sign them up for lessons	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line547
__label__wiki	0.946921	0.946921	China #MeToo case heads to court after 2-year delay HUIZHONG WU FILE - In this Jan. 16, 2019, file photo, screenwriter Zhou Xiaoxuan speaks during an interview with the Associated Press at her home in Beijing, China, detailing her involvement in China's #MeToo movement. A high profile case of sexual harassment in China's #MeToo movement involving a well-known Chinese state TV host will be tried in court Wednesday, Dec. 2, 2020 in Beijing after pending for more than two years. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan, File) TAIPEI, Taiwan (AP) — Zhou Xiaoxuan’s says her prestigious internship with Chinese state TV soured after a popular host forcibly kissed her. Outraged, Zhou took the previously taboo step of filing a lawsuit in 2018, joining the global #MeToo movement against sexual harassment. But the ruling Communist Party dislikes such grassroots activism and offers few ways to pursue complaints. Zhou waited two years for a hearing, while the host fought back by filing a defamation lawsuit. On Wednesday, Zhou’s case goes to trial in Beijing, highlighting the growing willingness of Chinese women to speak up about sexual harassment despite official resistance and censorship that eroded #MeToo's impact. “There are very few sexual harassment cases who have a court hearing,” Zhou said. “We hope each individual case can be a type of push forward.” The ruling party, whose late leader Mao Zedong famously declared, “women hold up half the sky,” has improved their legal and social status but is far from delivering on its promise of equality. In some areas, conditions are deteriorating: Women have disappeared from leadership roles over the past three decades. #MeToo's global spread helped to encourage activism in China. But that came at a time when President Xi Jinping’s government is tightening controls and stamping out dissent. Women who complain face censorship and official resistance. It was only in 2019 that sexual harassment was added to court regulations as grounds for a suit. Zhou accuses CCTV host Zhu Jun of groping and forcibly kissing her in 2014. She is asking for a public apology as well as 50,000 yuan ($7,600) in damages. In a series of social media posts, she said she was alone with Zhu in his dressing room for a few minutes. She said he tried to reach into her dress and drag her onto himself, and then forcibly kissed her. The posts were shared widely and reposted by many on the Chinese internet and prompted a great amount of media coverage. When Zhou filed suit in 2018, such complaints were treated as labor disputes or under other laws that didn't relate directly to sexual harassment. Zhou's was termed a “personality rights dispute.” Her lawyers have asked for it to be heard under the new legal provision that explicitly cites sexual harassment. Zhu, the CCTV host, has denied the allegations. A call to his phone wasn't answered. A person who answered at the number in public records for the law firm that represents him said the firm had moved and had no new number. Zhu has a countersuit pending against Zhou asking for damages of 650,000 yuan ($100,000). Zhou expressed hope her case will show “there are problems in the legal process.” The movement took off in 2018 in China when a college student in Beijing publicly accused her professor of sexual harassment. In a rare victory, a woman who used the alias Liu Li won a sexual harassment suit against her former boss in July. The boss, a social worker in the western city of Chengdu, was required to issue a public apology but no damages were awarded. Activists want more legislative changes and legal tools. “No matter what the result is, we feel that doing this has meaning,” Zhou said. UK finance sector revives, cuts staff, reviews office space - survey Business volumes in UK financial services grew for the first time in two years during the final quarter of 2020 when firms shed staff and remote working in the pandemic spurred reviews of office space, a survey showed on Wednesday. The latest Financial Services Survey published by employers' body CBI and compiled by consultants PwC, was completed before a third lockdown was introduced in England from January. "Unfortunately, the health and economic picture has sadly deteriorated since with restrictions tightening again," said Rain Newton-Smith, chief economist at the CBI.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line548
__label__cc	0.638736	0.361264	BGFN MAGAZINE >> Dress Code >> Fashion in the industry >> How fashion helped create Absolver’s believable fantasy world How fashion helped create Absolver’s believable fantasy world by Ivette, 26 March, 2018 There is no denying that gaming graphics have become extremely advanced in the last few years. Almost all major games today are accompanied by gorgeous visuals that will keep you glued for hours. Absolver is one such online fighter game that can be played both on a PC and a PS4. When you begin to play the game, you will be handed a mask, and that is where your journey begins. You will find that you are one among the many fighters who have to engage in combat in order to survive in this beautiful but mysterious world. Its just like one of those Casino Epoca online slots games that blends in fashion, aesthetics and a great gaming exoerexper leaving you asking for more. What would you love? Absolver is a game that will leave you stunned with the complex fighting mechanics that have been incorporated into it. You will be able to customize your character in such a way that it becomes perfect for your style of play. How did it come about? The main idea is that you can make yourself unique in the realm of Adal so that you are even more engaged in the game. Not only can you change combat styles and play around with different techniques, but you will also be able to change the outward appearance of your characters. Choose from a variety of clothing and gear options and enjoy the game to its full potential. In fact, the development studio, Sloclap collaborated with fashion designer, Damir Doma in order to create this game and its fashion choices. Sloclap wanted to ensure that players would be able to stay true to themselves in the game no matter what. The little things do matter! Developing the visual style of the game was not an easy work, and the team worked on huge mood boards to decide on the fashion and architectural themes. A Croatian designer, Damir Doma has developed a reputation for giving a post-modern twist to gorgeous fantasy garments, and that is what exactly what the Absolver team was looking for. Doma was intrigued by the mood boards that the designers were using for their architectural references. He found himself relating to this creative process and deiced to get on board. While you may not find Doma’s influence directly when playing the game, he was the one who worked on the overall theme along with the studio. He did not design any specific piece but helped prepare a document which states the characteristic fashion influences like African body art and Brutalist architecture. Doma also influenced the accessory designs and provided essential sketches. Learning from what Absolver has to offer As a gamer, you might find fashion irrelevant when you are playing Absolver. You will find yourself honing combat skills more often than not. So why the effort? What you may not realize is that a major part of involving you in the game is to create a believable environment and culture. Fashion is hence key to building the perfect ambiance. Author Ivette Tags:Absolver, online fighter game, fashion, fashion designer Ivette Ivette works in Digital Marketing at POLITIX, a leading Australian-based brand that specialises in contemporary men’s fashion clothing. POLITIX is known for their original design, expertise in fit, tailoring and ultra attention to detail. 5 Tips for Choosing the Perfect Wedding Suit	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line553
__label__wiki	0.828573	0.828573	Dairy Queen by Catherine Gilbert Murdock by Rebekka Hanson \| Feb 15, 2017 \| 0 comments by Catherine Gilbert Murdock find this in our catalog The Library Book Club meeting for this book will be Thursday, October 19, 2017, at 6:30 in the entry foyer. A limited number of book club reading copies will be available for checkout from the circulation desk about a month prior to the meeting. When you don’t talk, there’s a lot of stuff that ends up not getting said. Harsh words indeed, from Brian Nelson of all people. But, D. J. can’t help admitting, maybe he’s right. When you don’t talk, there’s a lot of stuff that ends up not getting said. Stuff like why her best friend, Amber, isn’t so friendly anymore. Or why her little brother, Curtis, never opens his mouth. Why her mom has two jobs and a big secret. Why her college-football-star brothers won’t even call home. Why her dad would go ballistic if she tried out for the high school football team herself. And why Brian is so, so out of her league. When you don’t talk, there’s a lot of stuff that ends up not getting said. Welcome to the summer that fifteen-year-old D. J. Schwenk of Red Bend, Wisconsin, learns to talk, and ends up having an awful lot of stuff to say. book 1 in the Dairy Queen series Ratings and Reviews from the Librarians Miranda rated it ★★★★1/2 and said, “A great story about cultivating relationships, making your own decisions, and growing up.” Bekka rated it ★★★★ and said, “I really enjoyed this book! D.J. is a strong, compelling character and I thoroughly liked her! She’s got a very sweet aspect about her, and I could empathize with her insecurities and self-image. The plot was great and had some nice twists. I’m not really a football fan, but Murdock’s writing is so great that I found myself anxious with anticipation at the outcome of the big game. I also enjoyed all the passages about the training regime and how much effort D.J. and Brian put into their workouts. The romance was quite realistic, and much more enjoyable than many YA books I’ve read. This is a great read that would appeal to both teens and adults alike!” Patty rated it ★★★★ Library Book Club Selections sportsromancefictionYA Jim Thorpe by Joseph Bruchac by Rebekah Layton \| Jun 27, 2016 \| 0 comments Jim Thorpe: Original All-American by Joseph Bruchac Jim Thorpe was one of the greatest athletes who ever lived. He played professional football, Major League Baseball, and won Olympic gold medals in track & field. But his life wasn’t an easy one. Born on the Sac and Fox Reservation in 1887, he encountered much family tragedy, and was sent as a young boy to various Indian boarding schools—strict, cold institutions that didn’t allow their students to hold on to their Native American languages and traditions. Jim ran away from school many times, until he found his calling at Pennsylvania’s Carlisle Indian School. There, the now-legendary coach Pop Warner recognized Jim’s athletic excellence and welcomed him onto the football and track teams.Focusing on Jim Thorpe’s years at Carlisle, this book brings his early athletic career—and especially his college football days—to life, while also dispelling some myths about him and movingly depicting the Native American experience at the turn of the twentieth century. This is a book for history buffs as well as sports fans—an illuminating and lively read about a truly great American. Exercise Your Mind: Athletes footballsportsbiographynon-fiction The Boys in the Boat by Daniel James Brown The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics by Daniel James Brown For readers of Laura Hillenbrand’s Seabiscuit and Unbroken, the dramatic story of the American rowing team that stunned the world at Hitler’s 1936 Berlin Olympics. Daniel James Brown’s robust book tells the story of the University of Washington’s 1936 eight-oar crew and their epic quest for an Olympic gold medal, a team that transformed the sport and grabbed the attention of millions of Americans. The sons of loggers, shipyard workers, and farmers, the boys defeated elite rivals first from eastern and British universities and finally the German crew rowing for Adolf Hitler in the Olympic games in Berlin, 1936. The emotional heart of the story lies with one rower, Joe Rantz, a teenager without family or prospects, who rows not for glory, but to regain his shattered self-regard and to find a place he can call home. The crew is assembled by an enigmatic coach and mentored by a visionary, eccentric British boat builder, but it is their trust in each other that makes them a victorious team. They remind the country of what can be done when everyone quite literally pulls together—a perfect melding of commitment, determination, and optimism. Drawing on the boys’ own diaries and journals, their photos and memories of a once-in-a-lifetime shared dream, The Boys in the Boat is an irresistible story about beating the odds and finding hope in the most desperate of times—the improbable, intimate story of nine working-class boys from the American west who, in the depths of the Great Depression, showed the world what true grit really meant. It will appeal to readers of Erik Larson, Timothy Egan, James Bradley, and David Halberstam’s The Amateurs. World War IIOlympicssportsbiographynon-fiction Rick Hansen by Rick Hansen and Jim Taylor Rick Hansen: Man in Motion by Rick Hansen & Jim Taylor The true story of Rick Hansen’s journey around the world in a wheelchair powered by nothing but the strength in his arms and the determination in his heart. He was an athlete facing a challenge and hoping that along the way he could raise awareness of the potential of people with disabilities, and raise money to fund spinal cord research, rehabilitation and awareness. If someone had told him that, two years later, he’d be a national hero and a symbol of hope for people everywhere, he’d have laughed. As it turned out, they underestimated… A motivational account of the success of Rick’s Man in Motion World Tour, the value of leadership, teamwork, and the strength of human spirit. sportsmemoirnon-fiction Terry by Douglas Coupland Terry: Terry Fox and His Marathon of Hope by Douglas Coupland In 1980, Terry Fox set out to run across Canada to raise money for cancer research—despite having lost one leg to the disease. His goal was to raise $1 from every Canadian to help find a cure, and some combination of passion, idealism, and sheer guts led to the impossible notion that he would do this on one good leg and a prosthesis. Beginning in Newfoundland on April 12, 1980, he ran 26 miles each day for 143 consecutive days. But on September 1, the return of his cancer forced him to stop in Thunder Bay, Ontario. He died ten months later, but by then his dream had been realized: over $24 million had been collected in his name. Created to help celebrate the 25th anniversary of his journey, this biography combines over 80 new photographs from a previously unknown family collection with a very personal episodic narrative. The result brings a magic moment in Canadian history, and the young man who inspired it, freshly alive. sportsbiographynon-fiction Wonder Girl by Don Van Natta, Jr. Wonder Girl: The Magnificent Sporting Life of Babe Didrikson Zaharias by Don Van Natta, Jr. This is the extraordinary story of a nearly forgotten American superstar athlete. Texas girl Babe Didrikson never tried a sport too tough and never met a hurdle too high. Despite attempts to keep women from competing, Babe achieved All-American status in basketball and won gold medals in track and field at the 1932 Olympics. Then Babe attempted to conquer golf. One of the founders of the LPGA, Babe won more consecutive tournaments than any golfer in history. At the height of her fame, she was diagnosed with cancer. Babe would then take her most daring step of all: go public and try to win again with the hope of inspiring the world. A rollicking saga, stretching across the first half of the 20th century, Wonder Girl is as fresh, heartfelt, and graceful as Babe herself. Olympicsbasketballgolfsportsbiographynon-fiction Assisted by John Stockton Assisted: An Autobiography by John Stockton, with Kerry L. Pickett A fast, gritty, durable player who could read a basketball floor as well as anyone who ever played the game, John Stockton left the NBA after nineteen seasons with the Utah Jazz, holding a massive assist record, including the career mark (15,806). He also twice led the league in steals—with a career total of 3,265—and retired as the NBA’s all-time leader. And during Stockton’s career, the Jazz never missed the playoffs. Coach Frank Layden said, “Nobody thought that he was going to be this good. Nobody. But the thing was, nobody measured his heart.” John’s autobiography, Assisted, pulls back the curtain on his very personal life to show fans a thoughtful recounting of the people, places, and events that have connected with John along his path of extraordinary success. This book clearly illustrates the importance of his family, his faith, and his unparalleled competitive spirit. basketballsportsmemoirnon-fiction Great Time Coming by David Falkner Great Time Coming: The Life of Jackie Robinson from Baseball to Birmingham by David Falker Jackie Robinson’s extraordinary courage, his unflappable dignity, and his astonishing feats on the field as the first African-American to play on a major league team made him not only a great sports legend but a genuine American hero. In this comprehensive, moving portrait, David Falkner explores in detail the lifelong influences on Robinson, the pressures he had to bear, and the contributions he made to the cause of integration. From Robinson’s famous battle with the army over segregation to his rigidly maintained restraint in the face of ugly prejudice and life-threatening hostility from baseball fans and players alike, to his post-baseball efforts to help African-Americans establish an economic base within mainstream America, Falkner illuminates Robinson’s inner strengths and his determination to make a lasting difference in American society. baseballsportsbiographynon-fiction Sandy Koufax by Jane Leavy Sandy Koufax: A Lefty's Legacy by Jane Leavy The instant New York Times bestseller about the baseball legend and famously reclusive Dodgers’ pitcher Sandy Koufax, from award-winning former Washington Post sportswriter Jane Leavy. Sandy Koufax reveals, for the first time, what drove the three-time Cy Young award winner to the pinnacle of baseball and then—just as quickly—into self-imposed exile. Basic ESL	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line554
__label__wiki	0.652352	0.652352	ctpp-news August 2008 ----- 2021 ----- January 2021 ----- 2020 ----- December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 February 2020 January 2020 ----- 2019 ----- December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 ----- 2018 ----- December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 ----- 2017 ----- December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 ----- 2016 ----- December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 ----- 2015 ----- December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 ----- 2014 ----- December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 April 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 ----- 2013 ----- December 2013 November 2013 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 ----- 2012 ----- December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 ----- 2011 ----- December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 ----- 2010 ----- December 2010 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010 ----- 2009 ----- December 2009 November 2009 October 2009 September 2009 August 2009 July 2009 June 2009 May 2009 April 2009 March 2009 February 2009 January 2009 ----- 2008 ----- December 2008 November 2008 October 2008 September 2008 August 2008 July 2008 June 2008 May 2008 April 2008 March 2008 February 2008 January 2008 ----- 2007 ----- December 2007 November 2007 October 2007 September 2007 August 2007 July 2007 June 2007 May 2007 April 2007 March 2007 February 2007 January 2007 ----- 2006 ----- December 2006 November 2006 October 2006 September 2006 August 2006 July 2006 June 2006 May 2006 April 2006 March 2006 February 2006 January 2006 ----- 2005 ----- December 2005 November 2005 October 2005 September 2005 August 2005 July 2005 June 2005 May 2005 April 2005 March 2005 February 2005 January 2005 ----- 2004 ----- December 2004 November 2004 October 2004 September 2004 August 2004 July 2004 June 2004 May 2004 April 2004 March 2004 February 2004 January 2004 ----- 2003 ----- December 2003 November 2003 October 2003 September 2003 August 2003 July 2003 June 2003 May 2003 April 2003 March 2003 February 2003 January 2003 ----- 2002 ----- December 2002 November 2002 October 2002 September 2002 August 2002 July 2002 June 2002 May 2002 April 2002 March 2002 February 2002 January 2002 ----- 2001 ----- December 2001 November 2001 October 2001 September 2001 August 2001 July 2001 June 2001 May 2001 April 2001 March 2001 February 2001 January 2001 ----- 2000 ----- December 2000 November 2000 October 2000 September 2000 August 2000 July 2000 June 2000 May 2000 April 2000 March 2000 February 2000 January 2000 ----- 1999 ----- December 1999 November 1999 October 1999 September 1999 August 1999 July 1999 June 1999 May 1999 April 1999 March 1999 February 1999 January 1999 ----- 1998 ----- December 1998 November 1998 October 1998 September 1998 August 1998 July 1998 June 1998 May 1998 April 1998 Michael D Brienzo is out of the office. by MBrienzo＠ci.lincoln.ne.us I will be out of the office starting 08/21/2008 and will not return until 08/25/2008. I will respond to your message when I return. Diana Portillo is out of the office. by Diana Portillo I will be out of the office starting 08/20/2008 and will not return until 08/25/2008. American Community Survey Release Schedule by Ed Christopher If you are not aware of the ACS release schedule... -------- Original Message -------- Subject: [acs-alert] American Community Survey Alert, Number 57 Date: Wed, 20 Aug 2008 08:26:48 -0400 From: cheryl.v.chambers(a)census.gov To: acs-alert(a)lists.census.gov American Community Survey Alert, Number 57 (released August 20, 2008) News in this Alert * A New Look for the ACS Website ** A Look Ahead â The First 2007 ACS Data ____________________________________________________________ * A New Look for the ACS Website The Census Bureau today released the first of several planned changes to the ACS Website. The redesign, implemented in part as a response to numerous requests from data users and stakeholders, includes a streamlined main page where information is logically grouped allowing users to find what they are seeking more quickly and efficiently. A 2007 ACS Data Release page will feature the full 2007 ACS data release schedule and offer clearly-marked sections directing users to data products and guidance on making comparisons, information on using the 2007 data, and what's new for 2007. Users should find it easier to navigate the ACS Website and to locate and access the information they need. The updated Website may be viewed at: http://www.census.gov/acs. ____________________________________________________________ ** A Look Ahead--The First 2007 ACS Data The Census Bureau will release income, poverty, and earnings data from the 2007 ACS, in conjunction with the Census Bureau's annual release of income, poverty, and health insurance data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey on August 26, 2008. The second release of 2007 ACS data will occur on September 23. The first set of three-year estimates for data collected between 2005 and 2007 will be released in December. These include the first ACS estimates for areas with populations between 20,000 and 64,999. ____________________________________________________________ acs-alert mailing list acs-alert(a)lists.census.gov http://lists.census.gov/mailman/listinfo/acs-alert	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line557
__label__wiki	0.959032	0.959032	Thelonious Bernard Drama > Melodrama Action > Action Thriller Thriller > Paranoid Thriller Thriller > Action Thriller The Andromeda Strain (1971) directed by Robert Wise featuring Arthur Hill, David Wayne, James Olson, Kate Reid, Paula Kelly A Little Romance (1979) directed by George Roy Hill featuring Laurence Olivier, Arthur Hill, Sally Kellerman, Diane Lane, Thelonious Bernard directed by Richard Lester featuring Julie Christie, George C. Scott, Richard Chamberlain, Arthur Hill, Shirley Knight One Magic Christmas (1985) directed by Phillip Borsos featuring Mary Steenburgen, Gary Basaraba, Harry Dean Stanton, Arthur Hill, Elisabeth Harnois directed by Jack Smight featuring Paul Newman, Lauren Bacall, Julie Harris, Arthur Hill, Janet Leigh The Killer Elite (1975) directed by Sam Peckinpah featuring James Caan, Robert Duvall, Arthur Hill, Bo Hopkins, Mako The Ugly American (1963) directed by George Englund featuring Marlon Brando, Eiji Okada, Sandra Church, Arthur Hill, Pat Hingle Futureworld (1976) directed by Richard T. Heffron featuring Peter Fonda, Blythe Danner, Arthur Hill, Yul Brynner, Jim Antonio The Champ (1979) directed by Franco Zeffirelli featuring Jon Voight, Faye Dunaway, Rick Schroder, Jack Warden, Arthur Hill, Strother Martin Making Love (1982) directed by Arthur Hiller featuring Michael Ontkean, Kate Jackson, Harry Hamlin, Wendy Hiller, Arthur Hill Used CD, 2000 The Chairman (1969) directed by J. Lee Thompson featuring Gregory Peck, Anne Heywood, Arthur Hill, Alan Dobie, Conrad Yama The Ordeal of Dr. Mudd (1980) directed by Paul Wendkos featuring Dennis Weaver, Susan Sullivan, Arthur Hill, Richard A. Dysart, Nigel Davenport In the Cool of the Day (1963) featuring Peter Finch, Jane Fonda, Angela Lansbury, Constance Cummings, Arthur Hill The Amateur (1982) directed by Charles Jarrott featuring John Savage, Christopher Plummer, Marthe Keller, Arthur Hill, Ed Lauter Intimate Agony (1983) featuring Anthony Geary, Robert Vaughn, Penny Fuller, Mark Harmon, Arthur Hill Revenge of the Stepford Wives (1980) directed by Robert Fuest featuring Mason Adams, Sharon Gless, Arthur Hill, Don Johnson, Julie Kavner The Ghost Train (1941) directed by Walter Forde featuring Arthur Askey, Morland Graham, Kathleen Harrison, Peter Murray Hill, Raymond Huntley 23 1/2 Hours Leave (1937) directed by John G. Blystone featuring James Ellison, Terry Walker, Morgan Hill, Arthur Lake, Paul Harvey Sharon Gless Sandra Church	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line564
__label__wiki	0.833681	0.833681	Comedy > Action Comedy Action > Action Comedy Comedy > Sports Comedy Action > Chase Movie Comedy Drama > Ensemble Film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) directed by Quentin Tarantino featuring Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt, Burt Reynolds, Al Pacino, Nicholas Hammond directed by John Boorman featuring Jon Voight, Burt Reynolds, Ned Beatty, Ronny Cox, Bill McKinney directed by Hal Needham featuring Burt Reynolds, Jackie Gleason, Sally Field, Dom DeLuise, Jerry Reed The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982) directed by Colin Higgins featuring Burt Reynolds, Dolly Parton, Dom DeLuise, Charles Durning, Jim Nabors Boogie Nights (1997) directed by Paul Thomas Anderson featuring Mark Wahlberg, Burt Reynolds, Julianne Moore, John C. Reilly, Don Cheadle, Heather Graham, Philip Seymour Hoffman, William H. Macy Smokey and the Bandit (1977) featuring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jerry Reed, Jackie Gleason, Mike Henry All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989) directed by Dan Kuenster, Don Bluth, Gary Goldman featuring Burt Reynolds, Judith Barsi, Dom DeLuise, Vic Tayback, Charles Nelson Reilly, Melba Moore, Loni Anderson directed by Robert Aldrich featuring Burt Reynolds, Eddie Albert, Pervis Atkins, Malcolm Atterbury, Michael D. Ford directed by Jay Roach featuring Russell Crowe, Hank Azaria, Mary McCormack, Burt Reynolds, Colm Meaney, Lolita Davidovich, Maury Chaykin, Ron Eldard directed by Peter Segal featuring Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Burt Reynolds, Nelly, James Cromwell Hooper (1978) featuring Burt Reynolds, Jan-Michael Vincent, Sally Field, Brian Keith, John Marley Cop and a Half (1993) directed by Henry Winkler featuring Burt Reynolds, Norman D. Golden II, Ruby Dee, Holland Taylor, Ray Sharkey Broken Bridges (2006) directed by Steven Goldman featuring Toby Keith, Kelly Preston, Lindsey Haun, Burt Reynolds, Tess Harper The Cannonball Run (1981) featuring Burt Reynolds, Roger Moore, Farrah Fawcett, Dom DeLuise, Dean Martin The Dukes of Hazzard (2005) directed by Jay Chandrasekhar featuring Johnny Knoxville, Seann William Scott, Jessica Simpson, Burt Reynolds, Joe Don Baker, Lynda Carter, Willie Nelson Gator (1976) directed by Burt Reynolds featuring Burt Reynolds, Jack Weston, Lauren Hutton, Jerry Reed, Alice Ghostley Striptease (1996) directed by Andrew Bergman featuring Demi Moore, Armand Assante, Ving Rhames, Robert Patrick, Burt Reynolds directed by Richard Benjamin featuring Clint Eastwood, Burt Reynolds, Jane Alexander, Madeline Kahn, Rip Torn directed by Renny Harlin featuring Sylvester Stallone, Burt Reynolds, Kip Pardue, Stacy Edwards, Til Schweiger Gunsmoke: Season 08 (1962) Bean (1997) directed by Mel Smith featuring Rowan Atkinson, Peter MacNicol, Pamela Reed, Harris Yulin, Burt Reynolds Cannonball Run II (1984) featuring Burt Reynolds, Dom DeLuise, Shirley MacLaine, Marilu Henner, Dean Martin White Lightning (1973) directed by Joseph Sargent featuring Burt Reynolds, Jennifer Billingsley, Ned Beatty, Bo Hopkins, Matt Clark, Louise Latham, Diane Ladd The Legend of Frosty the Snowman (2005) Semi-Tough (1977) directed by Michael Ritchie featuring Burt Reynolds, Kris Kristofferson, Jill Clayburgh, Robert Preston, Bert Convy Page 1 of 4: 1 2 3 4 Next> Vic Tayback	cc/2021-04/en_head_0025.json.gz/line565

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