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__label__wiki	0.611546	0.611546	Duplicate Despatches from the Governor to the Secretary of State Date Range: Series 1851 - ? 1856 1851 - 1856 Governor (including Lieutenant Governor 1851-1855 and Governor's Office) VA 466 1982 - cont Department of the Premier and Cabinet VA 1039 This series consists of unbound duplicate copies of despatches forming the official channel of communication from the Governor of Victoria to the British Secretary of State responsible for the administration of the Colonial Office. The original despatch was sent to London, whilst bound handwritten copies of the despatches in this series for the period covered are found in VPRS 1084 Despatches from the Governor to the Secretary of State. It is unclear why this series was created as a duplicate copy of each despatch was sent to London on a separate vessel as a security measure. The value of this series lies in the fact that the individual despatches usually contain copies of any enclosures sent which were generally not included in VPRS 1084. Despatches are generally bound in bundles arranged in despatch number order. This number can be obtained from VPRS 1083, Register of Despatches from the Governor to the Secretary of State. The range of despatches in the series is 1851/1 - 1856/65 A despatch dated 18 July 1850 from the Superintendent to the Secretary of State has been bound in the front of the volume. 1851 - 1856 Register of Despatches from the Governor to the Secretary of State VPRS 1083 P0000 1851 - 1856 Open 11	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line9
__label__wiki	0.617589	0.617589	· Ayu's Official Site · Ayu's twitter · Ayu's YouTube · masa's translations · Misa-chan's translations · Ayumi Hamasaki Sekai > Ayumi Hamasaki Forums > Ayu Music News (miss)understood interview from TeamAyu magazine translation READ THIS BEFORE YOU POST ANY PICTURES Hotlinks and plagiarism Forum Downtime 2017 AHS on Social Media Read this before posting any news truehappiness ANGEL'S SONG H-Initiate Location: Anaheim, California Translated by remove-mom over at the AHS Discord! Here we took a look back on 2005 and spoke about the coming year of 2006, and, of course, we asked about the new album "(miss)understood," to be released on January 1. Q: Firstly, we'd like to ask you to reflect on your 2005... ayu: Even before I went to the Asia Song Festival in Korea in November 2004, I was already looking ahead to the upcoming MY STORY tour and taking auditions for new dancers. I performed to the Asia Song Festival with new dancers, old dancers and the same band members as always. After that, we went full steam ahead into the Countdown Live, and then began rehearsals for the MY STORY tour soon after the year began... That's why, strictly speaking, in my own mind the years of 2004 and 2005 are connected to one another, and 2004 itself continued up until the MY STORY tour. Q: I see. You certainly would feel that way. ayu: If I look back on it, I certainly do, but I think my dancers and all the staff concerned would share that feeling. I think it was amazing how everybody was able to maintain their focus throughout that period. That's also why I had such an enormous sense of fulfillment and accomplishment regarding the MY STORY tour. Q: The reception to that tour certainly was favorable. ayu: But after running through everything at such a high speed, right after it was all over, I was overcome by a feeling of emptiness. That's why 2005 felt like it began in June for me, soon after the tour was over, when I went to Hawaii for the shooting of "fairyland." Q: So Hawaii was the starting point of your efforts to dispel that feeling of emptiness. ayu: Yeah. Oh, speaking of, the setlist for the Kouhaku Uta Gassen (hereafter Kouhaku) has already been announced, hasn't it? Q: That's right. It was revealed just the other day. ayu: This will be my first time performing something other than a ballad at Kouhaku since I first appeared there with "Boys & Girls." Everybody is probably surprised by my unexpectedly picking "fairyland" when it's a summer song, right? There were probably a lot of people who thought I'd go with a staple ballad like "HEAVEN" or "Pride" given that it's my last appearance on TV (on a music program) for the year. But I didn't think "HEAVEN" was the right choice for bringing this year of 2005 to a close, personally. Q: You can add one more person to those who were surprised... (bitter smile) ayu: The thought of singing "fairyland" at Kouhaku is really fun and fresh to me! Because it's the first time I can appear with my dancers at Kouhaku thanks to it being an uptempo track. Additionally -- and this applies to everything, not just my music -- I'm always thinking of how to do things differently to how I've done them up until now, but in this case there was also the factor of my having worked in consultation with the NHK staff for both the set and the production, for which we kept the PV in mind, so I feel a little bit like my wish has been granted. Q: It sounds like your eagerness to perform "fairyland" at Kouhaku is the kind of thing that may have a profound impact on the Ayu of the future... ayu: I think so, too. Because "fairyland" is the song I started 2005 with, in my own way. That's why I also wanted to come full circle and end 2005 with the same song. Q: Your single "Bold & Delicious / Pride" came out in November 2005 to decidedly mixed reception, didn't it? In all honesty, did that not make you feel a little uneasy? ayu: I didn't feel any uneasiness or hesitation about it when I started working on it and I don't feel any now. Everything I do I have my own reasons for doing, and there's always a basis for it in my own mind when I go ahead with something. To be a bit more specific, this kind of song was something I'd always wanted to do, but I had certain constraints upon me that stopped me from doing so, and I also felt afraid to and lacked the necessary self-confidence. Now, however, I'm in a position where I feel like it's possible, and the environment around me is one that permits me to go ahead with it. The result of those two things put together is something that holds its own meaning -- that result being "Bold & Delicious / Pride" -- and I believe that will be connected to what I continue to do heading forward, as well. Q: You went to New York to shoot the single "Bold & Delicious / Pride." This is addressed in the PV Report on pages 8-9 as well, but at that time, things felt quite different to the way they'd felt up until then. The method for shooting and the way you went about things -- to give a more concrete example, the staff you were working with were all foreigners... ayu: I genuinely had so much fun! Of course I place a lot of trust in the staff that I normally always work with, and there are things that I wouldn't feel comfortable doing anything with anybody else, but I really feel that as I worked with other people for the first time (the foreigner staff in New York), they were revealing new aspects of myself that I didn't even know about. Q: So there were things you were unaware of while you were working in your normal environment as normal but that you came to understand better through working with the staff over in New York. Of course that's something you would've experienced behind the scenes, but given how different the imagery and the videos are to what we're used to, I can't help but feel like that change is something that is conveyed through the songs as well. This might be a difficult question to answer, but what is New York to you? ayu: New York to me... is a place that really stirs up excitement within me. I was living there before my debut, and at that time it was an important place where I learned a great many things, and my most recent visit there was when I was shooting the jacket for my 5th album "RAINBOW," but at that time I really wasn't fond of it in the least... At that time I didn't really understand what I was doing, and yet I feel like I was dashing forward single-mindedly. I couldn't really make anything out, let alone the road ahead of me, and yet I was running... So considering those feelings, I really didn't enjoy New York at that time. In fact, after that, I was avoiding it for a long while. But now, I feel like if I go there, I might understand things. I might become aware of them, and I might even discover something new. It's not that I'm going out of my way to "return to where it all began" as such, but perhaps I just wanted to experience something for myself in going there after those years away from it. Q: I see! In any event, let's move on to your new album. First of all, let's start with the reason behind "(miss)understood"... ayu: When I was thinking of a title for the album, I thought it would be good to choose one that held a variety of meanings within itself. So when I was looking into different words, "understand" (= rikaisuru (TN: rikai = "understanding")) and "misunderstood" (= gokai (TN: gokai = "misunderstanding")) stood out to me... My first impression of those words and the impact they had on me were quite strong. But at first I was hesitant and I wondered if it would really be okay to go with that, and right up until the deadline I was looking into alternatives and considering other titles, but there wasn't anything that I felt was better. Looking back on it, you could say I'd already decided on "(miss)understood" from the very beginning, subconsciously. Q: I want to ask you about the two different jackets as well. You're covering your face on the CD+DVD version, and on the CD-only version you're giving us a smile. ayu: With the CD+DVD cover I thought "this is the one!" and decided upon it the day ater shooting. Even though you can only see my eyes. (laughs) But you can tell that it's Ayu! So I really like that. Also, (for the pictures) I thought it would be good to go with a natural appearance, a look that didn't feel like it'd been set up specifically for the purpose of a photoshoot. The pictures came out spontaneously, from moments where I was just chatting with somebody else. And the CD photo isn't me smiling because I'm having my picture taken, but rather a natural smile that happened when I was just laughing, and I thought that was better. I was in the middle of laughing and the picture was taken with a "click" and all. That picture, as well as the CD+DVD one where I'm covering my face, are pictures the likes of which I haven't really had taken. But you know, I don't really like the way I look when I'm smiling naturally. The picture of myself that I have in my mind is one where I'm expressionless. That's just how I see myself. An image where I'm smiling doesn't really come to mind easily... So I think that going out of my way to use these kinds of photos is quite a bold move for me. Q: So your mental approach has changed -- evolved, even? Or perhaps Ayumi Hamasaki herself has changed? I'm sure there are various meanings and intentions that you had in mind with them, but when I saw the two jackets, the first thing I thought of was the difference between a straight pitch and a curveball. By the way, I wrote this on the Team Ayu homepage's Message Corner as well, but I think smiling really suits you. There are images of you smiling in the web-only CM on the Team Ayu official homepage. ayu: I hope everyone will see that. Q: Yes. Whatever way you look at it, this is a kind of first attempt of yours. I'm really looking forward to hearing what kinds of impressions people say they get from it. And the other day you wrote on the homepage, "what kind of thing did you see in this album? Light? Darkness? Or something else?" ayu: Of course, I see both of those things as the one who made the album, but forward-facing listeners might see the light side of the album, and others still may feel a kind of darkness exuding from it... which one do people feel? Or maybe there are people who feel both of those things as well. Q: There are quite a few songs with considerably deep lyrics, too. The titular track "(miss)understood", "criminal" and "Pride", for instance. ayu: That's right. The lyrics of the songs toward the middle of the album are quite... (laughs) But that's my area of expertise, so... Q: Lastly, I want to ask you a question that I saw in the Message Corner. What is being said in the background of "Ladies Night"? ayu: Well... how should I put this (laughs). It's not necessarily that what's being said in the background has any significant meaning. You could say that we were just playing around with words. I just went with what I liked the sound of. It seems like there were a lot of questions similar to this! I've gotten a lot of them in person as well. Q: Indeed. That's why I wanted to make sure I asked you about it as well! Now, just one more thing. I want to ask you what you hope for from 2006, but I get the feeling that if I do you'll tell me that you're not wishing for anything in particular. (laughs) So I'll ask you what you want to do in 2006 instead. ayu: I've been saying I want to go surfing, but my staff wouldn't let me because they say it's too dangerous, so... (bitter smile) Hmmm... I wouldn't mind going in a private trip around the world. Also... I want to see my own lives from the perspective of the audience! Q: Those two things seem like they'd be quite difficult to make a reality... ayu: The trip around the world is something I'd do by plane, not by boat! I mean, ships are quite scary... (laughs) If you start sinking, you have nothing but the ocean around you, so... Q: Huh!? But isn't a plane crash just as scary given that you're high up in the sky and all...? (laughs) Well, what about in terms of your work?: ayu: I want to visit the rest of Asia (for work). Because I haven't really done so recently. And I'd really love to perform live in front of the people of Asia! Some very interesting insights about the B&D/Pride single along with the reasoning behind the covers/booklet! I’m no longer scared of anything and that’s the only thing that really scares me Old Ayu PV set thread \| Revamped PV set thread \| Other sigs by me @ AyuDynasty Old making of photos of Ayu \| GUILTY PB scans AT07 GIF wall \| AT05 GIF wall \| Love songs scans (USB edition) 7days Special Blu-ray scans \| A STAFF BLOGS \| A TWITTERS Last edited by truehappiness; 23rd October 2020 at 07:13 AM. Find all posts by truehappiness Deep snow Daybreak Initiate thank you so much for this truehappiness and remove-mom! the interview sounds like a conversation between friends. I love the insight it reveals from ayu's worldview—some of which are the things I'd always wondered about Bold & Delicious and (miss)understood. I'm glad that she was unfazed with the "decidedly mixed reaction" to Bold & Delicious. she sounds like a person resolute about finally getting to do what they like, no matter what people say, and I admire that. also, the (miss)understood album photos! I remember when they came up a lot of people (including myself) remarked how 'awkward' her smile looks on the CD-only jacket—turns out she was in the middle of laughing! I really disliked the booklet photos when I first saw them, but then I saw that they were "candid" photos taken by mikajohn throughout her stay in New York. considering how much fun she was having re-visiting the town, it was no wonder she liked these pictures so much that they deserved to be on the booklet! I love reading this so much. thank you again. Find all posts by Deep snow 23rd October 2020, 03:21 PM Evolution7/4 Endless sorrow Initiate ^She wanted to show off her fresh veneers too ! Loving these interviews thank you!! I really liked the part about NYC since I live here and have watched it change. I can relate to how one has a love and hate relationship with it. Find all posts by Evolution7/4 DavidChaiLatte YOU Initiate I'm always thinking of how to do things differently to how I've done them up until now Wish she kept up with that mentality esp after 2010 Find all posts by DavidChaiLatte Yoake Sky high Protector Thank you for this translation. It's very interesting to plunge back in the past and read her mind at that time. Find all posts by Yoake (miss)understood, teamayu, translation -- Rain -- air -- AHS Disturbed -- AHS Vizion -- A World Is One -- radius -- AHS retro -- rose -- 1825 -- DDR -- kono omoi -- VISEE -- Child of Peace -- RAINBOW -- Mobile Alabama -- Ayumi Hamasaki Sekai vBulletin 3 Style Contact Us - Ayumi Hamasaki Sekai - Top	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line13
__label__wiki	0.915985	0.915985	Kingfisher Airlines NEWS -- Part 7 Goto page Previous 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Posted: Tue Mar 15, 2016 4:29 pm Post subject: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-set-to-auction-vijay-mallyas-personal-airbus-jet-other-aircraft/articleshow/51401928.cms Government set to auction Vijay Mallya's personal Airbus jet, other aircraft It's not just the banks, the government is getting set to auction off Vijay Mallya's assets — including his personal Airbus ACJ 319 — as it looks to recover service tax dues of Rs 812 crore, which includes penalties and interest. Government set to auction Vijay Mallya's personal Airbus jet, other aircraft Apart from the Airbus corporate jet, the government wants to sell five smaller ATRs and three helicopters belonging to Mallya's Kingfisher Airlines (KFA), which owes banks more than Rs 9,000 crore and stopped flying in 2012. The aircraft have been attached by the service tax department. "We are going ahead with the auction," said a senior Central Board of Excise & Customs ( CBEC) official. The reserve price for the aircraft will be set by MSTC Ltd, a government company that has expertise in auctions. The PSU will auction the personal jet on May 15-16, said the official. Authorities don't see any hindrance to such a plan as Mallya's personal jet was on lease and no entity has approached the authorities or the courts regarding the plane. A standard Airbus A319 has a list price of nearly Rs 600 crore. Of the total Rs 812 crore, Rs 32 crore is tax that was collected from passengers but not deposited with the government. The tax department had sought Mallya's arrest last year but was rebuffed by a Mumbai metropolitan magistrate on the execution of a personal recognisance bond of Rs 50 lakh. The tax department had argued that Mallya could leave the country and not return to face trial and had asked the court to direct him to surrender his passport. In his February 16, 2015, order, the magistrate directed Mallya to present himself in court when required. The department challenged the order in the Bombay High Court soon after. With the plea pending for a year, the department filed a fresh miscellaneous case on March 2 seeking a direction to secure Mallya's presence. The case will now be heard on March 28. In addition, the company faces a separate case related to service tax dues. http://www.livemint.com/Companies/3Dmw6PPg2FqWmWLcuUEXsN/Airbus-to-reduce-orders-placed-by-Kingfisher-Airlines-from-i.html Airbus to reduce orders placed by Kingfisher Airlines from its book Airplane manufacturer Airbus SAS on Thursday said it will continue to reduce aircraft orders placed by Vijay Mallya-promoted Kingfisher Airlines Ltd, which has not flown since 2012. Airbus executives said Mallya’s Kingfisher Airlines had ordered five Airbus A380, the largest civilian airplane ever built, and 10 A350 planes. Joost Van dee Heijden, vice-president, marketing Asia and customer affairs at Airbus SAS, said the company is continuing to reduce its orders from the order book list. He said the current 70% of the market share of Airbus is excluding Kingfisher Airlines’ orders. He did not disclose details about other orders, including Airbus A330s and Airbus A320s. However, the website of Airbus still features the name of Kingfisher Airlines along with its then low-fare subsidiary Kingfisher Red. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Banks-put-Kingfisher-Airlines-brands-on-the-block-for-Rs-366cr/articleshow/51609081.cms Banks put Kingfisher Airlines brands on the block for Rs 366cr Lenders to Kingfisher Airlines (KFA) have put on the block the trademarks of the airline, including the famous flying bird logo which was adopted from the UB Group's iconic beer brand. The reserve price for the trademarks, which will be auctioned on April 30, has been fixed at Rs 366 crore. The trademarks include the tag lines 'Fly the Good Times', 'Funliner' and 'Fly Kingfisher' in addition to the brand name and the logo, which have been separately copyrighted by Kingfisher. sri_bom Posted: Wed Mar 30, 2016 1:27 pm Post subject: Kingfisher Airlines founder Vijay Mallya reportedly approached lenders through one of his companies seeking a settlement by paying INR20 billion (USD302 million) (financialexpress.com, 30-Mar-2016). This is a fraction of the INR70 billion (USD1.1 billion) owed to creditors with the consortium of lenders led by State Bank of India (SBI) turning down the offer due to the shortfall in amount. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/only-aviation-companies-can-fly-with-kingfisher-logo-warns-united-breweries/articleshow/51639288.cms Only aviation companies can fly with Kingfisher logo, warns United Breweries United Breweries has said the Kingfisher logo that belonged to Kingfisher Airlines can only be used for aviation and warned of legal challenges if it is used in other categories. In the first official comment on the issue after the banks' decision to auction the logo, United Breweries, the maker of Kingfisher and Kalyani Black Label beers, said a buyer will be able to use the logo only to set up another airline and for nothing else. Using the logo for any other purpose will be legally challenged by UB since it holds exclusive rights to the brand, the company warned. "We are not expecting any bids at the auction, but we have to follow the process," said a banker on the condition of anonymity. "If we don't put these intangible assets on the block there will be pressure from the Central Bureau of Investigation and Central Vigilance Commission alleging that we didn't do our fullest to recover dues." http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/vijay-mallyas-airbus-auction-kingfisher-bad-loans-debt/ Vijay Mallya’s luxury Airbus A319 being auctioned to recover dues The service tax department is set to auction defunct Kingfisher Airlines chairman Vijay Mallya’s luxury Airbus A319 to recover part of dues of over Rs 800 crore. The department hopes to raise Rs 150 crore from the auction. Over a dozen monogrammed towels and napkins bearing the initials of Vijay Mallya, a copy of Ambani & Sons by Hamish McDonald and DVDs of over 100 films curated by Mallya himself will be sold along with the aircraft on May 12. The service tax department, which seized the Airbus A319 in December 2013, has appointed Air India as technical consultant for sale of the aircraft. Air India has also been entrusted the task of cleaning the aircraft before potential buyers begin physical inspection. Sources said the department will not remove personal belongings of Mallya, including a framed photograph of his family, from the aircraft. “Everything that was inside the aircraft when it was seized like framed paintings of deities, bar accessories, some of the finest wine and whisky glasses, toiletries and electronic goods will be handed over to its new owner after the auction. It is on ‘as is where is, as is what is, whatever there is and no complaint’ basis,” sources said. The aircraft is owned by C J Leasing (Cayman) Ltd and was given on lease to Kingfisher. Last year, the Bombay High Court observed there was no legal trouble in auction of the aircraft which is on financial lease. Proceeds of the sale will be deposited with the High Court. Other than Mallya’s jet, five ATR aircraft and two helicopters have been confiscated by the service tax department. After the department published an advertisement on March 24 for the sale of the Airbus, several foreign and Indian companies have shown interest, sources said. United Breweries (UB) said the Kingfisher logo that belonged to Kingfisher Airlines can only be used for aviation and warned of legal challenges if it is used in other categories (Economic Times, 31-Mar-2016). UB said using the logo for any other purpose will be legally challenged by UB since it holds exclusive rights to the brand. This marks the company's first official comment on the issue after the decision to auction the logo as part of efforts to recover dues owed to creditor banks. sri_bom wrote: Thus ensuring that nobody in his/her right mind will ever want to acquire the logo. Do you even read before you post ? The same article is posted one post above yours ! Posted: Tue May 03, 2016 8:03 am Post subject: http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/7-kingfisher-aircraft-still-at-airport/article8549170.ece Seven aircraft of Kingfisher idle at Chennai airport Four years after the scheduled operations of Kingfisher came to an end and the Air Operator Permit had lapsed, seven aircraft of the airline remain at the Chennai airport. Airport director Deepak Shastri said, “The dues of Kingfisher so far with Chennai airport alone is about Rs. 10 crore. But we cannot take a decision on what can be done with the aircraft here, to recover the dues. The headquarters in New Delhi only can take a decision.” The dues include payment for various facilities over the years including parking, landing and usage of hanger charges, sources said. But the dues of Kingfisher to Airports Authority of India (AAI) for availing various facilities stand at Rs. 294.57 crore, including interest. Sources with AAI said that of the seven aircraft, three belonged to Kingfisher and the remaining four were leased from private companies. The four leased aircraft were deregistered by the respective companies with the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), sources added. “But the companies are yet to take possession of them since there some issues are involved,” a source said. Three years ago, the Ministry for Civil Aviation announced its decision to withdraw the International Bilateral Traffic Rights given to the airline between 2008 and 2011. When the airline started operations in Chennai way back in 2008, it used to operate 60 flights a day from the city. But in 2012 itself, the operations came down to 45 before the operations stopped completely. Posted: Thu May 12, 2016 7:16 am Post subject: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Auction-of-Mallyas-private-jet-deferred-to-June-29-30/articleshow/52226097.cms Auction of Mallya's private jet deferred to June 29-30 Service Tax Department has deferred the auction of liquor baron Vijay Mallya's private jet to recover Rs 535-crore dues to June 29-30, after just one potential bidder showed interest, an official said. The auction was earlier scheduled for May 12-13. The Department, which had invited the bidders globally for the auction to get maximum sale price in its attempt to recover dues of Rs 535 crore from Mallya-promoted Kingfisher Airlines (KFA), got only one bidder. However, even this sole bidder didn't deposit Rs 1 crore earnest money with Metal Scrap Trade Corporation (MSTC), a Government enterprise which is acting as auctioneer, within the scheduled time, and hence the auction will not be held on the scheduled date and fresh date has been decided by MSTC. "We got only one registration request from the Netherlands Government for participating in the bidding of the plane as of May 10. However, as per the norms, the bidder has to deposit an earnest money amounting to Rs 1 crore and the Netherlands Government had not deposited the earnest money with reason unknown to us," a Service Tax Department Official told today. "Therefore, we informed the Bombay High Court (which had allowed the auction on the Department's plea) about the position and the court has given the department the liberty to adjust the date for auction," he said, adding "the department discussed the matter with Air India Engineering who are the technical consultants for the auction and MSTC and finally we decided to hold the auction of the plane on June 29-30." Posted: Wed Jun 22, 2016 4:20 pm Post subject: https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-to-auction-off-vijay-mallyas-acj319-426578/ India to auction off Vijay Mallya’s ACJ319 India’s tax authorities will auction off an Airbus Corporate Jets ACJ319 aircraft previously used by Vijay Mallya, the former chairman of defunct Kingfisher Airlines. The auction will open on Wednesday 29 June and close on Thursday 30 June, according to Indian government auction website MSTC. The aircraft bears registration number VT-VJM and the manufacturer’s serial number 2650. Flightglobal’s Fleets Analyzer database shows that it owned by Caymen Islands firm CJ Leasing. Posted: Sun Jul 03, 2016 7:41 pm Post subject: The A319ACJ is being qouted too high...at this rate it will never get picked up. http://www.huewire.com/headlines/indian/vijay-mallyas-personal-jet-on-auction-only-bidder-offers-rs-1-crore/182933/ Vijay Mallya's Personal Jet On Auction, Only Bidder Offers Rs 1 Crore Vijay Mallya’s personal jet went up for auction for a second time today, in an attempt to recover over Rs 9,000 crore that Mr Mallya owes banks in loan defaults for his now defunct Kingfisher Airlines. The reserve price was set at Rs 152 crore and an earnest deposit of Rs 1 crore was mandated to take part in the auction. But to the authorities’ surprise, the private jet of Mr Mallya, who is known for his lavish lifestyle, could only attract one potential buyer, and a single bid of Rs 1.09 crore. “The company has offered a paltry Rs 1.09 crore against our reserve price of Rs 152 crore. Since the bid was much less than our reserve price, we rejected the offer,” a Service Tax Department official told Press Trust of India. The official said the department may go in for another round of bidding involving domestic aviation companies alone, or lower the reserve price, depending on what the government chooses to do. http://www.livemint.com/Companies/ybVfqvbtfCm97vFoEx9fPJ/Kingfisher-Airlines-books-go-missing.html Kingfisher Airlines books go missing The investigation into an alleged fraud at the now defunct Kingfisher Airlines Ltd has run into an unlikely hurdle: the airline’s books of accounts have vanished. Executives of the grounded airline have informed officials of the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) that a vendor had carted away the computers and servers that stored the financial accounts of the airline for non-payment of dues. The airline claims that it has no backup of the files, two SFIO officials said, requesting anonymity. SFIO, which works under the ministry of corporate affairs, is seeking details from former employees of the airline, lenders and audit firms about loans taken out by Kingfisher Airlines and the collateral for these. “It was rather strange when the top management representatives of Kingfisher Airlines informed us that the airline has lost its books and accounts as vendors pulled out the system which had the accounts. The airline executives claimed that they never had a backup,” said one of the SFIO officials cited above. The second official said the investigation has been delayed owing to the disappearance of the books of accounts. “However, we are seeking details from lenders and all financial institutions involved with Kingfisher Airlines. We are going ahead with questioning the top officials,” he added. Posted: Mon Jul 18, 2016 4:10 pm Post subject: Amazing....How its so easy to cover the track of any huge scam which involves influential elements Posted: Tue Sep 27, 2016 8:59 pm Post subject: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kingfisher-airbus-kingfisher-airline-buyer-backs-out-auction/1/774503.html Kingfisher airbus to be auctioned again after buyer backs out SGI Commex claimed to have bought airbus A319-133 at a price of Rs 27.39 crore ($ 4.1 million), which was nearly one-sixth of the reserve price. An aircraft of embattled Kingfisher Airlines is slatted for a re-auction as the bidder SGI Commex informed the Bombay High Court on Monday that they want to withdraw their bid. The auction of the jet was challenged by the Mumbai airport, who claimed an unpaid amount of airport fees. As per an order passed on August 22, SGI Commex will have to pay an additional amount under taxes, hangar charges and the cost of equipment to be installed to make the aircraft air-worthy. Justice SC Dharmadhikari was hearing a plea filed by the service tax department, challenging a 2014 decision of the debt recovery tribunal that had waived off dues worth Rs 18 crore of the Kingfisher Airlines. Last week, court had observed that Mallya "Couldn't have come up with a better name than 'Kingfisher' for his entity, for just like the bird can fly with no boundaries to prevent it, he flew away." Service Tax Department had informed the court that it wished to recall the auction as the highest bidder who bid for the airbus had bid only "81 per cent of its total cost". Its likely that the aircraft will undergo rebidding to recover dues. Additional Solicitor General Anil Singh said that both the Union government and the Service Tax Department were committed to selling the airbus and only needed to work out some modalities. SGI Commex claimed to have both airbus A319-133 at a price of Rs 27.39 crore ($ 4.1 million), which was nearly one-sixth of the reserve price. On June 30, the department had conducted an e-auction for the airbus advertising it as "designed exclusively for exotic and luxurious use" but recalled it after the highest bidder at the time offered just Rs 1 crore. In August this year, it conducted a second auction saying that it had set the reserve price of the airbus at Rs 152 crore. That's when SGI Commex bought it at a much lower price. When the aircraft is under custody of the Mumbai airport, shouldn't they have the first right to auction it to reclaim their dues? Why is the Service Tax dept auctioning it? Who decides who gets to auction? Posted: Wed Sep 28, 2016 12:09 pm Post subject: First right is always with the taxation authority. Clear your tax payments, only after that other payments including salaries of employees, rent etc. can be made. http://www.indialivetoday.com/tribunal-tells-airbus-to-deposit-rs-192-crore-in-kingfisher/47902.html Tribunal tells Airbus to deposit Rs 192 crore in Kingfisher The Debt Recovery Tribunal on Tuesday ordered global aerospace major Airbus Industries to deposit Rs 192.5 crore with it in eight weeks towards pre-delivery payment a consortium of banks made for purchase of aircraft by defunct Kingfisher Airlines of tycoon Vijay Mallya. Tribunal presiding officer K. Srinivasan passed the order on an amended petition the consortium filed to recover the payment made for the aircraft on behalf of the airline over a decade ago. The consortium includes state-run Oriental Bank of Commerce, Corporation Bank and United Bank of India. Though Airbus and Kingfisher signed the purchase deal in 2005, the aircraft were not delivered even till the debt-ridden airline was grounded in October 2012. When Airbus failed to repay, the consortium made budget carriers Indigo and GoAir a party to the case under “garnishment” and sought a direction to them to deposit the money with the tribunal instead of paying the former (Airbus) with which they also placed orders to buy its aircraft. Garnishment is a legal process where payment towards a debt owned by an individual or a firm can be paid by a third party, which holds money or asset that is due to the individual or firm directly to the creditor. A court or tribunal order of garnishment allows a creditor (consortium) to take the property of a debtor (Kingfisher) when it does not possess the asset (aircraft). The low-cost airlines rejected the consortium’s plea, as making them party to the debt recovery case would affect their business operations. Airbus too objected to such an arrangement (garnishee order) as it was not a party to the case and neither a borrower or defaulter. Consortium counsel, however, contended that the tribunal had jurisdictional powers to adjudicate the case, as the agreement was signed in India between banks, Kingfisher and Airbus, and the aircraft were to be delivered in India. Agreeing with the counsel’s view, the tribunal on September 27 directed the consortium to amend its petition in the garnishee proceedings for making Airbus deposit any amount it receives from an Indian carrier for purchasing aircraft with it. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/karnataka-hc-orders-winding-up-of-kingfisher-airlines/articleshow/55502763.cms Paving way for liquidation, Karnataka HC orders winding up of Kingfisher Airlines The Karnataka High Court on Friday ordered winding up of bankrupt businessman Vijay Mallya's defunct carrier Kingfisher Airlines, paving way for an official liquidator to take charge of assets and books. Justice Vineet Kothari passed the order on a day when a lawyer representing the airline withdrew from the case, claiming that he had received no instructions from his client to appear on behalf of the airline, said two people who were present at the hearing. The court was ruling on the winding-up petition filed by Aerotron, a UK-based aircraft component supplier and one of Kingfisher's many creditors. Kingfisher, controlled by the flamboyant Mallya, now in London, owes more than $1 billion to Indian banks and several hundred crores to airports and tax authorities. "The petition was filed by Aerotron in 2012 and we had filed our objections then. The court took note of the objections and passed its order (for winding up)," said SV Rajesh, the lawyer representing Kingfisher. The airline owed Aerotron about $5 million, he added. Emails sent to a spokesperson for Kingfisher Airlines and Aerotron's London office didn't elicit a response. Recently, the State Bank of India wrote off Rs 7,000 crore in loans, including that of Mallya-promoted Kingfisher Airlines. The Union finance minister had to clarify later that this wasn't a loan waiver, that banks are determined to recover loans from errant borrowers and that the liability on the borrowers still remains. http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-after-two-failed-attempts-service-tax-dept-to-auction-vijay-mallya-s-luxury-jet-again-2277441 After two failed attempts, Service Tax dept to auction Vijay Mallya's luxury jet again In its bid to recover around Rs 535 crore due from beleaguered businessman Vijay Mallya, the Service Tax Department is looking at having more participation when it re-auctions his luxury personal jet on November 28-29. The e-auction will be carried out by MSTC, the department said, adding it had roped in a professional valuer for revaluation of the aircraft following a recent Bombay High Court order to do so at a reduced reserve price. The department had initially fixed a reserve price of Rs 152 crore but could not find a buyer following which the HC had ordered to review the price. But the department official refused to share the quantum of price reduction saying doing so would hamper sale prospects. This will be the third time that the department is going for e-auction of the plane as it failed both the times in the past. "We are trying to get potential buyers globally and we have got the forthcoming auction advertised in international journals in our bid to have more participation," a department official told PTI. "We are in touch with all the parties who have shown interest in the aircraft in the past and we hope they will participate in the sale process this time as well on November 28-29," he said. The highest bid received by the department at the second auction held in August was a measly Rs 27 crore against the reserve price of Rs 152 crore which was offered by a domestic firm SGI Commex. At the first auction held in June, only one bidder--a UAE-based aviation support firm Alna Aero Distributional Finance Holdings--had participated and had made an offer of Rs 1.09 crore for the jet. The department has got conducted borescope, which is a technical analysis of the plane, by Air India Engineering. "We have got borescope of the aircraft conducted by Air India Engineering," he said. http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/30/mallyas-lavish-corporate-jet-airbus-319-aircraft-has-no-takers-now-put-on-auction-for-the-third-t-1565046.html Mallya's lavish corporate jet, Airbus 319 aircraft has no takers, now put on auction for the third time After two unsuccessful attempts to auction debt-ridden liquor baron Vijay Mallya’s personal aircraft Airbus A319-133 CJ, the Service Tax Department on Monday issued online bids for the sale of the corporate jet yet again to recover dues of Rs 800 crore from the defunct Kingfisher Airlines. Ganesh Yadav, a senior official with the state-run MSTC Limited, which is conducting the e-auction for the sale of the aircraft said they have not been able to get potential buyers and so they have put the aircraft for re-auction for the third time. “The global online e-auction for the aircraft will be held on March 15 and 16. We will conclude it only if we get a good deal,” the official explained adding that they are yet to take a call on auctioning off five ATR aircraft and two helicopters of KFA that were also confiscated by the Service Tax Department in December 2013. According to airlines sources, the Mallya's lavish corporate jet aircraft is worth over 550 crore but the government has been able to get a little over 100 crore through previous global auction. "Clearly nobody wants to ride on a horse, whose owner has not serviced and taken care of it well over the years," said an industry official. Other than Mallya’s jet, five ATR aircraft and two helicopters of the defunct Kingfisher Airlines have been confiscated by the Service Tax Department in December 2013.These planes are currently at Mumbai International Airport. The Service Tax Department, which seized the Airbus A319 (of the defunct Kingfisher Airlines) in December 2013, had appointed Air India as a technical consultant for the sale of the aircraft. Kingfisher Airlines was grounded in October 2012. The prospective bidders will have to submit interest-free pre-Bid Earnest Money Deposit (EMD or the initial amount to be deposited before participating in the bidding is Rs one crore for all bidders is Rs 1 crore. The previous bidding on the same was conducted on November 28-29 by MSTC, the selling agent of the Service Tax Department. The aircraft is owned by C J Leasing (Cayman) Ltd and was given on lease to the now defunct Kingfisher Airlines. In 2013, the Bombay High Court observed there was no legal trouble in an auction of the aircraft which is on the financial lease. Proceeds of the sale will be deposited with the High Court. Additionally, besides auctioning of KFA aircraft, banks too have begun the process of recovery of Rs 9,000 crore from Vijay Mallya. Other than Mallya’s jet, five ATR aircraft and two helicopters of the defunct Kingfisher Airlines have been confiscated by the Service Tax Department in December 2013. These planes are currently at Mumbai International Airport. Those ATRs are certainly not at BOM. They're at MAA, AFAIK. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/vijay-mallya-blames-pratt-whitney-engines-for-collapse-of-kingfisher-airlines/articleshow/57446475.cms Vijay Mallya blames Pratt & Whitney engines for collapse of Kingfisher Airlines Loans defaulter and fugitive Vijay Mallya today blamed "faulty" Pratt & Whitney (PW) engines for the collapse of his Kingfisher Airlines business. Mallya also said on Twitter that he's sued a company called IAE, which is a PW Group Company, for compensation towards "defective" aircraft engines supplied to Kingfisher Airlines. "Not surprised at DGCA enquiry into Pratt & Whitney aircraft engines. Kingfisher Airlines sadly collapsed also due to faulty engines. We have sued IAE a Pratt & Whitney Group Company for compensation towards defective aircraft engines supplied to Kingfisher Airlines." The former liquor baron's comment came two days after it was revealed that India's aviation regulator is investigating Pratt & Whitney engines in A320 NEO planes. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) on Tuesday ordered a detailed examination of the engines after planes installed with them continually developed snags. These engines have been plagued with issues like slow engine start-up times and erroneous engine software messages. Posted: Tue Mar 21, 2017 10:32 am Post subject: http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/for-the-fourth-time-no-takers-for-vijay-mallyas-personal-jet/articleshow/57743657.cms For the fourth time, no takers for Vijay Mallya's personal jet For the fourth time, the Service Tax Department has failed to find a buyer for the personal jet of Vijay Mallya. This is despite the fact that it cut the reserve price to $12.5 million from the earlier $22.5 million on the Bombay High Court’s direction in a related case. The department had invited global bids for selling off Mallya’s jet, grounded at the Mumbai airport, for recovery of its dues. The latest bidding was conducted by MSTC on March 15-16, a senior official of the department said, adding it failed despite reduction of reserve price to $12.5 million. The only bidder who participated was the US-based Aviation Solution LLP which quoted just Rs 17 crore ($2.65 million), the official said. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/clear-aircraft-not-auctioned-from-airport-hc/articleshow/62701164.cms Clear aircraft not auctioned from airport: HC With efforts to auction an Airbus 319 owned by Kingfisher Airlines failing to find buyers for the fourth time, Bombay high court on Monday said the aircraft, parked at the airport here, should be removed at the earliest. "The aircraft has been occupying space at the airport for five years. If it is not airworthy, remove it immediately from the airport," said a division bench of Justices Satyaranjan Dharmadhikari and Bharati Dangre. The official liquidator of the Karnataka high court is in-charge of the assets and records of the airline. The aircraft was seized by sales tax department over dues of Rs 1,000 crore, liable to be paid by the airline, owned by businessman Vijay Mallya. The aircraft price had been reduced from $22.5 million to $12.5 million at the auctions. Airport authorities had informed the HC that the aircraft's value had depreciated and it must be sold as scrap. Posted: Sat Jun 30, 2018 8:13 am Post subject: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mallya-jet-finally-auctioned-bought-by-us-firm-for-rs-35cr/articleshow/64801221.cms Mallya jet finally auctioned, bought by US firm for Rs 35cr Vijay Mallya’s luxury jet, which bears his initials ‘VT-VJM’ in its registration number, finally found a buyer on Friday. . After at least three failed auctions and protracted legal procedures, the Airbus A319-133C VT-VJM MSN 2650 was auctioned by the official liquidator attached to the Karnataka high court in Bengaluru. The US-based Aviation Management Sales, LLC, emerged the highest bidder as the auction was closed for the bid price of Rs 34.8 crore ($5.05 million). The highest bid is subject to the approval of the Bombay high court. The bid is higher than the ones received at the previous e-auctions conducted by the service tax department. The bid opened at $1.9 million. The auction was held to recover dues and penalties owed to the service tax department by Mallya’s Kingfisher Airlines (now in liquidation). “The grounded corporate jet is a sort of a prize catch as its customised interiors are unmatched in luxury. While its current list price would be approximately around $100 million with a standard specification, it was sold at dirt cheap price due to its grounded condition. It was not in airworthy condition as it has been grounded for nearly five years,” said a person privy to the development. Posted: Thu Mar 07, 2019 4:24 am Post subject: https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/vijay-mallyas-jet-being-dismantled-at-ai-hangar/articleshow/68295466.cms Vijay Mallya’s jet being dismantled at AI hangar Vijay Mallya’s private jet, Airbus A 319 (VT – VJM), which was auctioned to US-based Aviation Management Sales (AMS), is being dismantled at the Air India hangar for the past few weeks as making it fly-worthy had become difficult. After Kingfisher Airlines was grounded, the Service Tax Department had seized the aircraft. The AMS, which won the bid for the seized aircraft for Rs 34 crore in June last year, was unable to take possession of the aircraft because of bureaucratic hurdles. Three previous bids had filed to attract any buyers. Under the bidding conditions, the aircraft had to be removed from the airport premises within 60 days, said sources in the aviation industry. On February 13, the aircraft was towed from the Lima apron along the Kalina Kurla road to the Air India hangar. Air India’s regional director (West) Mukesh Bhatia told Mumbai Mirror, “This aircraft can’t be made fly-worthy. It is being dismantled in our workshop. The process of dismantling is on and it will take some time.” Sources said that AMS requested Air India to dismantle the aircraft and send them the parts. The plane was attached by the service tax department in December 2013. It was only after the airport authorities moved the Bombay High Court that the service tax department was forced to auction the jet. The Mumbai International Airport Limited told the court that it was facing a loss as the jet was parked permanently and was resulting in non-productive use of its space. The Registrar of Companies was appointed as the official liquidator of all the assets of Kingfisher Airlines by the Karnataka High Court in 2014. The permission of the official liquidator appointed by the High Court of Karnataka was granted for disposing of the aircraft in 2016. Official sources in the liquidator’s office told Mirror, “The auction process was completed eight months ago and the purchasers were given a deadline to move the aircraft. The plane was not in flying condition. It was left to the purchasers to take it away in any manner that was fit. It was moved out of the parking space around 15 days ago.” Dee Garay, chief financial officer of AMS did not comment on the issue. The official liquidator and the MIAL spokesperson also did not comment. The Fissure-King's original private jet, N727VJ, seems to have relatively outlived his Hawker & ACJ; as seen at Kingman Airport, Arizona on 11 March 2019. Posted: Mon Apr 20, 2020 9:26 pm Post subject: Vijay Mallya loses appeals against extradition from Britain https://finance.yahoo.com/news/indian-tycoon-mallya-loses-appeals-105153205.html Vijay Mallya loses appeals against extradition from Britain ......Mallya may now be able to appeal to Britain's Supreme Court if his legal team argue there is a matter of law that needs to be clarified. Posted: Wed Apr 22, 2020 12:28 pm Post subject: Re: Vijay Mallya loses appeals against extradition from Brit He is never going to get extradited. When the GoI has not been able to bring back much smaller fry, fat chance they will have with Mallya. VJM will continue enjoying his 'good times' in his London mansion.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line14
__label__wiki	0.828644	0.828644	Tag: 2009 Calgary-Glenmore by-election What if Paul Hinman had lost the 2009 by-election in Calgary-Glenmore? 1 Comment on What if Paul Hinman had lost the 2009 by-election in Calgary-Glenmore? Former Wildrose Alliance Party leader Paul Hinman is expected to maybe become interim leader of the new separatist Wildrose Independence Party. Former Wildrose Alliance Party leader Paul Hinman staged an odd and brief reappearance on Alberta’s political stage this week when he announced his plans to run for the leadership of the United Conservative Party. But when the Sept. 12, 2017 deadline for candidates to deposit a $57,500 fee had passed, Hinman did not appear to make the cut. Hinman’s blip on the political radar this week got me thinking about the bigger role he has played in shaking up Alberta’s political environment. Not as a major player but as a secondary character. His time as leader and sole MLA representing the social conservative Alberta Alliance and Wildrose Alliance from 2004 to 2009 was fairly unremarkable, but it was the role he played after he resigned as leader that had a much bigger impact in our province’s political history. After he was defeated in his bid for re-election in Cardston-Taber-Warner in 2008, Hinman was returned to the Legislature by a 278-vote narrow victory in a September 2009 by-election in Calgary-Glenmore. The seat was previously represented by deputy premier Ron Stevens and was believed to be a Progressive Conservative urban stronghold. Even though he would again be unsuccessful in his bid to get re-elected in the following general election, Hinman’s win undoubtably added to the momentum of Danielle Smith‘s Wildrose Alliance going into the 2012 election. But what would have happened if Hinman had lost that by-election race in Calgary-Glenmore? Hinman’s by-election win provided early credibility for the Wildrose Alliance by showing that the party could elect candidates in long-held PC Party constituencies. Without this by-election win, the Wildrose Alliance’s momentum could have stalled or slowed going into the 2012 election. Liberal candidate Avalon Roberts finished only 278 votes behind Hinman. Had she won the by-election, David Swann might have stayed on as party leader instead of resigning in 2011. A win in Glenmore might have led the Liberals to experience a resurgence in support going into the 2012 election, building on the party’s 2008 gains in Calgary. Or maybe the PCs would have simply won back the constituency in the following general election, as they did in 2012. Popular city councillor Diane Colley-Urquhart placed third as the PC candidate in the by-election, which was not really a reflection of voters feelings towards her but of the unpopularity of then-premier Ed Stelmach in Calgary. If Colley-Urquhart had held on to Glenmore for the PCs, would PC MLAs Heather Forsyth and Rob Anderson have crossed the floor to the Wildrose Party in January 2010? And an even larger ‘what-if’ question is, if Hinman had not won the by-election and his party’s momentum had sputtered, would Stelmach have resisted pressure from his cabinet and party to resign in 2011? Would he still be premier today? While Hinman’s narrow win in a 2009 by-election is now an obscure footnote in Alberta’s political history, its impact on our province’s political environment and the split it helped create in the conservative movement in Alberta was huge. Thinking about these kinds of scenarios can be endless fun for politicos (or at least for me). Tags 2009 Calgary-Glenmore by-election, Alberta Alliance, Avalon Roberts, Calgary-Glenmore, Danielle Smith, David Swann, Diane Colley-Urquhart, Ed Stelmach, Heather Forsyth, Paul Hinman, Rob Anderson, Ron Stevens, United Conservative Party, Wildrose Alliance Party Can the Alberta NDP win in Calgary? 4 Comments on Can the Alberta NDP win in Calgary? Edmonton-Strathcona MLA Rachel Notley To describe it as a long-shot is polite, but two Edmonton MLAs running for the leadership of Alberta’s New Democratic Party say that growing support in Calgary is critical. Edmonton-Strathcona MLA Rachel Notley launched her campaign for her party’s leadership at Niko’s Bistro in Kensington this week. And Edmonton-Calder MLA David Eggen described Alberta’s largest city as ‘unploughed ground’ for the NDP. Edmonton-Calder MLA David Eggen At her Calgary launch, Ms. Notley was introduced by former alderman Bob Hawkesworth, one of the last New Democrats to be elected under that party’s banner in Calgary. Mr. Hawkesworth was elected along with fellow New Democrat Barry Pashak in the 1986 and 1989 elections. Both men were defeated in the 1993 election, along with every other NDP candidate in the province. The NDP has regained support in Edmonton, earning 21% in the last provincial election, but it has never recovered in Calgary. In the past two provincial elections the NDP earned less than 5% of the total vote in Calgary. Although the provincial NDP earned 19,942 votes (4%) in Calgary in the 2012 provincial election, the Orange Wave in the 2011 federal election helped that party collect an impressive 51,652 votes in cowtown. A handful of popular Liberal MLAs – like David Swann, Kent Hehr, and formerly Harry Chase – have successfully held the progressive (non-PC Party) banner in that city for the past three elections. But a decline in Liberal Party support may open an opportunity for a resurgent NDP looking for gains in Calgary, if the NDP actually work for it. Back in 2009, I was a freelance writer covering the annual NDP convention. While most delegates were caught up debating constitutional resolutions in a dingy and windowless conference room in downtown Edmonton, the Calgary-Glenmore by-election was heating up. When I asked an NDP organizer why they hadn’t hired a bus to shuttle the 150 delegates down south for a day to help their candidate (a move that would have been a strong show of support), the individual replied that they were sure the party had it under control. Come election day, Wildrose candidate Paul Hinman narrowly defeated Liberal Avalon Roberts, with Tory Diane Colley-Urquhart placing third and the NDP candidate placed a distant fourth with an insignificant 1.3% of the vote. Any viable opposition party in Alberta needs to be competitive in the province’s largest city. Even if they are only competitive in a few constituencies, the NDP need to have a presence in Calgary before they can claim to be a true provincial opposition. NDP could make gains in Lethbridge This week the NDP nominated researcher Shannon Phillips as their candidate in Lethbridge-West. The NDP hope that with some hard work Ms. Phillips can build on her 2012 results, when she boosted her party’s support to 29%, up from 10% in the 2008 election. Those 2012 results placed Ms. Phillips ahead of the Wildrose candidate and just over 1,000 votes behind PC MLA Greg Weadick. A Rural Target? Last month, the NDP sought to hire a field organizer based in the Athabasca-Sturgeon-Redwater riding, which is currently represented by controversial Education minister Jeff Johnson. While the area northeast of Edmonton has not been a hotbed of traditional support, NDP candidate and potential leadership candidate Mandy Melnyk earned 13.7% of the vote in the last election, the NDP’s best result in rural Alberta. Tags 2009 Calgary-Glenmore by-election, 2014 Alberta NDP Leadership Race, Athabasca-Sturgeon-Redwater, Avalon Roberts, Barry Pashak, Bob Hawkesworth, Calgary, David Eggen, David Swann, Diane Colley-Urquhart, Edmonton-Calder, Edmonton-Strathcona, Greg Weadick, Harry Chase, Kent Hehr, Lethbridge-West, Mandy Melnyk, Orange Wave, Paul Hinman, Rachel Notley, Shannon Phillips	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line17
__label__wiki	0.706923	0.706923	The Forgotten History of Inoculation in Current Affairs, History Gavin Weightman— The huge international effort to develop an effective vaccine against the coronavirus suggests that it is only with the development of modern medicine that an antidote could be found for a deadly virus. Yet the concept of immunization is hundreds, if not thousands, of years old. And its discovery had absolutely nothing to do with medical expertise: it was a folk procedure derived from common experience. Disease itself—smallpox—provided the clue to protecting against infection. It was a terrible affliction, which covered the victim’s body in burning pustules, killing and maiming. But smallpox had one redeeming feature: if you survived an attack you were sure to be immune for life. This suggested that if there was a way to get a mild attack, it would provide protection when the next epidemic struck without endangering your life. In China, dried scabs of smallpox pustules were sniffed like snuff to induce immunity. More commonly the infection was injected into the arm of a child or adult who was brave enough to try inoculation or “engrafting,” as it was known in Turkey and some other parts of the world. In England, the medical profession knew about engrafting in the early 18th century as it had been described in papers sent to the Royal Society in London and published in its Philosophical Transactions. It had been observed mostly in Turkey where elderly Greek women equipped only with a rusty needle appeared to have great success immunizing children against smallpox. Their “vaccine” was the smallpox infection itself. This was collected from the pustules of the already infected and preserved in walnut shells. Engrafting involved nothing more than pricking the skin of the child, in the arm or leg or both, and rubbing in the infection. If smallpox “took,” as it invariably did, the patient developed symptoms of the disease that were mostly mild and after two weeks subsided. Reports suggested that it was a miraculous defense against smallpox but the medical profession found it abhorrent and quite incomprehensible. Their resistance was broken by a very brave aristocratic lady, Mary Wortley Montagu, who saw the Greek women in action when she lived briefly in Istanbul where her husband was ambassador. She had her son and later her daughter “engrafted” with complete success. Royalty was impressed, if the medical profession were mostly hostile. There followed in 1721 a bizarre piece of medical research the like of which would have been unthinkable today: prisoners in Newgate Gaol in London were offered freedom if they would undergo engrafting. All six volunteers survived. Next, some orphans were taken as guinea pigs, and they survived. Gradually, Royalty and the upper crust began to adopt engrafting, which became known as inoculation. It was for the elite only until a physician practicing in the Yorkshire woolen town of Halifax thought he would try it, having read the papers published in the Royal Society. Just as Lady Mary was a brave woman, the doctor, Thomas Nettleton, was a brave man. But he was driven to try inoculation by the terrible plight of families in Halifax and the small towns and villages that he served. If anyone doubted the efficacy of the procedure, he had stories to tell which still send a chill down the spine. He wrote it all down in a letter to a friend in London who passed it on to the Royal Society. His second patient, one of the first ever to be inoculated by a doctor in England, was a two years old girl. Four of the children in the family had already died of smallpox and were buried. Anxiously, he injected smallpox into her arm and observed the reaction. The girl was feverish, had a “convulsive fit,” and suffered the eruption of smallpox pustules on her body. But she survived. Nettleton recorded a great many heartrending stories of families desperate to save at least one of their children. However, he did so in the teeth of local opposition and decided to inoculate only those who approached him. It was a number of years before engrafting became acceptable, and it was made widespread and popular not by the leading doctors of the day but by rural surgeons. Most medical histories have lost sight of this crucial era in the development of what became known as vaccination. I believe the reason is that when a country surgeon, Edward Jenner, proposed that it might be safer to inoculate with a milder disease known as cowpox that inoculation was forgotten about. Jenner dignified cowpox with a Latin invention: he called it variola vaccinae to mean “smallpox of the cow.” But nobody really knows what his vaccines were. In the late eighteenth century, medicine was blissfully ignorant of germs of any kind. That Jenner’s vaccine worked was, in retrospect, a miracle. However, it did not work quite as well as he had hoped; his vaccines needed a booster after a few years. The virus which caused smallpox before it was killed off for good in the 1970s was one of a class of infections which affected a variety of animals. It was not, as Jenner thought, only an infection of cows but one of a family of orthopoxviruses. And it was a very long time before there was some understanding of why injecting smallpox or cowpox induced a mild does of the disease. I am not sure it is really understood now, though we do know it has to do with the way in which our immune system can be stimulated to set up defenses against an infection. Vaccination has been hugely successful saving millions of lives. But there is no telling if one will be found to protect against coronavirus. Whereas smallpox had been around for centuries, COVID-19 is new; we do not know if an attack triggers the body’s defenses in such a way that future attacks are easily repulsed. But it should be remembered that the very concept of inoculation goes far back into medical history and the pioneers, however rustic their techniques, should not be forgotten. Gavin Weightman is a historian and former documentary filmmaker. He has written extensively on the history of science, and is the author of Eureka, The Frozen Water Trade, and The Industrial Revolutionaries. Featured Image: Photo by CDC on Unsplash Tags: Gavin Weightman, history of medicine, immunization, vaccination Diabetes among Native Americans Arleen Marcia Tuchman— Like African Americans, Native Americans did not… Introduction to the Eureka moment! Gavin Weightman— Working backwards from the ‘eureka moment’ offers an… Ep. 38 – Inside the Human Organ Trade Big ticket items like kidneys, livers, and hearts aren’t the…	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line22
__label__wiki	0.579256	0.579256	Photo Credit: Garrett Yrigoyen's Instagram September 7, 2020 by: Camille O'Connell in Entertainment Garrett Yrigoyen, Becca Kurfin Split \| Garrett Yrigoyen Age, Height, Ex-Wife, Kids & Net Worth! by: Camille O'Connell 2 Is it over for Garrett Yrigoyen and Becca Kufrin? 3 Garrett Yrigoyen Net Worth 4 Garrett Yrigoyen Wiki-Bio Last Modified On: 7th September, 2020 Garrett Yrigoyen is a reality-TV star who became famous after appearing in The Bachelorette season 14. He was also the winner of the show, winning the heart of Becca Kufrin. The duo was engaged and on their way to get married. However, the pair shocked the Bachelor Nation when it was revealed that the duo has split and might not be exchanging vows. Garrett Yrigoyen has been quite popular ever since his appearance in The Bachelorette. Learn more on Garrett and get to know more on what happened between him and Becca, his net worth, and much more. Birth Name Garrett Vincent Yrigoyen Birthday February 24, 1989 Birthplace Manteca, California Profession Television Personality Parents David Yrigoyen, Barbara Yrigoyen Dating/Girlfriend Rebecca Kufrin Married/Wife Kayla Yrigoyen (m. 2015–2016) Net Worth Under Review Is it over for Garrett Yrigoyen and Becca Kufrin? Garrett Yrigoyen seemed to have a perfect relationship with Becca Kufrin, whose heart he won during The Bachelorette season 14, in 2018. The couple was engaged in the summer of 2018, and everything seemed perfect for the reality star couple. Moreover, Garrett had shared many pictures with his soon to be wife on Instagram, even celebrating their first anniversary on May 12, 2019. However, Garrett and his partner are no longer together. Becca had hinted her time apart from Garrett on her Instagram. Another year around the sun produced more epic memories, friends, and adventures I’ll never forget. I couldn’t fit everything I wanted to onto one post. These are at least some of my favorite moments from my 30th year on this beautiful planet. I never thought I’d make it to and or past 30. It was sort of a nightmare I always had growing up. It ended up being a blessing because it helped set the tone for my mindset to say “yes” to as many things as possible and always be daring to try out something new. I look forward to continuing with that throughout my life and not worrying about when exactly it is that I’m going to die, but how I’m going to live. Think less, smile more, do everything with a purpose, and fire it up. Thank you everyone for the kind words and birthday wishes. Looking forward to 31. #garrettlife A post shared by Garrett Yrigoyen (@gy_yrigoyen) on Feb 25, 2020 at 12:25am PST Moreover, fans also spotted Becca without her engagement ring. Likewise, a source confirmed the news sharing that couple of two years have broken up. Furthermore, Garrett and Becca are living separately as Garrett is doing a backpacking trip in the wilderness, and the couple is low-key trying to work things out, but the relationship is done. Before Becca, Garrett had tied the knot with Kayla Cunningham on September 19, 2015. However, the couple called off their wedding after six months on March 25, 2016. Garrett Yrigoyen Net Worth Before appearing in the reality show, Garrett worked as a medical sales representative. He is also a Distal Extremities Surgical Technology Consultant at Arthrex, an international global medical device company with officers in Reno. Moreover, his appearance on the show also increased his popularity, and now has nearly 700k followers on his Instagram. Tell me somethin’, girl. . . Family and friends came out to show love and support for Becca at @bachelorliveonstage Garrett has also arrived on TV shows like Jimmy Kimmel Live, Good Morning America, and Live with Kelly and Ryan. Besides, the TV star has also partnered with various brands like Tommy John, Heineken, Total Wine, Wayfair, Manscaped, and Sleep Number. I love talking to my nephew like he can understand what I’m saying. In this moment I carried him over to @austinkeen2002 and said something like this… since your arms can’t reach the steering wheel and your feet can’t reach the pedals, you can sit on my lap and I’ll assist you. Let’s turn your hat backwards because we’re going to be haulin’ ass & I need your eyes on the gauges, I’ve got the road. Place your hands in a comfortable position on the wheel, don’t choke it, hold it like your baby bottle. Often (throttle/gas) is on the right, sometimes never (brake) is in the middle, and coming in clutch is on the left. Do you understand the difference? Gahgfrsh-ahh (that’s his response)…exactly! You keep your hands on the wheel and make sure we don’t crash, I’ll do the gears. Clutch pressed all the way in, I’m going to progressively and smoothly let the clutch all the way out. As I do that, I’m going to give as much gas in – as clutch I’m taking out. Make sense? ahh-fdroolhrgzh… good! Without getting too technical, I’m going to press the clu… Uhh wow @jay11sticks , I think he just shit his diapy and it soaked through onto my lap, grab him please! Don’t worry @austinkeen that last part was fabricated… I wasn’t actually going to press in the clutch. ————————————————— Stories with Mav to be continued… A post shared by Garrett Yrigoyen (@gy_yrigoyen) on Feb 11, 2020 at 9:23am PST As of 2020, Garrett’s net worth is still under review. However, his ex-fiancé had earned a $1 million salary for her Bachelorette lead appearance. The duo had also purchased a new home at Carlsbad, California. Garrett Yrigoyen Wiki-Bio Garrett Vincent Yrigoyen was born in 1989 in Manteca, California. His birthday falls on February 24, which makes his age 31 as of 2020. Garrett is the only son of his parents, David and Barbara Yrigoyen. He also has a sister named Allison. Garrett was a baseball star in high school. He played football for San Joaquin Delta College, later transferring to the University of Nevada. Garrett holds an American nationality and comes from White ethnicity. he has a height of 6 feet and 2 inches. Previous New Orleans Saints’ Alvin Kamara Wiki-Bio \| His Age, Height, Girlfriend, Wife & Net Worth! Next Three-time Former Champion Kim Clijsters Wiki-Bio \| Her Age, Height, Husband, Kids & Net Worth!	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line26
__label__wiki	0.529873	0.529873	Rumor Patrol: Gwen Featured In Upcoming Fishbone Documentary? PrevPreviousNew Harajuku Lovers Spring Tees Available From Adorn NextNew Tweets: Sun going down about to write a hit!Next Now this would be amazing! According to this website, Fishbone are releasing a new DVD, “Everyday Sunshine”, and will feature many of thier famous fans, and Gwen is a name they list. She is known to have been a fan since she was in high school, she actually used to ditch class to go see them with Tony. Before I start this off though, I do want to mention that the whole band is huge Fishbone followers, but it seems like Gwen’s name is the only one they name. She has also appeared on their Sly and the Family Stone cover of “Everybody Is A Star” and singer Angelo Moore has also appeared on the band’s early “Doormat” demo back in 1989 and even Gwen’s “Fluorescent” track from The Sweet Escape. This band is honestly the best live band I have ever seen (besides No Doubt of course) and we are so excited for this release, even if Gwen doesn’t make an appearance. The reason that we showcase the flyer above is that Angelo joined the band onstage for the last part of the concert and even joined Gwen in a cover of “Any Way You Want It” by Journey. Ahh — I wish these videos existed! Spinner — What do Chuck D, George Clinton and Tim Robbins have in common? The same thing that would keep Flea, Gwen Stefani and Ice-T engaged in conversation, were the three ever to find themselves trapped in an elevator: Fishbone, the long-running California band that’s the subject of a new documentary due out this spring. The film, ‘Everyday Sunshine,’ will feature interviews with all of the aforementioned stars, as well as a handful of other famous fans. The film traces the band’s entire 30-year history, telling the story of six kids from South Central Los Angeles that dared to mix ska, punk, funk, metal, hip-hop and virtually any other genre they could think of, creating a sound no one had heard before. The final scenes focus on singer Angelo Moore and bassist John Norwood Fisher, the only two original members still part of the band. In addition to celebrity interviews, ‘Everyday Sunshine’ will include rare live footage from throughout the band’s run. 0 Replies to “Rumor Patrol: Gwen Featured In Upcoming Fishbone Documentary?” Maribeth Curley says: Ahh Jenny! I’m seeing them on SATURDAY! I’m so excited! PS: Check out the notes on this video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ts27KDHNx4 That is awesome! You will have such an amzing time! I saw them back in 2008 — it was honestly one of the best concerts of my life. I was front row center and Angelo stage dived right onto my head… but it was worth it, lol. I met him after the show, too, and got my Fishbone poster signed.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line28
__label__wiki	0.965927	0.965927	Coldplay top 20 songs Coldplay biography Coldplay is a British alternative rock band, formed in London, United Kingdom in 1997. The band comprises vocalist and pianist Chris Martin, lead guitarist Jonny Buckland – who met each other in September 1996 at Ramsay Hall (halls of residence) at University College London - bassist Guy Berryman and drummer Will Champion. Not only have Coldplay had 7 highly successful studio album releases (all of which debuted at #1 on the UK album chart) - with their latest 7th studio album released on December 4, 2015 (A Head Full of Dreams) - Coldplay have also achieved great success with their singles, such as Yellow, Speed of Sound, the Grammy-winning Clocks and the US and UK #1 single Viva La Vida. Influences Coldplay's early material was often compared to that of Jeff Buckley and Radiohead, while also drawing comparisons to U2 and Travis. Since the release of the band's debut album, Parachutes (2000), Coldplay has also drawn influence from other sources, including Echo and the Bunnymen and George Harrison on A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002) and Johnny Cash and Kraftwerk for X&Y (2005). Frontman Chris Martin credits 1980s Norwegian pop band a-ha for inspiring him to form his own band. Coldplay never intended to become England's favorite rock & roll sons when their signature rock melodies ruled the charts throughout 2000. The quartet yearned to mess around a bit, plucking their own acoustics for fun while attending the University College of London. All had been playing instruments since their early teens and had been influenced by the likes of Bob Dylan, the Stone Roses, Neil Young, and My Bloody Valentine. They never imagined taking reign of the UK's ever-changing rock scene. Each member had come from a solid household of middle-class parents who encouraged music. Chris Martin, the eldest of five siblings, began playing the piano as a young child. He started playing in bands around age 15 and sought solace in the words of Tom Waits. Jonny Buckland, on the other hand, was into the heavy guitar work of Eric Clapton and Jimi Hendrix and was playing guitar by age 11. Scotland native Guy Berryman was into funk instead of indie rock, therefore leaving him to play bass. The multi-instrumentalist Champion had not planned to be a drummer until he joined Coldplay. He favored playing guitar, bass, and the tin whistle, but caught on to playing percussion when the band became official. When they burst onto the scene, Coldplay were heart-wrenching like Travis, passionate like Jeff Buckley, and as fresh as Oasis. They played their first gig at a festival for unsigned bands in Manchester, and the Safety EP was issued shortly thereafter. The Brothers & Sisters EP was issued by Fierce Panda and released a year later. (Both releases saw only 500 pressings.) Their sweet melodies and swooning lyrics landed Coldplay a UK deal with Parlophone in April 1999, and the five-track limited edition Blue Room EP followed that autumn. With nods from the media, the dream pop foursome was hailed as the next Travis, thanks to their simplistic acoustics and charming personas. Two more EPs, Shiver and Yellow, arrived in Spring 2000. Albums The band has released 5 albums with the latest sixth album scheduled for release in May 2014: Parachutes (2000), A Rush Of Blood To The Head (2002), X&Y (2005), Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (2008), Mylo Xyoto (2011) and in May 2014, Ghost Stories (2014). Parachutes (2000) Their full-length debut album, Parachutes, earned the band a Mercury Music Prize nomination in the UK. It saw a US release in November 2000, and a month later Yellow, was chosen as the theme song for all promo spots for the American TV network ABC. The well-received hype surrounding Coldplay continued throughout 2001 as well; they were nominated for three Brit Awards and embarked on a sold-out ten-date tour of the US. Rumors of a split consumed most of the US tour. Martin frequently battled nasty colds and voice exhaustion, which led Coldplay to cancel a series of American dates and scrap a European tour. With all gossip aside, Coldplay resumed playing in Summer 2001 and earned additional success with second single Trouble. A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002) By the autumn, they had headed into the studio for a second album. Rumour had it that it might be Coldplay's last album, since the band members felt they might not capture such brilliance again. A Rush Of Blood To The Head was released in August 2002. The CD/DVD package Live 2003 was issued a year later. Capturing the band's show at the Horden Pavilion in Sydney, Australia, it highlighted Coldplay's monumental success worldwide with A Rush Of Blood To The Head. Martin specifically earned a higher notch on the celebrity scale by marrying actress Gwyneth Paltrow in December 2003. Paltrow gave birth to the couple's first daughter, Apple Blythe Alison Martin, the following April. X&Y (2005) Fatherhood did not stop Martin from working, as Coldplay began recording material for a third album within weeks. Previously recorded material with long-time producer Ken Nelson was scrapped early on, while producer Danton Supple (Morrissey, The Cure) joined Coldplay to complete the recording of X&Y. Speed Of Sound marked Coldplay's first single from their long-awaited third effort in Spring 2005; the album followed in June, topping the charts around the world, including America and Britain. Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (2008) Coldplay's fourth album Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends was released on June 12, 2008 in the United Kingdom, with the first single Violet Hill having been previously released as a free download through their official website for a week from April 29, 2008. Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends was produced by Brian Eno, mixed by Markus Dravs, and drew influence from the time the group spent in South America. The album received lots of positive feedback for its originality in melodic acoustics and slightly less 'synth-dependent' riffs. It offered a great insight into how significantly the band's music had adapted and developed to themselves and the public. Charity duet (single) for World AIDS Day (2008) Barely a week before the album Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends was released, a duet with Kylie Minogue, which was intended to be used on the album, was scrapped with the comment that 'it’s just too sexy […] also we haven’t quite finished it'. The track, Lhuna was subsequently released as a charity single to promote World AIDS Day 2008 on December 1, 2008. Mylo Xyloto (2011) Coldplay's fifth album, Mylo Xyloto, was released on October 24, 2011, with the first two tracks from the album - Every Teardrop Is A Waterfall and Paradise - were released on June 3, 2011 and September 12, 2012 respectively. The album was no.1 in over 34 countries, and has sold over 8m copies worldwide. Ghost Stories (2014) The band's sixth album, Ghost Stories, was officially released on May 19, 2014. Prior to the release, Coldplay made the full album available to stream via iTunes, with an animation of the album artwork designed by Mila Fürstová, one week ahead of the official release date. The first track from the album, Midnight was released on February 25, 2014. The album was recorded at The Bakery and The Beehive studios in London, England. Ghost Stories entered the Billboard 200 as Number 1 and marked Coldplay's fourth straight number 1 studio album, selling 383,000 copies in the US in the week ending May 25, 2014 - of which 64% came from digital downloads according to Billboard. A Head Full of Dreams (2015) The band's 7th studio album, A Head Full of Dreams, was released December 4, 2015 on the Parlophone label. The 11-track album (with an additional hidden track called “X Marks The Spot”) was recorded in LA and London, and was produced by Stargate and Rik Simpson. A world tour is promised to accompany the album in 2016. Super Bowl in 2016 - on December 4, 2015, it was announced that Coldplay would headline at the much coverted Super Bowl 50 half-time show in 2016. The band's artistic director, Phil Harvey, also revealed that there would be a yet-undisclosed "special guest" during the performance Commercial endorsements Coldplay are one of very few current British music acts to achieve major success in North America. Despite their large worldwide popularity, the band has remained protective of how their music is used in the media, refusing its use for product endorsements. In the past, Coldplay had turned down multi-million dollar contracts from Gatorade, Diet Coke, and Gap, who wanted to use the songs Yellow, Trouble, and Don't Panic respectively. According to Martin, "We wouldn't be able to live with ourselves if we sold the songs' meanings like that." On the other hand, Yellow has been used to back TV trailers for "The Simpsons" and Viva La Vida featured on an iTunes TV advert. Political and social activism Since 2002, Coldplay have been active supporters of various social and political causes. They have been visible advocates of Oxfam's Make Trade Fair campaign and Amnesty International. The group has also performed at various charity projects such as Band Aid 20, Live 8, and the Teenage Cancer Trust. Official website: www.coldplay.com Iriba i wath to downlod some albums Zohmangaihzuala PC You guys are one heck of a band. Love all the 5 studio albums. I grew up grew-up with 'The Scientists', In My place, Yellow & such. Yellow & In My Place R my fav Will let 'em play In My Place/sung by a choir on my wedding day & my funeral. paulo andré m JoPPY wow\|\|\|\| facil de usar	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line29
__label__wiki	0.618163	0.618163	Friday links! Actually, I’m crazy edition Tag Archives: arrested Valerie Stamey returns, clothed in righteous fire By Dan Brooks in Self-Promotion July 13, 2017 0 Comment Former Ravalli County Treasurer and missing person Valerie Stamey It’s been over a year since the last time we heard from Valerie Stamey. Last May, we got the headline Former County Treasurer Found and Served, which pretty much tells you what you need to know about my favorite story in Montana politics. Stamey was appointed treasurer on a 3-2 vote by Ravalli County commissioners in 2013. She served about eight months before she was suspended in June 2014. During her tenure, the office filed no monthly reports and the fire department ran out of money. After she left, investigators found $780,000 in undeposited checks lying around her office. The county estimates it spent around six figures putting the office of the treasurer back in order after she left. Stamey was found guilty of official misconduct and fined in absentia, but by that time, she was gone. Her husband told reporters she was in a different state, but he wouldn’t say which. Process servers who hoped to find her at the auction of her home were disappointed. Now she’s back, though, and more Stamey than ever. Last week, her attorney announced that she was suing the county and about a dozen of its employees for $20.2 million—that’s $240,000 for “lost economic opportunities” and $20 million in punitive damages. Among those to be punished are the county attorney, the former treasurer, three former deputy treasurers, the county clerk and the owners of the Bitterroot Star newspaper, all of whom are named as defendants in the suit. Their co-defedants include Greg Chilcott, J.R. Iman, Jeff Burrows, Chris Hoffman and Suzy Foss—the five members of the Ravalli County Commission that made her treasurer in the first place. Stamey’s lawsuit claims that county commissioners conspired with treasury employees and the newspaper to “create the false impression that she was incompetent.” I’m no lawyer, but I think she’d have a better shot if she didn’t put the word “false” in there. This conspiracy does explain why the county commission appointed a treasurer who had no experience in managerial accounting, a history of bad debts, and a FUFI judgment against her. They needed a patsy. The only other explanation is that they made the worst hiring decision in Ravalli County history, exhibiting astonishingly poor judgment in the process. You can read all about it in this week’s column for the Missoula Independent. We’ll be back tomorrow with Friday links! Friday links! I can’t breathe edition By Dan Brooks in Friday Links December 5, 2014 0 Comment Four NYPD officers kill Eric Garner on video. The picture above shows Officer Daniel Pantaleo applying a rear naked choke to Staten Island man Eric Garner in the moments before Garner’s death. The NYPD forbids choke holds, because they can kill people when applied improperly. In the picture above, Pantaleo fails to get his elbow below Garner’s chin; instead of applying pressure to the carotid arteries, cutting off the blood supply to Garner’s brain, he presses against Garner’s throat, potentially damaging his trachea. But an autopsy found no injury to Garner’s windpipe. He died of cardiac arrest, which just happened to result from four officers using explicitly prohibited force to arrest him for selling loose cigarettes. As you have certainly heard by now, none of those officers will be charged. A grand jury declined to indict Pantaleo, who testified that he was merely trying to wrestle Garner to the ground. Today is Friday, and the police are above the law. Won’t you stagger beneath it with me? NYC police clear Zuccotti Park By Dan Brooks in Public Discourse November 16, 2011 4 Comments Occupy Wall Street protestors return to Zucotti Park on Tuesday afternoon. Photo from the Guardian, where they are not afraid to put other journalists front and center. “I’m calling you to update you on what we did,” Deputy Mayor Howard Wolfson told the chair of the Lower Manhattan Community Board. “We came in the middle of the night.” Thus ended the occupation of Wall Street, after police executed Mayor Bloomberg’s order to clear Zuccotti Park of tents and protestors around 1am Tuesday morning. After a series of temporary injunctions and contradictory judicial rulings, protestors are no longer camping at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration. They trickled back into the park during the day, but no one is allowed to lie down. As winter sets in, more than one person is probably relieved not to have to do the sleeping on the cold ground part of civil disobedience. Yet the clearing of the park feels undeniably like the end of something, and it raises plenty of questions. “Is it over?” is not the only one.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line32
__label__cc	0.650525	0.349475	www.edenpublicschool.com - THE OFFICIAL WEB SITE for Eden Public School (contact www.artfillz.com info@artfillz.com +91 9745524409) Eden is well known for its eco-friendly nature and has won the award for the ‘Best Eco-friendly school in Kottayam District in the competition conducted by VegaLand Amusement Park. Two short movies were filmed by the students of Eden Public School, ‘The Last Leaf’ and ‘Paradise Lost’ to spread the message of social cleanliness while chikun guinea and dengue was rampant in the locality. The technical details of the films were handled by students under the supervision of renowned film make sri.Jayaraj. The films were duly released by the Hon’ble speaker of the Legislative assembly of the Kerala sri. K Radhkrishnan and exhibited before the Hon’ble ministers and M.L.A s at the Kerala Legislative Assembly Banquet Hall.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line34
__label__wiki	0.803527	0.803527	AMPED™ FEATURED ALBUM OF THE WEEK: NEW FOUND GLORY/FOREVER + EVER X INFINITY While melodic Pop-oriented Punk has existed since the late ‘70s, the term ‘Pop Punk’ (or ‘Punk Pop”) wasn’t widely used until bands like The Offspring, Green Day, Rancid, and Blink-182 brought the genre to the mainstream, selling millions of albums in the process. MTV and radio embraced this new movement that was as hook-filled as it was loud and aggressive. It is hard to tell whether Pop Punk was a reaction against the slick Pop and smooth R&B that filled the charts at the time or a full-on musical revolution but whatever happened, happened. Another band that made their mark in 1997 was New Found Glory, the Coral Springs, Florida-based band that seemed to have a never-ending supply of anthems for the Punk kids. Within two years of their debut EP, the band were one of the biggest Pop Punk bands in the land. New Found Glory’s first full-length album, Nothing Gold Can Stay (1999) set the wheels in motion and by 2000, they had signed to Drive-Thru Records and released their self-titled second album. Over the next two decades, the band has released a series of hit records and spent plenty of time on the road, promoting their albums and entertaining audiences everywhere. They signed with Hopeless Records in 2014 and released Resurrection. The band returned three years later with Make Me Sick. In 2019, they released the third in their From The Screen To Your Stereo series. Unlike many of their Pop Punk contemporaries, New Found Glory have shown no signs of slowing down. Forever + Ever x Infinity is their 2020 album and their 10th studio album of original material (the band’s catalog also includes covers albums, live releases, EPs, and a few ‘hits’ collections to boot). The songs on this new release combine the spirit of classic New Found Glory with the spit of heavy Rock. The melodies still soar, but the guitars have a meaner bite. The songs still come fast and furious, but the guitars have a lean Metal-like chug-chug that makes each song hit harder but without causing any damage to the listener. Produced by Steve Evetts, the album features key tracks like “Himalaya”, “Shook By Your Shaved Head”, and the first single “Greatest Of All Time”. Forever + Ever x Infinity, amen! FOREVER + EVER X INFINITY June 19, 2020 Steve Schnee Congratulations to AMPED's... AMPED™ FEATURED ALBUM OF...	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line36
__label__cc	0.60005	0.39995	“The Winds of Khalakovo” by Bradley P. Beaulieu (R... "1636:The Saxon Uprising" by Eric Flint + 163* Ser... Welcome to the new Fantasy Book Critic!!! “The Dragon’s Path” by Daniel Abraham (Reviewed by... Interview with Rachel Aaron (Interviewed by Mihir ... “Among Thieves” by Douglas Hulick (Reviewed by Rob... Three 2011 Novels - Short Discussion: Appanah, "Lo... “The King of Plagues” by Jonathan Maberry (Reviewe... "Thera" by Zeruya Shalev (Reviewed by Liviu Suciu) “Hidden Cities” by Daniel Fox (Reviewed by Robert ... "City of Hope and Despair" by Ian Whates (Reviewed... “Sea of Ghosts” by Alan Campbell (Reviewed by Robe... “Deathless” by Catherynne M. Valente (Reviewed by ... Author Guest Post: Lory S. Kaufman author of The L... The Gemmell Award 2011 and more 2011 Books, Redick... The Spirit Rebellion by Rachel Aaron (reviewed by ... Hell's Horizon by Darren Shan (Reviewed by Mihir W... "The Curious Case of the Clockwork Man" by Mark Ho... The Informationist by Taylor Stevens plus bonus Q/... “The Cloud Roads” by Martha Wells (Reviewed by Rob... Some Updates and More 2011 Titles of Interest Sepulchral Earth: The Temple Of The Dead by Tim Ma... "Tyrant: King of the Bosporus" by Christian Camero... NEWS: Release Date for George R.R. Martin’s “A Dan... “The Enterprise of Death” by Jesse Bullington (Rev... "Invasion: C.H.A.O.S #1" by J.S. Lewis (Reviewed b... Spotlight on March Books “The Enterprise of Death” by Jesse Bullington (Reviewed by Robert Thompson and Liviu Suciu) Official Jesse Bullington Website Order “The Enterprise of Death” HERE (US) + HERE (UK) Read Fantasy Book Critic’s Review of “The Sad Tale of the Brothers Grossbart” AUTHOR INFORMATION: Jesse Bullington is a folklore and outdoor enthusiast who holds a bachelor's degree in History and English Literature from Florida State University. His bibliography includes The Sad Tale of the Brothers Grossbart and The Enterprise of Death. PLOT SUMMARY: As the witch-pyres of the Spanish Inquisition blanket Renaissance Europe in a moral haze, a young African slave finds herself the unwilling apprentice of an ancient necromancer. Unfortunately, quitting his company proves even more hazardous than remaining his pupil when she is afflicted with a terrible curse. Yet salvation may lie in a mysterious tome her tutor has hidden somewhere on the war-torn continent. She sets out on a seemingly impossible journey to find the book, never suspecting her fate is tied to three strangers: the artist Niklaus Manuel Deutsch, the alchemist Dr. Paracelsus, and a gun-slinging Dutch mercenary. As Manuel paints her macabre story on canvas, plank, and church wall, the apprentice becomes increasingly aware of the great dangers that surround her. She realizes she must revisit the fell necromancy of her childhood . . . or death will be the least of her concerns... CLASSIFICATION: Like The Sad Tale of the Brothers Grossbart, The Enterprise of Death is a hard-to-classify fusion of folklore, historical fiction, fantasy, horror and black comedy in the vein of the Brothers Grimm, Clive Barker, Chuck Palahniuk, Warren Ellis and a bit of Joe Abercrombie. In this case, the historical-influenced setting is centered around the Spanish Inquisition, the Italian Wars and the Protestant Reformation during the late 15th/early 16th centuries. Actual historical figures, items and events woven into the novel include Boabdil’s exile from the city of Granada and the words his mother supposedly spoke to him upon reaching a rocky prominence—“Thou dost weep like a woman for what thou couldst not defend as a man.”—Niklaus Manuel Deutsch, his wife Katharina and the painting the book’s cover is based on; the Swiss mercenary captain, Albrecht von Stein; Heinrich Kramer’s treatise on witches, the Malleus Maleficarum; Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, better known as Dr. Paracelsus; and the Battle of Bicocca. Fantasy elements meanwhile include necromancers, animated corpses and vampires. FORMAT/INFO: The Enterprise of Death is 464 pages long divided over a Prologue and thirty-nine Roman-numbered/titled chapters. Extras include an Excerpt from Jesse Bullington’s debut novel, The Sad Tale of the Brothers Grossbart, and a Bibliography of the material researched for The Enterprise of Death. Narration is in the third person via several different point-of-views including Awa, Omorose, Niklaus Manuel and Monique. The Enterprise of Death is self-contained. March 3, 2011/March 24, 2011 marks the UK/North American Trade Paperback publication of The Enterprise of Death via Orbit Books. Cover art is based on this painting by Niklaus Manuel Deutsch. ANALYSIS: The Sad Tale of the Brothers Grossbart may have been extremely vulgar and gruesomely violent with a disappointing ending and possibly the most revolting protagonists to ever star in their own book, but for all of that, Jesse Bullington’s debut offered a very different, and at the same time, very rewarding reading experience. As such, I was excited to see what Jesse Bullington’s sophomore effort would bring to the table. Unfortunately, The Enterprise of Death did not immediately grab me the same way that Jesse Bullington’s first novel did. Part of the problem can be attributed to a somewhat confusing narrative that alternates between the story’s present time and past events, although that distinction does not become clear until later in the novel, while the author’s annoying tendency to switch between viewpoints without any warning only added to the confusion. The real problem though lies with how vile things can get at the beginning of the book with cannibalism, necrophilia and self-cannibalism some of the more disgusting topics covered. For all of its vulgarity and gruesomeness, there was always a healthy dose of dark humor in The Sad Tale of the Brothers Grossbart to help lighten the mood. In contrast, humor has been significantly reduced in The Enterprise of Death, and what humor is present is of the more morbid variety. As a result, it’s much more difficult not to be disturbed by the vileness in The Enterprise of Death, and I have to admit there were a number of times when I almost gave up on the book altogether. Thankfully, I stuck it out and I’m glad I did. Once I got a handle on where the story was heading, who the major players were, got past the novel’s more repulsive moments, and became fully acclimated to Jesse Bullington’s writing style, reading The Enterprise of Death was a much smoother and more entertaining affair. Of course, it helps that Awa is a lot more likable as a protagonist compared to the Grossbart brothers, even if she is a necromancer, remarkably nonchalant about killing people, and suffers from shallow characterization. In fact, I really grew to care about Awa and whether or not she would be able to break the curse and defeat her evil master. The supporting characters meanwhile—which includes the real-life artist/mercenary Niklaus Manuel, the African beauty Omorose, the Dutch gunner/whoremonger/giantess Monique, the historical figure Doctor Paracelsus, etc.—are an eclectic bunch, but don’t really add much to the novel apart from some engaging dialogue on things like the differences between faith and religion and whether necromancy is good or evil. Personally, what made The Enterprise of Death worth reading was Jesse Bullington’s clever writing—“Two individuals of the opposite sex will, if forced to go on a journey together, fall in love. Often begrudgingly, and with a great deal of reluctance by at least one of the parties, to be sure, but love will fall as surely as night after day. In the unlikely event that one of the two is homosexual, asexual, already in a loving relationship, or otherwise disinclined from romancing their traveling companion, love will fall all the harder, like cannon fire upon a charging cavalry; indeed, the less likely the two are to fall in love naturally, the more certain it is that the sojourn will bring them together.”—and a vivid imagination which included everything from fire salamanders and a hyena-like demon to a different kind of vampire and unique necromantic abilities like being able to kill someone with a simple touch, speaking with the spirits of things both animate and inanimate, and healing incurable wounds by ingesting body parts. The ending is also a lot more satisfying than the one in The Sad Tale of the Brothers Grossbart, and even leaves room for a sequel or two that I would love to check out, especially if the author wrote one featuring the Bastards of the Schwarzwald. Overall though, The Enterprise of Death is not as good as The Sad Tale of the Brothers Grossbart. Jesse Bullington’s sophomore effort pushes vileness to a whole new level, but without the humor and entertainment that made the author’s debut novel such a unique reading experience. Still, it’s hard not to be impressed by the author’s boldness and creativity, and that alone is enough to keep me interested in whatever Jesse Bullington decides to write next... Liviu's Take: The Enterprise of Death is an interesting book in many ways and I think that if you liked the author's debut for his "take no prisoners style" you will like this more since the content is more unpredictable and the characters from Awa to Manuel and Monique are more interesting and less of a caricature, but I had two major issues with the book: First I found it hard to take it seriously since all those raising of dead persons, the dead and undead characters and the "today magic happens at 1 pm but not at a 2.15 pm" - no consistency in the laws of the nature in other words is essentially solipsistic so why care? So my suspension of disbelief broke any moment when I got out of the flow of the novel and started thinking for a second. And here came the second problem: if the style of the author would coincide to my taste, I probably would have enjoyed the novel for the characters - especially Awa and Manuel whose banter was always entertaining - but sadly the novel lacked that special "magic" for me that would make me turn page after page and forget the essential inconsistent nature of the world building, so when reading it, I would find myself often thinking "how absurd, if this is allowed by the laws of the universe why not that happens?" way too many times too enjoy it where "this" ranges from waking the dead to the clear delineation of mind-body and "that" ranges from why do not the dead take over to various issues well known about the mind-body duality. Another smaller problem I had with The Enterprise of Death at least for a while was the fact that it sounded anachronistic: the way the characters talk sounds very 21st century, not 15/16th century. This is of course more a matter of perception than of fact lacking a time-machine to go and see how people really talked then and considering that written artifacts tend to be conforming to official styles in many periods of human history, but I found a gap between the world view of the 15th century that is generally accepted in history books and the way people are portrayed to think in this book All in all The Enterprise of Death (C) is a book that I had high hopes for and it just did not pan out though the author's style was entertaining enough in his dark, ultra-cynical way that we got to expect to keep me reading. I expected literary fantasy and I got mostly formula and sadly the formula of the kind I do not overtly care for the reasons mentioned above - nothing wrong with formula btw as long as is the kind I appreciate. Though I see myself opening another Jesse Bullington book if the subject is more appealing than here. Arguably the worst beginning to a book I've ever read. As for the rest... I have to disagree about the "worst beginning" It sets the entire book in its historical and social context" I did though have the feeling that Columbus was to play an actual role in the story. Still he got to go on and help destroy an entire continent so that's a big enough story for him anyway. At the moment I am liking the story even though it is far from anything I have read before. I had no problems with the displacement of time.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line39
__label__cc	0.591981	0.408019	Reviews of music and musicians who haven't made it big--yet. Lori Ludy - The Cat's Pajamas If you've never seen Lori Ludy live, you have missed a treat. She's goofy and fun, she's serious and riveting. You can find her on myspace to check out upcoming gigs and listen to some of her music, or you can buy a great kid's CD on cdbaby. I should warn you up front, that this CD that I'm reviewing is not a kid's album, and some songs would not be playable on broadcast radio. Lori has a tasty raunchy side that comes out at late shows without kids, and some of the songs she would do at a concert for adults are on this CD. What people love most about Lori Ludy is her big dramatic bluesy voice and great guitar playing on her '36 Gibson. She writes and plays music in the stylings of the 30s and 40s--everything from blues to romantic ballads to novelty songs. I don't want to lead you astray, she's not some wannabe pretending to be able to do this music, she is the real thing. Had she been around back then she would have had steady work with her choice of bands. I also don't want to lead you astray and make you think that this is all she does. She sings Motown, and rock and folk and everything else. She's a powerhouse. Her singing blows people away. She can emote anything. And I'm talking with voice and guitar. She leads a band, Purple Hat, and plays with some ad-hoc groups, but the work on this CD is close to the experience when you see her performing live at a solo gig. She takes advantage of the studio environment to do some layering, so when you hear great harmony, that's her on every part. The only thing you miss from a live performance is the adoration and riotous applause of her audiences. This CD is produced by, recorded by, mixed by, sung by, and played by the immensely talented Lori Ludy. The only hesitation I had about reviewing it is that you can't get it on-line. You have to contact her (maybe message her on myspace), or find her performing live to buy it. Nevertheless, it's such a significant piece that I decided finally to review it. I can heartily recommend that you get this CD if you can. Like most performers, the energy of the crowd gets great live performances out of Lori, but given that, she also does a great studio album. The production is great, and every song is a gem. I was particularly fond of the novelty song, Why Settle For One, which starts off with a sweet voice reminiscent of Rosemary Clooney, quickly dips into raunchy double entendre, and near the end asks for a revolving door for her bedroom! There's not a weak song on this CD, so, figure out how to buy it! The Cat's Pajamas - This is a terribly unkind song. Trust me, you don't want to be the guy that Lori is singing about here. The production is flawless, and the song is crazily funny. Nice work. The Answer - You do want to be the guy she's singing about here. The vocals are in the close harmonic style of the Andrew Sisters. The singing is great, and what could be greater than a song with a lyric, "I see dinner dancing toward me!" Back Home - This road trip song is told backward, and glorifies the joys of coming home. Baby, What Can I Say? - What a great love song. All about missing someone you care about. Evil Eyes - All about fatal attraction to someone you shouldn't be with, but can't resist. Probably my second favorite. Just You - A grand romantic ballad. It's You're Fault - Starts and ends with only percussion and vocal, but has nice sensitive guitar in the middle. Dark song of despair and loss. Really painful to listen to if you've experienced loss, but you come out of it, somehow, feeling better. If You Were My Man - Daydreaming about a guy. Sweet song, wondering what they would do, and whether it would work out. Pussy With an Apron - Dramatic bluesy song, full of pain and straight talking, about not being seen for the talented complete person you are. It's easy to see that Bessie Smith and Billy Holiday are influences. Why Settle For One? - Funny, funny, song. People asked her to get this recorded for years. It's reminiscent of great novelty songs of the forties and fifties. Posted by Patrick at 7:28 PM	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line40
__label__cc	0.733336	0.266664	Regression analysis of cancer incidence rates and water fluoride in the U.S.A. based on IACR/IARC (WHO) data (1978-1992). International Agency for Research on Cancer Author: Takahashi K, Akiniwa K, Narita K. Journal Name: Journal of Epidemiology Publish Date: July 2001 Volume/Page: 11(4):170-9. Type: Human Study, Epidemiology Categories: Cancer Age-specific and age-standardized rates (ASR) of registered cancers for nine communities in the U.S.A. (21.8 million inhabitants, mainly white) were obtained from IARC data (1978-82, 1983-87, 1988-92). The percentage of people supplied with “optimally” fluoridated drinking water (FD) obtained from the Fluoridation Census 1985, U.S.A. were used for regression analysis of incidence rates of cancers at thirty six sites (ICD-WHO, 1957). About two-thirds of sites of the body (ICD) were associated positively with FD, but negative associations were noted for lip cancer, melanoma of the skin, and cancers of the prostate and thyroid gland. In digestive organs the stomach showed only limited and small intestine no significant link. However, cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, colon and rectum, hepato-biliary and urinary organs were positively associated with FD. This was also the case for bone cancers in male, in line with results of rat experiments. Brain tumors and T-cell system Hodgkin’s disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, melanoma of the skin and monocytic leukaemia were also correlated with FD. Of the 36 sites, 23 were positively significant (63.9%), 9 not significant (25.0%) and 4 negatively significant (11.1%). This may indicate a complexity of mechanisms of action of fluoride in the body, especially in view of the coexising positive and negative correlations with the fluoridation index. The likelihood of fluoride acting as a genetic cause of cancer requires consideration. A brief report on the association of drinking water fluoridation and the incidence of osteosarcoma among young males Executive Summary It is well known that fluoride provides important public health benefits by effectively preventing dental caries in children. The Public Health Service (1991) endorses artificial fluoridation of drinking water at a concentration of 0.7-1.2 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water (or parts per million) as the optimally beneficial Fluoride exposure in public drinking water and childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma in Texas. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between fluoride levels in public drinking water and childhood and adolescent osteosarcoma in Texas; to date, studies examining this relationship have been equivocal. Using areas with high and low naturally occurring fluoride, as well as areas with optimal fluoridation, Fluoride in drinking water and cancer mortality in Taiwan The possibility that cancer risk is associated with naturally fluoridated water in Taiwan is examined. The 1982-1991 age-adjusted mortality rates for cancer for 10 municipalities whose water supplies contained the highest naturally occurring fluoride concentrations in Taiwan were compared to those rates for 10 matched municipalities with unfluoridated water. The Is fluoride a risk factor for bone cancer? Small area analysis of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma diagnosed among 0-49-year-olds in Great Britain, 1980-2005. BACKGROUND: Artificial fluoridation of drinking water to improve dental health has long been a topic of controversy. Opponents of this public health measure have cited the possibility of bone cancer induction. The study objective was to examine whether increased risk of primary bone cancer was associated with living in areas Fluoride & Liver Cancers in NTP Bioassay On October 28, 1988, Battelle Columbus Laboratories submitted its Final Report to the NTP concerning the results of the Mouse study. The principal finding of Battelle's report was that a dose-dependent increase of a rare liver cancer (hepatocholangiocarcinoma) had occurred in the fluoride-treated male and female mice. Fluoride's Mutagenicity: In vitro Studies According to the National Toxicology Program, "the preponderance of evidence" from laboratory "in vitro" studies indicate that fluoride is a mutagenic compound. Many substances which are mutagens, are also carcinogens (i.e. they can cause cancer). As is typical for in vitro studies, the concentrations of fluoride that have generally been tested Fluoride's Mutagenicity: In vivo Studies Consistent with dozens of in vitro studies, a number of in vivo studies, in both humans and animals, have found evidence of fluoride-induced genetic damage. In particular, research on humans exposed to high levels of fluoride have found increased levels of "sister chromatid exchange" (SCE). As noted in one study: "In	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line41
__label__wiki	0.738868	0.738868	Profile: Lucchese family capo “Fat Pete” Chiodo Posted by Gangsters Inc. on March 28, 2016 at 8:00am Never was a nickname more appropriate than the one of Lucchese crime family captain Peter Chiodo. They called him Fat Pete. Why? Well, his weight ranged from 400 to 500 pounds. Like I said, appropriate. “Fat Pete” Chiodo was the quintessential street smart mobster. He was capable of violence, as one had to be in the Mafia, but he also saw the lighter side of “the life,” approaching it with a sense of humor. Like the time he was asked in court if he had threatened a “kid” on behalf of a friend who had discovered that this kid was a thief. Chiodo denied the accusation, saying “I just told him he was out. I know he was stealing money and… I might have growled at him as I told him that, but for the most part, I simply said, ‘You're out.’” He was then asked: “You're physically bigger than this kid, I would imagine, right?” “There are not too many people I'm not physically bigger than,” Chiodo said with a smile while he rubbed his hand over his huge belly. And just like Paulie in Goodfellas, Chiodo didn’t have to move for anybody. That is why other gangsters would often come to him, or the Lucchese family in general, for help in settling disputes. When Greek and Russian mobsters argued over a shopping center, Chiodo and the Luccheses helped out and interceded in a civil suit about the issue. Chiodo even stood in front of a judge to smooth things over. Years later, he was asked whether he had told the judge he was a legitimate businessman, Chiodo replied: “I could have. I probably did. I mean, I surely didn't tell him that I was a captain in the Lucchese family. What I do remember is that when it was all said and done, I had the judge convinced to give us the time we needed. We told him that we would make the repairs within a certain amount of time. We did and everybody was happy.” As is evidenced by Chiodo’s lines, he has a witty comeback. One he perfected in the early 1980s when he owned the Home Bar on Manhattan's Upper East Side. The Home Bar was a small, quiet, neighborhood watering hole. Chiodo (right) bought it as a place to call home. “I had a place to hang out,” he said. “The bartender took a salary, he was happy. I had a place to hang out in, drink for free. I was happy with that.” The intimate atmosphere attracted a special kind of clientele. The Beatles star John Lennon liked coming by for a drink before he was murdered in 1980, Chiodo said. “In fact, in one of his album covers, he's wearing a T-shirt from the Home Bar,” he added. Near the bar, there was the Comic Strip, where standup comedians practiced their routine. After they finished, they’d visit Chiodo’s joint for a relaxing drink. Guys like Chris Rock, Eddie Murphy, and Sam Kennison all were frequent guests. “Eddie's my friend, and I loved him,” Chiodo said. Adding, “Eddie knew my reputation and who I was, though I never involved him in any way in any of that stuff. I think the reason Eddie and I became such good friends is because I didn't want anything from him. I didn't want to be in show business, I didn't want a job, I didn't want his money, and he kind of appreciated that. He told me once, ‘Petey, you the only guy that ever picks up a check for lunch around me. I'm the one always paying all the time.’” Several years later, in 1987, he expanded his circle of friends when he became a made guy in the Lucchese crime family. Unfortunately for Chiodo, not everyone there was as fond of him as Eddie Murphy was. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, power in the mob family had shifted to boss Vic Amuso and underboss Anthony Casso. The ruthless duo established their presence with intimidation and violence. Always paranoid that someone might flip and turn government witness, Amuso and Casso began whacking anyone they deemed at risk of becoming a rat. In 1991 Chiodo had come under their deadly suspicion. On May 8 of that year, Chiodo was at a Staten Island gas station getting his Cadillac checked when all of a sudden he heard a popping sound and saw something impact the cement floor. It was a hit! Chiodo immediately pulled out his gun and began firing shots at his two assailants. One of the two hitmen was Joseph D’Arco, the son of Lucchese acting boss Alphonse D’Arco, who was eager to please and impress his mob father with his involvement in this high-profile hit. D’Arco’s shots kept coming at Chiodo as he was hit by a total of 12 bullets. Lying on the ground, a bleeding heap of 500-pound flesh, Chiodo waited for the final shot as D’Arco came closer. Then, nothing. D’Arco’s gun jammed and the two hitmen fled the crime scene thinking they had done enough to send the mob capo to the other world. But Chiodo was a lot more resilient than one would expect from looking at his obese frame. He survived. Two months later he became the highest ranking New York mobster to become a turncoat. He would lose that distinction to the father of the man who tried to kill him and Gambino family underboss Salvatore “Sammy the Bull” Gravano several months later. If he thought his decision to become a turncoat would end the violence against him and his family, he was wrong. In an unprecedented move, Amuso and Casso ordered a hit on Chiodo’s sister, an innocent civilian and the first female relative to be targeted for death by the American Mafia. Lucchese gangsters stalked her for a month before shooting her after she arrived home from dropping her kids off at school on March 10, 1992. She too survived, but the tone was set. It only motivated Chiodo more to do his former partners-in-crime some serious damage in court. And he succeeded, his testimony meant the end for two bosses, two underbosses, and 18 other wiseguys, who were sentenced to long prison terms. Including Vic Amuso, the man who ordered the hit on his sister, and is now spending the rest of his life in prison. After testifying, Chiodo disappeared into the Witness Protection Program. He remained there, hidden and anonymous, somewhere in America, until his death of natural causes in January of 2016. He was 65. Check out our photo gallery. Check out our video section. Amuso and Casso versus the Lucchese family's New Jersey faction The Message: Don't fuck with Tony Accardo Give a Man a Gun: The story of Carmine DiBiase The scoop on the man who brought down Genovese Joe Barboza: Boston Barbarian	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line43
__label__wiki	0.703327	0.703327	List of Crap #75: Top 50 Ghosts Countdown Pages: 1 ... 6 7 [8] 9 Go Down Author Topic: List of Crap #75: Top 50 Ghosts Countdown (Read 26419 times) Re: List of Crap #75: Top 50 Ghosts Countdown "Ever since I was a little boy, I always wanted to be a ghost. Luckily it happened sooner than expected." (73 points on 4 of 12 lists. Top Vote #2 Stethacantus and Tripe) The Flying Dutchman is a legendary ghost ship that can never make port and is doomed to sail the oceans forever. The myth is likely to have originated from 17th-century nautical folklore. The oldest extant version dates to the late 18th century. Sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries reported the ship to be glowing with ghostly light. If hailed by another ship, the crew of the Flying Dutchman will try to send messages to land, or to people long dead. In ocean lore, the sight of this phantom ship is a portent of doom. Spoilered for length. The first reference in print to the ship appears in Chapter VI of A Voyage to Botany Bay (1795) (also known as A Voyage to New South Wales), attributed to George Barrington (1755–1804): “I had often heard of the superstition of sailors respecting apparitions, but had never given much credit to the report; it seems that some years since a Dutch man-of-war was lost off the Cape of Good Hope, and every soul on board perished; her consort weathered the gale, and arrived soon after at the Cape. Having refitted, and returning to Europe, they were assailed by a violent tempest nearly in the same latitude. In the night watch some of the people saw, or imagined they saw, a vessel standing for them under a press of sail, as though she would run them down: one in particular affirmed it was the ship that had foundered in the former gale, and that it must certainly be her, or the apparition of her; but on its clearing up, the object, a dark thick cloud, disappeared. Nothing could do away the idea of this phenomenon on the minds of the sailors; and, on their relating the circumstances when they arrived in port, the story spread like wild-fire, and the supposed phantom was called the Flying Dutchman. From the Dutch the English seamen got the infatuation, and there are very few Indiamen, but what has some one on board, who pretends to have seen the apparition.” The next literary reference, which introduces the motif of punishment for a crime, was in John Leyden (1775–1811): Scenes of Infancy (Edinburgh, 1803): “It is a common superstition of mariners, that, in the high southern latitudes on the coast of Africa, hurricanes are frequently ushered in by the appearance of a spectre-ship, denominated the Flying Dutchman ... The crew of this vessel are supposed to have been guilty of some dreadful crime, in the infancy of navigation; and to have been stricken with pestilence ... and are ordained still to traverse the ocean on which they perished, till the period of their penance expire.” Thomas Moore (1779–1852) in his poem Written on passing Dead-man's Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Late in the evening, September, 1804 places the vessel in the north Atlantic: "Fast gliding along, a gloomy bark / Her sails are full, though the wind is still, / And there blows not a breath her sails to fill." A footnote adds: "The above lines were suggested by a superstition very common among sailors, who call this ghost-ship, I think, 'the flying Dutch-man'." Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), a friend of John Leyden's, was the first to refer to the vessel as a pirate ship, writing in the notes to Rokeby; a poem (first published December 1812) that the ship was "originally a vessel loaded with great wealth, on board of which some horrid act of murder and piracy had been committed" and that the apparition of the ship "is considered by the mariners as the worst of all possible omens." According to some sources, the 17th century Dutch captain Bernard Fokke is the model for the captain of the ghost ship. Fokke was renowned for the speed of his trips from the Netherlands to Java and was suspected of being in league with the Devil. The first version of the legend as a story was printed, in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine for May 1821, which puts the scene as the Cape of Good Hope. This story introduces the name Captain Hendrick Vanderdecken for the captain and the motifs (elaborated by later writers) of letters addressed to people long dead being offered to other ships for delivery, but if accepted will bring misfortune; and the captain having sworn to round the Cape of Good Hope though it should take until the day of judgment. “She was an Amsterdam vessel and sailed from port seventy years ago. Her master's name was Van der Decken. He was a staunch seaman, and would have his own way in spite of the devil. For all that, never a sailor under him had reason to complain; though how it is on board with them nobody knows. The story is this: that in doubling the Cape they were a long day trying to weather the Table Bay. However, the wind headed them, and went against them more and more, and Van der Decken walked the deck, swearing at the wind. Just after sunset a vessel spoke him, asking him if he did not mean to go into the bay that night. Van der Decken replied: "May I be eternally damned if I do, though I should beat about here till the day of judgment. And to be sure, he never did go into that bay, for it is believed that he continues to beat about in these seas still, and will do so long enough. This vessel is never seen but with foul weather along with her". There have been many reported sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries. One was by Prince George of Wales, the future King George V. During his late adolescence, in 1880, with his elder brother Prince Albert Victor of Wales, he was on a three-year voyage with their tutor Dalton, temporarily shipped into HMS Inconstant after the damaged rudder in their original ship, the 4,000-tonne corvette Bacchante was repaired. Off the coast of Australia, between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton records: “At 4 a.m. the Flying Dutchman crossed our bows. A strange red light as of a phantom ship all aglow, in the midst of which light the masts, spars and sails of a brig 200 yards distant stood out in strong relief as she came up on the port bow, where also the officer of the watch from the bridge clearly saw her, as did the quarterdeck midshipman, who was sent forward at once to the forecastle; but on arriving there was no vestige nor any sign whatever of any material ship was to be seen either near or right away to the horizon, the night being clear and the sea calm. Thirteen persons altogether saw her ... At 10.45 a.m. the ordinary seaman who had this morning reported the Flying Dutchman fell from the foretopmast crosstrees on to the topgallant forecastle and was smashed to atoms.” It’s a mystery. There are reports of it being punished for a crime or in league with the devil, but there’s little to confirm. However, as a portent of doom, it should be avoided. Spookiness There is something deeply unsettling about the boat and the knowledge that something bad is going to happen. Tripe, Malt and Imrahil like this The Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come (75 points on 5 of 12 lists. Top Vote #6 Imrahil) The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, also known as The Ghost of Christmas Future, or sometimes just Christmas Future (if you are dumb and lazy) or Pointy the Spooky Pointing Ghost, is the ghost that haunts the miser Ebenezer Scrooge, in order to prompt him to adopt a more caring attitude in life and avoid the horrid afterlife of his business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge found the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come the most fearsome of the spirits; he appeared to Scrooge as a figure entirely muffled in a black hooded robe, except for a single gaunt hand with which he points. Although the character never spoke, Scrooge understood him, usually through assumptions from his previous experiences and rhetorical questions. The Ghost's muteness and undefined features (being always covered by his robe) may also have been intended to represent the uncertainty of the future When the Ghost made his appearance, the first thing he showed Scrooge is three wealthy gentlemen making light of a recent death, remarking that it will be a cheap funeral, if anyone comes at all. One businessman said he would go only if lunch is provided, while another said he did not eat lunch or wear black gloves, so there was no reason for him to go at all. Next, Scrooge is shown the same dead person's belongings being stolen and sold to a receiver of stolen goods called Old Joe. He also saw a shrouded corpse, which he implored the ghost not to unmask, and a poor, debtor family rejoicing that someone to whom they owed money was dead and thinking his successor creditor wouldn't be as harsh as the deceased creditor was. After pleading to the ghost to see some tenderness connected with death, Scrooge is shown Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the passing of Tiny Tim. Scrooge was then taken to an unkempt graveyard, where he was shown his own grave, and realized that the dead man of whom the others spoke ill was himself. Moved to an emotional connection to humanity and chastened by his own avarice and isolation by the visits of the first two spirits, Scrooge was horrified by the prospect of a lonely death and by implication a subsequent damnation. In desperation, he queried the ghost: “Before I draw nearer to that stone to which you point,” said Scrooge, “answer me one question. Are these the shadows of the things that will be, or are they shadows of things that may be, only?” Still the Ghost pointed downward to the grave by which it stood. “Men’s courses will foreshadow certain ends, to which, if persevered in, they must lead,” said Scrooge. “But if the courses be departed from, the ends will change. Say it is thus with what you show me!” And in an epiphany in which he understood the changes that the visits of the three spirits have wrought in him, Scrooge exclaims: "I am not the man I was. I will not be the man I must have been but for this intercourse. Why show me this, if I am past all hope! ... I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future. The Spirits of all Three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach. Oh, tell me I may sponge away the writing on this stone!” His transformation complete, Scrooge was ready to re-enter the world of humanity as a changed man as he does in the almost immediately. Tee-hee. Intercourse. Not evil, just the facts. The future can be a scary place « Last Edit: October 31, 2013, 02:05:20 AM by Johnny Unusual » Tripe likes this « Reply #108 on: October 31, 2013, 02:07:37 AM » Large Marge (79 points on 4 of 12 lists. Top Vote #1 Cole Stratton) http://www.youtube.com/v/RryZV8NK9-Q She gives rides and her passenger seat smell like musty blankets and stale coffee. Nice! GAH! CLAYMATION! ScottotD, Imrahil and Malt like this Samara Morgan/Sadako Yamamura (88 points on 6 of 12 lists. Top Vote #2 George Harrison) Sadako Yamamura (山村貞子) is a ghost who haunts people also over Japan though a videotape and kills them 7 days after they watched it. There are also ghosts similar to her in Korea and America, though have different names. Early reports say that Sadako is intersex. It has also been hinted that she is the daughter of some oceanic based entity, making her a quasi-oceanic demigod. Her Japanese name combines the Japanese words for "chaste" (sada) and "child" (ko). The American girl who is uncannily like her is Samara Morgan, an otherworldly little girl (Born 1970, died 1978) responsible for the creation of the cursed videotape. Her usual appearance is of a girl with long, dark hair covering her face and wearing a white dress. Samara possesses the power of nensha (thoughtography), capable of burning images onto surfaces and into the minds of others. Using these powers, Samara makes the cursed videotape with her own thoughts, and imbues it with the power to kill the viewer within seven days. She also has other abilities such as possession, water manipulation, and the power to climb out of electrical screens like television sets. One person tried to prevent Samara's escape from a television set by breaking the screen, but she then tried to emerge through the screen of a video camera as the victim recorded her appearance. Samara’s mother, a woman named Evelyn, believed that her daughter had a demon inside her and tried to drown the girl, but she was prevented by nuns. Evelyn was sent to an insane asylum, while Samara was put up for adoption. Samara was adopted by Anna and Richard Morgan, who owned a horse ranch on Moesko Island, Washington. As Samara grew older, her powers burned horrible images into her adoptive mother's mind, nearly driving her insane. Richard banished Samara to live in the ranch's barn, but she used her powers to drive Anna's beloved horses to suicide. At some point, Samara was taken to a psychiatric hospital but the doctors were unable to explain how she created the images. During a family vacation on Shelter Mountain, Anna attacked Samara as she stood before an old well, suffocating her with a garbage bag and then dropping her down the well. Anna then committed suicide by jumping off a cliff. However, Samara clung to life for seven days alone in the well before dying of hypothermia. Eventually, a set of rental cabins were built near the well, with one on top of it. This allowed Samara to project her visions into a VCR tape, creating the seven-day curse. Samara's curse killed Katie Keller, the niece of journalist Rachel Keller, who investigated the tape's origins. Rachel, her ex-boyfriend Noah Clay and their son Aidan all watched the video. Rachel met Richard, who warned her to stay away and then killed himself. Rachel and Noah eventually found Samara's corpse in the well and buried it, but this released a corporeal form of Samara's spirit and she later killed Noah. Rachel destroyed the original video cassette in a fit of rage, but used a copied version of the video to continue the curse in order to save Aidan. Samara deliberately manipulates the tape to get back to Rachel, having decided to make Rachel her new mother. After Rachel burned the tape, Samara possessed Aidan. Rachel drugged Samara and then nearly drowned Aidan to pull Samara out of his body. Samara retreated to a television set, Rachel being willingly pulled into Samara's visionary world and down the well. Rachel climbed out of the well with Samara pursuing her, but Rachel covered the seal on the well just in time. Though, to be fair, this eight year old dead girl is a better film maker than James Ngyen. And her film made more sense. She does go down a few when we see her face. It’s like an angry monster face, while when it’s just hair covering her face it looks FAR more unsettling. Tripe and ScottotD like this (118 points on 8 of 12 lists. Top Vote #2 Cole Stratton) Slimer (also known as Onionhead and Little Spud) was a ghost made up of pure Ectoplasm and the first ghost successfully captured by the Ghostbusters. Slimer is well known for his gigantic appetite and the slime he leaves behind when he passes through solid objects. Slimer was a legendary ghost to all on the original staff of the Sedgewick Hotel. His usual territory was the twelfth floor, but his outings were usually non-violent and simply involved eating food. As a result, the hotel was able to keep a lid on the supernatural problems (for a while). For some reason, Gozer's approaching time of arrival provoked Slimer (and many other ghosts) into being much more active than usual. Eventually the staff couldn't keep the ghost a secret anymore and called the Ghostbusters. However, the Ghostbusters had not yet fully tested their equipment and weren't completely prepared for a full capture. Ray was the first to find Slimer, but missed him and Slimer escaped into the next hall, where he slimed Peter Venkman. After many errant shots and the resulting destruction, Slimer flew into the Alhambra Ballroom where the Ghostbusters made another attempt at capture. Though Slimer is at first tossed around by some more missed shots, the Ghostbusters eventually manage to get him in the streams. Slimer was then caught in the Trap and put in the storage facility. However, he was released with the many other ghosts when the storage facility was shut down. Slimer occupied a hot dog cart on on 1221 Avenue of the Americas in front of the Rockefeller Plaza. When the Hot Dog Vendor opened the cart, he was naturally shocked to see a ghost. After the Ghostbusters defeated Gozer and left Central Park West, Slimer was sighted in the area. Slimer seemed to be a pet to the Ghostbusters, though it's unknown what he had been doing since the Ghostbusters were put out of business years ago. Slimer did resurface after the Ghostbusters started up again and had apparently gotten much fatter in the span of five years. Throughout the Vigo incident of 1989, Slimer interacted with Louis Tully. The two first met when Louis caught Slimer eating his lunch, to which the two of them fled in fear. On New Year's Eve, Louis decides to take up a Proton Pack and help the Ghostbusters. In an attempt to patch up their initial misunderstanding, Slimer helped an exhausted Louis by giving him a ride to the Manhattan Museum of Art (to which Louis wonders how he got his license). It seems likely Slimer had simply commandeered an abandoned bus from the havoc resulting from Vigo's Mood slime assault. At some point, Slimer was recaptured and kept in a Paranormal Containment Research Tank in the Firehouse in the lobby. Egon Spengler used him for various paranormal studies (sometimes noted that this is a nod to The Real Ghostbusters shows take on Slimer). On Thanksgiving weekend 1991, Slimer was playing with Peter Venkman's ESP cards inside Paranormal Containment Research Tank. He can be aggressive, but is harmless and just wants to eat. He’s weird looking and gross, but in a cute sort of way. The Headless Horseman (122 points on 11 of 12 lists. Top Vote #2 Imrahil) The headless horseman has been a motif of European folklore since at least the Middle Ages. The Irish dullahan or dulachán ("dark man") is a headless fairy, usually riding a black horse and carrying his head under one arm (or holding it high to see at great distance). He wields a whip made from a human corpse's spine. When the dullahanstops riding, a death occurs. The dullahan calls out a name, at which point the named person immediately perishes. In another version, he is the headless driver of a black carriage. A similar figure, the gan ceann ("without a head"), can be frightened away by wearing a gold object or casting one in his path. The most prominent Scottish tale of the headless horseman concerns a man named Ewen decapitated in a clan battle at Glen Cainnir on the Isle of Mull. The battle denied him any chance to be a chieftain, and both he and his horse are headless in accounts of his haunting of the area. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a Middle English poem which utilises a decapitation myth. The German Legends of the Brothers Grimm (Deutsche Sagen) recount two German folk tales of a headless horseman being spotted with their own eyes. One is set near Dresden in eastern Germany. In this tale, a woman from Dresden goes out early one Sunday morning to gather acorns in a forest. At a place called "Lost Waters", she hears a hunting horn. When she hears it again, she turns around she sees a headless man in a long grey coat sitting on a grey horse. In another German tale, set in Braunschweig, a headless horseman called "the wild huntsman" blows a horn which warns hunters not to ride the next day, because they will meet with an accident. In some German versions of the headless horseman, he seeks out the perpetrators of capital crimes. In others, he has a pack of black hounds with tongues of fire. The American legend of the Headless Horseman begins in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The Horseman was a Hessian of unknown rank, one of many hired to suppress the American Revolution. During the war, the Horseman was one of 51 Hessians killed in a battle for Chatterton Hill, wherein his head was severed by an American cannonball. He was buried in a graveyard outside a church. Thereafter he appears as a ghost, who presents to nightly travelers an actual danger (rather than the largely harmless fright produced by the majority of ghosts), presumably of decapitation. It was said that an apparition of an actual headless rider on horseback had once been seen in Winfield, West Virginia. On an unrelated but interesting note, on the third season episode of the TV series Haunted Collector it was confirmed that during the Battle of Stones River in Murfreesboro, Tennessee during the American Civil War, Union Lt. Col. Julius Garesché was actually decapitated by a cannonball while riding alongside Union Major General William S. Rosecrans. Though at this point the exact number cannot be calculated, based on his actions it is between these numbers GASP! HE HAS NO HEAD! GASP! HE’S ALSO INTO PUMPKIN CARVING! ScottotD likes this And your NUMBER 1 Pick... (170 points on 9 of 12 lists. Top Vote #1 Raven, ScottotD) Beetlejuice, is a freelance "bio-exorcist" ghost who specializes in scaring humans on behalf of other ghosts. Though he treats it like a job, there is no sign that he “charges” anybody, and is most likely more in it for the pleasure of scaring humans. He has a very bad reputation in the afterworld, where those who manage it warn people against using his services. However, most times he is in a powerless forum unless he is invoked. The only way to summon him is to say his name three times in a row, which is also the only way to banish him (though the latter must be done in his presence). He is unable to say his own name, but he is not forbidden from given clues. One of his most famous hauntings (and a cautionary tale to ghosts who would summon him) was being haunted by a pair of relatively new ghosts named the Maitlands, who asked for Beetlejuice to scare away a new family, the Deetzes, who had occupied their house and had attempted to turn the house into a tacky nightmare and the Maitlands into an attraction. The Maitlands hired Beetlejuice to scare the Deetzes, only to discover that Beetlejuice’s unique brand of haunting too mean-spirited and dangerous. Beetlejuice is summoned once more to save the Maitlands by the Deetzes’ daughter Lydia in exchange for her hand in marriage. He fulfills his promise and fights the Maitlands in a supernatural battle (sort of) and is forced to return to the afterworld after being eating by a Saturnian sandworm. Beetlejuice was last seen in the afterworld, waiting for his turn to enter the afterlife, though there are rumours of his return. Though he has never been reported as killing anyone, his style of haunting is dangerous and reckless. He also seems uninterested in the plight of anyone but himself and is only interested in having fun through extreme haunting. Unlike a lot of these ghosts, Beetlejuice is very away about this kind of scale and should he choose to, could easily spike to 10. When he is talking to other ghosts, he’s at a 4 (off putting and rude, like that drunk guy at a party you don’t know how to deal with), but often spikes to 8 when haunting with shown potential (to the Maitlands) to 10. Malt, ScottotD and Darth Geek like this That's it everyone! Have a happy Halloween and a delightful Día de Muertos! Thanks for contributing to the new edition of Tobin's Spirit Guide! Hope everyone picks up a copy this Christmas. My next project will be a new edition of How I Did It by Victor Frankenstein. Now enjoy this spooky short film! http://www.youtube.com/v/7_Okf__vMI4 Imrahil likes this ScottotD Not Quite Legend E Pluribum Anus forever Thanks Johnny, great work! 1. Beetlejuice (Beetlejuice) 2. The Deadite(s) (Evil Dead, Evil Dead 2 and Army of Darkness) 3. Samara/Sadako (The Ring) 4. Tomás (The Orphanage) 5. Dr. Malcolm Crowe (The 6th Sense) 6. Large Marge (Pee Wee's Big Adventure) 7. The Headless Horseman (Sleepy Hollow) 8. Santi (The Devil's Backbone) ]9. Alice (Lake Mungo) 10. The Ghost House (Ghost House) 11. The Stewart Family (the Others) 12. The Sisters (A Tale of Two Sisters) 13. The Librarian (Ghostbusters) 14. The Grady Twins (The Shining) 15. The Spirits (Insidious) 16. Rebecca (Rebecca) 17. The Poltergeist (Poltergeist) 18. Miss Jessel and Peter Quint (The Innocents) 19. School Bus kids (Trick ‘R Treat) 20. The Ghost of Christmas yet to Come (Scrooged) 21. The Amityville Ghost (The Amityville Horror) 22. Candyman (The Candyman) 23. Elizabeth Dane crew (The Fog) 24. Bathsheba (The Conjuring) 25. Susie Salmon (The Lovely Bones) Scottotd on Instagram "A thing I like that there was no chance would ever continue until recently is now continuing but it doesn't meet my exact personal specifications so fuck this" - how I read any complaint about MST3k (or Star Wars or Ghostbusters) 1. Ammeline Hamstring (because her brief passage makes me tear up still) 2. The Flying Dutchman 3. Jennet Humfrye (The Woman In Black) 4. Hearne the Hunter 5. Edgehill : http://www.real-british-ghosts.com/edgehill-ghosts.html 6. 50 Berkley Square : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Berkeley_Square 7. Timothy Claypole : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentaghost 8. Borley Rectory : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borley_Rectory 9. The Sorrel Weeed House : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrel_Weed_House (the stuff they tell you on the tour is less spooky than the things experienced by people who’ve owned it, I know a couple of them) 10. The Winchester Mystery House (since the building has stopped the inhabitation has to have occurred by now ) 11. Miss Jessel and Peter Quint 12. Old Jeffrey : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epworth_Rectory_haunting 13. La Llorona : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Llorona 14. The Headless Horseman 15. Blackbeard’s Ghost : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard%27s_Ghost 16. “Pipes” : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwatch 17. Banquo : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banquo 18. Joseph Carmichael : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Changeling_(1980_film) 19. The Enfield Poltergeist : http://www.real-british-ghosts.com/enfield-poltergeist.html 20. Traverse City State Hospital : http://www.michigansotherside.com/Articles/Traverse_City_Hospital.htm 21. Taskerlands : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Tape 22. Blake et al : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_fog 23. Silverpilen : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverpilen 24. Old Hamlet 25. Moaning Myrtle (film version only because Shirley Henderson is hot) : http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Myrtle And here are my selections for the mini-list. 1. Egon Spengler 2. Madame Arcati 3. Dean & Sam Winchester 4. Madame Flora 5. Frank Bannister I think I reddened and bolded all the ones that made it yes? « Last Edit: October 31, 2013, 05:26:07 AM by Tripe » MightyJack Much fun, thanks for the invite... Mine... 1. The Spectre 2. Samara Morgan (The Ring) 3. Eva/Alma from Peter Straub’s Ghost Story 4. Elisa Cameron, Ghost (Dark Horse comic character) 5. Santi (From the Devil’s Backbone) 6. Beetlejuice 7. Bloody Mary 8. Space Ghost 9. Fenny Bates from Peter Straub’s Ghost Story 10. The Stewarts from the movie “The Others” 11. Spooky, the Tuff Little Ghost (Harvey Comics) 12. The Canterville Ghost (surprised this didn't make it. Fun Charles Laughton flick as well) 13. Izabel from the comic Saga 14. The Ghost of Humphrey Bogart in Woody Allen’s “Play it Again Sam” 15. Deadman (DC comics) 16. The Twin girls from the Shining 17. Dr. Malcolm Crowe (The 6th Sense) 18. The Dead Boy Detectives from Gaiman’s Sandman 19. The Black Knight in the Kolchak episode “The Knightly Murders” 21. The Bell Witch (used to live in Nashville, we heard a lot about this one) 22. The White Lady 23. The Pacman Ghosts, Inky, Pinky, Dinky, and Clyde 24. Hamlet’s Father 25. Vi from Tormented Suplimental list 1. John Constantine 2. Tangina Barrons (Poltergeist) 3. Peter Venkman (Ghost Busters) 4. Father Merrin (The Exorcist) 5. Adrianne the angry Psychic from Merlin’s Shop of Mystical Wonders Great list, Johnny. Loved the write-ups. 1. Deadman 4. The Overlook Hotel 5. The Woman in Black 6. Roland and Paine, The Dead Boy Detectives 7. Sai He's the go (as in the 4,000 year old board game) playing ghost from the manga/anime Hikaru No Go, a go master from long ago who committed suicide after his reputation was ruined when he tried to expose a rival's cheating and was blamed himself. Since then, he's been only seen by two humans, both who learned from him and became go masters themselves. The character is great and I love the way the series plays out with the main character (Hikaru) acting as a proxy for Sai, then finding out that he loves the game and decides to play for himself. This causes problems when a young aspiring go genius who was completely trounced by "Hikaru" suddenly finds his rival's skill take a tremendous drop. It's a really good series and is drawn by the artist behind Death Note. Interestingly, the series created a surge in the popularity of Go among young people, which was long considered an old man's game. http://www.youtube.com/v/qewJwOxXn68 8. The Winchester Mystery House 11. Candyman Shame, I was really hoping he would make it. 12. The Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come 13. The Hitchhiker (as in the Vanishing Hitchhiker) 14. Emeric Belasco From the Legend of Hell House 15. Teke Teke A Japanese ghost who was split in half in a train accident and hunts people while saying "teke teke" (which is the onomatapeia for a train) 16. Samara/Sadako 17. Slimer 19. Jacob Marley 20. Hill House (The Haunting is a pretty great movie) 21. Vi (Tormented) 22. Cyrus (The Frighteners) 23. Candlejack "I'm going to need more rope." 24. the High Plains Drifter To be fair, this is ambiguous, but it is heavily hinted he's a ghost. He might have been higher on my list if it wasn't for that rape scene that's not played as such. Icky. Other than that, you totally revel in his revenge and watch him subvert the usual western tropes. http://www.youtube.com/v/Ek9CwmjisLE And if you ever wondered where the recurring reference on MST3k to "WHHHOOOOOOOO ARRREEEEEE YOOOOOOOU!", it's in this. 25. BOB (AKA Killer Bob) Even though he was at the bottom, I was really praying Starman would come in and put him on the list. http://www.youtube.com/v/iN02pNRqgM8 See I'd include BOB as a demon but not a ghost, none of the residents of the Black Lodge really seem like ghosts. Pages: 1 ... 6 7 [8] 9 Go Up	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line47
__label__cc	0.666122	0.333878	Impact of Carbon Tax...how has it affected you? Thread: Impact of Carbon Tax...how has it affected you? August 3rd,2012 09:39 AM #1 Dennis Lapierre Falkland, BC From the outset, when the province announced its intention to impose a carbon tax, the BCAC has pushed to have that tax not apply to agriculture. The argument is put succinctly in the 2011 BCAC Annual Report: British Columbia is the only jurisdiction in North America with a Carbon Tax. Other jurisdictions in the world with a carbon tax have exempted agriculture. It has added about $27 million in direct annual costs to the production of food in B.C. It will jump to $36 million annually after the proposed increase in 2012. As a result, many affected B.C. farm businesses are seriously considering relocation to more tax-friendly areas outside of the province. The BCAC met with Minister McRae in November 2011 to highlight the repercussions that the Carbon Tax has on farmers and local food production. The BCAC initiated discussions with the Ministry of Agriculture to move toward a more sustainable policy such as the elimination of the Carbon Tax currently imposed on growing food. The part of the agriculture industry in BC that was most severely affected by the imposition of the tax was the greenhouse industry. A product of the outcry by the greenhouse industry on its impact resulted in the province providing a grant more or less equal to the cost increase the greenhouse industry would be facing. As well,on June 28/12 the province announced that it would be conducting a review of the tax and will consider the effect of the tax on the competitiveness of B.C. businesses such as those in the agriculture sector, and in particular, B.C. food producers. Ref.: http://policymonitor.ca/climate-chan...ia-carbon-tax/ Towards conducting that review, it needs information on how the tax has affected you. So, how has it? What the BCAC would like is for producers, or producer groups to outline the effect, report it to the BCAC, which, in turn will summarize the responses and deliver them to the province. Your help in this matter would be appreciated. Please feel free to post your comments on this Forum, as well. Quick Navigation General Forum Top	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line48
__label__cc	0.584681	0.415319	Amenemhat and what he did to prevent famines in Egypt The Nile usually behaves with remarkable accuracy, rising exactly a specific number of feet year after year, at a scheduled pace. The farmers knew how much the Nile would rise at a specific day of the year. But in rare cases it went off its schedule. In some rare cases, which happened once in two or three centuries, the Nile would rise way beyond its usual level. The farmers are than forced to flee to the harsh dessert. And once they returned they would find their cattle drowned, and their mud houses destroyed. Loss of property and even loss of lives was tremendous when that happened. If the river continued to rise beyond limits for a long time, thousands or millions would die. If it receded quickly, farmers would return to their homes to see their properties destroyed. A more probable scenario, however, was the opposite behavior of the Nile. Sometimes it would not rise very much at all. That led to only the lowest parts of Egypt supplied with water. The rest of Egypt was thrust into a year of drought and famine. Every year, Egyptians nervously watched the progress of the Nile from day to day. If it did not rise as fast as it should, the feeling of doom kept covering the inhabitants. The agony of suspense kept increasing until the "hundred day" mark, at which point everyone knew the river will not rise any further. That is the reason, ancient Egyptians worshiped the Nile so much. When the river did not rise, great starvation would follow, unless large amounts of grain were saved from previous years, or could be easily imported from surrounding lands. So Joseph saved a lot of lives and did a great service to Egypt when he told the pharaoh about the coming 7 years of drought, followed by the 7 years of surplus. At a time when the surrounding lands were struck by drought as well, they were all so lucky Joseph received a revelation about the coming drought. No wonder, the pharaoh made Joseph the second man in the kingdom and all of Egypt respected him after this. So, Egyptians were hoping for mercy from the Nile year after year. Than, the "great Amenemhat" got to thinking. He wondered if he could do something to prevent such disastrous actions from nature in the future. And he found a solution in a deep and vast depression in the Libyan hills west of the Nile valley. He dug up a canal from the western branch of the Nile and to that region. With a system of sluices and flood gates he was able to retain absolute control of how much water passed through. Thus, a huge reservoir of water was established, reaching the depth of the Nile at its highest point. In the year of need, the reservoir could be opened, and the land of Egypt would be supplied with the precious fluid.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line50
__label__cc	0.642698	0.357302	THE CYCLE CONTINUES This is not where Irene and I had envisioned ourselves in our senior years. We worked hard, played by all of the rules, and we certainly believed that at this stage in our lives, all of yesterday’s “trials” would be manifested in today’s “tribulations.” Many times this train has been forced off the tracks with frivolous legal motions, or switched into some remote “adjournment” siding. Our friends and our family have been our strength with their unwavering support and stabilizing counsel. They bolster our spirits and sustain our faith in mankind. These are troubling times for us all, and hopefully what we are witnessing is a purging of the greed and corruption that has insidiously crept into our society. Seeing “the glass as half full” I’m confident that the good and decent people of America will ultimately prevail, and that we will soon restore the fundamental principles that made our nation great! And so…It is with great reluctance and deep regret that after nearly twenty years of welcoming Family, Friends and Guests to The Griffin House Bed & Breakfast, the time has come for us to close the doors and bid adieu to another era in our lives. We’re proud of “our creation;” of the recognition and awards we’ve received and of the far reaching contributions that it has afforded the community at large. Most of all, we’re grateful for the experience of meeting, greeting and serving you; it has been our very special privilege and we will miss you all. Some of our fondest memories are associated with the conversations that took place around the breakfast table. The coffee flask was always a particular source for wonderment. When guests struggled with getting at the life giving liquid residing inside, we would comfort them by saying, “that’s alright, it takes a neuro-surgeon to open it.” And then one morning came the inevitable retort, “I am a neuro-surgeon, and I can’t get the damn thing open!” Or…once, as Irene was washing up at the sink after the morning’s uniquely cerebral discussions, and the phone rang. The voice on the other end asks if we have hot water. Confused and believing that it must be a hoax or somebody looking for a room, she answered, “sure! of course we do. Where are you?” The voice on the other end responded, “I’m in the shower in the Griffin Room…could you send some up?” She turned off the water at the sink and asked, “how’s that?” He answered, “Great! Thanks!” Then there was the gentleman in the Lancastrian bathroom who ran out of toilet paper. He looked around and saw that there was a fresh roll on the ledge of the transom window behind him. Unfortunately, in his attempt to retrieve it, he dropped it and in the process of bending over to pick it up, he burned his bare buttocks on the exposed steam pipe, which immediately and violently propelled him, headfirst into the wall We’re sincerely grateful when guests and community members alike recall for us the very special benefits, fundraisers, and dinner concerts where Irene miraculously prepared six course dinners for forty people, and then followed with her own one woman show. Once the last dinner guest had departed, and the in-house guests were safely tucked away in their rooms, we would begin the cleanup of all of the china and silverware from forty diners…moving the catering furniture to the carriage house, and returning with the main house furniture, and finally setting and making preparations for breakfast. Exhausted, we would fall into bed around 3:00am only to awake again at 5:30am for the early risers. We’re also proud to have played a major role in some of the happiest occasions in the lives of our guests. Many an engagement ring has found its way onto an accepting finger, and we are honored to have been selected for countless Weddings, Anniversaries, Birthdays and Christenings. Our own lives have been all the more enriched by the mutual joy that we have all shared. These amazing memories evoke a deep sigh and a contented smile. Thank you, one and all! Click here to see a pictorial review of what we went through	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line54
__label__cc	0.572241	0.427759	Four approaches to teleology In his fine book Aristotle, Christopher Shields usefully distinguishes Aristotle’s approach to teleology from two others. Teleological eliminativism is Shields’ label for the view that there is no genuine final causality to be found in the natural order; the atomists Democritus and Leucippus would be two ancient advocates of this view. Teleological intentionalism is his label for the view that there is teleology to be found in the natural order, but only insofar as a divine intelligence has put it there; Anaxagoras would be an ancient representative of this view. Aristotle, as Shields notes, takes an intermediate position: there are final causes inherent in the natural order, but they do not require explanation in terms of a divine ordering intelligence. They’re just there in the nature of things. (This is so, in Aristotle’s view, even though we must affirm the existence of an Unmoved Mover who moves the world as its final cause; for what leads us to the Unmoved Mover is the need to explain motion or change, not the need to explain the existence of final causality per se.) Andre Ariew, in his article “Teleology” in The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology, draws a similar set of distinctions. The materialist, who corresponds to Shields’ teleological eliminativist, denies teleology. The Platonic teleologist, like the teleological intentionalist, affirms teleology but regards it as imposed by a divine intelligence from outside (e.g. by the demiurge of Plato’s Timaeus). The Aristotelian teleologist also affirms teleology but regards it as immanent to the natural order rather than imposed from outside. As Ariew notes, William Paley of “design argument” fame and contemporary Intelligent Design theorists are essentially Platonic teleologists. These distinctions are very helpful, but they do not exhaust all the possibilities. For as I have noted, Aquinas rejects both Aristotle’s position and that of the Platonic or intentionalist teleologist. His position might be seen as a middle position between theirs. Like Aristotle, and unlike Paley and ID theorists, Aquinas regards final causality as immanent to the natural order. For Paley and ID theory, it is at least possible that natural objects have no end, goal, or purpose; they just think this is improbable. The reason is that they accept an essentially mechanistic conception of nature, viz. one which denies Aristotelian formal and final causes and models the world on the analogy of a machine. The bits of metal that make up a watch have no inherent tendency toward functioning as a timepiece; it is at least theoretically possible, even if improbable, that a watch-like arrangement might come about by chance. And natural objects are like this too: There is nothing inherent in any natural object or system – no essences, natures, substantial forms or anything else corresponding to such Aristotelian-Scholastic categories – by which we might read off final cause or teleology. The world might be like a collection of bits of metal that have by sheer accident come together in the form of something resembling a watch. It’s just that this is so highly improbable – so the argument goes – that the “best explanation” is that some intelligence arranged the bits that make up the world into their present purposive configuration, much as a watchmaker arranges bits of otherwise purposeless bits of metal into a watch. Like Aristotle, Aquinas will have nothing to do with this picture of nature. For them, the world is not comparable to a machine – that is to say, it is not a complex arrangement of parts which have no intrinsic tendency toward the ends they actually happen to serve, and thus must be forced to do so “from outside” as it were. Rather, all natural substances have essences, natures, or substantial forms, and their final causes are therefore inherent or built-in. For Paley, it at least makes sense to think that the eye (say) might not actually be for seeing. It’s theoretically possible that the fact that eyes tend to result in seeing is an amazing accident. It’s just that, when we weigh the various explanatory alternatives, we find this one so highly improbable that we can rule it out. But for Aquinas, probability has nothing to do with it. The very idea that eyes might not really be for seeing makes no sense and is not even theoretically possible. If eyes are typically associated with seeing, then that can only be because it is in their nature to see. And that in turns entails that their natural end or final cause is seeing. We can know this just by considering eyes themselves, without getting into the question of their origin, divine or otherwise. Unlike Aristotle, who leaves it at that, Aquinas thinks that the existence of final causes nevertheless requires an explanation, for the reasons sketched in my previous post on teleology; and he also thinks that this explanation must lie – not might lie, not probably lies, but necessarily lies – in the existence of a divine intellect which conserves the order of final causes in being from instant to instant. Here too, Aquinas’s God is not a “watchmaker” god who might have died off in the time that has passed since he finished his work, leaving his finely crafted timepiece to carry on without him. Without the divine ordering intellect, the order of final causes could not be sustained even for an instant. As usual, the details can be found in The Last Superstition and Aquinas. The point is just that Aquinas’s position cannot be assimilated to that of either Aristotle or Paley. It is, again, a middle ground between them: call it Thomistic teleologism or Scholastic teleologism. As the latter suggested label perhaps indicates, the situation here might usefully be compared to the debate over the problem of universals. Nominalism and conceptualism are essentially anti-realist positions, regarding universals as artifacts of language or the workmanship of the human understanding rather than having any objective basis. Platonic realism takes universals to exist entirely independently of either the natural world or of any mind. Aristotelian realism takes universals to exist only in the particular things that instantiate them and in intellects which abstract them from these particulars. Scholastic realism – the position of Augustine and Aquinas – takes what is in effect a middle ground position between Platonic and Aristotelian realism. Like the Aristotelian realist, the Scholastic realist affirms that universals can exist only in either their concrete instantiations or in an intellect. But like Plato, he also affirms that they nevertheless have a kind of existence beyond those instantiations and beyond finite, human intellects. For universals pre-exist both the material world and all finite intellects qua ideas in the infinite, divine intellect, as the patterns according to which God creates the world. Nominalism and conceptualism, in their anti-realism, are comparable to teleological eliminativism, denying the objective existence of the phenomena in question. Aristotelian realism corresponds to Aristotelian teleologism: just as the former affirms universals but regards them as immanent, existing in their instantiations, so too does the latter affirm a kind of teleology, but only one existing immanent to the things that manifest it. Platonic realism corresponds roughly to teleological intentionalism: like Platonic realism, which regards universals as existing entirely separated from the material world, Platonic teleologism affirms teleology, but only as something which strictly speaking exists apart from the world rather than immanent to it. The patterns we observe in the natural world might lead us to postulate the existence of the Platonic Forms, but the Forms are entirely outside the world. Similarly, the order of the natural world might lead us to postulate the existence of Platonic teleology, but strictly speaking such teleology is – for Paley and ID theory, unlike Aristotle – not in the natural world itself but only outside it, in the mind of a designer. Scholastic realism, then, corresponds roughly to Scholastic teleologism: Universals are immanent to the natural world, and therefore the natures of things can, at least to some extent and in principle, be known and studied without reference to their creator; and this remains true even though any ultimate explanation of universals and the things that instantiate them must make reference to God. Similarly, the final causes of things are immanent to the natural world and can, at least to some extent and in principle, be known and studied without reference to God – despite the fact that their explanation too must ultimately be referred to God. Insisting on the immanence of universals and final causes is arguably crucial to avoiding the extremes of occasionalism and deism. For if we deny that universals and final causes – and thus natures and causal powers – are inherent to natural objects, then we are likely to conclude either (a) that there are no secondary causes, and God as first cause is really the only true cause of everything that happens, or (b) that since the world can continue to operate without inherent causal powers, it must also be capable of continuing in operation without the continued operation of the first cause. The first, occasionalist option tends in turn to approach pantheism, while the second, deistic option tends to lead to atheism. I leave for homework the question of whether these inferences are strictly unavoidable – obviously they would need in any event to be fleshed out. Suffice it to say that there are theological as well as philosophical grounds to prefer what I have called the Scholastic position. As I have emphasized in TLS and elsewhere, there are scientific advantages too. For the further we go in the deistic-cum-mechanistic direction, the more we invite Humean skepticism about causality and thus threaten to make science unintelligible. While the further we go in the occasionalist direction, the less the world seems to reflect impersonal and predictable forces and the more it comes to seem in every detail comparable to the unpredictable behavior of a conscious subject – thus making natural science impossible. (As Alain Besançon has argued, a tendency toward an occasionalist conception of divine causality is part of what distinguishes Islam from Christianity – and this is no doubt one reason why natural science progressed in the West and stagnated within the Islamic world.) The difference between McCarthyism and liberalism McCarthyite: someone who thinks there is a communist hiding under every bed Liberal: someone who thinks there is a McCarthyite hiding under every bed Teleology revisited Over at his own blog, One Brow (who sometimes comments on this blog) responds to my recent post on the Wright-Coyne-Manzi debate. I appreciate his thoughtful remarks, but I must say that I find his post a bit frustrating. He admits that he has not read The Last Superstition, but puts forward criticisms of its arguments anyway – criticisms that I have already addressed at length in the book! I know that some readers think I drop references to TLS into various blog posts simply as an act of self-promotion; and if it helps to sell a few copies, I certainly don’t mind. But the main point is always to indicate to interested readers where certain issues relevant to the topic of a post have been addressed at greater length. I cannot reasonably be expected to recapitulate the arguments of TLS every time I revisit one of its themes. That’s why people write books: To develop at length arguments and ideas that cannot adequately be dealt with in shorter contexts (e.g. blog posts). Anyway, one of One Brow’s comments that I would like to address here concerns the central topic of the post to which he is responding, viz. the way in which talk of “algorithms,” “information,” and the like in biology evinces, if it is meant seriously, a tacit commitment to the reality of teleology or final causes. One Brow says: terms like algorithm and information means [sic] very different things when applied to biological objects or other non-human-created systems than to computer programs. Algorithms are merely cycles enacted and altered by external stimuli and ended, if at all, by other stimuli (possibly external or internal), while information represents how easily a string can be compressed by interpretations [sic] functions that are not aimed specifically at that string. Neither concept has any recognition of teleology or lack thereof, they are statements of content, not purpose. The problem with what One Brow is saying here – if I understand him correctly, anyway – is that he is just mistaken in assuming that his claims are necessarily inconsistent with the claims I made. And what this reflects is a basic failure to understand what the Aristotelian-Thomistic (A-T) tradition means by “final cause" or “teleology.” (Like Coyne, One Brow seems annoyed that defenders of Aquinas are always complaining that critics don’t understand his arguments. And yet rather than show that the charge is false, the critics’ responses only ever seem to provide further evidence for the charge! What can I say? Don’t blame the messenger, guys…) Let me make some general remarks about what the A-T tradition does mean, then, before coming back to One Brow’s comment. If you are going to understand Aristotle and Aquinas, the first thing you need to do is put out of your mind everything that you’ve come to associate with words like “purpose,” “final cause,” “teleology,” and the like under the influence of what you’ve read about the Darwinism vs. Intelligent Design debate, Paley’s design argument, etc. None of that is relevant. If you think that what Aristotelians or Thomists mean when they say that teleology pervades the natural world is that certain natural objects exhibit “irreducible specified complexity,” or that some inorganic objects are analogous to machines and/or to biological organs, or that they are best explained as the means by which an “Intelligent Designer” is seeking to achieve certain goals, etc., then you are way off base. I realize that that’s the debate most people – including writers of pop apologetics books – think that arguments like the Fifth Way are about. They’re not. Think outside the box. “What hath Thomas Aquinas to do with William Paley?” Nothing. Forget Paley. In fact Aristotle and Aquinas are concerned with something far less high-falutin’ than all that. The core of the A-T “principle of finality” can be illustrated with the simplest sort of cause and effect relation you might care to take. As Aquinas sums it up: “Every agent acts for an end: otherwise one thing would not follow more than another from the action of the agent, unless it were by chance” (Summa Theologiae I.44.4). By “agent” he doesn’t mean only conscious rational actors like ourselves, but anything that serves as an efficient cause. For example, insofar as a chunk of ice floating in the North Atlantic tends, all things being equal, to cause the water surrounding it to grow colder, it is an “agent” in the relevant sense. And what Aquinas is saying is that given that the ice will, unless impeded, cause the surrounding water to grow colder specifically – rather than to boil, to turn into Coca Cola, or to catch fire, and rather than having no effect at all – we have to suppose that there is in the ice a potency, power, or disposition which inherently “points to” the generation of that specific effect. That the ice is an efficient cause of coldness entails that generating coldness is the final cause of ice. And in general, if there is a regular efficient causal connection between a cause A and an effect B, then generating B is the final cause of A. Now already I can hear some readers – for example the sort, like the sands of the sea for multitude, who made snotty and uncomprehending remarks in response to Manzi’s response to Coyne (as you’ll find if you can stomach plowing through Coyne’s combox) – sputtering replies like the following: “So what divine ‘purpose’ is the ice supposed to serve, then? To chill our martinis? To give furriers a market for their products? What superstition! And what about that iceberg that sank the Titanic? What about hypothermia, frostbite, and the ‘brain freeze’ I suffered through the last time I had a Slurpee? Where’s the omni-benevolence of your Flying Spaghetti Monster sky-god now, huh? HUH?!” Whoa, whoa, whoa. Slow down, and calm down. Nobody said anything about either human purposes or divine purposes. Indeed, there is nothing whatsoever in the specific claim under consideration that has anything to do with “purposes” at all, if what is meant by that is the idea that the ice or the coldness serve some end beyond themselves in the way that a bodily organ functions for the good of the organism of which it is a part, or a machine serves the ends of its designer. To be sure, each of the latter examples would involve teleology of a sort; but it is not the sort in question here. The claim so far is only that where there is an efficient causal connection between A and B, then generating B is the final cause of A in the sense that A inherently “points to” B or is “directed at” B as its natural effect. That’s it. So far, then, nothing has been said about either “design” or a “designer,” because the point has nothing to do with design. Nor does it have anything to do with complexity, “specified” or otherwise. We’re talking about ice here – ice! – not the bacterial flagellum, eyeballs, or any of the other hoary chestnuts of the Darwinism-versus-ID dispute. Indeed, we’re talking about something many naturalistic philosophers have come to endorse in contexts far removed from philosophy of religion or the Darwin wars – albeit without realizing that they are more or less reviving a Neo-Scholastic philosophy of nature. When a mainstream naturalistic philosopher like David Armstrong speaks of the “dispositions” physical objects possess as manifesting a kind of “proto-intentionality,” and when a mainstream naturalistic philosopher like George Molnar argues that the causal powers of material objects exhibit a kind of “physical intentionality,” they are certainly not claiming that there is an intelligent designer who made the world with certain ends in view. But they are (even if unwittingly) more or less stating in modern jargon what the A-T tradition meant by the principle of finality. (As usual, see TLS – and, now, Aquinas – for more.) As Christopher Martin notes in his important book Thomas Aquinas: God and Explanations, modern philosophers tend to think that, where teleological arguments for God’s existence are concerned, getting from the existence of teleology to the existence of God is easy, but establishing that there really is any teleology in the natural order in the first place is difficult or impossible. But as Martin also notes, this is more or less the reverse of the view taken by thinkers like Aquinas. For Aquinas, it is easy to show that teleology exists; for without it, efficient causation becomes unintelligible. (As I have noted many times, the moderns’ abandonment of final causality is the source of all the puzzles about causation that have plagued modern philosophy since Hume.) What takes work is showing that the existence of teleology entails the existence of God. After all, Aristotle himself, even though he firmly believed both in final causality and in the existence of an Unmoved Mover, did not think that final causality needed an explanation in terms of the Unmoved Mover, or indeed any explanation at all. He took it to be just a fundamental feature of the natural world; his argument for the Unmoved Mover begins instead with the existence of change or motion, not the existence of teleology. Aquinas disagrees with Aristotle here. But, just as when arguing for the existence of teleology, so too when arguing from the existence of teleology to the existence of God, Aquinas does not appeal to “irreducible complexity,” to the way biological species are adapted to their environment, to the “fine tuning” of the laws of physics, nor to any other of the evidences emphasized by modern proponents of the “design argument.” Nor does he argue from a purported “analogy” between the universe and the products of human design. Nor does he weigh probabilities or argue “to the best explanation.” Again, you need to put Paley and Co. completely out of your mind. And again, the basic idea is much simpler than all that. It is essentially this: For a cause to be efficacious – including a final cause – it has actually to exist in some way. It’s not just that for A to be the efficient cause of B, A must exist – as it obviously must – but also that for B to be the final cause of A, B must also exist, in some sense, otherwise, being nonexistent, it could not be efficacious. Hence for the “coldness” that the ice generates to function as a final cause, it has to exist in some way; for an oak to function as the final cause of an acorn, it too has to exist in some way; and so forth. Now there are only three options here: B must exist either in the natural world; or in some Platonic heaven, as a Form; or in an intellect which “directs” A towards B as A’s natural end or goal (as a carpenter has the table in his intellect as the end or goal of his hammering and sawing). Now by hypothesis, B does not exist in the natural world: the whole point is that the coldness that the ice will produce, or the oak that the acorn will grow into, have not yet come about but are initially merely “pointed” to by the ice or the acorn. Nor does B exist as a Platonic Form – at least not if, like Aquinas, one endorses moderate (or Aristotelian) realism about universals, instead of Platonic realism. The only place left for B to exist, then, is in an intellect; and it must be an intellect that exists outside the natural order altogether. For the causal relations in question are totally unintelligent: ice and acorns do not have intellects, nor is there any intelligence at the level of the even more fundamental causal processes studied by basic physics and chemistry. And all the intelligence that does exist within the material world – in us, for example – presupposes the operation of these unintelligent causal processes (since the existence of our bodies, and thus of us, presupposes them). So, there is no place left for the intellect in question to be than outside the natural order. That is to say, all the causal relations that exist in the natural order exist at all only because there is an intellect outside the natural order which “directs” causes to their effects. Obviously this line of argument raises all sorts of questions: Why accept the metaphysical assumptions underlying the argument? Why assume that there is only one such intellect directing efficient causes to their effects, or that it has all the various divine attributes? Why should we believe that an intellect could be something outside the natural order, and thus something immaterial, in the first place? All good questions, and all dealt with in The Last Superstition and (in greater detail) in Aquinas. But the point for now is to give a sense of how very different is the argument summarized in Aquinas’s Fifth Way – and like all the Five Ways, it was only ever meant to be a brief summary, not a self-contained one-stop proof – from Paley’s “design argument.” In particular, in addition to the differences already noted, there is this crucial one: To reject Paley’s divine designer is ipso facto to reject the “design” Paley claims to see in nature. But to reject Aquinas’s notion of a divine intellect is not ipso facto to reject the existence of teleology. One could instead adopt Aristotle’s view that teleology is just a basic feature of the natural order requiring no explanation. To be sure, this may not be a defensible position at the end of the day – that teleology ultimately entails a divine intellect is precisely Aquinas’s claim. But the point is that, as Aquinas acknowledges and Paley and his successors do not, the inference from teleology to an ordering intelligence is not immediate. There is logical space for an alternative understanding of teleology, and it requires significant philosophical work to rule that alternative out. Establishing the existence of teleology in the natural order is a necessary condition for the success of an argument like the Fifth Way; it is not a sufficient one. Now, let me return, at last, to One Brow’s remarks. One Brow says that to describe natural selection and other natural processes as “algorithmic” is simply to note that they are “cyclical.” And what he means by this, I gather, is that they embody regular causal patterns (in particular, patterns of what Aristotelians call efficient causation). Competition between species leads to changes in the gene pool, planets tend to orbit stars in patterns roughly conforming to Kepler’s laws, and so forth. But there is, One Brow says, no “purpose” being served by any of this. The purpose of natural selection is not to lead to better organisms, because it has no purpose; and the purpose of planetary orbits is not to generate seasonal changes on the planets themselves, because they have no purpose either. A causes B in a cyclical pattern, with no external purpose being served by that pattern; and that’s that. If this is what One Brow means, though, he is not saying anything that is incompatible with what I have been saying. For whether natural selection, planetary orbits, or anything else serves a purpose in the sense in question is irrelevant to the existence of teleology. The claim isn’t that the fact that A causes B in a cyclical pattern entails that there is some plan or purpose outside the cycle that the pattern exists in order to further. The claim is that the mere existence of the cycle is all by itself a manifestation of teleology. The argument isn’t “A tends to cause B; therefore there must be some purpose outside of both A and B the realization of which this causal relationship exists in order to further.” It’s rather “A tends to cause B; therefore, causing B must be inherent or natural to A.” If that claim sounds obvious and trivial, then terrific: You’re starting to understand Aristotle and Aquinas, because it’s supposed to be obvious and trivial. Or rather, it would be trivial if not for three factors: First, if Aquinas is correct, this obvious and seemingly trivial fact cannot be explained unless there is a divine intelligence directing causes to their effects. Obviously that is a substantive claim, not a trivial one. Second, when you work your way up through ever more complex levels of material reality, you find correspondingly more complex manifestations of final causality or teleology, and in the case of human beings this has significant moral implications. (Indeed, from an A-T point of view it is a precondition of there being any such thing as morality at all.) Third, what is obvious and trivial to common sense has become obscured by 400 years worth of intellectual squid ink, as modern philosophers have moved ever farther away from the classical tradition and indulged in ever more bizarre exercises in what P. F. Strawson called “revisionary metaphysics.” One Brow also denies that attributing “information” to natural processes implies the existence of teleology. But there are two problems with this. First, if he means that “information” in the technical, Claude Shannon sense doesn’t by itself entail semantic content of the sort we associate with purpose, then he’s right, but that doesn’t undermine the claim at issue. For where A carries Shannonian information about B, that is only because there is a causal connection between A and B, so that we are back to the original A-T point that such an (efficient) causal connection presupposes final causality. Second, it is not at all clear that scientists who speak of “information” and the like really do confine their usage to the narrow, Shannonian sense of the term. As John Searle (among others) has complained for decades now, fast-and-loose computer science and information-theoretic talk pervades contemporary intellectual life, and has afforded materialistic explanations (e.g. of the mind) a specious plausibility they would not have if the relevant terminology was used more precisely. The thing is, some of this talk – that is, some of the talk that attributes something like semantic “information” to material processes – is by no means unmotivated. As Daniel Dennett likes to say, there are “real patterns” in nature underlying the “intentional stance” we find it useful to take toward certain natural phenomena. And that these patterns seem to require an intentional or semantic description is evidence of even richer levels of teleology than the sort I’ve been describing in this post. Such richer levels of teleology – in complex inorganic systems, in biological phenomena, and in human thought and action – are, from an A-T point of view, certainly real. And they are, of course, the sort that Paley and Co. tend to focus on (though even here their understanding of teleology is very different from the A-T conception). But I have focused on the most rudimentary sort of teleology – the sort manifest in even the simplest causal connections – because that is all that is required for an argument like Aquinas’s Fifth Way. Mark Johnson at Thomistica.net very kindly calls his readers’ attention to Aquinas. If you haven’t yet done so, please do go check out his site – lots of interesting stuff there. Posted by Edward Feser at 6:14 PM No comments: Gotta admit that this and this are pretty funny. Good thing they don't know I grew up in the SF Valley. (Like, that is so totally ad hominem! Fer sure.) Now available: AQUINAS The first anniversary of the publication of The Last Superstition is just around the corner. How will you celebrate? You could drink a bottle of Aquinas – not a bad idea. But while doing so, why not read a hot-off-the-press copy of my new book Aquinas? Aquinas is an in-depth but accessible introduction to the philosophical thought of the Angelic Doctor. St. Thomas’ key metaphysical ideas are set out in detail, their relation to current issues in analytic philosophy is explored, and common caricatures and misunderstandings are swept away. The core of the book is an extended, critical but sympathetic treatment of the famous Five Ways, which situates them in the broader Aristotelian-Thomistic metaphysical context apart from which they cannot properly be understood, reveals how the standard objections rest on a failure to appreciate this context, and shows that each of the arguments is still defensible today. This is followed by a similarly A-T metaphysics-informed treatment of Aquinas’s philosophical psychology and moral theory. Readers of The Last Superstition will be interested to see some of its topics developed in greater detail and in a more academic and – for those of more tender sensibilities – entirely non-polemical fashion. Some pre-publication blurbs: “At last. A concise, accessible and compelling introduction to Aquinas's thought. Feser shows that Aquinas's philosophy is still a live option for thinkers today.” Kelly James Clark, Professor of Philosophy, Calvin College “Lucid, cogent, and compelling. Required reading.” Christopher Kaczor, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Loyola Marymount University “Useful and easy to read. Students and scholars will find this highly beneficial.” Fulvio di Blasi, President, Thomas International What else is in the book, you ask? I got your Table of Contents right here: 1. St. Thomas 2. Metaphysics Act and potency Hylemorphism The four causes Essence and existence The transcendentals Final causality Efficient causality 3. Natural Theology The First Way The Second Way The Fifth Way The divine attributes 4. Psychology Intellect and will Immateriality and immortality Hylemorphic dualism 5. Ethics Religion and morality Remember, Christmas is coming, so you’ll need copies for family, friends, your priest, minister, rabbi or imam, colleagues, acquaintances, enemies, the milk man, the mail man, Domino’s Pizza delivery guys, and whatever random people you might meet on the street. So, as they say in Chicago, order early and often! Heisenberg on act and potency What’s that? You say you’re itching for more quotes from popular science books written by major early twentieth-century quantum physicists, which tend to support a classical metaphysical picture of the world? Well OK then, friend, you’ve got it. Today let’s take a look at Werner Heisenberg’s Physics and Philosophy. Like many scientists of his generation (and unlike contemporary scientists like Richard Dawkins and Jerry Coyne), Heisenberg knew something about philosophy and its history, and took its problems seriously. In particular, he recognized that empirical science requires for its intelligibility a sound philosophy of nature (or metaphysics, as we might say today, though the other term is preferable – the philosophy of nature concerns the preconditions of there being an intelligible natural world, while the concerns of metaphysics are more general than that). Moreover, he saw that a return to certain classical philosophical notions was essential to making sense of modern physics. Of course, it can hardly be maintained that Heisenberg subscribed in any wholesale way to a classical metaphysical picture of the world; he proposes, for example, that quantum theory calls for a revision of the law of the excluded middle. But he did at least tentatively endorse something like the fundamental notion of Aristotelian-Thomistic (A-T) metaphysics – the famous distinction between act and potency. Regarding the “statistical expectation” quantum theory associates with the behavior of an atom, Heisenberg says: One might perhaps call it an objective tendency or possibility, a “potentia” in the sense of Aristotelian philosophy. In fact, I believe that the language actually used by physicists when they speak about atomic events produces in their minds similar notions as the concept “potentia.” So the physicists have gradually become accustomed to considering the electronic orbits, etc., not as reality but rather as a kind of “potentia.” (pp. 154-5 in the 2007 Harper Perennial Modern Classics edition) The probability wave of Bohr, Kramers, Slater… was a quantitative version of the old concept of “potentia” in Aristotelian philosophy. It introduced something standing in the middle between the idea of an event and the actual event, a strange kind of physical reality just in the middle between possibility and reality. (p. 15) And yet again: The probability function combines objective and subjective elements. It contains statements about possibilities or better tendencies (“potentia” in Aristotelian philosophy), and these statements are completely objective, they do not depend on any observer; and it contains statements about our knowledge of the system, which of course are subjective in so far as they may be different for different observers. (p. 27) Discussing, more generally, the relationship between matter and energy in modern physics, Heisenberg says: If we compare this situation with the Aristotelian concepts of matter and form, we can say that the matter of Aristotle, which is mere “potentia,” should be compared to our concept of energy, which gets into “actuality” by means of the form, when the elementary particle is created. (p. 134) Now an A-T philosopher would want to clarify and qualify these claims. In the first two quotes, Heisenberg contrasts “potentia” with “reality.” What A-T says, though – and what Heisenberg himself clearly means, given the context – is not that potentials are not in any sense real, but rather that qua merely potential they have not been actualized. (Act and potency are in fact both real, but they are different kinds of reality. Part of the point of the distinction is to note that Parmenides’ notorious absolute distinction between being and non-being is too crude: There is, within the realm of being, a difference between the actuality of a thing and its potentials, and the latter are not to be assimilated to sheer non-existence.) Furthermore, energy in the modern sense wouldn’t count as matter in the Aristotelian sense if what Heisenberg means by that is “prime matter,” viz. matter without any form whatsoever; for energy in the modern sense, given that it has a specific physical description, has form. (It might instead be, though, that what Heisenberg means to suggest is only that energy is the most fundamental kind of in-formed matter.) In any event, it is clear that what Heisenberg is defending is a core thesis of A-T philosophy of nature, namely that we cannot make sense of the physical world behaving as it does without attributing to its basic components inherent powers which point beyond themselves to certain (often as yet unrealized) ends – a thesis that, as I have noted before, contemporary writers like Ellis, Cartwright, Molnar, and other “new essentialist” philosophers of science are starting to rediscover. Schrödinger, Democritus, and the paradox of materialism Erwin Schrödinger was yet another of those early twentieth-century thinkers cognizant of the deeply problematic character of the mechanistic conception of the material world inherited from the early modern period – and yet another to see, in particular, that this conception of matter, far from opening the way to a materialistic solution of the mind-body problem, in fact created the problem and appears to make any materialistic solution to it impossible. The reason does not (as one might suppose) have anything essentially to do with quantum mechanics, of which Schrödinger was one of the fathers. It has rather to do with a relatively simple philosophical point which was first made by the likes of Cudworth and Malebranche and repeated in recent years by writers like Nagel and Swinburne (as noted in the second of the earlier posts linked to above). Two relevant texts are Schrödinger’s essay “On the Peculiarity of the Scientific World-View” (from What is Life? and Other Scientific Essays) and chapter 6 of his Mind and Matter, entitled “The Mystery of the Sensual Qualities” (reprinted in What is Life? with Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches – a more recent volume which does not include the earlier essay). To summarize what I’ve said at greater length in earlier posts, the philosophical point in question is that the early moderns’ move of redefining matter so that it is devoid of color, odor, taste, sound, and the like as common sense understands them necessarily made these sensory qualities inexplicable in materialistic terms. Hence, if one is going to affirm the existence both of matter (as redefined by the moderns) and of the sensory qualities (or “qualia,” as they have come to be known, relocated from the external world to the internal world of the mind), then it seems one is necessarily committed to mind-body dualism of some sort (whether substance dualism or property dualism). The only way to avoid such dualism is either to reject the existence of matter (as Berkeley did), to reject the existence of the sensory qualities (as eliminativists do explicitly and most other materialists do implicitly), or to reject the mechanistic conception of matter that led to the problem in the first place (as Aristotelians do; though Aristotelianism still leads to a non-Cartesian form of dualism – what David Oderberg calls hylemorphic dualism – for reasons that have nothing to do with sensory qualities or qualia). To be sure, Schrödinger himself does not explicitly draw an anti-materialist conclusion. He notes merely that what he calls the “objectivation” of matter – the conceptual removal from it of anything that smacks of the personal or of mind (cf. Thomas Nagel’s “objective/subjective” distinction) – makes the mind itself deeply mysterious. This is compatible with views like Colin McGinn’s “mysterianism” or Joseph Levine’s “explanatory gap” position, which affirm materialism even as they deny that we can understand, or at least (in Levine’s case) that we do in fact understand, how materialism can be true. Not that Schrödinger himself affirms this kind of view either; he simply calls attention to the problem raised by the modern conception of matter without trying to resolve it. (For my part, I consider McGinn’s and Levine’s positions non-starters. You might as well say, in response to Gödel, “Maybe the consistency of a formal system containing computable arithmetic really is internally provable after all, and our minds are just constitutionally incapable of seeing how.”) Schrödinger’s emphasis is also less on the mind-body problem per se than on the epistemological paradox he sees implied by the modern “objectivation” of matter. As he puts it in “On the Peculiarity of the Scientific World-View”: We are thus facing the following strange situation. While all building stones for the [modern scientific] world-picture are furnished by the senses qua organs of the mind, while the world picture itself is and remains for everyone a construct of his mind and apart from it has no demonstrable existence, the mind itself remains a stranger in this picture, it has no place in it, it can nowhere be found in it. (p. 216) That is to say, the picture modern science (as informed by an “objectified” mechanistic conception of matter) paints of the natural world presents it as devoid of the sensory qualities and of anything personal. And yet the picture itself exists only within the minds of persons – scientists themselves – and takes as its evidential base the senses, and thus the very sensory qualities it refuses to locate in nature. This epistemological paradox was a major theme of E. A. Burtt’s The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science (Burtt being, as I have noted before, one of several major early twentieth-century scholars who emphasized the problematic character of the mechanistic revolution, before this theme went down the academic memory hole sometime in the 1960s). But awareness of it goes back much farther than that – indeed (and as Schrödinger reminds us) all the way back to the 5th century B.C., and in particular to Democritus, one of the fathers of atomism. In a famous fragment, Democritus imagines a conversation between the intellect, which (as Democritus naturally assumed) must endorse the atomists’ banishment of the sensory qualities from nature, and the senses, which form the evidential basis for the atomist theory: Intellect: “Color is by convention, sweet by convention, bitter by convention; in truth there are but atoms and the void.” Senses: “Wretched mind, from us you are taking the evidence by which you would overthrow us? Your victory is your own fall.” It must be emphasized that Democritus is, commendably, calling attention to a difficulty facing a theory that he himself endorses; and that we have no idea how, or even if, he tried to resolve it. It is by no means obvious that any materialist in the intervening millennia has done any better. Many of them have done worse; indeed, vulgar materialists of the New Atheist stripe typically show no awareness that there is a problem here in the first place. Unfortunately, this includes Daniel Dennett, a well-known philosopher of mind. Dennett explicitly endorses an eliminativist position vis-à-vis the sensory qualities (see e.g. his essay “Quining Qualia”) – which is to his credit insofar as (I would argue) any consistent materialist must ultimately be an eliminativist anyway. What is not to his credit is his utter blindness to the deep philosophical puzzles such a position opens up, his peddling of shameless caricatures of anti-materialist views, and in general his refusal to concede that opponents of materialism are motivated by serious philosophical concerns. Schrödinger provides us with a plausible account of the origins of this sort of blindness (in scientists, anyway – philosophers like Dennett should know better). In “The Mystery of the Sensual Qualities” he writes: Scientific theories serve to facilitate the survey of our observations and experimental findings. Every scientist knows how difficult it is to remember a moderately extended group of facts, before at least some primitive theoretical picture about them has been shaped. It is therefore small wonder, and by no means to be blamed on the authors of original papers or of text-books, that after a reasonably coherent theory has been formed, they do not describe the bare facts they have found or wish to convey to the reader, but clothe them in the terminology of that theory or theories. This procedure, while very useful for our remembering the facts in a well-ordered pattern, tends to obliterate the distinction between the actual observations and the theory arisen from them. And since the former always are of some sensual quality, theories are easily thought to account for sensual qualities; which, of course, they never do. (p. 164) In the case at hand, neuroscientists who begin, as every empirical scientist must, with observations – that is to say, with conscious experiences whose character is determined by various sorts of qualia or sensory qualities – go on to construct a theoretical description of the physical and neural processes associated with perception. This theoretical description then takes on, as it were, a life of its own, coming to seem as real or even more real than the concrete experiences that led to it, and the language in which the former is couched comes to be applied to the theorist’s description of the latter. Thus an explanation of “heat” in the sense of molecular motion comes to seem, especially when coupled with neuroscientific data, an explanation of “heat” in the sense of a certain kind of tactile sensory quality; an explanation of “red” in the sense of light of a certain wavelength comes to seem an explanation of “red” in the sense of a certain kind of visual sensory quality; and so forth. But this is a muddle, a subtle committing of the fallacy of equivocation. The key theoretical concepts – molecular motion, light wavelengths, neural firing patterns, and so forth – are always understood in light of a broadly mechanistic conception of the natural world which follows the early moderns’ project of excluding final causes, sensory qualities and the like from matter and redefining it in abstract mathematical terms. To “explain” sensory qualities or qualia in such “scientific” (i.e. mechanistic and “objectified”) terms is thus really to change the subject. Earlier generations of philosophers and scientists realized this, which is why few of them were materialists – they saw that, by definition as it were, sensory qualities could not be “material” given the new conception of matter. But later generations – especially the current generation of scientists, who tend to be far more specialized and often seem less philosophically-minded or philosophically-educated than their predecessors – have forgotten this conceptual history. And this forgetfulness and philosophical shallowness together with the practical successes of modern science have hardened many of them – or at least the more vocal of the pop science writers among them – into a crude scientism which assumes that there are no philosophical problems, or at least no serious ones, which science is not capable of answering. Thus, when philosophers come along – whether dualists or the more sophisticated and fair-minded sort of naturalist (e.g. a Searle, a Nagel, or a Chalmers) – and point out that existing neuroscientific “explanations” of consciousness and the like do not in fact explain the relevant phenomena at all, it comes to seem like these philosophers are inventing a new problem in a desperate and obscurantist attempt to salvage a belief in human dignity and specialness. In fact they are simply calling attention to a very old problem that the mechanistic theoretical model itself has created, and of which earlier generations of philosophers and scientists were well aware. In fact it is scientism which fosters obscurantism, ignoring as it does clear conceptual distinctions and forcing all intellectual life into a methodological procrustean bed. And in fact the mechanistic “objectified” conception of matter inherited from the early moderns is not a scientific discovery at all but a philosophical posit, and one which creates philosophical problems rather than solves them. Obviously I am not claiming to establish these large claims here. (Doing so is in large part what The Last Superstition is about.) And obviously there are different moves a materialist might try to make in order to get around the problems in question (though, equally obviously, I don’t myself think any such moves can succeed). The point is that the problems are real ones, and serious ones. Any naturalist who dismisses them as motivated by irrational religious fanaticism is either ignorant or dishonest; certainly Democritus, Schrödinger, Burtt, Searle, Nagel, Chalmers et al. have no theological ax to grind. It goes without saying that our knowledge of the human brain has come a very long way since the 5th century B.C. But philosophically speaking, the history of materialism from Democritus to Dennett marks a precipitous decline. Addendum 9/14: It occurs to me on re-reading the post that the Chalmers reference in the first sentence of the second-to-last paragraph is, coupled with the “or,” unintentionally misleading: Chalmers is a naturalist, but he is also a dualist of sorts. My apologies. The conceptual lay of the land vis-à-vis this subject is extremely complex, the range of possible positions is very large, and it is difficult briefly to summarize the issues without oversimplification – especially when (as was the case with this post) one is writing late on a Saturday night! The sordid topic of Coyne I could not resist the paraphrase of Isabella Rossellini in Death Becomes Her. Beyond that, I’m not sure it’s worth saying more than I already have on the subject of Jerry Coyne’s unfortunate recent forays into theology. Vis-à-vis matters philosophical, Coyne speaks neither with knowledge nor, it seems, in good faith. But some of his critics speak with both. Check out this post by Brandon Watson and this post by James Chastek. Manzi on the Wright-Coyne dispute I argued in The Last Superstition that whatever one thinks of Darwinism, its truth or falsity is (contrary to what New Atheists like Richard Dawkins suppose) irrelevant to the cogency of the Thomistic proofs of God’s existence, including Aquinas’s Fifth Way (which Dawkins incompetently assimilates to Paley’s Design argument). Indeed, if Darwinism has any relevance to the latter argument at all, it is in fact by slightly reinforcing rather than undermining it. The reason is that Darwinism, like any scientific theory, posits various causal mechanisms, all causal mechanisms presuppose (for reasons set out in TLS) final causality, and thus (since the take-off point of the Fifth Way is the existence of final causality) Darwinism, qua scientific theory, only lends further support to the Fifth Way. I also argued in TLS that the application by biologists, physicists, and other scientists of concepts like “algorithm,” “information,” “software,” “program,” etc. to the natural world evinces a tacit recognition of the reality of teleology or final causation. The reason (set out, again, in detail in TLS) is that the sort of directedness-towards-an-end that these concepts entail just is the core of the Aristotelian-Scholastic conception of final causality. A third point emphasized throughout TLS is that the Thomistic proofs, like most of the classical arguments for God’s existence, do not stand or fall with the question of whether the universe had a beginning in time. Even if (as the pagan Aristotle held and as the Christian Thomas Aquinas was happy to concede for the sake of argument) the universe had no beginning, the need for a first Uncaused Cause would remain. For “first” in the thinking of Aristotle and Aquinas does not mean “first in time” but rather “ontologically most fundamental,” and what they are interested in explaining is not how the universe came about at some point in the past but rather what keeps in going at any given moment. (Creation for Aquinas fundamentally just is the divine conservation of the world in being.) In an interesting commentary over at The Daily Dish on the dispute between biologist Jerry Coyne and Robert Wright (author of The Evolution of God), Jim Manzi makes some observations which dovetail with these points. This is admittedly least obvious with respect to the last point. Manzi notes that, contrary to what Coyne seems to suppose: evolution does not eliminate the problem of ultimate origins. Physical genomes are composed of parts, which in turn are assembled from other subsidiary components according to physical laws. We could, in theory, push this construction process back through components and sub-components all the way to the smallest sub-atomic particles currently known, but we would still have to address the problem of original creation. Even if we argue that … prior physical processes created matter, we are still left with the more profound question of the origin of the rules of the physical process themselves. And Manzi concludes that: If you push the chain of causality back far enough, you either find yourself more or less right back where Aristotle was more than 2,000 years ago in stating his view that any conception of any chain of cause-and-effect must ultimately begin with an Uncaused Cause, or just accept the problem of infinite regress. Now, Manzi’s point is susceptible of two alternative interpretations. He might mean that if you trace the origins of complex material structures back in time to ever earlier stages in the history of the universe (or of some hypothetical series of branching universes, perhaps) then you will eventually either have to reach some temporal beginning point and un Uncaused Cause of that beginning point, or accept a mysterious infinite regress. If that is what Manzi means, then he is not giving an Aristotelian defense of theism. Again, Aristotle and his followers do not argue for a temporal beginning of the universe (even though some of them do happen to believe, on independent grounds, that it had such a beginning). Nor do they think that an infinite regress is a “problem.” For by “infinite regress,” one either means an infinite regress of accidentally ordered causes extending backward in time – in which case such a regress is perfectly possible (and, indeed, actual, in Aristotle’s own view) – or one means an infinite regress of essentially ordered causes of the sort that trace ultimately to simultaneously operating instrumental causes here and now – in which case such a regress is, not merely “problematic” or mysterious (as if such a regress could exist in some as-yet unknown fashion), but flatly impossible in principle. (Again, all of this is explained at length in TLS.) But Manzi’s remarks can be interpreted in another, more Aristotelian way. He might mean that even if the universe had no beginning in time, the basic laws that govern it, and the fact of their continual operation at any given moment, would still require an explanation. Talk of “laws of nature” is more a modern than an Aristotelian way of speaking, but the basic point remains that there is nothing inherent in material reality that can account for the “actualizing” of its “potential” for existing and operating in just the way it does at any particular instant. Unless we trace it down to that which is “pure actuality,” an Unmoved Mover or Uncaused Cause sustaining it in being and operation here and now and at any moment we are even considering the question, we would have no way in principle to account for why the universe exists at all and operates in precisely the way it does. The “problem of infinite regress” on this interpretation is not a matter of accepting a mystery which might have a solution – just one we do not and perhaps cannot discover – but rather the fatal (to naturalism) problem that without acknowledging that the regress of essentially ordered causes operating here and now terminates in an Unmoved Mover, the material world becomes unintelligible even in principle. (You know the drill: See TLS for the details.) Manzi is clearer on the issue of final causality. Coyne seems to think that to attribute purposiveness to evolution entails seeing the human species, specifically, as having somehow been the end result toward which natural selection was working; and he trots out the usual ad hominem response to critics of Darwinism to the effect that they just can’t handle evolution’s humbling implications, blah blah blah. But as Manzi notes, this completely misses the point. Let the human race be as cosmically insignificant as you like; neither our existence nor that of any other particular species is at all relevant to the question of evolution’s “purposiveness.” The point is rather that Darwinism claims to identify an “algorithm” by means of which natural processes generate new species. And if this “algorithm” talk is taken seriously, then (to put things more strongly than Manzi does) it necessarily entails, given the nature of algorithms, that there is an end-state towards which the processes in question point – not, to be sure, the generation of some particular species (human or otherwise) at some temporal culmination point, but rather the (in principle non-stop) generation of species after species meeting certain abstract criteria of fitness. (It is an error to think that the existence of final causes in biology would entail some sort of “omega point” a la Teilhard de Chardin. Aristotle, after all, believed that the motion of the heavenly spheres was both teleological – since the spheres were in his view moved by their “desire” to emulate the Unmoved Mover – and also endless. His physics and astronomy were mistaken, but that does not affect the philosophical point about the nature of teleology. Even if evolution proceeds forever, that would not make it non-teleological.) As I argue in TLS, all the computer science talk physicists, biologists, and other contemporary scientists have taken on board with such gusto really isn’t compatible with the “mechanistic” or anti-teleological conception of the material world to which they are still officially committed. Hence one either has to agree with the judgment of thinkers like John Searle that talk of “information,” “algorithms,” etc. is at best a misleading set of metaphors and at worst a complete muddle; or, if one thinks such talk is indispensible (and there is good reason to think it is) one must acknowledge that something like the Aristotelian conception of nature is correct after all. James Ross has made similar arguments in a series of writings, such as his essay “The Fate of the Analysts: Aristotle’s Revenge: Software Everywhere,” and, most recently, in his book Thought and World: The Hidden Necessities. And, of course, I have noted the many neo-Aristotelian themes to be found in the work of many contemporary philosophers and scientists – including many who have no theological ax to grind – both in TLS and in earlier posts like this one and this one. Far from completing the anti-teleological mechanistic revolution – which was, strictly speaking, a philosophical revolution rather than a scientific one (albeit a philosophical revolution modern scientists have tended to swallow hook, line, and sinker) – the advent of the algorithm actually completely undermines it. One reason so many commentators on the so-called “religion vs. science” debate don’t see the Aristotelian implications of the modern scientific ideas to which they appeal is that they simply don’t understand what Aristotelians mean by “final causality” in the first place, and in general -- as I never tire of complaining -- are beholden to a fossilized set of “Enlightenment”-era clichés and caricatures of what Aristotelians and Scholastics really thought. Not understanding classical philosophy (whether Aristotelian, Platonist, Thomist, or whatever) they naturally also do not understand the theology it inspired. Hence they take William Paley and his successors – rather than an Augustine, an Aquinas, or even a Leibniz – as their guides to what the divine nature must be like, if there is a God. Hence, rather than directing their arguments against the (classical philosophy-informed) classical theism that has historically defined Christian orthodoxy, they target a (currently popular but historically aberrant) anthropomorphic conception of God. Perhaps Coyne, Dawkins, et al. draw some blood when this conception is their target; and then again, perhaps not. Either way, their arguments are utterly irrelevant to the question of the existence of the God of Athanasius, Augustine, Anselm, and Aquinas – and thus of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. But that theme calls for a separate post… Schrödinger, Democritus, and the paradox of materi...	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line59
__label__wiki	0.826733	0.826733	Karl Marx and the Iroquois - Franklin Rosemont Franklin Rosemont delves into Marx's Ethnological Notebooks and examines their significance and relevance towards today's communist movement. There are works that come down to us with question-marks blazing like sawed-off shotguns, scattering here and there and everywhere sparks that illuminate our own restless search for answers. Ralegh's so-called Cynthia cycle, Sade's 120 Days, Fourier's New Amorous World, Lautremont's Poesies, Lenin's notes on Hegel, Randolph Bourne's essay on The State Jacque Vaches War letters, Duchamp's Green Box, the Samuel Greenberg manuscripts: These are only a few of the extraordinary fragments that have, for many of us, exerted a fascination greater than that of all but a very few "finished" works. Karl Marx's Ethnological Notebooks[1] -notes for a major study he never lived to write, have something of the same fugitive ambiguity. These extensively annotated excerpts from works of Lewis Henry Morgan and others are a jigsaw puzzle for which we have to reinvent the missing pieces out of our own research and revery and above all, our own revolutionary activity. Typically although the existence of the notebooks has been know since Marx's death in 1883, they were published integrally for the first time only eighty-nine years later, and then only in a highly priced edition aimed at specialists. A transcription of text exactly as Marx wrote it- the book presents the reader with all the difficulties of Finnegan's Wake and more, with its curious mixture of English, German, French, Latin and Greek, and a smattering of words and phrases from many non-European languages, from Ojibwa to Sanskrit. Cryptic shorthand abbreviations, incomplete and run-on sentences, interpolated exclamations, erudite allusions to classical mythology, passing references to contemporary world affairs, generous doses of slang and vulgarity; irony and invective: All these the volume possesses aplenty, and they are not the ingredients of smooth reading. This is not a work of which it can be said, simply, that it was "not prepared by the author for publication"; indeed, it is very far from being even a "rough draft?' Rather it is the raw substance of a work, a private jumble of jottings intended for no other eyes than Marx's own-the spontaneous record of his "conversations" with the authors he was reading, with other authors whom they quoted, and, finally and especially, with himself. In view of the fact that Marx's clearest, most refined texts have provoked so many contradictory interpretations, it is perhaps not so strange that his devoted students, seeking the most effective ways to propagate the message of the Master to the masses, have shied away from these hastily written, disturbingly unrefined and amorphous notes. The neglect of the notebooks for nearly a century is even less surprising when one realizes the degree to which they challenge what has passed for Marxism all these years. In the lamentable excuse for a "socialist" press in the English-speaking world, this last great work from Marx's pen has been largely ignored. Academic response, by anthropologists and others, has been practically nonexistent, and has never gone beyond Lawrence Krader's lame assertion, at the end of his informative 85-page Introduction, that the Notebooks' chief interest is that they indicate "the transition of Marx from the restriction of the abstract generic human being to the empirical study of particular peoples." It would seem that even America's most radical anthropologists have failed to come to grips with these troubling texts. The Notebooks are cited only once and in passing in Eleanor Leacock's Myths of Male Dominance: Collected Articles on Women Cross-culturally. And Stanley Diamond, who Krader thanks for reading his Introduction, makes no reference to them at all in his admirable study, In Search of The Primitive: A critique of Civilization. The most insightful commentary on these Notebooks has naturally come from writers far outside the mainstream - "Marxist" as well as academic. Historian, antiwar activist and Blake scholar E. P. Thompson, in his splendid polemic, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essay's, was among the first to point out that "Marx, in his increasing preoccupation in his last years with anthropology, was resuming the projects of his Paris youth." Raya Dunayevskaya, in her Rosa Luxemburg,Women's Liberation and Marx's Philosophy of Revolution, is more explicit in her estimate of these "epoch-making Notebooks which rounded out Marx's life work:' these "profound writings that…summed up his life's work and created new openings;' and which therefore have "created a new vantage-point from which to view Marx's oeuvre as a totality." Dunayevskaya, a lifelong revolutionist and a pioneer in the revival of interest in the Hegelian roots of Marxism, argued further that "these Notebooks reveal, at one and the same time, the actual ground that led to the first projection of the possibility of revolution coming first in the underdeveloped countries like Russia; a reconnection and deepening of what was projected in the Grundrisse on the Asiatic mode of production; and a return to that most fundamental relationship of Man/Woman which had first been projected in the 1844 essays". The suggestion that the Ethnological Notebooks signify Marx's return to the "projects of his Paris youth" might turn out to entail more far-reaching implications than anyone has yet realized. Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 are unquestionably the brightest star of that heroic early period, but they should be seen as part of a whole constellation of interrelated activities and aspirations. One of the first things that strikes us about Marx's Paris youth is that this period precedes the great splits that later rent the revolutionary workers' movement into so many warring factions. Marxists of all persuasions even though bitterly hostile to each other, have nonetheless tended to agree that these splits enhanced the proletariat's organizational efficacy and theoretical clarity, and therefore should be viewed as positive gains for the movement as a whole. But isn't it just possible -that, in at least some of these splits, something not necessarily horrible or worthless was lost at the same time? In any event, in 1844-45 we find Marx in a veritable euphoria of self-critical exploration and discovery: sorting out influences, puzzling over a staggering range of problems, and "thinking out loud" in numerous manuscripts never published in his lifetime. In his Paris youth, and for several years thereafter, Karl Marx was no Marxist. Early in 1845, for example, he and his young friend Engels were enthusiastically preparing an unfortunately-never-realized "Library of the Best Foreign Socialist Authors;' which was to have included works by Theophile Leclerc and other enrages; as well as by Babeuf and Buonarroti, William Godwin, Fourier, Cabet and Proudhon-that is, representative figures from the entire spectrum of revolutionary thought out-side all sectarianism. They were especially taken with the prodigious work of the most inspired and daring of the utopians, Charles Fourier, who had died in 1837, and for whom they would retain a profound admiration all their lives. Proudhon on the other hand, influenced them not only through his books, but-at least in Marx's case-personally as well, for he was a good friend in those days, with whom Marx later recalled having had "prolonged discussions" which often lasted "far into the night." It is too easily forgotten today that in 1844 Proudhon already enjoyed an international reputation; his What Is Property? (1840) had created an enormous scandal, and no writer was more hated by the French bourgeoisie. Marx, an unknown youth of 26, Still had much to learn from the ebullient journeyman printer who would come to be renowned as the "Father of Anarchism:' In his first book, The Holy Family (1845), Marx hailed What is Property? as "the first resolute, -ruthless, and at the same time scientific investigation...of the basis of political economy, private property … an advance which revolutionizes political economy and for the first time makes a real science of political economy possible". In 1844 we find Engels writing sympathetically of American Shaker communities, which he argued, proved that "communism... is not only possible but has actually already been realized." The same year he wrote a letter to Marx praising Max Stirner's new work, The Ego and Its Own, urging that Stirner's very egoism "can be built upon even as we invert it" and that "what is true in his principles we have to accept"; an article suggesting that the popularity of the German translation of Eugene Sue's quasi-Gothic romance The Mysteries of Paris, proved that Germany was ripe for communist agitation, and a letter to the editor defending an "author of several Communist books" -Abbe Constant, who, under the name he later adopted - EIiphas Levi - would become the most renowned of French occultists. Constant was a close friend of pioneer socialist-feminist Flora Tristan, whose Union Ouvriere (Workers' Union, 1842) was the first work to urge working men and women to form an international union to achieve their emancipation. One of the most fascinating personalities in early French socialism, Tristan was given a place of honor in The Holy Family, zealously defended by Marx from the stupid, sexist gibes of the various counter-revolutionary "Critical Critics" denounced throughout the book. That Constant became a practicing occultist, and that he and Tristan were for several years closely associated with the mystical socialist and phrenologist Simon Ganneau, "messiah" of a revolutionary cult devoted to the worship of an androgynous divinity, reminds us that Paris in the 1830s and '40s was the scene of a remark-able reawakening of interest in things occult, and that the milieux of occultists and revolutionists were by no means separated by a Chinese wall. A new interest in alchemy was especially evident, and important works on the subject date from that period, notably the elusive Cyliani's Hermes devoile (1832)-reprinted in 1915, this became a key source for the Fulcanelli circle, which in turn inspired our own century's hermetic revival-and Francois Cambriel's Cours de Philosophie hermétique Ou d'Alchimie, en dix-neuf leçons (1843).[2] To what extent Marx and/or Engels encountered occultists or their literature is not known, and is certainly not a question that has interested any of their biographers. It cannot be said that the passing references to alchemy and the Philosophers' Stone in their writings indicate any familiarity with original hermetic sources. We do know, however, that they shared Hegel's high esteem for the sixteenth century German mystic and heretic Jacob Boehme, saluted by Marx in the Rheinische Zeitung in 1842 as "a great philosopher." Four years earlier Engels had made a special study of Boehme, finding him "a dark but deep soul"," very original" and "rich in poetic ideas." Boehme is cited in The Holy Family and in several other writings of Marx and Engels over the years. One of the things that may have attracted them to Boehme is the fact that he was very much a dialectical thinker. Dialectic abounds in the work of many mystical authors, not least in treatises on magic, alchemy and other "secret sciences" and it should astonish no one to discover that rebellious young students of Hegel had made surreptitious forays onto this uncharted terrain in their quest for knowledge. This was certainly the case with one of Marx's close friends, a fellow Young Hegelian, Mikhail Bakunin, who often joined him for those all-night discussions at Proudhon's. As a young man the future author of God and the State is known to have studied the works of the French mystic, Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, "The Unknown Philosopher" and "Lover of Secret things" as well as of the eccentric German romantic philosopher, Franz von Baader, author of a study of the mysterious eighteenth-century Portuguese-Jewish mage, Martinez de Pasqual, who is thought by some to have had a part in the formation of Haitian voodoo (he spent his last years on the island and died in Port-au-Prince in 1774), and whose Traité de la réintegration is one of the most influential occult writings of the last two centuries.[3] Mention of von Baader, whose romantic philosophy combined an odd Catholic mysticism and equally odd elements of a kind of magic-inspired utopianism that was all his own-interestingly, he was the first writer in German to use the word "proletariat"- highlights the fact that Boehme, Paracelsus, Meister Eckhart. Swedenborg, Saint-Martin and all manner of wayward and mystical thinkers contributed mightily to the centuries-old ferment that finally produced Romanticism, and that Romanticism in turn, especially in its most extreme and heterodox forms, left its indelible mark on the Left Hegelian/Feuerbachian milieu. Wasn't it under the sign of poetry, after all that Marx came to recognize himself as an enemy of the bourgeois order? Everyone knows the famous thee components" of Marxism: German philosophy, English economics and French socialism. But what about the poets of the world: Aeschylus and Homer and Cervantes. Goethe and Shelley? To miss this fourth component is to miss a lot of Marx (and indeed, a lot of life). A whole critique of post-Marx Marxism could be based on this calamitous "oversight." 1844, one does well to remember was also a year in which Marx was especially close to Heinrich Heine. Marx himself wrote numerous poems of romantic frenzy (two were published in 1841 under the title "Wild Songs") and even tried his hand at a play and a bizarre satirical romance Scorpion and Felix. By 1844 he had renounced literary pursuits as such, but no philosopher, no political writer or activist and certainly no economist has ever used metaphor with such exuberance and flair as the author of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy used throughout his life.[4] To the last, Marx - and to a great extent this is also true of Engels - remained a fervent adept of "poetry's magic fullness" (to quote one of his early translations of Ovid's elegies). These ardent youths never ceased to pursue philosophy on their road to revolution, but it was poetry that, as often as not, inspired their daring and confirmed their advances. That Marx, toward the end of his life, was returning to projects that had been dear to his heart in the days of his original and bold grappling with "naturalist anthropology" as a theory of communist revolution, the days in which he was most deeply preoccupied with the philosophical and practical legacy of Hegel and Fourier, the days of his friendship with Proudhon and Bakunin and Heine, is resonant with meanings for today-all the more so since here, too, at the end as at the beginning a crucial motivating impulse seems to have been provided by poetry. In 1880 the publication of James Thomson's City of Dreadful Night, and Other Poems - the title-piece of which is often called the most pessimistic poem in the English language-made a powerful impression on the author of Capital. Especially enthusiastic about Thomson's' "Attempts at Translations of Heine," Marx wrote a warm letter to the poet, urging that the poems were "no translations, but a reproduction of the original, such as Heine himself, if master of the English language, would have given."[5] Although Marx's biographers have maintained an embarrassed silence on the subject, it is really not so difficult to discern how Thomson - this opium-addicted poet of haunting black lyricism, who was not only one of the most aggressive anti-religious agitators in English but also the translator of Leopardi and among the first to write intelligently about Blake - could have stimulated a revival of the dreams and desires of Marx's own most Promethean days. And then, just think of it: while his brain is still reeling with visions inspired by a true poet, he plunges into the richest, most provocative work of the most brilliant anthropological thinker of his time. Such chances are the very stuff that revelations are made of! It was not mere "anthropology," however, that Marx found so appealing in Lewis Henry Morgan's Ancient Society but rather, as he hints in his notes and as Engels spelled out in his Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884), the merciless critique and condemnation of capitalist civilization that so well complements that of Charles Fourier. And yet these Ethnological Notebooks are much more than a compilation of new data confirming already existing criticism. It must be said, in this regard, that The Origin of the Family, which Engels says he wrote as "the fullfillment of a bequest" - Marx having died before he was able to prepare his own presentation of Morgan's researches-is, as Engels himself readily admitted, "but a meager substitute" for the work Marx's notes suggest. Several generations of Marxists have mistaken The Origin of the Family for the definitive word on the subject, but in fact it reflects Engels' reading of Morgan (and other authors) far more than it reflects Marx's notes. Engels' sweeping notion of "the world-historic defeat of the female sex," for example, was borrowed from the writings of J.J. Bachofen, and is not well supported by Marx's notes, while several important comments that Marx did make were not included in Engels' little book. Clearly intending The Origin of the family to be nothing more than a popular socialist digest of the major themes of Ancient Society - Morgan's famous systems of consanguinity, his extensive data on "communism in living," the evolution of property and the State - Engels emphasized Morgan's broad agreement with Marx and ignored everything in Morgan and in Marx that lay outside this modest plan. That Engels did not write the book that Marx might have written is not really such shocking news, and any blame for possible damage done would seem to rest not with Engels but with all those who, since 1884, devoutly assumed that Engels' book said all that Marx had to say and therefore all that had to be said. Of course, had Marx's followers taken to heart his own favorite watchword, De omnibus dubitandum (doubt every-thing) the history of Marxism would have been rather different and probably much happier. And as the blues-singer sang, "If a frog had wings..." The Notebooks include excerpts from, and Marx's commentary on, other ethnological writers besides Morgan, but the section on Morgan is the most substantial by far, and of the greatest interest. Reading this curious dialogue one can almost see Marx's mind at work-sharpening, extending, challenging and now and then correcting Morgan's interpretations, bringing out dialectical moments latent in Ancient Society but not always sufficiently developed, and sometimes wholly undeveloped, by Morgan himself. Marx also seemed to enjoy relating Morgan's empirical data to the original sources of his (Marx's) own critique, notably Fourier and (though his name does not figure in these notes) Hegel, generally with the purpose of clarifying some vital current problem. As Marx had said of an earlier unfinished work, the Grundrisse (1857-58), the Ethnological Notebooks contain "some nice developments". Some of the most interesting passages by Marx that did not find their way into Engels' book have to do with the transition from "archaic" to "civilized" society, a key problem for Marx in his last years. Questioning Morgan's contention that "personal government" prevailed throughout primitive societies, Marx argued that long before the dissolution of the gens (clan), chiefs were "elected" only in theory, the office having become a transmissible one; controlled by a property-owning elite that had begun to emerge within the gens itself. Here Marx was pursuing a critical inquiry into the origins of the distinction between public and private spheres (and, by extension, between "official" and "unofficial" social reality and ideological fiction) that he had begun in his critique of Hegel's philosophy of law in 1843. The close correlation Marx found between the development of property and the state, on the one hand, and religion, their chief ideological disguise, on the other-which led to his acute observation that religion grew as the gentile commonality shrank-also relates to his early critique of the Rechtphilosophie, in the famous introduction to which Marx's attack on religion attained an impassioned lucidity worthy of the greatest poets. The poetic spirit, in fact, makes its presence felt more than once in these Notebooks. Auspiciously, in this compendium of ethnological evidence, Marx duly noted Morgan's insistence on the historical importance of "imagination, that great faculty so largely contributing to the elevation of mankind." From cover to cover of these Notebooks we see how Marx's encounter with "primitive cultures" stimulated his own imagination, and we begin to realize that there is much more here than Engels divulged. On page after page Marx highlights passages wildly remote from what are usually regarded as the "standard themes" of his work. Thus we find him invoking the bell-shaped houses of the coastal tribes of Venezuela; the manufacture of Iroquois belts "using fine twine made of filaments of elm and basswood bark," "the Peruvian legend of Manco Capac and Mama Oello, children of the sun"; burial customs of the Tuscarora; the Shawnee belief in metempsychosis; "unwritten literature of myths, legends and traditions"; the "incipient sciences" of the village Indians of the Southwest; the Popul Vuh, sacred book of the ancient Quiche Maya; the use of porcupine quills in ornamentation; Indian games and "dancing (as a) form of worship." Carefully, and for one tribe after another, Marx lists each each the animals from which the various clans claim descent. No work of his is so full of such words as wolf, grizzly bear, opossum and turtle (in the pages on Australian aborigines we find emu, kangaroo and bandicoot). Again and again he copies words and names from tribal languages. Intrigued by the manner in which individual (personal) names indicate the gen, he notes these Sauk names from the Eagle gens: "Ka-po-na ('Eagle drawing his nest'); Ja-ka-kwa-pe ('Eagle sitting with his head up'); Pe-a-ta-na-ka-hok ('Eagle flying over a limb')." Repeatedly he attends to details so unusual that one cannot help wondering what he was thinking as he wrote them in his notebook. Consider, for example, his word-for-word quotation from Morgan telling of a kind of "grace" said before an Indian tribal feast: "It was a prolonged exclamation by a single person on a high shrill note, falling down in cadences into stillness, followed by a response in chorus by the people." After the meal, he adds, "The evenings [are] devoted to dance." Especially voluminous are Marx's notes on the Iroquois, the confederation of tribes with which Morgan was personally most familiar (in 1846 he was in fact "adopted" by one of its constituent tribes, the Seneca, as a warrior of the Hawk clan), and on which he had written a classic monograph. Clearly Marx shared Morgan's passional attraction for the "League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee" among whom "the state did not exist," and "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, though never formulated, were cardinal principles," and whose sachems, moreover, had "none of the marks of a priesthood." One of his notes includes Morgan's description of the formation of the Iroquois Confederation as "a masterpiece of Indian wisdom," and it doubtless fascinated him to learn that, as far in advance of the revolution as 1755, the Iroquois had recommended to the "forefathers [of the] Americans, a union of the colonies similar so their own." Many passages of these Notebooks reflect Marx's interest in Iroquois democracy as expressed in the Council of the Gens, that "democratic assembly where every adult male and female member had a voice upon all questions brought before it," and he made special note of details regarding the active participation of women in tribal affairs. The relation of man to woman-a topic of Marx's 1844 manuscripts-is also one of the recurring themes of his ethnological inquiries. Thus he quotes a letter sent to Morgan by a missionary among the Seneca: "The women were the great power among the clans, as everywhere else. They did not hesitate, when occasion required, 'to knock off the horns,' as it was technically called, from the head of a chief, and send him back to the ranks of the warriors. The original nomination of the chief also always rested with them." And a few pages later he highlights Morgan's contention that the "present monogamian family… must… change as society changes... It is the creature of a social system... capable of still further improvement until the equality of the sexes is attained." He similarly emphasizes Morgan's conclusion, regarding monogamy, that "it is impossible to predict the nature of its successor." In this area as elsewhere Marx discerned germs of social stratification within the gentile organization, again in terms of the separation of "public" and "private" spheres, which he saw in turn as the reflection of the gradual emergence of a propertied and privileged tribal caste. After copying Morgan's observation that, in the Council of Chiefs, women were free to express their wishes and opinions "through a" orator of their own choosing." he added, with emphasis, that the "Decision (was] made by the (all-male) Council." Marx was nonetheless unmistakably impressed by the fact that, among the Iroquois, women enjoyed a freedom and a degree of social involvement far beyond that of the women (or men!) of any civilized nation. The egalitarian tendency of all gentile societies is one of the qualities of these societies that most interested Marx, and his alertness to deviations from it did not lead him to reject Morgan's basic hypothesis in this regard. Indeed, where Morgan, in his chapter on "The Monogamian Family" deplored the treatment of women in ancient Greece as an anomalous and enigmatic departure from the egalitarian norm, Marx commented (perhaps here reflecting the influence of Bachofen): "But the relationship between the goddesses on Olympus reveals memories of women's higher position?" Marx's passages from Morgan's chapters on the Iroquois are proportionally much longer than his of his excerpts from Ancient Society, and in fact make up one of the largest sections of the Notebooks. It was not only Iroquois social organization, however, that appealed to him, but rather a whole way of life sharply counter-posed, all along the line, to modern industrial civilization. His overall admiration for North American Indian societies generally, and for the Iroquois in particular, is made clear throughout the text, perhaps most strongly in his highlighting of Morgan's reference to their characteristic "sense of independence" and "personal dignity," qualities both men appreciated but found greatly diminished as humankind's "property career" advanced. Whatever reservations Marx may have had regarding the universal applicability of the Iroquois "model" in the analysis of gentile societies, the painstaking care with which he copied out Morgan's often meticulous descriptions of the various aspects of their culture shows how powerfully these people impressed him. Whole pages of the Notebooks recount, in marvelous detail, Iroquois Council procedures and ceremonies: at a signal the sachems arose and marched 3 times around the Burning Circle, going as before by the North… Master of the ceremonies again rising to his feet, filled and lighted the pipe of peace from his own fire; drew 3 whiffs, the first toward the Zenith (which meant thanks to the Great Spirit...); the second toward the ground (means thanks to his Mother, the Earth, for the various productions which had ministered to his sustenance); third toward the Sun (means thanks for his never-failing light, ever shining upon all). Then he passed the pipe to the first upon his right toward the North… This passage goes on in the same vein for some thirty lines, but I think this brief excerpt suffices to show that the Ethnological Notebooks are unlike anything else in the Marxian canon. The record of Marx's vision-quest through Morgan's Ancient Society offers us a unique and amazing close-up of the final phase of what Raya Dunayevskaya has called Marx's "never-ending search for new paths to revolution." The young Marx of the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 summed up revolution as "the supersession of private property." His starting-point was the critique of alienated labor which "alienates nature from man, man from himself... [and man] from the species" - that is, labor dominated by the system of private property, by capital, the "inhuman power" that "rules over everything," spreading its "infinite degradation" over the fundamental relation of man to woman and reducing all human beings to commodities. Thus the "supersession of private property" meant for Marx not only the "emancipation of the workers" (which of course involves "the emancipation of humanity as a whole"), but also "the emancipation of all the human qualities and senses" (the senses themselves having become directly, as he expressed it with characteristic humor, "theoreticians in practice"). This "positive abolition of private property, of human self-alienation" is also, at the same time, "the real appropriation of human nature" - in other words, communism, the definitive resolution of the antagonism between man and nature, and between man and man. It is the true solution of the conflict between existence and essence, between objectification and self-affirmation, between freedom and necessity, between individual and species. It is the solution of the riddle of history and knows itself to be this solution. To such ways of seeing the old Marx seems to have returned as, in his mind's eye, he took his three whiffs on the pipe of peace around the Iroquois council fire. But it was no self-indulgent nostalgia that led him to trace the perilous path of his youthful dreams and beyond, to the dawn of human society. A revolutionist to the end, Marx in 1880 no less than in 1844 envisioned a radically new society founded on a total transformation in human relationships, and sought new ways, to help bring this new society into being. Ancient Society, and especially its detailed account of the Iroquois, for the first time gave Marx insights into the concrete possibilities of a free society as it had actually existed in history. Morgan's conception of social and cultural evolution enabled him to pursue the problems he had taken up philosophically in 1844 in a new way, from a different angle, and with new revolutionary implications. Marx's references, in these notes and elsewhere, to terms and phrases recognizable as Morgan's, point toward his general acceptance of Morgan's outline of the evolution of human society. Several times in the non-Morgan sections of the Notebooks, for example, he reproaches other writers for their ignorance of the character of the gens, or of the "Upper Status of Barbarism." In drafts of a letter written shortly after reading Morgan he specified that "Primitive communities… form a series of social groups which, differing in both type and age, mark successive phases of evolution."[6] But this does not mean that Marx adopted, in all its details, the so-called "unilinear" evolutionary plan usually attributed to Morgan-a plan which, after its uncritical endorsement by Engels in The Origin of the Family, has remained ever since a fixture of "Marxist" orthodoxy. Evidence scattered throughout the Notebooks suggests, rather, that Marx had grown markedly skeptical of fixed categories in attempts at historical reconstruction, and that he continued to affirm the multilinear character of human social development that he had advanced as far back as the Grundrisse in the 1850s. Indeed, it is amusing, in view of the widespread misapprehension of Morgan as nothing but a mono-maniacal unilinearist, that Marx's notes highlight various departures from unilinearity in Morgan's own work. Morgan himself, in fact, more than once acknowledged the "provisional" character of his system, and especially of the "necessarily arbitrary" character of the boundary lines between the developmental stages he proposed; he nonetheless regarded his schemata as "convenient and useful" for comprehending such a large mass of data, and in any case specifically allowed for (and took note of) exceptions. However, if our reading of Marx's notes is right, he found things in Ancient Society infinitely more valuable to him than arguments for or against any mere classificatory system. The book's sheer immensity of new information-new for Marx and for the entire scientific world, demonstrated conclusively the true complexity of "primitive" societies as well as their grandeur, their essential superiority, in real human terms, to the degraded civilization founded on the fetishism of commodities. In a note written just after his conspectus of Morgan we find Marx arguing that "primitive communities had incomparably greater vitality than the Semitic, Greek, Roman and a fortiori the modern capitalist societies."[7] Thus Marx had come to realize that, measured according to the "wealth of subjective human sensuality," as he had expressed it in the 1844 manuscripts, Iroquois society stood much higher than any of the societies "poisoned by the pestilential breath of civilization." Even more important, Morgan's lively account of the Iroquois gave him a vivid awareness of the actuality of indigenous peoples, and perhaps even a glimpse of the then-undreamed of possibility that such peoples could make their own contributions to the global struggle for human emancipation. Hard hit as they had been by the European capitalist invasion and US capitalism's west-ward expansion, the Iroquois and other North American tribal cultures could not in the 1880s and cannot now, a hundred years later; be consigned to the museums of antiquity. When Marx was reading Ancient Society the "Indian wars" were still very much a current topic in these United States, and if by that time the military phase of this genocidal campaign was confined to the west, far from Iroquois territory; still the Iroquois, and every surviving tribal society, were engaged (as they are engaged today to one degree or another) in a continuous struggle against the system of private property and the State. In a multitude of variants, the same basic conditions prevailed in Asia, Africa, parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, Canada, Australia, South America, the West Indies, Polynesia - wherever indigenous peoples had not wholly succumbed to the tyranny of capitalist development. After reading Morgan's portrayal of primitive communism at the height of its glory, Marx saw all this in a new light. In the last couple of years of his life, to a far greater degree than ever before, he focused his attention on people of color; the colonialized, peasants and "primitives". That he was not reading Morgan exclusively or even primarily for historical purposes, but rather as part of his ongoing exploration of the processes of revolutionary social change, is suggested by numerous allusions in the Notebooks to contemporary social/political affairs. In the Notebooks, as Raya Dunayevskaya has argued, "Marx's hostility to capitalism's colonialism was intensifying...[He] returns to probe the origin of humanity, not for purposes of discovering new origins, but for perceiving new revolutionary forces, their reason, or as Marx called it, in emphasizing a sentence of Morgan, "powers of the mind." The vigorous attacks on racism and religion that recur throughout the Notebooks, especially in the often lengthy and sometimes splendidly vituperative notes on Maine and Lubbock, leave no doubt in this regard. Again and again when these smirking apologists for imperialism direct their condescending ridicule at the "superstitious" beliefs and practices of Australian aborigines or other native peoples, Marx turns it back like a boomerang on the "civilized canaille." He accepted-at least, he did not contradict-Lubbock's hypothesis that the earliest human societies were atheist, but had only scorn for Lubbock's specious reasoning: that the savage mind was not developed enough to recognize the "truths" of religion! No, Marx's notes suggest, our "primitive" ancestors were atheists because the belief in gods and other priestly abominations entered the world only with the beginnings of class society. Relentlessly, in these notes, he follows the development of religion as an integral part of the repressive apparatus through its various permutations linked to the formation of caste, slavery, patriarchal monogamy and monarchy. The "poor religious element," he remarks, becomes the main preoccupation of the gens precisely to the degree that real cooperation and common property decline, so that eventually, "only the smell of incense and holy water remains." The author of the Ethnological Notebooks made no secret of the fact that he was solidly on the side of the atheistic savages. After poring over Ancient Society at the end of 1880 and the first weeks of '81, a large share of Marx's reading focused on primitive societies and "backward" countries. Apart from the works of John Budd Phear, Henry Sumner Maine and John Lubbock that he excerpted and commented on in the Ethnological Notebooks he read books on India, China and Java, and several on Egypt (two and a half months before his death, in a letter to his daughter Eleanor; Marx denounced the "shameless Christian-hypocritical conquest" of Egypt). After he returned from a brief visit to Algiers in the spring of '82, his son-in-law Paul Lafargue wrote that "Marx has come back with his head full of Africa and Arabs." When he received a query from the Russian radical Vera Zasulich, asking whether the Russian rural communes could become the basis for a new collective society or whether her homeland would have to pass through a capitalist stage, Marx intensified his already deep study of Russian social and economic history. His remarkable reply to Zasulich offers a measure of Marx's creative audacity in his last years, and demonstrates too, that his reading of Morgan involved not only a new way of looking at pre-capitalist societies, but also a new way of looking at the latest practical problems lacing the revolutionary movement. Zasulich's letter to Marx had more than a hint of urgency about it, for, as she explained, Nowadays, we often hear it said that the rural commune is an archaic form condemned to perish by history, scientific socialism and, in short, everything above debate. Those who preach such a view call themselves your disciples…their strongest argument is often: 'Marx said so' But how do you derive that from Capital?' others object. 'He does not discuss the agrarian' question, and says nothing about Russia.' 'He would have said as much if he had discussed our country,' your disciples retort… Just how seriously Marx pondered the question may be inferred from the fact that he wrote no less than four drafts of a reply in addition to the comparatively brief letter he actually sent - a grand total of some twenty-five book pages. His reply was a stunning blow to the self-assured, dogmatic smugness of the Russian "Marxists" who not only refused to publish the letter but pretended that it did not exist (it was Published for the first time in 1924). Stressing that the "historical inevitability" of capitalist development as articulated in Capital was "expressly restricted to the countries of Western Europe," he concluded that The analysis in Capital therefore provides no reasons-either for or against the vitality of the Russian Commune. But the special study I have made of it, including a search for original source-material, has convinced me that the commune is the fulcrum for social regeneration in Russia. The Preface to the second Russian edition of the Communist Manifesto (1882) co-signed by Engels, closed with a somewhat qualified restatement of this new orientation: Can the Russian obshchina [peasant commune] a form, albeit highly eroded, of the primitive communal ownership of the Land, pass directly into the higher, communist form of communal ownership?... Today there is only one possible answer. If the Russian revolution becomes the signal for proletarian revolution in the West, so that the two complement each other, then Russia's peasant communal land-ownership may serve as the point departure for a communist development. The bold suggestion that revolution in an underdeveloped country might precede and precipitate revolution in the industrialized West did not pop up out of Nowhere - every idea has its prehistory - but few will deny that it contradicts, uproariously, the overwhelming bulk of Marx's anterior work. It is in fact, a flagrantly "anti-Marxist" heresy, as Marx's Russian disciples surely were aware. Just six years earlier, in 1875, a Russian Jacobin, Petr Tkachev, brought down upon himself a good dose of Engels' ridicule - evidently with Marx's full approval-for having had the temerity to propose some such nonsense about skipping historically ordained stages, and even the appalling fantasy that peasant-riddled Russia could reach the revolutionary starting-line before the sophisticated proletariat of the West. Such "pure hot air," Engels felt obliged to counsel the poor Russian "schoolboy," proved only that Thachev had yet "to learn the ABC of Socialism." Marx's growing preoccupation with revolutionary prospects in Russia during the last decade of his life is a subject scrutinized from many angles and with marvelous insight in Teodor Shanin's Late Marx and the Russian Road, a book of impeccable scholarship that is also a major contribution to the clarification of revolutionary perspectives today. As Shanin and his collaborators have shown, Marx was hostile to Russian Populism in the 1860s, but began to change his mind early in the next decade when he taught himself Russian and started reading Populist literature, including works by the movement's major theorist, N. G. Chernyshevsky, for whom he quickly developed the deepest admiration. By 1880 Marx was a wholehearted supporter of the revolutionary Populist Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), even defending its terrorist activities (the group attempted to assassinate the Czar that year, and succeeded the next), while remaining highly critical of the "boring doctrines" of Plekhanov and other would-be Russian "Marxists" whom he derided as "defenders of capitalism." Throughout this period Marx read avidly in the field of Russian history and economics; a list he made of his Russian books in August 1881 included nearly 200 titles. The iconoclastic reply to Zasulich then, was conditioned by many factors, including the formation of a new Russian revolutionary movement, personal meetings with Populists and others from Russia, and Marx's wide reading of scholarly and popular literature, as well as radical and bourgeois newspapers. Several provocative coincidences relate Ancient Society to this major shift in Marx's thought. First, Marx originally borrowed a copy of the book from one of his Russian visitors, Maxim Kovalevsky, who had brought it back from a trip to the U.S. Whether this was the COPY Marx excerpted is not known; Engels did not find the book on Marx's shelves after his death. But Morgan's work aroused interest among other Russian revolutionary émigrés as well, for we know that Marx's longtime friend Petr Lavrov, a First-Internationalist and one of the most important Populists, also owned a copy, which he had purchased at a London bookshop. These are the only two copies of the book known to have existed in Marx's immediate milieu during his lifetime.[8] Second, Marx's Morgan excerpts include interpolated comments of his own on the Russian commune. The Notebooks also touch on other themes-most notably the skipping of stages by means of technological diffusion between peoples at different stages of development-that recur in the drafts of the letter to Zasulich. Third, and more strikingly, Zasulich's letter to Marx reached him just as he was in the midst of, or had just completed, making these annotated excerpts from Morgan's work. Fourth, and most important of all, Marx cited and even quoted - or rather paraphrased - Morgan in a highly significant passage in one of the drafts of his reply to Zasulich: the rural commune [in Russia] finds [capitalism in the West] in a State of crisis that will end only when the social system is eliminated through the return of modern societies to the "archaic" type of communal property. In the words of an American writer who, supported in his work by the Washington government, is not at all to be suspected of revolutionary tendencies [here Marx refers to the fact that Morgan's Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity was published by the Smithsonian Institution] "the new system" to which modern society is tending "will be a revival, in a superior form, of an archaic social type."[9] We should not then, be too frightened by the word archaic." Scattered through the drafts of his letter to Zasulich, moreover, are a half dozen other unmistakable allusions to Morgan's researches. Thus we have ascertained that Zasulich's letter arrived at a time when Ancient Society was very much on Marx's mind. Taken together; the foregoing "coincidences" strongly urge upon us the conclusion that Marx's reading of Morgan was an active factor in the qualitative leap in his thought on revolution in under-developed countries. If America's "radical intelligentsia" were something more than an academically domesticated sub-subculture of hyper-timid and ultra-respectable seekers of safe at-all cost careers, Marx's Ethnological Notebooks might have spearheaded, among other things, a revival of interest in Lewis Henry Morgan. But no, the Notebooks have been conveniently ignored and, notwithstanding a few faint glimmers of change in the 1960s, the near-universal contempt for the author of Ancient Society remains in full force today.[10] Even so perceptive and sensitive a critic as Raya Dunayevsakaya did not entirely avoid the unfortunate Morgan-bashing that has been a compulsory ritual of American anthropology, and of U.S. intellectual life generally, since the First World War. In her case, of course, she was responding to rather different rituals on the opposite side of the ideological fence: to what one could call the pseudo-Marxists' pseudo-respect for Morgan. In truth, however; the traditional rhetorical esteem for Morgan on the part of Stalinists and social-democrats is only another form of contempt, for with few exceptions it was not founded on a scrupulous reading of Morgan but an unscrupulous reading of Engels. Caught in the welter of a politically motivated and therefore all the more highly emotional "debate" between equally careless would-be friends and automatic enemies, Morgan's writings have been practically lost from sight for decades. Marx's enthusiasm for Morgan's work, discernible on every page of these Notebooks, becomes obvious when one compares the Morgan notes to those on the other ethnological writers whose books Marx excerpted: Sir John Phear, Sir Henry Maine and Sir John Lubbock. The excerpts from Morgan are not only much longer, half again as long as all the others combined-showing how deeply interested Marx was in what Morgan had to say-but also are free of the numerous and sometimes lengthy sarcastic asides sprinkled so liberally throughout the other notes. More-over, while Marx's disagreements with the others are many and thoroughgoing, his differences with Morgan, as Krader admits are "chiefly over details." As a longtime "disciple of Hegel," Marx disapproved by means of a parenthetical question-mark and exclamation-point-an inexact use of the adjective "absolute." He further disputed Morgan's interpretation of a passage from the Iliad, and another by Plutarch, neither of them central to Morgan's argument. Such differences do not smack of the insurmountable, Earlier I noted a few instances in which Marx's views diverged from Morgan's on somewhat larger questions, but even these are as nothing compared to his complete disagreement in principle with Maine and the others. Indeed, at several points where Marx gave the "block-head" and "philistine" Maine and the "civilized ass" Lubbock a good pounding for their shabby scholar-ship, their Christian hypocrisy, their bourgeois ethno-centrism and racism, their inability to "free themselves of their own conventionalities," he specifically cited Morgan as a decisive authority against them. Accepting Morgan's data and most of his interpretations as readily as he rejected the inane ideological claptrap of England's royal ethnologists, with their typically bourgeois mania for finding kings and capital in cultures where such things do not exist." Marx was no doubt pleased to discover in Ancient Society an arsenal of arguments in support of his own decidedly anti-teleological revolutionary outlook. What matters, of course, is not so much that Marx found Morgan to be, in many respects, a kindred Spirit, or even that he learned from him, but that the things he learned from Morgan were so important to him. However much his approach to Morgan may have differed from Engels's, Marx certainly agreed with the latter's contention (in a letter to Karl Kautsky, 26 April 1884), that "Morgan makes it possible for us to look at things from entirely new points of view." Reading Ancient Society appreciably deepened his knowledge of many crucial questions, and qualitatively transformed his thinking on other. The British socialist M.Hyndman, recalling conversations he had with Marx during late 1880/early 1881, wrote in his memoirs that "when Lewis Morgan proved to Marx's satisfaction that the gens and not the family was the social unit of the old tribal system and ancient society generally, Marx at once abandoned his previous opinions based upon Niebuhr and others, and accepted Morgan's view." Anyone capable of making Karl Marx, at the age of 63, abandon his previous opinions, is worthy of more than passing interest. It was only after reading Morgan that anthropology, previously peripheral to Marx's thought, became its vital center. His entire conception of historical development, and particularly of pre-capitalist societies, now gained immeasurably in depth and precision. Above all, his introduction to the Iroquois and other tribal societies sharpened his sense of the living presence of indigenous peoples in the world, and of their possible role in future revolutions. Reading Morgan, therefore, added far more than a few stray bits and pieces to Marx's thought - it added a whole new dimension, one that has been suppressed for more than a century and is only beginning to be developed today. The careful re-evaluation of Morgan's work-for which Marx's notes on his magnum opus provide such a stimulus-is surely a long-overdue project for those who are struggling, with the clarity that comes only with despair, for ways out of the manifold impasses to revolution in our time. Too often simply reduced to a one-dimensional determinism and a bourgeois biologism, taken to task ad nauseum for the alleged "rigidity" of his evolutionary system - which he, however, held to be only "Provisional" - Morgan is in fact a complex figure: subtle, far-ranging, many-sided, non-academic, passionately drawn toward poetry (his devotion to Shakespeare was as great as Marx's), and in many ways more radical than even his relatively few sincere and knowledgeable admirers have been willing to admit. His sympathetic diary-notes on the Paris Commune, made on his brief sojourn in that city in June 1871, and his public defense of the Sioux during the anti-Indian "Red Scare" following "Custer's Last Stand" in 1876 - to cite only two expressions of his dissident views on major issues of the day - show that Morgan had little in common with the pedestrian image of the pious Presbyterian and conservative burgher customarily used to characterize him. The strong critical-utopian undercurrent in his work, especially evident in the many remarkable parallels between his thought and Fourier's, but also in his vehement anti-clericalism and his veneration for heretics such as Jan Hus, has hardly been explored at all. Let it not be forgotten, finally, that, apart from his epoch-making researches in the field of anthropology, Morgan also left us a wonderful monograph on The American Beaver and His Works (1868), a treatise pronounced "excellent" by Charles Darwin, who cited it several times in The Descent of Man. In its last chapter, Morgan bravely developed the notion of a "thinking principle" in animals and came out for animal rights: Is it to be the prerogative of man to uproot and destroy not only the masses of the animal kingdom numerically, but also the great body of the species? If the human family maintains its present hostile attitude toward [animals], and increases in number: and in civilization at the present ratio. It is plain to be seen that many species of animals must be extirpated from the earth. An arrest of the progress of the human race can alone prevent the dismemberment and destruction of a large portion of the animal kingdom… The present attitude of man toward the (animals] is not such as befits his Superior wisdom. We deny [other species] all rights, and ravage their ranks with wanton and unmerciful cruelty The annual sacrifice of animal life to maintain human life is frightful… when we claim that the bear was made for man food, we forget that man was just as much made to be food for the bear. Morgan hoped that with the development of a friendlier, less prejudiced, more intimate study of the other creatures of this planet, "our relations to them will appear to us in a different, and in a better light." In the 1950s and '60s the revelations of "Early Marx" gave the lie alike to the oppressors of East and West. Early Marx, as millions discovered for themselves was the irreconcilable enemy not only of genocidal, capitalist, "free enterprise" wage-slavery, but also of institutionalized, "official," bureaucratic state-capitalist "Marxism." Against all forms of man's inhumanity to man: Marx's youthful revolutionary humanism helped inspire a worldwide resurgence of radical thought and action that became known as the "New Left" and gave the bosses and bureaucrats of all countries their biggest scare since the Spanish Revolution of 1936. In an intellectual atmosphere already bright with molotov cocktails tossed at Russian tanks by young workers in Budapest in 1956, and at U.S. tanks by black youth in Chicago and dozens of other U.S. cities ten years later; Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 brought to the world exactly what revolutionary theory is supposed to bring: more light. Early Marx was no Marxist, and never even had to pronounce himself on the matter, for Marxism hadn't been invented yet. Late Marx was no Marxist, either; and said so himself, more than once. Lukewarm liberals and ex-radicals galore have genuflected endlessly on Marx's jocular disclaimer, in vain attempts to convince themselves and the gullible that the author of The Civil War in France wound up on the side of the faint-hearted. But when Marx declared "I am no Marxist" he was certainly not renouncing his life's work or his revolutionary passion.[11] He was rejecting the reification and caricature of his work by "disciples" who preferred the study of scripture to the study of life, and mistook the quoting of chapter and verse and slogan for revolutionary theory and practice. Unlike these and legions of later "Marxists," Marx refused to evaluate a constantly changing reality by means of exegeses of his own writings. For him, the study of texts-and he was a voracious reader if ever there was one - was part of a process of self-clarification and self-correction, a testing of his views against the arguments and evidence of others, a broadening of perspectives through an ongoing and open confrontation with the new and unexpected. For Late Marx, the motto doubt everything was no joke. Or at least it was not only a joke. This is especially noticeable in the last decade of Marx's life, and the Ethnological Notebooks are an especially revealing example of his readiness to revise previously held views in the light of new discoveries. At the very moment that his Russian "disciples" - those "admirers of capitalism," as he ironically tagged them - were loudly proclaiming that the laws of historical development set forth in the first volume of Capital were universally mandatory, Marx himself was diving headlong into the study of (for him) new experiences of resistance and revolt against oppression - by North American Indians, Australian aborigines, Egyptians and Russian peasants. As we have seen, this study led him not only to dramatically and extensively alter his earlier views, but also to champion a movement in Russia that his "disciples" there and elsewhere scorned as "ahistorical," "utopian," "unrealistic" and "petty-bourgeois." Even today such epithets ate not unfamiliar to anyone who has ever dared to struggle against the existing order in a manner unprescribed by the "Marxist" Code of Law. Late Marx also undercuts the several neo- and anti-Marxisms that have, from time to time, held the spot-light in the intellectual fashion-shows of recent years-those hothouse hybrids concocted by specialists who seem to have persuaded themselves that they have gone "beyond Marx" by modifying his revolutionary project of "merciless criticism of everything in existence" into one or another specifically academic program of inoffensively mild and superficial criticism, not of everything, but only of whatever happens to fall within the four walls of their particular compartmentalized specialty. Not surprisingly, when the advocates of these neo-Marxisms finally get around to adopting a political position, it tends to be incurably reformist. Their sad fate in this regard serves to remind us that it is not by being less merciless in our criticism, less rigorous in, our research, or less revolutionary in our social activity that we are likely to go beyond Marx. Despite their pompous claims, ninety-seven percent of the neo-Marxists arc actually to the right of the crude and mechanical Marxists of the old sects, and the separation of their theory from their practice tends to be much larger. Certainly the Wobbly hobo of yesteryear, whose Marxist library consisted of little more than the IWW Preamble and the Little Red Song Book, had a far surer grasp of social reality - and indeed - of what Marx and even Hegel were talking about - than today's professional phenomenologist-deconstructionist neo-Marxologist who, in addition to writing unreadable micro-analytical explications of Antonio Gramsci, insists on living in an all-white neighborhood, crosses the university clerical-workers' picket line, and votes the straight Democratic ticket. There is every reason to believe that "Late Marx" and the Ethnological Notebooks in particular; will provide for the next global revolutionary wave something of the illumination that Early Marx brought in the 60s. By helping to finish off what remains of the debilitating hegemony of the various "Marxist" orthodoxies a well as the evasive and confusional pretensions of the various "neo-Marxisms," Late Marx will contribute to a new flowering of audacity, audacity and still more audacity that alone defines the terms of revolutionary theory and practice. Late Marx emphasized as never before the subjective factor as the decisive force in revolution. His conclusion that revolutionary social transformation could proceed from different directions and in different (though not incompatible) ways was a logical extension of his multi-linear view of history into the present and future. This new pluralism turned out to be emphatically anti-reformist, however, and it is pleasant to discover that the proponents of gradualism, nationalization, Euro-communism, social-democracy, "liberation theology" and other sickeningly sentimental and fundamentally bourgeois aberrations will find no solace in Late Marx. On the contrary, the Ethnological Notebooks and Marx's other writings of the last period develop both the fierce anti-statism that became a prime focus of his work after the Paris Commune, and the merciless critique of religion that had provided the groundwork of his writings of 1843-45. Late Marx did not become an anarchist, but his last writings establish a firm basis for the historical reconciliation of revolutionary Marxists and anarchists that André Breton called for in his Légitime Défense in 1926. Pivotal to all the excitement, playfulness, humor, discovery and diversity of Late Marx-so reminiscent of the mood of the 1844 texts - his anthropological investigations have a special relevance for today. If a century later, Marx's "return to the projects of his Paris youth" still glows brightly with the colors of the future, it is because the possibilities of the revolutionary strategy suggested in these notebooks and related writings are far from being exhausted. A gathering of the loose ends of a lifetime of revolutionary thought and action, the Ethnological Notebooks embody the final deepening and expanding of Marx's historical perspectives, and therefore of his perspectives for revolution, by Marx himself. They are, in a sense, the last will and testament of Marx's own Marxism. In these notes the "philosophical anthropology" of 1844 is empirically filled in, made more concrete, theoretically rounded out and in the end qualitatively transformed for, as Hegel observed in the Phenomenology, "in the alteration of the knowledge, the object itself also…is altered". Fragmentary though they are, the Notebooks, together with the drafts of the letter to Vera Zasulich and a few other texts, reveal that Marx's culminating revolutionary vision is not only coherent and unified, but a ringing challenge to all the manifold Marxisms that still try to dominate the discussion of social change today, and to all truly revolutionary thought, all thought focused on the reconciliation of humankind and the planet we live on. In this challenge lies the greatest importance of these texts. A close, critical look back to the rise and fall of ancient pre-capitalist communities, Marx's Ethnological Notebooks and his other last writings also look ahead to today's most promising revolutionary movements in the Third World, and the Fourth, and our own. Raya Dunayevskaya, to whom we owe the best that has been written on the Notebooks[12], rightly pointed out that "there is no way for us to know what Marx intended to do with this intensive study." One need not be a card-carrying prophet to know in advance that this undeveloped work on underdeveloped societies will be developed in many different ways in the coming years. But here is something to think about, tonight and tomorrow: With his radical new focus on the primal peoples of the world; his heightened critique of civilization and its values and institutions; his new emphasis it on the subjective factor in revolution; his ever-deeper hostility to religion and State; his unequivocal affirmation of revolutionary pluralism; his growing sense of the unprecedented depth and scope of the communist revolution as a total revolution, vastly exceeding the categories of economics and politics; his bold new posing of such fundamental questions as the relation of Man and woman, humankind and nature, imagination and culture, myth and ritual and all the "passions and Powers of the mind." Late Marx is sharply opposed to, and incomparably more radical than, almost all that we know today as Marxism. At the same time, and everyone who understands Blake and Lautreamont and Thelonious Monk will know that this is no mere coincidence, Marx's culminating synthesis is very close to the point of departure of surrealism, the "communism of genius". Taken from the Antagonism website. Originally published in [i]Arsenal, Surrealist Subversion in 1989.[/i] Thanks to Theo Waldinger and Jurek Polanski for their help in translating German passages from the Ethnological Notebooks. 1. The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx (Studies of Morgan, Phear, Maine and Lubbock), translated and edited, with an Introduction, by Lawrence Krader (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1972). The notebooks themselves are housed in the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam. 2. Flora Tristan, Lettres (Paris: Seuil, 1980), 226-27, 233-34, passim; Christopher McIntosh, Eliphas Levi and the French Occult Revival (New York: Weiser, 1972), Chapter 8; Robert Amadou, Le Feu du soleil: Entretien sur l’alchimie avec Eugene Canseliet (Paris: Pauvert, 1978), 70-72, 128; Eugene Canseliet, L’Alchimie expliquée sur ses textes classiques (Paris: Pauvert, 1972) 70-72; André VandenBroeck, Al-Kemi: A Memoir (New York: Inner Traditions, 1987), 264. 3. Eugene Pyziur, The Doctrine of Anarchism of Michael A. Bakunin (Chicago: Gateway, 1955), 26; Franz von Baader, Les Enseignements secrets de Martines de Pasqually (Paris: Dumas, 1976); Martines de Pasqually, Traité de la réintegration (Paris: Dumas, 1974); André Breton, “Pont-Levis” in Perspective cavalière (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), 200. 4. Franz Mehring, “Karl Marx and Metaphor,” in D. Ryazanoff, ed., Karl Marx: Man, Thinker, Revolutionist (New York: Intrernational [sic], 1927). 5. See the article by Lewis Feuer in the Journal of the History of Ideas, X:74, Oct.-Nov. 1974, 633-648. 6. Karl Marx, “Drafts of a Reply [to Vera Zasulich],” in Teodor Shanin, ed. Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and “The Peripheries of Capitalism” (New York: Monthly Review, 1983), 118. Later quotations from the drafts of letters to Zasulich are all from this volume. Much of the following discussion of Marx’s growing interest in Russia in his last years is drawn from the various essays in this book. 7. Ibid., 107 (emphasis added, FR). 8. Krader, “Introduction” and “Notes” to Ethnological Notebooks, 6, 358-59; Frederick Engels, Paul and Laura Lafargue, Correspondence (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959), I:239. 9. Morgan (Ancient Society, Kerr, 562), had written: “… the next higher plane of society, to which experience, intelligence and knowledge are steadily tending … will be a revival, in a higher form, of the liberty, equality and fraternity of the ancient gentes.” In the draft of the letter to Zasulich, Marx was probably quoting from memory; in any case the passage is quoted more accurately in the Notebooks, 139. 10. The 1960s brought Carl Resek’s useful though too brief biography, two new editions of Ancient Society, and reprints of other titles by Morgan (see “Sources,” below). The twentieth century’s most lucid and persistent defender of Morgan, and the editor of several of his unpublished writings, was Leslie Allan White. A provocative thinker with a good sense of dialectics (and of humor as well), White stood far above the great majority of his colleagues in the philosophically provincial milieu of American anthropology, and his scattered essays on Morgan are all of exceptional interest. Unfortunately, his reticence regarding Marxist theory inevitably limited his comprehension of the scope and implications of Morgan’s achievements. 11. Hal Draper discusses the ignorant and tendentious abuse of what he calls Marx’s “pointed quip” in the foreword to his Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution, II: The Politics of Social Classes (New York: Monthly Review, 1978). 12. In addition to Dunayevskaya’s Rosa Luxemburg, see her pamphlet, Marx’s “New Humanism” and the Dialectics of Women’s Liberation in Primitive and Modern Societies (1984). See also Peter Hudis, Marx and the Third World: New Perspectives on Writings from His Last Decade (1983). These and many other interesting publications are available from News & Letters, 59 E. Van Buren, Chicago, Illinois 60605. Principal sources Dunayevskaya, Raya. Rosa Luxemburg, Women’s Liberation and Marx’s Philosophy of Revolution (New York: Humanities, 1981). Engels, Frederick. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (New York: International, 1972). Edited and introduced by Eleanor Burke Leacock. Leacock, Eleanor Burke. Myths of Male Dominance: Collected Articles on Women Cross-Culturaly [sic] (New York: Monthly Review, 1981). Karl Marx. Ethnological Notebooks. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1972. –. Marx’s Concept of Man [Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844] (New York: Ungar, 1961). Translated by T. B. Bottomore. – and Frederick Engels. Collected Works, Vols. 4 and 5 (New York, International, 1975). Morgan, Lewis Henry. Ancient Society (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1908); (New York: World, 1963, new edition, with an introduction by Eleanor Leacock(; (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965, new edition, introduction by Leslie A. White). –. Extracts of Lewis Henry Morgan’s European Travel Journals (Rochester Historical Society, 1937). Edited and introduced by Leslie A. White. –. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines (University of Chicago Press, 1965). Introduction by Paul Bohannon. –. The Indian Journals, 1859-62. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959). Edited and introduced by Leslie A. White. –. League of the Iroquois (New York: Corinth, 1962). Introduction by William A. Fenton. –. Montezuma’s Dinner. (New York Labor News, 1950). Resek, Carl. Lewis Henry Morgan, American Scholar (University of Chicago Press, 1960). Rubel, Maximilien, and Margaret Manale. Marx without Myth: A Chronological Study of His Life and Work. (New York: Harper, 1976). Shanin, Teodor, et al. Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and “The Peripheries of Capitalism.” (New York: Monthly Review, 1983). Thompson, E.P. The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays. (New York: Monthly Review, 1978). Franklin_Rosemont_Karl_Marx_and_the_Iroquois.pdf 5.03 MB Spassmaschine Jul 7 2009 12:52 Franklin Rosemont Franklin_Rosemont_Karl_Marx_and_the_Iroquois.pdf (5.03 MB) Spikymike Always worth another read and of interest to both anarchist and Marxist influenced communists on this site.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line69
__label__cc	0.735493	0.264507	TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ LONDRA BÜYÜKELÇİLİĞİ Konuşma Metinleri Speech of H.E. Ambassador Ünal Çeviköz at King’s College London Strand Campus on 24th October, 2012 Ünal Çeviköz 24.10.2012 “BTC and Beyond: 10 years Baku-Tiflis-Ceyhan pipeline with an Outlook for the Southern Gas Corridor” It is indeed a distinct pleasure for me to address this important and timely workshop on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline which established a crucial energy network in one of the most critical regions of the world. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the organisers for their dedication and commitment to realising this event. I want to cover three key topics today: - the role oil and gas play in the Turkish energy profile; - the importance of the BTC oil pipeline for Turkey and its potential effects for creating a Mediterranean oil hub in Turkey, and - what the BTC experience means for the Southern Gas Corridor. Before starting to share my views on these issues, I would like to touch briefly on the main characteristics of energy security which matters greatly for our policy objectives. I think everyone here today agrees that international energy markets face a number of key challenges. Global energy demand is increasing rapidly due to high economic growth rates particularly in non-OECD countries, while primary energy resources are concentrated in a very limited number of countries. From the consumer countries’ point of view, secure and sustainable access to energy resources, and from the producers’ point of view, stable and diversified markets are of utmost importance. In the meantime, the transit countries play a very crucial role in enabling the safe and uninterrupted flow of these resources. Secondly, energy prices can be volatile due to a number of imperfections in the global energy markets such as lack of infrastructure or supply route disruption for political or other reasons. Furthermore, the use of carbon resources at the present rate is not sustainable because of its negative effects on the climate. We believe that enhancing the stability of energy prices through dialogue and encouraging greater energy efficiency as well as deploying lower carbon alternatives have substantial roles in addressing these challenges. At a time when global energy markets face these challenges, Turkey is becoming increasingly dependent on oil and gas imports to meet its energy needs. This is essentially the consequence of its rapidly expanding economy with a GDP growth rate of 9 and 8,5 percent in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Recent projections show that our demand for energy is anticipated to increase by 4 to 5 percent on a yearly basis. Therefore, secure, affordable and sustainable energy supplies are critical to our social and economic well-being. In terms of our domestic energy policy goals, we aim to develop our own national resources, to increase the share of renewables and to add nuclear energy into our energy basket. In parallel with these objectives, we strive to diversify our energy supplies and routes. I have to admit that Turkey has a fairly comparative advantage being in close proximity to around 72 percent of the world’s proven gas and around 73 percent of oil reserves. This considerable benefit has led to historic decisions to build both Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) and Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) pipelines. Today the BTC oil pipeline represents one of the world’s biggest and most successful mega-pipeline projects. Constructed at a cost of some 3.9 billion dollars, it routinely carries close to 800,000 barrels of oil a day (or 40 million tons a year) for 1,768 kilometers from offshore oil fields in the Caspian Sea to the Ceyhan marine terminal on the Mediterranean coast from where the crude oil is further shipped via tankers to European markets. Through the BTC oil pipeline, which became operational in 2006, Kazakh oil was also transported to the world markets between 2008 and 2010 and some amount of Turkmen oil started to flow via this project from 2010. The second component of the Corridor, the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum natural gas pipeline followed suit in 2007. At present, the BTE carries just over five to six billion cubic meters of gas a year (5-6 bcm/y) along its 918 km long system. That represents the equivalent of around 4.5 – 5.4 million tons of oil a year, or roughly one-eighth of the energy carried by the BTC. The success achieved by the BTC in carrying Caspian oil to market exemplifies the important role of Turkey as a reliable transit country for Europe’s energy supply security. We, together with our regional allies, worked hard to secure political commitment and to make the project commercially viable. We ensured that the oil out of the Caspian Sea would be developed and transported along secure and environmentally safe routes in a timely manner. I presume that the importance of the BTC can be assessed fairly when you also consider its pecularities in the sense that it crossed various international boundaries and its length, which was much longer than a classic oilfield to terminal pipeline. This makes it clear that the BTC cannot be considered just as a commercial project, but it is a very key part of a our broad vision. It should not be suprising that the legacy of the BTC has led us to do more so as to secure an uninterrupted and reliable flow of Greater Caspian and Middle East hydrocarbon resources to Turkey and to Europe via our territory. Turkey and Azerbaijan reached an agreement concerning the sale and purchase of 6 bcm and the transit through Turkey of 10 bcm of Shah Deniz Phase 2 natural gas. The signature of an Intergovernmental Agreement between Turkey and Azerbaijan as well as numerous contracts between BOTAŞ and the Shah Deniz Consortium exactly on year ago on 25 October 2011 was followed by a Memorandum of Understanding between Turkey and Azerbaijan concerning a standalone pipeline in December 2011. Finally, the Intergovernmental Agreement and Host Government Agreement regarding the development of a standalone pipeline (TANAP) project, was signed by Turkey and Azerbaijan on 26 June 2012 in İstanbul. We believe that with the finalization of these agreements, Turkey has positively contributed to the final investment decision regarding the SD Phase 2 project. The final decision as to whether Shah Deniz Phase 2 gas will be transported through upgraded BOTAŞ infrastructure or the TANAP -in Turkey-, and through West Nabucco or TAP -beyond Turkey-, will be made by the Shah Deniz Consortium. It is worth mentioning that the BTC and other proposed as well as ongoing projects have highlighted the role of the Ceyhan terminal. The terminal is a world class facility at which large tankers can easily and efficiently load cargo and transport it to world markets. Ceyhan will eventually turn into a major international energy hub and the largest oil outlet terminal in the Eastern Mediterranean when 6 and 7 percent of global oil supply will transit Turkey. Concluding my speech, I would like to welcome you all and I am delighted to be able to stay here for the whole afternoon and looking forward to listening to your input and to taking part in the discussions that are programmed for the rest of the day. Ümit Yalçın Ambassador Turkish Consulate General In Edinburgh Turkish Consulate General In London 4/13/2020 Easter Monday 5/8/2020 Early May Bank Holiday 5/24/2020 Religious Holiday (Ramazan Bayramı) 5/25/2020 Spring Bank Holiday 7/31/2020 Religious Holiday (Kurban Bayramı) 8/31/2020 Summer Bank Holiday 10/29/2020 Turkish Republic Day	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line70
__label__wiki	0.983801	0.983801	UK’s largest Jewish body refuses to condemn Israel’s plans to annex Palestinian territory The UK’s largest Jewish organisation is refusing to align itself with the national policy of opposing the Israeli Government’s plans to annex Palestinian land. According to the Jewish Chronicle, a majority of the Board of Deputies of British Jews members back President Marie van der Zyl’s decision not to condemn the new Israeli coalition government which has pledged to annex around a third of the West Bank, commencing this month. But van der Zyl, who was elected on a platform of defending Israel, has continued to declare her support for a two-state solution to the conflict. At a recent Board meeting, she said, “There isn’t going to be a consensus that is going to be reached, and I am very concerned that the Jewish community stays together as a community at what is clearly a divisive time… Almost all serious peace proposals had included the incorporation of the major settlement blocks in Israel to safeguard security in the Jordan Valley as part of the final agreement.” Van der Zyl added that the UK Jewish community was “in the main Zionist” and “our interests with the Israeli Government overlap.” 500 British Jewish students and youth movement members put their names to a ‘Communal Youth Letter’ dated April 30, calling on the Board of Deputies to ‘speak up against the unilateral annexation of the West Bank, which will have far-reaching ramifications not only for the region and its inhabitants but also for us as Jews in the diaspora. “We recall the Board of Deputies’ historical support for a negotiated two-state solution,” the letter continues, “which means that when Israel takes decisive unilateral action that will render a two-state solution impossible to achieve, the Board of Deputies has a responsibility to speak out against it.” The appeal also states that “being a true friend to Israel means speaking out,” and noted that any possible annexation would impact the safety of the Jewish diaspora and render an Israel that was both “Jewish and democratic” impossible. A second letter by prominent Jews emerged on May 11 signed by 560 people, which warned that any failure to “defend the two-state solution against threats made to it by all parties to the conflict” would undermine the Board of Deputies and its “credibility and integrity.” The Board’s silence on the issue comes amid UK Government warnings to Israel not to proceed with the plans. Conservative Minister James Cleverly told Parliament on May 11 that the Government would not support annexation of the West Bank. The Minister of State for the Middle East and North Africa said the UK was “deeply concerned” about the new Israeli coalition government’s plans which he said were “contradictory to international law,” and that the UK had” made clear our concern” over possible annexation to the UN at a meeting held on April 23. Asked if the UK considers such a move by Israel “illegal under international law” Cleverly said, “Our longstanding position is such a move would be contrary to international law.” And he accepted that failure to oppose annexation “could make a sustainable two-state solution harder.” 149 British MPs from all parties wrote to the Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary urging them to make clear publicly to Israel that any annexation of Occupied Palestinian territory “will have severe consequences including sanctions.” The politicians, including former cabinet members, ministers and senior diplomats, demanded actions, not words in opposing any Israeli annexation. They said this would be “a mortal blow to chances of peace between Israelis and Palestinians based on any viable two-state solution.” Van der Zyl has also urged Labour leader Keir Starmer to reject a proposal from his shadow foreign secretary calling for the UK to ban the import of goods from illegal settlements in the West Bank if the Israeli government presses ahead with the annexation. Labour’s Lisa Nandy had announced the plan, which is being backed the Labour leader, on July 5 arguing Britain cannot be “a silent witness” to Israel’s planned extension of sovereignty to some 30 percent of the West Bank. But in a statement responding to the proposal van der Zyl said she would “urge Sir Keir and the Labour Party not to go down this route.’’ The West Bank is currently home to about 2.8 million Palestinians and 400,000 illegal Jewish settlers. Since the occupation of the West Bank in 1967, numerous UN resolutions, including 446, 452, 465, 471 and 476 affirm unambiguously that Israel’s occupation is illegal, and, since Resolution 446 adopted on 22 March 1979, have confirmed that its settlements there have no legal validity and pose a serious obstacle to peace.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line74
__label__wiki	0.758909	0.758909	Touching trance and physical sitting. Attended the Northdown trance and physical sitting on the 16th January 2012. The circle objects were the ring, the two trumpets and the crystal ball. In the far corner of the room was placed the abacus. The sitter who has the native American drum started his drumming. The opening words were said and the circle was started. With the lights switched off, the only light was coming from the red box. The members all began with trance. After a short time the mist started in certain corners, in front of some of the objects of the room. A white light also shone above the table. Little light flashes also sparked and this was just as one of the mediums opened their mouths and the first spirit greeted circle. It was a gentleman with words of wisdom about questions and the questions which circle would like to put to spirit. The spirit stated that he knew that the members had many questions to ask and that he like the other energies who were forming, and taking shape, would do their best to try to help to answer. Expansion of the brain was vital. On spirit side, he made a joke about this name, he said that spirit did surround themselves with pass times; antiquities were what he surrounded himself with and he tried to improve his mind and spiritual self. Memory was a partial theme; as the spirit talked of this improvement and spiritual work. As the spirit left on stating that the entites had much respect for the circle the temperature in the room dropped. It was freezing. The next medium opened up and spirit to next give a message did follow on from this spirit. The genteman spoke about the questions; much he said, like, the first spirit had said they had gathered and would help with enhancing answers to questions but there was still knowledge being gained spirit side and there was not one spirit who could answer all areas. Spirits too had fields of expertise. There was of course questions, which they could not, and could not fully be answered and that was the purpose of life. In his own life, as a monk, they were told to listen, concentrate and meditate but sometimes he had thought why should he and he questioned it then and it still questioning spirit side. But it was all a matter of learning, he said and perhaps a question that too much information can in itself be problematic there is somewhat a joy in finding things out. A specific coldness surrounded members. As this cold feeling got more chilly on the legs one of the members felt a cold wet pinch on her elbow. There was a number of Viking scenes which flashed by. Particularly referring to ships. Wooden objects were being made, and a man with blond hair was showing that there were artefacts in a museum in Ramsgate, Kent England on to this were also images of a lady with red hair and finding objects in the sand, pride was felt and a relish in the times which brought love and land. As this was shown images of Normans and a conquest came up. A few of the members could see this same allusion. Times past became a specific theme. Heart and love also came up in a number of personal messages which followed through. The next medium to open their mouth came through with a spirit who referred to impatient nature and the fact that he wanted action and few words. Indeed in the days of his tribe, he was the one to try to go with expectation of mirth and activity and little did he know this was due to his lack of experience. The spirit talked quickly and with breathless quality. He said you have such young minds and now here I have more experience and know more senses. As seen in the circle which follows slightly later a specific writer by the name of Rudyard Kipling came through and who was also renound for his writing on the subject of experience. This tie of experience not only is shared by these two spirits but also later by Catherine Cookson, who also visited the same sitting, and also wrote in the theme of experiences. There is a shared link between these energies on life experiences. One of the members saw a little boy with glasses. The little boy was looking for the abacus. As the member looked down by the place where it should be she indicated that it was not there without knowing that it had been moved. On seeing this the boy looked past the circle and into the corner of the room where he then found it. The Viking like ships which were shown were filled with intricacies. The man was also adamant that the ship had been near to Ramsgate. The members in circle only knew of a ship which could relate and was near to Sandwich in Kent though they thought a ship or museum was opened and closed in Ramsgate. After research it can now be noted and shown here that there is in fact a maritime museum which features Viking antiques and also in 597 AD a wooden Viking ship very much like the ones referred to in circle sailed passed the port of Ramsgate. As a central theme of circle a few particular people following somewhat a line of penmanship came in; Rudyard Kipling, the face and more so a man with dark hair and moustache was seen by one of the members. This face the features and hair were transfigured on to one of the members. Transfigueration is where the feauturs on one spirit being can show on the face of someone sitting in a séance and evidence their looks and appearance. It is only after checking that the remarkable likeness to the face which showed in circle can be seen to the first picture of Rudyard Kipling. It should also be mentioned that Rudyard Kipling came in to the circle on the 16th January and after research, it is mentioned, and it can be noted that he passed on the 18th January 1936. This date would mark the anniversary. It is only two days after the holding of the circle. A number of vivid graphic scenes of war were shown to the circle with particular allusion to the trenches. After research it can also be noted that Rudyard Kipling tragically lost one son to war and wrote many poems amongst which and through he writes about the atrocities of war. Rudyard Kipling was winner of the Nobel Prize. The writers who gathered, peered into circle towards the end. There was mention of a lady writer who broke her arm and was a prolific writer. “I wrote, and wrote.” She said and then talked of the invention of the tape recorder and of someone writing up her words. She then spoke about her love of rings, her diamond rings, which she came back not only to look at but also sometimes looking at in shops. After checking research has shown that it was a fact Catherine Cookson, wrote 100 books, selling over 123 million copies and her books were translated into 20 languages. Catherine Cookson who is also included in the pictures also bares a remarkable trace of the same female face who was seen standing near to the circle. The order of the British Empire was awarded to Catherine Cookson and the Nobel Prize was awarded to one Rudyard Kipling. Both won awards for their choice of the written word. Chief Buffalo Horn was a man who not only stepped forward in circle but gave his name. It can now after searching for this name be uncovered that this Chief was involved in the Bannock War. He was a scout and also his passing was in the month of June. Catherine Cookson was born in June, on the exact date of birth of one of the members and passed and married in the same month. As the spirit and energies stepped in to the circle, so the light in the red box moved. The light in the room also moved to highlight the room in a glow which was not coming from the red light and could not be explained. As the closing words were said the circle was closed. The objects were checked and it was on checking a certain item that it was seen that the balls on the object had been moved. The object which had been touched was the abacus. Pics are taken from online encyclopedia.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line75
__label__wiki	0.67803	0.67803	Tag Archive \| "Bertens" Tags: Australian Open, Barty, Bertens, Garcia, Goerges, Hsieh, Kuzmova, Kvitova, Miami Open, Niculescu, Osaka, Serena, Stosur, U.S. Open, Vekic, Wozniacki Two points was all the world number one needed to saunter into the round of 16 at the Miami Open. Instead up 6-4, 5-4 and 30-0 in the second set, Naomi Osaka donated two double faults in the game to hand her opponent a break point. Once Osaka’s backhand landed wide, the score was leveled at 5-5. Still, there were chances in the tiebreak which went unclaimed by the Japanese star. Consequently, the match was decided with a third set. Osaka secured a 2-0 lead when Su-Wei Hsieh double faulted at 15-40. But the veteran from Chinese Taipei was not discouraged. By swarming the net, she was up 0-30. Once Osaka’s backhand landed on her side of the net, Hsieh had break point. She converted by striking a return winner. Throughout the decisive set, Osaka was under the hatchet. Many times, the world number one found herself at 0-30 on her serve. She finally paid the price in the seventh game when a couple of errors delivered the 4-3 advantage to her rival. Subsequent to consolidating for 5-3, Hsieh went back to work. She arrived at her another break point which this time was a match point. Hsieh seized the victory 4-6, 7-6, 6-3 with a volley winner. The Japanese player had clashed with Hsieh twice before. Thus, she should have known not have counted success until the umpire calls game set and match. In essence that was what she did “I think in that moment I got ahead of myself, but all the other times it was pretty fine. Like, I knew it was going to be a tough match playing her.. . I was kind of immature today. I was thinking too much, like everything was on my racquet. Honestly, she has the ability to make winners, too, whenever she wants.” For Osaka, being in the position of number one and being expected to always win, she admits is added pressure “I think there’s a difference between having confidence and sort of getting ahead of yourself. . . the last time I played her, she was up two breaks or something, 4-1, I don’t remember if that was one or two breaks. I was just thinking, I was in a bigger hole last time, so I should be able to dig myself out of the hole this time. I completely forgot that she also learned things from that match. It wasn’t just me that was playing there. I just think it wasn’t that I had a big head, but I think I wasn’t really thinking about all of the things that was happening”. After the Australian Open, Osaka had a major change, parting with Sascha Bajin. This is her second tournament with new coach Jermaine Jenkins. One area which failed Osaka today was her serve as she attempted to close out her counterpart “I’ve been working on my serve a lot these last two tournaments. And definitely it’s improved from Indian Wells to here. . .I don’t think the percentage was that great today. I was slowly starting to count on it again like I used to. . .I’ve been working a lot on my second serve. I think I need to continue practicing it because she was stepping in a lot and being very aggressive. That’s not something I want people to do. . .I think it’s interesting whenever you change coaches because there’s always an adjustment time. . .I think that I played pretty good today actually, if I get over the fact that I lost. I think I played a lot of good rallies. Of course, there were some shots that I tried to hit a winner on to early. I just do that sometimes. It’s nothing to be negative about. . .I think definitely we have a lot of ideas that we need to swap, so we really need to talk about that. 2017 Miami Open finalist Caroline Wozniacki overcame the antics of mercurial Romanian Monica Niculescu 6-4, 7-6 to march on to the round of 16. She will take on Hsieh next. Petra Kvitová outlasted Donna Vekic in a 2 hour 36 minute contest. The 2 time Wimbledon champion edged out her rival 6-4, 3-6, 6-4. In the fourth round, Kvitová will clash with Caroline Garcia who dispatched Julia Goerges 6-0, 7-5. In the battle of the Aussie, Ashleigh Barty bounced former U.S. Open winner Samantha Stosur 6-0, 6-3. Her opponent will be Kiki Bertens. The seventh seed coasted to triumph after dropping the first set with a 3-6, 6-0, 6-1 win over Viktoria Kuzmova. Eight-time Miami Open champion Serena Williams was forced to withdraw from the tournament due to a left knee injury. With the withdrawal, the tournament’s No. 18 seed Qiang Wang of China advances to the fourth round. Posted in Local News, NewsComments (0) Tags: Arruabarrena, Australian Open, Bertens, Goerges, Kerber, Keyes, Kuznetsova, Miami Open, Ozaki, Rogers, Tig, Townsend, Venus, Williams, WTA Venus Williams and Kerber Move on to the Fourth Round at the Miami Open Three time Miami Open champion Venus Williams took another step forward in the hope of seizing another trophy at the Miami Open. She defeated 22 year old Romanian qualifier Patricia Maria Tig 6-3, 6-0 to advance to the fourth round where she will face 2006 winner and 2016 finalist Svetlana Kuznetsova. The Russian put a stop to American qualifier Taylor Townsend’s dream run with a 6-4, 6-2 triumph. The first point of the match was a double fault by Williams. The 36 year old struggled to find the rhythm on her first serve which cost her in the third game, permitting Tig to capitalize on break point for 2-1. Undeterred, Williams broke back at love to even up the scoreboard. Up to that point, the Romanian had been quite impressive knocking out Heather Watson of Great Britain in her maiden main draw match. Subsequently, she dismissed 2017 Indian Wells semifinalist and 18th seed Kristina Mladenovic in straight sets. Once up 4-3, Venus seemed to find her form and by feasting on the second serve offerings by Tig. She got the second break of the set for 5-3. Later with a winner, she closed out the deal on her serve. The 2017 Australian Open finalist and 7 time major title holder cruised through the second set pocketing six successive games to get to the next stage. Williams did not get out of the gate as expected, “I’ve never played her, so you have to get used to patterns or rhythm. So I thought she played well. She’s got a great game. Every game was competitive. Definitely a lot of credit to her.” As the adage goes, it’s not how one starts but finishes. Venus turned on the afterburner in the second set “no matter what, I’m going to leave everything on the court: all my guts, blood, sweat, tears. Obviously you don’t want to wait until you’re a set down to find your best game. Today I was quite happy to acclimate quicker.” On court coaching has been an aspect of the sport that Venus has hardly utilized, she likes to earn her victories the old fashion way “I hadn’t thought a ton about it. From my understanding, on-court coaching was supposed to be a selling point to build the game and get more interest . . . If it’s doing that, then it’s a plus. We want the game to grow and people to watch because it’s exciting. I don’t necessarily have an opinion. If it’s helping the game, I’m like down. I’m good.” Regarding her next challenge, Kuznetsova who holds a 5-4 lead in their head to head, Venus made these comments pre match ” We’ve had a lot of great matches. I played her in the very beginning of her career and now we both have had great careers that are continuing to be amazing. I know her game. I don’t think there will be any surprises. She knows mine. I just want to continue to control the court. That’s what I’ll try to do.” Earlier in the day, world number one and top seed Angelique Kerber had to work to obtain a 6-4, 7-5 win over American Shelby Rogers. In the first set, the top seed fell behind 3-0. However, she went on a five game streak to move ahead 5-4. Soon, with Rogers committing her 21st miscue, Kerber had triple set point which she banked as the American misfired again. In the second set, with Rogers’ backhand winner clipping the line, Kerber faced triple break point. As the 2 time major champion dumped a forehand into the net, Rogers secured a 4-2 edge. But her joy lasted only a few minutes. The very next game she surrendered the advantage due to a litany of mistakes. In the eleventh game, Kerber allowed her opponent to press while she stayed consistent with her stroke. That strategy banked her the break for 6-5. With a swift hold, she punched her ticket into the round of 16. Next up for the German will be 23 year old Japanese qualifier Risa Ozaki who upset 16th seed Kiki Bertens in the second round, then booted Julia Goerges ranked 47th. Madison Keyes’ comeback from left wrist surgery is still a work in progress. Today the world number 9 was send packing by Lara Arruabarrena, ranked 72nd, 7-5, 7-5.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line76
__label__cc	0.563912	0.436088	COMMERCE BANCSHARES INC /MO/ def14a SCHEDULE 14A Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Amendment No. ) Filed by the Registrant x Filed by a Party other than the Registrant o Check the appropriate box: o Preliminary Proxy Statement o Confidential, for Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2)) x Definitive Proxy Statement o Definitive Additional Materials o Soliciting Material Pursuant to §240.14a-12 Commerce Bancshares, Inc. (Name of Registrant as Specified In Its Charter) (Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if other than the Registrant) Payment of Filing Fee (Check the appropriate box): x No fee required. o Fee computed on table below per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(4) and 0-11. 1) Title of each class of securities to which transaction applies: 2) Aggregate number of securities to which transaction applies: 3) Per unit price or other underlying value of transaction computed pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 0-11 (set forth the amount on which the filing fee is calculated and state how it was determined): 4) Proposed maximum aggregate value of transaction: 5) Total fee paid: o Fee paid previously with preliminary materials. o Check box if any part of the fee is offset as provided by Exchange Act Rule 0-11(a)(2) and identify the filing for which the offsetting fee was paid previously. Identify the previous filing by registration statement number, or the Form or Schedule and the date of its filing. 1) Amount Previously Paid: 2) Form, Schedule or Registration Statement No.: 3) Filing Party: 4) Date Filed: SEC 1913 (02-02) Persons who are to respond to the collection of information contained in this form are not required to respond unless the form displays a currently valid OMB control number. Dear Shareholder: You are cordially invited to attend the Annual Meeting of the Shareholders of Commerce Bancshares, Inc. The meeting will be held at 9:30 a.m. on April 21, 2010, in the Amphitheater on level two of the Ritz-Carlton, St. Louis, 100 Carondelet Plaza, Clayton, Missouri. The accompanying Notice of Annual Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy Statement describe the items to be considered and acted upon by the shareholders. If you own shares of record, you will find enclosed a proxy card or cards and an envelope in which to return the card(s). Whether or not you plan to attend this meeting please sign, date and return your enclosed proxy card(s) or vote over the phone or Internet as soon as possible so that your shares can be voted at the meeting in accordance with your instructions. You can revoke your proxy anytime before the Annual Meeting and issue a new proxy as you deem appropriate. You will find the procedures to follow if you wish to revoke your proxy on page 3 of this Proxy Statement. Your vote is very important. I look forward to seeing you at the meeting. David W. Kemper Chairman of the Board, President and Notice of Annual Meeting of Shareholders of Time: 9:30 a.m., Central Daylight Time Place: Amphitheater on level two of the Ritz-Carlton, St. Louis, 100 Carondelet Plaza, Clayton, Missouri 1. To elect four directors to the 2013 Class for a term of three years; 2. To ratify the selection of KPMG LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accountant for 2010; 3. To consider and act upon a shareholder proposal requesting necessary steps to cause the annual election of all directors, if properly presented at the Meeting; and 4. To transact such other business as may properly come before the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof. Who Can Vote: Shareholders at the close of business February 23, 2010 are entitled to vote at the meeting. If your shares are registered in the name of a bank or brokerage firm, telephone or Internet voting will be available to you only if offered by your bank or broker and such procedures are described on the voting form sent to you. How You Can Vote: You may vote your proxy by marking, signing and dating the enclosed proxy card and returning it as soon as possible using the enclosed envelope. Or, you may vote over the telephone or the Internet as described on the enclosed proxy card. By Authorization of the Board of Directors, James L. Swarts Important Notice regarding the availability of proxy materials for the Shareholder Meeting to be held on April 21, 2010 The Proxy Statement and Annual Report to Shareholders are available at www.edocumentview.com/CBSH The Proxy Statement and Annual Report to Shareholders are also available on the Company’s website at www.commercebank.com/ir Your Vote Is Important. Whether You Own One Share or Many, Your Prompt Cooperation in Voting Your Proxy Is Greatly Appreciated. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT PROPOSAL ONE — ELECTION OF THE 2013 CLASS OF DIRECTORS Composition of the Board Nominees for Election to the 2013 Class of Directors Shareholder Communications Director Independence Board Leadership Structure and Risk Oversight Committees of the Board Shareholder Proposals and Nominations Transactions with Related Persons Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance Director Compensation COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Objectives of Our Compensation Program Compensation and Human Resources Committee Processes Elements of Compensation Stock Ownership Guidelines Impact of Accounting and Tax Treatment Recoupment Policy COMPENSATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES COMMITTEE REPORT Summary Compensation Table Grants of Plan Based Awards in 2009 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End Option Exercises and Stock Vested in 2009 Pension Benefits in 2009 Pension Benefits Narrative Nonqualified Deferred Compensation in 2009 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Narrative Employment Agreements and Elements of Post-Termination Compensation Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control Equity Compensation Plan Information Compensation and Human Resources Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation Pre-approval of Services by the External Auditor Fees Paid to KPMG LLP PROPOSAL TWO — RATIFICATION OF THE SELECTION OF KPMG LLP AS THE INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS FOR 2010 PROPOSAL THREE — SHAREHOLDER PROPOSAL REQUESTING NECESSARY STEPS TO CAUSE THE ANNUAL ELECTION OF ALL DIRECTORS ELECTRONIC ACCESS TO PROXY STATEMENT AND ANNUAL REPORT Annual Meeting April 21, 2010 This Proxy Statement, the accompanying proxy card and the 2009 Annual Report to Shareholders of Commerce Bancshares, Inc. (the “Company” or “Commerce”), are being mailed on or about March 17, 2010. The Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) is soliciting your proxy to vote your shares at the Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Meeting”) on April 21, 2010. The Board is soliciting your proxy to give all Shareholders of record the opportunity to vote on matters that will be presented at the Meeting. This Proxy Statement provides you with information on these matters to assist you in voting your shares. A proxy is your legal designation of another person (the “proxy”) to vote on your behalf. By completing and returning the enclosed proxy card, you are giving David W. Kemper and Jonathan M. Kemper, who were appointed by the Board, the authority to vote your shares in the manner you indicate on your proxy card. Why did I receive more than one proxy card? You will receive multiple proxy cards if you hold your shares in different ways (e.g., joint tenancy, trusts, custodial accounts) or in multiple accounts. If your shares are held by a broker, banker, trustee or nominee (i.e., in “street name”), you will receive your proxy card or other voting information from your brokerage firm or bank, and you will return your proxy card or cards to your broker, banker, trustee or nominee. You should vote on and sign each proxy card you receive. Who is qualified to vote? You are qualified to receive notice of and to vote at the Meeting if you owned shares of Common Stock of the Company at the close of business on our record date of Tuesday, February 23, 2010. How many shares of Common Stock may vote at the Meeting? As of February 23, 2010, there were 83,296,427 shares of Common Stock outstanding and entitled to vote. Each share of Common Stock is entitled to one vote on each matter presented. What is the difference between a “shareholder of record” and a “street name” holder? These terms describe how your shares are held. If your shares are registered directly in your name with Computershare, the Company’s transfer agent, you are a “shareholder of record.” If your shares are held in the name of a brokerage, bank, trust or other nominee as a custodian, you are a “street name” holder. How do I vote my shares? If you are a “shareholder of record,” you have several choices. You can vote your proxy: • by mailing the enclosed proxy card; • over the telephone; or • via the Internet. Please refer to the specific instructions set forth on the enclosed proxy card. For security reasons, our electronic voting system has been designed to authenticate your identity as a Shareholder. If you hold your shares in “street name,” your broker/bank/trustee/nominee will provide you with materials and instructions for voting your shares. Can I vote my shares in person at the Meeting? If you are a “shareholder of record,” you may vote your shares in person at the Meeting. If you hold your shares in “street name,” you must obtain a proxy from your broker, banker, trustee or nominee, giving you the right to vote the shares at the Meeting. What are the Board’s recommendations on how I should vote my shares? The Board recommends that you vote your shares as follows: Proposal One FOR the election of all four nominees for the 2013 Class of Directors with terms expiring at the 2013 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Proposal Two FOR the ratification of the appointment of KPMG LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm (independent auditors) for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2010. Proposal Three AGAINST the shareholder proposal requesting necessary steps to cause the annual election of all directors. What are my choices when voting? Proposal One You may cast your vote in favor of electing the nominees as Directors or withhold your vote on one or more nominees. Proposal Two You may cast your vote in favor of or against the proposal, or you may elect to abstain from voting your shares. Proposal Three You may cast your vote in favor of or against the proposal, or you may elect to abstain from voting your shares. How would my shares be voted if I do not specify how they should be voted? If you sign and return your proxy card without indicating how you want your shares to be voted, the proxies will vote your shares as follows: How are votes withheld, abstentions and broker non-votes treated? In the election of directors, abstentions and broker non-votes will be considered solely for quorum purposes and are not counted for the election of directors. On all other matters presented for shareholder vote, abstentions will be treated as votes against such matters and broker non-votes will be treated as not entitled to vote and have no effect on the outcome. Can I change my vote after I have mailed in my proxy card? You may revoke your proxy by doing one of the following: • by sending a written notice of revocation to the Secretary of the Company that is received prior to the Meeting, stating that you revoke your proxy; • by delivery of a later-dated proxy (including a telephone or Internet vote) and submitting it so that it is received prior to the Meeting in accordance with the instructions included on the proxy card(s); or • by attending the Meeting and voting your shares in person. What vote is required to approve each proposal? Proposal One requires a plurality of the votes cast to elect a director. Proposal Two requires the affirmative vote of a majority of those shares present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote thereon at the Meeting. Proposal Three requires the affirmative vote of a majority of those shares present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote thereon at the Meeting. Who will count the votes? Representatives from Computershare Trust Company, N.A., our transfer agent, will count the votes and provide the results to the Inspectors of Election who will then tabulate the votes at the meeting. Who pays the cost of this proxy solicitation? The cost of solicitation of proxies will be borne by the Company. In addition to solicitation by mail, proxies may be solicited personally or by telephone, facsimile transmission or via email by regular employees of the Company. Morrow & Co., LLC, 470 West Avenue, Stamford, Connecticut 06902, has been retained by the Company, at an estimated cost of $8,000 plus reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, to aid in the solicitation of proxies. Brokerage houses and other custodians, nominees and fiduciaries may be requested to forward soliciting material to their principals and the Company will reimburse them for the expense of doing so. This proxy statement and proxy will be first sent to security holders on or about March 17, 2010. Is this Proxy Statement the only way that proxies are being solicited? No. As stated above, the Company has retained Morrow & Co., LLC to aid in the solicitation of proxy materials. In addition to mailing these proxy materials, certain directors, officers or employees of the Company may solicit proxies by telephone, facsimile transmission, e-mail or personal contact. They will not be compensated for doing so. If you have any further questions about voting your shares or attending the Meeting, please call the Company’s Secretary, James L. Swarts, at 816-234-2685. Security ownership of certain beneficial owners: This table includes each person known to be the beneficial owner of 5% or more of the Company’s outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2009. Under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission Rules, beneficial ownership of shares includes shares as to which a person has or shares voting power and/or investment power. Name and Address of Beneficial Owner Shares of Class Commerce Bank, N.A. 9,048,126 (1)(2) 10.9 (1) These shares represent the beneficial ownership of the Company’s common stock held in various trust capacities. Of those shares Commerce Bank, N.A. had (i) sole voting power over 4,649,908 shares; (ii) shared voting power over 4,035,516 shares; (iii) sole investment power over 3,830,603 shares; and (iv) shared investment power over 1,217,974 shares. The Company has been advised by Commerce Bank, N.A. that those shares for which it has sole voting authority will be voted at the Meeting FOR Proposals One and Two and AGAINST Proposal Three. (2) Those shares for which Commerce Bank, N.A. has shared voting power include 3,402,829 shares held as Trustee for the Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Participating Investment Plan (the “Plan”), a 401(k) plan established for the benefit of the Company’s employees. Pursuant to the Plan participants are entitled to direct the Trustee with regard to the voting of each participant’s shares held in the Plan. As to any shares for which no timely directions are received, the Trustee will vote such shares in accordance with the direction of the Company. Security ownership of management: The following information pertains to the common stock of the Company beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by all directors and nominees for director, the executive officers named in the Summary Compensation Table, and by all directors, nominees and executive officers of the Company as a group as of December 31, 2009. Kevin G. Barth 147,228 (2) * John R. Capps 10,201 * A. Bayard Clark Earl H. Devanny, III W. Thomas Grant, II Mission Hills, Kansas James B. Hebenstreit 105,850 (6) 1,499,936 (2) 5.0 1,191,506 (4) Jonathan M. Kemper 372,608 (2) 3.3 Charles G. Kim Chesterfield, Missouri Seth M. Leadbeater Thomas A. McDonnell Terry O. Meek Benjamin F. Rassieur, III Todd R. Schnuck Dan C. Simons 1,917 * Lawrence, Kansas Andrew C. Taylor Kimberly G. Walker Robert H. West All directors, nominees and executive officers as a group (including those listed above) (1) Shared voting power and investment power. (2) Includes shares which could be acquired within 60 days by exercise of options or stock appreciation rights (SARs). Shares acquired by exercise of SARs were computed on a net basis, assuming the rights were exercised at a price equal to the fair market value of the common stock at December 31, 2009. Shares which could be acquired within 60 days by exercise of options or SARs are as follows: Messrs. Barth — 92,172; Clark — 100,863; D. Kemper — 222,386; J. Kemper — 269,692; Kim — 103,479; Leadbeater — 96,119; and all directors, nominees and executive officers as a group (including those listed above) — 1,169,294. (3) Owned by a corporation for which Messrs. David W. Kemper and Jonathan M. Kemper serve as directors. Messrs. David W. Kemper and Jonathan M. Kemper disclaim beneficial ownership as to such shares. (4) Mr. Jonathan M. Kemper has sole investment power, but shares voting power with Mr. David W. Kemper. (5) Shared voting power. (6) Owned by a corporation for which Mr. Hebenstreit serves as President. Mr. Hebenstreit disclaims beneficial ownership in these shares. * Less than 1% PROPOSAL ONE ELECTION OF THE 2013 CLASS OF DIRECTORS The full Board consists of twelve Directors. The Board is divided into three classes consisting of four Directors per class. The Directors in each class serve a three-year term. The term of each class expires at successive annual meetings so that the shareholders elect one class of Directors at each annual meeting. The election of four Directors to the 2013 Class will take place at the Meeting. At its meeting of February 5, 2010, the Board approved the recommendation of the Committee on Governance/Directors that four 2013 Class Directors be elected for a three-year term. Mr. Robert H. West is retiring from the Board effective at the upcoming annual meeting due to the Company’s mandatory retirement age. Mr. Thomas A. McDonnell was elected in 2007 with the understanding that due to the number of other public companies for which Mr. McDonnell serves as a director, that a new nominee would stand for election at the conclusion of Mr. McDonnell’s 2007 term. The Company is grateful for their service. If elected, the four 2013 Class Director nominees will serve on the Board until the Annual Meeting in 2013, or until their successors are duly elected and qualified in accordance with the Company’s bylaws. If any of the four nominees should become unable to accept election, the persons named on the proxy card as proxies may vote for such other person(s) recommended by the Company’s Board of Directors. Management has no reason to believe that any of the four nominees for election named below will be unable to serve. The Board of Directors Recommends that Shareholders Vote FOR All Four Nominees Listed Below Nominees For Election to the 2013 Class of Directors: Director Since: Principal Occupation: President of Paulo Products Company (since August 1987) Other Directorships: Mr. Rassieur is president of a successful, private company that performs heat treating and metal finishing at five plants in three states. His business provides a leading indicator of general economic conditions. Mr. Rassieur has been a director of Commerce Bank, N.A. and has been a long time member of the audit committee. His community involvement includes being a founding member of the Corporate Committee of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. Compensation and Human Resources Committee (Chairman); Committee on Governance/Directors; and Executive Committee Chairman (since 2001) and Chief Executive Officer (since 1990) of Enterprise Holdings, Inc. (formerly known as Enterprise Rent-A-Car) Anheuser-Busch Companies (directorship ended November 2008) Mr. Taylor has led Enterprise Holdings to the position as the largest rental car company in America. He has public company board experience and is actively engaged in community service and philanthropic activities in the St. Louis area. His company is ranked high in customer satisfaction and as a place to work and start a career. Mr. Taylor is a graduate of the University of Denver with a degree in business administration. President of Cerner Corporation (since August 1999) University of Missouri, Kansas City; Carriage Club Mr. Devanny is a former advisory director of Commerce Bank, N. A. and has experience with regulated industries. In Mr. Devanny’s position with Cerner Corporation, he focuses on connecting physician practices, payors and healthcare consumers to share clinical and financial information. This experience brings a professional insight into the healthcare industry, one of the Company’s most important target industries for financial services. President (since 2006) and Chief Operating Officer (since 2009) of Schnuck Markets, Inc. (prior to 2006 served as Chief Financial Officer) As President and Chief Operating Officer of Schnuck Markets, Inc., Mr. Schnuck will bring to the Board a unique perspective from a consumer driven industry that faces many of the same issues that we face, such as selection of retail locations, geographic expansion, and customer loyalty. With stores in Missouri, Illinois and Tennessee, Schnuck Markets, Inc. operates in much of the same footprint as the Company. A graduate of the University of Virginia with an M.B.A. from Cornell, Mr. Schnuck had several years’ experience in the investment banking profession before joining the family-owned business and serving as its Chief Financial Officer prior to his current position. The following information is provided with respect to the directors who are continuing in office for the respective periods and until their successors are elected and qualified. 2012 Class of Directors Vice Chairman of the Company and Vice Chairman of Commerce Bank, N.A. — Jonathan M. Kemper is the brother of David W. Kemper Commerce Bank, N.A.; Tower Properties Company (Non-Executive Chairman since April 2005); and Generali Life Reassurance Company (served from 2003 — 2006) Mr. Kemper has executive responsibilities for the commercial and retail banking groups in the Kansas City region and responsibility for information technology. After graduating from Harvard, Mr. Kemper remained to receive a M.B.A. from Harvard University’s Graduate School of Business. Prior to working for the Company, Mr. Kemper held various positions in the financial industry in New York and Chicago, including positions with Citicorp, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and M. A. Schapiro and Company. Mr. Kemper is involved in several community and business organizations in addition to his responsibilities at the Company. Compensation and Human Resources Committee President of Meek Lumber Yard, Inc. Mr. Meek is a University of Notre Dame graduate with a degree in finance. As a resident of Springfield, Missouri, Mr. Meek brings a perspective from one of the Company’s mid-sized markets. Mr. Meek’s business experience includes responsibility for thirty retail lumber yards in Missouri and northwestern Arkansas, and includes operating lumber yards in northern California and Nevada. Mr. Meek’s business experience also offers a unique perspective of the housing industry. Committee on Governance/Directors President, Electronic Division, The World Company (since January 2004) A graduate of the University of Kansas, Mr. Simons brings to the Board an insight into the publication industry. As trustee of the William White Foundation at the University of Kansas, Mr. Simons also brings an academic perspective to the Board. Chief Investment Officer, Washington University in St. Louis (since November 2006); Vice President of Qwest Communications International and President of Qwest Asset Management Co. (1998-2006 — formerly US West, prior to 2000 merger) Ms. Walker holds an M.B.A. in finance, with distinction, from the University of Michigan, an M.A. in economics from Washington University in St. Louis, and a B.A. in economics and public administration from Miami University of Ohio, where she graduated magna cum laude. Ms. Walker also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. She has extensive experience in institutional asset management, and has knowledge of internal controls and audit committee functions. President and Chief Executive Officer of Plaza Motor Company (since 1981) Mr. Capps, a graduate of Stanford University, created a group of automobile dealership franchises in St. Louis County, Missouri that was acquired by Asbury Automotive Group in 1997. Mr. Capps stayed active in the acquiring company through its initial public offering. Mr. Capps gives the Board a direct insight into a major line of business for the Company. He is active in the community and currently serves as a board member of St. Louis Priory School, St. Louis Muny Opera, Forest Park Forever, Webster University, St. Louis Children’s Hospital Foundation, and Backstopper’s. Compensation and Human Resources Committee; and Committee on Governance/Directors Consultant, Quest Diagnostics (since May 2007), Sr. Vice President of Quest Diagnostics (from November 2005 to May 2007); formerly Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of LabOne, Inc. (October 1995 to November 2005) LabOne, Inc. (ended November 2005) and SelectQuote (since November 2009) Mr. Grant served as the Chief Executive Officer of LabOne, Inc. from 1995 through the sale of the company to Quest Diagnostics in 2005. During his tenure the company grew from a market capitalization of less than $80 million to $934 million at the time of sale. Prior to LabOne, Mr. Grant was the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer at Seafield Capital Corporation, a healthcare holding company, from 1990-1995. From 1986 to 1990, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Business Men’s Assurance Company, an insurance company. Mr. Grant received a Bachelor’s degree in History from the University of Kansas and a Master’s degree in Business Administration from the Wharton School of Finance, University of Pennsylvania, and brings to the Board an insight into the insurance and healthcare industries. Audit Committee; Committee on Governance/Directors (Chairman); and Executive Committee President of Bartlett and Company (since January 1992) Mr. Hebenstreit graduated from Harvard College and has a M.B.A. from Harvard University. Mr. Hebenstreit has a wealth of experience in the financial industry, having served as corporate treasurer of the Company and as president of the Company’s venture capital firm in the 1980’s. As president of Bartlett and Company, Mr. Hebenstreit provides insight to the agricultural industry that has long been a major focus of business for the Company. Executive Committee (Chairman) Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company; and Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer of Commerce Bank, N.A. — David W. Kemper is the brother of Jonathan M. Kemper Commerce Bank, N.A.; Ralcorp Holdings, Inc. and Tower Properties Company; Advisory Director of Enterprise Holdings, Inc. (formerly known as Enterprise Rent-A-Car) and Bunge North America Mr. Kemper has been the CEO of the Company since 1991. He graduated cum laude from Harvard College, earned a masters degree in English literature from Oxford University, and a M.B.A. from the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He is the Past President of the Federal Advisory Council of the Federal Reserve and a director of The Financial Services Roundtable. Mr. Kemper is active in the St. Louis community, serving as a board member of Washington University, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, and a member of Civic Progress in St. Louis. Mr. Kemper brings to the Board a thorough understanding of the financial industry and an appreciation of the values upon which the Company was founded. “Other Directorships,” both for nominees and those continuing in office, includes directorships at any public company or registered investment company during the previous five years. The Board of Directors has adopted guidelines on significant corporate governance matters that, together with the Company’s Code of Ethics and other policies, create the corporate governance standards for the Company. You may view the Guidelines on the Company’s website at www.commercebank.com/governance. At the same location on the website, you will find the Code of Ethics, the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, the Related Party Transaction Policy, the Corporate Social Responsibility Report, and the charters of the Audit Committee, Committee on Governance/Directors and the Compensation and Human Resources Committee. Each Director and all executive officers are required to complete annually a Director and Executive Officer Questionnaire (“Questionnaire”). The information contained in the responses to the Questionnaire is used, in part, to determine director independence and identify material transactions with the Company in which a Director or executive officer may have a direct or indirect material interest. The Board has not adopted a formal policy for shareholder communications. However, the Company has a longstanding practice that shareholders may communicate to the Board or any individual director through the Secretary of the Company. The Secretary will forward all such communications to the Board or any individual director. The Secretary will not forward any communications that: (i) constitute commercial advertising of products; (ii) contain offensive language or material; (iii) are not legible or coherent; or (iv) are in the nature of customer complaints that can be handled by Company management. In accordance with the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”), the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee on Governance/Directors, determines the independence of each Director and nominee for election as a Director. The Committee on Governance/Directors applies the definition of “independent director” adopted by NASDAQ to information derived from responses to the Questionnaire and from research of the Company’s records provided by the General Counsel, Controller and Auditor of the Company. The Board, on the basis of the recommendation of the Committee on Governance/Directors, determined that the following non-employee Directors of the Company and Director nominees are independent: (1) John R. Capps (7) Dan C. Simons (2) W. Thomas Grant, II (8) Andrew C. Taylor (3) James B. Hebenstreit (9) Kimberly G. Walker (4) Thomas A. McDonnell (10) Robert H. West (5) Terry O. Meek (11) Todd R. Schnuck (nominee) (6) Benjamin F. Rassieur, III (12) Earl H. Devanny, III (nominee) Based on the NASDAQ definition of “independent director,” the Board determined that David W. Kemper and Jonathan M. Kemper as employed executive officers of the Company are not independent. The Board held four scheduled meetings in 2009. In conjunction with scheduled meetings, the Board regularly meets in Executive Session without the presence of any non-independent employee directors. All Directors except John R. Capps (62.5%) attended at least 75% of the Board and Committee meetings on which they served in 2009. It is the policy of the Company that Directors attend the annual meeting of shareholders. All the Directors attended the 2009 Annual Meeting of Shareholders on April 15, 2009. David W. Kemper serves as both principal executive officer and chairman of the board. Combining the chief executive position with the chairmanship of the board was established in the Company’s original governing documents. Under the Company’s bylaws, the Chairman of the Board is the chief executive officer of the Company by definition. The incorporators of the Company believed in establishing direct accountability to the shareholders for the chief executive who is responsible for the day to day decisions that effect the Company’s value. A combined Chairman and CEO avoids potential conflicts between incumbents, establishes undeniable accountability, and has the added advantage of eliminating additional compensation expense that would result from separating these two functions. Since its incorporation, the financial strength and esteemed reputation your Company has achieved are a testament to, and a direct result of, the leadership of the two people who have held these combined positions, James M. Kemper, Jr. and current Chairman, David W. Kemper. Because the roles of Chairman and chief executive are combined, the Chairman of the Committee on Governance/Directors serves as the Lead Director of the Board. The purpose and effect of this designation is to establish leadership in the board room during the executive sessions of the non-employee board members. Non-independent directors and other officers of the company are excused for a portion of every board meeting for the executive sessions of the independent directors. The Company and Commerce Bank, N.A. are subject to examination by the Federal Reserve and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC). Examinations are directed to compliance with various laws and regulations, and an assessment of how the Company, Commerce Bank, N.A. and their subsidiaries manage credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, strategic risk and reputational risk. To manage these risks the Company utilizes various risk committees including: Asset Liability Committee, Enterprise Risk Management Committee, Trust Risk Committee, Compliance Committee, Credit Policy Committee and Non-credit Risk Committee. The Board and Audit Committee regularly review the Reports of Examination from the Federal Reserve and OCC. The Audit Committee will periodically meet with officers and examiners of the Federal Reserve and OCC. Regular presentations are made to the Board and the Audit Committee by the Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Credit Officer and Chief Risk Officer of the Company and will include matters noted in the Reports of Examination. The Board has four committees, three of which (the Audit Committee, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee, and the Committee on Governance/Directors) are standing committees and meet at least once per year. The Audit Committee, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee and the Committee on Governance/Directors are comprised solely of non-employee independent directors in accordance with NASDAQ listing standards. The charters for each committee are available online as noted above under Corporate Governance Guidelines. The charters are also available in print to any shareholder who makes a request of the Secretary of the Company. Pursuant to the Company’s bylaws, the Board has established an Executive Committee to meet as necessary. The Executive Committee does not have a charter and consists of both non-employee independent directors and employee directors. The Executive Committee is comprised of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board and the Chairmen of the Audit Committee, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee and the Committee on Governance/Directors. The Executive Committee met twice in 2009. The table below shows the current membership of the standing committees of the Board: Compensation and Governance/Directors W. Thomas Grant, II W. Thomas Grant, II Terry O. Meek James B. Hebenstreit* Andrew C. Taylor* Thomas A. McDonnell Robert H. West* * Committee Chairman The Company has a separately designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In 2009, the Audit Committee had six members and met four times. The Audit Committee is comprised solely of independent, non-employee directors. The Board has determined that Mr. West, Chairman of the Audit Committee, is an “Audit Committee Financial Expert” as required by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Board has further determined Mr. Hebenstreit qualifies as an “Audit Committee Financial Expert” and will be so designated upon Mr. West’s retirement from the Board. As a regulated financial company, risk evaluation is inherent in overseeing the Company’s financial statements, and the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. For that reason, the Audit Committee is the primary vehicle for risk oversight and reviews reports from legal, audit, compliance, loan review, corporate finance and the Executive Risk Management Committee at each of its meetings. The charter of the Audit Committee may be found on the Company’s website at www.commercebank.com/governance. The Audit Committee’s responsibilities, discussed in detail in the charter, include: • Monitoring the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Company and the audits of its financial statements; • Monitoring the performance of the Company’s internal audit function and independent registered public accountants; • Monitoring the performance of the Company’s loan review function; • Providing oversight of the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; • Appointing and replacing the Company’s independent registered public accountant, including approving compensation, overseeing work performed and resolving any disagreements with management; and • Pre-approving all auditing and permitted non-auditing services. Complete information on the activity of the Audit Committee is provided in the Audit Committee Report on page 38. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee met once in 2009. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee is comprised solely of independent, non-employee directors. The charter of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee may be found on the Company’s website at www.commercebank.com/governance. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s responsibilities, discussed in detail in the charter, include the following: • Establishing the Company’s general compensation philosophy and overseeing the development and implementation of executive and senior management compensation programs; • Reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of executives and senior management; • Reviewing the performance of executives and senior management; • Determining the appropriate compensation levels for executives and senior management; and • Making recommendations to the Board with respect to the Company’s incentive plans and equity-based plans. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee’s processes for considering and determining executive compensation are described under the heading “Compensation and Human Resources Committee Processes” in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis. The Committee on Governance/Directors met once in 2009. The Committee on Governance/Directors is comprised solely of independent, non-employee directors. The charter of the Committee on Governance/Directors may be found on the Company’s website at www.commercebank.com/governance. The Committee on Governance/Directors’ responsibilities, discussed in detail in the charter, include the following: • Evaluating proposed candidates for directorship in the Company; • Evaluating Board performance; • Establishing the agenda for the annual meeting of shareholders; • Evaluating the quality of the information and analysis presented to the Board and standing committees; • Assessing the independence of directors; and • Evaluating the performance of the Company relative to corporate governance matters. The Chairman of the Committee on Governance/Directors serves as the Lead Director of the Board and chairs the Board’s Executive Sessions. With respect to its recommendations of prospective candidates to the Board, the Committee on Governance/Directors may establish the criteria for director service and will consider, among other things, the independence of the candidates under NASDAQ standards and such experience and moral character as to create value to the Board, the Company and its shareholders. With respect to incumbent candidates, the Committee on Governance/Directors will also consider meeting attendance, meeting participation and ownership of Company stock. The criteria and selection process are not standardized and may vary from time to time. Relevant experience in business, government, the financial industry, education and other areas are prime measures for any nominee. Diversity is a consideration, but is not the subject of a specific Board policy. The Board has approved the Corporate Social Responsibility Report, referenced above under “Corporate Governance Guidelines,” and adheres to the diversity guidelines contained in such report. The Committee on Governance/Directors will consider individuals for Board membership that are proposed by shareholders in accordance with the provisions of the Company’s bylaws. A description of those provisions can be found under “Shareholder Proposals and Nominations” below. The Committee on Governance/Directors will consider individuals proposed by shareholders under the same criteria as all other individuals. By the end of February of each year, the Committee on Governance/Directors meets and makes its recommendations to the Board of its proposed slate of Directors for the class of directors to be elected at the next annual meeting; the date, time and place of the annual meeting; and the matters to be placed on the agenda for the annual meeting. At its meeting on January 25, 2010, the Committee on Governance/Directors determined its nominees for the Class of 2013. With respect to the nominees for the Class of 2013 who are not standing for re-election, Mr. Devanny was recommended to the Committee on Governance/Directors by the chief executive officer and an executive officer other than the chief executive officer, and Mr. Schnuck was recommended to the Committee on Governance/Directors by a non-management director, the chief executive officer, and an executive officer other than the chief executive officer. If a shareholder intends to present a proposal for consideration at the Company’s annual meeting to be held on April 20, 2011, the proposal must be in proper form pursuant to SEC Rule 14a-8 and must be received by the Secretary of the Company at its principal offices no later than November 18, 2010. Shareholder nominations for directors and shareholder proposals that are not presented pursuant to SEC Rule 14a-8 must comply with the Company’s bylaws. In order to be considered, shareholders must provide timely notice to the Secretary. To be timely, the notices for the April 20, 2011 annual meeting must be received by the Secretary no later than February 18, 2011 nor before January 19, 2011. The notices must contain the name and record address of the shareholder, and the class or series and the number of shares of Company capital stock owned beneficially or of record by the shareholder. The notice must also provide a description of all arrangements or understandings between such shareholder and each proposed nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) pursuant to which the nomination(s) or shareholder proposal is made; and a representation that such shareholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the person or bring the business proposal before the meeting. The notice must also set forth as to each person the shareholder proposes to nominate for election as a director the name, age, business and residence address of the person; the principal occupation or employment of the person; the class or series and number of shares of capital stock of the Company which are owned beneficially or of record by the person; and any other information relating to the person nominated or the nominating shareholder that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Lastly, the notice must also be accompanied by a written consent of each proposed nominee to be named a nominee and to serve as a director if elected. If the notice is for shareholder proposals, the notice must also set forth a brief description of the business to be brought before the meeting, and the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting, and any material interest of such shareholder in such business. The Board of Directors has adopted a Related Party Transaction Policy (“Policy”). The purpose of the Policy is to establish procedures for the identification and approval, if necessary, of transactions between the Company and any director, nominee for director, beneficial owner of more than 5% of the Company’s securities, executive officer or any person or entity deemed related to any of the foregoing (“Related Party”) that are material or not in the ordinary course of business. The Policy may be found on the Company’s website at www.commercebank.com/governance. The Policy is intended to identify all transactions with Related Parties where payments are made by the Company to or for the direct or indirect benefit of a Related Party. The procedures, discussed in detail in the Policy, include the following: • The collection and maintenance of a Related Party list derived from the records of the Company and the responses to an annual questionnaire completed by directors and executive officers; • The distribution of the list to the appropriate officers and employees of the Company so that transactions with Related Parties may be identified; • A quarterly comparison of the list to payments made by the Company; • Preparation and delivery of a report to the General Counsel of the Company for review, analysis and an initial determination of whether the transaction is material and falls within the Policy; and • Referral to the Company’s Disclosure Committee, which consists of the Company’s Chief Risk Officer, Controller, Auditor and General Counsel, of any transaction that may be considered material and require approval or ratification by the Board of Directors or Audit Committee or disclosure in a Proxy Statement. The Policy provides guidance for determination of materiality. The amount of the transaction, the application of any exemption or exclusion, the provisions of the Company’s Code of Ethics, and general principles of corporate transparency may be considered. The Policy deems certain transactions exempt and pre-approved, including compensation paid for service as a director or executive officer, transactions involving depositary or similar payment services, transactions that are the result of a competitive bidding process, and transactions arising solely from the ownership of the Company’s equity securities. The Policy provides further guidance to the Board or Audit Committee in regard to the approval or ratification of the transaction and prohibits the participation by a Related Party in the discussion, approval or ratification of a transaction. Pursuant to the application of the Policy, it was determined that Messrs. David W. Kemper and Jonathan M. Kemper are directors of Tower Properties Company (“Tower”), and Mr. Jonathan M. Kemper is the non-compensated Chairman of the Board of Tower. Tower is primarily engaged in the business of owning, developing, leasing and managing real property. At December 31, 2009, Messrs. David W. Kemper and Jonathan M. Kemper together with members of their immediate families beneficially own approximately 73% of Tower. During 2009, the Company, or its subsidiaries, paid Tower $353,000 for rent on leased properties, $14,000 for leasing fees, $115,000 for operation of parking garages, $61,000 for property construction management fees and $1,704,000 for building management fees. During 2009, Commerce Bank, N.A. paid a salary of $144,170 to Michael Fields, the brother-in-law of Messrs. David W. Kemper and Jonathan M. Kemper. During 2009, the Company paid a salary of $171,446 to John W. Kemper, the son of David W. Kemper. Various Related Parties have deposit accounts with the subsidiary bank of the Company, and some Related Parties also have other transactions with the subsidiary bank, including loans in the ordinary course of business, all of which were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with persons not related to the Company, and did not involve more than normal risk of collectibility or present other unfavorable features. Pursuant to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company’s Directors and certain executive officers are required to report, within specified due dates, their initial ownership of the Company’s common stocks and all subsequent acquisitions, dispositions or other transfers of interest in such securities, if and to the extent reportable events occur which require reporting by such due dates. The Company is required to identify in its proxy statement whether it has knowledge that any person required to file such a report may have failed to do so in a timely manner. Based on that review, all of the Company’s Directors and all executive officers subject to the reporting requirements satisfied such requirements in full, except for the following delinquencies which were filed on either Form 4 or Form 5: for David W. Kemper a delinquent Form 4 was filed to report the acquisition of stock through an exempt grant of stock; and for Jonathan M. Kemper a delinquent Form 4 was filed to report the disposition of stock through an open market transaction. An employee of the Company or a subsidiary of the Company receives no additional compensation for serving as a director. Non-employee directors of the Company are required to participate in the Stock Purchase Plan for Non-Employee Directors (the “Director Plan”). Under the Director Plan, all compensation payable to a non-employee director is credited to an account in the name of such director as earned and the Company contributes to the account of such director an additional amount equal to 25% of the compensation credited to the director’s account. As of the last business day of each month, the cash balance payable to a director is credited to the director’s account and converted to whole shares of common stock of the Company based on the last sale price of the Company’s common stock as reported by the National Market System of NASDAQ on such date, or if no sale price is reported on such date, the next preceding day for which a sale price is reported. Any balance remaining in a participant’s account is carried forward for investment in the next month. As soon as practicable after the end of each year, the Company issues each non-employee director the number of shares of Company common stock credited to the director’s account and any cash balance in the account is carried forward for investment in the next year. If a director dies or ceases to be a non-employee director during the year, the Company will distribute to the director (or his or her beneficiary), as soon as reasonably practicable, the number of shares of Company common stock credited to the director’s account, along with any cash credited to the account. A participant in the Director Plan has no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a shareholder with respect to shares credited to the participant’s account until such shares are actually issued. Each non-employee director of the Company is paid the following amounts, as applicable (each adjusted to include the additional 25% contribution by the Company): an annual retainer of $15,000 (paid on a quarterly basis); a fee of $3,000 for attendance (in person or by phone) at each meeting of the Board of Directors; a fee of $750 for attendance (in person or by phone) at each meeting of a committee of which the director is a member; and an annual fee of $5,000 for service as a committee chair. Changes to directors’ compensation are initiated by our chief executive officer (“CEO”) and presented to the Committee on Governance/Directors. The Chairman of the Committee on Governance/Directors then presents any changes to the full Board of Directors for its approval. Compensation earned during 2009 by the non-employee directors of the Company for their service as directors is listed in the table below. Change in Fees Earned Value and or Paid in NQDC ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) $ 25,500 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 25,500 (1) Fees earned were credited to the Director Plan and converted to shares of the Company’s common stock during 2009. In January 2010, the following number of shares were issued to the non-employee directors: Mr. Capps — 760 shares; Mr. Grant — 750 shares; Mr. Hebenstreit — 1,101 shares; Mr. McDonnell — 885 shares; Mr. Meek — 819 shares; Mr. Rassieur — 886 shares; Mr. Simons — 818 shares; Mr. Taylor — 1,034 shares; Ms. Walker — 865 shares; and Mr. West — 1,101 shares. This section provides information regarding the compensation programs for our CEO, chief financial officer (“CFO”), and three other most highly compensated executives (collectively, our “NEOs”), including the overall objectives of our compensation program and what it is designed to reward, each element of compensation that we provide, and an explanation of the reasons for the compensation decisions we have made regarding these individuals with respect to 2009. Our NEOs for 2009 were as follows: Executive Vice President and CFO (until June 30) Executive Vice President and CFO (CFO from July 1) The Company’s compensation program has the following objectives: • Provide total compensation that is competitive with bank holding companies in geographic proximity, comparable asset size, and considered a direct competitor in order to attract and retain top performers; • Align the interests of our executive officers with the long-term interests of our shareholders; • Provide reward systems that are credible and consistent with our core values; and • Reward individuals for results rather than on the basis of seniority, tenure, or other entitlement. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee (the “Committee”) is responsible for establishing the Company’s compensation philosophy and ensuring that the objectives of the Company’s compensation program are satisfied. For all NEOs, the Committee reviewed compensation data from the Towers Perrin 2009 Financial Service Executive Survey and the US Commercial Bank Survey (the “Towers Perrin Survey”). Participants included in this survey had median assets of $49.0B to $154.4B depending on the specific position that was analyzed. All position data was regressed, when possible, for assets of $20B. Each NEO was individually compared to descriptions in the Towers Perrin Survey in order to best match overall compensation levels of our NEOs with comparable executive officer positions for the companies included in the Towers Perrin Survey. The input of Towers Perrin was limited to supplying the survey data and performing the regression analysis for each NEO position where possible. The Committee did not use any other outside compensation consultants in determining or recommending any amount or form of compensation for our NEOs. In addition to considering the Towers Perrin Survey to review compensation levels for our CEO for 2009, the Committee considered publicly available compensation data from a comparison group of six publicly traded financial services companies (the “Comparison Group”) approved by the Committee with total assets that are comparable to the Company. Those companies were: • Associated Banc-Corp • BOK Financial Corp • City National Corp • Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc. • FirstMerit Corp. • TCF Financial Corp References in this compensation discussion and analysis to the “Benchmarks” refer to the Towers Perrin Survey and the Comparison Group to the extent the “Benchmarks” relate to our CEO, and refer to only the Towers Perrin Survey to the extent the “Benchmarks” relate to our other NEOs. Each of our executive officers performs an annual self-evaluation of previous year performance and goals for the upcoming year. Our CEO conducts performance evaluations of each of our other executive officers, presents the evaluations to the Committee, and makes recommendations to the Committee as to their compensation. The Committee conducts an annual performance evaluation of our CEO and evaluates the recommendations of our CEO as to other executive officers. The performance review of our CEO is based on the financial performance of the Company, the increase in the franchise value of the Company, growth in the human capital of the organization, strategic investments of the Company, and the Company’s overall management of risk. The CEO and all NEOs are evaluated against four key measurements used throughout the company: revenue, pre-tax profit, customer satisfaction and employee engagement. The targets and results of these measurements are based on corporate-wide results. The CEO and all other NEOs have the same target and all share the final results. Revenue and pre-tax profit (in addition to net income results) are also used in the formula for our annual cash incentive plan. In addition to the system-wide measures, each executive is evaluated on their individual areas of responsibility and against the objectives outlined in their performance review. The individual performance and contribution criteria may include: • overall job knowledge and technical skills • alignment of personal behavior with our company core values • achievement of financial metrics related to a specific line of business • achievement of defined operational goals • contribution to special projects • management of risk • development of people within their respective team • effective communication practices • ability to solve problems effectively • assumption of new responsibilities. The Committee discusses the CEO evaluation without our CEO being present and a Committee member presents the Committee’s recommendations for executive officer compensation to the full Board of Directors. Setting Compensation Based on the performance evaluations, an analysis of the Benchmarks, and a review of the Company’s goals and objectives, the Committee approves, and submits to the Board of Directors for approval, base salary (effective April 1), annual incentive compensation targets and amounts, and long-term equity awards for our executive officers for the current year, as well as incentive compensation earned for the prior year. The Committee’s approval generally occurs during January and the Committee makes its presentation to the Board of Directors at the next regularly scheduled meeting, which generally occurs in late January or early February. All equity awards are granted on the date the Board approves the awards using the fair market value of the Company’s stock at the close of that business day. The process includes a review by the CEO of outside benchmarks for the other NEOs prior to the committee meeting. The outside benchmarks for the other NEOs are reviewed for current market data on base salary, annual cash incentives and long-term equity awards. The benchmark information is compared to each of the other NEO’s current compensation as detailed on the tally sheets. The CEO details the compensation data and discusses the reasons for his recommendations for the other NEOs during the committee meeting. The timing of compensation decisions is driven by a variety of tax considerations. To the extent the Committee determines that an award is intended to satisfy the deductibility requirements under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, performance objectives must be established in the first 90 days of the performance period. For annual incentive awards, this means performance objectives must be established no later than the end of March. In addition, in order to avoid being considered deferred compensation under Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code and to be deductible for the prior tax year, our annual incentive awards with respect to the prior year must be paid out by March 15. There is no policy for the allocation between cash and non-cash or annual and long-term compensation. Instead, the Committee determines the allocation of each component of compensation based on the role of each executive officer in the Company, performance evaluations, the Benchmarks, and knowledge of our local markets. Generally, the percentage of compensation consisting of the annual cash incentive and long-term equity awards increases as the responsibilities of the executive officer and the executive officer’s ability to affect Company performance increase. The compensation elements for our CEO for 2009 were allocated as follows: 55.0% base salary, 25% annual cash incentive, and 20% long-term equity awards. The Committee feels that a greater percentage of the CEO’s compensation should be based on the long term performance of the Company than the percentage used for the other NEOs, but has not identified a specific target. On average, the compensation elements for our other NEOs for 2009 were allocated as follows: 63% base salary, 19% annual cash incentive, and 18% long-term equity awards. For purposes of the above calculations, the long-term equity awards were valued as of the grant date using the Black Scholes valuation model. Other benefits, including Company allocations and contributions to benefit plans and perquisites, while not considered in determining these allocations, are provided to our executive officers in order to offer a total compensation package that is competitive in the marketplace. The amount of salary, annual cash incentive and long-term equity awards is considered individually and in combination so that the total of such compensation is targeted at approximately the 50th percentile of the applicable Benchmarks. The total compensation data for 2009 of our NEOs did not exceed the outlined parameter. Realized and unrealized equity compensation gains and vesting of prior equity grants are not considered by the Committee when establishing compensation. The factors used to determine base salary, annual cash incentives, and long-term equity awards are discussed in more detail under the heading “Elements of Compensation” below. The Committee used tally sheets to set compensation for our executive officers for 2009. The tally sheets were included in the packet of data that was sent to the Committee for review prior to the meeting and used during the meeting for discussion purposes. The tally sheets were used as tools for review of total compensation comparison of the NEOs and included information such as: • Base salary for 2008 and 2009 • Bonus information for 2008 and 2009 • Stock awards with specific grant amortization expense for 2008 and 2009 • Stock option information with specific grant amortization expense for 2008 and 2009 • Change in pension value • Details on all other compensation by category If our financial statements were to be restated or adjusted in a manner that would have reduced the size of a prior incentive award, the Committee will consider that information when determining future compensation. Base salary is a guaranteed element of annual compensation on which our executive officers may rely, regardless of performance. Base salary reflects the external market value of a particular position based on the experiences and qualifications that an individual brings to the position. Base salary levels for our NEOs were reviewed against the Benchmarks to determine whether salary levels are appropriate. Factors included in the comparison of base salaries of our NEOs to those in the Benchmarks included the relative size of companies, financial performance (both currently and over a period of time), and the experience and responsibility of the individuals. The Committee does not assign a weight to any particular factor. Annual Cash Incentive Compensation In furtherance of the Company’s pay for performance philosophy, the Company’s Executive Incentive Compensation Plan (“EICP”) is a short-term cash incentive plan to reward our executive officers for the achievement of Company annual performance goals. The Committee approved a new formula for the calculation of cash incentives for the NEOs during its regularly scheduled meeting in January of 2009. The new formula replaces the earnings per share component with net income, and adds a new component of relative performance to peers. The Committee believes the new measures better represent the realities of our earnings environment. Therefore, in awarding 2009 annual cash incentives, the factors considered by the Committee are the Company’s financial performance (the “Company Performance Factor”) compared to performance by peers and the annual target for the following categories — net income, revenue, and pre-tax net income. Our NEOs are eligible to receive an annual cash incentive equal to a percentage of their base salary. During the Compensation and Human Resources Committee meeting in January 2009 it was determined that there would be no adjustments to the target percent for the annual cash incentive component for the CEO and the other NEOs for performance year 2009, except that Mr. Clark would not be eligible for a 2009 annual cash incentive. The target annual cash incentives as percentages of base salary for our NEOs in 2009 were as follows: Target Percentage In determining the amount of annual cash incentives to be paid under the EICP in 2010 for 2009 performance, the Committee weighted the components of the Company Performance Factor as follows: • 60% based on actual net income of $169.07 million with the payout percent determined on a scale which targets $215 million as the 100% payout level. For the net income component there is a 1% decrease in payment for each $1 million below target down to $190 million and a 1.3% decrease in payment for each $1 million below $190 million. There is no net income component allocation for net income below $152 million. • 20% based on the Committee’s subjective evaluation of the Company’s performance relative to peers. • 10% based on actual revenue results of $1.025 billion versus a target of $1.017 billion. • 10% based on actual pre-tax net income of $243 million versus a target of $256 million. For the revenue and pre-tax net income components, for every 1% above/below target, the eligible incentive tied to the factor increases/decreases by 5%. For purposes of the EICP: • Net income means the amount of money the Company made for the year. • Revenue means the Company’s net interest income and non-interest income. • Pre-tax net income means the Company’s pre-tax net income excluding securities gains. For example: Assume for 2009 that an NEO’s base salary was $200,000; target annual cash incentive percentage was 50%; actual net income was $169 million; actual revenue was .5% above target; actual pre-tax net income was 5% below target. The net income percentage would be 47.7%, the revenue percentage would be 2.5%, and the pre-tax net income percentage would be -25%. The Committee determined the performance relative to peers factor to be 68%. Therefore, the annual incentive compensation for the officer would be: $100,000 * [(60% * 47.7%) + (10% * 102.5%) + (10% * 75%)] + (20% * 68%) = $59,970 For 2009 performance, the calculated payout was 60% of target for all NEOs. In addition, the Committee has reserved discretion to declare additional compensation to the NEOs that does not qualify as “performance based” under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m). The Committee did not use such discretion on payouts for this year. Long-Term Equity Awards Stock option and restricted stock grants have historically been awarded to provide our executive officers with long-term equity awards for profitable growth, to more closely align their interests with the interests of our shareholders, and for retention purposes. The 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, which was approved at the 2005 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, provides for the issuance of equity-based awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock and restricted stock units, and performance shares and performance units. Commencing in 2006, the Company began issuing SARs in lieu of nonqualified stock options. In determining the level and type of equity awards for the NEOs in 2009, the Committee considered the restricted stock awards for each NEO, so that the aggregate value of the restricted stock equals a targeted percentage of each NEO’s base salary consistent with the applicable Benchmarks. The Committee also considered stock option/SAR grant practices of the Benchmarks, the level of FAS 123R expense that the Company will incur, and expected long-term Company performance and individual contributions over time. The annual award of restricted stock is determined by a formula. Each NEO was awarded restricted stock during 2009 with a value equal to 35% of the average annual cash incentive target for the officer for the three prior years, multiplied by the average Company Performance Factor for the three prior years. The restricted stock awards vest at the end of five years. However, holders of restricted stock will receive cash and stock dividends declared by the Company prior to the vesting date. For example: The Company Performance Factors for 2009, 2008 and 2007 were 60%, 30.8%, and 64.8%, respectively. Therefore, the three-year average Company Performance Factor in 2009 was 51.9%. If the NEO’s three-year average annual cash incentive target were $100,000, the officer would receive restricted stock in 2009 equal to $18,165 ($100,000 * 35% * 51.9% = $18,165). Restated Retirement Plan The Company maintains the Commerce Bancshares Restated Retirement Plan (the “Retirement Plan”). The Retirement Plan provides benefits based upon earnings, age and years of participation. Our NEOs were participants in the Retirement Plan during 2009. See “Executive Compensation — Pension Benefits Narrative” of this Proxy Statement for a description of the Retirement Plan and our NEOs’ benefits under the plan. Executive Retirement Plan Effective January 1, 1995, the Company maintains the Commerce Executive Retirement Plan (“CERP”), a nonqualified plan established to provide benefits to a select group of executives on compensation in excess of the allowable amount under the Company’s pension and 401(k) plans. See “Executive Compensation — Pension Benefits Narrative” of this Proxy Statement for a description of the CERP. If a participant has no CERP benefit other than a grandfathered Pre-2005 CERP Benefit, then such benefit is paid in the same form as payments are made from the Retirement Plan and will commence within one year following commencement of distributions from the Retirement Plan. Otherwise, the Pre-2005 benefit is paid in the same form and at the same time as the Post-2004 CERP benefit is paid. The Post-2004 CERP Benefit is payable either during the calendar year following the year separation from service occurs, or within 90 days following separation from service or disability, at the participant’s election. However, if the participant’s CERP benefits exceed $1,000,000, then the participant may receive payment within 90 days following the earlier of death or the year elected by the participant. Participants may elect to receive payment in a lump sum or over a period of up to 10 years. The CERP is intended to be a part of participating executive officers’ total compensation. The CERP also provides equitable treatment to participants because it provides retirement benefits which are, as a percentage of total compensation, commensurate with the benefits provided to other employees of the Company. Our NEOs are eligible to participate in a nonqualified deferred compensation plan that is a part of the EICP. The EICP allows the officers to contribute a percentage of their annual cash incentive award under this plan and, therefore, defer income tax on these amounts. See “Executive Compensation — Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Narrative” of this Proxy Statement for a description of the deferred compensation plan. This benefit is not considered by the Committee in setting other compensation for our NEOs. Perquisites Our NEOs are eligible for personal use of the Company airplane (in accordance with our corporate airplane policy) and long-term care insurance, the premiums for which are paid by the Company. Our NEOs are also reimbursed for club dues as necessary for business purposes. All employees, including the NEOs, are covered under our health and welfare plans and the Company pays the premiums for basic coverage life and long-term disability and subsidizes the cost of other coverages. The value of all perquisites is determined and included as additional compensation to the NEOs without any gross up to compensate for accompanying taxes. Our use of perquisites as an element of compensation is limited and is largely based on our historical practices and policies. We do not view perquisites as a significant element of our comprehensive compensation structure, but do believe that they can be used in conjunction with base salary to attract, motivate and retain individuals in a competitive environment. We have entered into severance agreements with each of our NEOs. These agreements provide payments or benefits following the occurrence of both a change in control and a qualifying termination. The Committee believes these agreements serve the best interests of the Company and its shareholders by ensuring that, if a change in control were ever under consideration, the NEOs would be able to advise the Board of Directors dispassionately about the potential transaction and implement the decision of the Board without being unduly influenced by personal concerns such as the economic consequences of possibly losing their jobs following a change in control. These agreements also provide an incentive for our NEOs not to seek other employment due to concern over losing their positions if a change in control were ever under consideration. Additional information regarding these severance agreements is found under the heading “Employment Agreements and Elements of Post-Termination Compensation” of this Proxy Statement. In order to continue to be eligible to receive long-term equity awards, our executive officers must meet stock ownership requirements as follows: • Chairman 6 times base salary • Vice Chairman • Executive Vice President Generally, an executive officer must achieve the applicable targeted ownership level within three years of being named an executive officer. As of December 31, 2009, each NEO exceeded his required share ownership level. Stock that will be considered in order to meet ownership guidelines includes all shares with respect to which the executive officer has direct or indirect ownership or control, including restricted stock (regardless of whether vested), and shares held in the executive officer’s 401(k) plan account, but does not include unexercised stock options or SARs. Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code limits our ability to deduct annual compensation in excess of $1 million paid to our NEOs. This limitation generally does not apply to compensation based on performance goals if certain requirements are met. It is the Committee’s position that in administering the “performance-based” portion of the Company’s executive compensation program, it will attempt to satisfy the requirements for deductibility under Section 162(m). However, the Committee believes that it needs to retain the flexibility to exercise its judgment in assessing an executive’s performance and that the total compensation system for executives should be managed in accordance with the objectives outlined in this discussion and in the overall best interests of the Company’s shareholders. Should the requirements for deductibility under Section 162(m) conflict with our executive compensation philosophy and objectives or with what the Committee believes to be in the best interests of the shareholders, the Committee may authorize compensation which is not fully deductible for any given year. The Company adopted FAS 123 in 2003 and has been expensing equity-based awards since that time. In 2006, the Company also adopted provisions of FAS 123R when that standard became effective. The changes in the accounting for these kinds of equity awards did not have a material impact on the financial statements of the Company. In order to further align the interests of the Company’s Executive Committee with the interests of the shareholders and support good governance practices, the Company’s Board of Directors and the Committee have adopted a recoupment policy applicable to annual cash incentive compensation and long-term equity awards. As adopted in February, 2010, the policy generally provides that if the Company is required to restate its financial results due to material noncompliance with financial reporting requirements under the securities laws as a result of misconduct or error (as determined by the Independent Directors), the Company may, in the discretion of the Independent Directors, take action for the Company to recoup from Executives all or any portion of an Incentive Award received by the Executive, the amount of which had been determined in whole or in part upon specific performance targets relating to the restated financial results, regardless of whether the Executive engaged in any misconduct or was at fault or responsible in any way for causing the need for the restatement. In such an event, the Company shall be entitled to recoup up to the amount, if any, by which the Incentive Award actually received by the Executive exceeded the payment that would have been received based on the restated financial results. The Company’s right of recoupment shall apply only if demand for recoupment is made not later than three years following the payment of the applicable Incentive Award. For purposes of the policy: (i) “Executive” means an individual who, during any portion of the period for which the applicable financial results are restated, was a member of the Company’s Executive Management Committee. (ii) “Incentive Award” means any cash or stock-based award (including stock appreciation rights) under the Company’s Executive Incentive Compensation Plan or Equity Incentive Plan, the amount of which is determined in whole or in part upon specific performance targets, and that was granted on or after the date of adoption of the Recoupment Policy. (iii) “Independent Directors” means those members of the Board of Directors who are considered independent pursuant to NASDAQ listing requirements. The Company may also dismiss or pursue other legal remedies against the Executive. The Company’s human resources and internal auditing groups conducted a risk assessment of the Company’s compensation programs, including the executive compensation programs. The Committee reviewed and discussed the findings of the assessment and concluded that the Company’s compensation programs are designed with the appropriate balance of risk and reward in relation to the Company’s overall business strategy and do not motivate executives to take unnecessary or excessive risks. In considering its assessment, the Committee had available to it the following attributes of our programs: • the balance between annual and longer-term performance opportunities; • alignment of annual and long-term incentive award objectives to ensure that both types of awards encourage consistent behaviors and sustainable performance results; • the use of multiple performance measures tied to key measures that motivate proper performance; • the Committee’s ability to consider non-financial and other qualitative performance factors in determining actual compensation payouts; • stock ownership guidelines that align executives’ interests with those of the Company’s shareholders; • the Company’s recoupment policy (see “Recoupment Policy” above); • the Company’s approach to compensation relative to peers; and • the absence of disproportionately large severance or supplemental pension opportunities. The Compensation and Human Resources Committee reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis included in this Proxy Statement with management. Based on such review and discussion, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in this Proxy Statement for filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Submitted by the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Board of Directors Andrew C. Taylor, Chairman The following table summarizes the total compensation paid or earned by each of our NEOs for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009. Non- Compen- Name & Principal Position Year ($) ($)(1) ($)(2) ($)(3) ($)(4) ($)(5) ($)(6) ($) David W. Kemper, CEO 2009 $ 848,548 $ — $ 938,535 $ — $ 457,961 $ 155,851 $ 94,179 $ 2,495,074 2008 $ 841,250 $ 147,003 $ 186,568 $ 863,074 $ 234,822 $ 169,852 $ 104,608 $ 2,547,177 2007 $ 811,625 $ 217,792 $ 193,972 $ 1,081,863 $ 298,708 $ — $ 102,634 $ 2,706,594 A. Bayard Clark, 2009 $ 235,501 $ — $ 156,014 $ — $ — $ 53,244 $ 25,473 $ 470,232 CFO (until 6/30/2009) 2008 $ 263,150 $ 25,554 $ 32,731 $ 142,153 $ 40,821 $ 55,078 $ 27,758 $ 587,245 2007 $ 253,950 $ 38,140 $ 34,265 $ 178,189 $ 51,860 $ 8,882 $ 28,351 $ 593,637 Charles G. Kim, 2009 $ 345,023 $ — $ 195,864 $ — $ 124,138 $ 19,104 $ 33,045 $ 717,174 and CFO 2007 $ 310,000 $ 65,455 $ 45,389 $ 203,645 $ 76,545 $ — $ 32,086 $ 733,120 Jonathan M. Kemper, 2009 $ 437,524 $ — $ 389,163 $ — $ 170,540 $ 63,036 $ 43,759 $ 1,104,022 2008 $ 433,700 $ 54,743 $ 67,554 $ 365,537 $ 87,445 $ 65,407 $ 46,560 $ 1,120,946 2007 $ 418,725 $ 81,330 $ 69,077 $ 458,201 $ 111,170 $ — $ 44,807 $ 1,183,310 Seth M. Leadbeater, Kevin G. Barth, (1) Amounts reflect discretionary bonuses and are discussed in further detail under the heading “Annual Cash Incentive Compensation” in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis. (2) Amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock awards computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. (3) Amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of option and SARs awards computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Assumptions used in calculating the value of these awards are discussed in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements in our 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K. (4) Amounts reflect the cash incentive awards earned in fiscal years 2009, 2008 and 2007 and paid in the following year under the EICP, which is discussed in further detail under the heading “Annual Cash Incentive Compensation” in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis. Incentive awards elected to be deferred for 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively, were as follows: Messrs. Clark — $0, $40,821 and $51,860; J. Kemper — $0, $87,445 and $111,170; and Barth — $10,000, $50,000 and $50,000. (5) Amounts reflect the actuarial increase in the present value of benefits under all pension plans established by the Company determined using interest rate and mortality rate assumptions consistent with those used in the Company’s financial statements. See “Pension Benefits Narrative” for further information regarding the Company’s pension plans. For year 2007, the interest rate used in these calculations increased, resulting in a loss for several NEOs. The losses are shown as zero and were as follows: Messrs. D. Kemper $15,364; Kim $9,758; J. Kemper $14,224; Leadbeater $5,035; and Barth $9,136. (6) All Other Compensation is comprised of the following amounts: Premiums for Group Term Match Insurance Credits (a) Compensation 2009 $ 16,500 $ 2,322 $ 70,113 $ 5,244 $ 94,179 2008 $ 15,500 $ 2,322 $ 80,167 $ 6,619 $ 104,608 2009 $ 16,500 $ 2,405 $ 5,021 $ 1,547 $ 25,473 2008 $ 15,500 $ 2,736 $ 9,395 $ 127 $ 27,758 2007 $ 15,500 $ 2,627 $ 10,097 $ 127 $ 28,351 2009 $ 16,500 $ 810 $ 15,377 $ 358 $ 33,045 2008 $ 15,500 $ 798 $ 18,083 $ 58 $ 34,439 2007 $ 15,500 $ 1,242 $ 27,981 $ 84 $ 44,807 2007 $ 15,500 $ 748 $ 15,871 $ 6,282 $ 38,401 (a) Perquisites include personal use related to club dues, long-term care insurance premiums paid by the Company and personal use of the Company airplane. We calculated the incremental cost of personal airplane usage based on the cost of fuel, landing fees, trip-related hanger costs, and incremental crew expenses. We also include other airplane-related expenses incurred or accrued pro-rata based on actual number of miles flown because we believe, on average, it fairly approximates our incremental costs of individual trips. Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2009 Estimated Possible Estimated Future All Other Stock All Other Option Payouts Under Awards: Awards: Exercise Fair Value Non-Equity Incentive Equity Incentive Plan or Base Plan Awards Awards Shares of Price of Thres- Maxi- Stock or Date ($) ($)(1) ($) (#) (#) (#) (#)(2) (#)(3) ($/Sh) ($) 2/6/2009 26,504 $ 938,535 2/6/2009 4,406 $ 156,014 (1) Represents the target amount payable under the EICP for 2009 performance. There was no threshold or maximum amount payable under the EICP if actual performance was less than or greater than target. For a description of the EICP, see “Annual Cash Incentive Compensation” in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis. The actual amount earned is reported in the Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation column of the Summary Compensation Table. (2) Represents restricted stock granted under the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, as described under “Long-Term Equity Awards” in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis. (3) Represents SARs granted under the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, as described under “Long-Term Equity Awards” in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis. * All share and per share amounts in this table have been restated for the 5% stock dividend distributed in 2009. Option Awards Stock Awards or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Shares or Unexercised Units of Units of Stock Stock That (Number That Have Not Have Not Exercisable) Unexercisable) (#)(1) (#)(1) (#) ($) Date (#) ($) (#) ($) 113,905 $ 37.23 3/5/2014 108,481 $ 36.95 1/28/2015 77,487 25,829 $ 42.74 2/17/2016 49,198 49,199 $ 42.90 2/2/2017 45,253 (2) $ 1,752,196 21,714 $ 25.50 3/6/2011 17,866 $ 36.95 1/28/2015 12,762 4,254 $ 42.74 2/17/2016 8,102 8,104 $ 42.90 2/2/2017 4,437 13,313 $ 41.23 2/1/2018 7,726 (3) $ 299,151 16,647 (4) $ 644,572 (1) Except for the SARs granted on February 17, 2006, February 2, 2007 and February 1, 2008, with an expiration date of February 17, 2016, February 2, 2017 and February 1, 2018, respectively, all amounts represent nonqualified stock options. All substantive terms of the stock options are identical — 25% are exercisable at date of grant and an additional 25% exercisable on the next three anniversary dates thereof. SARs vest 25% on the first anniversary date after the date of grant and an additional 25% exercisable on the following three anniversary dates. (2) Represents restricted stock granted under equity compensation plans, which vests as to 5,173 shares on January 27, 2010; 4,531 shares on February 16, 2011; 4,521 shares on February 1, 2012; 4,524 shares on January 31, 2013; 11,629 shares on February 5, 2014; 7,437 shares on February 5, 2015; and 7,438 shares on February 5, 2016. (3) Represents restricted stock granted under equity compensation plans, which vests as to 927 shares on January 27, 2010; 802 shares on February 16, 2011; 798 shares on February 1, 2012; 793 shares on January 31, 2013; 1,956 shares on February 5, 2014; 1,225 shares on February 5, 2015; and 1,225 shares on February 5, 2016. (4) Represents restricted stock granted under equity compensation plans, which vests as to 1,213 shares on January 27, 2010; 1,061 shares on February 16, 2011; 1,056 shares on February 1, 2012; 2,231 shares on November 1, 2012; 1,095 shares on January 31, 2013; 2,231 shares on November 1, 2013; 2,555 shares on February 5, 2014; 2,230 shares on November 1, 2014; 1,487 shares on February 5, 2015; and 1,488 shares on February 5, 2016. (5) Represents restricted stock granted under equity compensation plans, which vests as to 1,854 shares on January 27, 2010; 1,613 shares on February 16, 2011; 1,609 shares on February 1, 2012; 1,638 shares on January 31, 2013; 4,690 shares on February 5, 2014; 3,150 shares on February 5, 2015; and 3,150 shares on February 5, 2016. (6) Represents restricted stock granted under equity compensation plans, which vests as to 1,295 shares on January 27, 2010; 1,195 shares on February 16, 2011; 1,143 shares on February 1, 2012; 2,125 shares on December 28, 2012; 1,179 shares on January 31, 2013; 2,125 shares on December 28, 2013; 2,691 shares on February 5, 2014; 2,124 shares on December 28, 2014; 1,575 shares on February 5, 2015; and 1,575 shares on February 5, 2016. Option Awards Number of Shares Value Realized Acquired on Value Realized on Shares Acquired on Exercise on Exercise (#) ($)(1) (#) ($)(2) — $ — 4,457 $ 131,418 22,799 $ 483,348 848 $ 25,004 — $ — 967 $ 28,513 — $ — 1,542 $ 45,467 (1) We computed the dollar amount realized upon exercise by multiplying the number of shares times the difference between the market price of the underlying securities at exercise and the exercise price of the option. (2) We computed the aggregate dollar amount realized upon vesting by multiplying the number of shares of stock by the market value of the underlying shares on the vesting date. * All share amounts in this table have been restated for the 5% stock dividend distributed in 2009 Present Value of Credited Accumulated During Last Plan Name (#)(2) ($)(3) ($) Retirement Plan 25 $ 682,274 $ — CERP(1) 25 $ 1,093,019 $ — CERP(1) 28 $ 23,126 $ — CERP(1) 14 $ — $ — CERP(1) 22 $ 204,063 $ — (1) Information presented pertains to the “Pre-2005 Benefit” portion of the CERP. (2) The “Number of Years of Credited Service” is less than actual years of service because service prior to membership in the plans and service after December 31, 2004 (the date the plans were frozen) is excluded from credited service. The actual years of service for Messrs D. Kemper, Clark, Kim, J. Kemper, Leadbeater, and Barth was 32, 34, 20, 28, 20 and 26, respectively. (3) The present value of the benefits shown is based on a 5.75% interest rate and the RP2000 white collar mortality table projected to 2010 assuming benefits commence at normal retirement age of 65. The Company maintains the Retirement Plan, which is a tax-qualified defined benefit plan that provides retirement benefits to all employees who completed one year of service and attained age 21 prior to July 1, 2004. Participation in the Retirement Plan was frozen on December 31, 2004, as described below. The Retirement Plan provides benefits based upon compensation, age and years of participation. Effective January 1, 1995, benefits were provided under a cash balance formula. Under this formula, a retirement account balance is maintained for each participant. At the end of each plan year beginning after December 31, 1994 and ending December 31, 2004, the participant’s account was credited with a cash balance amount equal to a percentage of compensation for the year plus the same percentage of compensation in excess of 50% of the Social Security taxable wage base for the year. Compensation for this purpose is limited by Section 401(a)(17) of the Internal Revenue Code ($205,000 in 2004). The applicable percentage is determined by the sum of the participant’s age and years of participation in the Retirement Plan at the beginning of the plan year, and ranged from 1% for a sum of less than 30 to 4% for a sum of 75 or more. Interest is credited to the participant’s account at the end of each plan year beginning after 1995 at a rate not less than 5% of the account balance at the end of the prior plan year. For 2009, the rate of interest was 5%. Beginning January 1, 2005, no additional cash balance credits will be applied to participants’ accounts. However, interest will continue to be credited to each participant’s account until retirement. At retirement, a participant may select from various annual benefit options based on actuarial factors defined in the Retirement Plan. In addition, a participant will receive an annual benefit equal to his annual benefit accrued through December 31, 1994 under the Retirement Plan’s prior formula, adjusted for increases in the cost of living (but not in excess of 4% per year) for each year of participation after December 31, 1994. Certain participants of the Retirement Plan, including NEOs, will receive a special minimum benefit based on the final five-year average compensation and years of service. This Retirement Plan is fully funded by the Company and participants become fully vested after three years of service. All of the NEOs are fully vested. The normal retirement age under the Retirement Plan is 65. Reduced benefits are available as early as age 55 with 10 years of service. Benefits are reduced based on the length of time prior to age 65 that retirement occurs. The reduction is 6.67% per year for each of the first five years of early retirement (age 60-64) plus an additional 3.33% per year for each of the next five years (ages 55-59). Of the NEOs, Messrs. D. Kemper, Clark, J. Kemper, and Leadbeater are currently eligible for early retirement. The estimated annual accrued benefit under the Retirement Plan for Messrs. D. Kemper, Clark, Kim, J. Kemper, Leadbeater, and Barth is $85,701, $55,348, $38,721, $68,534, $40,054, and $36,530, respectively. These benefits assume the election of benefits payable as a straight life annuity to the participant. Effective January 1, 1995, the Company also maintains the CERP to provide a non-tax-qualified deferred compensation plan to a select group of executives whose benefits under the Retirement Plan are limited by the Internal Revenue Code. The CERP is unfunded and benefits are payable from the assets of the Company. The Board of Directors has designated the CEO as a participant and the CEO has designated other executives, including the NEOs, as participants. The present value of the benefits shown in the table is based on a 5.75% interest rate and the RP2000 white collar employee mortality table projected to 2010, assuming benefits commence at normal retirement age. A participant’s benefit under the CERP is the sum of the “Pre-2005 Benefit” and the “Post-2004 Benefit.” A participant’s benefit under the Pre-2005 Benefit is the amount by which (1) exceeds (2), where (1) is the benefit that would be payable under the Retirement Plan if that benefit were calculated using the participant’s compensation including any incentive compensation deferred under a nonqualified deferred compensation plan maintained by the Company and without regard to the compensation limit of Section 401(a)(17) of the Internal Revenue Code; and (2) is the benefit actually payable under the Retirement Plan. Consistent with the Retirement Plan, cash balance formula additions under the CERP were frozen effective January 1, 2005. The estimated annual accrued benefit under the Pre-2005 Benefit for Messrs. D. Kemper, Clark, Kim, J. Kemper, Leadbeater, and Barth is $137,295, $2,200, $0, $29,746, $0, and $0, respectively. These benefits assume the election of benefits payable as a straight life annuity to the participant. The Pre-2005 Benefit is subject to the same retirement eligibility requirements and early retirement reductions as the Retirement Plan. Benefits under the Post-2004 Benefit are in the form of a defined contribution plan, and are described in the narrative accompanying the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation table. Contributions in Earnings in Withdrawals / Balance at Plan Name ($)(2) ($)(3) ($)(4) ($) ($) EICP $ — $ — $ (17,449 ) $ — $ 330,679 CERP(1) $ — $ 70,113 $ 17,137 $ — $ 429,009 EICP $ 40,821 $ — $ 52,934 $ — $ 315,556 CERP(1) $ — $ 5,021 $ 2,051 $ — $ 47,327 EICP $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — CERP(1) $ — $ 15,377 $ 3,415 $ — $ 86,034 EICP $ 87,445 $ — $ 86,047 $ — $ 3,069,757 CERP(1) $ — $ 24,464 $ 6,000 $ — $ 149,583 (1) Information presented pertains to the “Post-2004 Benefit” portion of the CERP. (2) Reflects annual cash incentive compensation deferred under the EICP in 2009 with respect to incentive compensation that was based on 2008 performance. Amounts for Messrs. Clark, J. Kemper and Barth were included in the “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation” column of the 2008 Summary Compensation Table. (3) Reflects Company contribution credits to the CERP in 2009. These amounts are included in the “All Other Compensation” column of the 2009 Summary Compensation Table. (4) No NEO received preferential or above-market earnings on deferred compensation. Our NEOs are eligible to participate in a deferred compensation plan that is a part of the EICP. The EICP allows the officers to contribute up to 100% of their annual cash incentive award to this plan and, therefore, defer income tax on these amounts. Participants can select from a number of investment options, which are generally available to other employees in the Company’s 401(k) plan, including a Company stock alternative, to which their deferrals will be credited. Each participant’s account is credited with earnings based on performance of those investment options. Benefits are payable in a lump sum or up to ten annual installments. Participants may not make withdrawals during employment, except in the event of hardship approved by the director of the Human Resources Department of the Company. The Post-2004 Benefit portion of the CERP provides for a Company contribution credit on the last day of each plan year beginning on and after January 1, 2005 equal to 7% of the participant’s eligible compensation above the pay limit imposed under the Internal Revenue Code for purposes of the Company’s qualified 401(k) retirement plan (the “Participating Investment Plan”) for the year ($245,000 in 2009). The Company may make additional contribution credits to the extent that limitations were imposed on contributions by CERP participants to the Participating Investment Plan due to the nondiscrimination test of Internal Revenue Code Section 401(m). Additional contributions made in 2009 were as follows: Messrs. D. Kemper $975; Clark $772; Kim $1,053; J. Kemper $872; Leadbeater $874; and Barth $999. Eligible compensation for the Post-2004 Benefit portion of the CERP generally includes W-2 earnings. Eligible compensation for 2009 in excess of the pay limit imposed under the Internal Revenue Code was as follows: Messrs. D. Kemper $987,695; Clark $60,700; Kim $204,633; J. Kemper $337,034; Leadbeater $205,845; and Barth $204,333. Each year the Company will credit or debit the participant’s CERP account to reflect deemed earnings. The current rate of earnings credit is fixed at 5%, which corresponds to the rate of interest earned on the cash balance accounts of participants in the Retirement Plan. The Retirement Committee, which is an internal committee of employees, reviews this rate of interest annually. The account balance is payable as a lump sum upon the participant’s retirement. We do not have employment agreements with our NEOs. However, there are several arrangements that provide post-termination benefits. Change of Control Severance Agreements The Company has in place a severance agreement with each NEO (“Severance Agreement”) which provides for payments and certain benefits (which payments and benefits shall be referred to as the “Severance Benefits”) in the event of a “Qualifying Termination” in connection with a “Change of Control.” For purposes of the Severance Agreement, “Change of Control” means: • Any Person (as defined in Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, with certain exclusions provided for in the Severance Agreement) becomes the “beneficial owner,” directly or indirectly, of 20% of the Company’s outstanding shares or the combined voting power of the then outstanding shares of the Company; or • Individuals who on the date of the Severance Agreement constituted the Board or any new director whose appointment or election by the Board or nomination for election by the Company’s shareholders was approved by at least two-thirds of the directors then still in office who were either directors on the date of the Severance Agreement or whose appointment, election or nomination was previously approved, shall fail to constitute the majority of the Board of Directors; or • There is consummated a merger or consolidation of the Company with any other corporation other than (i) a merger or consolidation in which the combined voting power immediately after the merger or consolidation was at least 80% of the same combined voting power immediately prior to the merger or consolidation or (ii) the merger or consolidation was for the purpose of the recapitalization of the Company in which no person is or becomes the beneficial owner of 20% or more of the outstanding shares of the Company or the combined voting power of the Company’s outstanding securities; or • The shareholders approve a plan of complete liquidation or dissolution of the Company or there is a sale or disposition of substantially all of the Company’s assets, other than a sale or disposition to an entity that has at least 80% of the combined voting securities owned by persons in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of the Company immediately prior to such sale. “Qualifying Termination” means: • Within twelve months prior to a Change of Control, the NEO’s employment is terminated by the Company under circumstances not constituting Cause and in contemplation of, or caused by, the Change of Control, such Change of Control is pending at the time of termination, and the Change of Control actually occurs; or • Within three years following a Change of Control, the NEO’s employment is involuntarily terminated by the Company under circumstances not constituting Cause, the successor company fails or refuses to assume the obligations of the Company under the Severance Agreement, or the Company or any successor company breaches any provisions of the Severance Agreement; or • A voluntary termination of employment by the NEO under circumstances constituting “Good Reason” within three years following a Change of Control; or • A voluntary termination of employment by an NEO for any reason within the period beginning on the first anniversary of the Change of Control and ending thirty days after such date. “Cause” means willful misconduct or conduct by the NEO that was knowingly fraudulent or deliberately dishonest. “Good Reason” means (i) the NEO, in his reasonable judgment, determines that his duties have been materially reduced in terms of authority and responsibility from those existing immediately prior to the Change of Control; or (ii) the NEO is required to be based at a location that is thirty-five or more miles from his primary residence at the time of the requirement than it was prior thereto; or (iii) there is a reduction in the NEO’s base salary to an amount that is less than the base salary in effect twelve months prior to the Change of Control; or (iv) there is a material reduction in the NEO’s level of participation in any of the Company’s incentive compensation plans, benefit plans, policies, practices or arrangements in which the NEO participated immediately prior to the Change of Control and such reduction is not consistent with the average level of participation by other executives who have a similar position. “Severance Period” means a number of whole and fractional years equal to the lesser of: (a) three or (b) the quotient of the number of months following termination until the NEO attains age 65, divided by twelve. In the event that an NEO becomes entitled to Severance Benefits, the Company shall pay to or provide the NEO with the following: • A lump sum payment equal to the product of: (i) the Severance Period, multiplied by (ii) the sum of the NEO’s base salary in effect 12 months prior to the Change of Control and the NEO’s average bonus for the three completed fiscal years of the Company preceding the fiscal year in which the Change of Control occurs; • A lump sum payment equal to the greater of the NEO’s actual bonus for the fiscal year of the Company preceding the fiscal year in which the Change of Control occurs or the NEO’s target bonus for the fiscal year of the Company in which a Qualifying Termination occurs, calculated with the assumption that both the Company and the NEO achieved all performance objectives required to earn the target bonus, and prorated based on the number of days elapsed in the Company’s fiscal year during which employment terminates; • Continuation of health, life and disability insurance to the NEO during the Severance Period at a cost to the NEO equal to the amount paid by similarly situated active employees at the time of the earliest event that could constitute “Good Reason.” To the extent such benefits are taxable, there is a gross up for taxes; • The opportunity to borrow, to the extent permitted by applicable law, from the Company or an affiliate thereof, for an interest rate set by the NEO (which may be zero), an amount equal to the sum of the NEO’s outstanding stock options and taxes resulting from the exercise and the vesting of the NEO’s restricted stock, with repayment required upon the passage of 180 consecutive days of the NEO being able to sell stock acquired by the exercise and being able to sell vested, restricted stock without restriction; and • Reimbursement for the costs, if any, of outplacement services obtained by the NEO following a Qualifying Termination. In the event that any payments are subject to the application of any tax pursuant to Section 4999 the Tax Code (an “Excise Tax”), the Company shall also pay to the NEO an additional amount sufficient to make the net amount payable to the NEO the same as the NEO would have received had the Excise Tax not been imposed. The Company will reimburse the NEO for all fees, expenses and costs incurred in connection with any Excise Tax. The Severance Benefits are reduced by any other severance benefits or damages for termination paid or owed to the NEO, if such offset would not result in additional tax, interest or penalties pursuant to Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company is obligated to pay any attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in connection with any dispute concerning the Severance Agreement unless the dispute by the NEO is frivolous. Restricted Stock, Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights Our outstanding unvested restricted stock grants are normally forfeited upon termination of employment. However, there are special vesting rules in the case of death, disability or retirement. In the case of death or disability, outstanding unvested restricted stock immediately vests in the same proportion that the number of full and partial months from the date of grant to the date of death or disability bears to the total restriction period applicable to the award. In the case of “retirement,” the same pro-rata vesting provision applies, except the vesting is not effective until the last day of the restriction period applicable to the award. For grants issued before 2007, “retirement” means termination of employment after attaining age 60 and agreeing to certain non-competition provisions. In the case of restricted stock issued after 2005, “retirement” means termination of employment after attaining age 60 and having at least ten years of service, and agreeing to certain non-competition provisions. In addition, otherwise unvested outstanding restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and options immediately vest upon the occurrence of a change of control. For this purpose “change of control” has the same meaning as applies for purposes of the Change of Control Severance Agreements (see “Change of Control Severance Agreements” under “Employment Agreements and Elements of Post-Termination Compensation”), except different dates are used for determining the incumbent board of directors. The CERP and EICP provide for payments of nonqualified deferred compensation after termination of employment. See “Pension Benefits Narrative” and “Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Narrative” for a description of those arrangements. The NEOs generally have the same long-term disability benefit as all salaried employees, except that the definition of “disability” for the NEOs is more favorable because the benefit after the first 36 months of disability for salaried employees who are not vice presidents or above is based on a more restrictive definition of disability than the one that applies to vice presidents and above. Commerce Retirement Plan This qualified defined benefit pension plan was frozen and closed to new participants January 1, 2004, so not all salaried employees participate. The named executives participate in this plan and receive earnings credits to their cash balance accounts. See “Pension Benefits Narrative” for a description of this arrangement. Executive Benefits and After a Change Payments upon Termination Termination Retirement Death Disability in Control $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3,970,825 (1) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 763,650 (2) SARs/option awards $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — (3) Restricted stock awards $ — $ 662,848 $ 662,848 $ 662,848 $ 1,752,196 (4) EICP/CERP $ 759,688 $ 759,688 $ 759,688 $ 759,688 $ 759,688 (5) $ 1,775,293 $ 1,775,293 $ 825,067 $ 1,775,293 $ 1,775,293 (7) Post-termination insurance premiums $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 43,864 (8) $ 2,534,981 $ 3,197,829 $ 2,247,603 $ 3,197,829 $ 9,065,516 A. Bayard Clark(9) $ — $ 115,889 $ 115,889 $ 115,889 $ 299,151 (4) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4,243 (8) $ 989,317 $ 1,105,206 $ 769,907 $ 1,105,206 $ 1,533,399 $ 86,034 $ 86,034 $ 86,034 $ 86,034 $ 86,034 (5) $ 174,608 $ 174,608 $ 81,149 $ 174,608 $ 174,608 (7) $ 260,642 $ 562,310 $ 468,851 $ 562,310 $ 2,608,543 $ 3,219,340 $ 3,219,340 $ 3,219,340 $ 3,219,340 $ 3,219,340 (5) Excise tax reimbursement $ 834,164 $ 1,134,825 $ 1,043,706 $ 1,134,825 $ 3,991,122 (1) Salary is calculated as three times the prior year base salary plus the average bonus for the prior 3 years and is payable upon a qualifying termination. (2) Bonus amount is the greater of (a) the 2008 annual cash incentive paid in 2009, or (b) the 2009 target annual cash incentive under the EICP, not prorated. In all cases except for Mr. Clark, who was not eligible for a 2009 annual cash incentive, the bonus amount is the 2009 target incentive. (3) Under a Change of Control, all unvested SARs and options would become immediately vested. The amount shown is the excess of the market price of our common stock at December 31, 2009 over the exercise price of all unvested SARs and options. (4) It is assumed that all NEOs are eligible for the special vesting rules as of December 31, 2009. Amounts are based on the prorated vested shares at market price at December 31, 2009. (5) The payment under the EICP/CERP is the aggregate balance in their deferred compensation plan that is assumed to be paid upon either voluntary termination, retirement, death, disability or a Change in Control. (6) Under a Change in Control, the Company is required to reimburse the NEO for any excise taxes that may be imposed and any other fees and expenses. It was determined that only Mr. Barth would be eligible for such payments. (7) Benefits payable under the Retirement Plan are assumed to commence at age 65. The benefit upon death is calculated as a portion of the normal benefit. (8) This amount reflects the net present value of estimated insurance payments to be made by the Company for the NEOs until they reach age 65. (9) Mr. Clark relinquished his titles as CFO and Executive Vice President during 2009. The following table provides information as of December 31, 2009, with respect to compensation plans under which common shares of Commerce Bancshares, Inc. are authorized for issuance to certain officers in exchange for services provided. These compensation plans include: (1) the Commerce Bancshares, Inc. 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, (2) the Commerce Bancshares, Inc. 1996 Incentive Stock Option Plan, (3) the Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Restricted Stock Plan, (4) the Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Non-Employee Directors (“Director Plan”) and (5) the Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Executive Incentive Compensation Plan (“EICP”). As of January 1, 2006, all equity based awards were granted pursuant to the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan. All of these compensation plans were approved by the Company’s shareholders. Remaining Available for Future Issuance Number of Common Under Equity Shares to be Issued Compensation Plans upon Exercise of Exercise Price of (Excluding Shares Outstanding Options, Reflected in Plan Category Warrants and Rights Warrants and Rights Column (a)) Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders 2,384,880 (1) $ 31.30 (2) 3,342,490 (3) Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders — $ — — 2,384,880 $ 31.30 3,342,490 (1) Includes 2,287,787 common shares issuable upon exercise of options, and 339 shares issuable upon exercise of stock appreciation rights, granted under the equity compensation plans. Issuable shares from stock appreciation rights were computed on a net basis using the fair market value of common stock at December 31, 2009. Also included are 96,754 common shares allocated to participants’ accounts under the EICP. (2) Represents the weighted average exercise price of outstanding options under the equity compensation plans. (3) Includes 3,097,406 common shares remaining available under the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, 80,431 shares available under the Director Plan, and 164,653 shares under the EICP. During 2009, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee consisted of Messrs. Andrew C. Taylor (Chairman), Terry O. Meek and W. Thomas Grant, II. All members of the Committee were independent members of the Board of Directors of the Company. The role of the Audit Committee is to assist the Board of Directors in its oversight of the Company’s accounting, auditing and financial reporting processes. As noted under the Corporate Governance and Director Independence section of this report, the Board of Directors has determined that all members of the Audit Committee are “independent.” The Audit Committee operates pursuant to a charter that was last amended and restated by the Board on February 5, 2010. As set forth in the Charter, management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and for preparing the Company’s financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and applicable laws and regulations. Management is also responsible for conducting an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Audit Committee is directly responsible for the compensation, appointment and oversight of KPMG LLP, the independent auditor for the Company. KPMG LLP is responsible for performing an independent audit of the Company’s financial statements and expressing an opinion as to their conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. KPMG LLP is also responsible for expressing an opinion on the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting. Members of the Audit Committee include Robert H. West (Chairman), James B. Hebenstreit, Benjamin F. Rassieur, III, Thomas A. McDonnell, John R. Capps and Kimberly G. Walker. The Board has determined that Mr. West is an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of that term as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Audit Committee’s responsibility is one of oversight. Members of the Audit Committee rely on the information provided and the representations made to them by: (i) management, which has primary responsibility for establishing and maintaining appropriate internal financial controls over financial reporting, and for Commerce Bancshares, Inc. financial statements and reports and (ii) the external auditor, which is responsible for expressing an opinion that the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, that management’s assessment that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting is fairly stated, and that the audit of the Company’s financial statements by the external auditor has been carried out in accordance with Standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). In this context the Audit Committee has considered and discussed the audited financial statements and management’s assessment on internal control over financial reporting with management and the independent auditors as of December 31, 2009. The Audit Committee has also discussed with the independent auditors the matters required to be discussed by Statement on Auditing Standard No. 114, Communication with Audit Committees, as currently in effect. Finally, the Audit Committee has received the written disclosures and the letter from KPMG LLP required by PCAOB Rule 3526, Communications with Audit Committees Concerning Independence. The Audit Committee has considered the compatibility of non-audit services with the auditors’ independence and has discussed with the external auditors their independence. Based on the reviews and discussions described in this report, and exercising the Audit Committee’s business judgment, the Audit Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that the audited financial statements referred to above be included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Audit Committee has selected KPMG LLP as the Company’s external auditors for fiscal 2010 and has approved submitting the selection of the independent external auditors for ratification by the shareholders. Audit, audit-related and any permitted non-audit services provided to Commerce Bancshares, Inc. by KPMG LLP are subject to pre-approval by the Audit Committee. All fees paid in 2009 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee. Submitted by the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors: Robert H. West James B. Hebenstreit Benjamin F. Rassieur, III Thomas A. McDonnell John R. Capps Kimberly G. Walker The Audit Committee has adopted a policy for pre-approval of audit and permitted non-audit services provided by the Company’s external auditor. Annually the Audit Committee will review and approve the audit services to be performed along with other permitted services including audit-related and tax services to be provided by its external auditor. The Audit Committee may pre-approve certain recurring designated services where appropriate and services for individual projects that do not exceed $25,000. Proposed engagements that do not meet these criteria may be presented to the Audit Committee at its next regular meeting or, if earlier consideration is required, to one or more of its members. The member or members to whom such authority is delegated shall report any specific approval of services at the next regular Audit Committee meeting. The Audit Committee will regularly review summary reports detailing all services provided to the Company by its external auditor. The following is a summary of fees billed by KPMG LLP for professional services rendered during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008: Audit fees $ 1,039,019 $ 808,200 Audit related fees $ 43,835 $ 43,000 Tax fees $ 290,330 $ 280,637 All other fees The audit fees billed by KPMG LLP are for professional services rendered for the audits of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements and the audit of management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 and for the reviews of the financial statements included in the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for that fiscal year. Also included are fees related to the Company’s common stock issuance in 2009. Additionally these fees include audits of several venture capital subsidiaries, a brokerage subsidiary and a mortgage-banking subsidiary and for miscellaneous accounting research and advice provided. Audit related fees are mainly for services rendered for agreed upon examination procedures relating to the Company’s trust operations. Tax fees are for services including both review and preparation of corporate income tax returns and tax consulting services. PROPOSAL TWO RATIFICATION OF THE SELECTION OF KPMG LLP AS THE INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS FOR 2010 Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Audit Committee of the Company is responsible for the selection and approval of the Company’s independent registered public accountants for the purpose of the examination and audit of the Company’s financial statements for 2010. The Audit Committee has also adopted a procedure for the pre-approval of non-audit services. The Audit Committee has selected and the Board of Directors has ratified the selection of KPMG LLP as the firm to conduct the audit of the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries for 2010. This selection is presented to the shareholders for ratification; however, the failure of the shareholders to ratify the selection will not change the engagement of KPMG LLP for 2010. The Audit Committee will consider the vote of the shareholders for future engagements. Representatives of KPMG LLP are expected to be present at the Meeting and will be available to respond to appropriate questions. The representatives will also be provided an opportunity to make a statement. The Board of Directors Recommends a Vote FOR Ratification of the Selection of KPMG LLP as the Independent Registered Public Accountants for 2010 PROPOSAL THREE SHAREHOLDER PROPOSAL REQUESTING NECESSARY STEPS TO CAUSE THE ANNUAL ELECTION OF ALL DIRECTORS The following proposal has been validly submitted by Mr. Gerald R. Armstrong, a shareholder of the Company. As of the record date, Mr. Armstrong owned 303 shares of Company stock. Mr. Armstrong’s mailing address is 910 Sixteenth Street, No. 412, Denver, Colorado 80202-2917. His telephone number is 303-355-1199. That the shareholders of COMMERCE BANCSHARES, INC. request its Board of Directors to take the steps necessary to eliminate classification of terms of the Board of Directors to require that all Directors stand for election annually. The Board declassification shall be completed in a manner that does not affect the unexpired terms of the previously-elected Directors. This proposal has been presented in the last two annual meetings where it did not have a majority of the votes. Strong support for the proposal did exist and is present now that it is being introduced. The proponent notes the strong efforts of management to defeat it and the absence of disclosure that shareholders have confidential voting. The current practice of electing only one-third of the directors for three-year terms is not in the best interest of the corporation or its shareholders. Eliminating this staggered system increases accountability and gives shareholders the opportunity to express their views on the performance of each director annually. The proponent believes the election of directors is the strongest way that shareholders influence the direction of any corporation and our corporation should be no exception. As a professional investor, the proponent has introduced the proposal at several corporations which have adopted it. In others, opposed by the board or management, it has received votes in excess of 70% and is likely to be reconsidered favorably. The proponent believes that increased accountability must be given our shareholders whose capital has been entrusted in the form of share investments especially during these times of great economic challenge. Arthur Levitt, former Chairman of The Securities and Exchange Commission said, “In my view, it’s best for the investor if the entire board is elected once a year. Without annual election of each director, shareholders have far less control over who represents them.” While management may argue that directors need and deserve continuity, management should become aware that continuity and tenure may be best assured when their performance as directors is exemplary and is deemed beneficial to the best interests of the corporation and its shareholders. The proponent regards as unfounded the concern expressed by some that annual election of all directors could leave companies without experienced directors in the event that all incumbents are voted out by shareholders. In the unlikely event that shareholders do vote to replace all directors, such a decision would express dissatisfaction with the incumbent directors and reflect the need for change. If you agree that shareholders may benefit from greater accountability afforded by annual election of all directors, please vote “FOR” this proposal. MANAGEMENT STATEMENT IN OPPOSITION TO SHAREHOLDER PROPOSAL The Board of Directors recommends a vote AGAINST this proposal that asks the Board to take the steps necessary to declassify the Board of Directors and require that all Directors stand for election annually. An identical proposal was submitted the previous two years. In 2008, the shareholders defeated the proposal by a vote of 23,407,490 (43.24%) for the proposal and 30,109,725 (55.62%) against the proposal, with 615,553 (1.14%) abstaining, and in 2009, the shareholders defeated the proposal by a vote of 23,993,572 (40.59%) for the proposal and 34,611,599 (58.54%) against the proposal, with 516,952 (0.87%) abstaining. The Company’s Board currently consists of twelve Directors divided into three classes consisting of four Directors per class. One class is elected at each annual meeting of the shareholders for a three year term. The classified Board provision is found in the Articles of Incorporation that were adopted in 1966. In support of its opposition, the Board offers the following reasons to vote AGAINST the proposal. The incorporators of your Company recognized the value of providing for the continuity of leadership. As important as that principle has been for the forty-three years it has been in effect, it is even more significant today with the multiple challenges and opportunities that confront financial institutions. Good corporate planning and initiatives are strategic in nature and often require several years to implement and realize results. The proponent would have you believe that it is in the best interests of shareholders to be able to elect or replace the entire Board each year, including those Directors who also serve as executives of the Company. Such an outcome would be disruptive to corporate planning and the long term stability of the Company. A classified Board insures that there is some continuity of leadership. Even with a classified Board, shareholders have the ability to elect a majority of the Board within two consecutive annual meetings. Two annual meetings could occur within as little as a twelve month period. That ability provides shareholders with considerable influence over the affairs of the Company and holds the Directors accountable for their actions. Disruptions in credit markets and government injection of capital into the country’s largest financial institutions, as well as a large number of smaller financial institutions, have continued since we wrote our statement in opposition last year. We believe it is more important than ever that the Company’s shareholders be represented by a board of directors with experience in directing management in a highly regulated industry, and with the institutional knowledge that has given you the results the Company has achieved over the long term. A classified Board also protects the Company and you its shareholders from the coercive tactics employed by those that seek hostile takeovers. Without classification, those with hostile intent and no concern for current shareholders could obtain control of the Board at one annual meeting. A classified Board prevents such action and enables the Board, if so desired and in the best interests of shareholders, to negotiate at arm’s length the most favorable terms for the Company’s shareholders. The Board feels that this protection and the leverage it provides are necessary to protect the shareholders and create real shareholder value. The proponent’s statement refers to corporations that proponent maintains de-classified their Boards because of proponent’s efforts. The Board has not verified that statement to be true; however, the Board feels strongly that what may be appropriate for one company is not appropriate for all. A “one size fits all” view does not take into account the differences among companies and their management, or the industries in which they compete. Shareholders must look at the history and performance of a company and its record of providing shareholder value. Commerce Bancshares has an excellent record of providing shareholder value. For example, the Board has increased cash dividends each year for 42 consecutive years and has declared 5% stock dividends for fifteen straight years, providing real value for shareholders. The proponent also suggests that there is a positive link between governance practices and firm value. The Board does not disagree with that suggestion. As of January 3, 2010, the Company has a Corporate Governance Quotient (“CGQ®”), as measured by Institutional Shareholder Services, better than 89.9% of all banking companies. This positive CGQ® score, as measured by one of the leading companies in the field, and the past performance of the Company, reflect the attention the Board gives to corporate governance and the creation of shareholder value. Lastly, the Board wants to assure shareholders that it is well aware of the fiduciary duties of care and loyalty owed to the Company and its shareholders. Those duties exist regardless of the Director’s term or election. Recognition and adherence to those duties provide the highest form of accountability of the Directors to the Company and its shareholders. Approval of this shareholder proposal requires the affirmative vote of a majority of all the votes cast on the matter at the Annual Meeting. Abstentions will be treated as votes against this proposal and broker non-votes will be treated as not entitled to vote and have no effect on the outcome. The Board of Directors Recommends a Vote AGAINST the Shareholder Proposal Requesting Necessary Steps to Cause the Annual Election of All Directors. Proxies Received Will Be Voted AGAINST the Shareholder Proposal Unless Stockholders Specify Otherwise in the Proxy. The management does not know of any matter or business to come before the meeting other than that referred to in the notice of meeting but it is intended that, as to any such other matter or business, the person named in the accompanying proxy will vote said proxy in accordance with the judgment of the person or persons voting the same. Shareholders of record can view the proxy statement and the 2009 annual report as well as vote their shares at www.envisionreports.com/CBSH. Shareholders who hold their Company stock through a bank, broker or other holder of record may view the proxy statement and 2009 annual report at www.edocumentview.com/CBSH. The proxy statement and the 2009 annual report are also available on the Company’s Internet site at www.commercebank.com/ir. Most Shareholders can elect to view future proxy statements and annual reports over the Internet instead of receiving paper copies in the mail. Shareholders of record can choose this option and save the Company the cost of producing and mailing these documents by enrolling for electronic delivery at Computershare’s investor website http://www.computershare.com/investor. Just use your existing login ID and Password or create a new login ID and Password and follow the prompts to “Enroll in Electronic Delivery.” Shareholders who choose to view future proxy statements and annual reports over the Internet will receive an email message next year from the Company with instructions containing the Internet address of those materials. The election may be withdrawn at any time by accessing your account on the website and changing the election. Shareholders do not have to elect Internet access each year. Employee PIP (401K) shareholders who have a company email address and online access, will automatically be enrolled to receive the annual report and proxy statement over the Internet unless they choose to opt out. Shareholders who hold their Company stock through a bank, broker or other holder of record, should refer to the information provided by that entity for instructions on how to elect to view future proxy statements and annual reports over the Internet. By Order of the Board of Directors Electronic Voting Instructions You can vote by Internet or telephone! Available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week! Instead of mailing your proxy, you may choose one of the two voting methods outlined below to vote your proxy. VALIDATION DETAILS ARE LOCATED BELOW IN THE TITLE BAR. Proxies submitted by the Internet or telephone must be received by 11:00 p.m., Central Time, on April 20, 2010, except proxies submitted for shares held in the Company’s Participating Investment Plan must be received by 11:00 p.m., Central Time, on April 14, 2010. Vote by Internet · Log on to the Internet and go to www.envisionreports.com/CBSH · Follow the steps outlined on the secured website. Vote by telephone · Call toll free 1-800-652-VOTE (8683) within the USA, US territories & Canada any time on a touch tone telephone. There is NO CHARGE to you for the call. Using a black ink pen, mark your votes with an X as shown in this example. Please do not write outside the designated areas. x · Follow the instructions provided by the recorded message. Annual Meeting Proxy Card ▼ IF YOU HAVE NOT VOTED VIA THE INTERNET OR TELEPHONE, FOLD ALONG THE PERFORATION, DETACH AND RETURN THE BOTTOM PORTION IN THE ENCLOSED ENVELOPE. ▼ A Proposals — The Board of Directors recommends a vote FOR all the nominees listed, FOR Proposal 2, and AGAINST Proposal 3. 1. Nominees: Class of 2013 For Withhold For Withhold For Withhold + 01 - Earl H. Devanny, III o o 02 - Benjamin F. Rassieur, III o o 03 - Todd R. Schnuck o o 04 - Andrew C. Taylor For Against Abstain For Against Abstain Ratify KPMG LLP as audit and accounting firm. o o o 3. Shareholder proposal requesting necessary steps to cause the annual election of all directors. o o o B Non-Voting Items Change of Address — Please print your new address below. Comments — Please print your comments below. Mark the box to the right if you plan to attend the Annual Meeting. Authorized Signatures — This section must be completed for your vote to be counted. — Date and Sign Below Please sign exactly as name(s) appears hereon. When shares are held by joint tenants, both should sign. When signing as attorney, administrator, trustee or guardian, please give full title as such. The signer hereby revokes all proxies heretofore given by the signer to vote at said meeting or any adjournments thereof. Date (mm/dd/yyyy) — Please print date below. Signature 1 — Please keep signature within the box. Signature 2 — Please keep signature within the box. n + <STOCK#> 015AOB To our Shareholders: Commerce Bancshares, Inc. encourages you to vote your shares electronically this year either by telephone or via the Internet. This will eliminate the need to return your proxy card. The Computershare Vote by Telephone and Vote by Internet systems can be accessed 24 hours a day, seven days a week until 11:00 p.m., Central Time, on April 20, 2010. However, if this proxy relates to shares held by you in the Company’s Participating Investment Plan, your vote must be received by 11:00 p.m., Central Time, on April 14, 2010, to enable the trustee of the plan to vote your shares in the manner directed by you. Additionally, you may choose to receive future Annual Meeting materials (annual report and proxy statement) online. By choosing to receive these materials online, you help support Commerce Bancshares, Inc. in its efforts to control printing and postage costs. If you choose the option of electronic delivery and voting online, you will receive an email before all future annual or special meetings of shareholders, notifying you of the website containing the Proxy Statement and other materials to be carefully reviewed before casting your vote. To enroll to receive future proxy materials online, please go to www.computershare.com/investor. Employee PIP (401K) shareholders who have a company email address and online access, will automatically be enrolled to receive the annual report, proxy statement and voting instructions over the Internet unless they choose to opt out. ▼IF YOU HAVE NOT VOTED VIA THE INTERNET OR TELEPHONE, FOLD ALONG THE PERFORATION, DETACH AND RETURN THE BOTTOM PORTION IN THE ENCLOSED ENVELOPE.▼ Proxy — Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Proxy Solicited on Behalf of the Board of Directors The undersigned hereby appoints Jonathan M. Kemper and David W. Kemper, or either of them, as agents and proxies with full power of substitution in each, to represent the undersigned at the annual meeting of shareholders to be held on April 21, 2010 at 9:30 a.m. in the Amphitheater on level two of the Ritz Carlton, St. Louis, 100 Carondelet Plaza, Clayton, Missouri, or any adjournment or postponement thereof, on all matters coming before the meeting. In their discretion, the Proxies are authorized to vote upon such other business as may properly come before the meeting and all other matters incident to the conduct of the meeting. You are encouraged to specify your choices by marking the appropriate boxes. SEE REVERSE SIDE, but you need not mark any boxes if you wish to vote in accordance with the Board of Directors’ recommendations. Your shares cannot be voted unless you sign and return this card or you elect to vote your shares electronically by telephone or via the Internet. IMPORTANT: PLEASE VOTE BY SIGNING YOUR PROXY AND RETURNING IT IN THE ENVELOPE PROVIDED OR TAKE ADVANTAGE OF INTERNET OR TELEPHONE VOTING AS DESCRIBED ON THE REVERSE SIDE. ANY SHAREHOLDER WHO IS RECEIVING MULTIPLE COPIES OF THE ANNUAL REPORT AND ANY OTHER MAILINGS FROM COMMERCE BANCSHARES, INC. IS ENCOURAGED TO CALL COMPUTERSHARE TRUST COMPANY, N.A., OUR TRANSFER AGENT, AT 1-800-317-4445 FOR ASSISTANCE IN CONSOLIDATING COMMON OWNERSHIP POSITIONS. REDUCING MAILINGS WILL IMPROVE THE COMPANY’S OPERATING EFFICIENCY. HEARING IMPAIRED #: TDD: 1-800-952-9245.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line78
__label__cc	0.656375	0.343625	HomeScience DailyNew tool can calculate renewable energy output anywhere in the world New tool can calculate renewable energy output anywhere in the world September 6, 2016 admin Science Daily, Solar 0 Researchers have created an interactive web tool to estimate the amount of energy that could be generated by wind or solar farms at any location. The tool, called Renewables.ninja, aims to make the task of predicting renewable output easier for both academics and industry. The creators, from Imperial College London and ETH Zürich, have already used it to estimate current Europe-wide solar and wind output, and companies such as the German electrical supplier RWE are using it to test their own models of output. To test the model, Dr Iain Staffell, from the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial, and Dr Stefan Pfenninger, who is now at ETH Zürich, have used Renewables.ninja to estimate the productivity of all wind farms planned or under construction in Europe for the next 20 years. Their results are published in the journal Energy. They found that wind farms in Europe current have an average ‘capacity factor’ of around 24 per cent, which means they produce around a quarter of the energy that they could if the wind blew solidly all day every day. This number is a factor of how much wind is available to each turbine. The study found that because new farms are being built using taller turbines placed further out to sea, where wind speeds are higher, the average capacity factor for Europe should rise by nearly a third to around 31 percent. This would allow three times as much energy to be produced by wind power in Europe compared to today, not only because there are more farms, but because those farms can take advantage of better wind conditions. In another research paper also published today in Energy, the pair modelled the hourly output of solar panels across Europe. They found that even though Britain is not the sunniest country, on the best summer days solar power now produces more energy than nuclear power. However, the pattern of this solar output through the year substantially changes how the rest of the power system will have to operate. Wind and solar energies have a strong dependence on weather conditions, and these can be difficult to integrate into national power systems that requires consistency. If there is excess power generated by all energy sources, then some supplies have to be turned off. Currently, wind and solar power generators are the easiest to switch on and off, so they are often the first to go, meaning the power they generate can be wasted. Making use of a larger capacity for solar energy generation relies on changes to the national energy system, such as adding new types of electricity storage or small and flexible generators to balance the variable output from solar panels. Renewables.ninja uses 30 years of observed and modelled weather data from organisations such as NASA to predict the wind speed likely to influence turbines and the sunlight likely to strike solar panels at any point on Earth during the year. These figures are combined with manufacturer’s specifications for wind turbines and solar panels to give an estimate of the power output that could be generated by a farm placed at any location. Dr Staffell said he spent two years crunching the data for his own research and thought that creating this tool would make it quicker for others to answer important questions: “Modelling wind and solar power is very difficult because they depend on complex weather systems. Getting data, building a model and checking that it works well takes a lot of time and effort. “If every researcher has to create their own model when they start to investigate a question about renewable energy, a lot of time is wasted. So we built our models so they can be easily used by other researchers online, allowing them to answer their questions faster, and hopefully to start asking new ones.” He and Dr Pfenninger have been beta testing Renewables.ninja for six months and now have users from 54 institutions across 22 countries, including the European Commission and the International Energy Agency. Dr Pfenninger said: “Renewables.ninja has already allowed us to answer important questions about the current and future renewable energy infrastructure across Europe and in the UK, and we hope others will use it to further examine the opportunities and challenges for renewables in the future.” The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Imperial College London. The original item was written by Hayley Dunning. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. OX2 wins EPC contract for 112 MW wind power in Norway Low-cost solar device converts sunlight to steam in dusty environment	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line80
__label__wiki	0.966652	0.966652	09 Mar 2012 - Robert Holmes From: Manchester, England The Hollies were formed in Manchester in 1961 by former schoolmates Allan Clarke and Graham Nash. These two were playing as The Two Teens duo but the addition of Eric Haydock and drummer Don Rathbone led to a change of names to The Fourtones, then The Deltas and by the end of the year, they’d changed names again to The Hollies. In January 1963, Ron Richards of Parlophone Records saw them playing at Liverpool’s Cavern Club and signed them up immediately. Their first single recorded by line-up (B) was a cover of The Coasters’ (Ain’t That) Just Like Me, which became a minor hit. For the follow-up they turned to another Coasters’ song, Searchin’ and it climbed to No 12. By the time it had reached the charts Don Rathbone had moved into a management capacity to make way for Bobby Elliot, an old pal of Tony Hicks who’d been playing in Shane Fenton and The Fentones on drums. This new line-up’s first single was a revival of Maurice Williams and The Zodiac’s Stay, which produced their first Top 10 hit. After this they worked on their first album, Stay With The Hollies, which certainly sold in large quantities. The hits continued to flow – first a revival of Doris Troy’s Just One Look (which became their first single to enter the US Charts, albeit peaking at only No 98); Here I Go Again and then their first self-penned ‘A’ side, We’re Through. Written by Clarke, Hicks and Nash using the pseudonym L Ransford it made the Top 10, yet despite all their 45 success their next album, In The Hollies Style, failed to chart at all. By now the band had developed the distinctive three-part harmonies that would be their trademark for several years to come. 1965 was a particularly good year for them. They made the Top 10 with the Goffin/King songYes I Will; topped the US Charts with Clint Ballard Jr’s I’m Alive (undoubtedly one of their finest singles); took Graham Gouldman’s Look Through Any Window into the Top 5, and made the Album Charts Top 10 with a good third album, The Hollies, which featured a wide range of covers like Mickey’s Monkey and Fortune Teller (R&B Lawdy Miss Clawdy (rock’n’roll) and Very Last Day (folk-rock). The band also embarked on their first US tour, playing the New York Broadway Paramount with Little Richard and King Curtis. They enjoyed considerable US success in 1966 and 1967 but suffered undoubtedly from arriving a little later on the scene than The Beatles, The Dave Clark Five and Herman’s Hermits. Their least successful single of the sixties (after their debut) was their version of George Harrison’s If I Needed Someone and this was probably because Harrison slagged the band off, saying they sounded like sessionmen. The single peaked at No 20. To arrest any possible slide in their fortunes, they needed a strong follow-up and they certainly came up trumps with their version of a Chip Taylor’s I Can’t Let Go – this was harmony-pop at its very best and took them to No 2. In April 1966, Eric Haydock was asked to leave the band after missing several gigs and Bernie Calvert (ex-Dolphins), who could also play keyboards, came in as a replacement. Haydock later formed Haydock’s Rockhouse. Just prior to this the band had recorded the theme tune for a Peter Sellers movie, After The Fox, with Jack Bruce on bass and Burt Bacharach, who did the arranging, on slide piano. The first 45 Calvert played on was Graham Gouldman’s excellent Bus Stop, a song about a bus stop romance, and the result was another Top Ten hit. Their Would You Believe? album also made the Top 20. Their next single, Stop, Stop, Stop was rather unusual for its distinctive six-string banjo riff. It was also a group-penned composition and it gave them another massive hit. With the onset of the psychedelic era in 1967, the group continued to come up with new ideas and fresh sounding 45s. First there was On A Carousel, a slice of superb harmony-pop written by the band, which inevitably gave them another Top 10 hit (it also reached No 11 in the US) and then the Calypso-style Carrie-Anne, which had taken Clarke, Hicks and Nash almost two years to write and gave them another massive UK hit. Work on their sixth album, Evolution, had begun at the start of 1967 but was disrupted when Bobby Elliot was hospitalised for a long spell, after suffering a burst appendix whilst on tour in Germany. The album had to be completed using session drummers Clem Cattini, Dougie Wright and Mitch Mitchell. The album peaked at No 13 in the UK and No 43 in the US. After this, US distribution switched from Imperial to Epic and Imperial released a US-only single, Pay You Back With Interest, which just made the Top 30. Carrie-Anne, their first Epic single fared better though, making it to No 9 in the US. As 1967 progressed they became even more experimental. Heavily influenced by The Beatles’ Sergeant Pepper they started work on a new album, Butterfly. Their next 45, King Midas In Reverse, was a taster of what was to come. Written largely by Graham Nash it featured an orchestra and was released against the advice of their producer Ron Richards who felt that its experimental structure wouldn’t appeal to Hollies’ fans. In fact, it did make the Top 20, but only just, by their standards it was a commercial flop. When it appeared Butterfly was a wholehearted venture into flower-power. It was probably their most interesting album. High points includedDear Eloise, which was released as a single in the US, Lullaby To Tim (which Allan Clarke had written for his son and Nash had added warbled vocals to) and Elevated Observations. In late 1967, whilst in LA, the band were invited to a Mamas and Papas recording session. It was here that Nash, who was rapidly falling in love with the American lifestyle, met David Crosby – a meeting that was to prove very significant in a year’s time. Their first recording in 1968 was the beautiful and mildly psychedelic Wings, another Clarke/Nash composition, which wasn’t released as a 45 but was included on the Word Wildlife Fund charity album, No One’s Gonna Change Our World. Their next 45 was Jennifer Eccles, an unashamedly ultra-commercial pop song deliberately written by Clarke and Nash to contrast with the complexity of its predecessor, King Midas In Reverse. Inevitably it was a Top 10 hit over here (and it crept to No 40 in the US). In March they began work on another album but before it was completed Graham Nash had left both the band and his wife to start a new life in the States. This didn’t come as a great surprise because there had clearly been friction in the band between Nash (who’d already been working on a solo album), who wanted the band to become more experimental and Tony Hicks who wanted the group to record the music their fans wanted. Nash’s last single with the band was the rather unadventurous Listen To Me and, just prior to his departure, they’d topped the Album Charts here in the UK for seven weeks with the compilation, The Hollies Greatest Hits. Nash’s replacement Terry Slyvester (formerly with The Escorts and The Swingin’ Blues Jeans) was recruited in January 1969. His first recording with the group was Sorry Suzanne, very much in their tried and tested formula, and it shot to No 3 in the UK but couldn’t advance beyond No 56 in the US. They then recorded the The Hollies Sing Dylan album, which rose to No 3 in the UK Album Charts. Graham Nash had been very opposed to this project, indeed it seemed to have been a significant factor in him deciding to leave the band. However, Nash’s departure threw the band’s songwriting partnership out of balance, so Tony Hicks set off in search of a new single. The one he eventually chose was a big ballad, He Ain’t Heavy, He’s My Brother. Elton John, who was by now on the verge of a commercial breakthrough, played keyboards on the song, which made the Top 10 on both sides of the Atlantic and sold a million copies worldwide. He also played piano on the follow-up single, I Can’t Tell The Bottom From The Top, which also made the UK Top 10, but stalled at No 82 in the US. For their next album project, Hollies Sing Hollies, the group recorded an album of their own material. It didn’t sell particularly well but included some significant landmarks for the band. Bernie Calvert’s Reflections Of A Long Time Past was the first instrumental they had recorded and My Life Is Over Without You was Allan Clarke’s response to Graham Nash’s departure. Many of the tracks were orchestrated and the end product represented a significant progression away from their earlier teenage pop sound which continued on their next album, Confessions Of The Mind, which marked the emergence of Tony Hicks as the band’s main songwriter. It peaked at No 30 in the UK whilst the US equivalent, Moving Finger, stuttered to No 183. They also enjoyed further hit singles in this period with Gasoline Alley Bred and Hey Willy. In April 1971, they began recording the Distant Light album, which included several compositions which Tony Hicks wrote with Kenny Lynch and Allan Clarke’s Long Cool Woman (In A Black Dress), which was leaner than their usual harmony-pop sound. The album didn’t chart at all in the UK and by the time it had reached the shops Allan Clarke had departed to record a solo album, basically he just wanted to record something that didn’t sound like the group. His replacement was a Swedish singer, Mikael Rickfors, who’d previously been with Bamboo. They switched to the new Polydor label for their first single with Rickfors’ lead vocals, which was Chip Taylor’s The Baby. It made No 26 in the UK. Meanwhile in the States their Distant Light album had fared much better rising to No 21 and when Long Tall Woman… was belatedly released as a 45 over there it surpassed all expectations climbing to No 2 and going gold. Following re-promotion over here by EMI it also became a minor hit. In the Spring of 1972, they began work on a new album, Romany. This veered more towards country-rock, with the title track and Won’t We Feel Good among the highlights. Without Allan Clarke’s distinctive vocals, it lacked that usual Hollies sound. With its country-rock leanings it’s no real surprise that it sold better in the States, where it crept to No 84. It didn’t make the UK Album Charts at all. In November 1972, their fortunes nosedived when Magic Touch Woman became their first single to fail to enter the UK Top 40, although it did reach No 60 in the US, where it had been preceded by a Top 30 US-only 45 from Distant Light, entitled Long Dark Road. They reached their lowest ebb when neither Polydor in the UK or Epic in the US would issue their next album, Out On The Road, which consequently only appeared in Germany. Perhaps its main significance was for the inclusion of a rare Bobby Elliot composition, Transatlantic Westbound Jet. In an attempt to revive their fortunes it was decided to invite Allan Clarke to rejoin the band. Clarke’s two solo albums had met with little success and finding himself in the wilderness, he accepted the proposition. He reached a new agreement which allowed him to make solo albums alongside the group’s work. So in the Summer of 1973 he rejoined the band and Mikael Rickfors returned to Sweden where he subsequently became a successful solo performer. The search was on for an epic single to re-establish the band, which hadn’t enjoyed a UK Top 20 hit for three years, as a commercial success. Allan Clarke’s The Day That Curly Billy Shot Down Crazy Sam McGhee, a song very much in the mould of his earlier Long Cool Woman…, got the vote and reached No 24 in the UK. They started work on a new album titled simply Hollies, which included several re-recordings of songs from their earlier Out On The Road album, which hadn’t been issued in the UK. It also included a song from a recent Phil Everly album, The Air That I Breathe, a powerful ballad which was ideally suited to their harmony vocal style. When they decided to issue it as a 45 it shot to No 2 in the UK becoming the epic single they had yearned for. The success of the single helped the album’s sales and it reached No 38 in the UK and No 28 in the US, where The Air That I Breathe climbed to No 6 earning them another gold disk. However, their Chart comeback was to prove short-lived for their subsequent efforts, Son Of A Rotten Gambler(also in the Long Cool Woman mould) and I’m Down flopped. In the US they enjoyed minor hits with an edited version of Bruce Springsteen’s Sandy (No 85) and the title track from their next album, Another Night (No 71). Both missed the UK Charts and neither of their 1976 albums (Write On and Russian Roulette) nor the singles from them charted anywhere at all! Still this durable band went on and on… well beyond the time span of this volume. They enjoyed further successes in the late seventies – notably the live LP, The Hollies Live Hits, recorded live on stage in Christchurch, New Zealand, which was originally only issued in Europe and Australasia but reached No 4 when it got a British release in 1977. They recorded throughout the eighties, too, and in the Autumn of 1988 He Ain’t Heavy, He’s My Brother topped the UK Charts after it had figured in a UK Miller Lite Beer TV commercial. Compilation appearances have included: On A Carousel on Made In England, Vol. 2 (CD); King Midas In Reverse and Maker on Psychedelia At Abbey Road (CD); Searchin’ on Twist A La Star Club (LP); Come On Backon Beat At Abbey Road (CD); Searchin’ and Stay on Hits Of The Mersey Era, Vol. 1 (LP); Wings on No One’s Gonna Change Our World (Regal Starline ) 1970; Carrie-Anne on Stardust; and Dear Eloise on Psychedelic Dream. EMI’s 1988 double album anthology included all their hit singles as well as an album of rare tracks. Certainly many of those singles are well worth a listen – for The Hollies were Britain’s third most popular sixties group with only The Beatles and The Rolling Stones ahead of them. Their consistency speaks volumes for them – between 1963 and 1974 they had only one single which failed to make the UK Charts. Undoubtedly they produced some of the finest harmony-pop singles to come out of the UK in this era. ~ Vernon Joynson/Barry Margolis Tracks played on Psychedelicized… From singles or unreleased: Tomorrow When It Comes (Originally Unreleased – 1967) From the 1966 album Would You Believe? I Can’t Let Go From the 1967 album Evolution Then The Heartaches Begin Ye Olde Toffee Shoppe From the 1967 album Butterfly Would You Believe From the 1967 album Dear Eloise/King Midas in Reverse Elevated Observations From the compilation The Hollies At Abbey Road 1966-1970 All The World Is Love King Midas In Reverse We broadcast using Shoutcast Use player of your choice CLICK HERE to get Livestream URL for Media Players or Direct Streaming Mad Psychedelic! Two Different Shows Every Weekend Cosmic Colin Returns this Saturday 12. January 2019! 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__label__wiki	0.700775	0.700775	Cougar Basketball Team Drops First Game of the Season The Genesee Community College men's basketball team lost its first game of the season to Sullivan Community College, 64-79, in the first round of the Cayuga Holiday Tournament on Saturday. Twenty turnovers by the Cougars led to 24 points for Sullivan. Don Juan Tyson scored 20 points, Gari Fields added 15 points and eight rebounds, and Antonio Mullins chipped in with 13 points and nine boards. The Cougars bounced back to win in the consolation game over the host school, 73-61. Tyson tallied 24 points, four assists and four steals to lead GCC. He was named to the all-tournament team. Fields contributed a double-double with 19 points and 11 caroms. Mullins scored 15 points and pulled down seven rebounds. The Cougars are now 5-1 overall and head to Port Huron, Michigan for the St. Clair Holiday Tournament next weekend.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line86
__label__wiki	0.651594	0.651594	Completion in Sight for Genesee Community College Athletic Upgrades Completion dates are in sight for the new soccer/lacrosse field, as well as upgrades in the Batavia Campus’ Anthony T. Zambito Gymnasium and locker rooms, Vice President for Finance and Operations Kevin P. Completion dates are in sight for the new soccer/lacrosse field, as well as upgrades in the Batavia Campus’ Anthony T. Zambito Gymnasium and locker rooms, Vice President for Finance and Operations Kevin P. Hamilton reported to the Board of Trustees Monday evening. The artificial turf has been installed in the new soccer/lacrosse field, located at the west end of the Batavia Campus parking lot, Mr. Hamilton reported. The blacktop area and seeding of the grassy area is complete. Work remains on the shut-off water valve and fencing. The field will be available for springtime use, Mr. Hamilton said. Work is also progressing well in the Zambito Gymnasium. The new floor is “curing” until January 24. Speakers will be installed later this week and the sound system full operable by the second week of December. Bleachers will also be fully installed by the second week of December, Mr. Hamilton said. Rough plumbing, ventilation, electric, and duct work in the third floor locker room will be completed by the middle of this month, and most construction completed by January 1. The College expects lockers to be installed by mid-January. These are the first upgrades to the athletic facilities since the Batavia Campus was built in the early 1970s, Mr. Hamilton said. “These facilities will serve our students for the next generation,” he told trustees. “We are looking forward to the completion of the project on time and on budget.” In other business, the Board of Trustees: •Authorized President Stuart Steiner to retain the architectural firm of Joy, McCoola and Zilch to create architectural drawings and specifications for the College’s new art gallery. Joy, McCoola and Zilch, based in Glens Falls, NY, is known throughout the nation for higher education architecture. Genesee’s Conable Technology Building, designed by JMZ, won an architectural award several years after it was constructed. •Authorized Vice President for Finance and Operations Kevin Hamilton to issue a $25,000 change order for redesigned electric service to the new soccer/lacrosse field. Under the change order, electric service would be bundled with other campus electric service, rather than coming from the road as originally planned. By using existing campus service, Genesee will obtain electricity at a lower rate. •Heard Trustee Charles R. Ruffino report that he recently attended the annual conference of the Association of Community College Trustees. Mr. Ruffino provided trustees with information about the federal government’s $12 billion community college initiative that was presented at the conference. Mr. Ruffino also noted that California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger addressed the conference. Gov. Schwarzenegger, a community college graduate himself spoke eloquently about the role of community colleges, Mr. Ruffino said. •Heard Vice President for Human Resources and Planning Larene Hoelcle report that Genesee is well-prepared to deal with cases of the H1N1 virus. Dr. Hoelcle told trustees that a College-wide H1N1 Planning Committee has been educating the college community about flu prevention and flu safety for the last three months through posters, table tents, e-mail reminders, and educational presentations. The College also has mounted hand sanitizers across campus and college nurses have created over 70 flu kits for distribution as “care packages” for students who become ill.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line87
__label__wiki	0.876243	0.876243	NYC to terminate Trump contracts after Capitol insurrection By KAREN MATTHEWS \| Wed, January 13, 2021 04:42 EST NEW YORK (AP) — New York City will terminate business contracts with President Donald Trump after last week's insurrection at the U.S. Capitol, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced Wednesday. “I’m here to announce that the city of New York is severing all contracts with the Trump Organization,” de Blasio said in an interview on MSNBC. De Blasio said the Trump Organization earns about $17 million a year in profits from its contracts to run two ice skating rinks and a carousel in Central Park as well as a golf course in the Bronx. The city can legally terminate a contract if the leadership of a company is engaged in criminal activity, the Democratic mayor said. “Inciting an insurrection — let’s be very clear, let’s say the words again — inciting an insurrection against the United States government clearly constitutes criminal activity," he said. A Trump Organization spokesperson said the city can't cancel the contracts. “The City of New York has no legal right to end our contracts and if they elect to proceed, they will owe The Trump Organization over $30 million dollars," the spokesperson said in an emailed statement. "This is nothing more than political discrimination, an attempt to infringe on the First Amendment and we plan to fight vigorously.” The move to end Trump's business contracts in the city he formerly called home is the latest example of how the Jan. 6 breach by violent Trump supporters is affecting the Republican president’s business interests. The PGA of America voted Sunday to take the PGA Championship away from his New Jersey golf course next year, a move that came after social media platforms disabled Trump’s accounts and Shopify took down online stores affiliated with him. De Blasio had said earlier that the city was examining its legal options to end the Trump contracts. He said Wednesday that city lawyers determined that if Trump sues over the move, the city would win. Trump “incited a mob to attack the Capitol,” de Blasio said, adding, “the lawyers looked at it and it was just as clear as a bell that’s grounds for severing these contracts and we’re moving to do that right away.” Jim Johnson, the head of the city law department, said the PGA's move to cut ties with Trump gives the city additional grounds to terminate the golf course contract. “One of the reasons that he was given that contract was his ability to attract major golf tournaments,” Johnson said at a briefing with the mayor. After the PGA's action last weekend, Johnson said, “we’re entitled to and are invoking our provisions, our right to declare him in default." The split with Trump's namesake company won't happen immediately, though. De Blasio said in a news release that terminating contract to run the Ferry Point golf course in the Bronx is complex “and is expected to take a number of months.” Termination of the contract to run Wollman Rink and Lasker Rink in Central Park will take effect 30 days after written notice is delivered, de Blasio said. Termination of the contract to run the carousel, which is now closed because of the coronavirus pandemic, will take effect 25 days after written notice. The city will seek new vendors for all the attractions, the mayor said. Removing the Trump name from the rinks, carousel and golf course won't erase him from New York City. He will still operate Trump Tower on Manhattan's Fifth Avenue and the Trump International Hotel on Central Park West. Trump moved his official residence from Trump Tower to Florida in 2019.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line90
__label__wiki	0.806473	0.806473	You are at:Home»Current News»Sports»What You Need To Know Before The NBA Season 2016/2017 Starts By Christoffer Kjellberg on October 20, 2016 Sports The upcoming NBA season will begin on October 25 and after witnessing one of the most memorable Finals series in NBA history where the Cleveland Cavaliers came back from a 3-1 deficit against the Golden State Warriors, this season will definitely be worth watching. Last year, we witnessed history being made with the first ever 3-1 comeback in NBA Finals history and the Cavaliers first championship in their 46 years old franchise history. Even though Steph Curry’s Warriors did not win the championship, Golden State Warriors set the record for most regular wins in a single season when they finished with 73 wins and only lost 9 games. The offseason has been filled with player transfers. The league’s most valuable player in 2014, Kevin Durant has packed his suitcase and moved from Oklahoma to the San Francisco area to play for the Golden State Warriors. Here is my biggest offseason additions and losses for the three Californian teams that will make the 2016/2017 season one for the history books. Los Angeles Lakers – Can It Get Any Worse? This season will be the first time in twenty-years that the Los Angeles Lakers will not have Kobe Bryant on the court. Bryant retirement from professional basketball was one of the most emotional moment last season. Bryant scored 60 points in his final game for the Lakers which was the most points scored in a single game last season. With one of NBA’s greatest player now gone, the Lakers have made some interesting offseason trades. Lakers signed the Cavaliers center, Timofey Mozgov on a four-year worth $64 million. A extremely expensive contract but I guess the Lakers don’t know what to do will all their money now when they don’t have to pay Kobe Bryant his yearly salary of $25 million dollars. The Lakers biggest offseason addition was their new coach Luke Walton. He was the Golden State Warriors assistant coach to Steve Kerr for the previous two seasons. Prior to last season, Walton was appointed as the Warriors interim head coach when Steve Kerr had to leave of absence to rehabilitate his back. Waltons coached the Warriors to the best start in league history, with winning the first 24 games. Walton is a young enthusiastic coach with a short but extremely good record and the fact that he has won 2 championships as a player for the Lakers makes it an even greater addition. (Jim Rogash/Getty Images) Back when Kobe Bryant & Luke Walton won back-to-back championships Golden State Warriors – Another Superstar Joins Golden State Warriors players and fans may still be having nightmares about the last NBA Finals. The Warriors had some big offseason losses which included four players from the 2014/2015 championship squad. Harrison Barnes and the big Australian guard Andrew Bogut both went to Dallas. The Brazilian shooting guard, Leandro Barbosa left to Phoenix and Marreese Speights is now playing for the Los Angeles Clippers. However, the Golden State Warriors managed to sign Kevin Durant on a two-year deal for $54.3 million. Kevin Durant is considered one of the three best players in the league. With Kevin Durant, Steph Curry, Klay Thompson, and Draymond Green as their starters, I am wondering how anyone can stop this team. Durant’s Oklahoma Thunders lost last year to the Warriors in the Conference finals. Durant decision to join the Warriors after being in Oklahoma for 9 years is a very weak move due to the fact that Durant signed for the Warriors only a few weeks after Thunders blow a 3-1 lead against them. Joining your Conferences biggest competitor is a extremely weak move for being a NBA superstar. (Andrew D. Bernstein/NBAE/Getty Images) If you can’t beat them, join them. This year will be Durant’s best chance to win his first NBA Championship Los Angeles Clippers – Have To Avoid Injures This Season The Los Angeles Clippers finished 4th in the Western Conference last year, which considered a solid regular season for the Clippers. However, after losing in the first round of playoffs to the Portland Trail Blazers, the Clippers should be very disappointed. An unlucky season for the fans when the two stars Chris Paul and Blake Griffin sustained season-ending injuries during the playoffs period. The Clippers have managed to keep the same starting squad and just switched some experienced bench players. They should be able to reach the Western Conference semifinals this year if their players manages to stay healthy. Blake Griffin needs to step up his game on and off the court. The power forward has to control his temper this season. The Clippers can’t afford to have him suspended or injured anymore this season. Last season, Griffin suffered from a hand fracture after hitting a member of the team’s equipment staff in the face during an argument. It took him around 2 months to recover and then Clippers also suspended him for four games. If the Clippers want to be considered a top team in the Western Conference, Griffin has to start behaving like a professional athlete on and off the court. No more throwing punches at staff members and more dunks this season, please! Predictions – The Golden State Warriors will easily win the regular season in the Western Conference. I also predict the Los Angeles Clippers will finish third. The Los Angeles Lakers should just focus on winning more games than last years embarrassing number of 17 wins. That is approximately one win every fifth game. I am confident that Luke Walton will improve the Lakers organization in many ways this season, last year was an embarrassment for the franchise. Basketball Blake Griffin Clippers Kevin Durant Kobe Bryant Lakers Luke Walton NBA sports Stephen Curry Warriors Christoffer Kjellberg Christoffer Kjellberg is a Business Entrepreneurship & Marketing major at Antioch University of Santa Barbara. Born and raised in Stockholm, he decided to start living a life abroad after his high school graduation. For the last five years, he has been living in Australia and California which has broaden his cultural understanding and he is always looking for more global experiences. Apart from enjoying other cultures and socializing around the globe, he lives and breathes soccer & golf. Therefore, he wants to pursue a career that involves his two biggest passions, marketing & sports. A Day in the Life of a Full-time Student and Race Car Driver	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line98
__label__wiki	0.511417	0.511417	Old Movies – Free & Full Huge selection of classical full movies totally for free to watch on your computer, mobile device or tv screen (Chromecast) The Joker Is Wild (1957) December 12, 2018 December 12, 2018 George 2h 6min. // Set in Chicago in the late 1920s, during the days of Prohibition, the film tells the story of Joe E. Lewis (played by Frank Sinatra), a rising singer of the Club 777, a speakeasy owned by Georgie Parker, known for his ties with the mob. Lewis’ life turns upside down when he leaves Georgie and accepts the offer of another club owner who gives him more money. His decision almost cost his life as a couple of Parker’s men attack him badly, fracturing his skull and cutting his throat. Miraculously, he survives the aggression, but the wounds end his career as a singer. Bleak, he starts working as a clown in low rated vaudeville acts. But suddenly, he returns to the spotlight when his old friend Sophie Tucker makes him sing on stage with her. With his voice damaged, he can’t hit the high notes, so he uses his acerbic and sharp sense of humor to disarm the audience and he realizes his talent for comedy. Soon, Lewis makes a great career as a comedian, but his drinking problems and his self-destructive behaviour lead him to question his life. Based on Art Cohn’s biography The Life of Joe. E. Lewis, The Joker is Wild is one of the most memorable Frank Sinatra’s films. Directed by: Charles Vidor Writing Credits: Oscar Saul (screenplay), Art Cohn (book) Starring: Frank Sinatra (as Joe E. Lewis), Mitzi Gaynor (as Martha Stewart), Jeanne Crain (as Letty Page) and Eddie Albert (as Austin Mack) Enjoy The Movie! WON. Academy Awards, USA 1958. Best Music, Original Song for “All the Way”. Jimmy Van Heusen (music) and Sammy Cahn (lyrics). NOMINATED. Writers Guild of America (WGA), USA 1958. Best Written American Musical. Oscar Saul. drama, musical, Slideshow permalink Pocketful Of Miracles (1961) This Above All (1942) Download our App from Google Play Nanook Of The North (1922) [Silent Movie] Night Train to Paris (1964) And So They Were Married (1936) Fourteen Hours (1951) Apps4Chromecast en Español \| Apps4Chromecast in English \| Apps for Hue Lights in English	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line99
__label__wiki	0.917454	0.917454	Thursdays 8:00 PM on ABC Grey's Anatomy News Grey's Anatomy Reviews Grey's Anatomy Spoilers Grey's Anatomy Watch Online Grey's Anatomy Music Grey's Anatomy Episode Guide Grey's Anatomy Quotes Grey's Anatomy Cast Grey's Anatomy Pictures Grey's Anatomy Videos Grey's Anatomy Caption Contests Grey's Anatomy Round Tables Follow Grey's Anatomy Grey's Anatomy Facebook Grey's Anatomy Twitter Artist: Keri Noble Grey's Anatomy Season 5 Episode 15: "Before and After" Emily Lyrics Somebody tell her that she can't carry it all It's getting hard to pretend we're not watching her fall Why doesn't she always give more than she's got She think the world's gonna stop but it's not She's letting everything in trouble is that it's gotta come out Emily, leave it with me under the stairs under a box 'til your safe an' sound, Emily Somebody tell her she's just fooling herself She thinks she's just fighting the shadow of somebody else Doesn't she notice how much she's lost It's like she's nailing herself to a cross Listen to me this is crazy it's all got to stop Burning bright you are like a falling star **** Listen on iTunes **** MEREDITH: "You don't get to call me a whore. When I met you, I thought I had found the person that I was going to spend the rest of my life with. I was done! All the boys and all the bars and all the obvious daddy issues, who cares? I was done. You left me. You chose Addison. I'm all glued back together now. I make no apologies for how I chose to repair what you broke. You don't get to call me a whore." DEREK: "This thing with us is finished. It's over." MEREDITH: "Finally." DEREK: "Yeah, it's done." MEREDITH: "It is done." Permalink: You don't get to call me a whore. When I met you, I thought I h... Arizona: Oh my God! I mean, I understand why you're into her. She's hot. Wait, she likes you? Nathan: What? I mean, I'm going to try not to be offended at that. Arizona: No, no, no. It's just that Derek was, Derek was epic for her. They were the great love story. I mean, that girl's heart beat for Derek Shepherd. It just, it never occurred to me that she would ever be with anyone else. He was perfect. He was everything. That man turned her world. It, I spooked you. Don't be spooked. Permalink: No, no, no. It's just that Derek was, Derek was epic for her. They were the great love story.... You Know I'm No Good Amy Winehouse iTunes Worrisome Heart Melody Gardot Help I'm Alive Metric iTunes Grey's Anatomy Shouldn't Have Brought Back Dr. Teddy Altman TV Characters Who Are Definitely on Santa's Naughty List Grey's Anatomy Round Table: Mer's Surge, Teddy's Gall, & More! Grey's Anatomy Photos Grey's Anatomy Promo: Meredith Does Community Service! Grey's Anatomy Season Finale Promo: DeLuca in Cuffs! Grey's Anatomy Promo: Rom-Com Goodness!	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line100
__label__wiki	0.778997	0.778997	Hittite Old Kingdom Get Hittite Old Kingdom essential facts below. View Videos or join the Hittite Old Kingdom discussion. Add Hittite Old Kingdom to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. ancient Anatolian people and their empire Kingdom of Hattusa ?a-at-tu-?a c. 1680 BC-c. 1178 BC Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent, with Hittite rule ca. 1350-1300 BC represented by the green line. Hattusa, Tar?untaa (under the reign of Muwatalli II) Hittite, Hattic, Luwian, Akkadian Hittite mythology and religion Absolute monarchy (Old Kingdom) Constitutional monarchy (Middle and New Kingdom)[1] o c. 1680 BC Labarna I (first) o c. 1207-1178 BC ?uppiluliuma II (last) o Established c. 1680 BC o Disestablished Kanesh Third Eblaite Kingdom Syro-Hittite states Today part of The Great Temple in the inner city of Hattusa The Hittites were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1680-1650 BCE.[2] This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under ?uppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Empire of Hattusa, conventionally called the Hittite Empire, came into conflict with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empire and the empire of the Mitanni for control of the Near East. The Middle Assyrian Empire eventually emerged as the dominant power and annexed much of the Hittite Empire, while the remainder was sacked by Phrygian newcomers to the region. After c. 1180 BC, during the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Hittites splintered into several independent Syro-Hittite states, some of which survived until the eighth century BC before succumbing to the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Hittite language was a distinct member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, and along with the closely related Luwian language, is the oldest historically attested Indo-European language,[3] referred to by its speakers as ne?ili "in the language of Nesa". The Hittites called their country the Kingdom of Hattusa (Hatti in Akkadian), a name received from the Hattians, an earlier people who inhabited the region until the beginning of the second millennium BC and spoke an unrelated language known as Hattic.[4] The conventional name "Hittites" is due to their initial identification with the Biblical Hittites in 19th century archaeology. The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their kingdom, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt and the Middle East, the decipherment of which was also a key event in the history of Indo-European studies. The development of iron smelting was once attributed to the Hittites of Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, with their success largely based on the advantages of a monopoly on ironworking at the time. But the view of such a "Hittite monopoly" has come under scrutiny and is no longer a scholarly consensus.[5] As part of the Late-Bronze-Age/Early-Iron-Age, the Late Bronze Age collapse saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region. While there are some iron objects from Bronze Age Anatolia, the number is comparable to iron objects found in Egypt and other places during the period; and only a small number of these objects are weapons.[6] Hittites did not use smelted iron, but rather meteorites.[7] The Hittite military made successful use of chariots.[8] In classical times, ethnic Hittite dynasties survived in small kingdoms scattered around what is now Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. Lacking a unifying continuity, their descendants scattered and ultimately merged into the modern populations of the Levant, Turkey and Mesopotamia.[9] During the 1920s, interest in the Hittites increased with the founding of Turkey and attracted the attention of Turkish archaeologists such as Halet Çambel and Tahsin Özgüç. During this period, the new field of Hittitology also influenced the naming of Turkish institutions, such as the state-owned Etibank ("Hittite bank"),[10] and the foundation of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, 200 kilometers west of the Hittite capital and housing the most comprehensive exhibition of Hittite art and artifacts in the world. Archaeological discovery One of the Alaca Höyük bronze standards from a pre-Hittite tomb dating to the third millennium BC, from the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century B.C.E. Biblical background Before the archeological discoveries that revealed the Hittite civilization, the only source of information about the Hittites had been the Old Testament. Francis William Newman expressed the critical view, common in the early 19th century, that, "no Hittite king could have compared in power to the King of Judah...".[11] As the discoveries in the second half of the 19th century revealed the scale of the Hittite kingdom, Archibald Sayce asserted that, rather than being compared to Judah, the Anatolian civilization "[was] worthy of comparison to the divided Kingdom of Egypt", and was "infinitely more powerful than that of Judah".[12] Sayce and other scholars also noted that Judah and the Hittites were never enemies in the Hebrew texts; in the Book of Kings, they supplied the Israelites with cedar, chariots, and horses, and in the Book of Genesis were friends and allies to Abraham. Uriah the Hittite was a captain in King David's army and counted as one of his "mighty men" in 1 Chronicles 11. Initial discoveries French scholar Charles Texier found the first Hittite ruins in 1834 but did not identify them as such.[10][13] The first archaeological evidence for the Hittites appeared in tablets found at the karum of Kanesh (now called Kültepe), containing records of trade between Assyrian merchants and a certain "land of Hatti". Some names in the tablets were neither Hattic nor Assyrian, but clearly Indo-European.[14] The script on a monument at Bo?azkale by a "People of Hattusas" discovered by William Wright in 1884 was found to match peculiar hieroglyphic scripts from Aleppo and Hama in Northern Syria. In 1887, excavations at Amarna in Egypt uncovered the diplomatic correspondence of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and his son, Akhenaten. Two of the letters from a "kingdom of Kheta"--apparently located in the same general region as the Mesopotamian references to "land of Hatti"--were written in standard Akkadian cuneiform, but in an unknown language; although scholars could interpret its sounds, no one could understand it. Shortly after this, Sayce proposed that Hatti or Khatti in Anatolia was identical with the "kingdom of Kheta" mentioned in these Egyptian texts, as well as with the biblical Hittites. Others, such as Max Müller, agreed that Khatti was probably Kheta, but proposed connecting it with Biblical Kittim rather than with the Biblical Hittites. Sayce's identification came to be widely accepted over the course of the early 20th century; and the name "Hittite" has become attached to the civilization uncovered at Bo?azköy.[] Hattusa Rampant. During sporadic excavations at Bo?azköy (Hattusa) that began in 1906, the archaeologist Hugo Winckler found a royal archive with 10,000 tablets, inscribed in cuneiform Akkadian and the same unknown language as the Egyptian letters from Kheta--thus confirming the identity of the two names. He also proved that the ruins at Bo?azköy were the remains of the capital of an empire that, at one point, controlled northern Syria. Under the direction of the German Archaeological Institute, excavations at Hattusa have been under way since 1907, with interruptions during the world wars. Kültepe was successfully excavated by Professor Tahsin Özgüç from 1948 until his death in 2005. Smaller scale excavations have also been carried out in the immediate surroundings of Hattusa, including the rock sanctuary of Yaz?l?kaya, which contains numerous rock reliefs portraying the Hittite rulers and the gods of the Hittite pantheon. The Hittites used a variation of cuneiform called Hittite cuneiform. Archaeological expeditions to Hattusa have discovered entire sets of royal archives on cuneiform tablets, written either in Akkadian, the diplomatic language of the time, or in the various dialects of the Hittite confederation.[15] The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, Turkey houses the richest collection of Hittite and Anatolian artifacts. Drinking cup in the shape of a fist; 1400-1380 BC. Ceremonial vessels in the shape of sacred bulls, called Hurri (Day) and Seri (Night) found in Hattusa, Hittite Old Kingdom (16th century BC) Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. The Hittite kingdom was centred on the lands surrounding Hattusa and Ne?a (Kültepe), known as "the land Hatti" (URUHa-at-ti). After Hattusa was made capital, the area encompassed by the bend of the K?z?l?rmak River (Hittite Marassantiya) was considered the core of the Empire, and some Hittite laws make a distinction between "this side of the river" and "that side of the river". For example, the reward for the capture of an escaped slave after he managed to flee beyond the Halys is higher than that for a slave caught before he could reach the river. To the west and south of the core territory lay the region known as Luwiya in the earliest Hittite texts. This terminology was replaced by the names Arzawa and Kizzuwatna with the rise of those kingdoms.[16] Nevertheless, the Hittites continued to refer to the language that originated in these areas as Luwian. Prior to the rise of Kizzuwatna, the heart of that territory in Cilicia was first referred to by the Hittites as Adaniya.[17] Upon its revolt from the Hittites during the reign of Ammuna,[18] it assumed the name of Kizzuwatna and successfully expanded northward to encompass the lower Anti-Taurus Mountains as well. To the north, lived the mountainous people called the Kaskians. To the southeast of the Hittites lay the Hurrian empire of Mitanni. At its peak, during the reign of Mur?ili II, the Hittite empire stretched from Arzawa in the west to Mitanni in the east, many of the Kaskian territories to the north including Hayasa-Azzi in the far north-east, and on south into Canaan approximately as far as the southern border of Lebanon, incorporating all of these territories within its domain. Bull-leaping scene in Hüseyindede vases belongs to Early Hittite, approximately 1650 BC. Map of Indo-European migrations from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan model. The Anatolian migration probably took place across the Balkans. The magenta area corresponds to the assumed Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture). The dark orange area corresponds to the area that may have been settled by Indo-European-speaking peoples up to c. 2500 BC, and the lighter orange area by 1000 BC. It is generally assumed that the Hittites came into Anatolia some time before 2000 BC. While their earlier location is disputed, it has been speculated by scholars for more than a century that the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, in present-day Ukraine, around the Sea of Azov, spoke an early Indo-European language during the third and fourth millennia BC.[19] The arrival of the Hittites in Anatolia in the Bronze Age was one of a superstrate imposing itself on a native culture (in this case over the pre-existing Hattians and Hurrians), either by means of conquest or by gradual assimilation.[20][21] In archaeological terms, relationships of the Hittites to the Ezero culture of the Balkans and Maykop culture of the Caucasus have been considered within the migration framework.[22] The Indo-European element at least establishes Hittite culture as intrusive to Anatolia in scholarly mainstream (excepting the opinions of Colin Renfrew,[23][24] whose Anatolian hypothesis assumes that Indo-European is indigenous to Anatolia, and, more recently, Quentin Atkinson[25]).[21] According to Anthony, steppe herders, archaic Proto-Indo-European speakers, spread into the lower Danube valley about 4200-4000 BC, either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of Old Europe.[26] Their languages "probably included archaic Proto-Indo-European dialects of the kind partly preserved later in Anatolian."[27] Their descendants later moved into Anatolia at an unknown time but maybe as early as 3000 BC.[28] According to J. P. Mallory it is likely that the Anatolians reached the Near East from the north either via the Balkans or the Caucasus in the 3rd millennium BC.[29] According to Parpola, the appearance of Indo-European speakers from Europe into Anatolia, and the appearance of Hittite, is related to later migrations of Proto-Indo-European speakers from the Yamnaya culture into the Danube Valley at c. 2800 BC,[30][31] which is in line with the "customary" assumption that the Anatolian Indo-European language was introduced into Anatolia sometime in the third millennium BC.[32] Their movement into the region may have set off a Near East mass migration sometime around 1900 BC.[] The dominant indigenous inhabitants in central Anatolia at the time were Hurrians and Hattians who spoke non-Indo-European languages. Some have argued that Hattic was a Northwest Caucasian language, but its affiliation remains uncertain, whilst the Hurrian language was a near-isolate (i.e. it was one of only two or three languages in the Hurro-Urartian family). There were also Assyrian colonies in the region during the Old Assyrian Empire (2025-1750 BC); it was from the Assyrian speakers of Upper Mesopotamia that the Hittites adopted the cuneiform script. It took some time before the Hittites established themselves following the collapse of the Old Assyrian Empire in the mid-18th century BC, as is clear from some of the texts included here. For several centuries there were separate Hittite groups, usually centered on various cities. But then strong rulers with their center in Hattusa (modern Bo?azkale) succeeded in bringing these together and conquering large parts of central Anatolia to establish the Hittite kingdom.[33] Early Period The Sphinx Gate (Alaca Höyük, Çorum, Turkey) Reliefs and Hieroglyphs from Chamber 2 at Hattusa built and decorated by ?uppiluliuma II, the last king of the Hittites. Hittite chariot, from an Egyptian relief The early history of the Hittite kingdom is known through tablets that may first have been written in the 18th century BC,[34] possibly in Hittite;[35] but survived only as Akkadian copies made in the 14th and 13th centuries BC. These reveal a rivalry within two branches of the royal family up to the Middle Kingdom; a northern branch first based in Zalpuwa and secondarily Hattusa, and a southern branch based in Kussara (still not found) and the former Assyrian colony of Kanesh. These are distinguishable by their names; the northerners retained language isolate Hattian names, and the southerners adopted Indo-European Hittite and Luwian names.[36] Zalpuwa first attacked Kanesh under Uhna in 1833 BC.[37] One set of tablets, known collectively as the Anitta text,[38] begin by telling how Pithana the king of Kussara conquered neighbouring Ne?a (Kanesh).[39] However, the real subject of these tablets is Pithana's son Anitta (r. 1745-1720 BC),[40] who continued where his father left off and conquered several northern cities: including Hattusa, which he cursed, and also Zalpuwa. This was likely propaganda for the southern branch of the royal family, against the northern branch who had fixed on Hattusa as capital.[41] Another set, the Tale of Zalpuwa, supports Zalpuwa and exonerates the later ?attu?ili I from the charge of sacking Kanesh.[41] Anitta was succeeded by Zuzzu (r. 1720-1710 BC);[40] but sometime in 1710-1705 BC, Kanesh was destroyed, taking the long-established Assyrian merchant trading system with it.[37] A Kussaran noble family survived to contest the Zalpuwan/Hattusan family, though whether these were of the direct line of Anitta is uncertain.[42] Meanwhile, the lords of Zalpa lived on. Huzziya I, descendant of a Huzziya of Zalpa, took over Hatti. His son-in-law Labarna I, a southerner from Hurma (now Kalburabast?) usurped the throne but made sure to adopt Huzziya's grandson ?attu?ili as his own son and heir. Hattusa ramp The founding of the Hittite Kingdom is attributed to either Labarna I or Hattusili I (the latter might also have had Labarna as a personal name),[43] who conquered the area south and north of Hattusa. Hattusili I campaigned as far as the Semitic Amorite kingdom of Yamkhad in Syria, where he attacked, but did not capture, its capital of Aleppo. Hattusili I did eventually capture Hattusa and was credited for the foundation of the Hittite Empire. According to The Edict of Telepinu, dating to the 16th century BC, "Hattusili was king, and his sons, brothers, in-laws, family members, and troops were all united. Wherever he went on campaign he controlled the enemy land with force. He destroyed the lands one after the other, took away their power, and made them the borders of the sea. When he came back from campaign, however, each of his sons went somewhere to a country, and in his hand the great cities prospered. But, when later the princes' servants became corrupt, they began to devour the properties, conspired constantly against their masters, and began to shed their blood." This excerpt from the edict is supposed to illustrate the unification, growth, and prosperity of the Hittites under his rule. It also illustrates the corruption of "the princes", believed to be his sons. The lack of sources leads to uncertainty of how the corruption was addressed. On Hattusili I's deathbed, he chose his grandson, Mursuli I, as his heir.[44]Mursili I conquered that city in a campaign against the Amorites in 1595 BC (middle chronology). The ?nand?k vase also known as Hüseyindede vases, a Hittite four-handled large terracota vase with scenes in relief depicting a sacred wedding ceremony, mid 17th century BC. ?nand?ktepe, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. Also in 1595 BC, Mursili I (or Murshilish I) conducted a great raid down the Euphrates River, bypassing Assyria, and captured Mari and Babylonia, ejecting the Amorite founders of the Babylonian state in the process. However, internal dissension forced a withdrawal of troops to the Hittite homelands. Throughout the remainder of the 16th century BC, the Hittite kings were held to their homelands by dynastic quarrels and warfare with the Hurrians--their neighbours to the east.[45] Also the campaigns into Amurru (modern Syria) and southern Mesopotamia may be responsible for the reintroduction of cuneiform writing into Anatolia, since the Hittite script is quite different from that of the preceding Assyrian Colonial period. Mursili continued the conquests of Hattusili I. Mursili's conquests reached southern Mesopotamia and even ransacked Babylon itself in 1531 BC (short chronology).[46] Rather than incorporate Babylonia into Hittite domains, Mursili seems to have instead turned control of Babylonia over to his Kassite allies, who were to rule it for the next four centuries. This lengthy campaign strained the resources of Hatti, and left the capital in a state of near-anarchy. Mursili was assassinated shortly after his return home, and the Hittite Kingdom was plunged into chaos. The Hurrians (under the control of an Indo-Aryan Mitanni ruling class), a people living in the mountainous region along the upper Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern south east Turkey, took advantage of the situation to seize Aleppo and the surrounding areas for themselves, as well as the coastal region of Adaniya, renaming it Kizzuwatna (later Cilicia). Following this, the Hittites entered a weak phase of obscure records, insignificant rulers, and reduced domains. This pattern of expansion under strong kings followed by contraction under weaker ones, was to be repeated over and over through the Hittite Kingdom's 500-year history, making events during the waning periods difficult to reconstruct. The political instability of these years of the Old Hittite Kingdom can be explained in part by the nature of the Hittite kingship at that time. During the Old Hittite Kingdom prior to 1400 BC, the king of the Hittites was not viewed by his subjects as a "living god" like the Pharaohs of Egypt, but rather as a first among equals.[47] Only in the later period from 1400 BC until 1200 BC did the Hittite kingship become more centralized and powerful. Also in earlier years the succession was not legally fixed, enabling "War of the Roses" style rivalries between northern and southern branches. The next monarch of note following Mursili I was Telepinu (c. 1500 BC), who won a few victories to the southwest, apparently by allying himself with one Hurrian state (Kizzuwatna) against another (Mitanni). Telepinu also attempted to secure the lines of succession.[48] Twelve Hittite gods of the Underworld in the nearby Yaz?l?kaya, a sanctuary of Hattusa The last monarch of the Old kingdom, Telepinu, reigned until about 1500 BC. Telepinu's reign marked the end of the "Old Kingdom" and the beginning of the lengthy weak phase known as the "Middle Kingdom".[49] The period of the 15th century BC is largely unknown with very sparse surviving records.[50] Part of the reason for both the weakness and the obscurity is that the Hittites were under constant attack, mainly from the Kaska, a non-Indo-European people settled along the shores of the Black Sea. The capital once again went on the move, first to Sapinuwa and then to Samuha. There is an archive in Sapinuwa, but it has not been adequately translated to date. It segues into the "Hittite Empire period" proper, which dates from the reign of Tudhaliya I from c. 1430 BC. One innovation that can be credited to these early Hittite rulers is the practice of conducting treaties and alliances with neighboring states; the Hittites were thus among the earliest known pioneers in the art of international politics and diplomacy. This is also when the Hittite religion adopted several gods and rituals from the Hurrians. Tudhaliya IV (relief in Hattusa) Hittite monument, an exact replica of monument from Fas?llar in Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. With the reign of Tudhaliya I (who may actually not have been the first of that name; see also Tudhaliya), the Hittite Kingdom re-emerged from the fog of obscurity. Hittite civilization entered the period of time called the "Hittite Empire period". Many changes were afoot during this time, not the least of which was a strengthening of the kingship. Settlement of the Hittites progressed in the Empire period.[47] However, the Hittite people tended to settle in the older lands of south Anatolia rather than the lands of the Aegean. As this settlement progressed, treaties were signed with neighboring peoples.[47] During the Hittite Empire period the kingship became hereditary and the king took on a "superhuman aura" and began to be referred to by the Hittite citizens as "My Sun". The kings of the Empire period began acting as a high priest for the whole kingdom--making an annual tour of the Hittite holy cities, conducting festivals and supervising the upkeep of the sanctuaries.[47] During his reign (c. 1400 BC), King Tudhaliya I, again allied with Kizzuwatna, then vanquished the Hurrian states of Aleppo and Mitanni, and expanded to the west at the expense of Arzawa (a Luwian state). Another weak phase followed Tudhaliya I, and the Hittites' enemies from all directions were able to advance even to Hattusa and raze it. However, the Kingdom recovered its former glory under ?uppiluliuma I (c. 1350 BC), who again conquered Aleppo, Mitanni was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrians under his son-in-law, and he defeated Carchemish, another Amorite city-state. With his own sons placed over all of these new conquests, Babylonia still in the hands of the allied Kassites, this left ?uppiluliuma the supreme power broker in the known world, alongside Assyria and Egypt, and it was not long before Egypt was seeking an alliance by marriage of another of his sons with the widow of Tutankhamen. Unfortunately, that son was evidently murdered before reaching his destination, and this alliance was never consummated. However, the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1050 BC) once more began to grow in power also, with the ascension of Ashur-uballit I in 1365 BC. Ashur-uballit I attacked and defeated Mattiwaza the Mitanni king despite attempts by the Hittite king ?uppiluliuma I, now fearful of growing Assyrian power, attempting to preserve his throne with military support. The lands of the Mitanni and Hurrians were duly appropriated by Assyria, enabling it to encroach on Hittite territory in eastern Asia Minor, and Adad-nirari I annexed Carchemish and north east Syria from the control of the Hittites.[51] After ?uppiluliuma I, and a very brief reign by his eldest son, another son, Mursili II became king (c. 1330). Having inherited a position of strength in the east, Mursili was able to turn his attention to the west, where he attacked Arzawa and a city known as Millawanda (Miletus), which was under the control of Ahhiyawa. More recent research based on new readings and interpretations of the Hittite texts, as well as of the material evidence for Mycenaean contacts with the Anatolian mainland, came to the conclusion that Ahhiyawa referred to Mycenaean Greece, or at least to a part of it.[52][53][54] Battle of Kadesh Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II storming the Hittite fortress of Dapur. Hittite prosperity was mostly dependent on control of the trade routes and metal sources. Because of the importance of Northern Syria to the vital routes linking the Cilician gates with Mesopotamia, defense of this area was crucial, and was soon put to the test by Egyptian expansion under Pharaoh Ramesses II. The outcome of the battle is uncertain, though it seems that the timely arrival of Egyptian reinforcements prevented total Hittite victory.[55] The Egyptians forced the Hittites to take refuge in the fortress of Kadesh, but their own losses prevented them from sustaining a siege. This battle took place in the 5th year of Ramesses (c. 1274 BC by the most commonly used chronology). Downfall and demise of the Kingdom Egypto-Hittite Peace Treaty (c. 1258 BC) between Hattusili III and Ramesses II. It is the earliest known surviving peace treaty and is sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh after the well-documented Battle of Kadesh. Currently on display at Istanbul Archaeology Museum Chimera with a human head and a lion's head; Late Hittite period in Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara After this date, the power of both the Hittites and Egyptians began to decline yet again because of the power of the Assyrians.[56] The Assyrian king Shalmaneser I had seized the opportunity to vanquish Hurria and Mitanni, occupy their lands, and expand up to the head of the Euphrates in Anatolia and into Babylonia, Ancient Iran, Aram (Syria), Canaan (Palestine) and Phoenicia, while Muwatalli was preoccupied with the Egyptians. The Hittites had vainly tried to preserve the Mitanni kingdom with military support.[51] Assyria now posed just as great a threat to Hittite trade routes as Egypt ever had. Muwatalli's son, Urhi-Teshub, took the throne and ruled as king for seven years as Mursili III before being ousted by his uncle, Hattusili III after a brief civil war. In response to increasing Assyrian annexation of Hittite territory, he concluded a peace and alliance with Ramesses II (also fearful of Assyria), presenting his daughter's hand in marriage to the Pharaoh.[56] The "Treaty of Kadesh", one of the oldest completely surviving treaties in history, fixed their mutual boundaries in southern Canaan, and was signed in the 21st year of Rameses (c. 1258 BC). Terms of this treaty included the marriage of one of the Hittite princesses to Ramesses.[56][57] Hattusili's son, Tudhaliya IV, was the last strong Hittite king able to keep the Assyrians out of the Hittite heartland to some degree at least, though he too lost much territory to them, and was heavily defeated by Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria in the Battle of Nihriya. He even temporarily annexed the Greek island of Cyprus, before that too fell to Assyria. The last king, ?uppiluliuma II also managed to win some victories, including a naval battle against Alashiya off the coast of Cyprus.[58] But the Assyrians, under Ashur-resh-ishi I had by this time annexed much Hittite territory in Asia Minor and Syria, driving out and defeating the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I in the process, who also had eyes on Hittite lands. The Sea Peoples had already begun their push down the Mediterranean coastline, starting from the Aegean, and continuing all the way to Canaan, founding the state of Philistia--taking Cilicia and Cyprus away from the Hittites en route and cutting off their coveted trade routes. This left the Hittite homelands vulnerable to attack from all directions, and Hattusa was burnt to the ground sometime around 1180 BC following a combined onslaught from new waves of invaders, the Kaskas, Phrygians and Bryges. The Hittite Kingdom thus vanished from historical records, much of the territory being seized by Assyria.[59] Alongside with these attacks, many internal issues also led to the end of the Hittite kingdom. The end of the kingdom was part of the larger Bronze Age Collapse.[60] Post-Hittite period Luwian storm god Tar?unz in the National Museum of Aleppo. By 1160 BCE, the political situation in Asia Minor looked vastly different from that of only 25 years earlier. In that year, the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I was defeating the Mushki (Phrygians) who had been attempting to press into Assyrian colonies in southern Anatolia from the Anatolian highlands, and the Kaska people, the Hittites' old enemies from the northern hill-country between Hatti and the Black Sea, seem to have joined them soon after. The Phrygians had apparently overrun Cappadocia from the West, with recently discovered epigraphic evidence confirming their origins as the Balkan "Bryges" tribe, forced out by the Macedonians. Although the Hittite kingdom disappeared from Anatolia at this point, there emerged a number of so-called Syro-Hittite states in Anatolia and northern Syria. They were the successors of the Hittite Kingdom. The most notable Syro-Hittite kingdoms were those at Carchemish and Melid. These Syro-Hittite states gradually fell under the control of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-608 BC). Carchemish and Melid were made vassals of Assyria under Shalmaneser III (858-823 BC), and fully incorporated into Assyria during the reign of Sargon II (722-705 BC). A large and powerful state known as Tabal occupied much of southern Anatolia. Known as Greek Tibarenoi (Ancient Greek: ), Latin Tibareni, Thobeles in Josephus, their language may have been Luwian,[61] testified to by monuments written using Anatolian hieroglyphs.[62] This state too was conquered and incorporated into the vast Neo-Assyrian Empire. Ultimately, both Luwian hieroglyphs and cuneiform were rendered obsolete by an innovation, the alphabet, which seems to have entered Anatolia simultaneously from the Aegean (with the Bryges, who changed their name to Phrygians), and from the Phoenicians and neighboring peoples in Syria. Bronze Hittite figures of animals in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Alaca Höyük bronze standard Deer with gold nose and two lions/panthers in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. The earliest known Constitutional Monarchy was developed by the Hittites.[63][64] The head of the Hittite state was the king, followed by the heir-apparent. The king was the supreme ruler of the land, in charge of being a military commander, judicial authority, as well as a high priest.[65] However, some officials exercised independent authority over various branches of the government. One of the most important of these posts in the Hittite society was that of the gal mesedi (Chief of the Royal Bodyguards).[66] It was superseded by the rank of the gal gestin (Chief of the Wine Stewards), who, like the gal mesedi, was generally a member of the royal family. The kingdom's bureaucracy was headed by the gal dubsar (Chief of the Scribes), whose authority didn't extend over the Lugal Dubsar, the king's personal scribe. In Egyptian inscriptions dating back before the days of the Exodus, Egyptian monarchs were engaged with two chief seats, located at Kadesh (a Hittite city located on the Orontes River) and Carchemish (located on the Euphrates river in Southern Anatolia).[67] A map Illustrating Hittite Expansion and location of the Capital City Hattusa Religion in Early Hittite Government to establish control In the Central Anatolian settlement of Ankuwa, home of the pre-Hittite goddess Kattaha and the worship of other Hattic deities illustrates the ethnic differences in the areas the Hittites tried to control. Kattaha was originally given the name Hannikkun. The usage of the term Kattaha over Hannikkun, according to Ronald Gorny (head of the Alisar regional project in Turkey), was a device to downgrade the pre-Hittite identity of this female deity, and to bring her more in touch with the Hittite tradition. Their reconfiguration of Gods throughout their early history such as with Kattaha was a way of legitimizing their authority and to avoid conflicting ideologies in newly included regions and settlements. By transforming local deities to fit their own customs, the Hittites hoped that the traditional beliefs of these communities would understand and accept the changes to become better suited for the Hittite political and economic goals.[68] Political dissent in the Old Kingdom In 1595 BCE, King Marsilis I (r. 1556-1526 BCE) marched into the city of Babylon and sacked the city. Due to fear of revolts at home he did not remain there long, quickly returning to his capital of Hattusa. On his journey back to Hattusa, he was assassinated by his brother-in-law Hantili I, who then took the throne. Hantili was able to escape multiple murder attempts on himself, however, his family did not. His wife, Harapsili and her son were murdered. In addition, other members of the royal family were killed by Zindata I, who was then murdered by his own son, Ammunna. All of the internal unrest among the Hittite royal family led to a decline of power. This led to surrounding kingdoms, such as the Hurrians, to have success against Hittite forces and be the center of power in the Anatolian region.[69] The Pankus King Telipinu (reigned c. 1525 - c. 1500 BCE) is considered to be the last king of the Old Kingdom of the Hittites. He seized power during a dynastic power struggle. During his reign, he wanted to take care of lawlessness and regulate royal succession. He then issued the Edict of Telipinus. Within this edict, he designated the pankus, which was a "general assembly" that acted as a high court. Crimes such as murder were observed and judged by the Pankus. Kings were also subject to jurisdiction under the Pankus. The Pankus also served as an advisory council for the king. The rules and regulations set out by the Edict and the establishment of the Pankus proved to be very successful and lasted all the way through to the new Kingdom in the 14th century BCE.[70] The Pankus established a legal code where violence was not a punishment for a crime. Crimes such as a murder and theft, which were punishable by death in other southwest Asian Kingdoms at this time, were not under the Hittite law code. Most penalties for crimes involved restitution. For example, in cases of thievery, the punishment of that crime would to be to repay what was stolen in equal value.[71] Bronze tablet from Çorum-Bo?azköy dating from 1235 BC. Photographed at Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation. Hittite belongs to the family of Anatolian languages and the oldest written Indo-European language. The Hittite language is recorded fragmentarily from about the 19th century BC (in the Kültepe texts, see Ishara). It remained in use until about 1100 BC. Hittite is the best attested member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, and the Indo-European language for which the earliest surviving written attestation exists, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an Old Assyrian context from as early as the 20th century BC. The language of the Hattusa tablets was eventually deciphered by a Czech linguist, Bed?ich Hrozný (1879-1952), who, on 24 November 1915, announced his results in a lecture at the Near Eastern Society of Berlin. His book about the discovery was printed in Leipzig in 1917, under the title The Language of the Hittites; Its Structure and Its Membership in the Indo-European Linguistic Family.[72] The preface of the book begins with: "The present work undertakes to establish the nature and structure of the hitherto mysterious language of the Hittites, and to decipher this language [...] It will be shown that Hittite is in the main an Indo-European language." The decipherment famously led to the confirmation of the laryngeal theory in Indo-European linguistics, which had been predicted several decades before. Due to its marked differences in its structure and phonology, some early philologists, most notably Warren Cowgill, had even argued that it should be classified as a sister language to Indo-European languages (Indo-Hittite), rather than a daughter language. By the end of the Hittite Empire, the Hittite language had become a written language of administration and diplomatic correspondence. The population of most of the Hittite Empire by this time spoke Luwian, another Indo-European language of the Anatolian family that had originated to the west of the Hittite region.[73] According to Craig Melchert, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations."[74] Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.[75] In Hittite there are many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary, from the non-Indo-European Hurrian and Hattic languages. The latter was the language of the Hattians, the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before being absorbed or displaced by the Hittites. Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian, and Luwian, even after Hittite became the norm for other writings. Monument over a spring at Eflatun P?nar Given the size of the empire, there are relatively few remains of Hittite art. These include some impressive monumental carvings, a number of rock reliefs, as well as metalwork, in particular the Alaca Höyük bronze standards, carved ivory, and ceramics, including the Hüseyindede vases. The Sphinx Gates of Alaca Höyük and Hattusa, with the monument at the spring of Eflatun P?nar, are among the largest constructed sculptures, along with a number of large recumbent lions, of which the Lion of Babylon statue at Babylon is the largest, if it is indeed Hittite. Unfortunately, nearly all are notably worn. Rock reliefs include the Hanyeri relief, and Hemite relief. The Ni?de Stele from the end of the 8th century BCE is a Luwian monument, from the Post-Hittite period, found in the modern Turkish city of Ni?de. Stag statuette, symbol of a Hittite male god in Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. This figure is used for the Hacettepe University emblem. Early Hittite artifact found by T. E. Lawrence and Leonard Woolley (right) in Carchemish. Hittite religion and mythology were heavily influenced by their Hattic, Mesopotamian, and Hurrian counterparts. In earlier times, Indo-European elements may still be clearly discerned. Storm gods were prominent in the Hittite pantheon. Tarhunt (Hurrian's Teshub) was referred to as 'The Conqueror', 'The king of Kummiya', 'King of Heaven', 'Lord of the land of Hatti'. He was chief among the gods and his symbol is the bull. As Teshub he was depicted as a bearded man astride two mountains and bearing a club. He was the god of battle and victory, especially when the conflict involved a foreign power.[76] Teshub was also known for his conflict with the serpent Illuyanka.[77] The Hittite gods are also honoured with festivals, such as Puruli in the spring, the nuntarriyashas festival in the autumn, and the KI.LAM festival of the gate house where images of the Storm God and up to thirty other idols were paraded through the streets.[78] Hittite laws, much like other records of the empire, are recorded on cuneiform tablets made from baked clay. What is understood to be the Hittite Law Code comes mainly from two clay tablets, each containing 186 articles, and are a collection of practiced laws from across the early Hittite Kingdom.[79] In addition to the tablets, monuments bearing Hittite cuneiform inscriptions can be found in central Anatolia describing the government and law codes of the empire.[80] The tablets and monuments date from the Old Hittite Kingdom (1650-1500 BC) to what is known as the New Hittite Kingdom (1500-1180 BC).[81] Between these time periods, different translations can be found that modernize the language[82] and create a series of legal reforms in which many crimes[79][81] are given more humane punishments. These changes could possibly be attributed to the rise of new and different kings throughout the history empire or to the new translations that change the language used in the law codes.[81] In either case, the law codes of the Hittites provide very specific fines or punishments that are to be issued for specific crimes[81][83] and have many similarities to Biblical laws found in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy.[83] In addition to criminal punishments, the law codes also provide instruction on certain situations such as inheritance and death. Use of laws The law articles used by the Hittites most often outline very specific crimes or offenses, either against the state or against other individuals, and provide a sentence for these offenses. The laws carved in the tablets are an assembly of established social conventions from across the empire. Hittite laws at this time have a prominent lack of equality in punishments In many cases, distinct punishments or compensations for men and women are listed.[79][83] Free men most often received more compensation for offenses against them than free women did. Slaves, male or female, had very little rights, and could easily be punished or executed by their masters for crimes.[79][83] Most articles describe destruction of property and personal injury, to which the most common sentence was payment for compensation of the lost property. Again, in these cases men oftentimes receive a greater amount of compensation than women.[79][83] Other articles describe how marriage of slaves and free individuals should be handled. In any case of separation or estrangement, the free individual, male or female, would keep all but one child that resulted from the marriage.[81][83] Cases in which capital punishment is recommended in the articles most often seem to come from pre-reform sentences for severe crimes and prohibited sexual pairings. Many of these cases include public torture and execution as punishment for serious crimes against religion. Most of these sentences would begin to go away in the later stages of the Hittite Empire as major law reforms began to occur.[79][81] Statue from the Post-Hittite period, representing king ?uppiluliuma, ruler of the Luwian state of Pattin (Unqi). Hatay Archaeology Museum, Antakya, Turkey. While different translations of laws can be seen throughout the history of the empire,[82] the Hittite outlook of law was originally founded on religion and were intended to preserve the authority of the state.[79] Additionally, punishments had the goal of crime prevention and the protection of individual property rights.[79] The goals of crime prevention can be seen in the severity of the punishments issued for certain crimes. Capital punishment and torture are specifically mentioned as punishment for more severe crimes against religion and harsh fines for the loss of private property or life. The tablets also describe the ability of the king to pardon certain crimes, but specifically prohibit an individual being pardoned for murder.[79][81] At some point in the 16th or 15th century BC, Hittite law codes move away from torture and capital punishment and to more humanitarian forms of punishments, such as fines.[79][81] Where the old law system was based on retaliation and retribution for crimes, the new system saw punishments that were much more mild, favoring monetary compensation over physical or capital punishment.[79] Why these drastic reforms happened is not exactly clear, but it is likely that punishing murder with execution was deemed not to benefit any individual or family involved.[79][81] These reforms were not just seen in the realm of capital punishment. Where major fines were to be paid, a severe reduction in penalty can be seen. For example, prior to these major reforms, the payment to be made for the theft of an animal was thirty times the animal's value; after the reforms, the penalty was reduced to half the original fine. Simultaneously, attempts to modernize the language and change the verbiage used in the law codes can be seen during this period of reform.[79][80][81][82] Examples of laws Sphinx Gate entrance of the city of Hattusa. Under both the old and reformed Hittite law codes, three main types of punishment can be seen: Death, torture, or compensation/fines.[79] The articles outlined on the cuneiform tablets provide very specific punishments for crimes committed against the Hittite religion or against individuals. In many, but not all cases, articles describing similar laws are grouped together. More than a dozen consecutive articles describe what are known to be permitted and prohibited sexual pairings.[81][83] These pairings mostly describe men (sometimes specifically referred to as free men, sometimes just men in general)[83] having relations, be they consensual or not, with animals, step-family, relatives of spouses, or concubines.[79] Many of these articles do not provide specific punishments but, prior to the law reforms, crimes against religion were most often punishable by death. These include incestuous marriages and sexual relations with certain animals.[81][83] For example, one article states, "If a man has sexual relations with a cow, it is an unpermitted sexual pairing: he will be put to death."[83] Similar relations with horses and mules were not subject to capital punishment, but the offender could not become a priest afterwards.[79][81] Actions at the expense of other individuals most often see the offender paying some sort of compensation, be it in the form money, animals, or land. These actions could include the destruction of farmlands, death or injury of livestock, or assault of an individual.[83] Several articles also specifically mention acts of the gods. If an animal were to die by certain circumstances, the individual could claim that it died by the hand of a god. Swearing that what they claim was true, it seems that they were exempt from paying compensation to the animal's owner.[81][83] Injuries inflicted upon animals owned by another individual are almost always compensated with either direct payment, or trading the injured animal with a healthy one owned by the offender.[83] Not all laws prescribed in the tablets deal with criminal punishment. For example, the instructions of how the marriage of slaves and division of their children are given in a group of articles, "The slave woman shall take most of the children, with the male slave taking one child."[83] Similar instructions are given to the marriage of free individuals and slaves. Other actions include how breaking of engagements are to be handled.[81][83] Biblical Hittites The Bible refers to "Hittites" in several passages, ranging from Genesis to the post-Exilic Ezra-Nehemiah. The Hittites are usually depicted as a people living among the Israelites--Abraham purchases the Patriarchal burial-plot of Machpelah from "Ephron HaChiti", Ephron the Hittite; and Hittites serve as high military officers in David's army. In 2 Kings 7:6, however, they are a people with their own kingdoms (the passage refers to "kings" in the plural), apparently located outside geographic Canaan, and sufficiently powerful to put a Syrian army to flight.[84] It is a matter of considerable scholarly debate whether the biblical "Hittites" signified any or all of: 1) the original Hattians; 2) their Indo-European conquerors, who retained the name "Hatti" for Central Anatolia, and are today referred to as the "Hittites" (the subject of this article); or 3) a Canaanite group who may or may not have been related to either or both of the Anatolian groups, and who also may or may not be identical with the later Syro-Hittite states.[85][86] Other biblical scholars (following Max Müller) have argued that, rather than being connected with Heth, son of Canaan, the Anatolian land of Hatti was instead mentioned in Old Testament literature and apocrypha as "Kittim" (Chittim), a people said to be named for a son of Javan.[87] List of Hittite kings List of artifacts significant to the Bible Short chronology timeline ^ Crime and Punishment in the Ancient World - Page 29, Israel Drapkin - 1989 ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta", in Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 72 (2020): "...Recently, Forlanini proposed that the text's author was not Mur?ili I but rather ?attu?ili I, who tells about the times of his predecessor Labarna I (ca. 1680(?)-1650 BCE)..." ^ "2006-05-02 Hittite". 7 July 2004. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 2016. ^ Ardzinba, Vladislav. (1974): Some Notes on the Typological Affinity Between Hattian and Northwest Caucasian (Abkhazo-Adygian) Languages. In: "Internationale Tagung der Keilschriftforscher der sozialistischen Länder", Budapest, 23.-25. April 1974. Zusammenfassung der Vorträge (Assyriologica 1), p. 10-15. ^ Muhly, James D. 'Metalworking/Mining in the Levant' in Near Eastern Archaeology ed. Suzanne Richard(2003), pp. 174-183 ^ Waldbaum, Jane C. From Bronze to Iron. Göteburg: Paul Astöms Förlag (1978): 56-58. ^ 'Irons of the Bronze Age'(2017), Albert Jambon. ^ "Hittites". British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 2014. ^ Ancient History Encyclopedia. "Sea Peoples." September 2009. Sea Peoples Archived 18 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Erimtan, Can. (2008). Hittites, Ottomans and Turks: A?ao?lu Ahmed Bey and the Kemalist Construction of Turkish Nationhood in Anatolia Archived 22 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Anatolian Studies, 58, 141-171 ^ Francis William Newman 1853 A history of the Hebrew monarchy: from the administration of Samuel to the Babylonish Captivity 2nd Edition. John Chapman, London P 179 note 2 ^ The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire By Archibald Henry Sayce Queen's College, Oxford. October 1888. Introduction ^ Texier, Charles (1835). "Rapport lu, le 15 mai 1835, à l'Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres de l'Institut, sur un envoi fait par M. Texier, et contenant les dessins de bas-reliefs découverts par lui près du village de Bogaz-Keui, dans l'Asie mineure" [Report read on 15 May 1835 to the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belle-lettres of the Institute, on a dispatch made by Mr. Texier and containing drawings of bas-reliefs discovered by him near the village of Bogaz-Keui [now: Bo?azkale] in Asia Minor]. Journal des Savants (in French): 368-376. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 2018. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin. "Personal names from Kani?: the oldest Indo-European linguistic material". Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ The Hittite Empire. Chapter V. Vahan Kurkjian ^ A Short Grammar of Hieroglyphic Luwian, John Marangozis (2003) ^ Beal, Richard H, "The History of Kizzuwatna and the Date of the ?unaura Treaty", Orientalia 55 (1986) pp. 424ff. ^ Beal. (1986) p. 426 ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 4-6. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 2012. ^ Puhvel, J. (1994). "Anatolian: Autochton or Interloper". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 22 (3 & 4): 251-264. . ^ a b Steiner, G. (1990). "The Immigration of the First Indo-Europeans into Anatolia Reconsidered". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 18 (1 & 2): 185-214. . ^ Mallory, J. (1989). "In Search of the Indo-Europeans". New York: Thames and Hudson. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help). ^ Renfrew, C. (1999). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 27 (3 & 4): 257-294. . ^ Renfrew, C. (1987). "Archaeology and Language. The puzzle of Indo-European Origins". Cambridge University Press. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help). ^ Atkinson, Q.; et al. (2014). "Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family". Science. 337 (6097): 957-960. doi:10.1126/science.1219669. PMC 4112997. PMID 22923579. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 133. ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, pp. 12-16. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMalloryAdams1997 (help) ^ Parpola 2015, p. 37-38. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 345, 361-367. ^ "Anatolian languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 2016. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P.; Slocum, Jonathan. "Hittite Online". Linguistics Research Center. University of Texas at Austin: College of Liberal Arts. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 2010. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta", in Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 72 (2020): "...six arguments will be presented that rather indicate that the Palace Chronicle may have been authored by Anitta, king of Na (reigned ca. 1740-1725 BCE), and that the composition recounts the reign of Anitta's father Pitna, with some anecdotes even dating back to the times before Pitna's conquest of the city of Na, i.e. before 1750 BCE..." ^ Archi 2010, p. 37. ^ Forlanini 2010, p. 115-135. ^ a b Forlanini 2010, p. 121. ^ ed. StBoT 18 ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, Volume I. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 226-27. ISBN 978-0-415-16763-5. ^ Bryce 2005. ^ Forlanini 2010, p. 119. ^ Mark, Joshua (28 April 2011). "The Hittites". Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 2017. ^ Roebuck, Carl (1966). The World of Ancient Times. New York: Charles Schibner's Sons. p. 93. ^ Gurney, O. R. (1966). The Hittites. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books. p. 23. ^ a b c d Roebuck, Carl. The World of Ancient Times. p. 94. ^ Gurney, O. R. The Hittites. p. 25. ^ Gurney, O. R. The Hittites. pp. 25-26. ^ a b Roux, Georges (March 1993). Ancient Iraq. Penguin (Non-Classics). ^ Windle, Joachim Latacz (2004). Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 121-122. ISBN 978-0-19-926308-0. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 2016. ^ Bryce 2005, p. 57-60. ^ Beckman, Gary M.; Bryce, Trevor R.; Cline, Eric H. (2012). "Writings from the Ancient World: The Ahhiyawa Texts" (PDF). Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature: 6. ISSN 1570-7008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 2016. At the very least, perhaps we can say that the Ahhiyawa Problem/Question has been solved and answered after all, for there is now little doubt that Ahhiyawa was a reference by the Hittites to some or all of the Bronze Age Mycenaean world. ^ Gurney, O. R. The Hittites. p. 110. ^ a b c Gurney, O. R. The Hittites. p. 36. ^ "The peace treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III". Ancient Egypt: an introduction to the history and culture. December 2006. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 2013. ^ Horst Nowacki, Wolfgang Lefèvre Creating Shapes in Civil and Naval Architecture: A Cross-Disciplinary Comparison BRILL, 2009 ISBN 9004173455 ^ Spielvolgel, Jackson (2011). Western Civilization. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 30. 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How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press Archi, Alfonso (2010). "When Did the Hittites Begin to Write in Hittite?". Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and Their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 37-46. Bachvarova, Mary R. (2010). "Manly Deeds: Hittite Admonitory History and Eastern Mediterranean Didactic Epic". Epic and History. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 66-85. Barjamovic, Gojko (2011). A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. Bryce, Trevor R. (2002). Life and Society in the Hittite World. New York: Oxford University Press. Bryce, Trevor R. (2005) [1998]. The Kingdom of the Hittites (2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Bryce, Trevor R. (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. 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Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance: The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millennium BCE. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. Goodnick-Westenholz, Joan (1997). Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. Goodnick-Westenholz, Joan (2010). "Historical Events and the Process of Their Transformation in Akkadian Heroic Traditions". Epic and History. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 26-50. Gurney, O.R. (1952) The Hittites, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-020259-5 Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1983) "Hittite Historiography: A Survey," in H. Tadmor and M. Weinfeld eds. History, Historiography and Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures, Magnes Press, Hebrew University pp. 21-35. Hoffner, Jr., H.A (1973) "The Hittites and Hurrians," in D. J. Wiseman Peoples of the Old Testament Times, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Jasanoff, Jay H. (2003). Hittite and the Indo-European Verb. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Le déclin et la chute de l'empire Hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 4, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris 2010. Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les royaumes Néo-Hittites, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 5, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris 2012. Imparati, Fiorella. "Aspects De L'organisation De L'État Hittite Dans Les Documents Juridiques Et Administratifs." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25, no. 3 (1982): 225-67. doi:10.2307/3632187. Video lecture at Oriental Institute - Tracking the Frontiers of the Hittite Empire Hattusas/Bogazköy Arzawa, to the west, throws light on Hittites Pictures of Bo?azköy, one of a group of important sites Pictures of Yaz?l?kaya, one of a group of important sites Der Anitta Text (at TITUS) Tahsin Ozguc Hittites.info Hittite Period in Anatolia Hethitologieportal Mainz, by the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mainz, corpus of texts and extensive bibliographies on all things Hittite U?akl? Höyük Trevor Bryce, Life and Society in the Hittite World Hittite_Old_Kingdom	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line101
__label__wiki	0.651655	0.651655	Monster Cross 2020 1 10 Dan Wells Dan Wells #10&nbspMale&nbspSolo Men 03:08:12 03:08:12 Solo Men 1 Male 1 VCN 9 00:18:39 00:19:06 00:19:25 00:20:07 00:20:34 00:21:00 00:21:34 00:23:55 00:23:48 2 25 Samuel Holder Samuel Holder Solo Men 2 Male 2 Das Rad Klub 9 00:18:42 00:19:08 00:19:37 00:20:34 00:21:06 00:21:55 00:22:50 00:23:49 00:25:07 5 26 Timothy Jones Timothy Jones Solo Men 3 Male 5 University of Nottingham CC 9 00:18:40 00:19:20 00:20:16 00:21:33 00:22:52 00:24:40 00:27:50 00:28:25 00:25:00 12 8 Josh Matthews Josh Matthews #8&nbspMale&nbspSolo Men 03:00:27 03:00:27 Solo Men 6 Male 12 8 00:18:57 00:19:37 00:20:18 00:21:11 00:21:43 00:24:37 00:25:53 00:28:08 10 17 Dyfan Evans Dyfan Evans Solo Men 5 Male 10 Fibrax Wrexham Roads Club 9 00:18:55 00:19:41 00:20:53 00:22:35 00:24:22 00:24:25 00:26:36 00:26:35 00:27:23 4 177 Steven Henshall Steven Henshall #177&nbspMale&nbspSolo Men Vets 03:25:48 03:25:48 Solo Men Vets 1 Male 4 PSW 9 00:22:33 00:20:20 00:21:15 00:21:58 00:23:08 00:22:31 00:24:00 00:25:02 00:24:56 8 513 TEAM Velobants.cc TEAM Velobants.cc #513&nbspMale&nbspMale Pairs 03:30:13 03:30:13 Male Pairs 2 Male 8 9 00:25:02 00:21:53 00:21:21 00:22:36 00:22:44 00:24:10 00:24:08 00:24:39 00:23:36 6 3 John Isaac John Isaac Solo Men 4 Male 6 9 00:20:13 00:20:22 00:21:34 00:23:05 00:23:15 00:24:05 00:25:36 00:24:44 00:25:53 19 521 TEAM Team 77 TEAM Team 77 Male Pairs 6 Male 19 8 00:25:28 00:24:34 00:21:41 00:25:47 00:21:49 00:26:27 00:22:24 00:27:08 7 101 Ross Litherland Ross Litherland Solo Men Vets 2 Male 7 9 00:24:26 00:21:53 00:21:42 00:22:17 00:23:13 00:23:07 00:24:02 00:24:28 00:24:40 9 529 TEAM KTM UK Factory Race Team Men's Pair 1 TEAM KTM UK Factory Race Team Men's.. 3 545 TEAM Keswick AC TEAM Keswick AC 13 7 Ben Horrobin Ben Horrobin Solo Men 7 Male 13 horwich cc 8 00:20:42 00:21:37 00:21:50 00:23:14 00:23:51 00:25:20 00:26:14 00:27:26 18 507 TEAM Bikestrong-KTM TEAM Bikestrong-KTM 15 16 Andy Sherwood Andy Sherwood 14 161 Ben Martin Ben Martin Solo Men Vets 3 Male 14 Here Come The Belgians 8 00:21:50 00:21:44 00:22:28 00:23:23 00:24:09 00:24:42 00:26:28 00:25:57 45 20 Iwan Thomas Iwan Thomas Solo Men 16 Male 42 Gwrt 7 00:21:04 00:21:45 00:22:29 00:24:39 00:26:38 00:35:41 00:30:08 24 157 Michael Greaney Michael Greaney Solo Men Vets 9 Male 24 Stockport Clarion 8 00:23:24 00:22:14 00:22:46 00:24:16 00:24:57 00:27:22 00:28:51 00:29:10 20 126 Steffan Chandler Steffan Chandler Solo Men Vets 6 Male 20 Horwich CC 8 00:23:00 00:22:04 00:22:55 00:23:32 00:24:08 00:26:05 00:27:28 00:26:47 11 517 TEAM Team Sutcliffe TEAM Team Sutcliffe Male Pairs 4 Male 11 9 00:25:38 00:21:24 00:22:57 00:22:44 00:23:39 00:23:21 00:23:16 00:24:24 00:24:04 16 124 Jamie Town Jamie Town 17 163 Ian Houston Ian Houston Solo Men Vets 5 Male 17 Wrecsam Triathlon Club 8 00:24:46 00:23:54 00:23:10 00:24:22 00:23:32 00:23:34 00:24:44 00:24:57 43 30 Sam Marshall Sam Marshall Solo Men 15 Male 40 Frodsham Wheelers/ Twelve50 Bikes 8 00:20:06 00:21:12 00:23:11 00:25:05 00:26:57 00:31:43 00:32:00 00:44:40 21 14 Matthew Pritchard Matthew Pritchard Solo Men 9 Male 21 Here Come The Belgians 8 00:21:56 00:23:04 00:23:20 00:24:39 00:24:52 00:25:39 00:26:13 00:27:37 67 609 TEAM Velobants TEAM Velobants #609&nbspMixed&nbspMixed Pairs 03:25:20 03:25:20 Mixed Pairs 5 Mixed 5 7 00:32:13 00:32:35 00:23:24 00:23:19 00:33:36 00:33:49 00:26:21 62 603 TEAM Clwydian Range Runners TEAM Clwydian Range Runners 29 515 TEAM The dribblers TEAM The dribblers 26 148 Mike Hall Mike Hall Solo Men Vets 10 Male 25 Ribble Valley CRC 8 00:26:49 00:23:21 00:23:53 00:26:20 00:25:43 00:26:02 00:26:34 00:26:55 31 4 Tommy Dean Tommy Dean Solo Men 11 Male 30 New Palers 8 00:22:24 00:23:47 00:24:11 00:25:13 00:26:09 00:28:28 00:27:51 00:32:28 22 106 John Pritchard John Pritchard Solo Men Vets 7 Male 22 Audlem CC 8 00:23:11 00:22:34 00:24:13 00:24:34 00:25:31 00:26:08 00:26:24 00:27:25 53 164 Martin Cliffe Martin Cliffe Solo Men Vets 18 Male 49 7 00:25:29 00:23:43 00:24:18 00:27:28 00:29:58 00:30:42 00:31:31 59 153 Michael Lyon Michael Lyon Solo Men Vets 22 Male 55 High On Bikes 7 00:24:50 00:24:59 00:24:37 00:30:11 00:28:05 00:32:01 00:31:24 23 171 Nick Leigh Nick Leigh Solo Men Vets 8 Male 23 Lancs RC 8 00:25:15 00:22:55 00:24:44 00:24:38 00:25:11 00:25:46 00:26:18 00:25:39 57 533 TEAM Cafe Riders TEAM Cafe Riders Male Pairs 15 Male 53 7 00:28:01 00:27:20 00:24:44 00:28:58 00:27:11 00:30:22 00:29:06 32 158 Graham Bryce Graham Bryce Solo Men Vets 12 Male 31 Element cycle team 8 00:24:41 00:23:21 00:24:45 00:25:02 00:32:59 00:25:41 00:27:14 00:27:20 37 23 Stephen Stuart Stephen Stuart Solo Men 13 Male 36 Picton Cycles 8 00:21:47 00:22:44 00:24:45 00:26:18 00:27:45 00:29:11 00:30:24 00:31:58 27 121 David McKendry David McKendry Solo Men Vets 11 Male 26 Woo Ha Ramit 8 00:24:11 00:24:04 00:24:46 00:25:10 00:25:46 00:27:13 00:27:52 00:27:45 33 535 TEAM VeloBants Dream Team TEAM VeloBants Dream Team 38 15 Peter Chomczuk Peter Chomczuk Solo Men 14 Male 37 HC Velo 8 00:21:56 00:23:38 00:25:05 00:26:50 00:27:08 00:28:44 00:30:05 00:31:32 34 156 Terry Bolland Terry Bolland Solo Men Vets 13 Male 33 Harry Middleton CC 8 00:26:36 00:23:23 00:25:09 00:24:49 00:27:48 00:27:15 00:28:56 00:28:17 40 155 Andy Milligan Andy Milligan Solo Men Vets 14 Male 38 Weaver Valley CC 8 00:25:08 00:23:44 00:25:10 00:25:49 00:27:06 00:28:30 00:30:28 00:32:38 36 5 Billy Dean Billy Dean 30 29 Gary Macdonald Gary Macdonald Solo Men 10 Male 29 QN Racing 8 00:22:55 00:24:24 00:25:18 00:25:19 00:26:13 00:27:18 00:28:38 00:29:11 44 511 TEAM Sheffrec TEAM Sheffrec 42 160 Alastair Murray Alastair Murray Solo Men Vets 15 Male 39 My Cheeseboard of Despair 8 00:26:15 00:25:28 00:25:26 00:25:32 00:26:40 00:27:26 00:29:27 00:34:05 39 309 Karen Heppenstall Karen Heppenstall #309&nbspFemale&nbspSolo Women Vets 03:35:37 03:35:37 Solo Women Vets 1 Female 1 KTM UK MTB Race Team 8 00:28:11 00:24:25 00:25:33 00:26:24 00:27:11 00:27:32 00:27:49 00:28:30 51 11 Andrew Parker Andrew Parker Solo Men 18 Male 47 Lune RCC 7 00:23:27 00:25:13 00:25:40 00:26:18 00:29:58 00:29:27 00:32:08 527 TEAM Picton Cycles / GV Sports Massage TEAM Picton Cycles / GV Sports Mass.. #527&nbspMale&nbspMale Pairs DNF DNF Male Pairs Male 3 00:27:42 00:23:01 00:25:43 61 537 TEAM Kingud Factory Racing TEAM Kingud Factory Racing 28 525 TEAM CRR allstars TEAM CRR allstars	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line103
__label__wiki	0.601541	0.601541	FINLEY by Ella Frank By kimberlyanne 5 years ago Title: Finley Author: Ella Frank Genre: M/M Contemporary Romance Release Date: March 22nd, 2016 Cover Design by Jay Aheer at Simply Defined Art It’s time to come home, Finn. It’s been seven years since Daniel Finley left his hometown in Florida for the hustle and bustle of Chicago’s city life. Since then, he’s worked hard for his position at the prestigious law firm Leighton & Associates, even when it’s caused distance and isolation from his family and friends. But that’s all about to change. On his thirtieth birthday, he receives the one thing he never dared hope for. Something that was promised to him years earlier—a note. One simple sentence from the man he’s never been able to forget. Six words will forever change the course of their lives. Brantley Hayes has it all. Or so he thinks. When he first made the decision to take a job down in Florida, his family thought he was crazy. But, after years of living in the quiet beach town, he finally feels a sense of community. He’s surrounded himself with friends who are like family, has a job he loves, and owns a spectacular beachfront property that is his sanctuary. Yet he still feels unfulfilled, as if a piece of the puzzle is missing, and he knows exactly which piece it is. On an impulse, he follows through with a promise he made years earlier. A promise to call home the one he sent away. Nothing is as simple as it seems. After years of separation, the former lovers are reunited, but Brantley wasn’t expecting to encounter the high walls now guarding Daniel’s heart. Daniel may not be the same person he was when he left, but he knows that the first step to healing is the note in his hand. Watch the Book Trailer! Ella Frank is the author of the #1 Bestselling Temptation series, including Try, Take, and Trust and is the co-author of the fan-favorite erotic serial, A Desperate Man. Her Exquisite series has been praised as “scorching hot!” and “enticingly sexy!” A life-long fan of the romance genre, Ella writes contemporary and erotic fiction and lives with her husband in Portland, OR. You can reach her on the web at www.ellafrank.com and on Facebook at www.facebook.com/ella.frank.author Some of her favorite authors include Tiffany Reisz, Kresley Cole, Riley Hart, J.R. Ward, Erika Wilde, Gena Showalter, and Carly Philips. Connect with Ella Frank Ella Frank’s Newsletter \| Website \| Twitter \| Facebook \| FB Street Team \| Instagram \| Email Previous Screaming In The New Year by Jody Pardo Next SAVE ME by Heidi McLaughlin	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line105
__label__wiki	0.879319	0.879319	R. LeRoy Turner Untitled (Still Life with Guitar), ca. 1930 Watercolor and graphite on paper 7 x 10 inches (framed 15 x 19 inches) R. Leroy Turner is recognized for his vibrant Modern abstractions completed from the late 1920s through the early 1950s. His artwork emphasizes a lyrical form of Cubism, often inspired by visual interpretations of classical music. Many of his compositions are titled after specific pieces of music, and frequently they include themes of melodic symbols, devices and musical scores. Born in Sherwood, ND in 1905, Turner spent much of his childhood living in Minnesota. In Minneapolis, LeRoy Turner studied painting at the University of Minnesota with the noted artists and instructors, Cameron Booth and Edmund Kinzinger. Towards the late 1920s, Turner became highly influenced by the paintings styles of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris, and Paul Klee. In 1928 he traveled to Europe to further his art studies in Munich and Paris. While painting in Europe he continued his association with both instructors Booth and Kinzinger. Returning to the United States, Turner joined the faculty of the St. Paul School of Art in St Paul, MN, where he became a painting instructor from 1933 to 1936. In 1935, to favored reviews, Turner exhibited his abstract paintings at a one-man show at the Nash-Conley Galleries in Minneapolis. In 1936, Turner and fellow artist Alexander Corazzo joined the prestigious European avant-garde painting group, Abstraction-Création. Founded in Paris in 1931 to counteract the rise of Surrealism, this influential organization of painters and sculptors, which included Piet Mondrian, Jean Arp and Albert Gleizes, among others, aimed to promote the concepts of Modern geometric, non-figurative abstract painting. The group emphasized a synthesis of formal line, color and purity, incorporating the concepts of non-objective painting, Cubism and abstraction. Turner and Corazzo were two of a very select number of American artists accepted into the group, which also included Alexander Calder and Carl Holty. Turner exhibited with Abstraction-Création, which included two paintings in 1936, showing under the single name “Leroy”. Leroy Turner suffered from chronic poor health through much of his adult life. While many of his American colleagues from Abstraction-Création, such as Calder, Holty and Corazzo, continued to exhibit and travel extensively, Turner returned to Minneapolis to become a full-time art instructor and administrator. From 1936-1948 Tuner became a respected teacher of painting at the University of Minnesota. During the Second World War, from 1940-1942, he served as the Assistant Director at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis. Later in his life he became a painting and sculpture instructor at the Stillwater Art Colony in Minnesota from 1938-1950. Turner died in 1957 in Stillwater, MN at the age of 52. 58 additional artworks by R. LeRoy Turner	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line106
__label__wiki	0.622523	0.622523	HomeNeighborhoodsPortland MetroGrant Park Real Estate Grant Park, OR REAL ESTATE Grant Park Information Search Homes For Sale Grant Park Information Northeast/Irving 503-635-9801 1500 NE Irving Street, Suite 110 Portland, OR 97232 If you’re a fan of children’s literature, you may recognize Grant Park as the setting for Beverly Cleary’s beloved Klickitat Street series, which included characters like Ramona Quimby, Henry Huggins, and Ribsy (Henry’s dog). Cleary, and her most well-known characters, are honored with sculptures in the Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden for Children, one of Portland’s most popular playgrounds. But you don’t need books to be charmed by this cozy residential area, built in the 1920s and 30s, and featuring mostly Old Portland and Craftsman style homes. The park and neighborhood are named after U.S. President Ulysses Grant, who lived in Vancouver, Washington early in his military career. In conjunction with its fascinating history, Grant Park is also an entirely contemporary Portland neighborhood, bordering some of the city’s fastest-growing areas while still remaining safe, quiet, and close-knit. The Laurelhurst, Alberta, Hollywood, and Alameda communities all border Grant Park, which runs north from NE 26th to 47th and east from NE Knott to NE Broadway. The Neighborhood Association is very active, offering opportunities for community members, both residential and commercial, to gather often to plan events and discuss local improvement projects for Grant Park as a whole. The actual Grant Park is well-loved by Portlanders, and offers a dog park, walking trails, sport fields and courts, and an enormous picnic area, which can also be reserved for large events. It goes without saying in Portland, but the area is also home to fantastic food options and farmer’s markets! The two most famous outdoor spaces in Grant Park are the beloved Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden for Children and the eponymous Grant Park, but those aren’t all this diverse community has to offer. Behind 35th and Siskiyou, urban hikers can explore the many sets of staircases etched into the hillside leading up to Alameda Ridge. From the Ridge, stunning vistas of Portland and beyond are available in every direction. For less dramatic, but equally as breathtaking a show, the cherry blossoms in NE Portland are city-renowned as harbingers of spring and sunshine. Grant Park, OR Area Data Grant Park, OR Homes for Sale search for properties in Grant Park View all Grant Park Listings	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line109
__label__cc	0.549248	0.450752	We use cookies on our website. By continuing to use this website you consent to the storing and accessing of cookies on your device in accordance with our Cookie Policy. To learn more about cookies, how we use them on our site and how to change your settings please view our Cookie Policy here Al-Khobar: +966 0535543391 Jeddah: +966 (0)55 586 4005 Riyadh: +966-11-4652777, Aston Martin Saudi Arabia Please select your preferred language: - Sales: +966 (0)55 586 4005 Servicing: +966 (0)54 451 2770 Parts: +966 (0)55 586 4005 Sorry, an error has occured Aston Martin Saudi Arabia - Jeddah Mohammad Ruhani, As Salamah Jeddah, 23525 Email: a.rozzah@astonmartin.com.sa Sunday to Thursday 9:00am - 12:30pm & 5:00pm - 9:30pm. Saturday 4:30pm - 9:30pm. Aston Martin Saudi Arabia - Al-Khobar King Faisal Road Rakkah, P.O. Box 269 Al-Khobar, 34422 Sales: +966 0535543391 Email: m.aljuhani@astonmartin.com.sa Sunday to Thursday 9:00am to 12:30pm & 5:00pm to 9:30pm. Saturday 4:30pm to 9:30pm. Aston Martin Saudi Arabia - Riyadh Tahlia Street, P.O. Box 87106 Riyadh, 11642 Sales: +966-11-4652777, Email: A.Sibai@astonmartin.com.sa Sunday to Thursday 9:30am - 1:00pm & 5:00pm - 9:30pm. Saturday 5:00pm - 9:30pm.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line111
__label__wiki	0.767932	0.767932	Key Laboratory Experimental Center Experimental Teaching Center The School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, formerly known as the "Faculty of Life Sciences", was established in April 2004. It has been officially renamed to the current one since it became the 15th academic school of the university in March 2010. The School of Life Sciences aims at establishing a qualified training base for competitive talents and an outstanding research base with distinct discipline characteristics. The mission of the school includes serving the national demands in the field of aeronautics, astronautics, and marine sciences as well as facilitating the inter-discipline and cutting-edge scientific researches in both fundamental sciences and engineering. The School of Life Sciences mainly conducts the scientific research and education in Space Life Sciences, including Space Biology and Biotechnology, Aerospace Medicine & Engineering, and Magnetic Biology. The scientific researches focus on improving current understanding of the mechanisms behind the molecular, cellular and biological observations during space flights, as well as developing pharmaceutical biotechnology and bio-medical engineering products. Now the inter-discipline scientific research has become one of the highlights of the school. Supported by the ‘Project 985’, a ministerial innovation platform for scientific research in the school, namely, the Space Biotechnology Laboratory, was established in 2004. In 2007, the laboratory was officially entitled “the Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Biotechnology” by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, and became the first key lab specialized in space biology and biotechnology in Chinese universities. During the past 15 years, the School of Life Sciences has undertaken more than 504 research projects, among which 215 are national and provincial projects. More than 570 papers, including nearly 380 articles in well-recognized international journals, have been published. Furthermore, 65 patents have been granted. International collaboration is an important part of the school’s work. The school has established close relationships with the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the French Space Agency (CNES), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS,Japan), the Harvard University (USA), Wayne State University (USA), University of Texas (USA), University of Sydney (Australia), Laval University (Canada), University of Strathclyde (UK), Charité–University Medicine Berlin (Germany), University of Tokyo (Japan),Russian Academy of Sciences（Russian）, University of south Australia(Australia) and many more in the field of space research. The collaborations in scientific research, scholar exchange, and teaching have already substantially benefited the school in many aspects, and hopefully these activities will continue to stimulate the advancement of researches and improve the research level of the school. Contact Us Tel: +86-29-8849184 Fax: +86-29-88460332 E-mail: life@nwpu.edu.cn Address: 127 West You Yi Road Xi’an Shaanxi, 710072, P.R. China	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line114
__label__cc	0.597417	0.402583	Hinzufügen und sagen, sein Name Benutzer: 296 Name - 64709 Suche genauen Wörter Match den Anfang des Wortes Wert: This unusual surname is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and is a locational name from a hamlet called 'Eakley Lanes' in Buckinghamshire, deriving from the Olde English pre 7th Century personal name 'Ecca', from 'ecg', edge, point of a weapon, plus leah, wood, clearing. During the Middle Ages, when it was increasingly common for people to migrate from their birthplace to seek work further afield, the custom developed that they would adopt the placename as a means of identification. Variations in the spelling of the surname include Eakley, Eakly, Ecklee, Eckeley and Eckly. London Church Records list the christening of William, son of Lawrence and Anne Eckley, on February 10th 1694, and of their son Edward, on November 7th 1698, both at St. Olave's, Southwark. Lawrence Eckley married Alice Stephens on August 6th 1699, at St. Dunstans, Stepney. A Coat of Arms granted to an Eckley family is gold, on a red saltire a leopard's face transfixed with two swords saltireways of the field. The Crest is a red leopard's head erased. The Motto 'Gestal verbis praeveniunt' translates as 'Their deeds go before their words'. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Thomam Eccley, which was dated 23rd November, 1585, marriage to Eleonoram Conynge, at Bromyard, Herefordshire. during the reign of Elizabeth 1, known as 'Good Queen Bess', 1558 - 1603. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to 'develop' often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling. У Виталия Не было тети... Ну, так чего От него Вы все ждете? (Дмитрий Пинский)	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line117
__label__wiki	0.7353	0.7353	O'hartagan ЗНАЧЕНИЕ: Recorded in several spellings including O'Hartigan, O'Hartagan, Hartegan, Hartigan, and Hartin, and being cognate with the surname O'Hart, this is a famous Irish surname. It originates from the pre 15th century Olde Gaelic surname O'hArtagain, which means the descendant of the son of Art, the latter being possibly a short form of Arthur. It is said that the tribe were Dalcassian, and originated from the region known as Thomond, which was made up of the modern counties of Clare, Limerick and Tipperary. According to the etymologies of Ireland by the late Professor Edward MacLysaght, the clan is best known in the late 20th century in County Limerick, but even there, it is no longer numerous. The best known of the original nameholders was a poet, Cineth O'Hartegan, who died over one thousand years ago in 975 a.d., whilst in the year 1643 Father Matthew O'Hartigan was a Catholic emissary to France on behalf of the Irish people. At this very dangerous time when religous strife was at its height throughout Europe, he also worked to assist various exiles who had been deported to the West Indies. Other interesting nameholders include James Hartigan, aged thirty four, who was an early emigrant from the infamous Potato Famine of 1846 - 1848. Recorded in the lists of arriving passengers for the Port of New York for the years 1846 - 1851, he left on the ship 'Elizabeth Denison of Liverpool' on July 20th 1846, whilst Thomas Hartin, left on the ship 'Garrick', also from Liverpool, on May 15th 1847. Шепчутся девчонки, Отойдя в сторонку: "Сегодня рыцарский турнир В соседней школе утром был. Мальчишки там на нем сражались, За славу и почет старались!" "И кто, скажите, победил, Кто лучше всех в турнире был?" Конечно, есть один ответ, То был герой, то был Альберт!	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line118
__label__wiki	0.969255	0.969255	London cardinal calls Tube incident ‘another cowardly attack’ An injured woman is led away following a blast caused by an improvised explosive device on a London Underground train Sept. 15. The blast injured more than a dozen people and is being treated as terrorism by police investigators. (CNS photo/Luke MacGregor, Reuters) LONDON (CNS) — Cardinal Vincent Nichols of Westminster described the attempted bombing of a rush hour Tube train in London as “yet another cowardly attack” and said he was praying for the 22 people being treated for burns and other injuries. The device detonated Sept. 15 on a London Underground train but failed to explode as intended. It nevertheless shot a “wall of fire” through carriages, injuring passengers, including a 10-year-old boy. No one was killed. Cardinal Nichols later issued a statement to express his horror at the fifth terrorist attack in the U.K. this year. “I am dismayed at yet another cowardly attack on innocent people, including young children, as they were commuting to work and school this morning,” said Cardinal Nichols, president of the Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales. “I pray for all who were injured in the blast and in the ensuing stampede, and for all who were affected by the incident,” he said. “May God grant them and all Londoners peace and strengthen our resolve to stand against such evil acts.” The cardinal, whose diocese covers the Parsons Green station where the attack took place, also praised the emergency services who tended to the victims as well as the residents and workers in the area who offered them safety and comfort. Cardinal Nichols said: “The generous actions of those who rushed to tend to the wounded and those who were in shock demonstrate all that is good in humanity as a small number seek to divide our society. We should all be alert, but remain calm.” The bomb, placed inside a builder’s bucket and covered by a shopping bag, was described as an “improvised explosive device” by police. It included a timer, indicating that the bomber left the device on the train before it was meant to explode. Detectives say they have identified the bomber using CCTV images but have so far declined to name him publicly. Lansing parishioner uses artistic talent to benefit parish Family raises awareness, funds for suicide prevention Devotion to Infant of Prague is long and storied Santa Marta adapts to keep residents’ meals safe and tasty	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line120
__label__cc	0.699979	0.300021	Are People in Colder Countries Taller? By Matt Stiles \| August 9, 2016 August 9, 2016 Matt Stiles \| Topics: Demographics, Weather I got married in Amsterdam. One thing I remember most about my time in The Netherlands is the obvious height of the locals. Both men and women, generally, are quite tall. A new study supports my anecdotal observation. Dutch men are the tallest people in the world (women there are second), followed closely by some of their European neighbors. People in Southeast Asian and African countries are, on the other hand, shorter. I’ve always wondered why the Dutch are so tall. Is it their dairy-rich diet, perhaps? Or could there be a correlation between the lower average temperatures in Northern Europe and its apparent height advantage? Are people taller in colder countries? The answer is … sort of. If you examine the relationship between a country’s average male height and its average annual temperature, there is a modest inverse correlation. Or, about half of the taller populations can be explained by colder temperatures. Other factors certainly apply. (Aside from the statistics, this is a fun but crude exercise. More on that in a moment). This chart below shows countries’ average height (vertical axis) and average temperature (horizontal axis), and how they relate — with colored dots indicating each nation’s region as defined by the World Health Organization: Again, there’s not a strong statistical correlation. But the chart is still interesting. Men in many European countries are taller than the world average — and they live in climates that are somewhat colder on average. People in some Middle Eastern countries — Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq — are clustered around the average of both measures. (Men in Israel, interestingly, are taller). And it’s clear that in some parts of Asia and Africa that have hotter climates, the men are shorter. Explore the data (there’s a table at the bottom of this post) for yourself. Below is another version of the chart, but with colored dots indicating each country’s income, according to the WHO’s wealth categories: In this case, wealthy countries do seem more likely to be higher on the average height axis, perhaps because of Europe — an observation that deserves more examination. I’ll save that for another day. As I mentioned, this is a crude way to ask such a question, which researchers have tackled before in more depth. Take Allen’s Rule, for example, which gets at the question more broadly. It found that “endothermic animals with the same body volume should have different surface areas that will either aid or impede their heat dissipation.” Here are some of the obvious problems with this analysis. First, using the average temperature of places like the United States or China (or any geographic unit that covers huge and climatically diverse swaths of the globe) isn’t ideal. But that’s the data I had readily available. And if one assumes such a correlation between height and heat is linked to human evolution in particular climates, using the current nation state boundaries doesn’t account for the mass migration of recent human history. I’m looking at you, America and Australia, among others. Also, what about diet, health, wealth, etc.? I could go on… Think of this post as more of a data exercise, not science. In the end, I just wanted to make a scatterplot using NPR’s lovely dailygraphics rig — and I was a little geeked about the new height data set. And I love the Dutch. As I mentioned, here’s all the data in a table (note that a few countries were excluded because they weren’t listed in one of the height, climate and/or region/income data sets): August 9, 2016 August 9, 2016 Matt Stiles Tagged: d3, dailygraphics, Korea, netherlands, Original, Scatter Plot 3 thoughts on “Are People in Colder Countries Taller?” Huebsch Cool vis, Matt! The wealth piece seems important in the context of nutrition, as war times have had a demonstrated effect on adult height, as do cultural influences like lead plumbing or pottery glazes, as in Okinawa (tropical) where average height is significantly shorter than the rest of Japan. Very interesting! Any insight on the Patagonians? They were tall compared to groups living in the Andean regions. Broadly speaking, it seems that groups living in planes/steppes areas with a nomadic/semi-nomadic lifestyle and interactions with other groups were taller than groups with limited movements, living mostly in mountainous areas. Factor in the climate… Patagonia is not exactly a a flat area 😉 and the Tehuelches did have interaction with other groups, but not as much as, say Native Americans in the cold Northern plains in the now USA and Canada, for instance. I’m not an anthropologist. Just curious and probably making false assumptions… 🙂 Thanks for sharing this data, though. Very interesting indeed. People (male and female) from the northern part of China are much taller than people from the southern part of China. Their diets are different too. In the north, people have wheat flour as primary starch in their dishes, and southerners use rice. ← Charting Taiwan’s Sea of Scooters Are People in Colder Countries Taller? (Continued…) →	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line122
__label__cc	0.53928	0.46072	Investigation After Cops Kill Unarmed Teen Reveals Epidemic of Motorists Killed by Police Justin Gardner November 18, 2015 South Carolina — The Free Thought Project has been covering the murder of 19-year-old Zachary Hammond by Officer Mark Tiller since the incident occurred on July 26th. Three weeks ago the heartbreaking dashcam video was finally released, which shows a maniacal Tiller ruthlessly take the life of this teenager over a suspected bag of weed. According to the Post and Courier, “the Hammond case was far from unusual” in South Carolina. A campus cop at Spartanburg Methodist College shot to death an unarmed college student driving a car—including twice in the head—after responding to a report of a vehicle break-in. Of course, the cop claims that 20-year-old Delvin Simmons was trying to run him over, but there is no bodycam or dashcam video to refute that claim. The Post and Courier found that South Carolina is set to break its current record of police shootings, and that 1 in 4 shootings involved officers who fired at moving vehicles. Criminal justice experts say this practice is “ineffective and risky to officers and bystanders.” The paper’s investigation, titled Shots Fired: Mining lessons from tragedy, looked into the use of deadly force by the state’s police officers and how they learn from these encounters. What they found was that the State Law Enforcement Division (SLED) and the Criminal Justice Academy do literally nothing to learn from past mistakes. For instance, there was no evaluation of the case of Walter Scott to glean lessons in avoiding the use of deadly force, even though Officer Michael Slager was charged with murder. “They don’t want to admit mistakes,” said Philip M. Stinson, a former police officer who is a criminologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio. “In some agencies there is an erroneous perception that if they were to discuss and learn from mistakes, any advancement would be viewed as an admission of guilt that could result in civil liability.” Decades-old tactics of escalation and use of deadly force are firmly entrenched in police training, “A survey that Wexler’s group recently completed showed the continuing emphasis placed on force over persuasion. Among the 281 police agencies that responded, the average number of basic training hours devoted to firearms was 58, compared to eight hours spent on de-escalation techniques and 10 hours on communication skills.” The paper contrasts this to typical European approaches of law enforcement that emphasize keeping their distance, buying time and de-escalating the situation. However, learning de-escalation tactics is an “elective” course for cops training at the academies. Instructor John McMahan sums up the extent of South Carolina’s current police training programs: “Our main job is basic handgun fundamentals. Really all we are trying to do is to get them to where they can draw from a holster, site a line and pull the trigger.” This was certainly on display when Mark Tiller so callously took the life of Zach Hammond. Stinson, the criminologist and former cop, is taking aim at the unwillingness of police departments to learn from past incidents in order to reduce the violence being carried out upon he citizenry. “It’s not second-guessing to say, ‘What can we do in the future to prevent these shootings from happening?’ That’s not second-guessing. That’s taking advantage of good policy and practice,” said Stinson. As Chuck Wexler, director of the Police Executive Research Forum, points out, police shootings say a lot about “the training officers receive and the policies their departments adhere to.” “So much attention is placed on the oversight issue, which is important, but you really have to look upstream at the policies and training that are in place,” said Wexler. Instead of desperate attempts to blame victims, bystanders taking video, or journalists helping to expose police brutality, it’s time for law enforcement to take the blinders off and study their past actions. After the Post and Courier exposed South Carolina law enforcement’s penchant for deadly force and shooting into moving vehicles, SLED chief Mark Keel is announcing they will change their ways. He wants the Criminal Justice Academy “to start reviewing these cases and start looking for lessons learned, good and bad.” Keel says he is looking at policies and training practices in other states and may take specific actions next year. They should not limit their research to other states in the U.S., as the ready use of brutality and deadly force is standard operating procedure across the country. Time will tell if these announcements bring meaningful change, or if they are mere lip service to the increased scrutiny. About Justin Gardner Justin Gardner is a peaceful free-thinker with a background in the biological sciences. He is interested in bringing rationality back into the national discourse, and independent journalism as a challenge to the status quo.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line124
__label__cc	0.528028	0.471972	Simon Sobo, M.D. A Reevaluation of the Relationship between Psychiatric Diagnosis and Chemical Imbalances Articles and other writing The strengths and weaknesses of DSM IV: How it clarifies, how it blinds psychiatrists to issues in need of investigation Pursuing Treatments That Are Not Evidence Based: How DSM IV clarifies, how it blinds psychiatrists to issues in need of investigation ADHD and Other Sins of Our Children Does Evidence Based Medicine Discourage a Richer Assessment of Psychopathology and Treatment Is Natural a Good Quality When It Comes to Medications After Lisa (By popular demand through beginning of Chapter6) More thoughts about the Newtown Massacre of the Undisgusting Variety by Simon Sobo, M.D. The strengths and weaknesses of DSM III and IV are explored. It is argued that DSM IV cannot be assessed in a vacuum, by only examining its successes and failures at accomplishing its goals. Accurate descriptions and definitions of syndromes are an important guidepost. This job has generally been done well, especially given the expectation that it will be reevaluated and rewritten often, so that future versions will improve upon shortcomings. Nevertheless, a critique of DSM IV must also address the uses it has been put to, including ways that it can be, and is, being misused. DSM IVs principles are sound. Scientific investigation is unrivaled as the way to eventually understand clinical phenomena. But, clinical work is not a laboratory. If we were to limit our decisions to scientifically proven information we would be incapacitated, since scientifically valid answers oftentimes do not, as yet, exist. Questions are raised as to whether, when this happens, DSM IV too often is used to create an illusion of understanding, for example, obedience to protocols deemed proper treatment by a polling of “experts”, but not based on scientific discovery. Equally questionable is the use of DSM IV to dictate “evidence based” treatment, which implies unwarranted scientific validity. Given the choice between what is understood and proven through scientific method and what is, in essence , opinion or formulation, science should command absolute loyalty. But that doesn’t mean that using a scientific format, or waving its banner, adds validity to those who speak as “scientists.” Its virtues can act as a smokescreen. The language, the prestige, the trappings of science can be so distracting that science’s core value is overshadowed, absolute clarity about what is known and not known. Early on, critics charged that DSM IV can lead to tunnel vision1.Crucial information and perspectives that don’t fit into its diagnostic system get ignored. More importantly, in certain clinical contexts, focusing on a diagnosis may not be the best way to help patients deal with their psychopathology. Numerous examples of other ways of conceptualizing patients’ difficulties are presented including medication strategies that are not based on DSM IV, but nevertheless, derive from a sound rationale. For the layman and many clinicians, making a diagnosis implies the patient has a distinct illness, in the same way as a patient might have a tumor or an infection. But that may not be true of most psychiatric disorders. DSM IV diagnoses are based on operational definitions, rather than pathogenesis or etiology. They are necessarily preliminary, particularly well suited for research purposes. But they are too easily reified and broadened far beyond scientific justification. Moreoever when applying a diagnosis to a given patient the process can be a stretch, given current definitions. Spectrum disorders are a tempting stopgap, creating new diagnostic categories to encompass evolving thinking. But, if this is based on reification it will get us nowhere. Making DSM V more inclusive will not fix the problem, especially if derived from this misunderstanding of what a diagnosis represents in the first place. The overly frequent need to diagnose patients with multiple diagnosis should raise a red flag. While finding comorbidities is consistent with guidelines, it may also indicate basic deficiencies in our understanding. In physical medicine, more than one diagnosis is not uncommon, but psychiatric patients are so regularly diagnosed with more than one DSM IV disorder that we must consider the possibility that many current diagnoses are failing to broadly enough capture and define psychopathology. Finally, given its shortcomings, questions are raised as to whether DSM IV and the banner of science (as opposed to the substance) exerts too much control in psychiatric training programs, research, journal content, clinical practice and theory. Certain problems with DSM IV (and with scientific psychiatry) are inherent. We can only know as much (or as little) as we know. Some of the shortcomings are not intrinsic. Busy clinicians count on the information fed to them by those in universities who have the time to sort out proper treatments. They may not be getting an objective presentation. It is argued that (unfortunately) understanding the culture of psychiatry is as important as the science. The reasons DSM IV came into being are discussed, the assumptions behind its creation. Who are the movers of the ideas that take hold? Are their motivations always driven by scientific curiosity, a passion to get at the truth, or is something else involved? For example, does a flurry of articles on a given topic represent exciting new findings (the usual in science) or stepped up marketing. (See: Big Pharma, Bad Medicine )These topics can generate a lot of heat, ad hominem passions and prejudices, the greatest divergence from scientific discourse imaginable. Nevertheless, if we hope to assess DSM IVs strengths and shortcomings there is no way around this aspect of it. We must step into the ring. This essay will not be the final word in this discussion, but hopefully it will accomplish what good therapy does. Bring the unspoken to the surface so as to clarify key, yet evaded issues, elicit other questions, and move the discussion along. DSM IV: Some contexts of the arguments DSM III and later DSM IV, American psychiatry’s current diagnostic system, were widely seen as improvements when they were introduced. The earlier diagnostic manual DSM II, had less specific descriptions and very poor inter rater reliability, completely unacceptable for those demanding scientific exactness. DSM II’s shortcomings had not been addressed previously because psychodynamic psychiatry, the dominant perspective at the time, had a different paradigm. Making a diagnoses based on presenting symptoms was not irrelevant, but for the most part, in the absence of psychosis, symptoms were viewed as manifestations of far more important, more fundamental underlying pathology. It was akin to the way a patient with lupus might be viewed. Kidney abnormalities, skin rashes, arthritis and the like, might present as symptoms, and require attention and care. However, the key to success was addressing the “real” problem (the lupus), not the skin rash. A short review of the kind of perspectives that psychodynamic psychiatry brings to the table can help us to appreciate the changes represented by DSMs III and its heir, DSM IV. It is also relevant because it allows us to briefly revisit what has, all but, been eliminated from mainstream thinking, the valuable insight that human psychology is built upon inherently conflicting motivations. We are very often civilized, capable of cooperation and respect for obligations, responsive to the demands of our community. We are able to reason, and strive towards uplifting ideals. Nevertheless, over ninety percent of our genes are shared with rats. Evolution has placed the neocortex, where reason resides, on top of still functioning ancient parts of the brain. It is an addition not a replacement. We have an animal body and animal needs. We kill other animals and eat their flesh. We defecate. We urinate. We need sexual release. There may be an instinct to kill which, under enough stress, exists in everyone. The naked truths of our psyche, Freud argued, particularly our sexuality, but also our secrets and deepest impulses and conflicts, exert a powerful influence on behavior which can take peculiar and distressing forms, interfering with adults’ ability to effortlessly function in day to day reality. We distance ourselves from animals. We bathe, shave, brush our teeth, use tampons, deodorants, toilet paper, and indoor plumbing. We find euphemisms to dress up unpleasant topics. But deep within us is a heart of darkness. Freud claimed we are polymorphous perverse, literally anything goes, including incest. In traditional cultures an attempt is made to ban forbidden images and thoughts. Certain sexual longings must be kept private, or better, forgotten. In secular society many impulses are more out in the open and legitimitized. Either way most find entertainment in movies and novels so that the vices and temptations that secretly reside in the mind can come out for a while. They would not have to be condemned and labeled as vices if the temptation to act on them wasn’t part of our natural equipment. Psychodynamic psychiatrists maintained that the “real” problems underlying neurotic patients’ difficulties result from this dual nature, from, experiences and conflicts that are so disturbing that they are removed from conscious awareness. The emotions remain but not what was attached to them. Patients experience dread (anxiety), fear that something terrible is about to happen, without knowing what is feared. They feel sadness when there is no apparent reason. They may repeat destructive patterns of behaviors, which they know are irrational, but can’t seem to change. The goal of treatment was to uncover the source of these half conscious and unconscious toxic motivations so that better solutions were possible. Among purists it was believed that reducing symptoms without finding their psychological underpinnings was destructive, like placing a band-aid over an infected splinter. Or it was like 19th century patent medicines which were once sold door to door. Most of them contained opium to dull or eliminate pain and distress, thereby allowing the patient to ignore gathering signs of illness. The immediate problem with this perspective was that the treatment advocated by psychodynamic psychiatrists, uncovering and integrating repressed psychic material, took years to accomplish. Only the affluent could afford seeing an analyst the prescribed several times a week. Moreover “analyzability,” also a requirement, character qualities possessed by a minority of patients, meant only the capable need apply for treatment. The number of analysts was kept in such short supply that it was never a viable treatment for the millions of people that could use professional help. Indeed, if psychoanalysis had been as effective as the polio vaccine there might have been riots. Other approaches, some diluted versions of psychoanalysis, some with different content, were substituted. Most shared its emphasis on insight. Psychodynamic ideas were in the mainstream of psychiatric thought for decades. In its day, it attracted some of psychiatry’s best minds. In many of the finest centers of learning, it was the only theoretical orientation given serious attention. There were criticisms of its scientific credentials, especially by philosophers of science2 and academic psychologists. For the most part, however, even among those who had great respect for scientific methodology, it was widely accepted that the complexities of human behavior that become clarified in therapy, do not loan themselves to exact measurement. Behaviorists could isolate very specific phenomena in their lab using rats, or even test certain qualities in humans, but the knowledge needed to understand psychopathology and treat patients could not be isolated in this way. It was too vast, too complicated. It was hoped that eventually ways could be found to more precisely nail down dynamic theory and observations, but there was no great urgency to do so. While Freud and some of his followers sometimes claimed the prestige of science, the general consensus was that out of necessity, treatment had to remain as much art as science. More problematic was that successful treatment was hard to define. Perhaps, if therapies based on self understanding had been working spectacularly well, the absence of rigorous scientific thinking might not have been challenged. But, that could not be demonstrated, neither with those undertaking years of psychoanalysis, nor with less intense treatments. Insight can be a powerful tool, regaining a sense of control over what seems like madness, bringing light to the dark corridors of the mind. It is especially empowering for those who place self understanding and honesty on a pedestal. Unfortunately, for others, it often wasn’t, and isn’t, helpful enough. It can be palliative to know why one does something, or has frightening and disruptive emotions and symptoms, but that is no guarantee of change. Abreaction does not occur as reliably as the theory would hold. Inadequate “working through” (the integration of discoveries into the psyche) may explain some of the failures but it also can serve as an excuse for inadequate results. Worse, understanding can be no help at all with severe psychopathology. There was an even more serious challenge. Over and beyond questions about the effectiveness of insight therapy, the scientific leeway that was allowed psychodynamic thinking created issues that went beyond whether or not Freud’s ideas were valid. It opened the door to pop psychology, which especially took hold in the 1970’s. Without scientific rigor, making sense of psychopathology can easily deteriorate into psychobabble, glib generalizations, prescriptions for behavior which sound nice, but have no connection to the motivation and behavior of actual people. With religion in decline, “healthy” or “unhealthy” behavior and thoughts became the equivalent of a new morality, one presumably based on scientific understanding. Child rearing, marital relations, individual growth and dysfunctions, all fell within the purview of doctors, somehow seen as experts in living. This was not coincidental. Often they tried to denigrate and replace the central role of guilt cultivated by most religions. However, they created mental health ideals of their own, normative values which defined modern virtues or vices. All kinds of competing philosophies, cures, and child rearing attitudes were spawned, which further undermined the legitimacy of psychiatry as a scientific pursuit. Demands for change were inevitable. DSM III appeared in 1980. It was the defining characteristic of psychiatry’s new culture. Biological and scientific psychiatry had assumed dominance in academia and most of the journals. As part of this, the pendulum in the nature/nurture controversy had swung to the other side. In the new paradigm, the source of anxiety was not fears whose content was cut off from consciousness. The cause of panic attacks was not terror about something unknown. The cause of practically all patients’ psychiatric symptoms was not to be found in the psyche, not in consciousness or unconsciousness, not in psychological conflict, but in the physical brain, in chemicals, neural pathways, and genetics. The NIMH now demanded that those who approached psychiatric problems had to have the same mindset as other physicians. Republican President George Bush and Congress made an official proclamation that the 1990s were to be the “Decade of the Brain.” As it was doing in so many fields of medicine, industry, in this case the pharmaceutical industry, with its vast resources and research capabilities, soon played a pivotal, and then dominant, role in academic clinical psychiatry, in research and training, and the continuing education of physicians. This created a new problem. Conclusions were no longer being evaluated on a level playing field. Billions of dollars were involved in educating physicians and psychiatrists how to think like “experts,” many of them professors from our most prestigious universities who had been hired by pharmaceutical companies to spread their message. 42 Their success has been so complete, that the average psychiatrist, assumes future breakthroughs will come from new medications. The radical change in paradigm towards the physical brain was partly political, and as such, certain ideas became politically incorrect. Brilliant and not so brilliant insights, arguments, perspectives and discoveries (as noted, much of the previous three quarters of a century of psychiatric thought) essentially disappeared. They were not proven or disproved. They were simply ignored. It wasn’t just Freudian beliefs. There was a broader implicit agenda. If the content of journals serves as a guide, environmental contaminants, inadequate nutrition, physical stress were legitimate enough areas to be studied when exploring the nurture side of the equation. But not issues of the psyche, particularly not issues of problematic development deriving from the relationship between parent and child, an amazing change when we consider how emphasized this area of study had been. Invariably, when differences in parenting were found paired to an illness, the explanation was that the parents were reacting to their child’s brain defect. The very nature of intellectual communication within psychiatry also changed. Whatever its shortcomings, the older psychiatry required a deep and thorough exploration of the particulars of each patient. In contrast to the emphasis on individual case histories as a key to understanding pathology, qualities unique to an individual case were, for the most part, dismissed as anecdotal, meaning of little scientific interest. There was a huge increase in the emphasis placed on diagnosis, even when there was no scientific basis for this (This will be one of the main areas of focus of this paper). There were also changes in therapeutic approach that accompanied the new zeitgeist. For example, behaviorist experiments using animals in the lab had long been a key focus of scientific psychology in universities. It had also been widely applied in institutional psychiatry, where it had been the mainstay of treatment for the retarded, the insane and the criminal. The new cachet of “scientific psychiatry” made it a respectable treatment for the middle class. Eliminating the yakety-yak of individual psychotherapy, and sticking to proven general techniques of change that worked for anyone, was the goal. Similarly, cognitive perspectives arguing for the power of calm, logical, positive attitudes, could be applied to anyone regardless of their life story or particular situation. Freud and his followers had emphasized the extraordinary power of the unconscious and the relatively feeble deliberating ego at the mercy of debilitating experiences and unmanageable emotions. The hope was that self knowledge could strengthen the ego. The new perspective was a complete flip-flop. Psychopathology was due to unhealthy attitudes. Wrong thoughts caused the bad emotions, not the other way around. With enough practice, solid, good, rational intentions and thoughts could be taught and bring equanimity, meaning made therapeutically effective. If Henry Higgins devotion to science and detached rationality could transform Eliza Doolittle to speak the Queen’s English, certainly psychopathology could yield to the proper attitudes of an enlightened adult, to better thoughts, regardless of how patients had developed their illness. Cognitive behavioral and biological psychiatrists argued that the acid test was results. Practice makes perfect. In particular, a combination of cognitive and repetitive behavioral techniques (inculcating proper thinking through “homework”) could be proven to work reasonably well in reducing defined symptoms. Similarly, the argument for the new diagnostic system was valid enough. If psychiatric symptoms are not defined and measured, treatment effectiveness cannot be assessed. For most patients, symptoms brought them to treatment, and the reduction, or elimination of symptoms, is all that matters. The new perspective looked to iron clad statistically significant results as the only form of knowledge meriting serious respect. Empirical validation should guide treatment rather than the speculations of Freudians, Sullivanians, Jungians, and the like. Down with theory and debate. Up with verifiability. What works and what doesn’t is the central question. It is a compelling argument, but it also can lead to absurdities. Many of the innovators of cognitive treatments saw themselves as rebels against the rigidities of the psychodynamic establishment. They rightly tossed out the psychoanalytic generalization that symptoms eliminated by non analytic techniques will merely reappear in some other form. While this can, and does happen, it is far from invariable. But, they went further than that. The baby was thrown out with the bath water. It is one thing to legitimately argue, for instance, that, in a given case, the kind of quick control of overt symptoms that medication offers is crucial, or, for many cases, it is economically practical. A reasonable argument can be made that in many clinical contexts letting sleeping dogs lie, keeping unconscious material repressed may be a good choice. The belief that with sufficient analysis, the ego will replace the id, or find suitable sublimations may be an overly rosy expectation. On the other hand, choosing to simply ignore areas which cannot be put to scientific testing, essentially dropping these subjects from training and serious discussion, impoverishes the study of psychopathology so that critical areas are not addressed by students, clinicians, and researchers. The repeated designation of the new kind of care as “expert”, points to an attempt to intimidate, to foster “cascading” in science rather than openness to all data and evidence. That said, DSM III and IV brought the expected practical benefits to researchers. During the DSM II era those conducting empirical research on the effectiveness of a treatment could exactly define their subjects’ characteristics, so that valid comparisons could be made between their findings and another researcher’s findings, but only if both agreed to monitor exactly the same population. So gathering experts together with a variety of theoretical perspectives, for the purpose of reaching a consensus that correlated diagnosis with precisely defined criteria, was very appealing. Clusters of symptoms now defined the disease. A nosology based on observable signs and symptoms, operational definitions of what they would be investigating, was the way science ordinarily proceeded. While an etiological description of an illness was preferable to an operational definition, since this wasn’t available, agreeing to stick to the same criteria was a decent first step. DSM IV allows researchers anywhere to gather together a group of patients who meet the described criteria for the disorder, try different treatments, and compare the results. The diagnosis is universal. Thus, a given percentage of patients with social phobia might be helped by placebo, and if a greater number will be helped by paroxetine, or gabapentin, or cognitive behavioral therapy, or whatever the treatment in the research design might be, then these treatments can be designated effective if statistical significance is reached. “Evidence based treatment” appeals to the FDA and, more importantly, seemingly appeals to common sense. Empirical data is usually far more valuable than theories and controversy that cannot be backed up by a test of the facts. In recent years “evidence based medicine” has become a rallying cause. Pressures are exerted for it to become the standard of care. Leaving aside the above criticism about unreasonably narrowing the focus of research and teaching, there is a more significant problem with this approach. Even within its own terms, it has gone too far. The authors of DSM III and IV were very aware of its shortcomings and warned about them in their introductions. 7 But, as diagnostic psychiatry became the center of most treatment paradigms these warnings have been ignored. Misunderstanding what a diagnosis represents (when etiology and pathophysiology are not known) can lead to conclusions that make no sense whatsoever, when viewed in the light of later understanding of what is actually occurring. For the purpose of illustration let us consider congestive heart failure (CHF) as a model. An important aspect of CHF treatment is to focus on a manifest symptom such as edema, especially pulmonary edema and pleural effusions. The strain on the heart from excessive fluid demands the use of diuretics (which, of course, do not act on the heart at all but on the kidneys). Unencumbered by fluid in the lungs, shortness of breath and orthopnea will improve. Treatment addresses pathophysiology without taking etiology into account. The actual diseases that brought about the heart failure are once removed from the focus of treatment. Heart failure might be due to muscle damage from an MI or a viral cardiomyopathy. There might be valvular damage from rheumatic fever, or subacute bacterial endocarditis, and so forth through a long list of diseases that can damage the heart. A clinician focusing on the presenting symptoms of CHF is proceeding rationally because regardless of etiology, when the heart doesn’t do its job–when it is not pumping blood powerfully enough–the final common pathway manifested by the accumulated fluid may be of more immediate concern than the underlying cause of the illness. One hundred years ago CHF could be described without an understanding of its many causes, and that description remains therapeutically relevant today, even after we can now better understand underlying causality. But there is a problem illustrated by CHF as a diagnosis, which is relevant to the way we use DSM IV today. For argument’s sake, let us say our knowledge base remained at the turn of the 20th century and hypothyroidism was causing the heart failure of a given patient. Thyroid extract would fail miserably when tested in a larger population of patients whose “disorder” had been defined as “congestive heart failure.” It might worsen in particular, the illness of those patients whose CHF was, for instance, caused, or exacerbated, by atrial fibrillation due to hyperthyroidism. Viewed from the perspective of the heart failure diagnosis, the few patients it might help might be described in individual case studies, but would probably be rightly dismissed as anecdotal, if proponents argued that it should be used as a general treatment for congestive heart failure. Yet, the fact remains that it is precisely the correct treatment for CHF due to hypothyroidism. My point is obvious. As reasonable as evidence-based treatment protocols for symptom-defined “disorders” might seem to be in psychiatry, they are, in fact, pathetic compared to what is possible when a true understanding of etiology can be used to provide rational care. Analogous to CHF, schizophrenia might be 5 or 7 or 12 different diseases all with the same common final pathway. The heart is basically a pump. Thus, many different illnesses can manifest themselves as the same “disorder” when its pumping action is defective. Similarly, there may be limited numbers of ways that the brain can malfunction when its higher integrative functions are not working properly, or are overpowered by extremely forceful primitive emotional currents. There might be a genetic-caused schizophrenia-like illness with 100% (or 25%) penetrance, a virally based illness, nutritional etiologies (besides known vitamin deficiency induced psychosis.). Some have suggested fetal damage. There might even be (dare I say it) an illness primarily caused by detrimental child rearing. At one time, a syphilitic psychosis resembling schizophrenia used to fill up mental hospitals, so let us not ignore bacterial causality. And what will we learn about prions? The point is that different diseases sharing common symptoms could easily be lumped together. This might be true of each of the DSM IV disorders. From still another perspective, a person with no symptoms at all might be a closer match to a person with symptoms, than someone with very similar symptoms. For example, we now know that someone with early latent syphilis (two years in to the disease) showing no signs of illness (once again, for arguments sake, before VDRLs were available) should be treated for the disease regardless of symptoms. Someone with optic neuritis (a common manifestation of neurosyphilis) who is not infected by treponema pallidum, would not be helped by penicillin. There is nothing perplexing here. Our understanding of cause and effect allows clear thinking. Families with schizophrenia running through them have an abundance of schizotypal disorder. 8 Once again, not a surprise; someday in the future we will find certain patients with panic disorder, or obsessive compulsive disorder, or whatever, appropriately grouped, from the standpoint of etiology with some schizophrenics. On the other hand, someone with a biological predisposition, say, towards excessive fearfulness (anxiety), or passivity, might have manifest symptoms that veer towards phobias, avoidant personality, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, or any one of a number of DSM IV disorders, the differences between them attributable to family or culturally learned defenses, parental models of coping, individual trauma, or individual psychodynamics. For example a person using counter phobic defenses (say sky diving) to “choose” and attempt to master their risks for themselves, will present very differently than a frightened individual passively yielding to that fear, or trying to gain a sense of control through repetitive OCD rituals, or dependent on the protection of others, or idealized love, or through submersion in cults. And medications that treat “anxiety” might be helpful in a large number of disorders that vary greatly from each other in manifest symptoms, but might have in common the fact that the particular symptoms (shaped by other factors) were fundamentally a response to genetically based greater quantities of “fear.” Are they all the same disease, or as some would have it, are they part of a spectrum? Using the common effectiveness of a given treatment might give hints about etiology, but, not necessarily. Syphilis, pneumococcal pneumonia, and strep throat, are very different diseases, with symptoms that do not resemble each other, but they are all bacterial and are all handled very nicely by penicillin, just as SSRIs are effective for all kinds of different illnesses. To play with the analogy a bit more, strep throat is not really the same disease as rheumatic fever, although the same germ is involved in both diseases. The key point is that current DSM IV disorders are not likely to be equivalent to each other as separate, equal diagnostic entities once we understand the complexity of their underpinnings. A drug that was a pre-anesthetic calming agent, chlorpromazine, was tried in schizophrenia and found to be hugely successful. Originally, this and other “major tranquilizers” were used not only in schizophrenia, but without a second thought, in panic disorder and other clinical situations where calming agents were helpful. Only later, when tardive dyskinesia presented itself as a problem, did clinicians begin to restrict its use to psychosis. And, within a decade, phenothiazines began to be thought as having unique “antipsychotic” qualities as opposed to tranquilizing efficacy. How interesting it is then, that newer neuroleptics, where tardive dyskinesia is far less of a problem, began to be used (until we began to appreciate their other shortcomings) for panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder (even when there is no psychosis involved.). Many modern antipsychotics are also being labeled “mood stabilizers” although strong misgivings may be appropriate about that term.9). The discoverers of Prozac, Drs. Fuller, Molloy and Wong have emphasized how little we truly understand about the brain and Prozac10. However, despite their realism about the science, the remarkable efficacy of SSRIs has had a halo effect on the scientific attitudes underlying DSM IV and ongoing research, so that even practitioners, far away from the laboratory, out in the trenches, where the practice of psychiatry is not governed by a rational understanding of the brain’s effects on the mind, feel they are practicing in a scientific manner. In actual fact, our work often consists of doing our best to play the odds. There is no problem with this. We think in terms of the risk/benefit ratio for a particular patient, and as far as it will take us, use DSM IV categories and evidence based treatment protocols. When necessary, we try various augmentation strategies, but all too often, our chances of success are not always clear from the literature. When treatment is successful, we should not be overly bothered by our lack of understanding about what is “really” going on. Doctors effectively used penicillin for a decade or longer before they figured out that it kills bacteria because of its effects on the bacterial cell wall. And in the last 20 years we have been lucky to be able to discover so many “penicillin” like miracle drugs that are safe and very effective for all kinds of emotional disorders. On the other hand, while the current understanding of how medications work with the various disorders, may, or may not, be the best guess given what we know, if past experience is a guide, much of it will seem silly when we gain the knowledge we really need. This will be true even of treatments recommended by “expert consensus panels.” Indeed the idea of counting up votes of “experts” is understandable as a guideline for practitioners eager to be guided by the “best” doctors. But it is foolishness if the necessary knowledge simply isn’t there. To use words like “expert” distorts the tentativeness of the information. No one would have to be polled if the phenomena could be explained scientifically. Rational treatment would come from understanding, not faith in authority. More troublesome, in an age of malpractice suits, pressures are brought on practitioners to follow the lead of the experts. “Standards of care” dictate proper treatment, when the proper treatment is not really known. Similarly, “evidence based medicine” linking diagnosis to treatment, is implied to be the only scientific approach to patient care. It elevates the organization of diagnosis according to operational definitions, which is a tentative approximation of understandable diagnoses, into the only legitimate scientific treatment paradigm. Keeping in mind the earlier discussion of congestive heart failure, given the state or our knowledge, this is not acceptable It is fair enough to declare that findings using this paradigm can be sanctioned as “evidence based.” In research it is also appropriate to ask that approaches, which might challenge findings, follow through on their hypothesis with empirical data. In clinical settings, however, it isn’t legitimate, to imply that any other way of viewing the material is less scientific than, for example, the leaps of logic that often accompany spectrum disorder speculations, or diagnoses based on response to medication. Making therapeutic decisions, when hard knowledge is not all we might wish, is a legitimate response to the necessities of practice. Whereas in research it is possible to comply fully with exactly defined criteria for experimental subjects, in the real world patients’ actual symptoms are not always cooperative with these requirements. As clinicians, we must treat patients as they exist. If we limit ourselves only to those who meet strict criteria, we will be treating only a fraction of the patients presenting themselves. Concepts such as spectrum disorders, and NOS (not otherwise specified) diagnoses, are not unreasonable as an attempt to deal with this. They provide a rationale that allows clinicians to use empirical findings derived from the pure version of the disorder, when treating the larger population of actual patients that they see. But, while clinicians should respond to actual patients with the best approximate approach, stretching diagnoses and treatments that are backed by solid evidence, and claiming the prestige of science for expanded usage is of debatable merit. From a common sense perspective, it is perfectly logical to ignore strict criteria in the belief that a patient might have the disease in question even when they don’t match up to criteria for a disorder. However, this perspective needs to be carefully examined. Along with its pragmatic value, it also introduces legitimate questions about what we mean by a DSM IV diagnosis. Essences, the reification of operational definitions, and the reality of diseases. In the current paradigm, making a diagnosis first and then treating on that basis is often considered the only way to proceed. But many difficulties have been created by this approach. For example, we all know of children brought to clinician after clinician, each supplying parents with a different diagnosis, or combination of diagnoses, in search of the “real” illness. Sometimes the search for a true “diagnosis” resembles the search for the buried traumatic event that once characterized psychodynamic psychiatry. Aha! There it is, the key to the lock. This patient is really suffering from ADHD or has bipolar disorder or has both, and so forth. If a label can be found, the mysteries of the patient will finally be revealed. Yet, recall that the causes of a particular diagnosis in DSM IV are no better known than they were in DSM II. Somehow, at this point, thinking in terms of disorders in the diagnosis/evidence based pardigm has convinced practitioners that making a diagnosis will best “explain” the problem. In medicine the search for an accurate diagnosis is crucial. When the mystery of a difficult patient’s symptoms is finally resolved by the discovery of a tumor, a viral or bacterial infection, an autoimmune disease, MS, and so forth, treatment is clarified. An accurate diagnosis points to a rational basis for pursuing further care. But not all diagnoses serve that purpose. Some diagnosis are catch alls, a name to label patients’ symptoms when all tests come back negative. Chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia are examples, controversial diagnoses with advocates insisting the illnesses are real, and detractors, not bothering to enter the fray, but privately comfortable in their skepticism. There are less controversial illness like irritable bowel syndrome, which is similarly diagnosed when no other cause for the symptoms has been demonstrated by positive tests. The question is which psychiatric diagnosis are like fibromyalgia, and which are more clearly established like schizophrenia and manic depression (as opposed to bipolar disorder which increasingly is becoming a fibromyalgia kind of diagnosis) When a clinician claims that a patient is “really” depressed, or has ADHD, or has bipolar disorder, or whatever, even though DSM IV criteria are not met, is that similar to a physician discovering a previously undiscovered illness, astutely uncovering a real hidden disorder, which will now yield to treatment ? Or, are they muddying up the significance of the real disorder by claiming all kinds of patients, “really” have the disorder when they in fact, don’t. It made sense to broaden the criteria for bipolar disorder so that full episodes of mania are no longer necessary to make the diagnosis. Genetic illnesses can have incomplete penetrance. Infectious diseases can have mild or severe symptoms, as can autoimmune diseases. However, in the case of bipolar disorder, there are numerous vaguely similar symptoms that people without bipolar disorder display that are now getting them diagnosed with the illness. Common examples are people with bad tempers, depressed people who are irritable (the irritability because it is sometimes seen in mania instead of euphoria but it is now all too often being taken as uniquely bipolar) teenagers and drug abusers with mood lability (now being called “mood swings” since the concept of ultradian cycling was speculatively introduced.11) see: Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: a Caution Other examples are patients whooping it up in their mid 20’s in the big city, whose age related foolishness is interpreted as the impulsivity of hypomanic episodes. While it may be exactly that, it may also be a stage in life, that will be outgrown, with marriage, mortgage, and family. That there is a grey area in making the diagnosis is perfectly legitimate. The idea of spectrum disorders is also legitimate enough. The problem is the application of the idea. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children increased 40 fold between 1994-5 and 2002-3. 12 Are clinicians becoming too facile at labeling patients because of the emphasis on a diagnosis (and evidence based practice) despite the fact that the long term treatment results of this kind of “science” has not been established for patients not fitting criteria? 13,14 Implicit in the decision to stretch the diagnosis to include a patient that doesn’t meet criteria for that disorder is the belief that the disorder exists in the same sense as an infection or tumor or diabetes. It is not just an operational definition. It is real in the same way as say, a child presenting with fever, achiness, vomiting and diarrhea, without complaining of a scratchy throat, may nevertheless be suffering from strep throat. A clinician who claims a child or adult “really” has bipolar disorder, or ADHD despite not meeting its defined criteria, assumes something is going on related to their actually having a specific disease process. Something is wrong with their brain circuitry, or neurotransmitters, or genetics that justifies the diagnosis even if it cannot be demonstrated. And a medicine is going to be effective because it somehow is getting at the fundamental pathological process, The problem is, for the most part, we do not understand how the medications work, so this reasoning is specious. The problem of reifying diagnoses extends beyond trying to diagnose patients who don’t meet full DSM IV criteria. Some disorders are problematic not only because they are spectrum extensions of a diagnosis, but in pure form, from a common sense perspective might not be considered a disease. For example, it is possible to operationally define the cluster of symptoms that constitutes oppositional defiant disorder. While certainly something is troubling about the behavior, and in theory it may be studied objectively, is classifying this a “disorder” necessarily the best way to conceptualize it? Merely labeling a syndrome of behavior a disease creates problems. Here is a quote from Educational Horizons Spring 1996: “Once upon a time parents who lacked the courage and/or interest necessary to set limits and impose responsibilities were thought to produce lamed and defiled children. “Spoiled brats” was the common lexicon. Happily, this benighted notion no longer enjoys currency. We now know that a child’s upbringing may really have little to do with “brattiness.” Children behaving like “spoiled brats” are often really suffering from an illness known as oppositional disorder.” Is this what we meant to do? Have we really solved the problem of oppositional and defiant children by calling it an illness? Going still further, should treatment necessarily be medical? Are physicians really the best at handling these problems? Historically, in addition to parents, taking on children’s misbehavior was the province of moral authorities, clergymen, teachers, and the like. If unsuccessful, it might be a policeman and a judge. When clusters of behaviors are defined as a DSM IV disorder, does that automatically make doctors the experts, or promise the wonders of science even when we have scientifically discovered almost nothing that should make us the “experts?” Do we have the scientific authority to communicate to parents,or teachers that they should back off. It isn’t the child’s fault. They have “an illness.” Does this kind of illness have enough similarity to illnesses like diabetes, cancer, infections, for a medical perspective to be the proper perspective? The chemical imbalance hypothesis and DSM IV Unlike oppositional defiant disorder, illnesses such as depression, or the various anxiety disorders seem to fit the analogy to physcial medicine better. While the usefulness of DSM IV is not intrinsically related to the belief that “chemical imbalances” are at the root of most psychiatric difficulties, this has been an implicit assumption of a great many (though by no means all) researchers and practitioners during the DSM III and IV era. In the United States, the chemical imbalance argument has proven to be important in winning legislative support for improved insurance coverage that gives psychiatry parity with other medical conditions. Somehow, if illness can be blamed on chemistry, (or more lately on cellular changes) it becomes real. One other byproduct of the chemical imbalance model is that its simplicity has led to a great deal of comfort, on the part of physicians other than psychiatrists, to dispense psychotropic medications. Believing that they are operating within the logic of cause and effect, they merely have to focus on the improvement of the symptoms of the disorder in question and watch for side effects from the medication. A majority of psychiatrists also work within these parameters. After diagnosing a patient they typically follow up with med checks and that is all. What are the most glaring difficulties with the chemical imbalance model? 1) Medications such as the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) have found usefulness in so many Axis I and Axis II disorders (e.g. OCD, Depression, Panic Disorder, Eating Disorders, phobias of many varieties, Borderline Personality, PTSD, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Fibromyalgia, in selected cases Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Pathological Gambling, Kleptomania, not to mention OC Personality, Avoidant Personality, Dependent Personality) that to consider all of these forms of misery part of the same biological spectrum is stretching credulity. Occam’s razor demands a more parsimonious approach. 2) Medications that work in completely different ways are effective for the same disorder. For example, antidepressants such as desipramine and bupoprion have little serotonin effect yet are just as effective agents for depression as SSRIs. To keep the chemical imbalance hypothesis alive speculations have been offered to explain the effectiveness of noradrenergic and dopamine enhancing agents as ultimately influencing serotonin receptors downstream. This is not impossible but it is only a guess. A completely different hypothesis was offered by Petty (1995) who argued that GABAnergic drugs are fundamentally related to mood. 15 In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) similar problems emerge. Originally, the fact that serotonin enhancing drugs were uniquely effective led to a belief that there was a causal connection, but as early as 1991 there was confounding evidence. Thirty mg. of dextroamphetamine was found to ameliorate OCD symptoms (Joffe 1991)16 . Moreover, while it is radical to advocate this as treatment, patients have reported that intoxicants such as marijuana, alcohol, and cocaine have given them temporary relief from OCD symptoms. Indeed, oral morphine is reasonably effective (Franz, 2001)17. Once again, it is possible to speculate that there is a downstream effect on serotonin, but if we use this argument we have come full circle in a tautological trap. The original reason for the serotonin-OCD chemical imbalance model was that serotonergic agents were believed to be unique in their effectiveness. With so called “mood stabilizers” we are faced with similar difficulties in integrating theory with the facts. There is a murkiness in reasoning which can only be explained by the attractiveness of the idea that somehow a chemical imbalance is being corrected, and hence bipolar disorder is being treated on a fundamental, etiological level. However, the etiology is unknown, and the various “mood stabilizers” work through different chemical mechanisms. Thus, valproic acid and gabapentin have been hypothesized to work on GABAdenergic receptors, whereas (for example) the proposed mechanism of action for carbamazepine and lamotrigine is voltage dependent inhibition of Na+ currents. Recent speculations about lithium are that it is affecting G proteins, that it exerts a push/pull effect on the neurotransmitter glutamate. (Dixon And Hokin, 199818 : Lenox et al., 199819 ), or that it alters sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells and effects a shift toward intraneuronal metabolism of catecholamines. (Physician Desk Reference, 199920 ). Even the definition of what constitutes a mood stabilizer is controversial. (Sobo, 199921) . Originally, the idea was that a mood stabilizer had both anti-depressant and anti-manic qualities. When, until Lamictal, anti-depressant effectiveness was not demonstrable for any anti-seizure medicines, Sachs (1996)22 replaced this concept with a new definition, an agent which will “decrease vulnerability to subsequent episodes of mania or depression” and not exacerbate the current episode or maintenance phase of treatment. So gripping was the appeal of the original mood stabilizer concept, that despite the lack of double blind evidence for the effectiveness of any anti-seizure medication for bipolar depression (this was before Lamictal’s efficacy was demonstrated), and despite the first hand experience of numerous clinicians (who actually saw patients on a consistent basis), they were nevertheless, recommended in the APA’s “expert” consensus protocol as a first line treatment for bipolar depression. Indeed, strangely, as soon as an agent was shown to have anti-manic properties it was invariably labeled as a “mood stabilizer.” Not until 2001 did the APA soften its stand against anti-depressants, finally approximating the practice pattern of the far more experienced, less “expert” clinicians. 3) With all that is unknown about the chemistry of mental illness, using the chemical imbalance model, researchers are not shy about concluding that a given disorder is “really” something else on the basis of the effectiveness of a medication. Thus Donovan, SJ (as reported by Sherman, C) 199823 proposed that a new diagnosis, “Explosive Mood Disorder” be created and replace Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, for “children with irritable mood swings” because valproic acid helped his cohort of inner city, out of control, kids. 24Even more extreme, all kinds of problems with impulse control (called compulsions by laymen) such as overeating, gambling, paraphilias, various patterns of alcohol and drug abuse, and so forth have been labeled Obsessive Compulsive spectrum disorders because SSRIs are sometimes effective.24 The reason these “compulsions’ were originally not thought of as related to OCD was that they revolved around giving in to temptation, over indulgence of a forbidden pleasurable activity. They were totally different in character from the extraordinary worrying, and doubting that characterizes OCD obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior. The fact that SSRIs can be useful in both should change nothing regarding etiology or nosology. 4) The chemical imbalance model is not an important part of the basic (animal) research being done to test new potential anxiolytics and anti-depressant agents. The chemical imbalance model might or might not stimulate a search for agents that effect given neurotransmitters, but while there is some research on genetically predisposed strains of mice and guinea pigs, who may be wired differently, or chemically different, most research is done on ordinary animals that are environmentally stressed and then relieved of this stress by potentially useful chemical agents. For example, the FST (forced swimming test) tests the ability of drugs to postpone hopelessness in animals forced to swim and swim and swim to remain alive. SSRIs do this. So do noradrenergic agents (which interestingly enough, are more likely to cause the rats to try to climb out of their test environment (Detke 1995)25 ). More pointedly, rat pups that are isolated from their mother and litter mates produce “ultrasonic sounds” that are indicative of stress. SSRIs reduce these sounds. (Oliver, 1994)26 For a while there was excitement that substance P antagonists might be useful psychotropic agents because they were shown to reduce “stress induced vocalizations” in guinea pig pups (once again separated from their moms). A drug successfully screened in this manner will certainly not be presented to patients as a drug that is so good at shutting off distress that it even works to subdue what might be considered the prototypical model of terror, a helpless infant separated from its mother. A patient told he is being given a drug that will kill his reaction to what has been upsetting him will approach that treatment very differently than a patient given a different spin, one told that his medication is treating the chemical imbalance that is causing his specific ailment. Similarly, primary care physicians and psychiatrists will be far more enamored with the thought that an agent has been tested (and even better, FDA approved) for a specific DSM-IV disorder if the mindset is that the effectiveness is due to fixing faulty synapses, rather than that the patient is being drugged out of his suffering. The question is whether following an evidence based treatment protocol for that diagnosis , or an FDA indication for a medication, falsely signals cause and effect, when in fact, diagnosis followed by evidence based treatment means nothing of the sort. The use of medications within a psychological / clinical context paradigm as opposed to a strictly diagnostic perspective Herman Van Praag, in his classic paper “Nosological Tunnel Vision In Biological Psychiatry. A Plea For A Functional Psychopathology” ( Van Praag, 1990)1 , warned that exclusively focusing on diagnosis can blind the clinician to other equally useful perspectives in approaching patients’ difficulties. If anything, since his article 17 years ago, this issue has gotten worse, in part because mental health insurance coverage may be limited only to DSM IV defined disorders. Taking a cue from criticism leveled at the DSM II era the rest of a patient’s pathology may be considered analogous to the problems of the “worried well.” This attitude can not be entirely blamed on insurance companies. Many psychiatrists limit their clinical focus exclusively to the treatment of symptoms defined by DSM IV. The rest of the patient’s complaints is considered chaff. In research, protocols have to be strictly followed, so a cookie cutter perspective limiting the focus of what is to be studied is necessary for objective results. Fifteen minute, once a month med visits, may be all that is needed. However, as will be illustrated, this is unacceptable as a standard for optimal care. It isn’t only frills. A broader view of the patient’s problems may yield more informed use of medication. Clinical context can be just as, or more important, than diagnosis. To illustrate this it will be necessary to resort to the preeminent approach to patient care before DSM III and IV dominated thinking, clinical case histories. Mr. T. was a thirty-year-old man who was very unhappy in his marriage. He had always pictured a family life with two or three children. His wife, a beautiful woman, whom he had originally been smitten by, had never wanted kids. Mr. T had assumed she would change her mind. But now, six years into the marriage, he had realized that there would be no change of heart. She was to be the project of the marriage, her vulnerabilities, her needs, the vicissitudes of her emotions. It had gotten old. Over the years, he had noticed his impatience with her grow into indifference and then sarcasm. He came for help when he had become depressed. He couldn’t sleep. He couldn’t eat. He couldn’t concentrate at work. I’ll put the issue in a nutshell. What if the Prozac worked like a charm and completely rid him of his depression? What if Prozac returned bounce to his life and now he found he could, after all, live happily with the status quo? This is, in fact, what happened. As long as he remained on the medication he was fine. But here is the key question. What if 25 years from now, Mr. T. were to wake up and suddenly realize he had wasted his life? He really had wanted children and a family all along. What if he wouldn’t allow a doubling of his Prozac dose at that point? A drug had deceived him, cheating him of what had been meant to be. Would Mr. T. have had major depression if he weren’t biologically predisposed? We don’t know. (Nor do we know with others.) But even if he would not have gotten as depressed without having a biological predisposition, it is wrong to dismiss his marital situation as merely a precipitant. In this case, the depression was an alarm signal. It told the patient that the life he was living would not do. Ms B. was having an affair with a married man who was on Prozac. Every time he came off his medications he couldn’t stand his marriage for a moment longer and he intended to marry my patient. As soon as he was back on meds his concern switched to his teen-age daughter who needed him to stay. Which was the true judgment? I’ve had patients find the courage to ignore their fear of loneliness and leave an unsuitable marriage with the help of SSRIs, others find the courage on meds to have what proved to be an unwise affair. I’ve seen a medicated patient quit his 9-5 job, use his inheritance and “go for it” as a singer. Was this realistic? I suppose it depended on his talent, connections, luck. He had previously been cautious about his inheritance, recognizing that it was a one-time thing and was his only hope for financial security. Only after he also decided he was going to use this money to develop a solar car did I become concerned. He was not manic or hypomanic, but he was definitely feeling better than he had ever felt. When told he would have to stop the Prozac, so that he could review his choices unmedicated, he stopped therapy and went to a different doctor. Van Praag argued that instead of correcting imbalances, pharmacological agents may be viewed as inducing particular psychological states which, though not specifically related to diagnosis, are nonetheless the basis for the usefulness of the medication. As an alternative to a chemical imbalance paradigm, a case can be made that SSRIs are efficacious in conditions as disparate as borderline character, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, panic disorder, social phobias, and so forth because increasing serotonin has a psychological impact that is nonspecific to the disorders in question. Alcohol will produce inebriation in a person with schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, or someone with no psychiatric diagnosis. Analogously, SSRIs typically impact individuals in ways that are not specific to diagnosis. What is that effect? The most frequent description of the effects of SSRIs that I have heard from patients are “It doesn’t matter.” or “Don’t sweat the small stuff.” or “What’s the big deal?” It is this “Don’t sweat the small stuff” perspective that I believe is SSRIs unique blessing and curse. It means relief from worry, relief from the feeling that something is missing, something needs to be done, something needs to be fixed, “my makeup isn’t right, the sky is falling, I won’t be able to pay my bills, I’m not smart enough, I won’t be able to tolerate the loneliness if I leave my lover” (even if he/she is abusive). SSRIs supply, if not always happiness, then a nice contented feeling that all is well and will be well. They can allow parents to be able to play with their children more, fret less over the details, appreciate what is, actually want to do the proverbial modern mantra, stop and smell the roses. They are the answer to existential angst. Perhaps Sisyphus, if he had only been born in the 90’s, could have left that rock alone and had a nice snooze. On the other side of the equation, I have a psychiatrist colleague who took Prozac to relax and enjoy his vacation. It worked very well. He told me that he tried it at home when he returned. He quickly stopped it when he found himself thinking, “Who cares?” when his patients described their problems. Pomerantz 28 describes a patient that was getting speeding tickets while on an SSRI and similarly didn’t seem to be bothered. According to this theory it is the “well whatever” feeling, emotional blunting, that is so useful in the great variety of different syndromes. Thus, for a person with anorexia nervosa to react with “well whatever” after they have gained a pound or two is to get at the heart of the problem. The same can be said for body dysmorphic disorder, a condition in which a person’s life is completely distorted by imagined or slight body defects (such as thinning hair, a big nose, and the like). In obsessive-compulsive disorder the ability to treat compulsions and obsessional thoughts in this manner is a godsend. Similarly, a depressed person’s preoccupation with the hopelessness of their situation, the gravity of their errors and defects, the inadequacy of their decisions, and so forth will be enormously relieved to regain a less “negative” perspective. In panic disorder, a condition characterized by exquisite sensitivity to body sensations, and a catastrophizing of consequences, (I once had a patient who described a horrible attack of panic because she feared something was going wrong with her vision. Only later, when she removed her glasses did she realize that her dirty eyeglasses had set her off) SSRIs have been found to be effective because the sense of catastrophe leaves. For similar reasons social phobias and bridge phobias and flying phobias often become manageable on SSRIs, as do intermittent explosive disorder which may improve because it is harder to press the patient’s button. Alcoholism, pathological gambling, overeating and the like may respond if a sense of frustration has significantly contributed to the pathological behavior. (They may worsen these conditions if a heroic disciplined battle is being waged against temptation, which is then weakened by a “well whatever” letting down of the guard). SSRIs can help perfectionists (”obsessive compulsive personalities”) give themselves a little (or a lot of) slack. They can allow borderline personality disorder patients to cool their heels, to not be tortured, like a wounded lover, when the person, upon whom they have passionately centered their survival, is not reciprocally involved with them. And so we can apply this perspective about SSRIs down a long list of DSM-IV defined disorders that have been empirically found to be treatable by a change in brain chemistry. This perspective also suggests itself as useful in psychological circumstances where a specific DSM-IV diagnosis is not at issue. Thus, for instance, a not uncommon treatment scenario is teenagers who are having a very rough go of it with their classmates, kids who are picked on precisely because of their vulnerability. The popular students are the ones who are cool; that is, they don’t blush easily, are bold with the opposite sex, and so forth. Adolescents often turn to illicit drugs (analogous to adults at cocktail parties), to get rid of their social anxiety. Teenagers are also often extremely up front in social situations, meaning they out and out torture the nerds. It is not unusual for adolescents to come to therapy because they feel like misfits and to put it bluntly, the use of SSRIs may be very helpful here to magically assist them in having a thicker skin, which is exactly the quality they needed all along to not get picked on and possibly even have the “cool” to be “popular.” How does that differ from drugging oneself out of problems rather than “learning critical skills during the formative years?” Isn’t discomfort often a stimulant of growth, (the stutterer who becomes the grand public speaker, the short guy who becomes Napoleonic)? I’m not sure it is different, but that discussion will have to await a different article. The fact is however, that SSRIs are used exactly in this way and a myriad of other analogous ways by clinicians to the tune, according to one estimate, of 65 million people in the United States since their introduction. Right now, when they are found effective, the chemical imbalance perspective leads to the conclusion that the patient must have “really” been depressed, or had a subclinical version of an illness or had a spectrum disorder. I am suggesting we can spare ourselves this pseudo logic and address the more important question raised above. Should we or should we not drug people into subjectively improved states when an officially designated “illness” is not at issue? While diagnostic psychiatry is a useful way to measure treatment success or failure and a helpful way of thinking about how to approach many patients, it is not the only legitimate way to think about a patient’s problems and reason for seeking treatment. As illustrated above, there are other perspectives that may lead to treatment success, characterlogical qualities that may guide our treatment, conflicts causing depression or anxiety, or mood instability, situations that may be highly relevant not only to psychotherapy, but more to the point, to the choice and timing of medications. Like the example of hypothyroidism caused CHF, understanding the clinical particulars behind a given DSM IV diagnosis may give a better result than protocols based on diagnosis alone. Without the science understood, going by diagnosis/treatment statistical results is an extremely crude approach to treatment. It may be useful information, supplying us with the odds of blindly treating a patient on the basis of diagnosis alone, but not when it is passed off as more than it is. When it is making claims that it alone represents true science because it is evidence based, we have moved beyond science to something approaching hucksterism. It isn’t by the way, only a matter of pharmacology. The same perspective applies when medication is not involved, for example evidence based treatment using cognitive behavioral therapy. A sixteen years old teenager was evaluated for medication for depression. 29 Early in childhood he had been abandoned by his biological mother and raised by his grandparents. His grandmother/mother had died two years before at the age of 74 after her third stroke. His 79 year-old grandfather had severe emphysema, and judging by his labored breathing in the waiting room, didn’t look like he was too long for this world either. At his prep school the patient kept talking about death. Like others when they are depressed, his dark moods didn’t make him very popular with the other students at school, which made him even more depressed. On the basis of his depression diagnosis, cognitive behavioral therapy was being pursued by his therapist. Attempts were being made to replace his negative thoughts with positive thoughts through homework exercises. Although I am a non-believer I would have had no problem if he was being comforted by religion, if he was given a positive way to think about death, that his mother was in heaven, and he would one day see her there. But being told to repetitively practice not thinking about death, replacing it with more positive thoughts by doing homework assignments again and again to accomplish this, places psychiatric cure on the level of its behavioristic antecedents, training rats to perform a task through repetitive exercise. The beauty of science is that it can strip away the attitudinizing, the philosophy and poetry, the accretions of culture, when approaching a subject. “Just the facts, Mam, Just the facts”. Detective Joe Friday, played by Jack Webb on Dragnet, understood how to get the answers to a mystery. Is planning the treatment of a 16 year old boy, upset by the death of his mother, and the impending death of his father, best conceptualized with blinders worn by the doctor, that eliminates every non scientific consideration? If a boy, about to become an orphan, had asthma, a pulmonologist could properly focus on the asthma alone and leave ministrations of his soul to a priest. It is harder for psychiatrists to take this approach. The cognitive behavioral therapy offered him, while scientifically sound, was alienating him from the reality of his experience. Fine, given his situation and personality he wasn’t going to be the life of the party in high school. He would probably not be invited to a party. But he might be able to learn to love the blues, or read authors who have come to terms with the death of a loved one, or find friends who like to visit sad territory, or be helped by a therapist who wants to visit him in his own experience, who might legitimize his “negative” feelings, bring dignity to his suffering, rather then offer a Henry Higgins conversion to a chipper chap as the healthy way to be. Is a doctor who conceptualized the issues this way no longer practicing legitimate psychiatry because he has left the realm of diagnostic psychiatry and clearly defined symptoms? Psychological issues that may shape and guide medication strategies or other forms of therapy Mrs. L. had originally required hospitalization and 40 mg of paroxetine (Paxil)to recover from a postpartum depression. It worked well, but after seven 30 months on the meds, an incident happened which disturbed her. She was visiting her one year old at his daycare center during her lunchtime when one of the workers began screaming at another infant without picking her up. The next day Mrs. L went shopping during her lunch break. Later that week a coworker became tearful during the course of a conversation with Mrs. L. regarding her own child’s daycare center. Only then did Mrs. L. wonder about her decision to go shopping the day after she had witnessed the daycare worker’s inappropriate reaction. She wondered if her paroxetine had made her indifferent, when ordinarily she would have reacted and worried about such a thing. We decided to taper the dose of medicine to 20 mg. Sure enough, on less medicine there was a dramatic change in her perspective about many things. For the first time I learned about the pressures she had been under at the time of her original hospitalization. Mrs. L. had tried to find time to be the powerhouse worker at her job that had brought her so many promotions in the past, an ideal mother for her newborn infant, and responsive to her husband’s very exacting standards about her housekeeping. Suddenly, without the higher doses of paroxetine, her fury poured out. She described, in detail, episode after episode in which her husband stood to the side and supplied her with a never ending critique of her adequacy as a mother. The higher doses of medication had muted her responsiveness, allowed his criticism to go in one ear and out the other, but now there would have to be change “or else”. Mrs. L. also acknowledged that she had not been doing her job as carefully as in the past and eventually the company would discover her drug induced “what the hell” attitude. At home, she had bounced several checks, something that had never happened before she was on medication. Therapy now turned to how her life would have to change. She seriously considered stopping her job. She loved being a mother and didn’t want to miss out on her son’s crucial early years. She demanded changes in her husband (with the threat of divorce). Her new assertiveness had rapidly put him on good behavior even before marriage counseling started. A few times, during her sessions, she became tearful about her dilemmas. Although we discussed the possibility of returning to higher doses of medication should the need arise, she was not eager to do this. She felt her tears were about real things and did not consider herself depressed. She did not feel hopeless nor helpless. Her sleep was not as restful. She sometimes tossed and turned. But she was okay. We joked that we might go up on the paroxetine temporarily if, and when, she needed a vacation from her stresses. In fact, throughout I was concerned that her greater emotionality might be a prelude to the return of her original symptoms. But our perspective was quite different than an automatic increase of medicine at the first sign of tears. As it happens she did not need to return to higher doses. She did quite well, eventually deciding to work part time. Three months after making that decision she was the happiest she had been in years. It is noteworthy that when she was reduced to 10mg (at her urging) there was another improvement (depending on perspective). She again noticed dust on her furniture. She noticed that the pictures on her table had been placed haphazardly. She arranged them more aesthetically. She did not feel driven to take better care by the internalized monster described in obsessives by Shapiro in “Neurotic Styles”31 , by an unending “I should, I should I should.” She took pride in her newly regained “attention to detail.” She also regained a degree of empathy for her husband. There certainly was the danger that she was returning to a dynamic of taking care of everyone and everything, of offending no one, a role that she had assigned herself from early on in childhood. This pattern may have played a part in her original postpartum depression as she tried to juggle her responsibilities and became overwhelmed, consequently generating forbidden anger at her newborn. Certainly, her regained empathy for her husband might be the beginning of permission for him to begin carping again but she thought she “would be able to handle that.” Mrs. D a computer consultant with a terrible foster home past was successfully treated for depression with an SSRI. She had never felt she was as good as a techie as her 5 male partners. She had a never ending need for reassurance, which was embarrassing to her. Every night on her drive home she tortured herself with the things she felt she had mishandled. On Prozac all of this changed. She acknowledged that she wasn’t as good a techie as her partners, but she wasn’t bad. More importantly, she realized she was indispensable to her team. She was the only one with sufficient social skills to handle their clients. For the first time in her life she was able to ask questions at conferences without feeling like an idiot. No longer hungry for confirmation she was also able to stop a cycle of love affairs, which had led nowhere. On the other hand, her comment coming off meds was noteworthy. “I feel like I’ve been drugged for two years. Now I want to take a look at my checkbook.” She also reported behavior that now, off the meds, seemed bizarre. She had bought a puppy that she kept in an unfinished basement. While medicated she had not cleaned up the poop, reacting with “well whatever.” Off the medicine she was shocked by her behavior Mr. K., a lawyer for a large corporation, was overwhelmingly depressed at home and work. The apparent cause was a difficult supervisor at his job. Almost daily his supervisor would criticize some aspect of his work and Mr. K. would be immobilized for the rest of the day. Sometimes he would stare at the wall in a daze… “my father always called me a complainer…you don’t have to love your job; you just have to get it done… I’m a loser … all those years in law school and for nothing…” Placed on Prozac Mr. K. was quickly fixed. His supervisor would enter his office, make his usual derogatory remarks and nothing would happen. Mr. K. could again get his work done in fine form. There were other benefits. His overweight wife lost 35 pounds. For the first time in years, Mr. K. put down the TV remote control. They began having good conversations, the kind of talks they used to have when their relationship was fresh and engaging. Everything became new. Mr. K. realized that for years he had been going out on Sundays because he was irritated by the tumult of his children at home. On Prozac, he found himself playing with his children and having a great time. After ten months on the medication we decided to see how he would do without it. Within a few weeks we were back to square one. His supervisor’s remarks were again devastating him and he was a grouch at home. He made a quick recovery once he was placed back on the medication. After 16 months on Prozac Mr. K. found a new job. He loved it. He came off the Prozac. He did just fine. There were only a few peculiarities that he commented on when he got off the medication. Although overall he had worked far more effectively on Prozac, for the first time in his life he found himself ignoring deadlines. Once or twice, that had caused difficulties. He bought a Mercedes on the medication. He had always wanted a Mercedes, but off of the medication he considered it a budget buster and foolish. This case is noteworthy not only because his judgment was altered by the meds, but because, at ten months, when we first tried stopping the meds, he would have seemingly illustrated the statistics often replicated in studies, of patients who have a recurrence without their meds, thus providing one more piece of evidence, seeming to confirm the biological basis of his illness. But, at 16 months, with the apparent cause of his depression eliminated (his critical supervisor), he did just fine without an SSRI. This doesn’t diminish the almost miraculous effectiveness of his original meds, or even that Prozac may very well have helped him gain the initiative to find a new job. However, it does highlight the kind of questions that clinicians should ask themselves about the particulars involved in a specific patient’s illness, as opposed to exclusively focusing on the operative factors in a specific diagnosed illness. This perspective is in contrast to the clinical practice guideline issues by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services which flatly states that where there has been a prior episode(s) of major depression “maintenance of antidepressant medication treatment should be for at least one year” 32 Statistically this assertion may have a basis but surely there are circumstances when this “rule” should not guide us. The fact that on follow up recurrences are found so frequently in unmedicated, as opposed to medicated, patients does not automatically prove biological origin. Generally speaking, the issues involved in a depression are deeply woven into a patient’s character or the fabric of his life. Miraculous transformations are the stuff of melodrama not reality. One would not expect a change in the original factors that led to depression eight months or nine months into treatment, or even years later unless the patient or his circumstances changed. Hence, depression is going to recur off of meds. But it is not impossible for there to be a dramatic change in circumstances. If a patient has gone into a deep depression because of financial hardship after he/she has been fired from a job, chances are that finding a new terrific job will very effectively keep depression from recurring. Winning the lottery works even better. The same can be said for a person who does not have a neurotic pattern of relationships, who has gone into a depression after being rejected by a spouse or lover. Finding a new mate works wonders whether it is three months or two years after medication was begun. The other issue that can be gleaned from these clinical vignettes, is the evaluation of proper dosage. If we stick to a strictly DSM IV symptom checklist, the fewer symptoms, the better. Or, the diminution of symptom intensity is an absolute good in terms of the risk/ benefit ratio. While this perspective is often proper, as we saw with Mrs. D, Mr. K and Mrs. L there was a downside to SSRIs as well as an upside. While the dulling of emotions such as anxiety, helplessness, uncertainty, feeling uncomfortable in social situations, feeling dissatisfaction with a spouse’s more obnoxious characteristic, and so forth, this issue would not necessarily qualify as a side effect, unless it reached hypomanic, or a dramatic degree of indifference. ( See Pomerantz 7) But, if the above observations are correct, the qualities we are describing are inherent to this class of drugs. In other words what is good about them is what is bad about them. The evaluation of clinical appropriateness is not always strictly related to diagnosis or symptoms, or the usual side effects. For example when the patient is making critical decisions about their life while on SSRIs is it good or bad to be under the influence? Increasing self esteem, or lowering fears of consequences (such as loneliness or rejection) may be a good thing for someone stuck in a bad marriage or job and afraid to make changes. Indecision can reach total paralysis in severe depression when self esteem is fractured and fears of consequences are gravely multiplied so here symptoms are clearly distorting the ability to act. The same can be said when mania leads to the opposite, reckless impulsivity. But, in the real world, these issues are a question of degree and medication can be a complicating variable. It isn’t that meds shouldn’t be used, it is that these issues cannot be addressed unless they are conceptualized. Van Praag’s description of tunnel vision resulting from an exclusive focus on nosology is to the point here. Indeed, the combination of once a month 15 minute med checks (which may be all that is necessary when practicing evidence based, symptom vs side effect psychiatry) can lead to practitioners being blind to clinically crucial observations. While I was one of the first to describe SSRI’s “well whatever effect” 33 laymen knew about this phenomenon far earlier than I did. Consider this ad for a tee shirt: The Many Moods of Prozac – tee shirt Why did laymen working for the tee shirt company have a better handle on this complication of SSRIs than “experts?” My “discovery” of this characteristic of SSRIs happened because several of my patients described it to me and I began to enquire about it. The important point is that in many of the case histories described above, having this understanding was a crucial part of evaluating the risk/ benefit ratio of medication treatment. Yet, it is almost never part of the literature on this topic. The fact that it is still not described points to how unobservant the psychiatric profession remains, how much 15 minute/ once a month med checks, DSM IV driven “evidence based medicine” and the like, has blinded the profession to obvious findings. Interestingly, internet bulletin boards, while full of misinformation, sometime contains patient self observations that have validity. Many are searching for help in describing the effect SSRIs are having on them. My description of the “well whatever” effect in an unpublished internet article34 led to tens of thousands of readers going to this article on the basis of bulletin board recommendations. Brainstorming: Further perspectives and unusual uses of drugs resulting from a psychological rather than diagnostic perspective While SSRIs, and bupropion are believed to be roughly equal in their antidepressant efficacy, bupropion generates an entirely different psychological result due to its effect on dopamine, and to some extent, norepinephrine. It tends to be activating rather than calming. Most clinicians use bupropion in depression when anergia or anhedonia is prominent, and tend to avoid it if anxiety or agitation characterize a depression. It is also one of the few antidepressants that isn’t used with panic disorder because it can give an edgy feeling that can set off panic attacks. Yet, as we saw with the psychological effect of serotonergic medications, there are no hard and fast rules. When Mr. K., a 50 year old businessman, was transferred to my care, he was already on bupropion for panic disorder. When I took him off it his condition worsened so he was put back on it and he did well. After seeing Mr. K for 8 or 9 months in weekly psychotherapy sessions the reason bupropion seemed to be effective became understandable. His mother, during a bohemian interlude in her 20s, had left Connecticut and went to live in Greenwich Village. There she met and married Mr. Ks father, a ne’r do well charmer and, it turned out, alcoholic. After a few years, when his mother’s trust fund proved inadequate to support the two of them and their 2 sons, she left his father, returned to Connecticut and met and married a responsible to a fault, extremely moral, authoritarian, go by the books, prep school teacher. Mr. Ks father was more than willing to give up parental rights so, along with his brother, he was adopted by his mother’s new husband. After the blush of their early romance, his parents settled into real life. The atmosphere was tense. His mother had chosen her new husband, because of her attraction to him, but it turned out it wasn’t as simple as physical magnetism. She found his tight ass rule irresistible. And as she had done in an earlier incarnation of her M. O. she was a mighty opponent. Secretly she took laxatives, to keep herself stylishly thin. This time around, she was perfectly presentable to the outside world, but in the privacy of her castle, she almost constantly had gas, which for comfort often had to be released wherever she was in the house. Several times she had to be hospitalized for her mysterious colonic illness. It took 25 years for her laxative abuse to be discovered, long after my patient had left home. Mr. K’s adopted father was a perfectionist of the worst variety, stern and unforgiving, and when pushed by my patient’s childish half effort, he was capable of furious outbursts. Not all of this was earned by his misbehavior. In reconstructing the probable scenario in therapy, we thought it very possible that both he and his brother were easier targets than their mother. She, after all, was sickly. Mr K’s adopted father was not all bad. He was capable of play. He coached the prep school’s soccer team. He was extremely stern here too. He could scream at his players’ screw-ups or worse, give them the cold eye. However, he enjoyed soccer and this enjoyment was infectious. Most of those he coached considered him tough, but over all, a good experience. His father’s reaction to non sport derived work was completely different. As with most people it wasn’t a lot of fun, but here his neurotic patterns let loose the full fury of his frustration. As Marlon Brando put it, and tens of millions working stiffs since and forever after, have put it, when youth had passed them by: He could have been someone, been a champ. He had been off to a good start, before the army and World War II took him away from his career. It never got going again, not like his brother who had had a fantastic career. He told himself that he chose teaching because of his desire to do good, to make a difference for other people. He made sure this wasn’t a cop out, wasn’t simply a flight from the battle field, by dedicating his life to hard labor. He brought the battlefield with him. He heaped on the challenges, took second and third helpings of things he hated to do. He took pride in this stoicism. He felt contempt for the slackers. He felt sorry for himself because of all of the work (as he saw it ) life dumped on him. It made his life gruelingly hard. The work was never done well enough and never done. Mr. K and his brother, as children, were champion slackers. The choice between play and work was not difficult. Both knew to get out of the room when their father was in a foul mood, especially if he had been drinking. Mr. K quickly learned that no matter how hard he worked, his father would be dissatisfied, sometimes exploding over the slightest mistake. In general he perceived how disappointed his adopted father was with him, perhaps in proportion to how disappointed his father was with his own life, his marriage, stymied career, and financial stresses not adequately covered by his salary and Mr. K’s mother’s trust fund. It was especially tense when it came to school work, whenever Mr. K’s intelligence was challenged. His father seemed to take particular pleasure demonstrating how smart he was and how stupid my patient was, perhaps because he still wanted to prove to Mr. Ks mother that she had made a smart move choosing him and not Mr. Ks biological father. Or perhaps, as noted,it was a way of getting even with his disappointing wife. It is unlikely that Mr. K’s father would have seen things this way ( not unless he was in therapy with me). These theories about his parents’ motivations cannot be proven with scientific certainty. They are a mix of speculation and likelihood. They are offered as an illustration of the kind of thinking that might go on during insight therapy.) In high school, having been compared to him repeatedly, Mr. K soon resembled his biological father. He goofed off, got high on illicit drugs, faked it when academic challenges called for intellectual effort, essentially bought into his adopted father’s characterization of him as a loser/slacker. Mr K’s behavior was not given a name, to blame it on. Back then ADHD and doctors were not the solution to Mr K’s childhood ways. But, by not making the effort, he lost a lot. He wasn’t able to prove to himself that he had intellectual capacity. In the back of his mind, like most children he wasn’t sure he had much in the brain department ( He had a perfectly normal amount of intelligence) By not trying and not getting good grades , his fear was reinforced that he was as his father saw him. He was dumb, a loser. Possibly, he might fail out of school even if he tried. There were times with his father, where he had given it his all and it wasn’t good enough. So his misbehavior brought relief from this concern. Because of his rule breaking, drug abuse, and failure to do assignments, he was asked to leave the prep school his father taught at. It left an indelible mark on his identity. In later years, through AA, regular church attendance and conformity to a persona that would have made his now dead adopted father proud, he achieved respectability. There was only one problem. His panic attacks. The first one occurred after a rare visit, when he was 18, to his biological father. His father had actually prospered. After a week together he was driving home in the new car his father gave him, feeling great about himself, great about his car, probably great about the revenge this might exact on his adopted father. It was then that his first panic attack occurred. He was to have several of these throughout his life, whenever he was feeling terrific over his purchase of a new car. There were other dynamics. It turned out he regularly promised more than he could deliver at work. He did it (in the heat of the moment) to be nice, or because he was too afraid to ask for assistance when he didn’t know how to do something. When there were expectations at work beyond what he believed were his capacities, when it came to being reimbursed for his legitimate business expense, procrastination and more procrastination. He was screwing himself royally with his expense account and was aware and angry about that. As a deadline date approached, the pressure mounted and mounted. There were all kinds of other turds he left here and there, at home as well as work, things left undone, some of them important. It turned out that his panic was related to a fear that the sh—t was going to hit the fan, a panic that his laziness, incompetence, and dishonesty would be discovered. As a dopamineric agent, the bupropion helped him to get things done, thus alleviating the source of his anxiety and panic. It gave him the confidence to forge ahead, an expectation that he was going to accomplish what he had set out to do and take pleasure doing it. His results weren’t guaranteed to be good when he was influenced in this way by the medication, but it didn’t matter. If we recall, his father was equally perfectionistic when he coached soccer, but because he was having a good time, my patient (and his team mates had a good time.) It put my patient was in a different psychological mode. Like many fathers and sons, whatever tensions might build up during their lifetimes, sports was the one area they could enjoy each other. Mr. K, well into his 40’s, continued to play and coach soccer, capable of great effort and failures, but with a pleasure that forgave all shortcomings. It worked far better at getting work done than a grinding adherence to the work ethos. Bupropion seemed to put him in that mode, meaning the work he customarily slacked off on became easy, half challenging, sometimes stimulating. This should not be a total surprise. Bupropion is often used in the treatment of depression to augment SSRIs when anhedonia remains. This seems to be a general characteristic of dopaminergic medicines. In the 19th century another dopaminergic agent, cocaine was the most popular miracle drug in the world, regularly used and extolled by the likes of President McKinley, Queen Victoria, Pope Leo Xlll, Thomas Edison, Robert Lewis Stevenson, Ibsen , Anatole France and a host of other renowned members of society. 35 Sigmund Freud wrote the following about it, “You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work.”36 According to the Sears, Roebuck and Co. Consumers’ Guide (1900), their extraordinary Peruvian Wine of Coca “…sustains and refreshes both the body and brain….It may be taken at any time with perfect safety…it has been effectually proven that in the same space of time more than double the amount of work could be undergone when Peruvian Wine of Coca was used, and positively no fatigue experienced.” Nothing has changed. Here is a headline and blurb from the New York Times 37 regarding the effect of stimulants and amphetamines: Latest Campus High: Illicit use of Prescription Medication, Experts and Students Say “Ritalin makes repetitive, boring tasks like cleaning your room seem fun,” said Josh Koenig a 20 year old drama major from NYU. “Katherinen Plyshevsky, 21, a junior from New Milford, NJ, majoring in marketing at NYU said she used Ritalin obtained from a friend with ADD to get through her midterms. “It was actually fun to do the work,” she said. What is the difference between tasks that are experienced as drudgery and those that are satisfying? It is a key question because students diagnosed with ADHD, presumably unable to attend to tasks because of a biological deficit, have no problem paying attention when they are having fun. Many can sit for hours with video games that require extraordinary focused attention. Why does their presumed biological attention deficit not operate here? I evaluated a student who told me that his mind completely fogged over when he had to read something for school. Without his medicine he could go over a page a hundred times and absorb nothing. “Really?” I asked, “You aren’t able to read anything?” “Well,” he told me, “there is one exception.” He was totally into mountain biking. Each month his mountain biking magazine arrived and he devoured that without medicine. Also supportive of this argument-unique charismatic teachers, who make educational material fun, can sometimes succeed with these students. Hence the effectiveness of amphetamines and Ritaline. Besides ADHD diagnosed adolescents, and their friends, who sometimes borrow their meds when they have to do chores that they dread, stimulants (“greenies”), according to David Wells38 , and more recently Mike Schmidt39 have long been part of the professional athletes’ equipment, helping them to step up to the plate with confidence. It changes their state of mind from a passive, reactive, position to a take charge proactive stance. Or as one basketball player put it, “Give me the ball. I can make the shot.” This taking charge, ‘I can do it’ feeling, when approaching tasks, is a key element in most people’s perception of whether they are up to a challenge, and whether it is ‘work’ or pleasurable. A patient reported to me that one of her employees decided, on her own, that their showroom needed a new paint job. My patient wasn’t sure if this were true, or if she liked the color of paint chosen, but she didn’t object. She came in one day and it was done. Her employee had done a terrific job. If my patient, who was her boss, had asked her to paint the showroom, the reaction would have been, “You have to be kidding. I am not a painter.” It has something to do with the idea, the inspiration coming from her employee. Hence her consequent enthusiasm to make her point. Observe the new owner of the local diner. He will work ten, twelve, fifteen hours at a clip. He will polish the windows, try to improve the menu, rearrange the napkin holders, move from project to project always with energy to spare. Unless he has a gift for management his teen age employees will be moving along at a snail’s pace, keeping one eye on the clock. They will go home more tired than the boss. Dopaminergic drugs help you feel like the boss. They make you feel in charge. They make you feel like reward will be assured. They make arduous tasks easy. It was not just Mr. K. I soon learned bupropion seems to often be effective for anxiety whenever it was connected to not getting things done, when, in a person’s psychology, chores hang over them, as both dreaded tasks, and dastardly consequences will ensue if the work isn’t done. When they get the work done the anxiety diminishes. So a drug that at first glance might be expected to make a patient edgy works against anxiety in those with this particular dynamic. My off the cuff guess is that this dynamic is not particularly common in panic disorder. Mr Ks case was unique. Bupropion could never become an “evidence based” treatment for panic disorder, but like our example of thyroid hormone in CHF it made perfect sense in Mr. Ks case and others with that kind of conflict. It is probably not uncommon in Generalized Anxiety Disorder, but most likely, patients with this relationship to getting work done make up a minority of cases. As noted, dopaminergic drugs makes sense in a large number of children and adolescents with ADHD because there has been a failure to bond and identify with parents’ and teachers’ expectations. Children without ADHD, to a much greater extent, have incorporated into their bond with their parents (and later authority figures) the satisfaction and sense of self initiative when they are asked to do something to please (or not disappoint) them. It is far from perfect but compared to children (or adults) with ADHD, for whom almost any expectations are experienced as drudgery, boredom in the classroom is assured. In that case their behavior is exactly what could be expected from any bored trapped child, daydreams and restless fidgetiness, trying to liven thing up to suit their need to not feel at the mercy of the situation. Doing what they want, including making noise, gives them the feeling that they are in charge of their experience. It may get them in trouble, but they are not vanquished. How much simpler to supply this feeling through stimulants. Thus, instead of stimulating hyperactive qualities, the stimulant becomes calming by making the work pleasurable instead of oppressive. It does not addresses the core problem, the child’s failure to bond with authority figures, or group norms, or transform expected behavior to comply with another’s will, so that they feel like an active participant when obeying. But it is not a bad approximation The key issue is searching for a connection between symptoms and psychological issues rather than assuming biological causality of a DSM IV diagnosis explains the problem. I have applied this thinking to certain causes of anxiety, and the behavior of children when they are not responding well to tasks, but the same kind of approach offers opportunities in many areas of psychopathology. For example, like patients with obsessive compulsive personality (as well as many with OCD) like Mr. K’s father, often experience their life as continually oppressive, essentially filled with exhausting never ending chores. With every bit of his strength, Sysyphus, had to push his boulder to the top of the hill, then it would roll back to the bottom and he had to begin again. His punishment went on forever. For patients with this curse there is no end to it unless they die and “rest in peace,” or become disabled and receive government checks for their bad backs. Unlike those with ADHD they perform tasks (begrudgingly), or attempt it, or intend to attempt. Their to-do list never gets done. They cannot deal with the shame associated with goofing up. One way or another, whatever they actually do, the conflict preoccupies and exhausts them. Resentment of those who don’t work as hard as they do is inevitable. Like Mr. K’s father there may be fury at their adolescent children who don’t pitch in, or spouses, or partners in business. As noted Joffe18 found that amphetamines can help OCD. SSRIs allow obsessive patients to soften their sense of imprisonment from their injunctions. They can let some of them go. In those obsessive patients where I have tried bupropion (I have not yet tried to use stimulants for obsessive symptoms) as expected, it seemed to make work less oppressive, sometimes make it seem, as noted above, easy and “fun.” In two cases, when I used it in this context, some of their anger seemed to diminish (as well as their guilt and feelings of worthlessness for their mysterious unacceptable (often consciously denied) hatred/ anger. Once again I did not make the decision on the basis of diagnosis, but when their resentment over duties, bubbled furiously into the sessions, we went with the bupropion. Case after case can be cited, where this kind of thinking can be productive, serving as a rich source of hypothesis and hunches that might provide a therapeutic dividend, but we will end with a very unusual use of medication. Once again, it is understandable when the psychological issues are considered. A patient with PTSD for over ten years presented on high doses of Adderall that had been given to him for what his family physician diagnosed as adult ADHD. (He had reported difficulty concentrating.) His physician then became uncomfortable administering stimulants and sent him to me. His history revealed that he did not have ADHD. But he reported that on the Adderall his post traumatic stress disorder was the best it had been in over a decade. It took a while to make sense of this but once again the explanation appeared to be found in his history. He and his fiancé had been trainees at a state police academy. His fiancé committed suicide with her gun, blowing her brains out. My patient found her body. He couldn’t clear his mind of the scene. During the day, during his dreams, her brain and skull fragments on the wall remained vivid. To make matters worse, he became a paramedic working on an ambulance which brought him to car crash scenes where horribly damaged bodies were not infrequent. Eventually in therapy 5 years before he came to me, he realized this was not good for him, and for years he had worked on a hospital ward. Even with SSRIs and benzodiazepines, his PTSD not infrequently took control of his mind. This no longer happened with the addition of Adderall. My guess was the Adderall brought back his pre-morbid, state policeman defensive structure. Instead of experiencing his trauma again and again as a helpless passive victim, the essence of the psychological position occupied by those suffering from PTSD, on the Adderall he had returned to being a take charge kind of guy. Coincidentally I was also seeing another patient with PTSD. She was a drug salesman who had been a work out nut. She spoke in short staccato sentences. Boom boom, bam bam, not a trace of sentimentality in her, not a soft syllable in her repertoire. She had been in a car accident and broken her collarbone, right arm and one of her legs. She couldn’t work out. She kept re-experiencing her helplessness in the accident. She was on SSRIs which were helpful but not curative. The addition of Adderall worked like a charm. Like the other examples, this is not an endorsement of Adderall for PTSD. It is an endorsement for this kind of thinking in formulating cases where this might be helpful. We are not talking about psychoanalytic understanding being necessary, but it does require training to think psychologically in a productive way. It requires not automatically thinking about diagnosis as the only way to approach treatment. The treatments described here will not prove efficacy to a scientist’s satisfaction. Moreover, some, or all of these formulations may turn out to have been wrong. But it throws down a challenge. My ideas are only a fraction of what might be possible if others were thinking this way. They need encouragement. We all need encouragement. We need psychiatric journals to publish ideas on subjects like these, so that we can discuss and brainstorm, and end the monopoly that DSM IV and scientific psychiatry has imposed on legitimate practice and discussion. Hopefully, some day clinicians will be thinking productively without intimidation from this procrustean bed. One day our patients may be enormously helped by a psychiatry entirely based on science, but we are far, far, away from being there. Not even close. Until we have the knowledge to practice in that way, we are doing a disservice making believe we scientifically know what we do not. DSM IV is an advance over DSM II when it is used to measure treatment efficacy. However, as a diagnostic system based on operational definitions rather than etiological understanding, it has inherent weaknesses that have not been properly integrated into the evidence based paradigm. Indeed, the abuse of DSM IV, the claiming of unjustified scientific validity is so widespread that it is fair to ask whether these errors in reasoning are entirely innocent. DSM IV completely ignores psychodynamic psychiatry and its potential contributions to the understanding of pathology. This is, in part, a product of cultural and political prejudice. Throwing the baby out with the bathwater serves no purpose. The time has long past when scores have to be settled. Political correctness shouldn’t play a role in the content of journals and the training of psychiatrists Treatments based not on diagnosis and DSM IV specified symptoms, but on a legitimate understanding of psychological factors should not be deemed “unscientific” in a perjorative sense. Nosological psychiatry deserves its honored place, but not if it fosters tunnel vision in approching patients’ situational and psychological dilemnas and treatment strategies based on this information. Medications can be viewed as having specific psychological effects which may provide guidance about proper usage that is independent of specific DSM IV symptoms and diagnosis. Examples are given about the use of this perspective in guiding the timing, chosen dosage, and sensitivity to side effects that are not ordinarily considered. While a deep psychodynamic understanding of the patient is not necessary to use meds in this way, once a month 15 minute med checks will not give an adequate enough understanding of the patient to pursue this approach. Psychiatric trainees who are not trained in psycholgical issues will be incapable of this kind of medication strategy. Related to the psychological effects of medications, totally radical, but not necessarily nonsenical, approaches to a variety of diagnosis and situations are offered as examples of innovative and effective ways to treat patients. They might not easily loan themselves to protocols which can certify effectiveness for a diagnosis, but they may, nevertheless, be as valid an approach as the promiscuous use of spectrum disorders as a way to conform to DSM IV parameters. Psychiatry should welcome those interested and able to use insight psychotherapy,. While detailed statistics are not available to prove its helpfulness, there is nevertheless little question that self understanding can strengthen patients’ coping ability. Understanding their own motives might also do wonders for psychiatrists’ clarity of vision. Pharmaceutical companies should be credited with making a major contribution to psychiatric care. However, respect for findings by “experts” would be greatly improved if journals demanded from authors not only a listing of their affiliations with pharmaceutical companies, but the amounts of money they are actually receiving. This would go far to dispel any doubts about objectivity. A journal dedicated to think pieces such as this essay is greatly needed both for heuristic purposes to stimulate further research and for stepping back to gain perspective about patterns of practice. An additional example of rigidity of thinking related to a preoccupation with diagnosis was the successful use of atypical neuroleptics such as Resperidone and Aripiprrazole for the treatment of Major Depression. 38.39 Neither study distinguished between patients with psychomotor retardation, tiredness, hypersomnolence etc and those with a more agitated presentation. The study simply addressed effectiveness in those with the diagnosis. Thus we don’t know if efficacy was due to a tranquilizing property or an intrinsic antidepressant effect of the meds. I would imagine that further tranquilization would be counterproductive in the lethargic patient. On the other hand, there is clear evidence that those depressed patients who have significant anxiety do far worse when treated with antidepressants alone. 40The fact that these issues were simply not addressed is the key point here. That the FDA is locked into this thinking (it is effective or not for the diagnosis) doesn’t help. 1. Vonpraag, H.(1990) “Nosological tunnel vision in biological psychiatry. A plea for a functional psychopathology” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 600, Issue 1 501-510 2. Nagel, E “Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory” Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method and Philosophy, ed Sidney Hook (New York 1960 edition) p 38-55 3. Angell, M. (2000) “Is Academic Medicine for Sale?” New England Journal of Medicine 342: 1516-1518. Also Angell, M. (2004) The Truth About Drug Companies. New York: Random House 4.Kassirer, J P On the Take: How Medicine’s Complicity with Big Business Can Endanger Your Health. xx + 251 pp. Oxford University Press, 2005. 5. Avorn, J Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs. . viii + 448 pp. Alfred A. Knopf, 2004 6. Horton, R. (2004) “ The Dawn of McScience” New York Review of Books Vol 51, No. 4 pp7-9 7. See Cautionary Statement in DSM IV. The authors of DSM III and IV were completely aware of this shortcoming. It is the use of DSMs that is at issue here 8. K. S. Kendler, M. McGuire, A. M. Gruenberg, A. O’Hare, M. Spellman and D. Walsh The Roscommon Family Study. III. Schizophrenia-related personality disorders in relatives Arch Gen Psychiatry Vol 50 No. 10 Oct 1993 9. Sobo, S (1999) Mood stabilizers and mood swings: In search of a definition. Psychiatric Times 16 (10):36-42 10. Statement accompanying the Discoverers Award given to Drs. Molloy, Fuller, and Wong, the discoverers of Prozac: “Human science still falls far short of fully understanding how the brain works. It is the most complex organ in the known universe, and though progress has been made in deciphering some of its secrets, much remains to be discovered.” 11. Kramlinger KG, Post RM (1996), Ultra-rapid and ultradian cycling in bipolar affective illness. Br J Psychiatry 168(3):314-323. 12. Mareno,C, et al “National Trends in the Outpatient Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Youth” Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007:64 (9): 1032-1039 13. Or more pointedly, in mailings paid for by drug companies, supporters of the new definitions of bipolar disorder in children (presumably to be included in DSM V), many of them from the finest universities, have implied that the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is being missed and causing needless suffering for children and their families, and potentially effecting long term control of the disease. This is a surprising claim considering, there are inadequate longitudinal studies of adult bipolar I patients unequivically establishing that good control helps prevent long term consequences such as increased rapid cycling. Moreover, there are no longitudinal studies that might establish that those who fit the new proposed criteria for childhood bipolar disorder will actually have a life long disease such as adult bipolar. Nor have there been adequate studies demonstrating that the medicines used in adult bipolar are safe and effective for what is being claimed to be childhood bipolar. It is astonishing that this minimum requirement of scientific inquiry is not only being ignored but allowed even a hint of respectability. Before these experts try to intimidate everyone else they should be held to the hot fires of scientific scrutiny. If they want to do research in these area (over the several years it will take to establish their position) that is wonderful, but until then their proclamations should be modest ones, that of inquiring minds with several hypotheses to clarify, not “experts” ridiculing everyone else for “missing” the diagnosis. See Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: a Caution In the past year there have also been concerted marketing efforts on the part of pharmaceutical companies in which experts have similarly tried to convince practitioners of the widespread existence of Adult ADHD Once again diagnosis is the main marketing device. 14. Petty F (1995) GABA and mood disorders: a brief review and hypothesis. J Affect Disord, 34(4):275-81 15. Joffe RT, Swinson RP, Levitt AJ Acute psychostimulant challenge in primary obsessive-compulsive disorder J Clin Psychopharmacology 1991; Aug 11(4): 237-241 16. Franz,B (as reported by Sherman, C) (2001) ‘Adjunctive Oral Morphine Effective for Refractory OCD’ Clinical Psychiatry News July 29(7):4 17. Dixon JF, Hokin (1998) LE Lithium acutely inhibits and chronically up-regulates and stabilizes glutamate uptake by presynaptic nerve endings in mouse cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 7;95(14):8363-8 18. Lenox RH, McNamara RK, Papke RL, Manji HK (1998), Neurobiology of lithium: an update. J Clin Psychiatry. 59 (Suppl 6):37-47 19. Physician Desk Reference 59th edition 2005 Thomson 20. Sobo, S Mood Stabilizers and Mood Swings: In Search of a Definition Psychiatric Times October 1999, Vol. XVI, Issue 10 21. Sachs GS (1996) Bipolar mood disorder: Practical strategies for acute and maintenance phase treatment J Clin Psychopharmacol 16(2 suppl 1):32s-47s 22. Donovan, SJ (as reported by Sherman, C) (1998) ‘Explosive Mood Disorder Quelled by Divalproex’ Clinical Psychiatry News Nov, 26(11):29 23. Hollander, E Treatment of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders with SSRIs. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1998;(35):7-12. 24. Detke MJ, Rickels M, Lucki I (1995) Active behaviors in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants Psychoparmacology (Berl) Sept;121 (1):66-72 25. Oliver B, Molewijk E, van Oorschot R, et al. (1994), New animal models of anxiety. Eur Neuropsycho-pharmacol 4(2):93-102 27. Pomerantz, J Loss of Appropriate Anxiety: An SSRI Overmedication effect? http://pharmacotherapy.medscape.com/SCP/DBT/1999/V11.n10 28. Sobo, S On the Banality of Positive Thinking Elsewhere I have written that this occurred after 12 months, but after reviewing my notes I discovered it was seven 29. Shapiro, D Neurotic Styles Basic Books 1965 30. Clinical Practice Guideline, Depression in Primary Care: Detection, Diagnosis and Treatment, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Washington DC, Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians Number 5, April 1993 31. Sobo, S Psychotherapy Perspectives in Medication Management: The Inadequacy of 15-Minute Med Checks as Standard Psychiatric Practice Psychiatric Times April 1999, Vol. XVI, Issue 4 32. A Reevaluation of the Relationship between Psychiatric Diagnosis and Chemical Imbalances 33.“History and uses of the Coca leaf” http://www2.truman.edu/~marc/webpages/andean2k/cocaine/history.html 34. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, Volume I (1856-1900) (New York: Basic Books, 1953), p. 82-83 35. Latest Campus High: Illicit use of Prescription Medication, Experts and Students Say:” NY Times Page B8 3/24/00 36. Wells, D. and Kreski, C. (2003) Perfect I’m Not: Boomer on Beer, Brawls, Backaches, and Baseball. New York: William Morrow 37. Schmidt, M. (2003) Clearing the Bases. New York: HarperCollins 38. Mahmoud et al.( 2007) Risperidone for Treatment-Refractory Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med.; 147: 593-602 39. Berman RM et al. (2007) The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry Jun; 68:843-53 40. Fava M, Rush AJ, Alpert JE, Balasubramani GK, Wisniewski SR, Carmin CN, Biggs MM, Zisook S, Leuchter A, Howland R, Warden D, Trivedi MH. “Difference in treatment outcome in outpatients with anxious versus nonanxious depression: a STAR*D report” Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;165(3):342-51. Epub 2008 Jan 2. 41 Libby, A.M., Heather, D. “Persistent Decline in Depression Treament After FDA Warnings” Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2009 June V 66 (No. 6) 633-9 42. This was a matter of grave concern to the editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, Marcia Angell, who wrote an editorial “Is Academic Medicine for Sale?” See also Big Pharma, Bad Medicine (already cited in the introduction) A later editor of the of the NEJM also raised concerns as well as the editor of the Lancet 3,4,5,6 Their warnings eventually led to Senate hearings and the revelation that leaders in their field were being paid enormous sums of money that they were not reporting to their universities (e.g Joseph Biederman of Harvard an expert on ADHD who received $1.6 million dollars from drug companies that went unreported. Researchers Fail to Reveal Full Drug Pay See also Biederman There was a similar story arising out of a Congressional investigation regarding the chairman of Stamford’s psychiatry department (and president of the American Psychiatric Association) but Stanford was able to show that the money received by this researcher, had been revealed to them. Nevertheless the amounts of money revealed says something about objectivity. Stamford Taking it one step further there have been recent revelations that drug company hired ghost writers who wrote the story the drug company was trying to sell. They then hired world class “experts” to “coauthor the papers.” Medical Papers by Ghostwriters Pushed Therapy. The fact that doctors can be so easily marketed led drug companies to hire armies of young attractive representatives to pitch their products to doctors at the finest restaurant in town. Reassuring them that they can provide evidence based treatment, the treatment worked out for a given DSM IV diagnosis , can be a very winning message. Doctors need to believe that they are pursuing , the latest standard of care. But doctors loyalty can be fickle. When antidepressants were suddenly blamed by the media for an increase of suicidal ideation (with the usual media blitz exaggerating the danger of taking them) treatment wasn’t so much changed as the diagnosis being put in charts was altered. If they no longer diagnosed a patient with depression they didn’t have to worry about the alleged suicide danger. After the FDA gave a black box warning of the dangers of antidepressants, the number of people being diagnosed with depression dropped 44% among pediatric patients and 37% for young adults (Libby 2009) 41 Other articles that might be of interest (some already cited) Summary of bipolar disorder article and additions since it was written © 2021 RSS Posts	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line125
__label__cc	0.681999	0.318001	Wednesday Bread and Soup We have a weekly Wednesday bread and soup making morning which is a great success. Anyone can gather in the kitchen from about 9:30 am to make home-made bread and home-made soup. The resultant bread and soup are usually superb but it is not just the results that are great. The process of getting to the results has also been a real blessing to us. Every Wednesday morning the kitchen is graced with fellowship and laughter as people chop, cut, knead, bake and cook. Then at 12noon anyone can come and eat. A £2.50 donation would be welcome, Fellowship at TPG On Monday afternoons there is a Bowls Group and there are two other groups, Tuesday Circle and The Fellowship, which meet about once a month. There is also a Men’s Breakfast group that meets monthly on Saturday mornings. The Church in the Community and the Community in the Church We are really delighted that the community by which we are surrounded makes regular use of our premises. We have many users groups for whom we care and with whom we work. From Tumble Tots, to Yoga, to U3A, there is almost always something going on at the Church. We are very proud of our Victorian buildings and in the past few years, we have made a number of renovations making them warm and comfortable. This has brought more and more people in from the surrounding community but equally we feel called to go out to serve in that same community. The traffic way goes both ways. The General spirit of the Congregation The current spirit of our congregation is really positive. Mission orientated and community minded we are in the process of building something special. Towards that end,we’d love to have you join us. History Palm Grove Methodist commissioned in 1871, and Trinity Presbyterian born in 1863, were both very significant mission-minded churches in their day. Both served Christ and the local community in Oxton and Prenton very well with large faithful congregations. In the nineteen seventies, dry rot and financial difficulties, made it necessary for the Palm Grove congregation to leave what had been a wonderful building for a union a quarter of a mile away with Trinity. However, that union which took place in 1977 was not only driven by finances. It was also seen as an exciting opportunity for mission and a considerable triumph for ecumenism. It was the first local ecumenical project of its kind in the country and it made possible some wonderful expressions of witness, service and generosity. We are hugely indebted to those who served here in their age before us, and greatly privileged to follow on from where they left off in ours. Introducing Mark	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line127
__label__wiki	0.95978	0.95978	Jorja Smith / Ravyn Lenae Orpheum Theatre, Vancouver BC, November 20 Photo: Sharon Steele By Leslie Ken Chu Some artists make perfect sense to pair together on a bill. Jorja Smith and opener Ravyn Lenae are 21 and 19, respectively; both are classically trained singers who mix R&B, soul and jazz into a sound that at times resembles trip-hop. But they set themselves apart from each other at the Orpheum Theatre last night by touching on different politics. Lenae kept the energy in one gear and promoted self-love, self-care and body-positivity. She often began her songs with a question. "Who's ever been friend zoned?" she asked before "4 Leaf Clover," her anthem about unrequited love. "Who's ever fallen in love over the internet? Who's ever been in a long-distance relationship?" her preamble before "Computer Love" went. The point of her songs is to let go of relationships and crushes, move on, and heal out of respect for oneself. Lenae asked the audience to put one pinky in air and promise to move their bodies. At most, everyone grooved in their seats. No one seemed as taken by her as one might have expected, given her similarities to Smith. But they were more than polite as they cheered an overall successful showcase for Lenae. Of course, fans shot to their feet for Jorja Smith. The politics of her songs skewed more toward the social than the personal. Blue, red and white lights spun, mimicking a police cruiser, as she sang about the racial profiling that too often fuels police brutality on her breakout single, "Blue Lights." Smith was at her best during keyboard-led ballads, holding nothing back as she flexed her powerhouse vocals on "Something in the Way," "The One," "Tomorrow" and "Don't Watch Me Cry." Smith's band of live players were in their own class. Crystalline keys shimmered on "Lost & Found." When she finished rapping on "Lifeboats (Freestyle)," they continued jamming as she caught her breath offstage. Fans lost their minds when the band kicked up the tempo mid-song on "On My Mind." Besides cuts from her 2018 debut album, Lost & Found, and 2016 EP, Project11, she dipped into her repertoire of collaborations. These included "I Am" with Kendrick Lamar, from the Black Panther soundtrack, and "Let Me Down" with Stormzy. Despite Jorja Smith's fast-growing success, at one point in the night, she expressed disbelief at seeing everyone singing all the words to her songs. But on Lost & Found, she exudes confidence. She knows what she wants: music stardom. And every show like last night's brings her one step closer to achieving her dream. A post shared by Exclaim! (@exclaimdotca) on Nov 21, 2018 at 8:03am PST More Jorja Smith More Ravyn Lenae Kendrick Lamar Launches New Company pgLang Kendrick Lamar and frequent collaborator Dave Free have launched a "new multi-lingual, at service company" dubbed pgLang. A press release... Jorja Smith Gets Burna Boy for New Song "Be Honest" After landing on Exclaim!'s cover and releasing one of our Top Soul and R&B albums of 2018 last year, Jorja Smith has returned with a new si... Jorja Smith and Kali Uchis Map Out North American Tour Coming off a fruitful 2018 in which they both released full-length albums, Jorja Smith and Kali Uchis have now joined forces for a co-headli... Exclaim!'s Top 10 Soul and R&B Albums Best of 2018 As we rounding the halfway mark for the annual rollout of Exclaim!'s Best Albums of 2018 today (December 11), we're pleased to present the b... 'The Hate U Give': Six Songs That Confront Police Brutality Promotional Consideration Provided by 20th Century Fox From Nina Simone's "Mississippi Goddam" to N.W.A's "Fuck tha Police" and beyond,...	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line128
__label__wiki	0.809434	0.809434	Palmer Log Cabin Porch Restoration (Pro Bono) October 25, 2016 \| PALMER PARK, DETROIT The Palmer Log Cabin was built in 1885. The architects were George D. Mason and Zachariah Rice who later mentored famed Detroit Architect Albert Kahn. The cabin is basically a balloon framed Victorian house wrapped in a log veneer. The cabin's original porch greeted many important guests while senator Palmer lived there. The original porch had fallen into decay and was removed during the 1980's. The absence of the porch made it difficult to safely enter the cabin and it also allowed the remaining porch roof to sag nearly to its breaking point. When the City of Detroit committed to stabilize the cabin against further decay in 2016, it was decided that the reconstruction of the porch was necessary to fully stabilize the roof so that new cedar shingles could be applied. Since the budget for stabilization was very tight, our firm committed to design a new porch pro bono. Our firm is committed to performing at least one such community service project annually. Given the close proximity and importance of Palmer Park to the neighborhood in which we live and work, we hope to help out with future park renovations in the future.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line129
__label__wiki	0.683724	0.683724	American Studies Association Votes to Endorse Academic Boycott of Israel The American Studies Association said its members voted to endorse the Association’s participation in a boycott of Israeli academic institutions. The ASA said 66.05% voted in favor, 30.5% voted against and 3.43% abstained. While the ASA said the vote signified the largest turnout in its association history, at only about 25% of its 5,000 members, it would mean that only 16% actually voted in favor of the resolution. Others vilified the decision and said that it had abrogated the ASA’s U.S. 501(c)(3) tax exemption charter, which does not allow non-profits to take political positions. William A. Jacobson, Clinical Professor of Law and Director of the Securities Law Clinic at Cornell Law School, and the authorÂ of the LegalInsurrection.com blog said he, with the help of tax lawyer expert Alan P. Dye, Esq., Partner at Webster, Chamberlain & Bean, LLP,Â would challenge the ASA’s status because of the vote. In a statement, the ASA said, “The resolution is in solidarity with scholars and students deprived of their academic freedom and it aspires to enlarge that freedom for all, including Palestinians. The ASA’s endorsement of the academic boycott emerges from the context of US military and other support for Israel; Israel’s violation of international law and UN resolutions; the documented impact of the Israeli occupation on Palestinian scholars and students; the extent to which Israeli institutions of higher education are a party to state policies that violate human rights; and finally, the support of such a resolution by a majority of ASA members.” Source: The Algemeiner Previous articleIn Tel Aviv, Israel’s ‘Sin City,’ an Unexpected Religious Revival Takes Root Next articleAlan Dershowitz, Famed Harvard Law Professor and Israel Supporter, to Retire 5tjt-admin	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line137
__label__cc	0.692917	0.307083	Cataloguing Horse Breeding & Racing Syndicates EluxeTV 5 Star Eden Hotel in Roma will become part of the Dorchester Collection. In a deal worth an estimated 105 million euros. 5 Star 120 room Eden Hotel in Roma is apparently set to become part of the Dorchester Collection, in a deal worth an estimated 105.million euros. The famous Hotel was a favourite with King Alfonso X111 of Spain & legendary Italian Film maker Federico Fellini. Dorchester Collection is owned by the Brunei Investment Agency, a Sovereign Fund reportedly controlled by the Sultan of Brunei. The Eden hotel is currently owned by the Starwood Capital Group & Lehman Brothers. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Group previously sold the Hotel Principe di Savoia in Milan to the Dorchester Group, 10 years ago. Desires & Dreams Horse Breeding and Racing Italy to Die For Watches Complicado Certified Visitor Numbers Designed by Cottage WebCraft.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line141
__label__wiki	0.947781	0.947781	Diana Tegenkamp Up-and-coming filmmaker working the best in the biz. Film production is busting out all over in Saskatchewan these days. It’s so busy that Saskatoon writer and filmmaker Diana Tegenkamp rescheduled the shooting of her short dramatic film from this past September to February, 2005. Saskatchewan film crews are hard at work on the television series Moccasin Flats, and on Corner Gas, which is in post-production; and then there’s Tideland, the $20 million feature film starring Jeff Bridges and Jennifer Tilly, directed by Monty Python alumnus Terry Gilliam. And there are several documentaries in production. Once these shoots wrap up, the best of Saskatchewan film artists and technicians will be available to Diana Tegenkamp. This is worth waiting for, because Tegenkamp already has some of the best in the business involved in her half hour dramatic film, entitled Move Closer. John Frizzell, a respected story editor, has been working with her on the script off and on for two years. He’s considered one of the best script-doctors in the trade, working on feature films such as Dance Me Outside and television films and series, including Getting Married at Buffalo Jump. Tegenkamp’s director of photography is Paul Suderman who shot Guy Maddin’s Dracula: Pages from a Virgin’s Diary. Move Closer’s executive producer is Elizabeth Yake, whose feature film It’s All Gone Pete Tong just won Best Canadian Feature at the Toronto International Film Festival. Diana Tegenkamp is very careful about the talent she gathers around her for this film, because it is her labour of love. It is reasonable to conclude that the artists she’s assembled wouldn’t be on board if they didn’t see something special here. Tegenkamp was born in Lloydminster (Saskatchewan side) and as a toddler, moved with her mom to Bruno, just west of Saskatoon. In fact, it was in Bruno’s movie theatre that Diana saw her first film. Later her father bought that theatre and turned it into an electrical store. But Diana’s first love was music and from age five she studied classical piano. By the time she was in grade seven she was practicing piano four hours a day. Diana also developed a passion for dance and photography along the way. Following high school she went to the University of Saskatchewan to study music, but there discovered “real theatre” and a love of acting. She now believes that acting at that time gave her a venue to express emotion in an overt way, and gave her a vehicle to deal with emotional difficulties in her life. But it was the expression of her creative energy that drove her. Tegenkamp says, “I’ve had to struggle to maintain connection to my creativity and art practice. But creative expression and art is fundamental to life. There’s no life without it. It’s at the core of my being.” When Diana’s mom saw her leaning toward art, she was concerned that a life in art might not allow Diana to support herself, and insisted that her daughter learn a practical skill. So Diana studied hairdressing at the Marvel Beauty School. Following that she was a stylist at Crimpers salon on Broadway, and currently she has her own clientele and works out of Salon Williams on Avenue B. And as it turns out cutting and styling hair has been a lifesaver for Tegenkamp, allowing her to support herself and her film projects. Diana Tegenkamp may not be well-known to film viewers in Saskatchewan, but she is not new to filmmaking. For the past decade she has been involved as a writer, producer, editor or actor in seven short films. She’s a graduate of Fine Arts from Concordia University where she studied film-making, literature and creative writing. Move Closer, now in pre-production, is a half-hour drama with a magic-realist slant that paints a lush portrait of a contemporary family and its encounter with a mute boy with magical chameleon-like abilities. The boy’s appearance in their lives brings revelations, and makes the mother, father and son look more closely at their feelings of love and desire and their relationships. Move Closer takes some inspiration from the magic realist film Antonia’s Line (1996) and from Jean Cocteau’s films from the ‘40s, Orpheus and Beauty and the Beast. Tegenkamp also loves the films of Todd Haynes (Poison, Far From Heaven), and of Jane Campion (The Piano, The Portrait of a Lady). For Tegenkamp, a film begins with a script. It was at Concordia that she learned that you have to know the story well. Having John Frizzell mentor her with the story of Move Closer is more than a stroke of luck. She met Frizzell in 2001 when she was the director of NextFest, the digital motion picture festival in Saskatoon. They’d hit it off then, and when she called him in Beverly Hills in the winter of 2002, he agreed to work with her on the script. Diana claims that Frizzell has guided her through “an incredibly intensive, often painful and frequently wonderful writing process that has been beneficial creatively and personal.” At one point she said to him, “This is like psychotherapy.” Frizzell’s reply: “It is psychotherapy.” He encouraged her “to let your characters be smarter than you are,” that is, to let characters reveal themselves rather than being puppets for ideas. Tegenkamp says he showed her that “who a character is, is revealed in the particular details, on a word by word basis.” Besides having written the script, Diana will also direct the shooting of her film. The project’s lead producer is Sandra Panko of Juxtapose Productions, a fairly new Saskatoon company that is keen to produce cutting-edge drama such as Move Closer. Tegenkamp credits Juxtapose for giving her project a home, including her own office there. Artwork by Saskatoon painter Tatyana Gershuni will appear in the film. And Saskatoon artist Monique Blom is the film’s production designer. She was just short-listed in the Royal Bank of Canada’s National Painting Competition. Tegenkamp has recently finished the first casting session for Move Closer, and she is impressed by “the depth and breadth of talent here in Saskatchewan. The stars are here.” Soon casting decisions will be made and actors hired. And there are locations to be found and confirmed, costumes to be designed and assembled, and a multitude of other details necessary to bring the story to life first for the camera, and then for the viewing audience. Behind all this work, there is a personal meaning for Tegenkamp. “I wrote this script – which is why, I've figured out, I do art in general – because it provides me with a way to better understand my life experiences, but, more importantly, I'm seeking an experience of relatedness to others and their experiences.” Though Move Closer takes up much of her time, Diana is looking ahead toward her next project, a feature-length film called Puff, already in the works. Diana Tegenkamp is an up-and-coming film artist working in Saskatchewan, one of several who are the seedbed of the film industry that is developing here. Such artists as her are essential for the renewal and growth of Saskatchewan art and culture. The existence of film crews, production facilities and granting support will keep them here, instead of fuelling the exodus of our bright, creative minds to big production centers like Toronto and Vancouver. As pre-production of her film moves along, Diana Tegenkamp is snipping away every week-end, cutting and styling hair for her many clients. This helps put food on the table and film in the can. And by the way, she gives an excellent cut.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line142
__label__cc	0.544831	0.455169	Kathleen Wynne Combusts in Delight at News of Doug Ford Leadership Bid Firefighters rushed to the home of Ontario Liberal leader Kathleen Wynne today to extinguish a two-alarm blaze, when Premier Wynne literally burst into flames of delight at the news of Doug Ford’s Conservative Party leadership bid. Doug Ford, brother of the late, great, crack-smoking mayoral train wreck known as Rob Ford, announced his bid for the leadership of the Ontario Tories to “to prevent the party from falling into the hands of ‘insiders’ and ‘elites’.” Ms. Wynne was heard shouting “I can’t even…! It’s just too much! I… I… Oh my God!” before spontaneously combusting in a paroxysm of orgasmic political joy, at the prospect of running against the less well-known brother of a man made famous for saying – about allegations of inappropriate comments concerning oral sex – “I’ve got more than enough to eat at home.” Mr. Ford was unavailable for comment, as he was busy planning his campaign from his mother’s basement, following in the footsteps of other great basement politicians such as Wayne Campbell. Ms. Wynne received second-degree burns to 20% of her body and was last heard muttering “Thank you Jesus” as paramedics wheeled her away to St. Michael’s hospital’s primary trauma care unit. Ms. Wynne is expected to make a full recovery in time to dance on the smoking remains of Mr. Ford’s political career in June of this year. Author Mr. Cranky PantsPosted on January 31, 2018 Categories PoliticsTags Doug Ford, Ford, Kathleen Wynne, Rob Ford, WynneLeave a comment on Kathleen Wynne Combusts in Delight at News of Doug Ford Leadership Bid	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line143
__label__wiki	0.635158	0.635158	Studio Seizures & QTS DJ Training Docs Baltimore Furniture Bank Both Feet In Haiti Earthquake Middle Grades Partnership RadioEdu Project Roland Park Radio Plays WLOYcard Support WLOY WVLC/WLCR/WLOY History Jobs at WLOY Dave Grohl Is At It Again… What Can’t This Man Do? November 18th, 2014 by Lauren Puleo Foo Fighters – Sonic Highways The Foo Fighters have finally released their long-awaited eighth studio album, Sonic Highways, and it most definitely does not dissapoint. Don’t expect this album to be anything like previous releases from the Foos. Yes, Dave Grohl’s vocals are unmistakable, and yes, you can tell that they have the same line-up they’ve been using for the past few years. So while there are certainly continuities between this album and albums past, the Foo Fighters aren’t looking to repeat any of their past work. If 90s-style Foo Fighters is what you’re looking for, then go listen to “Foo Fighters“, “The Color And The Shape“, or “There Is Nothing Left To Lose“. If, however, what you’re looking for is some innovation and a refreshing appreciation for American rock history, then you’ve come to the right place. This album was released in conjunction with an HBO mini-series in which the Foo Fighters tour eight cities across America and record a single song in each city. For the week that the band was in a particular city, they would spend about six days recording the instrumental version of the song and create a barebones outline for the vocal part. Each night they would interview local artists that had significant impacts on the local music scene. Artists like Willie Nelson, Chuck D, Bonnie Rait, LL Cool J, Dan Auerbach, the list goes on. On the last day in the recording studio, Dave would sit down with the transcripts of all the interviews and would form lyrics from words and phrases that encapsulated the story of that city. This YouTube video will answer all of your questions. While this is a fascinating writing strategy, it doesn’t have as large an impact without the HBO mini-series to back it up (so make sure you watch it!). If you listen to the CD alone with no background information going in, it sounds like a random set of eight rock songs, and the average listener wouldn’t be able to recognize regional differences between them. Obviously the first track off the album, “Something From Nothing“, is a big fan favorite by now, seeing as the single has been out for a couple of weeks. It’s definitely recognizable as a more recent Foo Fighters song, I mean it could have come off “Wasting Light” and no one would have known the difference. Let’s talk about “Congregation“, the third track. This song has two distinct sections to it separated by a drop about three minutes in. The first section is much lighter than the second one, but in the end it all ties back together into a cohesive song. Also, if you feel like you’re hearing Zac Brown in the background there, you’re right. Lastly, I have to say that there are a LOT guitars on this album. Just in general. Maybe it’s because the Foo Fighters have grown from a three-piece to a five-piece band and I’m just used to their older stuff, but it seems unusually… guitary. Don’t get me wrong, I’m not complaining though. It’s refreshing to hear real rock music in a music scene that is increasingly dominated by Alt-Pop. Overall, good work Foos! Keepin’ us on our toes while educating America about its music history. My rating: 10 Golden Stars. © 2021 WLOY Loyola Radio Loyola Communication Department Loyola Athletics The Greyhound GreyComm Studios Loyola Pound Apprentice House	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line144
__label__wiki	0.539205	0.539205	Canadian Banks Toronto-Dominion Bank Big Five Canadian Banks Canadian Mortgage Guide Canadian Mortgage Brokers Canadian Mortgage Lenders Mortgage Insurance in Canada ARM - Adjustable Rate Mortgage Home Buyers Plan Secured Credit Cards in Canada No Interest Credit Cards Prepaid Credit Cards How to Compare Credit Cards Payday Loans in Canada What is Bond Money Orders and Bank Drafts ATM - Automated Teller Machine / Banks / Big Five Canadian Banks The largest banks in Canada are known as the "Big Five Banks" and they could be called the "flagship" group of banks which serve as a shining example of banking stability to the world. They are a model of financial reliability in the international banking industry, and are recognized as such. Let us review which banks compose this group that make up 85% of Canada's banking system. The largest bank is the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC Royal Bank). It's assets total $655 billion with deposits of $398.2 billion. It has 1,197 branches, and 71,186 employees. The second largest bank is Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Canada Trust) with $557.2 billion in assets, $391 billion in deposits and it has 1,116 branches with 65,930 employees. The Bank of Nova Scotia (ScotiaBank) is third largest with 496.5 billion in assets and $350 billion in deposits. It possesses 1,019 branches with 607,802 employees. In fourth place is the Bank of Montreal (BMO) with $388.5 billion in assets, $236.2 billion in deposits but it only has 900 branches. It has 36,173 employees. The fifth largest bank in Canada is the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) with $335.9 billion in assets, $223.1 billion in deposits and 1,072 branches. It has 41,941 employees. Royal Bank has consistently been the largest bank by a large margin. The rankings of the other four banks have changed, especially since the 1990's and after, due to reorganization and acquisitions both within Canada and internationally. These five banks have exhibited a most stunning equilibrium in recent years in spite of the financial crises that have emerged within the banking sectors of other countries, most notably the U.S. banks. Interestingly, while interest rates were similar in both countries and they also possess "too large to fail" banks, operating policies differed considerably. Canada has within its government an overseer called The Financial Consumer Agency. This office, in part, protects consumers from lending irregularities by financial institutions. Sometimes you might see the "Big Six Banks" term used, which is essentially the same "Big Five Banks" plus the National Bank of Canada, not to be confused with The Bank of Canada (the Canadian central bank). The only banks listed on Schedule I as a Canadian chartered national banks are the "Big Six Banks", and Laurentian Bank of Canada. All Banks... All Mortgages... Canadian Credit Reports Get Rid of Credit Card Debt Equity Loans – Home Equity Loans Unsecured Loan All Loans... Canadian Online Discount Stock Brokerages Grow Your Business with Venture Capitalists Certificate of Deposit - CD TFSA - Tax Free Savings Account RRSP – Registered Retirement Savings Plan Real Estate Investment Trusts – REIT All Investing... All Banking Terms... © 2006 - 2015 Art Branch Inc. All rights reserved. \| About Us \| Privacy Policy \| Terms of Use \| Contact \| Forums \| Currency Guide	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line147
__label__cc	0.598028	0.401972	Paris by the book » Paris 68 and a world of today Forgive the blatant self-promotion of this post, but I am very excited. Here is the front cover for my new novel to be published on 16th May. It has been described as “Carol Drinkwater’s epic story of enduring love and betrayal, from Paris in the sixties to the present day.” I am delighted that it is to be published in May, although if I had been a little quicker with the research followed up by the writing, it would have been published last year, 2018, which was the fiftieth anniversary of Paris ’68. Instead, we are 51 years on from that extraordinary spring. A spring that saw 6,000 students locked out from their Paris universities and taking to the streets, the entire country coming to a standstill due to 10 million striking workers who forced the closure of factories all across the land, transport at a standstill, and the flight of President de Gaulle albeit for just a couple of days before his return to clamp down and put an end to the voices of so many. Today, historians see Paris ’68 as the jolt that pushed France into the twentieth century. I was just beginning drama school in London in 1968. My interest in politics was, I must confess it, zilch. British politics seemed remote enough but French and world politics were far beyond my circles of interest. However, like many of my generation the War in Vietnam, American involvement in it, the burning of draft cards, had drawn my attention. If I were a student now and Paris was happening now, I would like to think that I would get involved. Soyez realistes, demandez l’impossible. ‘Be realistic, ask for the impossible.’ This was daubed on the wall of one of the Paris bridges. ‘Run free, comrade, we’ve left the old world behind’. Scrawled across one of the walls of the Sorbonne buildings. My novel is, after a fashion, my way of redressing that lack of interest on my part of fifty years ago. Grace, my protagonist, is sixteen in 1968. She dreams of becoming an actress – which she achieves rather successfully – and is awaiting her studies at a London drama school. She decides to spend a few months in Paris. The city of cinema, of Truffaut, Godard, Jean Renoir, Jacques Tati, and many others. Jeanne Moreau, Fanny Ardant, such actresses are her idols. On her first day in Paris, she meets a young English student who is studying at the Sorbonne, Peter. Peter is far more politically aware and active than the young Grace and he draws her into his world. She becomes involved in the demonstrations which lead to civil unrest. She fights along with the students, building barricades and spending late nights in cafés and bistros where for the first time in her life she is presented with choices. How to live? What are her values? What is worth fighting for? Freedom of speech, independence, the sexual revolution. Women’s rights. A generation in revolt… Read the rest of this article at The History Girls	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line148
__label__wiki	0.704259	0.704259	Atlantic City Casino Bus Traffic Drops - Again ATLANTIC CITY -- As reported by the Press of Atlantic City: ``... Casino bus traffic is falling for the fourth straight year, further reflecting a trend by the gaming industry to cut back on unprofitable daytrippers in favor of more lucrative overnight guests. ``Figures released Tuesday by the South Jersey Transportation Authority show that bus patrons account now for only 25 percent of the total number of visitors to Atlantic City, compared to 29 percent just four years ago. ``If trends hold through the rest of the year, there will be fewer than 8 million visitors arriving by bus, down dramatically from 10 million in 1998. ``...Historically, casino bus traffic has been a major source of visitors to tourist-dependent Atlantic City, trailing only the number of people arriving by automobile. However, the number of buses has declined three years in a row and statistics through June indicate that 2002 will be another down year. ``...but casinos have been cutting back in recent years on the free coin packages, complimentary buffet lunches and other giveaways used to entice low-rolling bus patrons, Crawford said. Now casinos are targeting overnight guests who stay longer and spend more money. ``...Up until two years ago, an average of 1,100 casino buses a day would travel to Atlantic City. But last year, that number dropped to 902 a day and is on track to fall to an average of 897 in 2002, statistics show..."	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line149
__label__wiki	0.675056	0.675056	Census • Person • Theoleptus II Bio Links Gallery Notes Contemporaries the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1585 to 1586. Theoleptus was a nephew of Patriarch Metrophanes III. He became Metropolitan of Philippopolis and although he had been helped by Patriarch Jeremias II, he conspired against him, leaguing with Pachomius II. When Pachomius was deposed, Theoleptus was appointed Patriarch in his place, on 16 February 1585, and he was formally enthroned in March 1585 by the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch. Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople: Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church Maximus IV (1491-1497): an Orthodox Christian monk and bishop. He was Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople from 1491 to 1497. He was previously the... Nephon II (1497-1498): the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople three times: from 1486 to 1488, from 1497 to 1498 and for a short time in 1502. He... Joachim I (1498-1502): the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople from 1498 to 1502 and for a short time in 1504. As Patriarch, Joachim was quite po... Nephon II (1502): the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople three times: from 1486 to 1488, from 1497 to 1498 and for a short time in 1502. He... Pachomius I (1503-1504): Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople from 1503 to 1513, except for a short period in 1504. Before his election as Patriarch ... Joachim I (1504): the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople from 1498 to 1502 and for a short time in 1504. As Patriarch, Joachim was quite po... Theoleptus I (1513-1522): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1513 to 1522, for the Church of Constantinople. With the conquest of Palestine and the fall ... Jeremias I (1522-1524): Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople two times, from 1522 to 1524 and from 1525 to 1546 for the Church of Constantinople. Jeremias was a n... Joannicius I (1524-1525): Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1546)Church of Constantinople Dionysius II (1546-1556): Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1546-1555)Church of Constantinople Joasaph II (1556-1565): Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1555-1565)Church of Constantinople Metrophanes III (1565-1572): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople two times, from 1565 to 1572 and from 1579 to 1580. In 1546 he was appointed Metro... Jeremias II Tranos (1572-1579): Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1572-1579, 1580-1584, 1587-1595)Church of Constantinople Pachomius II (1584-1585): Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople from 1584 to 1585. He is sometimes considered an usurper. 16th-century Greek sources s... Theoleptus II (1585-1586): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1585 to 1586. Theoleptus was a nephew of Patriarch Metrophanes III. He became Metropolitan o... Matthew II (1596): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople three times, shortly in 1596, from 1598 to 1602 and for a few days in 1603. Matthew was born in ... Gabriel I [1] (1596): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for the Church of Constantinople from March to August 1596. The is very little information availa... Theophanes I (1596): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for the Church of Constantinople from August 1596 to February 1597. There is very little informat... Meletios I Pegas (1597): served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1590 and 1601. Simultaneously from 1597 to 1598 he served also as locum tenens of the Ecumen... Meletios I Pegas (1597-1598): served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1590 and 1601. Simultaneously from 1597 to 1598 he served also as locum tenens of the Ecumen... Matthew II (1598-1602): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople three times, shortly in 1596, from 1598 to 1602 and for a few days in 1603. Matthew was born in ... Neophytus II (1602-1603): Ecumenical Patriarch (1602–03 and in 1607–12), restoredChurch of Constantinople Raphael II (1603-1607): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1603 to 1607. Raphael was Bishop of Mithymna when, in March 1603, he was elected Ecumenical ... Cyril I Lucaris (1612): a Greek prelate and theologian, and a native of Candia, Crete (then under the Republic of Venice). He later became the Greek Patriarch of Al... Timothy II (1612-1620): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1612 to 1620 for the Church of Constantinople. In 1601 he became metropolitan of Patras, an... Cyril I Lucaris (1620-1623): a Greek prelate and theologian, and a native of Candia, Crete (then under the Republic of Venice). He later became the Greek Patriarch of Al... Gregory IV (1623): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople for two months in 1623. Before he was elected as Patriarch of Constantinople Grego... Anthimus II (1623): Metropolitan of Adrianople and Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople for a few months in 1623. His short reign has to be co... Cyril II Kontares (1633): Ecumenical Patriarch (1633; 1635-1636; 1638-1639)Church of Constantinople Athanasius III Patelaros (1634): Ecumenical Patriarch (1634, 1635 and 1652)Church of Constantinople Cyril II Kontares (1635-1636): Ecumenical Patriarch (1633; 1635-1636; 1638-1639)Church of Constantinople Neophytus III of Nicea (1636-1637): Ecumenical Patriarch (1636-1637)Church of Constantinople Parthenius I (1639-1644): Ecumenical Patriarch (1639-1644)Church of Constantinople Parthenius II (1644-1646): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople for two periods (1644-1646, 1648-1651). There is very little additional informatio... Joannicius II (1646-1648): Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople four times from 1646 to 1656 (1646-1648; 1651-1652; 1653-1654; 1655-1656) for the Church of Constanti... Cyril III (1652): the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople for two short terms in 1652 and 1654. There is very little information available c... Paisius I (1652-1653): a two-time Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople (August 1, 1652-April 1653, March 1654-March 1655). He was previously bisho... Parthenius III (1656-1657): the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople in 1656–1657. In 1657 he was charged with treason by the Ottoman Sultan and hange... Gabriel II (1657): the Ecumenical Patriarch of for the Church of Constantinople for one week in 1657. In 1659 he was hanged by the Ottoman Sultan for having b... Parthenius IV (1657-1659): a 5-time Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople (1657–1659, 1665–1667, 1671, 1675–1676, 1684–1685). Little is known o... Theophanes II (1659): Ecumenical Patriarch (1659)Church of Constantinople Dionysius III (1662-1665): Ecumenical Patriarch (1662-1665)Church of Constantinople Clement (1667): Ecumenical Patriarch (1667)Church of Constantinople Methodius III (1668-1671): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople in 1668–1671. Descended from Crete, he served at the Church of the Theotokos of... Parthenius IV (1671): a 5-time Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople (1657–1659, 1665–1667, 1671, 1675–1676, 1684–1685). Little is known o... Dionysius IV Muselimes (1671-1673): Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople for five times, in 1671–73, 1676–79, 1682–84, 1686–87, and 1693–94. He was b... Gerasimus II (1673-1674): Ecumenical Patriarch (1673-1674)Church of Constantinople Athanasius IV (1679): Ecumenical Patriarch (1679)Church of Constantinople James (1679-1682): a 3-time Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1679-1682, 1685-1686, 1687-1688). He was previously bishop of Larissa. Callinicus II (1688): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople for three terms (1688, 1689-93, 1694-1702). Neophytus IV (1688): Ecumenical Patriarch (1688)Church of Constantinople Callinicus II (1689-1693): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople for three terms (1688, 1689-93, 1694-1702). Gabriel III (1702-1707): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople from 1702 to 1707. Gabriel was born in the town of Smyrna (now ?zmir) to parents ... Neophytus V (1707): Ecumenical Patriarch (1707)* Church of Constantinople Cyprianus (1707-1709): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople twice, in 1707-1709 and 1713-1714. He served as metropolitan bishop of Kayseri. O... Athanasius V (1709-1711): Ecumenical Patriarch (1709-1711)* Church of Constantinople Cyril IV (1711-1713): the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople during the period 1711–1713. He descended from Mytilene. He was remarkably educa... Kosmas III (1714-1716): the Ecumenical Patriarch of for the Church of Constantinople from 1714 to 1716. He also served as Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria for the ... Jeremias III (1716-1726): Ecumenical Patriarch (1716-1726, 1732-1733), restored* Church of Constantinople Callinicus III (1726): was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for one day in 1726. He is sometimes not counted amongst the patriarchs, and Callinicus IV, who w... Paisius II (1726-1732): was Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople for four times (1726-1732; 1740-1743; 1744-1748, 1751-1752) in the 18th century. H... Serapheim I (1733-1734): Ecumenical Patriarch (1733-1734)* Church of Constantinople Neophytus VI (1734-1740): Ecumenical Patriarch (1734-1740, 1743-1744), restored* Church of Constantinople Cyril V (1748-1751): was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for two periods from 1748 to 1751 and from 1752 to 1757. A controversial figure, often blamed for... Callinicus IV (1757): was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for a few months in 1757 and a writer and scholar. Callinicus IV is sometime numbered as Callinic... Serapheim II (1757-1761): Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople from 1757 until 1761. Seraphim II was born in Delvinë, southern Albania to Greek par... Joannicius III (1761-1763): Archbishop of Pec and Patriarch of the Serbs from 1739 to 1746 and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1761 to 1763 for the Church ... Samuel I Chatzeres (1763-1768): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople during the periods 1763-1768 and 1773-1774. During his patriarchy, he was occupied... Meletius II (1769): a Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (for the Church of Constantinople) during the period 1768-1769. He was born in Tenedos. From 1750 u... Theodosius II (1769-1773): served as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople during the period 1769-1773 for the Church of Constantinople. He was born in Crete, where h... Sophronius II (1774-1780): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople during the period 1775–80 and, as Sophronius V for the Greek Orthodox Patriarch ... Gabriel IV (1780-1785): Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople during the period 1780-1785. He was born in Smyrna and descended from an aristocratic... Procopius I (1785-1789): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for the Church of Constantinople during the period 1785-1789. When he was 12 years old he followe... Neophytus VII (1789-1794): Ecumenical Patriarch (1789–1794, 1798–1801)* Church of Constantinople Gerasimus III (1794-1797): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople from 1794 to 1797. He descended from Cyprus. In 1762 he was elected metropolitan ... Gregory V (1797-1798): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808 and from 1818 to 1821. He was responsible for... Callinicus V (1801-1806): was Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople from 1801 to 1806 and 1808 to 1809. He was Metropolitan bishop of Adrianople (mode... Jeremias IV (1809-1813): Ecumenical Patriarch (1809–1813)* Church of Constantinople Cyril VI (1813-1818): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople between the years 1813 and 1818. He was born in 1769 in Edirne, where he finished ... Eugenius II (1821-1822): Ecumenical Patriarch (1821–1822)* Church of Constantinople Anthimus III (1822-1824): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople during the period 1822-1824. He served as deacon of the Patriarchate during the Patriarchy of Ne... Chrysanthus I (1824-1826): Ecumenical Patriarch (1824–1826)* Church of Constantinople Agathangelus I (1826-1830): the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople during the period 1826-1830. He was one of the most educated Patriarchs of his time. He spoke Gr... Constantius I (1830-1834): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople during the period 1830-1834. He was born in 1770 in Constantinople. He studied in ... Constantius II (1834-1835): the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Church of Constantinople during the period 1834-1835. Before his election as Ecumenical Patriarch in 1834, h... Gregory VI (1835-1840): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople in the periods 1835-1840 and 1867-1871. He was especially ethical and devout, but ... Anthimus IV (1840-1841): twice Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople, between 1840 and 1841, and between 1848 and 1852. He was born in Istanbul (Cons... Anthimus V (1841-1842): Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople for thirteen months from 1841 to 1842. He was born in Raidestos (Tekirda?) and served... Germanus IV (1842-1845): served two terms as Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople, from 1842 to 1845 and from 1852 until his death in 1853. In 1826-... Meletius III (1845): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople in 1845. He was protosynkellos during the tenure of Patriarch Agathangelos of Cons... Anthimus VI (1845-1848): the Ecumenical Patriarch for the Church of Constantinople for three periods from 1845 to 1848, from 1853 to 1855 and from 1871 to 1873. He w... Cyril VII (1855-1860): Ecumenical Patriarch (1855–1860)* Church of Constantinople -all-ArchitectsArtistsAstronomersCartographersClergyCommerceComposersEducatorsExplorersGovernanceInventorsLegalMilitaryNavalPerformersPhysiciansPiratesScientistsSculptorsWriters Nationality -all-EgyptEnglandFinlandFranceGreeceItalyNetherlandsSpainTibetTurkey Theoleptus II unknown 1585 Pope John XIV unknown 1571 1586 1586, Sep 6 the 96th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark for the Armenian Apostolic Church... Bertrand de Loque unknown 1580 1589 1600+ a Protestant minister, said to be the same person as François de Saillans, who was born in Valen... Pope Urban VII 1521, Aug 4 1553 Pope (Roman Catholic Church) from 15 to 27 September 1590. His twelve-day papacy was the shortest... Sylvester of Alexandria unknown 1560 Silvester served as Patriarch for Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria between 1569 and 1590. He c... Pope Sixtus V 1521, Dec 13 1585 1590 1590, Aug 27 Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 24 April 1585 to his death in 1590. As a youth, he joined ... Pope Innocent IX 1519, Jul 20 1544 1591 1591, Dec 30 Pope for the Roman Catholic Church from 29 October to 30 December 1591. Prior to his short papac... Domingo de Salazar 1512 1579 1594 1594, Dec 4 a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first Bishop of Manila (1579–84) which was then newl... Jeremias II Tranos unknown 1572 Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1572-1579, 1580-1584, 1587-1595)*Church of Constantinople Murad III 1546, Jul 4 1574 1595 1595, Jan 15/16 the emperor and Caliph of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595. Murad's reign is ... Ascanio I Piccolomini unknown 1579 1597 1597, May 13 On 3 Jul 1579, Ascanio Piccolomini was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Coadju... King Philip II 1527, May 21 1540 King of Spain (1556–98), King of Portugal (1581–98, as Philip I, Filipe I), King of Naples a... Nicolas de Thou 1528 1547 1598 1598, Nov 5 an eminent French cleric, Bishop of Chartres, and in politics a figure instrumental in the corona... Giordano Bruno 1548, Jan 1 1572 an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and cosmological theorist. He is re... Queen Elizabeth I 1533, Sep 7 1558 1603 1603, Mar 24 Queen of England and Ireland (and Supreme Governor of the Church of England ) from 17 November 15... John Whitgift 1530 ca 1583 the Archbishop of Canterbury for the Church of England from 1583 to his death. Noted for his hos... Sebastian de Vivanco 1551 1570 1610 1622, Oct 26 a Spanish priest and composer of the Renaissance. The bulk of Vivanco's surviving work was publis... Thomas Bell 1551 1573 an English Roman Catholic priest, and later an anti-Catholic writer. He was mentioned in 1592 as ... Richard Bancroft 1544 1584 an English churchman, who became Archbishop of Canterbury (1604-1610) for the Church of England a... David Fabricius 1564, Mar 9 1584 1617 1617, May 7 a German pastor who made two major discoveries in the early days of telescopic astronomy, jointly... Ericus Erici Sorolainen 1546 1583 a Finnish Lutheran bishop, a Bishop of Turku from 1583 to 1625 as the successor to Paulus Juuste... Lobsang Chökyi Gyalsten 1570 1570 the fourth Panchen Lama of the Gelug (Yellow Hat sect) school of Tibetan Buddhism from 1570-1662 ... ref:T5-S50-P1196-CPerson-M	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line153
__label__wiki	0.803616	0.803616	Sparks Roll Into All-Star Break Bennett Conlin 2019-07-24T17:35:58-08:00 July 24th, 2019\| Sparks Clicking as All-Star Break Approaches Bennett Conlin 2019-07-25T13:18:45-08:00 July 21st, 2019\| Sparks Stay Hot with Pair of Tough Wins DFBA By Bennett Conlin\| 2019-07-15T05:03:45-08:00 July 15th, 2019\|News\|Comments Off on Sparks Stay Hot with Pair of Tough Wins The Los Angeles Sparks continued their hot streak with two recent victories. Under the direction of head coach Derek Fisher, the Sparks have opened up their offense in the past few weeks, and the free-flowing attack is clicking on all cylinders. Los Angeles dropped 90 points in a 90-84 victory over the Indiana Fever on Friday, and they followed up that triumph with a gritty 76-71 overtime win against the Atlanta Dream on Sunday. The pair of victories moved the Sparks to 9-7 on the season. The Sparks have won five of their last six games to climb the WNBA standings. Against Indiana, the Sparks relied on another stupendous performance from Nneka Ogwumike. The power forward scored 22 points to go with six rebounds, six steals and four assists. Her sister, Chiney, poured in 19 points of her own in addition to nine rebounds and a pair of steals as the dynamic duo combined for 41 points, 15 rebounds and 12 steals. https://twitter.com/LA_Sparks/status/1150099946617446400 Chelsea Gray, recently named an All-Star Starter, filled up the stat sheet as well. The guard scored 15 points and added six assists, five rebounds and two steals. The offense clicked throughout much of the game, as the Sparks had 23 assists on their 34 made field goals. In the win over Atlanta, the Sparks didn’t possess quite the same offensive firepower, but they found a way to score when it mattered most and made enough stops on the defensive end to come away with a victory. Tied at 69 with 1:29 left in the extra period, Riquna Williams buried a three-point shot to give Los Angeles a lead it wouldn’t relinquish. Williams led the Sparks with 23 points. BAY!!!#GoSparks #LeadTheCharge #SparkTheTrueYou pic.twitter.com/IzBcfewvKI — Los Angeles Sparks (@LA_Sparks) July 14, 2019 Gray stuffed the stat sheet yet again, scoring 10 points, recording nine assists and snagging six boards, and Nneka Ogwumike posted another double double, going for 17 points and 15 rebounds in the victory. While the offense wasn’t quite as dangerous as it had been in other games during the Sparks’ hot streak, Fisher was impressed with the team’s ability to grind out a victory despite not playing their best. “I think the players just decided they couldn’t lose this game,” Fisher said. “I think that when you’re on the road it’s hard, and you have to give the Dream credit for continuing to play all 40 minutes to push to overtime. Our players just didn’t want to lose this game, and they just kept finding ways to make plays.” Winning on the road is hard, but the Sparks do it better than most teams. Coach Fisher’s squad is one of just five WNBA teams with a road record of .500 or better, and the team’s five road victories tie for the highest mark in the league. The Sparks hope to continue building on their positive momentum when they face the Dallas Wings (5-11) at home on Thursday afternoon at 12:30 p.m. PT. Copyright Derek Fisher / Fast break run by Athlete Interactive	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line157
__label__cc	0.552782	0.447218	2016 Columns Iraq Columns Zack Columns Letters To My Grandsons UGA Room You are here: Home / Columns / 2019 Columns / April 22, 2019: Remembering A Good Friend Who Walked into My Life April 22, 2019: Remembering A Good Friend Who Walked into My Life You never know where you are going to find good friends. Maybe it is someone you grew up with or met at school or worked with. Or maybe it was just a guy walking up the street. Like Tom Horton. In one of life’s ironies, Tom lived on one of end of our block-long street and I lived on the other and yet we were never in each other’s home. Still, we became good friends and rare was a day that we didn’t talk. Tom walked the neighborhood most every day, a group of one-block cul-de-sacs. No matter where I was headed or how late I was likely to be, I stopped, rolled down the window and we had a chat about any and all kinds of things. Many times, it was about my latest column. (He was always kind in his reviews.) Sometimes, we talked about the football fortunes of his alma mater, Georgia Tech, and of mine at the University of Georgia. You can learn a lot about somebody even if you only see them walking the up the street. Tom Horton was quite an athlete in his younger days at Screven County High School in east Georgia. Good enough to be named to the school’s Hall of Fame. Only, he never told me that. I found it out later. He did tell me that one of the first people to recruit him to play in college was a guy by the name of Vince Dooley. “Coach Dooley had just arrived at the University of Georgia and contacted me about coming to Athens,” he told me one day. “I was flattered but my dream was to play for Bobby Dodd.” Bobby Dodd was the legendary coach at Georgia Tech. When Coach Dodd came calling, Horton said he wanted to be sure that the coach would be there for his college career, should he sign with the Yellow Jackets. Dodd said he would. Tom Horton signed. Dodd retired. Horton never got to live his dream. If he regretted that decision, he never said so. He was proud to have played football at Georgia Tech and to have been a letterman, but it wasn’t something he talked about a lot. He didn’t talk a lot about his career, either, and a distinguished one it was. Tom Horton was a communications officer in the US Air Force and retired as a Colonel. During his military service, he served as the executive assistant for the Joint Chiefs of Staff and commanded several assignments overseas and stateside. After his retirement from the Air Force, he spent 20 years at his alma mater, serving as chief of staff at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) and a variety of other responsibilities there. He had someone he wanted me to meet in the Georgia Tech athletic offices who he thought I would enjoy getting to know. On more than one occasion, Tom told me that he was going to set that lunch up. He never got the chance. I found out last week that Tom Horton had died suddenly after a brief illness. I was devastated at the news. I realize that I won’t be seeing him walk up our street again. There will be no more friendly waves. I won’t be stopping the car (even though I am running late) to ask him how he thinks Georgia Tech’s new football coach will do. I won’t be getting a column critique and won’t be giving him a sneak preview of next week’s targets. I have lost a good friend. And the world has lost a good man. Over my long life, I have become cynical about friendships. Regrettably, most were a mile wide and an inch deep. When I was vice president at BellSouth and could hire staff, consultants, PR firms and advertising agencies, I had a host of friends. When I retired, I found they glommed onto my successor. When I was appointed a managing director of the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games, I picked up a new set of friends wanting a piece of the action. When the flame was extinguished and the circus had left town, so did a lot of that crowd. Today, there are those friends in politics and elsewhere who are aware that this column goes from one end of this state to the other and that my opinions have impact. When this latest iteration of my life is over, I have no illusions about how many of these friends will remain. That is what made my friendship with Tom Horton special. It wasn’t based on a what benefit might accrue for either of us from the relationship. We simply liked each other. Those kinds of friends are hard to find and are to be cherished when you do. This good friend I found walking up the street and I will miss him deeply. You can reach Dick Yarbrough at dick@dickyarbrough.com; at P.O. Box 725373, Atlanta, Georgia 31139 or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/dickyarb Filed Under: 2019 Columns, Columns Meet Dick Yarbrough Dick Yarbrough is a Southern philosopher, political pundit and straight-shooting humorist all rolled into one. Seen weekly in nearly one million households throughout Georgia, his column is an artful mix of comedy and candor that leaves readers amused, inspired or enraged, but always engaged! February 2020: Grady-Yarbrough Fellows Announced for Spring 2020 May 2013: Dick Yarbrough Named One of Georgia’s ‘Power Brokers for 2013’ April 2013: News Flash From The Department Of Juvenile Justice Column Archives Select Month January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 February 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 April 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010 December 2009 November 2009 October 2009 September 2009 August 2009 July 2009 June 2009 May 2009 April 2009 March 2009 February 2009 January 2009 December 2008 November 2008 October 2008 September 2008 August 2008 July 2008 June 2008 May 2008 April 2008 March 2008 February 2008 January 2008 December 2007 November 2007 October 2007 September 2007 August 2007 July 2007 June 2007 May 2007 April 2007 March 2007 February 2007 January 2007 December 2006 November 2006 October 2006 September 2006 August 2006 July 2006 June 2006 May 2006 April 2006 March 2006 February 2006 January 2006 December 2005 November 2005 October 2005 September 2005 August 2005 July 2005 June 2005 May 2005 April 2005 March 2005 February 2005 January 2005 December 2004 November 2004 October 2004 September 2004 August 2004 July 2004 June 2004 May 2004 April 2004 March 2004 February 2004 January 2004 December 2003 November 2003 October 2003 September 2003 August 2003 July 2003 June 2003 May 2003 April 2003 March 2003 February 2003 January 2003 December 2002 November 2002 October 2002 September 2002 August 2002 July 2002 June 2002 May 2002 April 2002 March 2002 February 2002 January 2002 December 2001 November 2001 October 2001 September 2001 August 2001 July 2001 June 2001 May 2001 April 2001 March 2001 February 2001 January 2001 December 2000 November 2000 October 2000 September 2000 August 2000 July 2000 June 2000 May 2000 April 2000 March 2000 Column Categories Column Categories Select Category 2000 Columns 2001 Columns 2002 Columns 2003 Columns 2004 Columns 2005 Columns 2006 Columns 2007 Columns 2008 Columns 2009 Columns 2010 Columns 2011 Columns 2012 Columns 2013 Columns 2014 Columns 2015 Columns 2016 Columns 2017 Columns 2018 Columns 2019 Columns 2020 Columns 2021 Columns Columns Iraq Columns Letters To My Grandsons Marietta Daily Journal Miscellaneous Columns Newsflash Uncategorized Zack Columns Dick is a sought-after speaker and speaks regularly to groups all around Atlanta and the Southeast. He is in high demand on the local as well as regional circuit. Some examples of local groups where he has appeared include businesses, Rotary Clubs, church groups, hospitals, Kiwanis Clubs, school districts, and many other organizations and events. If you would like to schedule Dick to speak to YOUR group, contact us here: dick@dickyarbrough.com … [Read More...] © Copyright 1999-2015 C. Richard Yarbrough · All Rights Reserved · Website by PCWeb LLC · Follow Dick on Facebook!	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line158
__label__wiki	0.586184	0.586184	Legal Resources \| Government Code \| GC 20069 Public Employees' Retirement Law (a) "State service" means service rendered as an employee or officer (employed, appointed, or elected) of the state, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine and the officers and employees of its governing body, the university, a school employer, or a contracting agency, for compensation, and only while he or she is receiving compensation from that employer therefor, except as provided in Article 4 (commencing with Section 20990) of Chapter 11. (b) "State service," solely for purposes of qualification for benefits and retirement allowances under this system, shall also include service rendered as an officer or employee of a county if the salary for the service constitutes compensation earnable by a member of this system under Section 20638. (c) "State service," except for purposes of qualification for health or dental benefits, shall also include compensated service rendered by an officer, warrant officer, or a person of the enlisted ranks of the California National Guard who has elected to become a member pursuant to Section 20326 and who has not canceled his or her membership pursuant to Section 20327. (Amended by Stats. 2009, Ch. 130, Sec. 12.)	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line160
__label__wiki	0.556745	0.556745	trickster tale examples Shakuni's father understood that they are meant to be killed in prison. Trickster stories may be told for amusement as well as on serious or sacred occasions. Buddhist stories, however, cast the fox as an evil agent of possession. So, his father married her to a goat in her childhood and sacrifice that goat. Coyote is possibly the most widely known indigenous North American trickster. Frequently, he is accompanied by a companion who either serves as a stooge or ultimately tricks the trickster. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In African tales the trickster’s prey is usually earnest, hardworking, and slow-witted and soon yields to the smooth arguments and attractive promises of his opponent; in contrast, it is usually Brer Rabbit’s opponents who instigate conflict, forcing him to rely upon his charm, speed, diminutive size, and guile—characteristics that save him from trouble in some cases only to ensnare him in difficulty in others. Whereas Hare is a common trickster of northern, eastern, and southern Africa, the trickster of West Africa is Spider (Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone) or Tortoise (the Igbo and Yoruba people of Nigeria). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Save 50% off a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. They can be good or bad, clever or unintelligent, strong or weak, kind or unkind, and so on. One such case occurred during the colonial period in North America, as Hare (or Rabbit) was a common trickster in Africa as well as in the New World. The Australian Aboriginal trickster Bamapana is known for his vulgar language, lustful behaviour, and delight in discord. during the Golden Age of American animation. The Riddle of Trickster--a general introduction referring to many cultural and contemporary examples of tricksters. Japan’s Kitsune is a trickster fox renowned for his mischievous metamorphic abilities. Wisakedjak, anglicized to Whiskey Jack, is the trickster-hero for many Northeast Indians, as is Nanabozho, the Hare, who in the Southeast is called Rabbit. Trickster tale, in oral traditions worldwide, a story featuring a protagonist (often an anthropomorphized animal) who has magical powers and who is characterized as a compendium of opposites. European tricksters include Aesop’s wily Fox, the shape-shifting Norse god Loki, and the German prankster-peasant Till Eulenspiegel. Examples include the false bridegroom, whose boasting exposes him as an impostor; the eye juggler, who plays ball with his eyes and finally loses them; contests between creatures with inimitable skills, as when Beaver invites Porcupine to swim and Porcupine invites Beaver to climb; and cases where guile ill-serves its perpetrator, as when Coyote tricks Skunk and eats him but neglects to anticipate the digestive effects of this scheme. As with other forms of culture, trickster tales are apt to develop and evolve when differing societies interact. He is regarded in Shintō lore as the messenger who ensures that farmers pay their offerings to the rice god. For Northwest Coast Indians, the trickster is Raven (see Raven cycle), Mink, or Blue Jay, while Spider fills the role in many Southwest Indian tales. So, He prisoned the whole family of Shakuni and gave them a fist of rice only for meal, daily. Here are my favorite trickster tales in folklore from around the world, including America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and more. A fable is a story with a message and proves a point. This is an example of a common feature of trickster tales, which ‘can be seen as moral examples re-affirming the rules of society’ (Hynes, W. Doty, W. 7). Additionally, you can find many more trickster tales by visiting this website. Thus the most unlikely candidate passes the trials and receives the prize. Chosen by a children's librarian. So, he chose the one member of his family who can take revenge and that was Shakuni and he broke one of Shakuni's leg, so that, he remember his purpose each and every time he walks. See more ideas about trickster tales, tales, folk tales. Premium Membership is now 50% off! His tales are told by California, Southwest, Plateau, and Plains Indians. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Masks are the weapons of the trickster: he creates illusions, bringing the real world and the world of illusion into temporary, shimmering proximity,…, The figure of an antagonistic trickster or demiurge that has a somewhat ethical component may be the result of diffusion and is rather rare in such cultures as those of the Khoisan and the indigenous peoples of Australia and North America.…, …slaves selected for special celebration trickster figures, most notably Brer Rabbit, because of their facility in combating stronger antagonists through wit, guile, and the skillful adoption of deceptive masks.…. 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__label__cc	0.73101	0.26899	Eastern Europe Tours European Delight culture Food delights offered in Norway tend to be as vibrant and diverse as the history and the culture of it’s people. Nevertheless, the regional food which you may appreciate is determined by which region you are visiting. Dining here is an enjoyable and rich experience, as food offers numerous styles along with thousands of excellent places in all the main metropolitan areas and towns of Norway. The cold waters make the fish meat fresh and firm, and the light summers lead to high quality in fruits and berries. Norwegian specialists are roast pork ribs, cured mutton, salmon, dried fish and lutefisk, a mixing lye of potash in the water the dried fish is soaked. Due to it’s long traditions as a fishing nation, this food has always been an important ingredient on the Norwegian menu. However, the farms as well as good stocks of game, have contributed to the kitchen with high quality meat. During the last years, Norwegian chefs have been winning international prizes, by the help of their tendency to redefine traditional dishes with a new twist. A night on the town in Oslo can be anything from a picnic in the park and beers at a pub to a gourmet meal followed by drinks and dancing at a club. You may gear up for new trends or make it on your own, as the places to see and be seen change from one week to the next. In Bergen you will find just about everything from tea rooms to gourmet fish restaurants, from small bistros to discotheques, bars and nightclubs. In Trondheim….exclusive or affordable, family restaurants or fast food eateries and cafés….. everyone will find food and drink to suit their budget, their appetite or their style. In Spring…… May to mid-June is when the scenery in Norway is at its most spectacular, with trees and flowers waking to life, snow in the mountains and melted water swelling the waterfalls Summer…..June to early August is when the weather is warmest and the days are long and bright. In the autumn , the landscape is painted in golden colours. In winter, much of Norway is usually transformed into a snow-clad paradise! Sweden is densely forested, has several lakes and scenic beauty……. Denmark is mostly flat, dotted with bays and inlets……. while Norway has varied, captivating natural beauty and its’ world-famous fjords. Sweden is laden with open landscapes, and the countryside is dotted with thousands of lakes, freshwater streams, mountains and rolling hills. Starting in the south, you will find everything from deep-green potato fields to some of the richest apple orchards in Europe. On the Baltic island of Gotland, limestone columns rise dramatically from the sea, and in the archipelagos of Stockholm and Gothenburg, swimming and sailing are everyday summertime activities. Travelling north, you’ll pass by endless numbers of lakes, streams, and pine and birch trees. As the villages become fewer and smaller, nature fills in. The landscape becomes more dramatic, and rolling hills rise into the mountains. Early Swedish stone buildings are the Romanesque churches on the country side. Magnificent Lund Cathedral, the Skara Cathedral, the Uppsala Cathedral and the limestone-made Linköping Cathedral! Among older structures are also some significant fortresses and other historical buildings such as at Borgholm Castle, Halltorps Manor and Eketorp fortress on the island Öland, the Nyköping fortress and the Visby ring wall. The Swedish lifestyle varies greatly with the seasons. During the darker winter months, there are lights in the windows, evenings in the cinema, and winter sports during the day. In spring and summer, life is lived outdoors…… music festivals, outdoor theatres and open-air museums are popular. Not only are the flowers blooming, the Swedes themselves are too…… so, the choice of season is yours……as there is liveliness determined during the dark or light……celebration galore!!! Stockholm, is the capital city…. uniquely beautiful , sprawling over fourteen islands connected by fifty-seven bridges. The splendid Royal Palace and the famed Stockholm Cathedral are also housed here. There are several splendid museums worth visiting. Consider perhaps a boat trip to Drottningholm Palace, the official residence of the Royal family which is on UNESCO´s World Heritage list. The thickly forested Djurgarden isle holds many tourist attractions such as Skansen…… the oldest open-air museum in the world. Children love the Stockholm Zoo, as much as the Skansen Aquarium and the games they can play at Lill-Skansen. The Aquaria lets you walk through a rain forest and also see live sharks. Haga Park’s Butterfly House has colourful butterflies flitting about while children get a chance to see unusual jungle plants, fish, insects and lizards. impressive Vasa Museum. Another exciting destination is……Gothenburg classified as a global city, Going inland, the food-inspired Västra Götaland region has fine examples of small-scale food producers such as Påverås’ award-winning cheeses, or Sivans, who sell their cheeses on the square in Vara, Mowitz chicken from Hjärtum, or Bitterna Lamb. There are various sightseeing options presented to tourists visiting Gothenburg, including regular guided open-top bus tours departing next to the central Kungportsplatsen and Kungsportsbron, which pass many tourists attractions, including those around the Gustav Adolfs Torg or the Gustaf Adolf’s Square and the Götaplatsen. Paddan cruises along the city’s famous seventeenth-century canal are always extremely popular and also leave from the Kungportsplatsen, The many fishy attractions and reptiles at the Gothenburg Aquarium or Akvariet are sure to be a big hit with children and the exhibits range from many marine favourites, to colourful tropical species and red-bellied piranhas, known for their ferocious nature……..the Gothenburg Botanical Garden is the “most beautiful garden in “Europe” Situated on the very outskirts of Gothenburg, the Langedrag is a buzzing beach resort and tourists come here to enjoy the coastal attractions, seafood restaurants and exceptional sunsets. A haven for shopping….Sweden is known for its high-quality crystal and glassware, besides excellent cutlery, china, handicrafts, furs, textiles, jewellery, silver, pottery, furniture, cars, sports ware and mobiles. Small Swedish villages have handicraft shops selling knitwear, embroidery and wood carvings. Swedish cuisine, like that of the other Scandinavian countries ….Denmark, Norway and Finland, was traditionally simple. Fish, particularly herring, meat, potatoes and dairy products played prominent roles. Spices were sparse. Famous dishes include Swedish meatballs, traditionally served with gravy, boiled potatoes and lingonberry jam, pancakes, lutfisk, and Smörgåsbord, or lavish buffet. Akvavit is a popular alcoholic distilled beverage, and the drinking of snaps is of the cultural importance. Besides Swedish food, there’s……. Thai and Italian food, Seafood, Sushi, International food, Fusion, Pub food, Bakeries and Cafes…..The Swedish equivalent of McDonald’s is Max, and is relatively affordable! Most of Sweden has a temperate climate, with four distinct seasons and mild temperatures throughout the year! Stockholm has warm and pleasant summers…..winters are cold and windy with temperatures. Gothenburg has an oceanic climate! The home of Hans Christian Andersen……. the famous fairytale writer, and Denmark’s oft-visited tourist attraction…….. the Little Mermaid, the inspiration behind the scintillating lyricism of Thelma…….. Marie Corelli’s reputed novel…… Scandinavia has a fairytale-like, natural splendour to enchant and enthrall you…….it has a vibrant night life and throbs to pop music, particularly of the internationally acclaimed Swedish pop group, the ABBAs. My Favorite Travel Destinations In Eastern Europe European Delight culture.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line168
__label__wiki	0.608033	0.608033	Google Announces Stricter Terms For Manufacturers For Use Of Android Platform Google has made it very clear over the last couple of months that its Android mobile operating platform is no longer as liberally available to manufacturers as it has been up till now. They have reached out to manufacturers with a message that the company doesn’t want any more tweaks to the operating system or any more partnerships without its explicit consent. Companies looking to access the most up-to-date version of the Android software will now need Google to approve their plans. Google has named Andy Rubin, the head of the Android group, as the person to give these approvals. About a dozen executives from the top companies which use Android as the operating system for their phones have come out to acknowledge this new development in Google’s plans for the platform. The companies which will be affected include big names such as Toshiba, LG, Samsung and Facebook too. These companies haven’t really met this transformation of Google from when it used to provide the Android software freely to get it started off in the market to this newer, more conservative approach. Android was launched by Google in 2008 as an open source mobile platform. This concept caught on very well with phone handset manufacturers as all the hard work of developing the code was done by Google and was made available for free. Device makers and carriers cherished the idea of not having to pay royalties and this contrasted much with what these companies had seen till then with closed platforms such as the iPhone and BlackBerry. All of this has led Android to become the most popular mobile platform beating the likes of Apple’s iOS and RIM’s BlackBerry. With the proper training and previous experience, obtaining a Cisco … Waste no Time in Obtaining a Cisco Wireless Certification A new retail Trade-In program was introduced by T-Mobile USA … T-Mobile Adds Trade-In Program For Used Handsets bluetieltd@gmail.com	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line173
__label__wiki	0.627332	0.627332	Activision files complaint over ModernWarfare3.com Some sneaky little bugger somewhere decided to get the domain name ModernWarfare3.com, and instead of it being used for a game in Activision’s FPS series, it was used to promote Battlefield instead. Cybersquatting and trolling at its finest. Activision however has had enough about it, and filed a domain name dispute with the National Arbitritation Forum. In case you didn’t know, anyone can buy any domain name with impunity provided it’s not already taken. Because of that, many sites, especially phishing sites and spam sites, will take a common mispelling of a domain name and use it to promote their agenda. However, the “rightful” owner of the domain name can file a claim to sieze the domain name if it’s being used in a way that infringes on their copyright or is being used to mislead others. An easy enough process once they’re discovered. Activision had filed an 11 page complaint that included, outside of the standard legal banter, reasons why the owner of the domain had no right or interest to the name whatsoever. Activision stated “It appears that the Respondent supports the game Battlefield from the game developer Electronic Arts. EA is one of Complainant’s principal competitors in the video game industry, and Battlefield game competes in the marketplace with Complainant’s Modern Warfare games and its other military-themed shooter games in the Call of Duty series.” Activision filed the complaint around a week after ModernWarfare3.com started to redirect itself to EA’s Battlefield.com, which caused a major stir in the news and gamer community. EA is not affiliated with the site in any way and are not responsible for the troll under the bridge. For a time, the owner of ModernWarfare3.com had a copy of the letter sent by Activison on the site, but as of writing, the site appears to be offline. He’s also going to be out $2600 in legal fees according to the overly long document. You can read the full complaint here as a PDF. If you lack a PDF reader, try Sumatra. There’s a new Battlefield: Bad Company in the works, but … Fox is making a Battlefield TV show What does the largest selling video game of all time … Call of Duty: Black Ops – PC Mod Tools and New DLC May 3rd	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line174
__label__wiki	0.524505	0.524505	Second Thoughts More evidence Salt Lake is becoming like the Bay Area MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif. — Google’s sprawling campus fills the landscape like some sort of indigenous ground cover, almost fading into the background of a surrounding community in which it has a mammoth presence. As I learned during a visit to see my son, who is interning here for the summer, the low-rise buildings belie a mighty force of thousands of workers — mostly young and from far-flung places — who seem happy to ride the company’s free and colorful bicycles between buildings. And Google has plans for much more in the area, buying up land in nearby San Jose and Sunnyvale to make room for what the San Jose Mercury News said could be 31,000 more workers. New jobs are good for a community, right? The answer isn’t so obvious to a vocal group of protesters that regularly frequents Google events, charging the company with exacerbating the area’s housing crisis and causing more homelessness. The group is, of course, protesting the wrong people. If cities in the area would change zoning laws and allow much more housing, rents would stabilize. That’s how supply and demand works. But such solutions can be hard to see, and they can be politically complicated to enact. I write about this because a recent report by Richard Florida, a co-founder of CityLab, and his colleague Charlotta Mellander, puts Salt Lake metro area on a list of the 20 least affordable places to live in the United States. The survey is unique in that it compares house prices to local incomes. In the Salt Lake area, it now takes 4.5 times the median household’s annual income to buy a median-priced home. Not surprisingly, Los Angeles, San Jose and San Francisco top the list, each with median home prices that require more than 9 times the annual household income. The authors also ranked cities by median individual income. By that metric, Provo suddenly rises to the seventh most expensive place in America, requiring 12.1 times the median yearly income for a house. As I’ve noted before, Utah’s silicon slopes may not compare with the size of Silicon Valley, but it’s getting there in some disturbing ways, and we all need to pay attention. It’s a somewhat familiar problem nationwide. A Menino Survey of 115 mayors by Boston University last year found 51 percent identifying rising housing costs as the main reason people choose to move from their cities. But 35 percent also said zoning and development issues are the biggest factors affecting their approval ratings. Which brings us back to a familiar theme. A growing population leads to greater demand for housing, but politicians who try to meet that demand with high-density housing — the only real solution as land becomes scarce — face political consequences. And this is complicated further by the fact that not all high-density developments make sense. Salt Lake County recently had the good sense to reject a proposal to put 30,000 people into 930 acres of desert in the far southwest suburbs — an area out of character with urban living. Yes, we need more high-density housing, but that project was destined to give the whole concept a bad name. So, what would be the right kind of project? Earlier this year, Issi Romem, chief at BuildZoom, wrote that metro areas ought to look toward new, dense construction in the inner rings of their suburbs, rather than allowing new construction to focus solely on the outer, or newer, rings. Along the Wasatch Front, that would mean more construction in cities such as South Salt Lake, or perhaps Murray and Midvale. Some high-density developments already have been built along the rail corridor, but much more is needed, and the age-old political problems remain. As Romem notes, people who already live in a place have louder voices than those who might move in later. Those new people won’t likely move in before the next election. Seeing the Bay Area’s housing problems first-hand is sobering. People with salaries of $100,000 or more barely can afford rent. Utah shouldn’t want any part of that. Advocates for affordable housing and the homeless have valid concerns. The answers, however, have more to do with hard political decisions that increase the housing supply than with subsidies for affordable housing. The Wasatch Front so far has just a taste of what things could be like if those hard decisions are not made now. Like what you read here? Please subscribe below, and we'll let you know when there is a new opinion. Jay Evensen is the Senior Editorial Columnist of the Deseret News. He has nearly 40 years experience as a reporter, editor and editorial writer in Oklahoma, New York City, Las Vegas and Salt Lake City. He also has been an adjunct journalism professor at Brigham Young and Weber State universities. Deseret News Marianne Evensen's blog	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line178
__label__cc	0.702159	0.297841	Midlothian Council makes the case for urgent changes in government funding Wednesday December 9th 2020 Written by Midlothian View Reporter, Luke Jackson Midlothian Council is pressing the Scottish Government to urgently reconsider the way in which it provides funding for local councils. Government funding currently meets over 70% of the cost of council services. However, as the fastest growing area in Scotland, Midlothian argues that it has been left at a major disadvantage compared to other councils, as the way funds are allocated fails to keep pace with population changes. By 2028, Midlothian’s population is projected to increase by 13.8%, compared to 1.8% for Scotland as a whole. Against the trend seen in almost every other council area, Midlothian is also expected to see a significant rise in its child population over the next 25 years, resulting in the need for more schools, school extensions, more teachers, and other services and facilities for young people and families. The number of older people is also set to increase, with the over 75 age group projected to grow faster than any other. This is likely to place even greater pressure on health and social care services, particularly as many of these older people will have complex care needs. “We are facing huge challenges in meeting this growing demand for local services,” explained Council Leader, Councillor Derek Milligan. “The current funding formula is clearly unfair, both in the way it is administered and in the adverse impact it is having on our area. The Scottish Government needs to urgently look at changing the way local government support is allocated, taking full account of population growth and the pressures we face in planning and providing local services.” The council leader has written to Scottish Finance Secretary, Kate Forbes, asking for a meeting to discuss the issue and is calling for a specific government funding stream to meet these additional demands. “The Scottish Government already recognises that growth in the Edinburgh City Region – which includes Midlothian – is critical to the economic wellbeing and planned growth of the Scottish economy as a whole,” added Councillor Milligan. “However for this to succeed, we need funding for services and infrastructure which matches the level of population growth we are experiencing here.”	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line185
__label__cc	0.616727	0.383273	You are here: Home » News » Rory MacDonald vs Jon Fitch set for April 27 in San Jose Rory MacDonald vs Jon Fitch set for April 27 in San Jose Bellator 214 “Fedor vs. Bader” takes place this Saturday night (Jan. 26, 2019) inside The Forum in Inglewood, Calif., marking the first of seven shows on the docket for Bellator this year. Make that eight. MMA Fighting’s Marc Raimondi confirmed that a long anticipated bracket of the Welterweight Grand Prix will take place April 27 in San Jose. Given it’s Bellator and the President is Scott Coker, one would think it will take place at SAP Center (the “Shark Tank”) but that has not been stated as such. What we do know for sure is that Welterweight champion Rory MacDonald (20-5) will take his first fight since a one-sided loss to Gegard Mousasi in the same city last September in an attempt to gain the Middleweight title. Now, he will instead defend his Welterweight title against former World Series of Fighting (WSOF) and Professional Fighters League (PFL) champion Jon Fitch (31-7-1, 1 NC). Fitch brings a five fight win streak into this bracket of the tournament, as well as a name that is used as a verb in mixed martial arts. To be “Fitch’d” is to have all of your offense stifled through an opponent’s superior wrestling and ground control. MacDonald will have to stuff his takedowns and light him up from all angles to successfully defend his crown. No other fights have been announced formally (or otherwise) for this still-unnumbered event. by MMACanada	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line187
__label__cc	0.721686	0.278314	Daily Meditations Published by IT Fellowship of North America & Europe Diocese of Mar Thoma Church Word for the day by Christian Education Forum Women: Changemakers Numbers 27: 1-11 V7 “What Zelophehad’s daughters are saying is right. You must certainly give them property as an inheritance among their father’s relatives and give their father’s inheritance to them. In this passage the daughters of Zelophehad reached out to Moses asking why they should be treated differently and be denied their inheritance because they are not ‘sons’ but ‘daughters’ of their father. They were standing up against the discriminatory norms of that time. They were standing for what they believed was right. They were standing up against the social injustice that prevailed in that culture. The Lord tells Moses that Zelophehad’s daughters were right in making their request.. The Lord clearly showed that He did not discriminate based on gender and gave them their rightful inheritance. Many at times, we live in this world with our own biases and discriminatory attitude. But it is very clear from this passage that the Lord does not show favoritism based on gender or any other criteria. In the New Testament, even the apostles had a view that God favored some over the other. However in Galatians, it reminds us that ‘ There is no Jew or Greek, slave or free, male and female, since you all are one on Christ Jesus’. And ultimately, when it comes to our eternal inheritance, God does not show favoritism. We are all equal in God’s eyes. Dear Lord, Help us to treat all human beings as one. Break all the barriers that divide and discriminate. Help us to understand that in Your eyes, we all are one. Amen Learn to see the world bias free Ann John, St. John’s MTC, New York Christian Education Forum, Diocese of NAE of the Mar Thoma Church Community Formation Around Resurrection Experience Acts 23:1-10 Vinod Johnson Carmel MTC, Boston, MA 6 When Paul noticed that some were Sadducees and others were Pharisees, he called out in the council, “Brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees. I am on trial concerning the hope of the resurrection of the dead.” Sometimes, the only thing that keeps you going through a brutal winter is the hope for the spring. It may have been a hard hope to hold on to this particular year in New England - a year in which Boston considered dumping not tea, but the ever growing mounds of snow into its harbor. And yet, the waist deep snow has dissolved away. White desolation has given way to increasingly visible green shoots of spring. A resurrection is at hand! In this passage, Paul tries to defend himself before the Sanhedrin Council. He seeks to drive a wedge between the Pharisees who believed in resurrection and the Sadducees who did not; even though neither believed in the resur Revelation for Liberation Acts 27:18-26 Sherine Thomas Long Island MTC, NY 20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days, and no small tempest raged, all hope of our being saved was at last abandoned. “After winter comes the summer. After night comes the dawn. And after every storm, there comes clear open skies” so said a Scottish clergyman from the 1600s. It’s been said, that hope can sometimes be the most dangerous weapon. However, it’s sometimes the hardest weapon to carry when you’re living with the loss of a loved one, something that almost feels like a terrible nightmare that’ll never go away. It’s a weapon difficult to carry when day in and day out no one seems to hear or see those tears that are shed or silent cries that are made during a heartfelt prayer. It’s a weapon difficult to carry as you see your loved one lying on that hospital bed. It’s a weapon difficult to carry as you search and seek out answers to tell a child as to why they’ve been a PRIESTHOOD: THE ANOINTED MINISTRY Exodus 40:12-16 Bring Aaron and his sons to the entrance to the Tent of Meeting... wash them with water. Then dress Aaron in the sacred garments, anoint him and consecrate him so he may serve me as priest (Exodus 40: 12-13). Priesthood among the people of God was a divine command and initiation. God wanted some people to be separated for the special ministry among his people. God appointed Aaron and his descendants to take up this kind of ministry among the people of God. Priests are always separated and appointed as channels that connect God with his people. All throughout the history of Israel, priests played an important role in connecting people with God and to lead and guide them in the statutes of God. But there are incidents in the Bible where the priests failed in their duties and that led the people to go away from God. So the priests have a special and significant ministry to perform in this world among his people. Two important things Previous Meditations?	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line189
__label__wiki	0.73747	0.73747	M.I.A Talks Violence! She opens up about what she saw when growing up... Wednesday, June 23, 2010 - 12:29 M.I.A has opened up about growing up around violence and said her kids will see violence, but only of the video game kind. She told Complex Magazine: “Yeah, (I saw violence) all the time. My kid's gonna see it, but he's gonna see it in computer games. I don't know which is worse. The fact that I saw it in my life has maybe given me lots of issues, but there's a whole generation of American kids seeing violence on their computer screens and then getting shipped off to Afghanistan. "They feel like they know the violence when they don't. Not having a proper understanding of violence, especially what it's like on the receiving end of it, just makes you interpret it wrong and makes inflicting violence easier. “When I put on the History Channel or Discovery Channel in America, there's this insane fascination with the end of the world. Every program on television was, "The end of the world! Armageddon! 2012! 2016! Unlocking the theory to when it's gonna end!" And supersonic intercontinental ballistic missiles and nanotechnology that's gonna end the world. Everyone's so obsessed with Armageddon, the dates they're talking about is (hes son) Ikhyd's generation.” More From M.I.A. FRANCHISE (Ft. Young Thug & M.I.A.) [Explicit] Zayn Malik Prevented From Filming ‘Freedun’ Music Video With M.I.A As It Was Too "Dangerous" Want To Make Merch For M.I.A? Well Now You Can M.I.A Has Written A New Song With Up-And-Comer Zayn Malik Over WhatsApp 11 Celebrities Who Fought For Their Civil Rights (Not Just Their Right To Party) Katy Perry To "Bring The Sass" For Super Bowl Half-Time Show M.I.A. Asks Madonna For $16Million After Being Hit With NFL Fine M.I.A Leaves Label, Looks For Staff On Twitter M.I.A: 'Madonna Rejected Song For MDNA LP' Bring The Noize Elton John, Snoop Dogg To Headline Bestival 2013 Snoop Dogg: "I Always Said I Was Bob Marley Reincarnated"	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line190
__label__wiki	0.940146	0.940146	David Crotty/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images Lana Del Rey Calls Out Critics And Fellow Artists In Impassioned New Note 'There has to be a place in feminism for women who look and act like me' Patrick Hosken patrickhosken 05/21/2020 UPDATE (5/26/20, 10:45 a.m.): Lana Del Rey has further clarified her post with an additional video in which she says her statement was about "the need for fragility in the feminist movement." She also clarified that "women like me," as she wrote in the note," did not mean specifically white women; "I mean the kind of women who, you know, other people might not believe, because they think, 'Oh, well, look at her, she fucking deserves it,' or whatever," she says. She also mentions her new album, announced with a release date of September 5 in her original post, will be titled Chemtrails Over the Country Club. "I'm not the enemy, and I'm definitely not racist, so don't get it twisted," she says in the video, which you can watch below. Original post follows. https://www.instagram.com/tv/CAmxUDpgO8Y/?utm_source=ig_embed Last August, Lana Del Rey released her sixth album, Norman Fucking Rockwell to rapturous acclaim. By the end of 2019, it landed high on numerous publications' best-of lists, and it even earned an Album of the Year nomination at the Grammys just a few months later. But it was a long journey for Lana, as she writes out in a pointed new note posted to Instagram early Thursday (May 21). "With all of the topics women are finally allowed to explore I just want to say over the last ten years I think it's pathetic that my minor lyrical exploration detailing my sometimes submissive or passive roles has often made people say I've set women back hundreds of years," she wrote. https://www.instagram.com/p/CAcQPuBJdir/ The catalyst for her note, it appears, is the recent chart success of several female artists she mentions by name. "Now that Doja Cat, Ariana [Grande], Camila [Cabello], Cardi B, Kehlani and Nicki Minaj and Beyoncé have had number ones with songs about being sexy, wearing no clothes, fucking, cheating, etc — can I please go back to singing about being embodied, feeling beautiful by being in love even if the relationship is not perfect, or dancing for money — or whatever I want — without being crucified or saying that I'm glamorizing abuse??????" "I'm fed up with female writers and alt singers saying that I glamorize abuse when in reality I'm just a glamorous person singing about the realities of what we are all now seeing are very prevalent abusive relationships all over the world," she continued. She also clarified that her frustrations are also rooted in, as she sees it, whose perspective gets incorporated in feminist art and whose doesn't: "There has to be a place in feminism for women who look and act like me — the kind of woman who says no but men hear yes — the kind of women who are slated mercilessly for being their authentic, delicate selves. The kind of women who get their own stories and voices taken away from them by stronger women or by men who hate women." The note also mentions a decade of "bullshit reviews" she received and how she feels her art has "paved the way for other women to stop 'putting on a happy face' and to just be able to say whatever the hell they wanted to in their music," unlike, she writes, her own early experiences. One of those "bullshit reviews" may be storied critic Ann Powers's September 2019 take on Norman Fucking Rockwell, which was largely celebratory but also noted, as criticism does, "uncooked" spots and "B-plus poetics." Lana did not agree, tweeting back at Powers that "there’s nothing uncooked about me. To write about me is nothing like it is to be with me. Never had a persona." https://twitter.com/LanaDelRey/status/1169486181626630144 This interaction has resurfaced again among the reactions to Lana's new note, which range from the fans of the artists she mentioned defending their faves to others calling out what they see as hypocrisy to still others commenting on the inherent racial politics of a white artist calling out largely nonwhite artists. There are also those defending her and urging detractors to focus on her larger points about the importance of women's points of view in music. Amid all the discussion the statement is generating, it's easy to miss a key detail Lana concludes with: She's got two forthcoming books of poetry as well as a brand-new album set to drop on September 5. "I'm sure there will be tinges of what I've been pondering" in the new music, she wrote. While we wait to discover what that might sound like — and how producer Jack Antonoff, of whom she posted a FaceTime virtual jam session photo, will help shape it — read her note in full above.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line191
__label__wiki	0.693651	0.693651	Chelsea beat Swansea to stretch EPL lead Marcos Alonso’s Chelsea side stretched their lead at the top of the English Premier League with a 3-1 victory over Swansea City at Stamford Bridge. Cesc Fabregas, Pedro and Diego Costa all scored in the victory that sees the blues put 11 points between them and Manchester City in second place. Chelsea manager Antonio Conte commented after the game… “We played very well, it was a good performance, and we created many chances to score. We conceded at the end of the first half, after the time was finished, so in this case there was a bit of luck, but we showed great character in the second half. “We deserved a lot to win the game, now it’s important to continue in this way.” Next up for Chelsea are West Ham United in seven days time. Alonso extends Chelsea stay Alonso plays crucial role in blues win Marcos scores late winner! © 2021 Copyright Marcos Alonso. All rights reserved. Design by 5or6.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line195
__label__cc	0.595026	0.404974	Concept Cars Cruise to Cape Cod Car and technology buffs, this one is for you. Premiering this Saturday, April 13th, The Heritage Museum and Gardens in Sandwich hosts a unique exhibit of "concept cars"-- vehicles designed for engineering and not for the auto showrooms. Among the highlights, a flying plane that requires only 20 hours of training to operate. I don't know about you, but that doesn't sound like enough education to fly anything more than a kite. Also, a 1956 Buick with a long eye toward the future, real long. Can you believe that 57 years ago engineers created a film camera on the rear bumper? In addition to the 16 cars on the display, there's a hands on exhibit where children can draw their own versions of the car of the future, and where anyone can assemble a car with various items supplied by Heritage Museum. It's a fun time for all and it runs until October 27th. Heritage Museum and Gardens is located at 67 Grove Street in Sandwich. Admission is $15. for adults and $7. for children 3 to 12. Little ones are free. Enjoy the CapeCodonline CapeCast video above, and for more information about Heritage Gardens, click here.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line196
__label__wiki	0.648867	0.648867	5 TV shows I would recommend As you may or may not know I watch a lot of TV shows. I have done a blog post in the past about my top 5 films that I think everyone should watch. I thought this time I shall do it on my top 5 TV shows. Don't you just love it when you start watching a programme and you get really into it, then the next thing you know you've binge watched it all in one night? I find that's when you know if a programme is good or not. Everyone lately has been raving about the new Netflix TV show called 13 Reasons Why. It's a kind of show that makes you feel all sorts. It's about a girl who commits suicide and she lives 13 tapes of reasons why she decided to end her life. It shows the real life struggles of teenagers and what they go through at school. The reason why I would recommend this to you is not just because it's a great TV show but it's realistic and gives you a real understanding of what it can be like being a teen. I am a massive fan of The Walking Dead. I have been ever since I did Media as a GCSE, my teacher shows us the first episode in class. Can't stop watching it ever since. One of the main reasons why I love the show so much is how much detail you find out about each character. You feel like you have met them in real life. They also develop the characters nicely. It is a horror theme with a lot of jump scares. Although as the characters get tough you don't find it as scary. Well I found that with myself anyway. I know everyone goes on about how too Game of Thrones is. In my opinion that's because it really is. It has a lot of interesting characters in it with good storylines that really draw me into the show. Okay it's no secret that a lot of your favorite characters die. Which is a shame but at the same time it keep the show interesting and makes you realize that no one is safe in that world. It dose have a lot of nudity and sex. In a way that makes it more 'realistic' (it's in quotation marks because it's realistic to real life). I do love the show none the less. My Made Fat Diary is a show that was on channel 4 all about mental health and shows the struggle that it can bring to people's lives. It follows a young girl that has just came out of a mental hospital as she tried to end her life. This show is fiction but it has a lot of realistic elements to it that make you really connect with the characters and feel all sorts of emotions. I think it's important for people to be aware of mental health as it is a daily issue that effects all sorts of people. I love to laugh and The Inbatweeners is one a TV show that dose that for me. It's really silly humor which is me all over really. They have also released two films. I haven't seen the second one yet but I did enjoy the first so I need to see the second when I can. It follows four teenagers at school having laughs and going through general problems that we face now and again. They made a US version but it hasn't got good reviews on it. I would like to see it myself to give my own review on it though. There it is my top 5 TV shows that I would recommend. I have really enjoyed doing this blog post, so I hope you have enjoyed reading it just as much. I hope you enjoyed this blog post. See you next time for another. Meg! Like my Facebook Page:- www.facebook.com/Project-Castaway Follow me on Twitter:- @ProjectCast_ Follow me on Instagram:- Project_Castaway Follow me on BlogLovin - https://www.bloglovin.com/@projectcastaway 13 reasons why 5 tv shows enjoy game of thrones inbatweeners my made fat diary programmes recommend shows the walking dead Show Stoppers \| Play Review Top 5 Marvel films My first guest \| Interview with a fellow blogger	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line198
__label__wiki	0.970959	0.970959	Home \| Regional News \| Gauteng Soweto's humble Property Giant, Richard Maponya praised for Township Development Richard Maponya, the property developer of Soweto’s mega shopping center, Maponya Mall, died early on Monday at the age of 99. Business icon Richard Maponya, who died early on Monday, has been praised for establishing Soweto's mega R650m Maponya Mall that opened in 2007. It was the first investment of its size in a township in South Africa. Known as the father of black retail business, Dr. Richard Maponya, the developer of Soweto’s R650 million Maponya Mall, has been praised for excellence in his passion and commitment to the South African community. A number of firsts were achieved by the trailblazer which include him being the first owner of a black-owned BMW dealership in Soweto in the 1980s, the first black member of the SA Jockey Club and the head of the first black JSE-listed company. Despite restrictions placed on black business under apartheid system, Maponya, established a dairy distribution business in Soweto in the 1950s, which would ultimately grow to include enterprises in retail, vehicle dealerships, filling stations and property development. At the memorial service held today, Maponya has been remembered for his contribution to the development of black business in the face of apartheid and his support for black entrepreneurs. In a statement following his death, the South African Institute of Black Property Practitioners extended its deepest condolences to the family, friends and associates of the inimitable Dr Richard Maponya who passed away just a few months shy of celebrating his centenary birthday. President Cyril Ramaphosa said: “We have lost a pioneer, a trailblazer and a man of extraordinary fortitude who paved the way for the racial transformation of the South African economy.” “Dr Maponya distinguished himself as a successful businessman at a time when it was extremely difficult for black people to start a business, let alone excel in business,” said Business Unity SA (Busa) acting CEO Cas Coovadia. Navigating business, politics Born in 1920 in Lenyenye, outside Tzaneen in the then northern Transvaal to farmworkers, Dr Maponya became a self-made entrepreneur from the age of 24 when he opened small grocery shops in Soweto with his wife Marina - instead of practising as a teacher after he qualified as one. By the late ’70s, the Maponya family business empire had diversified from milk to opening what was then the largest supermarket in Phefeni, Soweto, named Maponya’s Supply Stores. The store rivalled the likes of the established OK Bazaars as it featured a butchery, fruit and vegetable and grocery sections. Maponya’s Supply Stores expanded across Soweto, making Maponya a household name. On the significance of the supermarket, Bidvest’s Mohale said: “Maponya gave us the first concept of a supermarket in the township. It was a big and face brick supermarket where you could pick up what you wanted from the shelves and pay for it rather than going to someone behind a counter and telling him/her what you want.” The retail empire made Maponya a household name, catapulting him to building a filling station in Soweto and establishing one of the first motor vehicle dealerships in the township in the 1980s, selling Chevrolets and later, BMWs. “It was history that a black man would sell cars because people thought black people were too poor to buy a brand new car. But Richard did it,” said Mohale. Today, what firmly cements Maponya’s desire to economically develop Soweto is Maponya Mall, one of the largest shopping centres in the township at 65,000m². In 1979, Maponya acquired land for the mall on a 100-year lease and, in 1994, he acquired it outright after several attempts. But the land lay vacant for more than 10 years as several attempts to fund the construction of the R650-million mall failed. But after assembling funding and entering into a partnership with real estate development firm Zenprop Property, Maponya completed the construction of Maponya Mall in 2007, with former president Nelson Mandela cutting the red ribbon to mark its opening. It was one of the few malls to open in Soweto, which was underserviced in terms of formal retail space. Maponya was able to easily move in business and political circles. He was the founding president of the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Nafcoc), which advocated the interests of black businesses under apartheid, in the 1960s. Nafcoc, led by Maponya, Sam Motsuenyane, Reverend Joe Hlongwane and Archie Nkonyeni, was instrumental in forming African Bank, which was known as a “bank for black people”, after successfully raising R1-million in equity among other black entrepreneurs. African Bank launched its first branch in 1975 in Pretoria’s Ga-Rankua, but Nafcoc sold its interest in the bank in 1995 due to high regulatory costs associated with operating a bank. When the ANC was banned in SA and the political party found refuge in Zambia’s capital of Lusaka, Maponya was part of a Nafcoc delegation that went to meet the party’s top leaders in 1986. He informed the ANC that black-owned businesses were committed to serving Soweto and collaborating with radical young people at a time when the township was volatile, with many shops being looted and burnt. Through Nafcoc structures, Maponya also influenced the introduction of the Black Economic Empowerment policy post the 1994 democratic era. Soweto to get R40-million Toyota facility A look at ambitious R500 billion smart cities planned for Gauteng Green light for R1.2 billion shopping mall in Pretoria Sorry Menlyn Park, Fourways Mall set to become Africa's largest centre MORE FROM Gauteng The Leonard — Africa’s tallest building finally launches A look at Midrand's massive new R9bn beachfront apartment development Abland, Tiber team up for R3bn mixed-use venture in Sandton Gupta’s Saxonwold home rakes in R2.6 million on Auction Pretoria gets new R6bn mixed-use precinct Fourways Mall finally launches, becomes the largest shopping centre in SA Deserted factories to be converted into Affordable Housing New routes planned for Gautrain expansion Joburg allocates R64.5bn on infrastructure investment	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line201
__label__cc	0.624123	0.375877	Starring: Jennifer Sky, Gina Torres and Victoria Pratt Certificate: 12 Cryogenically frozen in 2001 after her boob job goes wrong, exotic dancer Cleopatra is revived in 2525 to find that the world has become a very different place. Humans have been driven underground by sinister beings known as Baileys. Cleopatra joins forces with a pair of freedom fighters, Hel and Sarge... Watching the action-packed eye candy that is Cleopatra 2525 is like having a superhero comic book on your TV screen. The scantily-clad heroines would not look out of place between the covers of a DC or Marvel publication, while the recurring villain Creegan (Joel Tobeck) resembles a cross between a glam rock star and Batman's arch nemesis, the Joker. The 22-minute length of each instalment is also coincidentally reminiscent of the typical page count of an American comic. This brief duration results in some frequently breakneck pacing. It is therefore advisable not to take your eyes off the screen for more than a second or two, in case you miss any of the splendid stunts or special effects. The first two episodes - Quest for Firepower and Creegan - seem particularly rushed in terms of plot. So much so that you may, at first, experience some difficulty in getting to grips with the premise of the show. One would be forgiven, for instance, for initially wondering whether the subterranean realm inhabited by Hel (Gina Torres) and Sarge (Victoria Pratt) is a physical location or a virtual simulation - I confess that I was a little confused the first time I watched the programme. The viewer is also left guessing as to the nature of the Voice (Elizabeth Hawthorne) inside Hel's head until the second episode, when a few clues are finally offered to us. The episodes Flying Lessons and Run Cleo Run are far more comprehensible by comparison. At the other extreme, the storyline of Mind Games is rather slight, even for its brief duration. It comes as no surprise that the strongest plot amongst this collection of seven episodes is that of the two-part tale, Home and Rescue (which have been edited together for this volume). The double-length duration allows for a weightier story to be developed in between the usual whiz-bang action sequences. Throughout the series, the creative influence of Executive Producer Sam Raimi - and others who previously brought us Hercules and Xena: Warrior Princess - is clearly in evidence, not only in the glamorous action and adventure, but also in the tongue-in-cheek humour. Take, for example, the reason why Cleopatra (Jennifer Sky) got frozen in the first place, or the character's constant spouting of 21st-century slogans and words of wisdom, which are familiar to us but not to Hel and Sarge. There are sadly no special features on this DVD, but nevertheless this volume offers plenty of escapist fun. We compare prices online so you get the cheapest deal! (Please note all prices exclude P&P - although Streets Online charge a flat £1 fee regardless of the number of items ordered). Click on the logo of the desired store below to purchase this item. £12.79 (Amazon.co.uk) £13.09 (Blackstar.co.uk)	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line202
__label__wiki	0.748774	0.748774	Scientists teach machines to learn like humans By admin on March 1, 2016 Popular News, Software / A.I. · Comments Off on Scientists teach machines to learn like humans A team of scientists has developed an algorithm that captures our learning abilities, enabling computers to recognize and draw simple visual concepts that are mostly indistinguishable from those created by humans. The work, which appears in the latest issue of the journal Science, marks a significant advance in the field—one that dramatically shortens the time it takes computers to “learn” new concepts and broadens their application to more creative tasks. “Our results show that by reverse engineering how people think about a problem, we can develop better algorithms,” explains Brenden Lake, a Moore-Sloan Data Science Fellow at New York University and the paper’s lead author. “Moreover, this work points to promising methods to narrow the gap for other machine learning tasks.” Image Credit: Danqing Wang, shared with permission from New York University. The paper’s other authors were Ruslan Salakhutdinov, an assistant professor of Computer Science at the University of Toronto, and Joshua Tenenbaum, a professor at MIT in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and the Center for Brains, Minds and Machines. When humans are exposed to a new concept—such as new piece of kitchen equipment, a new dance move, or a new letter in an unfamiliar alphabet—they often need only a few examples to understand its make-up and recognize new instances. While machines can now replicate some pattern-recognition tasks previously done only by humans—ATMs reading the numbers written on a check, for instance—machines typically need to be given hundreds or thousands of examples to perform with similar accuracy. “It has been very difficult to build machines that require as little data as humans when learning a new concept,” observes Salakhutdinov. “Replicating these abilities is an exciting area of research connecting machine learning, statistics, computer vision, and cognitive science.” Salakhutdinov helped to launch recent interest in learning with “deep neural networks,” in a paper published in Science almost 10 years ago with his doctoral advisor Geoffrey Hinton. Their algorithm learned the structure of 10 handwritten character concepts—the digits 0-9—from 6,000 examples each, or a total of 60,000 training examples. In the work appearing in Science this week, the researchers sought to shorten the learning process and make it more akin to the way humans acquire and apply new knowledge—i.e., learning from a small number of examples and performing a range of tasks, such as generating new examples of a concept or generating whole new concepts. To do so, they developed a “Bayesian Program Learning” (BPL) framework, where concepts are represented as simple computer programs. For instance, the letter ‘A’ is represented by computer code —resembling the work of a computer programmer— that generates examples of that letter when the code is run. Yet no programmer is required during the learning process: the algorithm programs itself by constructing code to produce the letter it sees. Also, unlike standard computer programs that produce the same output every time they run, these probabilistic programs produce different outputs at each execution. This allows them to capture the way instances of a concept vary, such as the differences between how two people draw the letter ‘A.’ While standard pattern recognition algorithms represent concepts as configurations of pixels or collections of features, the BPL approach learns “generative models” of processes in the world, making learning a matter of “model building” or “explaining” the data provided to the algorithm. In the case of writing and recognizing letters, BPL is designed to capture both the causal and compositional properties of real-world processes, allowing the algorithm to use data more efficiently. The model also “learns to learn” by using knowledge from previous concepts to speed learning on new concepts—e.g., using knowledge of the Latin alphabet to learn letters in the Greek alphabet. The authors applied their model to over 1,600 types of handwritten characters in 50 of the world’s writing systems, including Sanskrit, Tibetan, Gujarati, Glagolitic—and even invented characters such as those from the television series Futurama. In addition to testing the algorithm’s ability to recognize new instances of a concept, the authors asked both humans and computers to reproduce a series of handwritten characters after being shown a single example of each character, or in some cases, to create new characters in the style of those it had been shown. The scientists then compared the outputs from both humans and machines through “visual Turing tests.” Here, human judges were given paired examples of both the human and machine output, along with the original prompt, and asked to identify which of the symbols were produced by the computer. While judges’ correct responses varied across characters, for each visual Turing test, fewer than 25 percent of judges performed significantly better than chance in assessing whether a machine or a human produced a given set of symbols. “Before they get to kindergarten, children learn to recognize new concepts from just a single example, and can even imagine new examples they haven’t seen,” notes Tenenbaum. “I’ve wanted to build models of these remarkable abilities since my own doctoral work in the late nineties. We are still far from building machines as smart as a human child, but this is the first time we have had a machine able to learn and use a large class of real-world concepts—even simple visual concepts such as handwritten characters—in ways that are hard to tell apart from humans.” The work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation to MIT’s Center for Brains, Minds and Machines (CCF-1231216), the Army Research Office (W911NF-08-1-0242, W911NF-13-1-2012), the Office of Naval Research (N000141310333), and the Moore-Sloan Data Science Environment at New York University. Press Contact: James Devitt \| (212) 998-6808 Source: www.nyu.edu Original Press Release can be found at: http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2015/12/10/scientists-teach-machines-to-learn-like-humans.html Scientists teach machines to learn like humans added by admin on March 1, 2016	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line205
__label__wiki	0.700193	0.700193	'A Certain Blind Look': Žižek's 'absolute undecidability' in Joseph Conrad's 'The Duel' and Ridley Scott's The Duellists Noel King A City of Forgetting: The 32nd Hong Kong International Film Festival The Critic as Creator: Better Living through Criticism, by A.O. Scott Early Spring (Yasujiro Ozu, 1956) Scorsese, Martin Interviews - Various “The relationships that are created here are durable”: Jerry Rudes and the Avignon Film Festival Avignon Film Festival This interview took place in Avignon, France, June 24 2002. In June 1989 I had to change trains in Avignon to head on to Spain. As a train-spotting film historian, I could have visited a nearby station called La Ciotat to see contemporary trains arrive at a station (and did this later). But while killing a couple of hours between trains, I walked around the little town of Avignon, enjoying its pleasant civic mix of the bourgeois and the hippy. I had a vague notion of the city from knowing about the Avignon Arts Festival and from undergraduate lectures in medieval history that described Avignon as the “city of the divided papacy.” While strolling around I saw some signs announcing “Rencontres Cinématographiques Franco-Américaines,” something that turned out to be the sixth “Avignon French-American Film Workshop.” The 1989 line-up included Samuel Fuller who was presenting his most recent film, Street of No Return (1989), and who was also on screen in another film playing at the festival, Alexandre Rockwell’s Sons (1989). I found the administration office, made arrangements to attend the festival, and in July was back in Avignon as an excited festival participant. Sam Fuller was the star turn and when it came time for him to hold court, adoring cineastes gathered in the sunny courtyard of a hotel in the hills ten minutes drive from the city centre. Chewing on a trademark cigar, Fuller explained that film stories should grab the viewer from the opening seconds. He gave a quick example, “Guy comes into a room, he’s covered in blood. It’s not his blood,” which set me wondering how the viewer would, at that point, know it “wasn’t his blood.” Having read a couple of books on Fuller, and seen many of his films and having shared a longish cab ride with him and his wife Christa only the day before — where he mentioned a plan he once had to come to Australia to film a script written by Casey Robinson — I summoned the courage to ask him about the differences between making films in America and in Europe. I thought it was a safe, solid little question, unlikely to be deflected by his trademark cigar-chewing sloganeering, especially after the brief conversational intimacies of the cab ride. The reply boomed back, “The camera knows no flag.” That 1989 festival was a lovely experience. There was a quirky American independent film called Cheap Shots (Jerry Stoeffhaas and Jeff Ureles, 1989), inspired by Tavernier’s Coup de Torchon (1981). Actor Seymour Cassell and film scholar Ray Carney were present for a John Cassavetes retrospective and other American guests included a pre-Chicago Hope Christine Lahti, for her role in Sidney Lumet’s Running on Empty (1988) — she was very unhappy when the film turned up in a dubbed version — and her husband Thomas Schlamme (who would later direct many episodes of Friends, Ally McBeal and West Wing) brought Miss Firecracker (1988), starring Holly Hunter and Mary Steenburgen. Producer Sandra Schulberg was there; she had produced the highly regarded Northern Lights in 1978 and would go on to executive produce Philip Kaufman’s Quills (2000) and Walter Hill’s Undisputed (2002), as well as many other activities and projects. Texan indie filmmaker Eagle Pennell, best known for The Whole Shootin’ Match (1978) and Last Night at the Alamo (1983) was there with his adaptation of a play, Ice House (1989) — and this was only part of the American half of the film equation. The festival was small scale, unpretentious and all the guests and festival attendees were able to mingle, drink, eat, and talk in a relaxed way. Serious cinephilia was leavened — and enhanced — by amiable locales and easy access to people and places. Over the years, Rudes has continued to run the festival along those same lines: as he says, it is a human scale festival that encourages exchanges, interchanges and friendships that endure beyond the week of the festival. Since 1989 he has introduced other elements to ensure that Avignon remains a dynamic event. In 1987, Louis Malle attended a retrospective of his work; at that time he was working on Au revoir les enfants. Roger Corman, Bob Rafelson, Gaspar Noé, Ben Gazzara, Jean-Claude Carrière, Claude Miller and many others have visited; film critics from Positif and Cahiers attend. In 1992, Tarantino came with Reservoir Dogs and struck up an immediate, carousing friendship with Alexandre Rockwell (who was back with In the Soup) and Portuguese actress-director Maria de Medeiros (Fabienne in Pulp Fiction who is told “Zed’s dead” by Bruce Willis, and who plays Anais Nin in Philip Kaufman’s Henry and June [1990], and directed Capitães de Abril [April Captains, 2000] in which Jerry Rudes has a small role). The Avignon Film Festival now includes films from other European countries, and in 2002 Fabio Rosi’s excellent film, L’Ultima Lezione (The Final Lesson), prompted me to recall those 1970s Italian political films by Francesco Rosi (no relation) and others. The festival also includes mini-retrospectives of cinematographers’ work — in 2002 cinematographer Fred Murphy presented and took questions on three of his films, Murder in the First (1995), October Sky (1999) and The Mothman Prophecies (2001). Silent films are also shown, accompanied by live musical performances. And an open-air evening screening in a piazza (or ‘terrace’ as they say) in central Avignon is a wonderful way to experience some of the great works of early cinema. June 2003 is the 20th anniversary of this festival in Avignon, started by a Texan as a response to a challenge from Agnès Varda. Let’s hope it runs for another 20 years. – NK Noel King: You have been running this Avignon ‘film workshop’ for 19 years now, a Texan who has settled here in the south of France. Can you give me a sense of how your cinephilia was formed and how you wound up here? Jerry Rudes: I loved films from a very early age. I went to Saturday matinees when I was a kid growing up in San Antonio, Texas, in the 1950s. In those days your mother would drop you off at the cinema with a boxed lunch and leave you there from 10am until 4pm – six hours! And they showed A movies, B movies, serials, Flash Gordon and that kind of stuff, and kids would throw popcorn at the screen. There was this real communal kind of feeling about going to the movies, and I loved all that. And then later, in College, I studied film. NK: Where? JR: I have a Bachelor’s degree in film from the University of Texas, Austin, and I did a Master’s in Film and Television at Northwestern University in Illinois, just outside Chicago. So I was very interested in film and found out more about it by studying it. But in the 1960s when I started to go to art cinemas and discovered foreign filmmakers like Fellini and Truffaut, I really got a different vision not only of filmmaking but also of life. And when I saw La Dolce Vita (Fellini, 1960), I couldn’t believe that people lived like that! They went out to parties, had intellectual conversations, talked all night and got drunk… So I said, ‘this is great, this is for me; I want to do stuff like this!’ After that early childhood love of films, on through the College awakening, I moved to Europe in the early 1970s and started in Spain, then Denmark, then Italy, working in International Schools, using teaching as my ticket to learning about Europe. After my first visit to Europe I knew I loved being here; I fell in love with the whole earthy European lifestyle and decided I wanted to stay. That said, I had no ambition to become a film director. I loved writing about movies and I thought I might write some screenplays. I had written a couple of novels and my aspirations were always to be a writer rather than a director. I began to see films in Paris movie houses, many of them quite literally flea-bitten. And I couldn’t believe the range of international films they were showing. Then through a complicated set of circumstances I was asked to be a film critic for a film magazine in London called Avant-Garde. And around the same time I decided to go back to the States, my first trip back, to California, to try to sell a book. And when I was out there, I thought, why not try to be a representative for this English magazine? And that’s when I started going to all these movies, and I got press credentials. And it was really cool to be in California, and it was at this time that I met Agnès Varda. She was living in California then, shooting a film, doing these kind of documentary films. She was very interested in Jim Morrison. The two films she made in California were both love stories: one was about the graffiti on the walls of Venice, California, Murs, (Mural, murals, 1980). And we met, and became friends. Then I came back to Paris and became more involved in going to film festivals. I went to the Cannes festival in 1982, I think, and I was very disappointed. I thought it treated its attendees rudely, people pushed you around, you didn’t get to talk to directors. And I was having lunch with Agnès, complaining about how cold, unfriendly, undemocratic Cannes was, and she said, ‘stop complaining and do something of your own.’ NK: That’s when she promised that if you created a different kind of film festival she would come to it to support your alternative cultural enterprise… JR: Yes, and she did. I got money and support from the French ministry of Culture, run at that time by Jack Lang who was doing a lot of innovative things. And my festival was one of the things he approved, and we got a little grant, not much, but enough to get started. NK: How much? JR: I00, 000 francs, which was, at that time, about US$14-15,000. And that got us started. And I convinced some other local sponsors to help, and convinced the American University in Avignon, where I was working, to let me use their locale and resources. It was conceived of as a “film workshop”, an anti-film festival, something that would be more like a seminar programme. So we got it up that first year, against all expectations. It was called “The French-American Film Workshop” and people said to me, ‘you can’t call something here in France an English name.’ Now, 20 years later, “le workshop” is everywhere — every doctor and insurance agent goes to a ‘workshop.’ So we got it started. In France, especially here in the South, you do something and people say, ‘what’s that?’ Then it’s the second year, ‘he’s back again, doing that again’. Third year, ‘he’s still around, maybe we should pay attention.’ And after that third year, people started paying attention. NK: The festival has changed in lots of little ways over the years, certainly since I was last here in 1989, the year of the John Cassavetes retrospective. You’ve broadened it to include other European films, and silent films accompanied by live musical performances, mini-retrospectives of cinematographers’ work; and for the last seven years or so you have run a New York version of the festival. How much has the festival changed over the years? JR: What I would hope is that the spirit of the festival, and its original atmosphere, are still the same. We keep it small and intimate and we have wonderful filmmakers who are the creative force behind these films. However, France has changed, the world has changed and sponsors are now more difficult to find, films are more difficult to get because money is tighter, there’s a bottom line and festivals are judged by what they can bring to the future financial outlook of a given film. I started this festival as a way for directors and creative people to get together and they love doing that, they love to come and see each other’s work, and talk together. The problem is that the people who really control the films are the middlemen … NK: The distributors. JR: Yes, they’re the ones who have the last say, they’re the salesmen. And if the festival is something that contributes to their sales process then they’ll say ok, and if it doesn’t they’ll say no. So there’s still a lot of films that I’d like to get but because we are a very small festival, and want to stay small, we can’t offer — and don’t want to offer — the things that the larger festivals offer. We don’t have the same power as Cannes and I don’t want to have that kind of power. And we still get wonderful films. We have prize-winning films here, films from Cannes, films from other major festivals. We get major directors and we get a lot of young directors who are just starting out – and we like this mix. So in that sense we’re still the same festival we were when we started out, we’re still a discovery festival. We’ve added this ‘rediscovery’ aspect where we’re showing silent films with music, doing retrospectives of people whose work we admire and honour, like Louis Malle some years ago. Now we’re starting this new section based on the work of directors of photography. But basically we’re involved in showing young directors’ films —’young’ in a career sense — from France, elsewhere in Europe, and America, and getting them together to talk about their work with interested audiences. NK: What are the costs of running the festival these days? Have they escalated over the years? JR: The costs have gone up and the money has become scarcer and scarcer. So the question is, how do you keep doing a festival with the same amount of money, or less money, that continues to progress and grow and become better? So my problem is to find ways of cutting corners. What does it cost now? It usually costs the same, and that’s the problem. Our budget has been about US$100,000 each year for the last 19 years. So on those figures we’ve spent almost $2 million on this festival, and that sounds like a lot. But if you take out of each year’s $100,000 the hotels we have to rent, the fees we have to pay for screening rooms, car rental, printing costs, all the basic things we have to pay for, there’s very little money left over. So everything else has to be done by what the French call “le troc,” bargaining, flea-market trading. Sponsors throw in tickets and gifts and we take them. There’s a continual process all year long of convincing sponsors of whatever size to get involved with us. And when they do get involved they are charmed and they like the atmosphere. But again we can’t compare with the major festivals with their huge budgets that allow them to provide yachts and planes. All our volunteers work for free. NK: But as you’ve always made clear, the whole point of your festival is not to replicate that sort of situation of a star-studded, hierarchical festival. JR: Right, where there’s a whole sect of very famous people, stars who come in for one part of one day to give a lot of interviews, and then another, far removed, level of little people. Our festival has a much more democratic approach to things. Everybody sits together on a terrace, like we are today, having breakfast together, talking, young directors and very accomplished directors, first-time producers and major producers, and everybody sits together and somehow gets along with one another. And — this is the most important point – the relationships that are created here are durable. Friendships are created through this festival and they continue to be created. And that is really the main legacy of this event: the various exchanges and relationships that are established. People meet, get to know one another, come to trust one another, and then go work together. And a lot of people tell me how they are still friends many years after having met for the first time at the Avignon film festival. And that’s really nice to hear. NK: Together with Christa Fuller you have contributed to the production of Sam Fuller’s autobiography, A Third Face: My Tale of Writing, Fighting and Filmmaking (New York: Knopf 2002). What was your input there? JR: I was very honoured to be asked to co-edit the book with Sam’s wife, Christa, and we worked on it a long time. Sam actually wrote it himself and then when he was very sick we took what he had written and went through it and I researched it some more and brought all the details into focus, and made it into a clearer book. I added footnotes and 180 pictures. It comes out this fall, with an introduction by Martin Scorsese. NK: I’ve already told you how besotted I was with Agnès Varda’s Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse (2000). Normally she would be at this festival because she comes each year, but you were saying that she couldn’t make it this year because she is working on a new film. JR: Agnès has been a close friend for 20 years. She comes down here a lot, and has a house in a village near Avignon, and often stays with me. We see each other often. We talked on the phone yesterday and she apologised for not being able to come down. She’s very busy right now because she’s been asked to do a follow-up to The Gleaners and I, a little director’s cut. And this has become a separate film in and of itself. She’s got a theatrical release date coming up in September and I’m looking forward to seeing it very much. I’m sure it will be something very Agnès, very individualistic, very different, and very independent. [The 60-minute film is The Gleaners and I: Two Years Later (2002) and is available on the same DVD as The Gleaners and I.] NK: Next year is your 20th festival. Have you got something special planned? JR: We’ve already started planning next year’s festival because you do not take a 20th anniversary lightly. We’ve got all kinds of ideas in mind. We want to do something that is in the same line of what we’ve been doing but which will also include some substantial commemorative things. Because you don’t always last 20 years with this kind of cultural event that is so difficult to get up every year. So we’re proud of that longevity, and we want to do something a little more flashy for the 20th anniversary — but without stepping out of the line of what we usually do. We’re kicking off the 2003 festival at the Avignon Opera House with a screening/performance of F.W. Murnau’s Sunrise with a new score. And we are having evening screenings of highlight films from the past 19 festivals. We’ll have these outside on the square, under the stars, in front of the Pope’s Palace. Vertov, Dziga Noel King teaches film at Macquarie University. Making Films like a Viking Marauder – Interview with Rob Nilsson Stephen Teo Interview with Kent Jones Steve Erickson	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line209
__label__wiki	0.728734	0.728734	6 Office Technologies From the Days of Yore It is said that you can't know where you're going if you don't know where you've been. Office technology is evolving at a blistering pace. A recent television commercial pokes fun at the "old guy" in the office because he remembers floppy disks. Let's take a look at six technologies that changed the way offices operate or dramatically increased productivity. 1. The ball point pen. Landislas Biro invented the ball point pen in 1935, which wasn't really that long ago when you think about it. In many places, these pens are commonly called "Biros." Consider how productivity increased when office workers no longer had to stop working to refill their pens with ink. 2. Cellophane Tape. Anyone who has struggled with a bottle of glue will certainly appreciate what Dick Drew accomplished when he invented cellophane tape in 1930. His invention was something of a follow-on of masking tape, which Drew invented about five years earlier. Drew invented these products at 3M—no surprise there—for industrial uses but it wasn't long before they realized how they could be used in packages. 3M marketed the tape under the name "Scotch." 3. Liquid Paper. Think of it as the early, analog version of the delete key. If you're a fan of "The Monkees" then you might know that Mike Nesmith's mother invented Liquid Paper. Working as a secretary in a bank she started using a little bottle of tempera paint to correct her typing mistakes. By the way, although Bette Nesmith Graham got serious about marketing Liquid Paper in 1956, it didn't become a profitable business until the middle of the 1960s. 4. Post-It Notes. Think of these as the early, analog version of, well, digital Post-It Notes. This is an incredible invention because we use it today in it's original 1974 version and in it's digital adaptation. I have Post-It Notes stuck to the edge of my computer monitor and I often use the digital version to mark up computer documents. Thank you Art Fry and Spencer Silver. 5. Mimeograph machines Keeping Staples in business before Xerography took over the job of creating copies, mimeograph machines led the way. Secretaries would type on special paper that would create a stencil. These were put on a round drum which was often turned with a hand crank. Purple ink was typically used, and it had a unique smell. Be thankful these are virtually obsolete today. They allowed for broad document circulation which dramatically increased the reach of an office or company. 6. Taylorism. Frederick Taylor was an American Engineer who took office efficiency and worker supervision very seriously. He is credited as first person to come up with the idea of an open office space around the turn of the last century. He crowded workers together in a huge open environment. The boss men had offices around the edges so they could keep an eye on the workers. People are still experimenting with different office designs. Eventually the idea of an open office space gave birth to collaboration. I hope you don't work for a company still stuck in the Taylorism era. These are just a handful of the many office and business technologies that have come and gone, or come and stayed. What are some others? And, can you think of some older technologies that are in dire need of being pushed out of the way by newer technologies? Those would be gold. Categories : Technology	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line211
__label__wiki	0.734578	0.734578	CNN Newsroom Fareed Zakaria GPS New Day Saturday New Day Sunday KNTV (NBC) KOFY WRC (NBC) Your Money : CNNW : July 7, 2013 12:00pm-1:01pm PDT Jul 7, 2013 07/13 that's andy murray celebrating his championship over former champion novak djokovic in straight sets. murray made it to the final last year, before losing to roger federer. i think everyone remembers that. this time, after his win, murray, what did he do? he tweeted, like everybody else these days and tweeted this. can't believe what's just happened. also ecstatic for him, actor russell crowe, he tweeted as well. he tweeted andy murray, you champion, well done son. all right. what is it like to survive a plane crash? we'll be finding out from someone who was there. we'll hear from the man who took these images. he was on board flight 214 taking images after walking off that plane. what was that experience like? his thoughts right after this. >> i just knew we were going to have a crash and i thought, now's my time. and then when it hits the -- you know, the runway so hard, yeah, it was obvious. >> did you think anything about your life? your daughter? out there owning it. the ones getting involved and staying engaged. they're not afraid to question the path they're on. because the one that's andy murray celebrating his championship over former champion novak djokovic in straight sets. murray made it to the final last year, before losing to roger federer. i think everyone remembers that. this time, after his win, murray, what did he do? he tweeted, like everybody else these days and tweeted this. can't believe what's just happened. also ecstatic for him, actor russell crowe, he tweeted as well. he tweeted andy murray, you champion, well done son. all right. what is it like to... New Day Saturday : CNNW : July 6, 2013 3:00am-6:31am PDT faces novak djokovic who played the longest semi in british history. a brit has not won the title in wimbledon in 77 years. >>> joe kelly, st. louis, doing the worm. trying to distract shelby miller during a pregame interview. so then he starts just throwing things at him when he couldn't distract him that way. baseball players have way too much time on their hands. i know what you guys do as well to prepare for every broadcast. >> during the commercial breaks vincent. >> underrated dance. jeff, thank you so much. >> all right, guys. >> thank you for starting your morning with us. >>> next hour of "new day saturday" starts now. >> just three days after a coup in egypt, violence erupts. the death toll is climbing. >>> my youngest son, trayvon benjamin martin. >> because he's my son. >> reporter: the testimony of two mothers that electrified the zimmerman court on friday. who will the jury believe? >>> when you consider how the state department spends your mope, do you think facebook? why the state department spent more than half a million on a social ne faces novak djokovic who played the longest semi in british history. a brit has not won the title in wimbledon in 77 years. >>> joe kelly, st. louis, doing the worm. trying to distract shelby miller during a pregame interview. so then he starts just throwing things at him when he couldn't distract him that way. baseball players have way too much time on their hands. i know what you guys do as well to prepare for every broadcast. >> during the commercial breaks vincent. >>... CNN Newsroom : CNNW : July 6, 2013 8:00am-10:01am PDT both murray's match which took four sets and the novak djokovic match was an incredible five-set near five-hour epic. the question is how much of a big part that will play when it comes to the two players squaring off on sunday. they've played each other all of the way through their careers. they used to play doubles together. >> oh, wow. >> reporter: these two. they know each other's game inside out. >> oh, this is going to be good. >> reporter: this will be anybody's game. it is. i love the fact. brad gilbert, one of murray's former coaches, described it as a popcorn match, he said basically it's too close to call, just sit back, relax and enjoy. >> wow, that will be an extraordinary match. of course, we'll all be on the edge of your seats, of course. i guess murray's come close before, maybe this is the time. i know he's always kind of looking to the sky. we'll see what happens for him. thanks so much. you got your fingers crossed, okay, i'm not taking sides. amanda, appreciate it, thanks so much. keep us posted. >>> all right, the world in the meantime especially those in london, both murray's match which took four sets and the novak djokovic match was an incredible five-set near five-hour epic. the question is how much of a big part that will play when it comes to the two players squaring off on sunday. they've played each other all of the way through their careers. they used to play doubles together. >> oh, wow. >> reporter: these two. they know each other's game inside out. >> oh, this is going to be good. >> reporter: this will be anybody's... Fareed Zakaria GPS : CNNW : July 7, 2013 10:00am-11:01am PDT he beat novak djokovic in straight sets. murray is the first british player to win women bell did not since 1936. >>> now to the deadly train crash in a canadian town near the u.s. border. at least five people are now dead and at least 40 missing. after an unmanned train rolled seven miles down a hill exploded and leveled part of a small town in quebec. more deaths are expected. jason carroll is covering the story from new york. so quebec authorities just held a press conference. what more is be learned about the crash and the missing? >> the situation is looking more and more grim. emergency officials say they are expecting more deaths it be reported as they continue their investigation and sweep of the town. the devastation unfolding early saturday morning, that's when a train which was pulling more than 70 tankers of crude oil slipped down here, derailed and crashed into the town in quebec. at least 30 buildings were engulfed in flames. authorities evacuated more 2,000 people. two trains are still burning. one emergency r he beat novak djokovic in straight sets. murray is the first british player to win women bell did not since 1936. >>> now to the deadly train crash in a canadian town near the u.s. border. at least five people are now dead and at least 40 missing. after an unmanned train rolled seven miles down a hill exploded and leveled part of a small town in quebec. more deaths are expected. jason carroll is covering the story from new york. so quebec authorities just held a press conference. what... New Day : CNNW : July 8, 2013 3:00am-6:01am PDT straight sets, had to come back, lots of drama, over novak djokovic, a great player in his own right. good morning, my friend. >> good morning, guys. >>> for quite a while, men's tennis has been dominated by the big three of roger federer, rafael nadal, and novak djokovic, but andy murray has thrown his name into that group as one of the game's best. one year after falling to federer in the wimbledon final, murray was back again, and this time he wouldn't be denied. he battled back from being down 4-2 in the second and third set, and after three hours, he would finally put djokovic away. the win was the first for murray at wimbledon and the first title for a british born man since 1936. >> i think, when i get to take a step back over the next couple of days and sort of relax and think about what i did today, i'll realize it was a big day in our sporting history. >> we saw a huge upset in the main event at ufc 162 in las vegas over the weekend. arguably, the greatest fighter in ufc history, anderson silva, taking on chris wideman in the ufc match. he was mocking weidman from the start, straight sets, had to come back, lots of drama, over novak djokovic, a great player in his own right. good morning, my friend. >> good morning, guys. >>> for quite a while, men's tennis has been dominated by the big three of roger federer, rafael nadal, and novak djokovic, but andy murray has thrown his name into that group as one of the game's best. one year after falling to federer in the wimbledon final, murray was back again, and this time he wouldn't be denied. he battled... New Day Sunday : CNNW : July 7, 2013 3:00am-6:01am PDT he'll face serbia's novak djokovic in today's final. yesterday at wimbledon, marion bartoli won the women's title 6-1, 6-4 over sabine lisicki. >>> and the defense tomorrow morning in the george zimmerman trial picks up after a week of dramatic testimony from the mother of slain teen trayvon martin. we'll tell you what to expect. mom, dad told me that cheerios is good for your heart, is that true? says here that cheerios has whole grain oats that can help remove some cholesterol, and that's heart healthy. ♪ [ dad ] jan? to support strong bones. and the brand most recommended by... my doctor. my gynecologist. my pharmacist. citracal. citracal. [ female announcer ] you trust your doctor. doctors trust citracal. bjorn earns unlimited rewards for his small business. take these bags to room 12 please. [ garth ] bjorn's small business earns double miles on every purchase every day. produce delivery. [ bjorn ] just put it on my spark card. [ garth ] why settle for less? ahh, oh! [ garth ] great businesses deserve unlimited rewards. here's yo he'll face serbia's novak djokovic in today's final. yesterday at wimbledon, marion bartoli won the women's title 6-1, 6-4 over sabine lisicki. >>> and the defense tomorrow morning in the george zimmerman trial picks up after a week of dramatic testimony from the mother of slain teen trayvon martin. we'll tell you what to expect. mom, dad told me that cheerios is good for your heart, is that true? says here that cheerios has whole grain oats that can help remove some cholesterol, and... Worldwide Exchange : CNBC : July 8, 2013 4:00am-6:01am EDT by CNBC under blazing hot skies, andy murray has won the wimbledon championship in straight sets against novak djokovic. the win ends britain's 77 year wait for men's champion at the all england club. 26-year-old scot beat the world's number one seed in what murray described as the toughest game of his life. 1977. 77 year wait. it was the 7th of the seventh as well yesterday. >>> still to come on the show, will independence from siemen's shine the light on osram as the lighting company goes public? we'll be joined by the ceo right after this. >>> meanwhile, these are the headlines from around the globe. european stocks -- from the trend with portugal leading the rally -- >> today's theme istemasek look big share of lloyds. >>> new details shift the focus from mechanical to pilot area. asiana airlines down nearly 6% in seoul. >>> 42 people are killed in the attack on the republican guard headquarters in egypt according to the ministry of health as the struggle between the muslim brotherhood and the army intensifies. >>> all right. european equities are firm this morning. a short while ago we we under blazing hot skies, andy murray has won the wimbledon championship in straight sets against novak djokovic. the win ends britain's 77 year wait for men's champion at the all england club. 26-year-old scot beat the world's number one seed in what murray described as the toughest game of his life. 1977. 77 year wait. it was the 7th of the seventh as well yesterday. >>> still to come on the show, will independence from siemen's shine the light on osram as the lighting company goes... Squawk on the Street : CNBC : July 16, 2013 9:00am-12:01pm EDT you push yum, you know, you are pushing kentucky fried chicken over in china as a stock, and david novak and i have been a friend of the ceo, but this is a call that says that the consumer is not doing that well. >> well, that is an important point to the overall market and the market is going to be trading in 4:00, and let's call it. and stick around and we have more names to be talking about the opening bell right after this. a-a-a. f-f-f-f-f-f-f. lac-lac-lac. he's an actor who's known for his voice. but his accident took that away. thankfully, he's got aflac. they're gonna give him cash to help pay his bills so he can just focus on getting better. we're taking it one day at a time. one day at a time. [ male announcer ] see how the duck's lessons are going at aflac.com [ cows moo ] [ sizzling ] more rain... [ thunder rumbles ] ♪ [ male announcer ] when the world moves... futures move first. learn futures from experienced pros with dedicated chats and daily live webinars. and trade with papermoney to test-drive the market. ♪ all on thinkorswim. from td ameritrade. "squawk on the str you push yum, you know, you are pushing kentucky fried chicken over in china as a stock, and david novak and i have been a friend of the ceo, but this is a call that says that the consumer is not doing that well. >> well, that is an important point to the overall market and the market is going to be trading in 4:00, and let's call it. and stick around and we have more names to be talking about the opening bell right after this. a-a-a. f-f-f-f-f-f-f. lac-lac-lac. he's an actor who's known...	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line213
__label__cc	0.553946	0.446054	Spencer Daily Reporter Stories from Tuesday, June 10, 2008 Tonic Sol-fa, to perform free Grandstand shows (Local News ~ 06/10/08) The Midwest's most in demand vocal group, Tonic Sol-fa, will return to entertain fans at this year's Clay County Fair. The four-member male collaboration, originally from the Twin Cities area, will perform their songs in the Grandstand at 2 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. on Monday, Sept. 8... Oil prices fall on U.S. treasury secretary's comments on dollar (State News ~ 06/10/08) NEW YORK (AP) -- Crude oil futures fell by more than $4 per barrel on Monday, retreating from the previous session's record rally as the U.S. treasury secretary indicated he would not rule out intervening to shore up the U.S. dollar. Light, sweet crude for July delivery fell $4.19 to settle at $134.35 a barrel in volatile trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange on Monday, easing back from a nearly $11 per barrel spike on Friday predicated on a number of political and supply concerns... Can exercise help prevent addiction to drugs or alcohol? (State News ~ 06/10/08) WASHINGTON -- Sure, exercise is good for your waistline, your heart, your bones -- but might it also help prevent addiction to drugs or alcohol? There are some tantalizing clues that physical activity might spur changes in the brain to do just that. Now the government is beginning a push for hard research to prove it... Senior Briefs 6-10-08 (Local News ~ 06/10/08) Area seniors in Clay, Dickinson, Lyon and O'Brien Counties held elections to select their representative to the Board of Directors for Northwest Aging Association of Spencer, with the following results: Clay, Bob Rose of Spencer; Dickinson, Irene Kruger of Lake Park; Lyon, Ruth Caswell of Rock Rapids; O'Brien, Carol Wellcome of Sheldon... On dedication and determination (Column ~ 06/10/08) I can be a bit of a bulldog when I want to accomplish something, I don't like to quit until I reach my goal. But even I would have to hollar "Uncle" if I were up against a mountain of rock. However, the family of the late sculpture Korczak Ziolkowski marked the 60th anniversary of the first blast their patriarch made in the hard rock of the Black Hills... Apple unveils faster new iPhone, chops price (State News ~ 06/10/08) SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- The iPhone will soon be $200 cheaper and come with satellite navigation and faster Internet access, but it will be pricier to own because monthly service charges are rising. Apple Inc. revealed Monday that it has scrapped its premium pricing plan for the iPhone and unveiled an upgraded model that works over faster wireless networks, addressing key criticisms about the device that have hurt the company's foray into the cell phone industry... Mavericks blank Raiders in four (High School Sports ~ 06/10/08) RUTHVEN -- Laura Brugman tossed a one-hitter and Clay Central-Everly improved to 2-2 in the Cornbelt Conference Monday, beating Ruthven-Ayrshire 15-0 in four innings. Brugman faced just two batters over the minimum, walking one and striking out six. Brugman retired the final 12 batters she faced after the first two Ruthven-Ayrshire batters had reached base... Tigers drop third straight in Lakes (High School Sports ~ 06/10/08) STORM LAKE -- Spencer gave up five unearned runs in the first inning and the Tigers suffered their third straight Lakes Conference loss Monday, falling 6-3 to Storm Lake. "We had a couple miscues on defense that opened up the door for them to jump out," said Spencer head coach Brian Dirkx. "We did a better job fielding the balls in the infield today. We made the routine plays, but we've let too many fly balls drop. That will be a point of emphasis in practice this week."... Cards win fifth straight, blank Windom 10-0 (High School Sports ~ 06/10/08) Windom -- Mitch Kurth pitched four hitless innings and the Cardinals scored in all but one frame Sunday in Windom, putting up double digit runs for the third time this season and winning their fifth straight contest in a 10-0 victory over the Pirates... Rebels win second tourney (High School Sports ~ 06/10/08) The Sioux Central Softball team claimed its second tournament title of the season Saturday, winning the South O'Brien Softball Tournament with a 9-1 win over Clay-Central-Everly and a 5-0 win over the tournament host Wolverines. Brooke Scharn earned both wins for the Rebels... Tigers knock off Tornadoes 3-1 (High School Sports ~ 06/10/08) It's been more than seven years in the making, but Monday night, Spencer finally found Storm Lake's number. Winless against Storm Lake during head coach Greg Jones' tenure -- a streak that had reached more than 15 games -- the Tigers scored one run apiece in the final two innings, including a go-ahead single from Emily Wassom in the sixth, and Jami Webster retired nine of the final 10 batters she faced, helping the Tigers overcome Storm Lake 3-1... Mavericks power past Raiders (High School Sports ~ 06/10/08) Clay Central-Everly hit two more home runs, giving them 12 on the season, Zach Drees tossed a complete game shutout and the Mavericks rolled to their ninth straight win Monday in Ruthven, beating the Raiders 7-0. "It was just solid. We made the most of almost every opportunity we had," said Clay Central-Everly head coach Mike Elbert. "My confidence level is going up."... Briefs 6-10-08 (Local News ~ 06/10/08) Spencer Community Theatre will be holding auditions for the summer Children's Musical: Disney's The Aristocats. Auditions will be at 6 p.m., today. Auditions will be held at Spencer Community Theatre, 518 1st Ave. E. Children ages 6-14 are eligible to audition for and participate in AristoCats, Disney's comedic animal tale based on the Disney film of the same name. ... Kiwanis After 5 supports Flagfest (Local News ~ 06/10/08) Fred Lutz, with Kiwanis After Five Club of Spencer, presents a check for $500 to Flagfest Committee chairpersons: Bill Campbell, Jodi TenKley and Tracy Coleman. The donation will be used to offset the costs associated with the annual community celebration, recognizing Spencer as the "Flag City," the second weekend in June each year... Florence A. Osher (Obituary ~ 06/10/08) Funeral services for Florence A. Osher, 89, of Ruthven, were held Monday, June 9, 2008, at Lost Island Lutheran Church. Rev. Luther Thoresen officiated the service. Interment took place at Crown Hill Cemetery of Ruthven. Florence passed away Friday, June 6, 2008, at the Spencer Municipal Hospital... Eunice LaVonne May (Gray) Howard (Obituary ~ 06/10/08) Funeral services for Eunice LaVonne May (Gray) Howard, 81, will be held at 11 a.m., Wednesday, June 11, 2008, at First Christian Church in Estherville. Rev. Doug Burton will offiicate the service. Visitation will take place from 4-8 p.m., today at Henry-Olson Funeral Home in Estherville... Area author pens 'In Their Own Words: True Stories and Adventures of the American Fighter Ace' (Local News ~ 06/10/08) James Oleson is a self-described idolizer of fighter pilots. The California native, who earned a degree in criminal justice from the University of California and currently runs Oleson Landscape and Design in Arnolds Park, has spent the past five years working on a compilation of 126 personal accounts of World War II and Korean War "fighter aces." Oleson deems his end-result, the 361-page "In Their Own Words: True Stories and Adventures of the American Fighter Ace" book, "a tribute," as well as "a labor of love.". ... Local farm land rentals part of statewide trend (Local News ~ 06/10/08) A recent survey from the Iowa State University Extension shows an 18 percent increase in the average price of farm land rentals across Iowa. Taking most of the blame for the price jump is the increase in corn and soybean prices with corn increasing from $3.80 to $5.80... Abortion pill worries spark local protest (Local News ~ 06/10/08) About 50 people gathered in the commons area of the Gateway North Center holding up signs like "Stop RU-486 - It's a child not a choice," "Abortion hurts women" and "Adoption the loving option." The former shopping mall includes community college classrooms and a cluster of professional offices, including Planned Parenthood. ... Rubberbandance Group (Local News ~ 06/10/08) Spencer was treated to a handful of remarkable interactive performances this weekend by members of the Montreal-based Rubberbandance Group. Pictured below, Victor Quijada, Joe Danny Aurelien, Emmaneulle LePhan, Yannick Matthon and Louise-Michel Jackson entertained during Saturday afternoon stops at the Spencer Public Library, where the books "Barn Dance" and "Giraffes Can't Dance" were brought to life, and at the skatepark in East Leach Park... Ruby Meyer (Obituary ~ 06/10/08) Funeral services for Mrs. Ruby Meyer, 90, of Spencer, will be held at 10:30 a.m., Tuesday, June 10, 2008, at First English Lutheran Church of Spencer. Rev. Paul Kaldahl will officiate the service. Visitation will begin at 2:30 p.m., Monday with the family present from 6:30-8 p.m. at Warner Funeral Home of Spencer... © 2021 Spencer Daily Reporter · Spencer, Iowa	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line215
__label__cc	0.586443	0.413557	Mabel Winifred Dorman1 F, #673541, b. circa 1868, d. 4 September 1957 Mabel Winifred Dorman was born circa 1868 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 She was the daughter of William Henry Dorman and Eliza Littlewood.1 She married Frederick Marson Bostock, son of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson, on 4 June 1901 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 She died on 4 September 1957 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 From 4 June 1901, her married name became Bostock.1 [S7799] Andrew Pearson, "re: Bostock Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger LUNDY (101053), 21 November 2015. Hereinafter cited as "re: Bostock Family." Arthur Bostock1 M, #673542, b. 7 March 1873, d. 3 January 1942 Arthur Bostock was born on 7 March 1873 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 He was the son of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson.1 He married Dorothy May Coles on 16 April 1941 at Cape Town, Cape Province, South Africa.1 He died on 3 January 1942 at age 68 at Langerust, Simondium, Cape Province, South Africa.1 Dorothy May Coles1 Dorothy May Coles was born in 1898.1 She married Arthur Bostock, son of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson, on 16 April 1941 at Cape Town, Cape Province, South Africa.1 She died in 1979.1 From 16 April 1941, her married name became Bostock.1 Dudley Herbert Bostock1 M, #673544, b. 20 October 1874, d. 6 February 1958 Dudley Herbert Bostock was born on 20 October 1874 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 He was the son of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson.1 He married Margaret Sutton on 15 April 1901 at St. Edith's Parish Church, Monks Kirby, Warwickshire, England.1 He died on 6 February 1958 at age 83 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 Margaret Sutton1 F, #673545, b. circa 1873, d. 1961 Margaret Sutton was born circa 1873.1 She married Dudley Herbert Bostock, son of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson, on 15 April 1901 at St. Edith's Parish Church, Monks Kirby, Warwickshire, England.1 She died in 1961.1 Alice Mary Bostock1 F, #673546, b. 3 June 1876, d. 2 January 1962 Alice Mary Bostock was born on 3 June 1876 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 She was the daughter of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson.1 She died on 2 January 1962 at age 85 at Midhurst, Sussex, England.1 Emily Gertrude Dorman Bostock1 F, #673547, b. 1 December 1877, d. 20 May 1960 Emily Gertrude Dorman Bostock was born on 1 December 1877 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 She was the daughter of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson.1 She married Edward Proven Cathcart on 21 August 1913 at St. Chad's Parish Church, Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 She died on 20 May 1960 at age 82 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 From 21 August 1913, her married name became Cathcart.1 Edward Proven Cathcart1 Edward Proven Cathcart married Emily Gertrude Dorman Bostock, daughter of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson, on 21 August 1913 at St. Chad's Parish Church, Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 Wilfred Cramer Bostock1 M, #673549, b. 25 March 1879, d. 19 July 1965 Wilfred Cramer Bostock was born on 25 March 1879 at Stafford, Staffordshire, England.1 He was the son of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson.1 He married Edith Mabel Middleton Harding on 14 May 1913 at St. James' Parish Church, Piccadily, London, England.1 He died on 19 July 1965 at age 86 at Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England.1 Edith Mabel Middleton Harding1 Edith Mabel Middleton Harding was born in 1886.1 She married Wilfred Cramer Bostock, son of Henry Bostock and Alice Susannah Marson, on 14 May 1913 at St. James' Parish Church, Piccadily, London, England.1 She died in 1965.1 From 14 May 1913, her married name became Bostock.1	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line219
__label__wiki	0.871645	0.871645	NEW MUSIC MONDAYS Join the Library (#1) THE POP GROUP – FOR HOW MUCH LONGER….DO WE TOLERATE MASS MURDER? “The Pop Group were a British post-punk band from Bristol, England, formed in 1978, whose dissonant sound spanned punk, free jazz, funk and dub reggae. Their lyrics were often political in nature. Formed by Mark Stewart (lyrics, vocals), Jon Waddington (guitar), Gareth Sager (guitar), Simon Underwood (bass) and Bruce Smith (drums, percussion), they issued their debut single, “She is Beyond Good and Evil” on Radar Records in March 1979. Their debut album Y, was produced by Dennis Bovell to critical acclaim but low sales figures. Although it did not chart, the album’s success was sufficient to convince Rough Trade to sign the band, but not before more line-up changes, with Dan Catsis replacing Underwood on bass. The band’s career with Rough Trade commenced with what is possibly their best-known single “We Are All Prostitutes”, which featuring a guest appearance by free improviser Tristan Honsinger on cello. This was followed by the release of their second album, For How Much Longer Do We Tolerate Mass Murder? in March 1980, which included a contribution from US proto-rappers The Last Poets. The photo on the cover is the famous photograph, “Two Gypsies” by André Kertész.” This is the first in a series about how my local libraries (Baillieston and Shettleston) afforded me a wonderful musical adventure and the huge impact they made on me. I joined them as a 16 year old because I couldn’t afford albums and borrowing from them appeared to me to be the perfect solution…which it most certainly was. I first came across The Pop Group’s second album in the racks of Shettleston library. I was subscribing to both NME and Sounds at the time but it was only in retrospect as I flicked through past copies that I came across photographs and interviews of the band which made me more aware of their interests and approach to music. It was more to do with the strange mixture of the band’s name combined with the album’s title and sleeve artwork…alarming, mysterious and confrontational. Then there was the track titles such as Forces Of Oppression and Feed the Hungry….I just had to hand over my library card (it didn’t cost anything to borrow music then) take it home and listen. WOW…for someone who only a year earlier had been a huge fan of The Jam this was intense! It was an aural assault but exhilarating, challenging and just like nothing I’d ever heard before. To my youthful ears, the heady brew concocted by Bruce Smith, Gareth Sager, Mark Stewart and Dan Catsis was a revelation on all fronts musical, lyrical and artistic. To my mind there has never been a better opening track to an album than Forces Of Oppression. With its opening chants and unrelenting groove the band creates their own ‘cold sweat’. Feast Player « Interview: Battle of the Zoo Fridgemaster signs to Feast » © 2021 Feast Music Blog. All Rights Reserved. \| Web Design by Design33	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line222
__label__wiki	0.69422	0.69422	‘An Honest Liar’: Biopic with a twist REVIEW WRITTEN BY NATHAN LERNER Wouldn’t the title, “An Honest Liar,” be an obvious oxymoron on its face? The documentary about James “The Amazing” Randi would rebut the presumption. Randi is a self-confessed fake, charlatan, and a trickster. However, he is also a magician. As Randi asserts, “Magicians are the most honest people in the world. They tell you they’re going to fool you and then they do it.” Born in 1928 in Toronto as Randall James Hamilton Zwinge, he felt profoundly alienated as a child. Randi recounts that early on he recognized that he had feelings that were different than those of his peers. He bemoans the strained relationship that he had with his father. After seeing Harry Blackstone, Sr., perform and reading about Harry Houdini, Randi decided that he wanted to become a magician and escape artist. At 17, he dropped out of high school, ran away from home, and became a conjurer with a traveling carnival. As archival footage depicts, Randi honed his skills, He is shown performing magic tricks and, even more impressively, demonstrating his skill as an escape artist. We see Randi dangling over Niagara Falls in a strait jacket. How can he possibly escape? The risks are quite real. Randi simulated Houdini’s milk can escape trick. In it, he was submerged in an oversized milk can, which was filled with water. On one occasion, a mechanical defect nearly proved fatal. A screen capture from a trailer to the film “An Honest Liar” at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9ZWaS_FjNU After years as a magician and escape artist, Randi shifted gears and refocused his energies on exposing phony spiritualists and paranormalists. This mirroed the efforts of Randi’s hero, Harry Houdini, who had done likewise in his later years. Randi became best known for his campaign in the ‘70s to expose Uri Geller. The Israeli-born Geller convinced the unduly credulous into believing that he could bend spoons through his telekinetic skills. This included scientists at Stanford University. Randi performed the very same trick. He explained that it involved a simple sleight of hand, not the special mental capacities that Geller had claimed. When Geller was scheduled to appear on the “The Tonight Show,” Randi told the producers how they could easily foil a stunt that Geller was planning to do on-air. The footage of Geller trying to rationalize his failure is a hoot. In 1986, after publishing the exposé, “The Truth About Uri Geller,” Randi became a recipient of a so-called MacArthur genius grant. Another target of Randi’s debunking was the fraudulent faith healer, Peter Popoff. Describing Popoff as, “dangerous,” Randi explains that people were duped into eschewing medical treatment. Instead, they accepted the televangelist’s bogus claims. The film documents how Randi uncovered Popoff’s duplicitous methodology. Randi was intent upon demonstrating just how gullible the media was and how easy it was to dupe them. To this end, he orchestrated a scam of his own. In it, Randi’s young companion, José Alvarez. posed as the channeler of the spirit of a long dead seer. Documentarians, Tyler Measom and Justin Weinstein, have done a superb job of culling archival footage. “An Honest Liar” also benefits from the interviews that the filmmakers have conducted. Alice Cooper discussed how he hired Randi to be part of his Billion Dollar Babies tour and supervise the show’s celebrated guillotine stunt. Penn Gillette of Penn & Teller provides a perceptive analysis if Randi’s motives. Most surprisingly, the filmmakers somehow convinced Uri Geller to appear in the film. The unrepentant Geller has now re-emerged as a huckster of jewelry on QVC. He insists that he was the victim of Randi’s obsessive harassment. However, without question, the film’s best interviewee is Randi himself. He is quite a character. At 86, he is a gnome-like creature enriches the film with great anecdotes and clever quips. Just when you think that you know what the movie is going, there is an unexpected off-screen development. It challenges the viewer’s perception of Randi. When you make a narrative film, you can dictate its trajectory and denouement. However, when you make a documentary about a living person, you are subject to the uncertain vicissitudes of the real world. Documentarians, Tyler Measom and Justin Weinstein, were confronted with unsettling facts that they could not have anticipated when they undertook the project. This film documents how easily we can be deceived. It is not without irony that the filmmakers of “An Honest Liar” end up being victims of a major deception. ***1/2 No MPAA rating 92 minutes Nathan Lerner sees over 200 feature films a year. He welcomes feedback at lernerprose@gmail.com. ‘Unfinished Business’: Oddly touching comedy Artists use old works to make new in ‘Eco Arts’ at Malvern’s JAM Gallery	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line223
__label__wiki	0.997034	0.997034	Alphabetical [« »] espoused 1 espousing 1 essentially 14 essentials 1 est 1 Frequency [« »] 49 came 49 catechism 49 celebrated 49 essential 49 mysteries 49 saving 49 speaks Part, Sect., Chapter, Paragraph 1 Prol, 0, 3, 11\| organic synthesis of the essential and fundamental contents 2 1, 2, 0, 186\| also wanted to gather the essential elements of her faith into 3 1, 2, 1, 234\| the most fundamental and essential teaching in the "hierarchy 4 1, 2, 1, 387\| another.~Original sin - an essential truth of the faith~ 5 1, 2, 2, 576\| seems to be acting against essential institutions of the Chosen 6 1, 2, 2, 586\| Temple, where he gave the essential part of his teaching, Jesus 7 1, 2, 2, 638\| Testament; and preached as an essential part of the Paschal mystery 8 1, 2, 2, 640\| empty tomb was still an essential sign for all. Its discovery 9 1, 2, 3, 811\| each other,257 indicate essential features of the Church and 10 1, 2, 3, 849\| it is demanded by her own essential universality, strives to 11 1, 2, 3, 991\| of the dead has been an essential element of the Christian 12 2, 1, 0, 1076\| chapter one). the nature and essential features of liturgical celebration 13 2, 1, 1, 1096\| Christians Sacred Scripture is an essential part of their respective 14 2, 1, 1, 1126\| lex orandi is one of the essential criteria of the dialogue 15 2, 2, 1, 1229\| rapidly or slowly, but certain essential elements will always have 16 2, 2, 1, 1239\| 1239 The essential rite of the sacrament follows: 17 2, 2, 1, 1278\| 1278 The essential rite of Baptism consists 18 2, 2, 1, 1300\| 1300 The essential rite of the sacrament follows. 19 2, 2, 1, 1320\| 1320 The essential rite of Confirmation is 20 2, 2, 1, 1412\| 1412 The essential signs of the Eucharistic 21 2, 2, 2, 1424\| of sins to a priest is an essential element of this sacrament. 22 2, 2, 2, 1427\| conversion. This call is an essential part of the proclamation 23 2, 2, 2, 1448\| It comprises two equally essential elements: on the one hand, 24 2, 2, 2, 1449\| Latin Church expresses the essential elements of this sacrament: 25 2, 2, 2, 1456\| Confession to a priest is an essential part of the sacrament of 26 2, 2, 2, 1501\| in his life what is not essential so that he can turn toward 27 2, 2, 3, 1573\| 1573 The essential rite of the sacrament of 28 2, 2, 3, 1635\| know and do not exclude the essential ends and properties of marriage 29 2, 2, 3, 1664\| openness to fertility are essential to marriage. Polygamy is 30 3, 1, 1, 1700\| beatitude (article 2). It is essential to a human being freely 31 3, 1, 1, 1752\| intention is an element essential to the moral evaluation 32 3, 1, 2, 1886\| 1886 Society is essential to the fulfillment of the 33 3, 1, 2, 1906\| authority. It consists of three essential elements:~ 34 3, 1, 2, 1925\| common good consists of three essential elements: respect for and 35 3, 1, 3, 1955\| law states the first and essential precepts which govern the 36 3, 1, 3, 1962\| neighbor and prescribe what is essential to it. the Decalogue is 37 3, 1, 3, 2036\| the Church exercises an essential part of its prophetic office 38 3, 2, 0, 2080\| They bring to light the essential duties, and therefore, indirectly, 39 3, 2, 2, 2369\| safeguarding both these essential aspects, the unitive and 40 3, 2, 2, 2408\| to provide for immediate, essential needs (food, shelter, clothing . . .) 41 3, 2, 2, 2438\| interdependent. It is even more essential when it is a question of 42 4, 1, 1, 2566\| religions bear witness to men's essential search for God.2~ 43 4, 1, 1, 2570\| according to God's will, is essential to prayer, while the words 44 4, 1, 1, 2586\| in him, the Psalms remain essential to the prayer of the Church.38~ 45 4, 1, 1, 2597\| Christ, the Psalms are an essential and permanent element of 46 4, 1, 2, 2684\| tradition of prayer and are essential guides for the faithful. 47 4, 1, 2, 2688\| basic prayers offers an essential support to the life of prayer, 48 4, 1, 3, 2701\| 2701 Vocal prayer is an essential element of the Christian 49 4, 2, 0, 2861\| indispensable, (super - ) essential nourishment of the feast	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line224
__label__wiki	0.824545	0.824545	Follow @vijayvaani Search By Keyword Author The Balkanisation of Bolivia by Wilson García Mérida on 25 Sep 2008 0 Comment George Bush sent to Bolivia his Ambassador of Ethnic Cleansing [Original title translated from the Spanish] He presented his credentials before President Evo Morales on 13 October 2006; but three months before his arrival in Bolivia, when he was still in Pristina fulfilling his role as head of the US mission in Kosovo, it was already being said that the new US ambassador designated by George Bush for this Andean country, Philip Goldberg, would come to take part in the separatist process that was being cultivated in the background to pierce the Bolivian regime. On 13 July 2006, the journalist for El Deber of Santa Cruz, Leopoldo Vegas, published a report indicating that “in the view of three political scientists interviewed after learning about the White House’s decision, the experience acquired by Goldberg in eastern Europe which produced ethnic conflict after the separation of the former Yugoslavia can be used in Bolivia, using as an opportunity the changes that the government itself is trying to introduce.” One of those interviewed by Vegas was the academic Róger Tuero, former head of the Political Science department at Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University (Uagrm) in Santa Cruz, who stated that characteristics of each ambassador are determined by US diplomacy. “It’s not by chance that this man was moved from Kosovo to Bolivia,” said Tuero. Ambassador Goldberg today is one of the principal political and logistical supporters of still-Governor of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa, who created the worst ethnic, social, regional, and institutional crisis one can remember in the history of the Republic of Bolivia. Who is Philip Goldberg? According to the curriculum vitae officially distributed by the United States Embassy in La Paz, Philip Goldberg was involved from the beginnings of the civil war in Yugoslavia that erupted in the nineties, until the fall and prosecution of Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic. Between 1994 and 1996 he was the State Department’s “Bosnia Desk Officer”, at the point when the conflict between Albanian separatists and Serbian and Yugoslav security forces erupted. During the same period, he served as Special Assistant to Ambassador Richard Holbrooke, who was the author of the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the fall of Milosevic. “In the latter capacity” - states the Embassy - “he was a member of the American negotiating team in the lead-up to the Dayton Peace Conference and Chief of Staff for the American Delegation at Dayton.” Ambassador Goldberg was also a political-economic officer in Pretoria, South Africa, and later a consular and political officer at the US Embassy in Bogotá, Colombia, where he began to become interested in Latin American politics. After exercising his charge as Deputy Chief of Mission at the US Embassy in Santiago, Chile from 2001 to 2004, Goldberg returned to the Balkans to direct the US mission in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, where he supported the prosecution in The Hague of the former dictator Milosevic (who died 11 March 2006). From Kosovo to Bolivia Before his transfer to Bolivia, Goldberg worked from Kosovo for the separation of the states of Serbia and Montenegro, which occurred in June of last year, as the last remaining aftertaste of the disappearance of Yugoslavia. The disintegration of Yugoslavia unfolded during a bloody decade of civil war created to divide up through processes of “decentralization” and “autonomy” that which was finally imposed with the US military intervention and the presence of NATO and UN troops who occupied the Balkans to pacify the region. The Yugoslav civil war had as its principal feature what is called “ethnic cleansing,” which consists of the expulsion or annihilation of the traditional ethnic groups that make up the territory of Yugoslavia. The cruelest of this racial extermination occurred between the Serbs and the Croats. Bolivia, only three months since the arrival of Ambassador Goldberg, began to suffer an exacerbation of racism and separatist autonomous movements, as in the Balkans, which was initiated from the eastern city of Santa Cruz, where the governing elite made up of, among others, Croatian businessmen, created a federalist movement called “Camba Nation.” One of the main Santa Cruz leaders of this separatist movement is the agro-industrial businessman and partner of Chilean capitalists, Branco Marinkovic, who in February 2007 became head of the Civic Committee of Santa Cruz, the entity behind the mobilization of pressure against the government of Evo Morales. The separatist autonomous movement The “Camba Nation” lumps together with Santa Cruz the departments [states] of Beni, Pando and Tarija (where one finds the largest reserves of natural gas in Bolivia), whose populations voted in favour of departmental autonomy in a referendum held in July of 2006, comprising the so-called “half moon” that represents the eastern half of the country. The western departments of La Paz, Chuquisaca, Potosí, Oruro and Cochabamba voted “no” on autonomy, maintaining their direct link to the central government of Evo Morales and in effect separating the four autonomous departments of the “half moon.” This autonomous separatism - which should be recognized by the new constitution by virtue of a Law of Incorporation in the Constituent Assembly [the body drafting a new constitution] - was made worse by a off-the-cuff decision taken by former president Carlos Mesa in 2004, when the “Camba Nation” was creating pressure through city governments and civic strikes for the direct election of prefects (department governors). Previously, prefects were chosen directly by the president, maintaining the unity of the Executive Branch, a power that new president Evo Morales was not able to exercise and who is now obligated to govern almost completely separated from the four autonomous prefects. In Cochabamba, a department that falls exactly between the east and the west - and where an alternative to separatism, with the proposal of mega-regional autonomy instead of departmental autonomy, began to gestate - its prefect, Manfred Reyes Villa, abusing his elected position, attempted to reject the results of the 2 July 2006 referendum and illegally force another vote in order to annex Cochabamba to the “half moon,” breaking the fragile balance between autonomous and non-autonomous departments. The attack in Cochabamba Despite it being something decided by the ballot boxes, Reyes Villa tried to force a new autonomous referendum to unite Cochabamba with Santa Cruz, mobilizing the most conservative urban sectors of Cochabamban society. The popular movement and above all the agrarian and indigenous organizations from the 16 provinces of this department, came to the city demanding an agrarian joint partnership in the prefect’s administration in the face of the exclusionary, nepotistic and corrupt manner with which Reyes Villa governed from the city of Cochabamba (capital of the department), they arrived here to demand from the prefect a change in his politics. Instead of seeing to the just demands from the provinces, Reyes Villa encouraged the organization of a group of fascist youth, advised by the Santa Cruz Youth Union (UJC) which operates in Santa Cruz, with the objective of “expelling the Indians from the city.” In this manner erupted the tragic day of 11 January 2007, when a violent attack was provoked, culminating in two dead and 120 gravely injured; the majority being farmers. In pursuit of the truth, the September 14th Plaza (the prefect’s seat and symbol of departmental power) has been occupied by more than 50,000 indigenous from the 16 provinces, demanding the resignation of Reyes Villa. The day that thousands of “daddy’s sons” carried out the attack armed with clubs, baseball bats, golf clubs, iron tubes and firearms, Reyes Villa abandoned the city and headed to La Paz to meet with the four autonomous prefects and individuals from the US Embassy. Though the government could have opened many spaces for dialogue, Reyes Villa systematically refused meet with the provincial representatives, “self-exiling” himself in Santa Cruz, where until now he tries to transform the problem into an explosive national conflict, threatening the stability and democracy of this country, presided over by an indigenous man. The CIA and Reyes Villa The influence of the CIA and of Ambassador Goldberg on the political actions of Reyes Villa (a former captain of the army associated with the dictatorships of Banzer and Garcia Meza) is irrefutable. The separatist prefect has systematically blocked a peaceful solution to the conflict and in its place has developed a raging campaign of misinformation that seeks to create the conditions for confrontation on a national scale. The US Embassy is deploying an effort of collective indoctrination against the indigenous crisis, promoting racial hatred and separatism that was evident during the events of 11 January 2007, in unison with business organizations such as the Chamber of Industry and Commerce (Cainco) in Santa Cruz, which openly supports Reyes Villa and his “advisors.” But the US meddling during this conflict is not only occurring on the ultra-right, but also through the infiltration of the government of MAS [Movement Towards Socialism - Morales’ party]. In mid-January 2007, the morning paper La Razón in La Paz published a photo which revealed the diversion of provisions and supplies belonging to the state Civil Defense body (that are destined for victims of natural disasters) to the farmers in the September 14th Plaza in Cochabamba. It’s been established that a former NAS agent (a DEA-financed anti-drug programme) identified as Juan Carlos Chávez, who strangely functioned as an advisor to the Ministry of Justice, involved himself with Civil Defense without having the authorization to order the diversion of state resources. The photograph of the irregular act, taken by outsiders, was curiously published by a paper in La Paz, 650 kilometers from Cochabamba. Chávez was fired for the act and will have to make clear he is a former DEA agent exercising powerful influence inside the Ministry of Justice. The media campaign to tarnish the indigenous mobilization in Cochabamba is part of a psychological war, CIA-style, and is one point in the separatist strategy headed from Santa Cruz by the still-prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa. The Balkanization of Bolivia seems to have begun. © Copyright Wilson García Mérida, Rebelion.org , 2007. Courtesy Global Research www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=10187 User Comments Post a Comment Home\|About Us\|Disclaimer\|Archives 2008-2013©copyright, All Rights Reserved. Vijayvaani Publishers.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line225
__label__wiki	0.534723	0.534723	Drawing as the probity of art In this FULL VERSION, designed for iPhone® and iPad®, you will find 100 drawings by the great master Ingres. Enjoy the high quality images of his drawings, share them with your friends via email, and learn about the artist life. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Although he considered himself to be a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, by the end of his life it was Ingres’s portraits, both painted and drawn, that were recognized as his greatest legacy. His portrait drawings, of which about 450 are extant, are today among his most admired works. Modern opinion has tended to regard Ingres and the other Neoclassicists of his era as embodying the Romantic spirit of his time, while his expressive distortions of form and space make him an important precursor of modern art. Ingres’s influence on later generations of artists has been considerable. His most significant heir was Degas, who studied under Louis Lamothe, a minor disciple of Ingres. In the 20th century, Picasso and Matisse were among those who acknowledged a debt to the great classicist; Matisse described him as the first painter “to use pure colors, outlining them without distorting them.” His truly personal and unique art was admired as much by the Cubists for its plastic autonomy, as by the Surrealists for its visionary qualities. Barnett Newman credited Ingres as a progenitor of abstract expressionism, explaining: “That guy was an abstract painter … He looked at the canvas more often than at the model.” Ingres’s style was formed early in life and changed comparatively little. His earliest drawings already show a suavity of outline and an extraordinary control of the parallel hatchings which model the forms. The preferred materials were also already established: the sharply pointed graphite pencil on a smooth white paper. Although both the materials and the manner are now familiar to us, Ingres’ manner of drawing was as new as the century. It was immediately recognized as expert and admirable. If his paintings were sternly criticized as “Gothic,” no comparable criticism was leveled at his drawings. Drawings made in preparation for paintings are more varied in size and treatment than are the portrait drawings. He also drew a number of landscape views while in Rome but, with the exception of the small tondo Raphael’s Casino, he painted no pure landscapes. From the first, his paintings are characterized by a firmness of outline reflecting his conviction that “drawing is the probity of art”. He believed colour to be no more than an accessory to drawing, explaining: “Drawing is not just reproducing contours, it is not just the line; drawing is also the expression, the inner form, the composition, the modelling. See what is left after that. Drawing is seven eighths of what makes up painting.” 5 Responses to “J.A.D. Ingres” Terry T. says: The Ingres app is a rarity because it is a virtual catalog of the artists beautiful work. The catalog shows the crossroads of classic painting and modern art. The images emphasize his unique style and shows the amount of magic and brilliance that can be created with a simple piece of paper and pencil. It’s an app that is sure to be loved! Denise A says: The app provides access to rare drawings by Ingres, all high resolution for your Iphone/Ipad and all in a virtual catalog. It shows some critical features of his work such as the crossroads of classic painting and modern art. His work has a bit of a gothic flair and that is really apparent in the images available through the app. You will enjoy it for sure! I love this app! As an Ingres fan, this app is such a gift for me! Countless images are available, all high resolution for your Iphone/Ipad. It’s amazing to see how a seemingly simple pencil drawing can evoke so much emotion, and Ingres’ s passion and dedication becomes so apparent in his work. It’s a brilliant visual catalog and you won’t be sorry that you got it! Luke T. says: This app provides access to 100 drawings that would be a joy for any art lover. Ingres is brilliantly talented and that much becomes pretty apparent very quickly. Ingres’ skills in drawing are truly magical! If you love is work, then this is a fantastic tool to become educated inspired and in love with drawing even more. Tanya M. says: This app provides access to images of superior skill and quality, all belonging to a great artist. He’s truly an inspiration and it’s easy to see why in this app. From paintings to drawings, he has inspired a lot of people and now, he can continue inspiring other artists! His exquisite drawing style cannot be denied of brilliance!	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line228
__label__cc	0.680763	0.319237	Education Secretary Duncan’s children to go to Chicago private school he attended Education Secretary Arne Duncan grew up in Chicago and attended the private, prestigious University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. The pre-K-12 Lab Schools are progressive institutions that, according to its Web site, “ignite and nurture an enduring spirit of scholarship, curiosity, creativity, and confidence” and “value learning experientially, exhibiting kindness, and honoring diversity.” The teachers there are unionized and respected by administrators. President Obama’s two daughters attended the school before moving to Washington in 2009, and Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel’s children are enrolled there now. And in the fall, Duncan’s children will be attending Lab, too, while his wife works there. Duncan’s wife, Karen, and his two children, Claire and Ryan, recently moved back to Chicago, eager to restart life in the city where they lived before then President-elect Barack Obama asked his old friend in 2008 to run the U.S. Education Department. Before that, Duncan had served as the chief executive officer of the Chicago Public Schools from 2001 through December 2008 and instituted reforms — including closing schools, performance pay for teachers, and charter schools — that never resulted in the significant system turnaround he began demanding of other systems as education secretary. I love the smell of hypocrisy in the morning. These private schools work, because they are not lowering the standards to Common Core levels, which destroys any kid's ability to reason and think critically. And ultimately, no matter the stink about H1N1 visa-empowered employees "taking away jobs from Americans", it is because these people can think their way out of problems that they are getting these jobs. Common Core's aim is to dumb down our kids, and replace independent, critical thinking with the hive mind, compelling blind obedience to government, no matter what the morality of what that government is doing. COVER-UP/DECEPTIONS/PROPAGANDA	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line229
__label__wiki	0.662701	0.662701	Child Care and Rights Cooperation with the Private Sector Creation and Distribution of Wealth: Crisis Management, Planning & Communications Peoples of the Land Regional Government and Planning World Peace and National Security Youth and Development WAP-PAF Blog http://www.wap-paf.blogspot.com/ Fair Vote Canada WEB Design = AIR FISH Membership Payment and Donations Hot News‎ > ‎ Women and the politicization of Sports posted Jun 11, 2011, 7:25 AM by Esther Matharu This article published in the June 8, 2011 The Nation and written by Dave Zirin, sports editor, exposes how women are being used to advance the 'demonization' of Iran, a long standing pet project of the empirical-minded men in power. It is quite disturbing to read this, and women from Canada and elsewhere need to stand in solidarity of the women of Iran and their rights to wear the clothes they want to cover their bodies without being used as political targets in a form of intensely hypocritical reversed discrimination. Thank you, Mr. Zirin, for bringing this up. The hypocrisy behind FIFA's Iran ban By Dave Zirin - http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/06/08/opinion/main20070233.shtml#ixzz1OukSNtdS (The Nation) On Sunday, moments before Iran’s women’s team was due to take to the pitch and play in an Olympic qualifier against Jordan, the team was disqualified for wearing their traditional full-body tracksuits and hijabs. Jordan was granted a 3-0-forfeit victory, crushing the lauded Iranian team’s chances to go to the 2012 London Games. As the Iranian players and officials tearfully objected, they were told that they had violated FIFA rules that state, "Players and officials shall not display political, religious, commercial or personal messages or slogans in any language or form on their playing or team kits." The team was also informed that since 2007 FIFA has held the view that wearing a hijab while playing “could cause choking injuries.” There are two problems with this argument. The first is that it’s asinine. “Hijab soccer choking deaths” doesn’t exactly send the Google search engine a-humming. But far more problematic is that the team had already received assurances from FIFA that the uniforms were in compliance. They had even had played preliminary rounds without a blip from Blatter.Iranian women’s soccer director Farideh Shojaei told Reuters TV in an interview, “We made the required corrections and played a match afterwards. We played the next round and were not prevented from doing so, and they didn’t find anything wrong. That meant that there are no obstacles in our path, and that we could participate in the Olympics.... This [uniform] is neither religious, nor political, nor will it lead to harm a player…. and Mr. Sepp Blatter accepted this." So what is really going on here? First of all, we should dismiss any of FIFA's concerns about the welfare of the women involved. Blatter is an unreconstructed sexist and without resistance, women's soccer would look something like the Lingerie Football League. The man who bans the hijab proposed in 2004 that women players wear "hot pants" on the pitch to boost the sport's popularity. He said that the "tighter shorts" would produce "a more female aesthetic." In addition, for years, human rights organizations have asked Blatter to take a stand and say something about the horrific influx of sex-slave trafficking that accompanies the arrival of the World Cup. Blatter’s cold response, "Prostitution and trafficking of women does not fall within the sphere of responsibility of an international sports federation but in that of the authorities and the lawmakers of any given country.” In other words, he’s not exactly Susan Faludi. Conversely, by denying the team the opportunity to show their genius in full Muslim dress, Blatter becomes an agent of their oppression. As Alyssa Rosenberg wrote for Think Progress, “If we’re really concerned with how women are perceived and treated in Muslim communities, it seems hugely counterproductive to adopt policies that force women to choose between abiding by the tenets of their faith and participating in activities that let them demonstrate their physical prowess and strategic intelligence.” I would add that Blatter's decision only feeds the profound Western ignorance regarding the position of Iranian women since the 1979 Islamic revolution. The literacy rate for women before 1979 was 35 percent. Now it’s over 75 percent. In the days of the Shah, only one-third of women were enrolled in institutions of higher education. Now that number is 50 percent. One in three Iranian doctors are female. In the United States, that number is one in five. The new presence of Henry Kissinger, pardon the expression, unveils what this kabuki theater is all about. Kissinger hasn’t been shy about his views on Iran, openly calling for war and saying, “We must work for regime change from the outside.” Given the way women’s rights has been used as a red herring to justify war on the Muslim world, this is about perpetuating the stereotype of the Muslim damsel in distress, denying those very women a powerful and visible presence on an international stage. This is about isolating Iran to continue the drumbeat of war. But most of all, at bottom, this is about Kissinger—and Blatter—using sports for their own political ends. Those who bleat that “sports and politics” should be kept separate when an athlete dares express an opinion, should turn their outrage toward Blatter, Kissinger and FIFA’s decision to see soccer as a tool to sideline Muslim women. We should call upon FIFA to revoke the forfeits and adhere to the three words that should bind all leagues, all countries and all people who believe that sports can reflect the best of our species: let them play. Bio: Dave Zirin is the sports editor for The Nation. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line230
__label__wiki	0.517647	0.517647	Ukraine, Montenegro to cooperate in education, science Ukrainian Parliament ratified agreement, with 230 MPs voting for the decision 12:39, 7 June 2017 The Verkhovna Rada Verkhovna Rada approved the bill on ratification of the agreement between the Cabinet of Ukraine and the government of Montenegro on cooperation in education and science spheres. 230 MPs supported the ratification from the second attempt (the first time voting gathered only 213 votes, with 226 votes necessary). The parliamentary session was on air of 112 Ukraine TV channel. "Montenegro has become a member of NATO, we should establish closer relations with them, I hope Ukraine will be next," the Verkhovna Rada Speaker Andriy Parubiy said before the consideration of the document. The explanatory note states that the implementation of the agreement on cooperation in the field of education and science will expand direct ties between higher education institutions of both states, the development of various forms of mutually beneficial cooperation between higher educational institutions and scientific institutions of Ukraine and Montenegro, the study and teaching of Ukrainian language in Montenegro and the Montenegrin language in Ukraine, the participation of scientists from both countries in conferences, seminars, round tables and the like. Related: Verkhovna Rada ratifies Ukraine-Canada FTA Earlier it was reported that Ukraine’s Foreign Ministry hailed ratification of EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. The Ukrainian authority commented on today’s approval of the deal by the Dutch Senate. Related: Dutch Parliament ratifies EU-Ukraine Association Ukraine education Verkhovna Rada science montenegro	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line233
__label__wiki	0.673017	0.673017	Could We Be Headed For A Browser-Free World? Something interesting is brewing at Mozilla, and it appears to have very little to do with browsers. For years, Mozilla's brand has been closely aligned with its open source browser, Firefox, despite the non-profit's efforts to branch out into mail suites (Thunderbird), social networking (Raindrop), and more. Now, Mozilla is moving beyond the browser just when the web seems to be outgrowing the browser. The browser is dead. Long live the web? Not exactly. No one at Mozilla is offering eulogies for the browser just yet, but the language at Mozilla does seem to be changing. At least, a little. Mozilla, while always centered more on freedom of the internet than any particular software program used to access it, used to identify itself much more with the browser. For example, in February 2004 Mozilla touted its mission as "maintain[ing] choice and innovation on the Internet by developing the acclaimed, open source, Mozilla 1.6 web and email suite and related products and technology." These days, Mitchell Baker, Mozilla Foundation chair, states that "Mozilla’s mission is to build user sovereignty into the fabric of the Internet." It's no longer about browsers, in other words, but rather something much more fundamental. As Baker goes on to say, the fragmented, super-closed platforms of mobile computing need a heavy dose of Mozilla's values to keep the web from becoming the province of a few titans: Mobile computing needs a strong infusion of Mozilla values. This means Firefox and other software on the new platforms, it means apps and it means bringing the Firefox experience to data and services as well. Mozilla has a unique ability to put user sovereignty first in all of these areas. Perhaps, but Mozilla isn't alone in conceptualizing a more open approach to the mobile app revolution. While half of the mobile market is currently overrun by highly integrated, end-to-end mobile platforms, according to recent Nielsen data, Google's Android and open web apps also offer a Mozilla-like reprieve. This is why noted investor Roger McNamee tells developers to focus on Apple for now, because that's where the money is, but look to HTML5 apps for the long-term future. And while many think of HTML5 as a way to run apps in the browser, it's actually much more than this, as Strobe CEO Charles Jolley made plain in a recent DevCon5 presentation. (Discloser: I work for Strobe.) Jolley identified web apps, distributed over the web or through app stores, as a key to enabling broad distribution of apps beyond any one vendor's platform. Mozilla thinks it has a key part to play in this post-browser world. Indeed, Mozilla is setting itself up as a fulcrum for this new browser-less (or, more and less than a browser) web. With Boot-to-Gecko, the company is angling to take on not only iOS, webOS, and other closed operating systems, but also Android and the very idea of an OS that is required to load the browser. In Mozilla's emerging vision, similar to Google Chrome OS, the browser is the operating system ... but it's not your mother's OS. Will B2G work? Maybe, maybe not. Chrome OS has hardly taken the world by storm. But it's a long-term vision, one that is likely to gain converts in the wake of Apple's and Google's dominance of nascent mobile platforms. Microsoft has already shown itself to be a fan of HTML5 to bolster its mobile efforts, and HP, RIM, and others have also been embracing HTML5 as a way to break the iOS and Android strangleholds. Mozilla is in a central position to lead out on the open web, just as it did on the open browser. It's a great way for the Foundation to remain relevant in an increasingly app-ified world. We may all be the beneficiaries one day. [The Register] Filed Under: browser-free, Firefox, Mozilla Categories: Technology	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line234
__label__cc	0.659561	0.340439	a fine people Human interest stories about fine people with a fine purpose A Fine People Blog Norfolk Clubhouse, a new social enterprise supporting people with mental health. Interested in helping? Posted byEJHumphries March 13, 2020 March 12, 2020 Posted incharity, Health and Wellbeing, Kindness, Mental health “A Clubhouse is a safe place that provides a sustainable lifelong support system for people living with mental health conditions.” June Webb is a Psychotherapist and Clinical Supervisor who lives in Norwich. She’s dedicated her career to helping others as a social worker, housing advisor and coach. Her new venture is setting up the Norfolk Clubhouse, a social enterprise promoting positive life options for adults with mental health issues. There are over 300 Clubhouses globally offering people with mental illness opportunities for friendship, employment, housing, education and access to medical and psychiatric services in a single caring and safe environment. This is the story of June and the Norfolk Clubhouse. (Images from the Mosaic Clubhouse in Brixton) What is a ‘Clubhouse?’ A clubhouse is a community of people who, as members, are involved in the actual running of the clubhouse. It’s a safe place that provides a sustainable lifelong support system for people living with mental health illness. The main benefit of the Clubhouse is to provide a place to belong and return which is sustainable and where people take an active part in running the daily activities. People will be referred to us and become members of the Clubhouse community. The idea is that you’re helping yourself and growing in confidence and skills, while also helping other people. Our members are involved in the actual running of the Clubhouse which offers opportunities for employment, education, friendship and support. Members are risk assessed just so they’re not a risk to themselves or others, we’re not going to exclude anybody because they’ve been to prison or been sectioned, we want to help people to move on. How did you get involved? I used to be a social worker in Brighton, I thought it would be great to have somewhere people could come to and not have to leave, somewhere they could go for life. I heard about the Clubhouse model and discovered that the first one was founded in New York in 1948 and I thought this is it! I don’t want to reinvent the wheel. I found that there was one in Brixton, so I got in contact and went for a visit. They’ve been operating since the mid 1990s and it’s a great success so I want to bring it to Norfolk. Why do you want to set up a Norfolk Clubhouse? I help people with benefits and a lot of the application forms we go through, the system is geared toward physical ill health. People who have a mental issue have to prove how ill they are, it’s almost impossible to prove that. What does somebody need to look like to look unwell? The clubhouse model is advertised as a recovery model, but to me, it’s living with what we need to live with, but not being written off. People are entitled to support, it’s not to deny the existence of mental health or devalue it, we don’t write people off because they have type 1 diabetes, sometimes with mental health it feels like you’re being written off. The people we work with are very creative, lovely people. They have all these possibilities and strengths and gifts and it’s all been overlooked because of this one thing where they have to prove how ill they are to get help. To me, it’s very counter-cultural. What is your vision for the Norfolk Clubhouse? Norfolk Clubhouse aspires to provide a community cafe, community garden and office training life opportunities, then follow up with an additional placement with local employers. Membership is for life. It’s about saying ‘Yes, you do have certain issues, but what are your strengths? How can we build you up?’ It’s about looking at what you can do, instead of what you can’t do. I see the Clubhouse as a family. Sometimes a nuclear family doesn’t work and we can create a family of choice within the Clubhouse community. What help do you need? It’s a new charity and there’s still a lot of things to learn. There’s just me at the moment, so I need to set up further, I’m the fundraiser, marketer, everything. I’ve got two trustees but would love to get more people on board who have lived experience of it, who may want to volunteer and get involved in a more practical way, someone who feels they can support others. More information, how to help: Norfolk Clubhouse Founder June Webb is looking for support. If you are interested in joining as a Trustee, Coach/Mentor or in sharing your professional or personal expertise, or you would just like to find out more, please get in touch with June via the website here: Norfolk Clubhouse Published by EJHumphries Writer, journalist, blogger and communications specialist. Mum of three beauties. View more posts Helping Norfolk families in need. The growth of Baby Bank Norfolk and how you can help. Supporting others in need during Covid-19 a fine people, Blog at WordPress.com.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line237
__label__wiki	0.568827	0.568827	Ethiopia’s Textile Industry Dealt a Big Blow The largest childrenswear retailer in the US has cancelled millions of dollars’ worth of clothing orders from suppliers in Ethiopia because of the coronavirus pandemic, pushing companies into debt and leaving employees facing pay cuts. The Children’s Place (TCP), which has more than 1,000 stores in the US and 90 around the world and had a turnover of $2bn last year, cancelled orders from Ethiopia in March and delayed payments by six months for orders completed in January and February, suppliers told the Guardian. Ethiopian workers are the lowest paid in the global garment supply chain. According to a report by the NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights, the minimum wage for Ethiopian garment workers is $26 a month, compared with $95 in Bangladesh and $326 in China. Ethiopian suppliers claim that TCP has demanded retroactive rebates on products that had been shipped before the crisis. The Children’s Place is one of four leading US apparel brands sourcing goods from Ethiopia, alongside PVH, JC Penney and H&M. In its annual report last year, TCP cited Ethiopia as a “key sourcing region”. The Worker Rights Consortium said at least seven factories in Ethiopia were producing clothing for TCP stores, employing about 15,000 workers. In 2016, the Ethiopian government opened its flagship Hawassa Industrial Park to help boost Ethiopia’s economy through tax breaks for business and jobs for its growing population. Most of the country’s garment workers are young women who have migrated from poor rural areas. Previous Zimbabwe’s New Bill Gives Activists Some Hope Next A Platform for Queer People in Africa to Come together to Reclaim their Power	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line238
__label__wiki	0.731233	0.731233	Th’ Inbred BiographyReleases Before CDs existed and punk moved to the malls, four musicians and performers of disparate backgrounds and influences banded together in 1984 in Morgantown, West Virginia, to form Th’ INBRED, a name suggested by the lead singer’s old roommate, Many hardcore bands drew on regional/local idiosyncracies to form their sounds and identities, and so Dave, the old roommate, suggested that there should be a band from West Virginia that featured a banjo, called Th’ Inbred. Although the banjo never made it to the stage or to the group, the name did, and from there, the band went on to deliver its distinctive combination of situationist theory and odd time signatures to hardcore fans across the United States. They performed with virtually every major hardcore act the era had to offer, including the Dead Kennedys, Circle Jerks, Butthole Surfers, MDC, and Corrosion of Conformity. They toured with Raw Power, DRI, and the Rhythm Pigs, and released three records: the 7″ ‘Reproduction’ EP, and the albums ‘Family Affair’ and ‘Kissin Cousins’, all of which, along with rare and unreleased material, are contained on the new anthology, Legacy of Fertility. They dis-banded in 1988.– @rt Reco September 2009 There is no current contact for this artist Prev ArtistNext Artist	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line242
__label__wiki	0.524286	0.524286	A Cozy, Safe Room of Her Own Posted by The Argonaut \| May 15, 2019 \| Arts & Events \| 0 \| Morleigh Steinberg’s ‘Tucked In’ captures the quietly courageous interior world of her daughter’s cancer journey By Lisa Beebe Steinberg’s daughter’s tiny world of toys Photo by Morleigh Steinberg “Tucked In,” a new photography exhibit at Venice’s ARCANE Space, offers a peek into a world that isn’t often documented. Each image in the gallery captures an arrangement of small toys and dolls, many of which are tucked into tiny beds where they appear to be resting or reading. In other scenes, the toys appear to be taking care of each other—a small stuffed animal pushes the stroller of a tiny piglet in one, a coterie of My Little Ponies keep each other company at a makeshift table set with coins as dinner plates in another. These detailed, imaginative set-ups look like something a child might make on her bedroom floor—and that’s exactly what they are. Mom, photographer and dancer-choreographer Morleigh Steinberg (who’s done creative consulting for U2) captured these vignettes of a child’s playthings during a tumultuous period in her family’s life. When Steinberg’s daughter Sian was 7 years old, she came home from school one day too tired to play and was soon diagnosed with T-cell leukemia. As Sian went through cancer treatment, Steinberg discovered that her daughter was setting up little scenes with her toys. She says, “I walked into her room and I’d see them tucked into different corners. She would do them in all sorts of places like under the bed or under a couch.” Steinberg believes that creating these little worlds gave her daughter a feeling of control over what she was experiencing. She says, “I think for me, it was a validation that she was taking care of herself in a way that I might not be able to take care of her. It was comforting for me to see that despite the very disruptive world that our family was living in, she could manage it by doing this, making these little creations, these miniature perfectly-formed little universes.” Steinberg started photographing Sian’s creations as a way to document them, and continued to do so during the three years that her daughter was in treatment. Today, Sian is a healthy 21-year-old. Her mother never expected to share these photos with the public, but she is doing so in the hopes that “Tucked In” will help other people—especially parents of children with cancer—understand that children find ways to cope. (The exhibit’s May 9 opening doubled as a benefit for Cancer Support Community Los Angeles, which provides free counseling, education and programming for individuals and families impacted by cancer.) Steinberg says, “I want to encourage people to come with their kids or by themselves. We’ve got some baskets of things, so people can play. They can make worlds. I want it to be interactive.” So Steinberg installed lavender carpet in the gallery to match the carpet of Sian’s bedroom floor in the photos, and she intentionally hung some of the photos low, where kids can see them. “I didn’t want to put them all in a line like a formal art exhibit,” she says. “They have to be playful, they have to be kind of patch-worked together, like Sian’s work.” Steinberg’s choices have the desired effect. The gallery space feels as cozy and colorful as the scenes Sian made with her toys. If you want to get down on the floor, and tuck a Barbie or a troll doll into bed, you’re welcome to do so. Take a photo while you’re at it. “Tucked In” is on view through May 26 at ARCANE Space, 324 Sunset Ave., Unit G, Venice. Gallery hours are 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. Thursdays through Sundays. Visit arcanespacela.com for more info. PreviousDon’t Waffle about the Wiffle NextArt in Action	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line247
__label__wiki	0.720053	0.720053	Kudo’s to Brave Youth 25 Mar 2009 Kudo’s to Brave Youth FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: CAMPUS PRO-LIFE BRINGS GENOCIDE AWARENESS PROJECT BACK TO UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY U of C Pro Life club members assert their right to freedom of speech CALGARY, AB, March 24, 2009 Despite having been charged with trespassing on their own campus, tomorrow pro-life students are again setting up their controversial display on the University of Calgary campus, as they have been doing since 2006. Members of Campus Pro life (CPL) are bringing the display, known as the Genocide Awareness Project (GAP) to campus at 8:00 a.m. on Wednesday March 25, 2009. GAP is a peaceful, educational display which utilizes 4×8-foot signs to show the reality of abortion to the public, drawing comparisons between it and other genocides. “Rather than fulfilling its mission of being a forum where all views can be expressed and debated, the university is trying to censor a minority opinion on the basis of anonymous complaints,” stated Alanna Campbell, treasurer of CPL. “We don’t know what the university will do this time, but we do know we can’t let them censor us. Unborn childrens’ lives depend on us communicating an uncensored message.” The students have set up GAP on campus once per semester (twice per year) since 2006, with the University setting up its own signs stating that the GAP display was protected speech under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 2008, the University of Calgary started demanding that the students face their signs inwards so no passers-by could see the signs, effectively censoring the students. The pro-life students responded to the University’s censorship demands by continuing to display GAP as previously, pointing out that other campus groups, including pro-choice students, do not have the same kind of restrictions. In response, the University asked Calgary Police to charge the students with trespassing. The students have pleaded not guilty to the charges. The trial has been set for November 4, 2009. “Students just want to exercise their right to peacefully express their views without the fear of censorship, because differing views should be debated at a university,” stated Campus Pro-Life club president Leah Hallman. “All group members involved in the GAP display agree to a code of conduct, which includes a commitment of non-violence,” added Hallman. “If the university can silence our viewpoint on campus just because it’s unpopular in some quarters, then they can censor others as well,” says vice president of CPL, Cameron Wilson. “Being told to turn signs inward is like being told that you can express your views as long as nobody can hear you.” Wilson points out that Harvey Weingarten, past-president of the U of C, has stated, “The role of universities is to promote, permit and enable the free exchange of ideas, debate and civil discourse. If universities do not support these values, which societal institutions will?” (Academic Freedom Needs to Come First: Canadians Universities React to Proposed Academic Boycott, Sara Hanson, The Gauntlet, July 19, 2007). The president’s comment reflects the university’s own policy laid out in its Academic Calendar showing that the University aims “to promote free inquiry and debate”. The students will set up the GAP display on campus at 8:00 a.m. on Wednesday March 25th and Thursday March 26th. For more information, please contact the following: Leah Hallman, CPL President (403-808-3412) Cameron Wilson, CPL Vice President (403-465-9164) Asia Strezynski (FRENCH-SPEAKING CONTACT), CPL Secretary (403-827-1622) John Carpay, Legal Counsel (403-619-8014) More detailed information can be found at: http://www.campusprolife.com LN feature: Vandals attempt to shut down the abortion debate at U-Vic We Need a Law Flag Display Trinity Western University Considering Next Steps March for Life – AB 2018 Together, we championed pre-born human rights during Life Week 2019	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line248
__label__wiki	0.918195	0.918195	A map for literary pilgrims By Chris Bergeron, Correspondent You won’t need a GPS to discover some of the Bay State’s greatest writers. Just follow The Trustees Literary Trail from the site of the secluded cabin of the “Hermit of Ravenswood” in Gloucester to the fields and forests of Bartholomew’s Cobble across the state in Sheffield that inspired Hal Borland’s books about rural New England. Established last May by The Trustees of Reservations, a nonprofit group that preserves and cares for 116 scenic, natural and cultural properties across the state, the trail is a self-guided tour that shepherds literary pilgrims through 10 sites notable for their landscapes, and the historic homes of authors associated with them. Joanna Ballantine, vice-president of The Trustees' southwestern region, said the trail’s organizers “wanted to find and make available the stories of literary significance of these incredible places.” “Our mission is to connect people to the properties and their stories we have been entrusted to preserve,” she said. “The Trustees overarching mission isn’t just to protect sites but to invite people to enjoy them.” A detailed trail map can be found online at www.thetrustees.org/places-to-visit/literary-trail/ and printed for the history and highlights of each site. Along the trail, travelers can visit the houses and farms where Nathaniel Hawthorne, Louisa May Alcott, William Cullen Bryant and others wrote the tales and poems that still contribute to Massachusetts’ literary heritage. Five sites are within a 90-minute drive for MetroWest travelers: The Old Manse in Concord, Fruitlands in Harvard, Long Hill in Beverly, Ravenswood Park in Gloucester and Farandnear in Shirley. The more dispersed western sites range from Bullitt Reservation in Ashfield, through the farm homestead of poet William Cullen Bryant in Cummington, to Mountain Meadows Preserve in Williamstown, before heading south to Monument Mountain in Williamstown and Bartholomew’s Cobble. While natural sites on the trail can be enjoyed year-round, The Trustees’ historic properties are generally closed for the winter. However, the Old Manse, Fruitlands Museum, Bryant Homestead and Bartholomew’s Cobble are open at select times, offering tours and events of interest to literary explorers. Ballantine, who grew up next to poet Emily Dickinson’s home in Amherst, said each of the sites has its own literary history, including stories about the writers associated with them and the works they produced. She observed The Old Manse was the epicenter of two revolutions that shaped American life: the fight to escape British rule that began just hundreds of yards away at the North Bridge with “the shot heard 'round the world,” and the Transcendentalist movement inspired by the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose family owned the house at 269 Monument St. Just 15 miles away in Harvard, Ballantine said the farmhouse at Fruitlands, where educational reformer Bronson Alcott started a Utopian community in 1843 that included his young daughter, Louisa May, provides “a magical way for visitors to experience” the Transcendentalist dream of living off the land in harmony with nature that still drives the environmental vision. "Visitors who hope to experience the Transcendental union with nature will enjoy a Solstice Stroll on Thursday, Dec. 21 from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. to celebrate the shortest day of the year around a fire pit with traditional refreshments. To register for an event, go to www.thetrustees.org, click on "Things to do" and search by property, region or date for a specific activity. Cindy Brockway, statewide director of cultural resources for The Trustees, said one of the Literary Trail’s key goals is to help visitors see “how the landscape influenced people who lived there and vice-versa” and how writers responded to those environments. To illustrate her point, she explained that the wives of Ellery Sedgwick, editor of The Atlantic Monthly, who bought the 114-acre property known as Long Hill in 1916, transformed a summer retreat into a botanical masterpiece. His wife, horticulturalist Mabel Cabot Sedgwick who wrote the influential “The Garden Month by Month,” designed the landscape features visitors enjoy a century later. His second wife, the former Marjorie Russell, organized the existing gardens into a series of distinct “rooms” characterized by ornaments and statuary that still surround the grand Federal-style house. “Mabel Sedgwick followed her own advice when she designed the gardens where she hosted famous writers of her day,” said Brockway. “Visiting Long Hill today provides a rich opportunity for visitors to see the symbiotic relationship between people and the landscape.” Visitors to Ravenswood Park will find miles of trails winding through 600 acres of fern-covered boulders, hemlocks and the Great Magnolia Swamp that was once a refuge to naturalist Mason Augustus Walton, who lived a semi-hermetic life in the woods for nearly two decades at the end of the 19th century. Brockway described Wilson as “Gloucester’s version of Henry David Thoreau,” a conservationist who found great solace in nature and who published several books and contributed under the byline “The Hermit of Ravenswood” to the magazine that became “Field and Stream.” For Brockway, “The Literary Trail preserves the memories of the people like Wilson who became part of these properties by telling their stories.” Now, hit the trail and relive those stories. The Trustees Literary Trail WHAT: 10 historic landscapes and homes associated with great writers INFO: www.thetrustees.org/places-to-visit/literary-trail	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line251
__label__wiki	0.956039	0.956039	ROE Act supporters, opponents active on Beacon Hill By Chris Van BuskirkState House News Service STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, OCT. 30, 2019.....ROE Act opponents gathered Wednesday to rally against legislation that would remove obstacles and expand access to abortion and women's reproductive health. Billerica Republican Rep. Marc Lombardo, Renew Massachusetts Coalition, and Mass. Citizens for Life and the Mass hosted the third annual "celebration of life" to update the public and share information about pregnancy centers in the state. Over 100 attendees listened as speakers promoted pro-life sentiments and denounced the act that one attendee called the "infanticide bill." The bill (H 3320/S 1209) eliminates parental consent requirements for teenagers seeking an abortion, allows for abortions after 24 weeks to protect the physical or mental health of a patient, or in cases of diagnosed lethal fetal anomalies, and includes abortion in the pregnancy-related "safety-net" coverage for Massachusetts residents ineligible for MassHealth. The event followed a public endorsement of the ROE Act Monday from six labor unions representing more than 220,000 workers. Separately, six Massachusetts mayors encouraged the passage of the legislation at an Oct. 1 rally outside the State House. MassGOP Chairman Jim Lyons visited the State House, where he once served as a state representative, to rip the bill. "Any mayor in Massachusetts who understands the bill, understands the fact that in Massachusetts they want to strip away protections for babies born alive in an abortion clinic, and still supports that, I can't even reconcile that in my own mind," he said. "Because that is the definition of infanticide." At the Monday event, union leaders cited economic inequality and a Supreme Court that might reverse Roe v. Wade as reasons to support the ROE Act. Mass. Teachers Association Vice President Max Page said states must be prepared to secure the right to abortion. "We need the ROE Act because our young women have a right to chose what happens to their bodies," he said. The immediate fate of the bill rests in the hands of legislators on the Joint Committee on the Judiciary who last heard emotionally charged arguments during a committee hearing packed with pro-choice and pro-life advocates in mid-June. Abortion opponents on Wednesday expressed optimism about defeating the bill. "Once it's explained, the majority of people in my district don't support this. At least the ones who have contacted me," Rep. David DeCoste, a Norwell Republican, said in an interview with the News Service. President of Massachusetts Citizens for Life Myrna Maloney Flynn said people are dedicated and determined to help defeat the legislation. "I think it's important to note that constituents across the state have expressed their dissatisfaction with several components of this bill so if I were a legislator looking at re-election next year I'd be very careful about voting for something that my constituents might not be so supportive of," she said. President of SEIU Local 509 Peter MacKinnon said the union's decision to endorse the ROE Act was easy considering the group's efforts to break down barriers of economic inequality. "When and how a person chooses to start their family is at the heart of their economic empowerment," he said at Monday's event. "It is clear that preserving the right to choose will benefit families across the commonwealth. Every person no matter their race, no matter their age, no matter their insurance status should have full autonomy over their own bodies. We must protect that right at all costs."	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line252
__label__wiki	0.832625	0.832625	The Am Law Litigation Daily: October 2, 2008 Posted by Joe Phalon Edited by Andrew Longstreth Is Credit Default Swap Litigation the Next Big Thing? It seems that hardly a day goes by anymore without someone predicting with utmost confidence that boom times for litigators are just over the horizon. Today's prognostication, courtesy of a media lunch hosted yesterday by Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker: It's going to be all about the credit swaps. Robert Claassen, chair of the firm's derivatives group, and Keith Miller, chair of the credit crisis group, told reporters that the banking industry's implosion means that banks with a piece of the $43 trillion market in these unregulated instruments are likely to sue to recoup their losses. And who are they going to sue? Other banks. A credit default swap, for those of you who aren't versed in the obscurities of sophisticated financial instruments--a group that until yesterday included us--is a credit derivative contract in which the buyer makes regular payments to the seller in exchange for the right to a payoff if there is a default or "credit event." Basically, these are insurance contracts, which were widely sold as a hedge against declines in the markets for complex securities. But if credit swap default litigation takes off, big Wall Street firms could end up on the outside looking in. The problem is conflicts. As we've written before, banks don't generally like to sue other banks, and they particularly don't like the law firms that get in the middle of such disputes. Miller of Paul Hastings speculates that firms outside of New York that don't ordinarily represent the big banks will have real entrée here, just as they have in signing up the hedge fund clients that are already active plaintiffs against banks. *Correction: Due to an editing error, the final paragraph in an earlier version of this story inaccurately described the outcome of a credit default swap case involving Quinn Emanuel Urquhart Oliver & Hedges. We regret the error. --Reported by Robin Sparkman Jones Day Wins Dismissal of Derivative Action Against Macy's Directors and Officers Back in the real world, where straightforward derivative shareholder actions are still a lot more common than credit swap default suits, New York federal district court judge Richard Howell has dismissed a case filed against directors and officers of Macy's. The plaintiffs alleged that the Macy's defendants breached their fiduciary duty when they made rosy forecasts following the company's merger with May Department Stores. The statements, plaintiffs claimed, artificially inflated Macy's stock price. Jones Day partner Geoffrey Ritts, who represented the defendants, told us that the plaintiffs did not satisfy a key requirement of derivative suits, in which plaintiffs, before filing a claim, must demand that the board take legal action on behalf of the company; or else show that making such a demand would be futile because of the board's lack of independence. In this case, Ritts told us, Judge Howell determined that the plaintiffs had failed to show that a majority of the board either lacked independence or had a financial interest in the matters in which they would be held personally liable. Assisting Ritts on the case were Jones Day partner John Newman and associates Michael Platt and Arthur Margulies. Jeffrey Fink of Robbins Umeda & Fink, who represented the plaintiffs, did not immediately return our call. Supreme Court Agrees to Hear Superfund Case It took only four months for Gregory Garre, the U.S. Solicitor General since June, to run smack into the rock-solid expertise of a pair of Supreme Court pros: Latham & Watkins's Maureen Mahoney and Quinn Emanuel's Kathleen Sullivan. Yesterday, the Supreme Court granted cert in a environmental cleanup case against the government.The petitioners were Shell Oil, represented by Sullivan; and, in a related case, Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Union Pacific, represented by Mahoney. Garre had urged the court not to take the case after the Ninth Circuit ruled in the government's favor. At issue is the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. The Ninth Circuit ruled that under CERCLA, Shell had to help pay for the cleanup of a site where chemicals seeped into the ground and threatened water supplies. In Shell's petition for certiorari, Sullivan argued that Shell merely sold the chemicals used at the site and had nothing to do with their sloppy handling. The Ninth Circuit also put the railway companies on the hook for cleanup because they owned part of the land where the chemicals leaked. Mahoney argued in the railroad companies' cert petition that the Ninth Circuit's assessment of their liability was unreasonable, considering that they were absentee landlords of a small part of the CERLA site. McDermott Will Hit With Big 'Abuse of Advocacy' Sanction; Wilson Sonsini Gets Wrist-Slap for Forum Shopping McDermott, Will & Emery had good reason to think that Colorado federal district court judge Richard Matsch was not going to be gentle in deciding how big a sanction to levy against the firm and its client Medtronic Inc. When Matsch ruled last February that Medtronic and McDermott had misled jurors in a patent infringement case against BrainLAB, he had pretty harsh words for McDermott partners Vera Elson and Terrence McMahon. "The [McDermott] lawyers artfully avoided the limitations of the patent claims and created an illusion of infringement," Matsch wrote. "They did so with full awareness that their case was without merit." On Tuesday, the Recorder reports, Matsch put a dollar figure on McDermott and Medtronic's misdeeds: $4.3 million, which the two must pay BrainLAB's lawyers for their three years of work on the case. The Recorder notes that McDermott must be particularly galled to have to pay the fees of Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, which BrainLAB hired to provide a second opinion on the case. (BrainLAB's lead counsel was Renner, Otto, Boisselle & Sklar.) McDermott had argued that Match should have stopped any conduct that he believed was improper, and that he should have granted BrainLAB's motion to dismiss if he believed Medtronic's case was too weak to go to the jury. Both the firm and Medtronic said they would appeal the ruling, but two legal ethics experts told the Recorder to expect Medtronic to sue its onetime law firm if the sanction is upheld. "I'm going to go out on a limb, and I will predict such litigation," one of them told the newspaper. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, meanwhile, discovered the cost of forum shopping: not a whole lot. In an order this week, San Francisco federal district court magistrate judge Maria-Elena James awarded Foley & Lardner's client Abbyy Software a relatively paltry $11,375 after it complained that Nuance Communications and its lawyers at Wilson Sonsini had engaged in forum shopping. Foley was asking for $27,000. Nuance's patent infringement case against Abbyy has bounced around from the Western District of Wisconsin to the Central District of California to its current home in San Francisco. According to Magistrate James, those first two stops were an obvious attempt at forum shopping. "By it own words, Nuance's choice of Wisconsin and the Central District had little, if anything to do with the merits of the case," she wrote. But Magistrate James also found that Abbyy's lawyers at Foley & Lardner overreached in their damages request. She ruled, for example, that Nuance should not have to pay for the preparation of Abbyy's motion to dismiss. She also found that while the hourly billing rates that Foley partners Naikang Tsao ($550) and Ronald Wawrzyn ($620) charged were not unreasonable, Foley could just as well have had less-expensive lawyers handle Abbyy's procedural motions. Howard Rice Wins Same-Sex Child Custody Case When it comes to supporting gay rights in the courtroom, few firms can match the accomplishments of San Francisco's Howard Rice Nemerovsky Canady Falk & Rabkin. For the last few years, it has been representing the City of San Francisco in same-sex marriage litigation, which ultimately resulted in the landmark California Supreme Court ruling that struck down the state's ban on same-sex marriage. And now the firm has won another important victory for the cause of gay and lesbian rights, this time in the area of child custody. On Tuesday, in a case of first impression, a Missoula, Montana state court judge granted Michelle Klustad joint custody rights to two children she adopted with her former partner, Barbara Maniaci. When the two were a couple, they adopted Liam (now 8) and Nani (now 4). Because Montana law does not allow two parents in a same-sex relationship to adopt a child, Maniaci officially adopted both children, but Klustad shared parental duties. After the couple split up in 2007, Maniaci married a man and sought to exclude Klustad from seeing the children. Eventually, the ACLU became involved on Klustad's behalf, and brought in Howard Rice partner Kevin Lewis, who tried the case over two days in May with Missoula attorney Susan Ridgeway. In ruling for Klustad, Judge Ed McLean employed stinging language. "To discriminate further against Ms. Klustad because of her sexual preference in this day and age," he wrote, "is no different than telling a person to go to the back of the bus because of her skin color." Lewis told us that this case, which he anticipates will be appealed to the Montana Supreme Court, is one of several across the country in which expert witnesses have claimed that research shows gay couples are unfit to be parents. "This court rejected that theory," said Lewis. We called the Alliance Defense Fund, a conservative Christian nonprofit organization that funded Maniaci's case, but we didn't hear back.	cc/2021-04/en_head_0030.json.gz/line254

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