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In a world of darkness, Let's be the light.
"The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it."
Daisy Blue is a New Mexico-Based Singer/Songwriter who has been performing all-original music professionally for 4 years. She performs a wide variety of Americana, Folk, Blue Grass, and Blues, with a sound that is best described as "quirky, honest, and inspirational."
Blue's debut EP "Unseen" was released in the fall of 2016. The title track "Unseen" won best indie song of the year for 2017 at the New Mexico Music Awards.
She was a top finalist in the Battle of the Bands "-Open for Kieth Urban" in 2016, has appeared special guest band at the El Paso Border Blues Festival, showcased on El Paso's PBS "306 Concert Series", and was a featured artist on Las Cruces KRWG "Music Spotlight.
Daisy Blue just received her degree in Music Production at Full Sail University and will be releasing her second studio album Fall 2019. Her latest single, "Boycott for the Blues," has recently been released and is available on all digital platforms.
Daisy Blue Music
©2018 by Daisy Blue Music. Proudly created with Wix.com
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cleopatrick Release New Single + Video “Good Grief”
December 11, 2020 December 13, 2020 Enigma 39 Views cleopatrick, Good Grief
Today cleopatrick reveal their new single and video “GOOD GRIEF” — marking the beginning of a new era for the band. The track highlights the duo’s penchant for crafting devastating riffs that service to accompany their visceral lyrics.Today’s single debuted at FLOOD Magazine and cleopatrick told them, “GOOD GRIEF’ is the first single off what will be our debut album. It is a reminder of the perspective gained through our months of basement solitude, and a message to anyone that doesn’t quite “get it” yet. It’s a double-edged sword meant to cut down those phonies, and unite our allies with a single swing. We conceptualized, directed, and edited the music video by ourselves in an afternoon with a rented camera and a friend’s backyard. The song + video are meant to imply a future filled with mosh pits and chaos; requesting our fans hold-on a little longer. We will be reunited soon.” FLOOD shares,“the riff-heavy “GOOD GRIEF,” built around blues rock guitar warped into something worthy of the mosh pit they aim to incite with the track as soon as social distancing measures are a thing of the past.” “GOOD GRIEF” is available today via the band’s own Nowhere Special Recordings, distributed by Thirty Tigers.
Over lockdown, lifelong best friends cleopatrick found themselves spiritually and physically trapped in the very basement they’d romanticized so deeply on their early records. But after a few weeks the two emerged feeling more self-aware, vulnerable, hungry, and vengeful than ever before. With an eye towards 2021 Luke Gruntz (vocals/guitars) reveals, “a handful of new songs were sparked by this solitude, and we ended up quickly replacing parts of our next album we thought we had been ready to record.” He goes on, “We tracked with a vengeance. We had fire in our eyes — memories of moshpit-friendships, shaken venue floors, and late night interstate wrong-turns in our hearts. We recorded these songs as a love-letter to everything we had experienced prior to Covid, and everything we are longing to be reunited with.”
Best friends since the age of 4, Luke Gruntz (guitar/vocals) and Ian Fraser (drums) are cleopatrick. And while they are from (and still based) in the tiny town of Cobourg, Ontario, their sound is anything but small. The core of their mission: to restore the outspoken provocation of rock & roll through raw, abrasive honesty.
Their previous single “hometown” has independently amassed over 60 million streams without the help of a record label or marketing campaign. The story continues to grow with recent support from Spotify (recently featured on the front cover of their flagship “Rock This” playlist), Apple Music and Amazon (included in their Ones to Watch for 2021). The single has seen major airplay at Alternative and Rock radio including Sirius XM and heading to Top 10 at Rock radio. Since 2018, the band has performed at a wide range of festivals including Lollapalooza, Austin City Limits, Riot Fest, Shaky Knees and more.
All of cleopatrick’s success has developed from their parents’ basements in a small town you’ve never heard of. Yet while their homebase may be a small dot on the map, their community is large. Along with two other like-minded-artists (Zig Mentality and Ready The Prince), the band formed the loose DIY collective “New Rock Mafia” as a means to offer support to one another. Together the artist and fan collective provides location based info, curated content and organizes secret events / shows within the community, all for members only. It has been instrumental in helping the band get the word out while keeping a familial feel and a safe space for fans.
← Rising Country Singer/Songwriter JD Reynolds Releases Debut Single, “This Year”
Balanced Effort Leads Mocs to Win Over Tennessee Tech →
Marianas Rest to Release New Album, Fata Morgana, on March 12
Frampton Comes Alive One Last Time
BrokenRail Release New Single & Music Video, “Demon In Disguise”
(HED) P.E. Releases New Album, “Class of 2020,” and Celebrates 20th Anniversary of Breakthrough Album, “Broke”
Eddie Vedder Expands Matter Of Time With Three New Tracks Tomorrow
December 24, 2020 Enigma
Rina Sawayama Announces Rescheduled North American Tour Dates
September 30, 2020 January 17, 2021 Enigma
Electric Mob’s Debut Album “Discharge” Out Now on Frontiers Music Srl
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First Nations By The Canadian Press 203 Views
B.C. takes historic steps towards the rights of Indigenous Peoples, but the hard work is yet to come
British Columbia recently introduced groundbreaking provincial legislation to implement global standards for upholding the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Those rights are set out in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
At the time, Grand Chief Stewart Phillip of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs called it such a positive development that he wondered if he might be asleep and dreaming it all up.
I had the honour of being in the legislature when the Bill 41 was introduced and fully share Grand Chief Phillip’s sense of elation, pride and, yes, a certain amount of disbelief. It’s impossible to overstate the importance of this historic achievement – or the exhilaration over how far we’ve come.
The UN Declaration is the most comprehensive international human rights instrument setting out the inherent rights of Indigenous Peoples and the obligations of governments to honour, protect and fulfil those rights. Implementation of the UN Declaration is at the heart of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s 94 Calls to Action.
With the introduction of Bill 41, B.C. is on track to become the first government in Canada – and indeed anywhere in the English common-law world – to establish a legislative framework for putting the declaration’s human rights standards into concrete practice. In doing so, B.C. is not only making an important step toward reconciliation, it is setting an example for the rest of Canada and the rest of the world to follow.
Now comes the hard part: maintaining the courage of its convictions and fulfilling the promise of implementation.
Implementation of Bill 41
In some quarters, any talk of actually upholding the UN Declaration will spur anxiety and opposition. Readers may be familiar with the fact that Bill 41 is based on proposed federal legislation. Romeo Saganash’s private members bill, Bill C-262, died in the Senate in June 2019 after the delaying tactics of a handful of Conservative senators prevented it coming to a final vote.
Concerns over the implications of the UN Declaration have also popped up from time to time in B.C. media.
Speaking to the legislature after the bill was introduced, Cheryl Casimir, of the First Nations Summit, joked: “Did you hear that? The sky didn’t fall.”
I agree wholeheartedly. As someone who has intensively studied the UN Declaration, its content, its history and the work of Indigenous Peoples around the world to bring its provisions to life, I can say without hesitation that the fears and anxiety that have been stirred up around implementation are overblown and unwarranted.
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San Diego Padres Series Preview: Friars Host Fish at Petco Park
By Burgess inFlorida FHA Loan News
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The 1968 Falcon Family Alien Abduction SHOPPING SUPER MALL Formerly known as the “Super mall,” this collection of stores offers spectacular savings. With more than 100 shopping and dining options, The Outlet Collection is well worth the trip to Auburn.Recalling Stephen Michalak’s amazing 1967 sighting in Falcon Lake, Man.. Leaders’ Debates 1968-2011: Arguing for Canada. One of the most famous claims of an alien abduction occurred in.
The San Diego Padres host the St. Louis Cardinals for a three-game series in what will be an important test for the Friars. How do these teams match up? The san diego padres sit squarely at .500.
The 20-year-old star puckered her pink pastel lips for the front of the high-fashion magazine in the preview shared by the publication’s Instagram on Friday. Scroll down for video Famed fashion.
The official site of the San Diego Padres includes upcoming game tickets, promotions, ticket specials, season tickets and more directly from the team!
The Phillies travel out to Southern California for a six game road swing that begins with three games at Petco Park vs the host San Diego Padres.. Series Preview;. The Friars’ bullpen is.
The San Diego Padres host the Tampa Bay Rays for a three-game interleague series starting on Monday, August 12. Here’s what to expect in the series opener, as well as how you can watch the.
braining Quakerization: avenues forces Following basic military training and further training to Soldier Qualification, Medical Assistants attend the canadian forces health Services Training Centre in Borden, Ontario to achieve their qualification. As with any military occupation.
The Fish are 12-11 against the Friars since moving to Miami in 2012, including 7-6 in the last 13 meetings. They are just 5-8 in 13 games at Petco Park since the move, however, and have dropped eight of their last 10 games here. The Padres lead the all-time series, 88-80, but hold a more narrow lead of 42-38 in San Diego. UP NEXT Miami will.
Let’s be honest here. Watching the Padres take on the team with the best record in baseball was fun – even if San Diego did drop three of four. This is the team we all hoped for early on this season. They hit the ball (37 hits) in the Reds series, they got on base (18 walks), they hit home runs (five home runs), and they drove in runs (25 runs and 24 RBI).
Kim also breaks down and says: ‘I try not to cry. It’s been a hard time.’ Toward the end of the preview clip, Courtney is caught hugging her mom, appearing to be on the path to resolving their issues.
SAN DIEGO – April 25, 2017 – The San Diego Padres and Padres Foundation are partnering with Susan G. Komen San Diego, the County’s largest funder of free breast cancer services and support and the only organization providing qualified people the free services they need for every step of the breast cancer journey, on a free mammogram event on Saturday, May 13 from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. at.
Florida Panthers release complete 2019-20 Schedule Massive Mortgage Directory: Florida Mortgage Home Loans Lucas joined the mortgage industry in 2009, after graduating summa cum laude from the University of North Florida. While his degree in Political Science doesn’t directly relate to home loans, Lucas found his experience, hard work, and dedication in college laid the groundwork for his professional life.Get Rid Of Fruit Flies: Fruit Fly Control & Management Q: I am interested in planting a fruit tree. ortho home defense to get rid of them, but they keep coming. I don’t see damage to the plants, but I don’t want to have a fly breeding grounds in my.Saturday night, the 2019-20 ncaa men’s division I college hockey offseason ends. and matt boldy (minnesota wild), and.malefactor pretend: stipulating brushed malefactor pretend: stipulating brushed malefactor pretend: stipulating brushed They could no longer procure a rich man’s name to be put down on the list, but they could pretend that it had been put down. At any rate, certain persons seized and divided the chattels of the murdered man as though he had been proscribed.
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"Mata Hari": 10 facts about the new series starring Vahina Giocante, Gérard Depardieu, Rutger Hauer, Christopher Lambert
On March 20 the First Channel will premiere the 12-series film "Mata Hari". Roles in the film were performed by legends of world cinema - Gérard Depardieu, Rutger Hauer, Christopher Lambert, and Russian stars - Maxim Matveev, Svetlana Khodchenkova, Viktoriya Isakova, Ksenia Rappoport, Alexander Petrov, Alexei Guskov, Anna Tsukanova-Kott and others. We've collected interesting facts about the "Mata Hari" series, which has every chance to become the brightest premiere of the TV season.
Vahina Giocante as Mata Hari
The series is based on the real story of Mata Hari
As the name implies, the new series will tell the story of the life of a dancer and spy of the early 20th century, Margaretha Geertruida "Margreet" MacLeod (1876-1917). Her stage name, meaning "Eye of the morning" is known to many, but few know who was hiding behind the image of Mata Hari. The fate of Margaret is full of tragedies and dangerous turns. She was born and raised in Holland, lost her mother at the age of 15, married 38-year-old officer at the age of 18, moved with him to Indonesia, gave birth to two children. The son died at the age of two. Marriage did not work out, after the divorce, the ex-husband took Margaret's daughter (by the way, she also died at the age of 21), and she had to become a circus horsewoman, then a dancer, and then a courtesan. She had affairs with representatives of the political elite and entered the most luxurious homes of her time. Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, Margaret began to work for the German, and later for the French special services. In 1917, she was arrested by French intelligence, accused of spying for Germany and executed.
The creators point out that they aspired not only to tell the truth about the heroine, but also how to artistically rethink her biography. "That's why the picture will have fictional characters that did not exist in real life," - said one of the producers of the series Alexander Starikov.
A shot from the "Mata Hari" series
"Mata Hari" - an international project involving Russia and Ukraine
The history of Mata Hari interested Russia, Portugal and Ukraine. The co-producers of the project were the First Channel and the Ukrainian Inter. The film crew, as expected, also turned out to be international: the director's chairs were taken by American Dennis Berry, Frenchman Julius Berg and Russian Olga Ryashina. The main role was played by the French actress, star of "99 francs" and "The Libertine" Vahina Giocante, and her co-stars were Rutger Hauer, Christopher Lambert, Gérard Depardieu, John Corbett, known to the audience in particular for the role of Kerry Bradshaw's boyfriend, Aidan in the "Sex In a big city " series and many others. Distribution rights have already been acquired by 30 countries.
Rutger Hauer in the role of judge Stolbakken in the "Mata Hari" series
Christopher Lambert in the role of Gustav Kramer and Vahina Giocante in the "Mata Hari" series
Gérard Depardieu as Bernard's father in the "Mata Hari" series
John Corbett as Rudolph MacLeod in the "Mata Hari" series
Filming took place in several countries
Portugal is a paradise for filmmakers wishing to make a historical film: outdoor advertising, plastic windows and antennas are prohibited in Lisbon - the authorities value the appearance of the city, its cultural identity. That's why it's convenient to shoot there: thanks to the artists, the city turned to Paris, then to Amsterdam at the end of the 19th century. Numerous battle scenes, as well as the line of the Russian beloved heroine performed by Maxim Matveev, were shot in Russia and Ukraine. The pavilion shootings took place on the territory of the Star Media studio.
Images from the series "Mata Hari"
Images from the "Mata Hari" series
Costumes for actors were made to order
Making of costumes, the creators came up as responsible as possible. All the outfits for the main characters were tailor-made in strict accordance with the fashion of the early 20th century. For example, Viktoriya Isakova received 20 sets of clothes for her heroine - vindictive Polish noblewoman Lydia Kireevskaya. And the dancing costumes of Margaret completely repeat the real outfits of Mata Hari based on the photos that have survived to this day.
Viktoriya Isakova as Lydia Kirievskaya in the series "Mata Hari"
Ksenia Rappaport as Elizabeth Shragmuller in the series "Mata Hari"
Alexei Guskov in the role of Georges Lada in the series "Mata Hari"
Actors wore custom-made suits. We picked up fabrics, image and even buttons and cuff links. Everything were thought over up to the finest detail ... Vahina Giocante had about 70 full-fledged suits, which were made by hand. And each necessarily consisted of several elements: a blouse, a skirt, a jacket, a hat, shoes and so on. We did not have to consult on civilian clothes, because we know the signs of the era well, but consultants helped us with the military form - from 1900 to 1918, the military costume has undergone significant changes. We made the French uniform ourselves, making buttons and helmets to order. There was a problem with gas masks of those years, which practically did not survive, but we solved this problem. - said costume designer Xenia Mavrina.
Mata Hari actors
In some scenes Vahina Giocante was replaced by a dancer
Vahina Giocante has a ballet past: the girl had been dancing in the ballet of Roland Petit at the Marseilles opera for 2 years. Despite this, in some scenes of "Mata Hari" she was replaced by a professional dancer. 12 numbers that will be shown in the film, staged by the Russian choreographer Anton Yakovlev, who lives in Paris.
Vahina Giocante in the role of Mata Hari
The film was shot in English
The internationality of the crew dictated their own rules: knowledge of English was an important criterion in the choice of actors.
When I was working on "Mata Hari", I did not have a serious language practice. But I set myself the task of playing in English. I did it this way: first I memorized all the text with which I had to work, then I switched to Russian to understand all the nuances, and then again to English, - said Maxim Matveev in the program "Evening Urgant."
Maxim Matveyev as Vladimir Maslov in the series "Mata Hari"
Maxim Matveev as Vladimir Maslov
Svetlana Khodchenkova spoke in Serbian
For Svetlana Khodchenkova, the preparatory period for the shootings was especially intense and complex: the actress had to learn how to handle weapons of the early 20th century, and also to speak in Serbian! This girl speaks English and Serbian, she has to run and shoot - I have never had such experience in the movies before, - said Svetlana.
Svetlana Khodchenkova as Zlatka Janic and Maxim Matveev
Maxim Matveev, Svetlana Khodchenkova and Alexander Khoshabaev in the series "Mata Hari".
Viktoriya Isakova keeps a rare thing as a memento..
For the role in the "Mata Hari" series Viktoriya Isakova had to learn horse riding, because she had to partially perform tricks on the horse, before she was replaced by the stuntgirl. According to the actress, she took a few lessons so that during the filming the horse did not feel her fear.
Scenes with my participation were filmed in an old house in Portugal, which was put up for sale. The artists were allowed to take something from there to remember, and I chose a wooden chest. It made the customs officers gag - according to them, all normal people bring brand Port out of this country, and the Russian actress brings a chest! But now he is at my house and reminds me of filming, - said the actress.
Viktoriya Isakova as Lydia Kirievskaya and Alexander Petrov as Mathieu in the TV series "Mata Hari"
Christopher Lambert took poison 5 times
One of the key scenes in which Mata Hari gives the poison to Gustav Kramer was filmed in December in a fierce (by Portuguese standards) cold, whereas in reality the events took place in the summer. Actors Vahina Giocante and Christopher Lambert persistently overcome difficulties, again and again entering the frame in light clothing. They did not manage to play the scene at once "perfectly": Lambert took poison, fell into the bushes, then the assistants corrected his make-up, the suit, and he fell again until he finally "died" for the fifth time. All this time, Vahina Giocante was drinking white liquid: the requisitioners, who decided that milk would be suitable as a liquid, eventually had to look for soy, since the actress does not drink usual milk.
Christopher Lambert in the role of Gustav Kramer and Vahina Giocante in the series "Mata Hari"
Creators compared "Mata Hari" with "Gone with the Wind"
The team of the series, whose budget was 12 million dollars, is confident in its future international success.
We have assembled a very good team, attracted world-class actors - I think Mata Hari will even be able to repeat the success of the film Gone with the Wind, "said one of the filmmakers of the project, Dennis Berry. - The story that we tell, will be interesting to people from different countries, because Mata Hari herself was a woman of peace.
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More in this category: « Vincent Cassel visited a fashion show with a young lover Tina Kunakey Actress Michalina Olszańska: "Matilda Kshesinskaya in Poland is unknown. And it is wildly disappointing" »
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Press Release 151/2018
Innovation Award for Climate-Friendly Methane Cracking
Producing Hydrogen from Natural Gas without Emissions: German Gas Industry Honors a Process Developed by Researchers from Karlsruhe and Potsdam – KIT Spin-Off Ineratec Receives Special Award for Innovative Startups
The experimental reactor for methane cracking is part of the liquid metal laboratory at KIT (detailed caption at the end of the text; Photo: Amadeus Bramsiepe, KIT)
Generating energy from natural gas without climate-damaging CO2 emissions – that’s the promise of a new technology developed in a joint research project by scientists at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam. Natural gas, which mainly consists of methane, is converted into hydrogen and fixed carbon. For their work, the researchers have now received the German Gas Industry Innovation Award. KIT was also honored with a new special award for the most innovative startup which was presented to Ineratec, a spin-off of the research university.
“The German Gas Industry Innovation Award for the new methane cracking process is testament to the innovative spirit of our scientists,” says the President of KIT, Professor Holger Hanselka.
“The option of using fossil natural gas in a climate-friendly way in the future can make a major contribution to curb CO2 emissions. I am very pleased that we, as the research university in the Helmholtz Association, can make this important contribution to climate protection together with our partners.” The award was presented to the research team consisting of scientists from KIT and IASS on November 22 in Berlin. The research team also won an additional award voted for by the attendees at the ceremony. The event was held under the auspices of the Federal Minister of Education and Research, Anja Karliczek.
The winners of the 2018 German Gas Industry Innovation Award from KIT and IASS in Potsdam (Photo: Claudius Pflug)
The new process makes it possible to use natural gas in a climate-friendly manner. “Instead of directly burning natural gas, which mainly consists of methane, we break it up into its components hydrogen and carbon,” says Dr Stefan Stückrad who has co-managed the research project at IASS. The hydrogen produced in methane cracking can be used as an energy source in fuel cell vehicles as well as for generating electricity and heat. Applications in the chemical industry are also possible. “So far, hydrogen for the chemical industry has mainly been produced from natural gas by steam methane reforming. During this process, considerable amounts of carbon dioxide are released,” says Stückrad. In addition to hydrogen, very pure powdery carbon is created as a by-product during cracking, the importance of which is constantly increasing as an industrial raw material. For example, it is used in the production of elastomers, lightweight materials, printing inks and batteries.
Methane cracking is not a new idea as such and has previously been analyzed in experiments with gas phase reactors. “Conventional methods proved unsuitable for application at an industrial scale, though,” says Professor Thomas Wetzel from the Institute of Thermal Process Engineering (TVT) at KIT. “The carbon produced during cracking was deposited on the heated reactor walls as a solid layer, blocking the reactors in a short space of time. Other approaches on the basis of arc- or plasma-based reactors weren’t very successful either.” The research project from IASS and KIT has therefore chosen a fundamentally different approach for continuous pyrolytic methane cracking. The basic idea is to use molten tin as a heat transfer and liquid medium in a bubble column reactor. Here, KIT scientists have applied their expertise in liquid metal research and technology. In the Innovation Award winning process, methane gas is continuously fed into a liquid metal column from the bottom, which is kept at a temperature of up to 1,200 degrees Celsius, and rises as a bubble swarm. The gas in the bubbles very quickly reaches the reaction temperature so that pyrolysis reaction takes place. “The bubbles open up on the surface of the liquid tin and release the gaseous hydrogen and carbon,” says Wetzel. “The carbon occurs as micro-granular powder that is easy to separate from the gas stream and easy to handle.”
The new technology is now for the first time enabling continuous operation of a reactor for methane cracking. A conversion rate as high as 78 percent has been proven on a laboratory scale. The groups of scientists are currently working on further optimizing and scaling the process to pilot level.
Nobel Prize winner Professor Carlo Rubbia, who is also the former scientific director of IASS, has initiated the research project on methane cracking. The project has been coordinated at IASS by Dr Stefan Stückrad and Professor Alberto Abánades. At KIT, researchers from the Karlsruhe Liquid Metal Laboratory (KALLA), the Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM) as well as the Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) have been participating in the project. Here the work has been coordinated by Professor Thomas Wetzel from the Institute of Thermal Process Engineering (TVT), Dr Leonid Stoppel (KALLA) and Dr Alfons Weisenburger (HIM).
Special award for INERATEC
Producing synthetic fuels from renewable energy sources inexpensively is also an important element for the energy transformation. Huge systems are required to produce synthetic gasoline, kerosene, diesel and natural gas. Ineratec, a KIT spin-off, builds chemical reactors that are so compact that the assembled system fits in a shipping container and can be used anywhere. At the 2018 German Gas Industry Innovation Award ceremony the young company was honored with a special award for the most innovative startup.
The German Gas Industry Innovation Award
Every two years, the associations of the German gas industry present the German Gas Industry Innovation Award organized by the Association for the Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Use of Energy (ASUE). Award partners of ASUE are the German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water (DVGW), the Association of the German Energy and Water Industry (BDEW) as well as the Zukunft Erdgas industry initiative. The awards are presented in four categories; the project from KIT and IASS on methane cracking was a winner in the “Research & Development” category. INERATEC was honored with a new special award for innovative startups.
Detailed caption: The experimental reactor for methane cracking is a 1.2-meter-high device made from quartz and stainless steel which contains molten tin. In the reactor, cracking takes place in methane bubbles as they rise up. The reactor is part of KALLA (KArlsruhe Liquid Metal LAboratory) where various technologies for the use of liquid metals are developed. (Photo: Amadeus Bramsiepe, KIT)
More about the KIT Energy Center: http://www.energie.kit.edu
Being “The Research University in the Helmholtz Association”, KIT creates and imparts knowledge for the society and the environment. It is the objective to make significant contributions to the global challenges in the fields of energy, mobility, and information. For this, about 9,300 employees cooperate in a broad range of disciplines in natural sciences, engineering sciences, economics, and the humanities and social sciences. KIT prepares its 24,400 students for responsible tasks in society, industry, and science by offering research-based study programs. Innovation efforts at KIT build a bridge between important scientific findings and their application for the benefit of society, economic prosperity, and the preservation of our natural basis of life. KIT is one of the German universities of excellence.
mhe, 23.11.2018
Head of Corporate Communications, Chief Press Officer
Phone: +49 721 608-41150
presseTte5∂kit edu
Contact for this press release:
Martin Heidelberger
martin heidelbergerLfl8∂kit edu
The photo in the best quality available to us may be requested by
presseHuv9∂kit edu or phone: +49 721 608-47414.
The press release is available as a PDF file.
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Nhleko reflects on SA U19s opening win
Quote Reply Topic: Nhleko reflects on SA U19s opening win
Posted: 04-Dec-2019 at 8:04am
Junior Springbok assistant coach, Bafana Nhleko – who is serving in the same capacity on the SA Under-19 team’s tour to Georgia – looked back at the positives from their 28-21 victory against the hosts on Monday, and singled out a few areas to work on ahead of their second and final tour match on Thursday.
The team overturned a halftime deficit of 18-14 to win their first match at the Shevardeni Rugby Stadium in the country’s capital, Tbilisi.
After reviewing the match on Tuesday morning, Nhleko said: “With such short preparation time and the testing playing conditions, the players did well to try to stick to the game plan. They adapted particularly well to the defensive breakdown interpretation, especially after conceding a few penalties in the first half.
“I also felt that we created opportunities on attack, but it is about being alert so that we can capitalise on them. We were also pleased with the defensive character the boys showed, and the fact that they limited the hosts to only three points in the second half,” he added.
Casting an eye on their next match-up on Thursday, Nhleko said: “Our leg drive in the tackle is a work on, as we lost some collisions, and we would also like to improve our ability to set early so that we can move the ball when the options are on.
“Our discipline is another area we need to clean up.”
Nhleko was satisfied that the coaches were achieving their objectives on tour and he said they would look to give a few other players a chance to make their mark in their second encounter.
“The guys are learning and growing,” he said.
“We are getting to know them and we can see what they are capable of in a game situation.
“Since the purpose of this tour is to assess the players, we will give the other guys a run on Thursday.
“They would have watched the first game, and they were part of the review, so hopefully they can apply those lessons.”
The coach said the players were also soaking up the experience off the field.
“I think they are enjoying the culture, and bonding off the field as well,” said Nhleko.
“The weather has been a challenge, but these players are lucky to have an opportunity to travel and see the world.
“I don’t think many of them would have chosen to travel to Georgia, so this is a great life experience, as they get to see a different country and way of life. We have really been well hosted by the Georgia Rugby Union and their community, so this is a great experience for us all.”
Junior Springbok coach, Chean Roux, will name his match-day squad for their next encounter on Wednesday.
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Pentagram Rebrands Spanish Lighting Company, ‘Vibia’
Pentagram’s London studio has refreshed the logo and branding of Spanish lighting company, Vibia. The agency says it worked closely with the Barcelona-based business to develop a brand strategy, tone of voice and visual identity which aims to present Vibia as “an innovative lighting technology company” that “strikes a balance between product and experience, lighting […]
Performance Indicator Rebrands as ‘Bambu Global’
Performance Indicator, a family of technology companies founded back in 2001, has announced it is rebranding as Bambu Global. The new brand has been inspired by a bamboo plant and each leaf in the logo is claimed to represent a company or technology under the Bambu umbrella. “Each of our companies has been named after […]
me&dave Brands London’s ‘One Crown Place’
Property branding agency me&dave has created the identity for One Crown Place, a new mixed-use development in EC2 London. Launched by real estate advisor CBRE to buyers just last week, the One Crown Place scheme has been designed by architecture firm Kohn Pederson Fox (KPF) and is scheduled to open in 2020; it comprises two […]
SomeOne Creates ‘Logo-less’ Branding for D.Thomas Skincare
SomeOne has created the identity for a new light-based skin treatment service from London-based beauty practice, D.Thomas. The agency says it worked with the company’s management team to devise a strategic approach to the new launch, which included coming up with the name (“Illuminate”), creating a tiered structure for the treatments (measured in Lumens), as well as […]
Los Angeles 2024 Olympic Bid Logo Revealed
Los Angeles 2024 has unveiled the official logo and slogan for its candidature to bring the Olympic and Paralympic Games back to the United States for the first time in 28 years. “The soaring figure of the logo is a symbol of athletes reaching for their dreams, the original Spanish name for Los Angeles ‘the […]
Pentagram Designs New Identity for ‘Theatre Under the Stars’
Pentagram’s DJ Stout and his team in the agency’s Austin office in the U.S. have designed a new identity and website for Theatre Under The Stars, Houston’s non-profit musical theatre company known as “TUTS” to the locals. TUTS’ “before” identity included a star representing the theatre company’s origins as an outdoor-only venue. The designers say […]
National CineMedia Rebrands as ‘America’s Movie Network’
National CineMedia (NCM) has unveiled a new look and feel for what is claimed to be the largest cinema advertising network in the U.S. Designed by NCM’s internal creative agency, the company’s new logo calls to mind the projected beam of light that delivers movies onto the big screen, while the new positioning sees NCM […]
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Kentucky Health Policy Institute
Drop In Value of UofL Endowment Confirmed.
Endowment growth stalling compared to other institutions.
Numerous earlier reports by Mr. Chris Otts of WDRB brought to the attention of the public information about financial dealings of enough concern that at least two major donors to the University of Louisville withdraw their support, triggering in large measure an intervention by the University of Board of Trustees to take a more controlling role in the University of Louisville Foundation and a full-scale fiduciary audit. This latter offers the potential to clear the air or to lead to even more troublesome revelations. Mr. Otts’s latest report deals with unauthorized spending of the University’s endowment by the Foundation in support of its commercial research, real estate, and other agendas both known and unknown. The result has been a substantial fall in the value of the endowment as its principal is consumed.
Sparked by Mr. Otts’s use of information provided to him by the University as reported to the American Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO); and by comments made by Trustees Greenberg and Benz at last week’s meeting of UofL Trustees raising serious concerns about the endowment; I went to NACUBO’s website myself. Summary files for public use are available including the market values of the endowments of some 850 of the most important Colleges and Universities in the US and Canada from 1990 to 2015. I abstracted these and plotted the market value of UofL’s endowment along with its rank among other institutions in this regard. Spending information or investment yields for individual institutions are not made available to the public, although summary statistics on aggregates in broad categories are available. A static image is presented below, and an interactive version revealing the underlying data is available.
In summary, the amount of our endowment rose progressively from 1990 until around 2007 after which much volatility occurred to the point that the market value of the endowment in 2016 is indeed less than it was 10 years ago in 2006! UofL appears to be eating its nest egg, and compared to other institutions of higher education, is losing ground in endowment growth.
Fall in rank in size of endowment.
Of course, other institutions have not been sitting on their hands, raising enough in contributions and investment gains such that UofL’s rank in market value of its endowment began to fall continuously beginning in 2001 through 2015, from 87th to 112th place. (Numbers from FYU 2016 were not available on the NACUBO website, a year in which UofL’s endowment market value dropped some $160 Million and perhaps more.)
Some of the volatility in rank in the earlier years may stem from the fact that the number of institutions submitting reports to NACUBO rose from 367 to 568 by the year 2000. However, the number of reports has remained relatively constant in the mid-800s since 2009 during which UofL’s decline in rank continued apace and may be accelerating. I have not itemized the schools that ranked higher than UofL over these years, but the top hundred have what would be expected based on overall reputation. Even at 112 we are in pretty good company.
Another cause of early volatility in endowment rank is that fact that overall, the values of endowments in the earlier years of this graphic were considerably lower than today. Just as I have shown for UofL’s standing in NIH funding for research, when you are starting out in the lower ranks, a good grant or two can result in a large swing in national ranking. So it is with endowments. For example, in 1992, when UofL ranked 119th in its endowment, an increase of $10 million in contributions or investment earnings would have improved UofL’s a rank to 111. Conversely, $10 Million less would have dropped our rank to 132! In 2015, a swing of $10 Million would have only resulted in a rise of only two places in rank from 112 to 110. An endowment of $10 Million less would have kept UofL at exactly the same rank of 112th!
Looking at market values and ranks from another perspective, the decline in rank from our high of 87th in 2001, to 112 in 2015 represents a spread in market value of $214 Million in 2015 dollars. To that we must add the unknown impact on our endowment rank of the $160 Million decrease in endowment that has been spent or acknowledged as lost in 2016. A final accounting has not yet been made public. Extrapolating, our rank in 2016 will likely be around 137th.
I do not claim that this analysis is the best way to evaluate the financial health of a University or its endowment. Accounting methods are certainly different among the schools and in the same school over time. It does however, offer credence to statements that our endowment has dropped substantially. The fact that our rank has been falling in comparison to other institutions is compatible with spending too much of the principal every year, of bad investments, or worse. I personally do not see much evidence of what was claimed to be a successful Billion-dollar fundraising effort. I naively thought that effort was intended to raise our endowment.
Who would not want to see a fair accounting? Thanks to the determined intervention of a revitalized Board of Trustees at both the University and the Foundation, we may yet get that view! The Governor’s aggressive efforts to undermine the efforts of these Boards at a time when the University and its Medical Center are on their knees should be discouraged if not condemned. His actions alone have caused the UofL’s accreditors to place the University on probation. In this regard, I encourage my readers to also read a justifiably critical editorial in today’s Courier-Journal written by the current President of the UofL’s Student Government and who represents UofL students the Board of Trustees. I could not have said it better.
Peter Hasselbacher, MD
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, UofL
[Addendum Dec 9, 2016: My aging brain forgot that I had seen an important article by Andrew Wolfson that brought most of these matters relating to the University’s endowment to the public’s attention last September 10. He covered the recent years much better than I did! His article made the Foundation so nervous that at Dr. Ramsey’s request, it distributed to Foundation “friends” a list of all the written questions (which I do not have) asked of them by Wolfson together with their answers.]
Author P HasselbacherPosted on December 8, 2016 December 9, 2016 Categories Education, Uncategorized
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In Context: Singapore's Decision to Boost the RSN's Operational and Combat Capabilities
26 Sep, 2019 · 5623
Bahauddin Foizee examines the ongoing naval competition in the Pacific to contextualise Singapore's rationale for boosting the operational and combat capabilities of the Republic of Singapore Navy.
Bahauddin Foizee
As the Pacific waters are increasingly becoming unstable geopolitically, the city-state of Singapore is focusing more on strenghtening its naval capabilities in order to protect its interests in the regional waters. With the aim of withstanding any potential assault by a bigger regional navy, Singapore is acquiring new naval assets, including submarines.
The Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) is acquiring four Type-218SG submarines from Germany. This procurement is expected to boost the operational capabilities of Singpore’s submarine fleet and combat capabilities of the RSN as a whole. Keeping in mind the shallow and busy waters surrounding Singapore’s coastlines, these new Type-218SG submarines are specifically customised for Singapore so that they do not face any difficulties when operating in the congested waters. The ability, capacity and durability of these new submarines will be far superior than the existing vessels in the RSN’s submarine fleet. They can carry between 18 to 21 torpedoes, and an Air Independent Propulsion system means they can stay underwater for long periods without having to surface. Importantly, upgrade options include long-range missiles for carrying out offensive strikes with minor modifications. Singapore's acquisition of submarines decades ago had suprised many owing to the offensive nature of submarines, essentially as the primary role of a submarine is to destroy enemy targets and conduct surveillance on foreign coasts to gather vital intelligence as opposed to surface navy vessels which generally play both peacetime and wartime roles.
Alongside the acquisition of Type-218SG submarines, Singapore is also procuring the Joint Multi-Mission Ships, which have the potential to launch limited aircraft carrier operations. It is also actively introducing unmanned platforms into its armed forces’ arsenal, including procurement of new navy vessels which will have unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) and unmanned vessels to allow the RSN motherships to preempt enemy’s threats.
This expansion of the RSN’s submarine force and the acquisition of limited aircraft carrier capabilities could indicate Singapore's intention to play a far more active role in the region than it currently does.
Why Upgrade Now?
With an aim to strengthen its dominance in the South China Sea (SCS) and the Indo-Pacific, China has been constantly boosting its naval capabilities through regular procurement of aircraft carriers and submarines. In order to counter China in their region, several Southeast Asian countries appear to be following a similar trajectory as that of Singapore. In particular, they are focusing on acquiring new submarines to enhance their naval capabilities, alongside acquiring other naval assets. For example, Indonesia is adding six new attack submarines, and Vietnam too has already acquired six submarines from Russia. Similarly, the President of the Phillipines, Rodrigo Duterte, approved a plan to acquire two submarines and a number of other vessels as part of its naval modernisation efforts. The number of submarines in the arsenals of the Southeast Asian navies has increased by 300 per cent in last 20 years, with an increase in numbers from four to 16. With four more additions expected, the increase will signify a 400 per cent increase.
It is also worth noting here that Australia, India, and Japan, with the US, are in the process of shaping a latent alliance, known as the Quadrilateral, which could be deployed to counter China’s rising military expansion.
While the China threat remains at the centre of Southeast Asian naval expansion, Malaysia remains another concern for Singapore. The two countries share a turbulent relationship since the time of Singapore’s independence from Malaysia in 1965. Their realtionship further deteriorated when in 2018, Malaysia stated its plan to further stretch the border of its Johor Bahru port into a maritime territory over which Singapore too claims sovereignty. The Malaysian navy's recent ‘15 to 5 Transformation Program/Plan’—aimed at standarising its naval capabilities through reduction in the classes of ship from 15 to 5—has further perturbed Singapore.
Thus, Singapore’s plan to bolster its naval capabilities through procurement of these advanced vessels has dual aspects. First, of keeping up with the pace of other regional navies, and second, to deter alongside friendly navies, any potential threat from larger navies like those of China and, to a lesser extent, Malaysia.
Bahauddin Foizee is a geopolitical analyst and international affairs columnist, focusing on the Asia-Pacific/Indo-Pacific and the Middle East.
India-China and the Sometime Pickle of Civilisational Connects
Vice Admiral Vijay Shankar · 14 Nov, 2019 · 5629
Trump’s Abandonment of Syria’s Kurds: A Catalyst for Division in Europe?
Pieter-jan Dockx · 14 Nov, 2019 · 5628
Debates within the Counter-LWE Policy
Bibhu Prasad Routray · 28 Oct, 2019 · 5627
Japan-South Korea: Choking Global Technology Markets through a Bilateral Trade War
Prakash Panneerselvam and Sourina Bej · 22 Oct, 2019 · 5626
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كونستانس هالافيلي، حيث رحابة المكان هي مفتاح الفخامة
فنادق ومنتجعات لانغام على قائمة اختيار قرّاء مجلة كوندي ناست ترافيلر للعام ٢٠٢٠
Skansen Open Air Museum
Founded in 1891, Skansen Open Air Museum was built to preserve Stockholm’s rural culture and is one of the major attractions in Stockholm. There are 150 buildings of historic interest including a workshop. Here you can learn about traditional crafts and traditions of Sweden. The zoo houses Nordic animals like elks, wolves, moose, lynxes and bears. Lil Skansen is a children’s zoo where children...
Hasan II Mosque
The Hasan II Mosque is the largest mosque in Casablanca. It was designed by French architect Michel Pinseau and built by Bouygeus. It stands on a promontory overlooking the Atlantic which can be seen through a gigantic glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can be accommodated in the mosque's adjoining grounds for a total of 105,000 worshippers present at any given time at ...
The Vasa Museum
“The Vasa” is the 64 gun warship that sank in the Sweden harbor on her maiden voyage in 1628. It is perhaps the only 17th century ship that is in almost perfect shape after being salvaged. Interesting artifacts rescued from the ship are on display at the Vasa Maritime Museum. Don’t miss the film screening which shows how the ship was salvaged 300 years after she sank. It is the most visited museum...
The Temple Street Night Market
The Temple Street Night Market at Yau Ma Tei, Kowloon is a must visit just to feel the atmosphere. It now opens by 4 pm and as evening approaches it is buzzing with activity. What one can buy is immaterial as there are a lot of fakes sold here, but it is a great place for bargaining for all things from T-shirts to electronics....
Unwrapping the secrets of Yangon...
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Garden State Cardiovascular Specialists P.C. Agrees to Pay $3.6 Million for Allegedly Submitting False Claims to Federal Health Care Programs
John Newcomer
Garden State Cardiovascular Specialists P.C. (Garden State), a cardiology practice which owns and operates several facilities in New Jersey under the name NJ MedCare/NJ Heart, has agreed to pay more than $3.6 million to resolve allegations that its facilities falsely billed federal health care programs for tests that were not medically necessary, announced today by U.S. Attorney Paul J. Fishman for the District of New Jersey.
The settlement announced today resolves allegations that Garden State and its principals, Jasjit Walia M.D. and Preet Randhawa M.D., submitted claims to Medicare for various cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures, including stress tests, cardiac catheterizations and external counterpulsation, which were not medically necessary.
The allegations resolved by today’s settlement were raised in a lawsuit filed under the qui tam, or whistleblower provisions of the False Claims Act. The act allows private citizens with knowledge of fraud to bring civil actions on behalf of the government and to share in any recovery. The whistleblower, Cheryl Mazurek, will receive more than $648,000 as part of today’s settlement.
The settlement is the culmination of an investigation conducted by special agents of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General, under the direction of Special Agent in Charge Scott J. Lampert.
Read rest of story here
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40th Anniversary of Norway’s Worst Offshore Disaster
by Nadarajah Sethurupan | @ | March 30, 2020 11:50 pm
It was March 27th, 1980. The Alexander Kielland offshore accommodation unit was linked to the Edda platform in the Ekofisk area of the North Sea, offshore Norway.
Workers aboard were weather-bound to the floatel, because of the fog, and then the storm began to blow up, meaning helicopters couldn’t fly, and everything was shut down for the day.
With the weather turning worse, a decision was made to remove the gangway that was connecting the gangway from the platform.
Broken Chain Monument in Norway. Built to honor the victims of the Alexander Kielland disaster – Image by Robert Rozbora – AdobeStock
At 18:00, there were 212 people on board the Alexander Kielland. “After 15 minutes or so, we heard a very powerful thump,” one of the crewmembers recalls in a 20-minute movie shared by the Petroleum Safety Authority last week.
Then came a much bigger bang, recalls another one, and the rig began to tip over.
“I managed to send a brief emergency message, ‘Mayday, mayday Kielland is capsizing,’ a survivor recalls.
One of the five support columns at Kielland had torn off, the floatel listed, took in water and overturned in 20 minutes.
123 died, 89 survived
“Events developed so quickly that few of the 212 people on board managed to get to their cabin to fetch a survival suit. Only eight managed to put one on – and four of those survived.
“Three of the seven lifeboats, with space for 50 people, were crushed by waves hitting the rig columns during lowering. Only two of the boats, therefore, remained usable.
“And nobody on board managed to operate the release mechanism for the liferafts, which were capable of accommodating 400 people.
“Temperatures of 7°C in the air and 4°C in the sea meant that those who fell into the water had little chance. A few managed to swim to the Edda platform and were hoisted on board. But 123 people died in the North Sea that evening. Eighty-nine survived,” Inger Anda, Director of communication and public affairs for the Petroleum Safety Authority, wrote in an article last week.
A turning point for the industry
According to the Norwegian offshore safety body’s director-general Anne Myhrvold, the loss of Alexander L Kielland marked a turning point on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). She believes it has been crucial for offshore safety work.
“This was a turning point not only for the industry but also for the whole country,” Myhrvold said. “We’ve worked differently on safety since 1980 – on regulatory roles, development of the regulations and not least clarifying the responsibility of the companies. They’re the ones responsible for safety – every single day.
“Although much safety work had also been done before the Kielland, this disaster revealed weaknesses with emergency preparedness, training, the division of responsibility, regulation and government follow-up.”
“Important and lasting changes and improvements were therefore made to the regime in the following years.”
Myhrvold said that following the incident, large parts of the safety regime were reviewed and reshaped.
“Changes to the regulations and the division of responsibility form the basis for today’s system and the high level of safety we now enjoy,” she said.
“The specific lessons from the disaster have long since been followed up, Myhrvold says. “But Kielland still has great value, and illustrates the huge consequences a major accident can have – for individuals and families, for the industry and for society. It shows what can go wrong when safety and emergency preparedness are inadequate. “
We can’t be satisfied
“We see that much good work is being done to improve safety, but we nevertheless still witness serious incidents,” she says. “Some of these have been very critical, and it would not have taken much to turn them into a major accident.
“That means we can’t be satisfied. We must work better throughout. The companies must constantly make systematic efforts to avoid things going wrong.”
“They must also ask themselves whether they are taking an integrated approach to humans, technology and organization and whether their solutions are sufficiently robust to cope with the unforeseen. Work on these and other issues related to improving safety is crucial.
“It’s our duty to learn from Kielland and other incidents, and to use these lessons in such a way that we avoid a new major accident.”
Filed under: Oil & Gas Tags: fe
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Hyatt CEO Says Hotels Will Ban Hate Groups
Hyatt Hotels CEO Mark Hoplamazian said last week that the company was banning hate groups.
Hoplamazian made his remarks during the Skift Global Forum in New York City.
“If a group is primarily focused on disparaging a group by virtue of their identity … that's really where we need to draw the line,” Hoplamazian said. “We're going to apply our values to making these decisions along the way.”
The announcement comes after Hyatt was criticized over the summer for agreeing to host a group opposed to Muslims at one of its properties outside of Washington, D.C.
Fortune ranked Hyatt, which runs nearly 800 properties in 54 countries, number 186 on its list of America's Best Employers for 2018.
Hyatt received a 100 percent rating on the Human Rights Campaign's (HRC) Corporate Equality Index 2018, a measure of a company's commitment to LGBT equality.
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CSPAN
U.S. House of Representatives : CSPAN : February 15, 2012 1:00pm-5:00pm EST
by CSPAN
eastern or venezuelan neighbors. when we look at the iranians threatening to block the strait of hormuz, i think this just illustrates how critical it is that supply to the united states be north american. but under this bill the republican bill there is no guarantee that even a drop of the tar sands oil and fuel will stay here in this country. they keep saying how great it would be that we have a million barrels of oil coming to the united states from canada. there is no guarantee in this bill and that's because many of the refineries where the keystone crude will be sent plan to re-export the refined fuels. this is the map of what the oil industry plans on doing with this oil. comes right through the united states and then it heads off to asia, south america over to europe. and valero, one of those refineries, says in its investor presentation that it plans to refine the canadian crude at the same facility it is building in port arthur texas, an export zone because doing so leverages its export logistics. our amend
eastern or venezuelan neighbors. when we look at the iranians threatening to block the strait of hormuz, i think this just illustrates how critical it is that supply to the united states be north american. but under this bill the republican bill there is no guarantee that even a drop of the tar sands oil and fuel will stay here in this country. they keep saying how great it would be that we have a million barrels of oil coming to the united states from canada. there is no guarantee in this bill...
U.S. House of Representatives : CSPAN : February 9, 2012 1:00pm-5:00pm EST
the conference begins at 3:45 eastern. house speaker spoke about the house-passed a version of the bill earlier today with supporters and was joined by eric cantor. this is about 15 minutes. >> good morning, everyone. as middle-class families and small businesses struggle in this economy, small businesses continue to focus on the number- one issue in our country, and that is jobs. the house has passed over 130 bipartisan bills in the senate at this moment. many of these bills were embraced by the president's own jobs council, and the president has made it clear he is in favor of a handful of these bills. so, the obama administration told us that if the president's plan were passed, unemployment would be at 6% today. i certainly think it is important to act if the president wants to accomplish anything this year. time is running short on the payroll tax, for example. we have a four-year extension of the payroll tax credit, fully paid for, as the president said it must be. but the president and senate democratic leaders will
the conference begins at 3:45 eastern. house speaker spoke about the house-passed a version of the bill earlier today with supporters and was joined by eric cantor. this is about 15 minutes. >> good morning, everyone. as middle-class families and small businesses struggle in this economy, small businesses continue to focus on the number- one issue in our country, and that is jobs. the house has passed over 130 bipartisan bills in the senate at this moment. many of these bills were...
it takes roughly 10 days to get from the middle of the gobi desert to the eastern shore of my beloved virginia. just 10 days. we know that a significant portion of the mercury in our air is coming from foreign sources. not our plants, but foreign sources. mr. griffin:ky inject something there? mr. griffith: i yield back. mr. griffin: i think it's a great point. and a lot of times some of us think about this country and pollution here. but i think that what i hear you saying, it's a very, very good point, is that this is one world and we in this country, through the processes and the regulatory structure that we have, we burn coal cleaner, we are a better steward of the earth when it comes to using some of these traditional energy sources. so what i hear you saying is, i think it makes a lot of sense. if you believe that coal will not be used if we do not use it here, then that's not exactly accurate. somebody's going to burn it. the question is, do we do a better job with some of these traditional energy sources, do we do a better job than other countries that will burn it if we don't
it takes roughly 10 days to get from the middle of the gobi desert to the eastern shore of my beloved virginia. just 10 days. we know that a significant portion of the mercury in our air is coming from foreign sources. not our plants, but foreign sources. mr. griffin:ky inject something there? mr. griffith: i yield back. mr. griffin: i think it's a great point. and a lot of times some of us think about this country and pollution here. but i think that what i hear you saying, it's a very, very...
U.S. House of Representatives : CSPAN : February 1, 2012 10:00am-1:00pm EST
eddie, if you want to rely on the saudis and middle eastern countries for oil, hey, god bless you. i just don't think that is a good long-term strategy for the united states when we have the innovative, the capacity, the cree atitive to have alternative energy. and global warming, which i am sure you are not concerned with, but many of us are and think this could be a whole new industry for us. but to say we're going to rely on oil from the saudis for the next 100 years i think is really reducing and diminishing america. he talked about fairness. eddie, is it fair that people in the united states of america, the wealthiest country in the world have a sick child that can't get adequate health care or affordable health care because of the screwed up health care system we got? is it fair that someone sitting in youngstown or akron, ohio, had to feel the ramifications of a deregulated wall street of people who followed their self-interest right off a cliff and took the entire economy down with it? is that fair? no, that's not fair. fairness is regulating these market and making sure th
eddie, if you want to rely on the saudis and middle eastern countries for oil, hey, god bless you. i just don't think that is a good long-term strategy for the united states when we have the innovative, the capacity, the cree atitive to have alternative energy. and global warming, which i am sure you are not concerned with, but many of us are and think this could be a whole new industry for us. but to say we're going to rely on oil from the saudis for the next 100 years i think is really...
even middle eastern countries. i was in saudi arabia last year and they are concerned about the increase in domestic demand for their oil. as more and more countries draw on this sort of the available pool of oil, if you will, that is being exported, that means that there is less for countries like the u.s. the more we can do to promote production either in our territory or in this hemisphere with friendly countries like mexico and canada, the more secure our supply will be in the future. host: let us go to maryland. teresa is on the republican line. good morning. caller: good morning. i would like to know why we are drilling with mexico. it was the oil companies in the u.s. who built the refineries, give them everything they needed because they did not have the wherewithal. as soon as it was all up and working, they took away the percentage that the oil refineries were supposed to get an nationalize everything. i am sorry -- i do not believe in using foul language, but "screwed." go ahead and do keystone. take the
even middle eastern countries. i was in saudi arabia last year and they are concerned about the increase in domestic demand for their oil. as more and more countries draw on this sort of the available pool of oil, if you will, that is being exported, that means that there is less for countries like the u.s. the more we can do to promote production either in our territory or in this hemisphere with friendly countries like mexico and canada, the more secure our supply will be in the future. host:...
U.S. House of Representatives : CSPAN : February 29, 2012 10:00am-1:00pm EST
eastern oil and stabilize gas prices. they create hundreds of thousands of good american jobs and make our nation more securer. but what is the obama administration saying and they're being helped to perpetuate these myths by the lame stream media? they claim they are not responsible for the increased prices and that there's nothing they can do, but what they're trying to take credit for previous presidents clinton and bush pro-energy policies. the reason oil production is up today is because of development on private and state land. north dakota alone produced almost 16 million barrels of oil in january, 2011, compared to only a little more than two million in january, 2012, the majority of which is on state and private lands. the obama administration is not opening new offshore areas for energy production. the president and the administration claim to be opening more than 75% of offshore lands for energy exploration. this is absolutely false. the obama administration has blocked energy production on federal lands. the o
eastern oil and stabilize gas prices. they create hundreds of thousands of good american jobs and make our nation more securer. but what is the obama administration saying and they're being helped to perpetuate these myths by the lame stream media? they claim they are not responsible for the increased prices and that there's nothing they can do, but what they're trying to take credit for previous presidents clinton and bush pro-energy policies. the reason oil production is up today is because...
speaker, house republicans have a plan to wean our economy from unstable middle eastern oil. if we want an america built to last like the president referred to in his state of the union address, we must have access to safe and affordable, american energy to build that economy, to build that and power that america that is built to last. mr. speaker, i urge my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to support and pass h.r. 7, the american energy and infrastructure jobs act, so we can work together to grow the economy, to create american jobs, to facilitate lower gasoline prices and to provide energy security that this country needs, not only for our current generation, but for future generations of american children and grandchildren. and i yield back to my friend from colorado, mr. gardner. mr. gardner: i thank the gentleman from texas. and he talked about the keystone pipeline and i would point out that the development of the alberta oil sands for the state of text a as and this was -- texas and this was given by the alberta representative in washington, in the state of texas,
speaker, house republicans have a plan to wean our economy from unstable middle eastern oil. if we want an america built to last like the president referred to in his state of the union address, we must have access to safe and affordable, american energy to build that economy, to build that and power that america that is built to last. mr. speaker, i urge my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to support and pass h.r. 7, the american energy and infrastructure jobs act, so we can work together...
i just wish he would have helped our country reduce our dependence on middle earn oil while creating tens -- eastern oil while creating tens of thousands of jobs here in america by approving the pipeline application. the president's excuse for not approving the pipeline application was he didn't have enough time. radical environmentalists say that tar sands crude is the dirtiest of all and they talk as if that's something foreign, something new. mr. speaker, i'd like to point your attention to a friday, february 3, 2012 article on the front page of the national journal, an article that i believe shows the fallacies and the arguments against the pipeline. the article states that despite environmental opposition, the obama administration administration has approved a controversial oil sands pipeline. the article refers to an oil sands pipeline approved by the administration over two years ago. on august 20, 2009, secretary of state clinton approved a 1,000-mile pipeline with the capacity to carry 800,000 barrels of oil from canada's oil sands to wisconsin. mr. speaker, if a pipeline th
i just wish he would have helped our country reduce our dependence on middle earn oil while creating tens -- eastern oil while creating tens of thousands of jobs here in america by approving the pipeline application. the president's excuse for not approving the pipeline application was he didn't have enough time. radical environmentalists say that tar sands crude is the dirtiest of all and they talk as if that's something foreign, something new. mr. speaker, i'd like to point your attention to...
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Lap dance causes confusion
at 9:09 pm Posted by Dr Manhattan
Further Edit: You may be interested to learn that this post is one of the most frequently viewed pages on this site. Whether that's a reflection on the readership of this blog, or just to the internet as a whole, is impossible to determine.
Edit: The case referred to has now been posted at AustLII, as Hayes v Surfers Paradise Rock and Roll Cafe [2009] QDC 214.
Another good re-post from Lawyers Weekly this week, suggesting a local authority for what we said here back in April: Wikipedia ain't evidence!
I can't find the case itself, but the article in a Queensland online paper contains enough detail that it might be genuine.
According to the story, a magistrate searching for the definition of lap dance in a licensing matter sought assistance from secondary sources. When the Oxford dictionary proved no help, he obtained a definition on-line. On appeal, the District Court is said to have ruled that the magistrate was wrong to rely upon the definition without allowing the parties to make submissions on the point
It wasn't that the source was considered inherently unreliable, though. "The failure to permit the parties any opportunity ... with respect to the Wiktionary entry as to the meaning of 'lap dance' must be seen as a denial of natural justice," Newton J reportedly said.
Labels: appeals, evidence, technology, website Links to this post
"Off the record" admissions
at 4:18 am Posted by Dr Manhattan
It's not uncommon for a suspect to disclose their involvement in an offence to investigators "off the record", but protest their innocence or make no comment when formally interviewed.
Why someone would do this is difficult to understand. It would appear far more logical for a person to approach their dealings with police with a particular strategy in mind - either to answer all questions truthfully, or to make no comment, or to present a particular version of events - and stick to that strategy throughout. But there are a sufficient number of recorded cases to confirm that these conversations do happen.
Woon v R (1964) 109 CLR 529 is an example of a case where the accused remained undecided which strategy to adopt during the formal interview itself, changing his mind repeatedly and ending up looking guilty and evasive as a result. In R v Dupas [2001] VSCA 109 the accused declined to repeat in the interview what he had said while being driven to a police station.
In Em v The Queen (2007) 232 CLR 67, the accused had indicated that he would make no comment to any questioning that was tape recorded. Several weeks after the formal recorded interview where he made no comment, police were granted warrants to secretly tape-record conversations with the accused. He knew he was talking to police and was advised that what he said could be used in evidence, but wasn't told he was being recorded. The Supreme Court allowed part of this recording to be admitted, a decision the High Court later upheld.
The High Court had earlier decided in R v Swaffield; Pavic v The Queen (1998)192 CLR 159 that courts have a broad discretion to reject evidence on the ground that unfair prejudice would result from its admission into evidence. Likewise, the effect of the impugned conduct of police is one of a number of factors to be considered in deciding whether judicial discretion to refuse to admit evidence will be exercised (though the undesirability of the conduct itself is the subject of separate consideration under the public policy discretion). In Pavic's case, the trial judge admitted the evidence. The High Court upheld that decision.
The case of Carr v Western Australia (2007) 232 CLR 107 is a recent variation on this theme.
The accused denied involvment in an armed robbery when interviewed. However, when later discussing the robbery with police in a holding area of the police station, he said things that clearly implicated himself. The accused was unaware that the area was video- and audio-recorded when he volunteered these statements. He was convicted, and while not disputing the truth of the admissions he made, it was argued on appeal that he made the statements implicating himself to, "frustrate", "tease" and "piss off" the investigators, not expecting the evidence would be used against him.
The High Court rejected the notion that an accused must consent to being videotaped before admissions could be considered voluntary.
Although the Court's reasoning centred around the interpretatation of Western Australian legislation (WA hasn't yet adopted a Uniform Evidence Act), parellels can be drawn between WA laws and those in Victoria. As Keith Chapple SC noted in his summary of the case in the NSW Bar News:
The whole circumstances of the case are a cautionary tale for any counsel offering advice to a suspect who is ‘assisting with enquiries.’ If a client is exercising a right to silence it should be constant when in the company of the police.
Labels: custody, evidence, judgments, legislation, technology Links to this post
Jury directions report released
The VLRC report into jury directions I posted about a couple of weeks ago was tabled in Parliament yesterday. (There was no mention of video replays in cases of erroneous jury charges. Maybe next time.)
As predicted, the VLRC recommends legislative change that will require the leave of the Court of Appeal before consideration of an appeal founded on jury directions, if the point wasn't raised at the trial.
There are a number of other recommendations for the conduct of jury trials. They include:
The development of a document (referred to as an Outline of Charges) produced by the prosecution, approved by the court and to be provided to juries to assist in them in identifying the key areas of dispute in the case;
The simplification of evidentiary directions, particularly those in sex offence cases;
A general (rather than specific) warning about consciousness of guilt evidence - here referred to as post-offence conduct;
Consideration of possible changes to the directions given in relation to propensity (what the new Evidence Act calls tendency evidence);
The suggested use of a Jury Guide, a written document prepared by the judge which asks the jury a series of questions, tailored to the specific case and designed to assist them in making the intermediate findings of fact leading to their eventual verdict;
The creation of a specialist Public Defenders office similar to the one in NSW.
The VLRC proposes abolishing all the existing common law regarding jury directions, and codifying these rules into one Act.
The Government also intends to release a discussion paper outlining potential reform to the way that jurors are selected before the end of the year.
Labels: law reform, legislation Links to this post
Walker v Walker
Edit: Our statistics show that this post continues to be accessed in far higher numbers than I would have thought when I wrote it. There's obviously interest in how this rule will be applied in the future.
Below I wrote, "Whether the statement then becomes evidence of the truth of its contents or merely clarification of the evidence given then becomes the issue." Since then, having read Papakosmas v R and associated cases, I incline to the view that once admitted the evidence can be used for all sorts of purposes, not just to assess credit, subject to directions the trial judge gives.
I've heard it said that, "under the new Evidence Act 2008 the rule in Walker v Walker is dead."
As a way of summarising a fairly obscure piece of evidentiary trial procedure, that's fine. But if practitioners don't recognise that there are situations when the tender of a document can be forced other than when its production is called for in cross-examination, there might be some red faces in the new year.
Maybe it would be more accurate to say, "The rule in Walker v Walker is dead, but the rule in Hatziparadissis continues to apply".
In 1937, the High Court decided an appeal originating in the Magistrates' Court of an application for maintenance by a deserted wife. The ruling of the Court was that a document called for and inspected by opposing counsel during the running of the case became admissible evidence that the magistrate was entitled to rely on for the truth of its contents.
Though it's been accepted as the entrenched position at law, some have railed against the rule in Walker v Walker as being an unfair inhibition on disclosure. If a party were aware of the existence of a document prior to hearing and sought its production from a party through normal pre-hearing disclosure, they would be under no obligation to tender it at trial no matter how relevant or probative it might be. Why then, if a party only becomes aware of the existence of a document whilst cross-examining a witness, should the cross-examiner be prevented from looking at the document for fear of their opponent forcing its tender?
(The other traditional argument, that the forced tender represents a departure from the rigid rules surrounding the proving of documents, wouldn't have much force now. The Evidence Act 2008 abolishes the archaic system of rules contained in the Evidence Act 1958 and allows courts to use common sense when considering issues of accuracy and provenance of documents, particularly in civil proceedings).
The rule in Walker v Walker is rarely invoked, and has never seriously been challenged at criminal appellate level in Victoria. Even so, the Evidence Act 2008 (perhaps as much for consistency across UEA jurisdictions as anything else) contains s 35, which reads:
35. Effect of calling for production of documents
(1) A party is not to be required to tender a document only because the party, whether under this Act or otherwise-
(a) called for the document to be produced to the party; or
(b) inspected it when it was so produced.
(2) The party who produces a document so called for is not entitled to tender it only because the party to whom it was produced, or who inspected it, fails to tender it.
The explanatory memorandum in relation to this section reads:
Section 35 provides that a party who calls for another party's document is not automatically required to tender it. Similarly, the party who produces the document is not automatically entitled to tender it if the calling party does not tender it.
This clause abolishes the rule in Walker v Walker. Under that rule, the party called on to produce a document may require the party who called for and inspected the document to then tender the document. This means that a document that may otherwise be inadmissible could be admitted under this rule. This clause removes the automatic right of either party to tender a document or require the other party to tender a document.
The clause does not, however, preclude the tendering and admission of such a document if it is otherwise relevant and admissible.
R v Harrison
In R v Harrison (1967) VR 72, at the conclusion of an incest trial an accused argued that he had already entered a plea of guilty to the offence the jury had found him guilty of, and had been acquitted of the charge he believed he was contesting. To sort out the confusion, the trial judge recalled the police informant to give evidence and admitted into evidence the original police brief which was marked by him with the charges that guilty pleas had been entered to.
The Court of Appeal ruled that this should not have occurred: "the defence did not call for the documents, did not inspect them or make any use of them, or cross-examine the witness in respect of their contents."
Hatziparridissis v GFC
In the civil case of Hatziparadissis v G F C (Manufacturing) Pty Ltd [1978] VR 181, a psychiatrist was cross-examined at length. He was questioned about notes he had referred to in order to assist his memory in evidence-in-chief, but was also asked questions by the cross-examiner about portions of the documents which he had not referred to.
After the psychiatrist had left the witness box, the party calling him made application that the notes must then be tendered. Although Harris J refused the application, it was on the basis that the witness had already left the witness box (citing the English decision of Senat v Senat (1965) All ER 505 and other sources). Had the application been made during - or at the conclusion - of the witness's evidence, all indications are the Court's ruling would have gone the other way.
The precedent that a party could force the tender of a statement cross-examined on - not called for and inspected, as in Walker's case - was established.
R v Vella
In R v Vella, at a criminal trial a security guard named Yeoman was cross-examined at length about events he claimed to have seen. Segments of the statement he had made the day after the incident were read to him by counsel. On the appeal, Bongiorno JA summarised the cross-examination [at 26]:
26 Prior to commencing cross-examination of Yeoman on his statement defence counsel at the applicant’s trial elicited from him that he had read the statement prior to giving evidence and obtained his assent to the proposition that that reading had served to refresh his memory of the events described in it. Counsel did not explore the extent to which he had done so or any other matters going to his use of the document. However, later in the cross-examination Yeoman qualified his evidence that he had read the whole statement by saying that he had skipped at least one section of it and later still said that in looking at the statement that day ". . . the main things I looked at were times, refreshing my memory on the times, the dates and that sort of stuff." The cross-examiner did not challenge these qualifications, being apparently content to rely upon the general assent he had elicited from the witness at the beginning of his cross-examination.
27 Counsel’s cross-examination of Yeoman covered almost the whole of his statement. It was a cross-examination which put at risk the compulsory tender of that statement once Yeoman qualified his earlier evidence as to his reading of it. To protect the statement from the risk of compulsory tender, cross-examining counsel had to confine his questions to those parts of the document which Yeoman had used to refresh his memory. By not ascertaining, with appropriate precision, the extent of Yeoman’s use of the statement the cross-examiner ventured into dangerous territory. If he did cross examine beyond the areas of the document which Yeoman had used to refresh his memory it became relevant and admissible at the option of the prosecutor, subject to the trial judge’s discretion, within the principles expounded in Senat and Harrison and other authorities dealing with this topic.
The common law referred to overlaps with the provisions at s 36 of the Evidence Act 1958. That provision is being repealed with the introduction of the new Evidence Act. The Court of Appeal found s 36 was not the basis of the admissibility of the parts of a statement not used to refresh memory; the common law rule was.
29 Section 36 of the Evidence Act 1958 is a provision relating to the use that can be made of a witness’s prior out-of-court statement by a cross-examiner particularly for the purpose of contradicting the witness by that statement and, by virtue of the proviso to the section, by the Court itself. Its purpose was to remove a number of inconvenient consequences of the former common law rule derived from The Queen’s Case. The exercise undertaken by the prosecutor in this case was not, in truth, concerned with s. 36 at all. He was invoking the common law rule derived from Gregory v Tavernor[17] referred to by the Full Court in R v Harrison and by Sir Jocelyn Simon in Senat v Senat.
The Court of Appeal concluded:
39 The effect of these cases and, in particular, the High Court cases of Walker and Barnes, is that, at least where a document is compulsorily tendered because it has been called for and inspected, the probative value of the material in that document must be dealt with by the Court as a matter of fact and such weight must be given to it as the circumstances warrant. It is "evidence in the case." It is difficult to distinguish this situation from the situation in which a document is compulsorily tendered not because it has been called for but because a cross-examiner has cross examined on it outside those matters in it which have been used to refresh the witness’s memory. Doubtless, in many cases, such a document will do no more than confirm the evidence of the witness being cross-examined with respect to some or all of that evidence. If that is what it does the proper use of it would be to bolster the witness’s credit in a permissible way.
Being a recent decision of the Court of Appeal, it's likely that R v Vella is the most accurate statement of the existing common law in Victoria on this issue.
Section 45 of the Evidence Act 2008 refers to the admissibility of documents used in cross-examination:
45. Production of documents
(1) This section applies if a party is cross-examining or has cross-examined a witness about-
(a) a prior inconsistent statement alleged to have been made by the witness that is recorded in a document; or
(b) a previous representation alleged to have been made by another person that is recorded in a document.
(2) If the court so orders or if another party so requires, the party must produce-
(a) the document; or
(b) such evidence of the contents of the document as is available to the party-
to the court or to that other party.
(3) The court may-
(a) examine a document or evidence that has been so produced; and
(b) give directions as to its use; and
(c) admit it even if it has not been tendered by a party.
(4) Subsection (3) does not permit the court to admit a document or evidence that is not admissible because of Chapter 3.
(5) The mere production of a document to a witness who is being cross-examined does not give rise to a requirement that the cross-examiner tender the document.
Sub-s (5) states that mere production does not give rise to the obligation to tender. In this sense it's not different to the existing law on cross-examination on an inadmissible document. Arguably, the ability to force tender would still arise where cross-examination on the document occurs, and it has not been used to refresh memory.
In my view, this interpretation is consistent with the underlying rationale of the rule in Hatziparadissis, which was to allow a trier of fact the opportunity to review the material on which cross-examination was based. It's not hard to structure questions in a cross-examination (either deliberately or inadvertently) that create a misleading impression of the contents of a document. While such matters can be dealt with by re-examination, it seems a practical and fair approach to allow the Court to inspect the document and use it to place the questions and answers given in their correct context. Whether the statement then becomes evidence of the truth of its contents or merely clarification of the evidence given then becomes the issue.
In states where the UEA has been in operation for some time, the removal of Walker v Walker has not affected the consideration given to Hatziparadissis: Assof v Skalkos [1999] NSWSC 1334.
Labels: common law, evidence, judgments Links to this post
Overpaid judges
The Age today reported that Victorian judicial officers have been overpaid as the result of, funnily enough, bad legal advice.
Magistrates, judges and justices have reportedly been approached and asked to repay the money mistakenly paid to them.
The total over-payment is estimated to be just under half a million dollars.
Labels: Magistrates' Court Links to this post
The sexual context of child pornography
DPP v Annetts considers an important issue in child pornography cases. A case stated was recently placed before the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal that required interpretation of the phrase in a sexual context.
Similar wording is also used in Victorian statute, at s 67A Crimes Act 1958:
child pornography means a film, photograph, publication or computer game that describes or depicts a person who is, or appears to be, a minor engaging in sexual activity or depicted in an indecent sexual manner or context;
The accused in Annetts' case had been in possession of a video of boys dressing and undressing in a changing room, and was alleged to have made the recording. (If these events had occurred in Victoria, charges under s 41B of the Summary Offence Act 1966 would presumably also have been before the Court).
There were no sex acts on the video. The District Court judge excluded from his consideration a number of factors the prosecution submitted he ought to consider in determining whether the video depicted children in a sexual context [at 5]:
the way the photos were taken - they were not taken openly.
the concentration, in some of the images, on the genitalia of the young persons filmed.
all of the images were of young boys.
the camera was disguised and the filming activity was planned and took place over a period of approximately 4 hours.
The prosecution also submitted it was appropriate for the Court to have regard to the reason the recording was made (suggesting it was made for the accused's sexual gratification) as relevant to whether or not the material came within the definition. The District Court rejected these submissions, and dismissed the charge.
The NSW Court of Appeal decided that the appropriate test had not been applied, and the matter was remitted back to the District Court for proper determination.
McClellan CJ [at 10]:
10 In my opinion his Honour was correct to determine that the question which the definition in s 91H raises is objective and is to be answered by considering the content of the material about which complaint has been made. The fact that the images were secretly recorded is not relevant to whether or not the material is child pornography. Furthermore, the reasons which motivated the photographer are not relevant. These matters may inform an understanding of the context in which the film was made but are not relevant to an understanding of whether or not the video depicts boys in a “sexual context.” That question must be answered after considering the content of the film itself.
11 For that reason the content of the images contained in the video is relevant to the issue raised by the statute. The fact that all the images were of young boys and the camera has concentrated on their genitalia are both relevant to the question of whether or not the images depicted are of a person or persons in a “sexual context.” Of course it may be that after consideration of the content of a video, including a video containing a sequence of images of the genitalia of young boys, it could not be concluded that the video depicts boys in a sexual context. The images may have been made for a medical or artistic purpose and are depicted in that context. However, a conclusion that the images depict persons under 16 in “sexual context” may be informed by the number of images, the gestures of those photographed and the portion or portions of the body, including the genitalia, depicted.
12 It follows that the primary judge’s approach was only partly correct. Although the motivation of the photographer and the method he used to film the boys was not relevant all of the content of the images, including that all the images were of young boys, concentrated on their genitalia and were taken over a period of time, and, if this is apparent from the video, were taken in a men’s change room were relevant to the question of whether or not the material depicted a person “in a sexual context”. Whether, when these matters are considered, an offence is proved in the present case is not a matter for this Court.
The test is an objective one and the intent of the maker is irrelevant. Sexual context clearly extends beyond actual depictions of sex, though how far is unclear.
Labels: appeals, child pornography, legislation Links to this post
Street brawling
Further Edit: General deterrence also sometimes takes priority over rehabilitation, even for youthful offenders, in cases of large-scale drug manufacture and cultivation. A recent example is the Court of Appeal's decision in Doan v The Queen [2010] VSCA 258.
Nettle JA [at 17, the other members of the Court agreeing]:
I agree and I wish only to add a brief observation concerning the submission advanced on behalf of the appellant that the judge had erred in the emphasis which his Honour placed on the importance of general deterrence. In my view lest there be any doubt about it, there should be no doubt that in cases involving cultivation of a narcotic plant in not less than a commercial quantity, general deterrence is at the forefront of sentencing considerations. Consequently, as the judge rightly observed, in cases of this kind there is less room to give weight to considerations of such as youth and antecedents that would otherwise be the case. In the result the judge also correctly found in a case of this kind an immediate term of imprisonment should ordinarily be regarded as virtually unavoidable.
In Braslin and Cowen v Tasmania [2010] TASCCA 1, the Court of Appeal identified a number of authorities across jurisdictions making similar observations about the role of youth as mitigation:
Mr Braslin's age
28 Mr Braslin was nearly 20 years old at the time of these offences. As such, in strict terms, he qualifies as a "young offender" so that the principles applicable to such offenders applied to him; see for example Maney v White [2007] TASSC 7 and Spaulding v Lowe 4/1985. However, whilst youthfulness of itself is generally taken to be a mitigating factor, and the rehabilitation of the offender assumes predominant importance, that is not exclusively so, and does not remain true for all cases irrespective of their nature. In R v Tran [2002] VSCA 52; (2002) 4 VR 457 at [14] Callaway JA said:
The rehabilitation of youthful offenders, where practicable, is one of the great objectives of the criminal law, but it is not its only objective. It is not difficult to cite cases where other objectives have had to prevail. It is true that, in the case of a youthful offender, rehabilitation is usually far more important than general deterrence, but the word I have italicised is there to remind us that there are cases where just punishment, general deterrence or other sentencing objectives are at least equally important.
29 Deterrence and retribution do not cease to be significant merely because persons in their late teens are the persons committing grave crimes, particularly crimes involving physical violence...; R v Phan (1991) 55 A Crim R 128 at 135.
The moderation of the emphasis given to rehabilitation rather than general deterrence and retribution has been acknowledged where the young person "has conducted him or herself in the way an adult might conduct him or herself and has committed a crime of violence of considerable gravity"; R v AEM [2002] NSWCCA 58 at [97] – [98]; KT v R (2008) 182 A Crim R 571 per McClellan CJ at CL at [25]. In the latter case, McClellan CJ at CL continued:
25 ... In determining whether a young offender has engaged in 'adult behaviour', the court will look to various matters including the use of weapons, planning or pre-meditation, the existence of an extensive criminal history and the nature and circumstances of the offence. Where some or all of these factors are present the need for rehabilitation of the offender may be diminished by the need to protect society.
26 The weight to be given to considerations relevant to a person's youth diminishes the closer the offender approaches the age of maturity. [References omitted]
30 Whilst still qualifying as a youthful offender, Mr Braslin was approaching the end of the time for which such a claim can be made. Regard must be had to the nature and circumstances of these offences, particularly the premeditation and the detailed planning involved. The commission of such crimes, which include a crime of strong violence and considerable gravity, indicates the behaviour of an adult. It is true that Mr Braslin has no convictions for any matters of real significance, but it must be said that the frequency and extent of his offending in a short period of time, at the least shows a disregard for the law. For those reasons, factors of deterrence and retribution/denunciation were not overshadowed by issues of youth and rehabilitation, but were entitled to be given considerable weight.
Edit: Another recent example of the courts' willingness to sentence young first-time offenders to immediate imprisonment is found in the South Australian case of Crispin v Police [2009] SASC 210 (see below)
The hot-button issue of the moment is assaults in public, usually by young men, and usually fuelled by alcohol. On the one hand, community concern about this particular type of crime is intense, and the need for general deterrence is obvious. On the other, the youth and (frequently) absence of criminal history of the accused are significant mitigating factors. How does the Court effectively balance these competing interests in arriving at an appropriate sentence? R v Mills (1998) 4 VR 235 is quoted from both ends of the bar table. For the prosecution, the case provides support for the proposition that imprisonment is an appropriate disposition for a serious assault, even where the accused is young and has no previous criminal history (the question then becoming how that imprisonment should be served.) Mills also endorses a number of mitigatory principles:
i. Youth of an offender, particularly a first offender, should be a primary consideration for a sentencing court where that matter properly arises.
ii. In the case of a youthful offender rehabilitation is usually far more important than general deterrence. This is because punishment may in fact lead to further offending. Thus, for example, individualised treatment focussing on rehabilitation is to be preferred. (Rehabilitation benefits the community as well as the offender.)
iii. A youthful offender is not to be sent to an adult prison if such a disposition can be avoided, especially if he is beginning to appreciate the effect of his past criminality. The benchmark for what is serious as justifying adult imprisonment may be quite high in the case of a youthful offender; and, where the offender has not previously been incarcerated, a shorter period of imprisonment may be justified. (This proposition is a particular application of the general principle expressed in s.5(4) of the Sentencing Act.)
(These three points were made by counsel in oral argument in Mills and incorporated into the judgment of Batt JA, and later repeated with approval by Maxwell P in R v Wyley [2009] VSCA 17.) The Court of Appeal said in DPP v Ross that, "[consistency] in sentencing is absolutely fundamental to public confidence in the criminal justice system. It is also a basic requirement of the rule of law.” Despite this, it's impossible to state a general rule of when Mills will influence the penalty for a youthful offender, and when it won't. DPP v Bridle [2007] VSCA 173 and R v Lay [2008] VSCA 120 are assault cases where sentence has been mitigated by the application of Mills. Of course, there have been other cases where youthfulness has been accepted as a factor in mitigation of penalty without the case of Mills being specifically referred to. On the other side of the ledger, in R v Jones [2000] VSCA 204, R v Teichelman [2000] VSCA 224, R v Johns [2003] VSC 415 , DPP v Lawrence [2004] VSCA 154 and DPP v Simpas & HR [2009] VSCA 40 reference to Mills has not resulted in a lesser sentence on appeal. Why some sentences and not others were reduced by Mills turns on the individual circumstances of each case. In Wyley, Maxwell P rejected the suggestion that there are some categories of cases which attract the Mills considerations and others that do not. He said,
19 In the course of argument, it was contended for the appellant that there were now recognised classes of case to which the principles in Mills were inapplicable. Conversely, it was said, there are certain kinds of case where those principles should be given ‘full application’. With respect, however, I consider that these submissions reflect a misunderstanding of what was said in Mills. There is not some special set of rules applicable to young offenders of which it can be said either that they do not apply at all or, alternatively, that they apply fully. Rather, what Mills did, in my respectful opinion, was to draw attention to the great significance for sentencing of looking to the offender’s future, as well as to the past conduct for which the offender is being sentenced. 20 Mills constantly reminds sentencing courts, and this Court on appeal, that there is great public benefit in the rehabilitation of an offender and in maximising the prospect that the offender will carry on a law-abiding life in the future. But that consideration is not unique to young offenders. Nor is there any one correct answer as to how the balance is to be struck between that consideration and others which may point towards a period, or a longer period, of imprisonment, rather than a non-custodial sentence. Thus understood, the later cases of DPP v Lawrence and R v Nguyen are not to be viewed as ‘excluding the principles in Mills’, but simply as instances of how those principles are to be applied. 21 As counsel properly conceded towards the end of his submissions, there is a role for general deterrence to play in relation to every class of case. In relation to certain classes of case, however, general deterrence may have a particularly important role to play. The present case is of that kind. Violence of this kind, in circumstances of this kind, is so prevalent, that general deterrence is seen to have particular importance. But, again, the role of general deterrence will vary with the circumstances of the case.
Edit: Back in 1975, Bray CJ of the South Australian Supreme Court famously said of youthful offenders in Birch v Fitzgerald (1975) 11 SASR 114 at 116-117,
Nevertheless, there are offences in which, as it seems to me, the deterrent purpose of punishment must take priority. When people act under the influence of liquor, passion, anger or the like so as to constitute themselves a physical danger or potential physical danger to other citizens it may well be that a sentence of imprisonment will be appropriate, even in the case of a first offender of good character, in order to impress on the community at large that such behaviour will not be tolerated ... it may be that the incidence of such violence will be reduced if it is brought hme to those likely to resort to it that if they do they may very well be punching, striking, butting or kicking themselves into gaol.
This passage was reproduced recently in the decision of Anderson J in Crispin v Police [2009] SASC 210.
Many of the cases referred to emphasise a Youth Justice Centre as the appropriate place of incarceration for a youthful offender, if imprisonment is found to be necessary. In some cases the Court will determine a less severe penalty becomes appropriate if the option of YJC is not available (if, for example, the accused is outside the designated age bracket, though still considered youthful). However, where the maximum period for incarceration in YJC is exceeded by the term of imprisonment thought necessary by the Court, adult prison may then become the appropriate sentencing option: R v PP [2002] VSC 578.
Labels: sentencing Links to this post
English Reports available online
The amount of free legal information available online continues to grow, with UK legal-publisher Justis providing Bailii with the English Reports from 1220 to 1873.
This is a literal treasure-trove of information. The English Reports Reprints take up about 25 - 30 metres of shelf space, and must weigh at least a tonne — literally.
The copies here are already scanned to PDF, in pretty good quality, and most seem to have been subject to optical character recognition (OCR) so the scan is converted to searchable and copyable text.
For example, if you're looking for one of the cannons of English law — an Englishman's home is his castle — sooner (or later) your research will take you to Semayne's Case 5 Coke's Rep. 91a, 77 Eng. Rep. 194 and Entick v Carrington (1765) 2 Wils KB 275; 95 ER 807. Though neither contain the best known version by the British Prime Minister William Pitt, also known as Pitt the Elder:
The poorest man may in his cottage bid defiance to all the force of the crown. It may be frail - its roof may shake - the wind may blow through it - the storm may enter, the rain may enter - but the King of England cannot enter - all his force dares not cross the threshold of the ruined tenement.
Sadly, if you want to read what Brown v Dunne (1893) 6 ER 67 actually says, this database stops 20 years too early. D'oh!
Nevertheless, this is a great resource to add to your bookmarks.
Labels: legal research, UK Links to this post
Advocacy by Selby
Many advocates will be familiar with Advocacy, by the late David Ross QC. It's an insightful collection of principles and ideas for practitioners of all levels of experience.
Another valuable read shares the same name. Advocacy, by Hugh Selby, is also slim and accessible in its approach. Selby's approach is more methodical, as he takes the reader through the basics of defence advocacy.
Selby is perhaps best known as co-author of Expert Evidence with Ian Freckelton SC. I hope he won't mind if I cherry-pick a couple of his best quotes from the book (rest assured, there are plenty more in there):
A persuasive communicator in a competition, such as a trial, better meets the audience's needs than does their opponent;
What we see from [the] example is that the competent advocate is a master of the whole case, not only their own side, and because of that mastery can anticipate their opponent's likely moves;
Whether just starting out in practice or returning to the criminal field after some time away, or looking for a suitable gift for someone who is, Advocacy by Selby is a worthwhile addition to this important topic.
Labels: advocacy, sentencing Links to this post
LW talks nonsense
Lexis Nexis publishes the free weekly e-journal Lawyers Weekly.
Though it has a focus on commercial law, occasionally it has something of general interest.
This week's LW ran a piece titled War of the Words. It's a light-hearted take on the passion that some - and loathing that others - have for modern business terms.
The article reveals the UK Local Government Authority have collected a list of 200 pieces of "impenetrable jargon" that they recommend, "all public sector bodies should avoid when talking to people about the work they do and the services they provide."
Labels: UK, website Links to this post
Canadian human-rights commentary
When I was writing my post on the recent Canadian human rights judgment of R v Grant, I came across The Canadian Charter of Rights Decisions Digest.
Given the similarities between our Charter and Canada's, this is probably a good resource to add to your bookmarks.
Labels: human rights, legal research Links to this post
New Evidence Act text released
at 4:05 am Posted by Kyle
I posted about resources available for the new Evidence Act a while back, and as the commencement date draws closer (even if it's still not officially announced yet), I'm trying to absorb as much information about the changes as I can.
Thomson just released the 3rd edition of Uniform Evidence Law: Commentary & Materials by Miiko Kumar, Stephen Odgers and Elisabeth Peden.
Why another text book? Well, this one is a little less annotated-legislative-commentary and a bit more expansive and discursive commentary. And if — like me — you're still trying to get across all the changes, another informed perspective can only be a good thing.
LexisNexis also publishes The New Law of Evidence, and Thomson publishes Stephen Odgers' Uniform Evidence Law.
And an edit: I just came across yet another text, Uniform Evidence Law from Federation Press. At 720 pages, it's bound to contain some useful material too.
A reminder too that the Australian, New South Wales and Victorian Law Reform Commissions produced joint publications discussing the new Act:
Issues Paper (Dec 2004)
Discussion Paper (July 2005)
Final report (Dec 2005)
VLRC implementation report (Feb 2006)
And the Judicial College of Victoria provides online resources including:
Significant changes
A new online manual
Labels: commentary, evidence Links to this post
UK Supreme Court to start on time
Jack Shaw, the UK's Justice Secretary, announced the new Supreme Court that will replace the House of Lords, is on schedule to commence work on 1 October 2009.
The builders encountered problems during the restoration of the Middlesex Guildhall where the new Court will sit. Water had seeped in to the structural steelwork, which then rusted. (The repairs cost an additional £2 million.)
The builders have an interesting website showing the restoration process and artist sketches of the new court rooms. The Privy Council will sit in Court 3 of the new complex.
I was going to discuss the new complex a little, but in addition to the builder's website, Irish blog cearta.ie already has a good post linking to news articles on it. Interestingly, in a similar theme to Dr Manhattan's post about using video technology, Eoin O'Dell comments that the new Court will permit filming — a first for UK courts!
Labels: court, House of Lords, UK Links to this post
Judicial oversight
at 10:59 pm Posted by Dr Manhattan
Last Thursday, the Victorian Attorney-General Rob Hulls announced a working party to consider ways to deal with complaints against judicial officers.
According to The Australian, he said "minor" complaints might cover inappropriate remarks in court, unacceptable delay, extended absences from the bench or "other conduct not directly related to judicial function which might be perceived to bring the office into disrepute".
Mr Hulls said "possible outcomes could include counselling, education, administrative actions to avoid a repeat or different work allocation practices".
While the case of former magistrate Carmen Randazzo was not specifically referred to, the announcement follows recent comments by the Chief Magistrate Ian Gray about the need for improved oversight of the judiciary.
The A-G announced that an on-line handbook spelling out the conditions of service for judicial officers would be released soon.
In the UK, the Office for Judicial Complaints handles complaints about the personal conduct of judicial officers. In New Zealand, the Office of the Judicial Conduct Commissioner performs this function. In NSW, complaints about judicial officers are the purview of an independent statutory corporation called the Judicial Commission of New South Wales.
Complaint-handling processes vary widely across other states and jurisdictions.
Labels: law reform, Magistrates' Court Links to this post
Incidental detention from police encounters
at 10:57 pm Posted by Kyle
slaw.ca blog today published a post, SCC decision in R. v. Grant: Do the ends justify the means?, commenting on a new judgment from the Supreme Court of Canada dealing with human rights, police questioning, search and seizure, and exclusion or reception of evidence.
R v Grant, 2009 SCC 32 dealt with a common occurrence in policing: a chance observation or encounter by patrolling police results in them speaking with someone; though they don't have any power to arrest, detain or search the person, the police compel the person to remain for the duration of a conversation — whether deliberately or unintentionally — and then obtain a piece of information, usually volunteered, that justifies the arrest and search of the accused.
(It might also be an arrest, if a police officer merely says something that makes it clear a person is not free to go. So long as they feel compelled to remain, they are under arrest: Symes v Mahon [1922] SASR 447; Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742.)
That sort of scenario unfolded in Grant, followed by the Toronto police officers searching Mr Grant and seizing cannabis and a loaded revolver. On appeal the accused argued the encounter and search was:
an arbitrary detention contrary to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms s 9, similar to our Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities s 21(2)
a failure to advise him of his right to counsel contrary to s 10(b), which has no direct equivalent in our Charter — s 21(3) is probably closest
an unreasonable search contrary to s 8, again with no direct equivalent in our Charter, but possibly similar to s 20
Under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 24(2) provides for exclusion of evidence obtained contrary to the charter if its reception in evidence 'would bring the administration of justice into disrepute'.
The UK Charter of Human Rights has a similar provision in s 8, providing for judicial remedies for breaches of human rights.
In contrast, Victoria has a melange of remedies, but no express provision like other jurisdictions. However, s 39 would enable a Court to rely on judicial discretion to exclude Grant-style evidence.
In Grant, the majority considered excluding the evidence would bring the administration of justice into disrepute, the Charter breach was not at the most serious end of the scale, and the firearm was cogent and reliable evidence. They considered those things justified admitting the evidence.
To me, this sounds thematically very similar to the sort of reasoning we're familiar with under the public-policy discretion articulated in Bunning v Cross. On one hand, it shows a new-found flexibility in interpreting and applying human rights. The downside is that human rights are supposed to provide an absolute protection against state-power, rather than a discretionary response.
Evidence Act 2008 s 138 requires exclusion of illegally or improperly obtained evidence subject to a similar balancing exercise, and would apply in Grant-style scenarios, so I expect we might see this case used in Victorian courts in the future.
I should add that Grant was one of four cases dealing with this point, all delivered at the same time.
The others were:
R v Suberu, 2009 SCC 33
R v Harrison, 2009 SCC 34
R v Shepherd, 2009 SCC 35
Further Edit:
An analysis of Suberu can be found at Don Mathias' site in his post, Detention: will R v Grant work?
Labels: human rights, police, search Links to this post
Threat of force ≠ fear of force
Lexis Nexis and Thomson-Reuters are the two big legal publishers in the legal market, here and in the USA, UK and NZ. They publish under different brands, with the best known probably Butterworths, Sweet & Maxwell, and Law Book Co.
They're not the only players though. Several smaller publishers exist, amongst them OUP Australia and Federation Press.
Federation Press prints an interesting range, and also generously provides updates to its texts that we can download from its website.
The field of torts often has many parallels to criminal law, dealing with similar topic matter — protection of people and property. Federation Press's Cases on Torts has an update commenting on ACN 087 528 774 Pty Ltd (formerly Connex Trains Melbourne Pty Ltd) v Chetcuti [2008] VSCA 274.
You can read about the case at those links, but the general outline is it dealt with a tortious action for assault alleged against Connex ticket inspectors.
Connex v Chetcuti cited several old, but useful, criminal cases on assault.
One was Barton v Armstrong [1969] 2 NSWR 451. That was also a tort case alleging assault by a defendant who rang the victim politician and threatened him with serious violence. The Court there held that threats over the telephone in some circumstances were not 'mere words' and could amount to an assault when the victim feared later physical violence, even if he didn't know when that might be.
The other useful case is Brady v Schatzel [1911] St R Qd 206. It's well known in the Criminal Code states (Western Australia, Queensland & Tasmania), but not so well known in Victoria. That's probably not so surprising, given it's a case concerning assault provisions in the Queensland Criminal Code. The defendant threatened the victim police officer by pointing a rifle at him. The appeal considered if it was necessary to establish fear or fright to prove an assault.
Here the presenting of the rifle was accompanied by a threat to fire it, which was certainly inferential, if not positive, evidence that it was loaded. In my opinion, it is not material that the person assaulted should be put in fear, as observed by Parke B in R v St George. If that were so, it would make an assault not dependent upon the intention of the assailant, but upon the question whether the party assaulted was a courageous or a timid person. Possibly, the learned Baron, by the term 'bodily fear', only meant to imply apprehension or expectation, and not a physical fear, of assault. I am of the opinion, therefore that there was evidence on which the justices, disbelieving the appellant's evidence, could reasonably find that the rifle was loaded, in which case, of course, the appellant having the actual 'present ability' to effect her purpose, was guilty of assault. And I think — if, in fact, the rifle was not loaded — the justices, on the evidence, could find that she pretended that it was, and so had 'apparently' a present ability to effect her purpose, and in that case was also guilty of assault: Brady v Schatzel [1911] St R Qd 206 at 208. (Emphasis added.)
This usefully clarifies that assault — threatening unlawful force, rather than a battery, applying unlawful force — doesn't contain a point of proof that the victim was frightened, merely that they feared or perceived or apprehended the application of force.
Connex v Chetcuti neatly summarised this at [16]:
It is not necessary for the plaintiff to fear the threat, in the sense of being frightened by it. It is enough if the plaintiff apprehends that the threat will be carried out without his or her consent.
Labels: appeals, assault Links to this post
CPS gets its first advocacy report-card
The United Kingdom has a fairly complex criminal justice system, with many agencies and review agencies.
I don't really know enough about the system to say if it's a good or a bad thing, but there's no doubt there's a lot of activity, and there have been a lot of major changes over the last decade. It makes for interesting comparative research, if nothing else.
For example, the various police services are supervised or subject to policy guidance by:
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary
Independent Police Complaints Commission
Association of Chief Police Officers
Association of Police Authorities
National Policing Board
Attorney-General's Office
National Policing Improvement Agency.
Her Majesty's Court Services receive administrative input and suggestions (but no interference in their judicial functions) from:
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Court Administration
Court Boards
Office for Judicial Complaints
And the newly formed Attorney-General's Office supervises the Crown Prosecuting Service, also supervised by Her Majesty's Crown Prosecuting Service Inspectorate!
This last body, the HMCPSI, today released its report and audit into prosecution advocacy standards and case presentation:
Advocacy audit executive summary
Advocacy audit
Advocacy report executive summary
Advocacy report
Though the executive summary is available, if you have the time I think the full report is worthwhile reading.
Good advocacy is frequently defined ostensively. ("I know it when I see it, but I can't tell you what it would be.")
The HMCPSI review team of 19 members — made up of judges, retired judges, barristers and solicitors (including CPS advocates) — reviewed and scored 376 advocacy assessments in the Crown Court, Magistrates' Court and youth court, including 113 trials. Anyone involved in moot courts or advocacy training, or even providing critical and detailed advice or guidance to another advocate, will immediately appreciate what a huge task that is.
About 33% of advocates were lacklustre or worse; 67% were fully-competent or better. I reckon the report can be paraphrased as "Pretty good; can do better".
The real value in the report, in my opinion, is the detail of what good and poor advocates did that demonstrated they were good or bad; things to be improved; and things that helped good advocates perform well.
Unsurprisingly, adequate time for thorough preparation featured, as did quality of instructions, provision of relevant practitioner texts; good quality training, teaching and guidance; and systems to match complexity of cases with competence and experience of advocates, and to monitor and record their work.
In that sense, there's nothing new or earth-shattering in this report, but it's good to see detailed information to support our own anecdotal experience.
Labels: advocacy, UK Links to this post
Marron M flies south
Moving south for a better quality of life is a tactic more familiar to the US than Australia.
Reg Marron has resigned his appointment after 5 years as a Victorian magistrate, following a decade at the Victorian Bar. He leaves his role as the coordinating magistrate for the north-east region of the Magistrates' Court of Victoria to take up an appointment to the Tasmanian magistracy.
Mr Marron was originally from Launceston and practiced law there after obtaining his degree from the University of Tasmania, so a return to his hometown can hardly be characterised a defection.
He will take up his new appointment on 17 August 2009.
Labels: Magistrates' Court, people Links to this post
Video replay?
Further Edit: I accept that fully-recorded trials and "instant replays" are still a long way off. But perhaps they have moved a step closer with the Court of Appeal refusing to state a definitive rule about appellate courts reviewing recorded evidence in R v El Moustafa [2010] VSCA 40.
There, the Court of Appeal chose to watch some of the recorded evidence of the trial to consider whether the (now repealed) s 568 Crimes Act "proviso". Consideration was given to whether watching some portions of the trial and not others might improperly influence the Court of Appeal in reaching its decision. Perhaps the time will come when, if watching part of the evidence, they will be obliged to watch it all?
Edit: After writing this post, I came across R v Demarco [1999] VSCA 69 where the Court of Appeal (Phillips, Phillips and Buchanan) also express their concern about what was referred to as trawling for error [at 4]:
As soon as these applications were called on for hearing, counsel for the applicant announced that he was not pursuing the first ground and so the only grounds pursued were those added by amendment on 4 March. This gave rise to the criticism by counsel for the Crown that the grounds being pursued were but the product of "trawling", by which we understood him to mean subjecting every component of a fairly long and comprehensive charge to the closest scrutiny simply in the hope of finding error. That is not to say that error may not be so discovered and, if genuinely impinging upon the fair trial of the accused, it behoves this Court to correct it. But it must be said that when grounds emerge in this fashion, we should at least consider very carefully what is now said, at a relatively late stage, to be perceived as error for the first time. That it was not so seen at the time of the trial, by those in the best position to perceive error if such it was, should not be lightly put aside.
Moreover, the task of charging the jury nowadays has been made very difficult by successive determinations of appellate courts about what should and should not be said. In this jurisdiction, it is easy to become increasingly troubled by the possibility that we are demanding too much of trial judges. Sometimes it seems that we are being invited by counsel to assess the impact of the charge on the jury as though those listening were reading and applying a statute, with the training of lawyers. That of course is far from the case: the jury consists of laymen and they are listening to an exposition of the law perhaps for the first time. That is not to say that the trial judge is absolved from the duty of conveying to the jury, as precisely as he can, what their duty is; far from it. But the impact of the charge will commonly depend more upon its thrust and its general tenor than upon a word here or word there (of which R . v. Saragozza [1984] V. R . 187 especially at 196 provides an example). Yet in this instance, we were invited to say that the trial miscarried because of a word which, it was said, was error in line 13 on p.16 of a charge that ran for nearly 250 pages.
Some of the innovations of government are greeted less than warmly by the Supreme Court. Might video replays be the exception to the rule?
Whatever the facts of the matter are, R v Fitchett [2009] VSCA 150 is a sad case. The accused is alleged to have killed both of her sons whilst suffering from depression. The Court of Appeal have found that the jury were misdirected and quashed the conviction, and a retrial is pending.
This case, along with the efforts the Brits are making to do court by teleconference, got me thinking about the directions in jury trials.
The length and complexity of the instructions that judges are obliged to give to juries grows every year. The Criminal Charge Book can be found on the JCV website. Even though it only includes the standard directions for a criminal trial - further directions relevant to the specific case are always necessary - if printed the basic requirements would easily run to the size of a phone book. The decision of what to leave in and what to leave out gets more difficult with each further nuanced decision.
A recent study casts doubt on how much of the jury charge most jurors actually understand anyway. If experienced practitioners and jurists are at odds on the fine distinctions between Edwards and Zoneff directions, it's highly unlikely that they're of much significance to jurors when deciding the case in front of them.
The Victorian Law Reform Commission investigated the simplification of jury directions in a report to have been tabled last month. The key change proposed is a move from a judge's directions being mandatory to a situation where they are only required where a party requests they be given (making an appeal premised on the absence of a direction not requested at trial less likely to succeed). For some time, the Court of Appeal hasn't been obliged to quash a verdict just because correct procedure wasn't followed, if satisfied that it didn't cause possible injustice. This was a result of the High Court's interpretation of s 568 of the Crimes Act 1958 (commonly referred to as the proviso) in Weiss.
If juries are applying incorrect principles of law in their deliberations and this potentially affects the outcome of the trial, a conviction can't stand. But given the enormous expense involved in staging a trial, isn't there some solution short of doing the whole thing over again?
Up until now, no. But with advances in technology, it's relatively easy to record proceedings in a courtroom. One camera fixed on the judge, one on the accused, one on each of the advocates, and a big one of the witness in the witness box. You wouldn't need camera operators for each one; just one technician to hit the On/Off button and make sure that the audio pick-ups are working (as they do now for the remote witness technology).
In cases where an appellate court rules that a charge to a jury was defective, how about empanelling a new jury and showing them the video of the trial from start to finish? They can examine the exhibits in the case under the same conditions as jurors in a regular trial. At the point of the directions to the jury, the tape is stopped and the presiding judge charges the jury in accordance with the directions of the appellate court.
I'm sure someone will be able to point me towards the flaw in adopting this procedure, but I can't see what it is. Is there unfairness in only allowing the accused to put his case once? I don't think so. You could more easily argue there's fairness in restricting the prosecution to only getting one opportunity to present their case, rather than the changes to the way evidence often comes out in subsequent re-trials.
Before dismissing the idea, consider ss 41G and 41H of the Evidence Act 1958, which are already a few steps down this path. Under Division 3AA, the evidence of a child witness is recorded shortly after the committal, and presented as their evidence at trial. In future re-trials, s 41H(1)(i) provides that the tape will be used as their evidence in all future proceedings, unless the court is satisfied that justice requires otherwise.
There's expense in equipping the courtrooms, of course, but most of it would overlap with the technology already in most Victorian courts for videolinks. In a couple of years, the savings in staging re-trials would have recouped the original expenditure. Importantly, witnesses and victims of crime would know that their role in criminal proceedings is likely to have been completed once they step from the witness box.
In cases where it's not solely the jury direction that is defective - say, where evidence also wasn't excluded when it should have been - a recording of the previous trial wouldn't cure the defect. Due to the flow-on effect of that ruling, a new trial would be required anyway.
So perhaps recording trials isn't a panacea. It's probably still worth some serious thought.
Labels: appeals, law reform, technology Links to this post
Summary justice
Further Edit: The case of Clinton v R [2009] NSWCAA 276 succinctly states a line of authority I was previously unaware of (Howie J at 31):
31 This Court has held that extra-curial punishment is a matter that can be taken into account in determining the appropriate sentence to be imposed upon an offender. It can be in the form of retribution meted out by members of the public or injuries suffered by the offender as a result of the commission of the offence: see Silvano v R [2008] NSWCCA 118; 184 A Crim R 593. The issue was most recently considered by this Court in Whybrow v R [2008] NSWCCA 270 where it was held that “multiple serious injuries” suffered by the applicant were relevant to an assessment of the sentence to be imposed upon him for three offences of dangerous driving causing death or grievous bodily harm arising from the motor vehicle accident in which he suffered the injuries.
32 However, when the injuries are inflicted by the victim against whom the offence is being committed, the court is entitled to take into account whether the act that caused the injuries was an unreasonable reaction by the victim to the acts of the offender and the degree of the injury inflicted: Sharpe v R [2006] NSWCCA 255 at [61] to [67], see also Alameddine v R [2006] NSWCCA 317. Another relevant factor may be the seriousness of the offending when compared with the punishment inflicted: see the discussion in R v Davidson ex parte A-G (Qld) [2009] QCA 283.
I also neglected to mention that harm to reputation, negative publicity and emotional stress are forms of extra-curial punishment a court is entitled to take into account: see R v Wilhelm [2010] NSWSC 378 for a contemporary example. The principles described in Clinton v R (referred to above) are probably relevant when assessing harm to reputation; an offender who has legitimately lost their standing in the community legitimately through their offending is less deserving of moderation of penalty than an offender whose reputation has been tarnished by inaccruate speculation, innuendo and rumour. The regard in which they were originally held is also probably a relevant consideration, analogising Chappell v Mirror Newspapers [1984] Aust Torts Rep 68942 at 68948.
The harm need not be a direct result of the offending but can also be indirect. In Chaplin v the Queen [2010] VSCA 145, the father of the victim killed in an instance of culpable driving murdered the offender's mother in revenge. It was held that this was a matter the Court could legitimately take into account on sentencing.
Edit: Some time after this post I was pointed in the direction of R v Hannigan [2009] QCA 40. The case cites many relevant authorities north of the border that I'd overlooked.
And another recent case from the Pineapple State, where the father of a child who had been indecently assaulted took his own revenge on the perpetrator, a fact taken into the Court of Appeal when re-sentencing: R v Davidson [2009] QCA 283.
In some cases it's very hard to work out what's relevant to mitigation, and what isn't.
For example, what about when a person before the Court has been seriously injured in the course of their arrest. Should the fact they have already suffered as a result of their crime lead to a reduction in their penalty?
On one view, the accused is the architect of their own misfortune. If the force used to subdue them was reasonable, it might be argued that they have nobody to blame but themselves. The additional suffering should be irrelevant to the sentence handed down.
Fortunately for the accused, courts have often adopted a different view.
In R v Fletcher (Unreported, Court of Criminal Appeal, 14 February 1980, p4), an appeal on sentence for an armed robbery, Starke J said,
A matter which may be said to operate in favour of [the co-defendant] is that during the actual commission of the crime , while the action was still on, he accidently blew his foot off which will of course be a great disadvantage to him in gaol and for the rest of his life. The question is whether this is a matter proper to be taken into account. I think it is.
The Court of Criminal Appeal reached similar conclusions in The Queen v Barci (1994) 76 A Crim R 103, where the appellant had been shot by police.
There, the Court found,
It is, we think and as the Crown concedes, not a complete answer to say that Barci brought his injuries upon himself. The fact is that these very serious injuries resulted from the commission of the crime itself. For the rest of his life, those injuries will serve as a savage reminder to Barci of his criminality, and as such, they must fairly be regarded as constituting some punishment for that criminality.
Such reasoning does not invariably lead to a reduction in penalty: R v Mavropoulos [2009] SASC 190. It is a matter to be weighed in the development of appropriate sentencing synthesis alongside other relevant considerations: R v Teh (2003) 40 MVR 195.
Served by mail
Edit: Elucubrator's post on DPP v Angell [2010] VSC 76 from March 2010 is useful for distinguishing the operation of s 160 from the Road Safety Act's s 25.
A couple of people I've spoken with recently have told me they think that s 160 of the new Evidence Act 2008 might affect some claims of honest and reasonable mistake, particularly licence-related charges. It's just my opinion, of course, but I'm not so sure that it will. The new provision provides:
160. Postal articles
(1) It is presumed (unless evidence sufficient to raise doubt about the presumption is adduced) that a postal article sent by prepaid post addressed to a person at a specified address in Australia or in an external Territory was received at that address on the fourth working day after having been posted.
It goes on to exclude the postal rule of contract and spell out what a working day is, but that's pretty much all there is to it.
Charges under s 30 of the Road Safety Act 1986 are often contentious because of the mandatory imprisonment that results from a second finding of guilt. If the alleged period of suspension stems from demerit points and the notification was by mail, it's often difficult for the prosecution to disprove a Proudman v Dayman "defence". If an accused can prove (or at least leave a court in doubt) as to whether at the time of the alleged offence they had an honest and reasonable belief in a state of facts which, had they been true, would have meant they were guilty of no crime, an offence of strict liability won't have been proven: Proudman v Dayman(1941) 67 CLR 536.
In my view, s 160 won't get the prosecution any closer to eliminating that reasonable doubt than the current legal position. If the Court is entertaining some doubt about whether an accused had a mistaken belief about their disqualification or suspension, this new provision might allow a court to infer that the letter arrived, but doesn't establish that the accused actually saw it. It's the accused's belief — not the service of the notice — that's at the heart of a Proudman v Dayman claim. Section 160 isn't that much different to a provision already included in the Road Safety Act, at s 25(4A):
(4A) A demerit point option notice or a notice under subsection (3B)(c) sent by post addressed to the holder of the licence or permit at his or her current address as shown in any record maintained under this Act must be taken to have been served on that person 14 days after the date of issue of the notice unless at any time after that period of 14 days the Corporation is satisfied that the notice has not been served on that person.
The principle appears the same. If anything, the phrase must be taken to have been served on that person is more strongly worded than s 160. But this existing deeming provision doesn't seem to have the effect of cancelling out the Proudman v Dayman defence. Even if that's not the case, the new provision creates a fairly weak presumption. If there's evidence before a Court that raises honest and reasonable mistake, the chances are good that evidence sufficient to raise doubt about the presumption will also be present.
Labels: honest and reasonable mistake, road safety act Links to this post
Statutory right of privacy?
Barrister Peter A Clarke blogs at Illegitimi non carborundum (which roughly translates as 'don't let the bastards wear you down').
His latest post raises the prospect of Australian law creating an enforceable right of privacy.
I mentioned a few weeks ago that Australian law has so far been reluctant to embrace a tort of privacy.
The Victoria Law Reform Commission was asked to look at photographs taken without consent as part of its inquiry into surveillance in public places (see my earlier post) but that issue was later removed from its terms of reference.
Peter's post referred to the Australia Law Reform Commission report into privacy law and practice and its proposal for a statutory right to privacy.
He also mentioned a Victorian Court of Appeal decision that suggests a remedy for conduct such as images of consensual sex placed on the internet by one partner, without the other's consent. It's not always clear if the criminal law covers such acts, but Giller v Procopets (2008) 40 Fam LR 378; [2008] VSCA 236 suggests there is an equitable remedy for breach of confidence.
Though it's not a remedy available in a summary court, it does at least raise the possibility of a legal remedy for people who have their privacy breached in this way.
Labels: privacy Links to this post
Defining a successful defendant
Section 131 of the Magistrates' Court Act 1989 gives magistrates the power to award costs in summary criminal proceedings.
The section confers a general discretion. Though there's nothing written there about an accused having to be acquitted before a discretion to award costs exists, an accused will usually need to be considered a successful defendant before there will be a reasonable expectation of costs: Latoudis v Casey (1990) CLR 534.
What a successful defendant is will depend on the case. In Do v Bowers (Unreported, Supreme Court of Victoria, O’Bryan J, 10 October 1996), the Court observed,
It is not unusual in the Magistrates' Court for a defendant to contest some charges and at the end of the day be found not guilty of some and guilty of others. A defendant may be found not guilty of the most serious charge and guilty of the lesser charge arising out of the same transaction. In such circumstances a defendant would not be awarded costs as a "successful defendant" under the general rule.
Last year, Costa v Parks [2008] VSC 47 applied a similar principle.
The accused men, Costa and Shepherd, were charged with illegal fishing on the Murray River. They were both represented by the same counsel at a contested hearing. The defence was first based on a preliminary jurisdictional argument (about whether the alleged offence occurred in NSW or Victoria). When that failed, a factual defence was put to the Court. Mr Costa entered a plea of guilty to two charges, eight were dismissed at the end of the contested hearing, and he was found guilty of one. None of the charges against Mr Shepherd were found proven.
An application for costs was made on behalf of each of the accused. The application of Mr Costa was refused, and Mr Shepherd was granted a single day's appearance fee for counsel, and his solicitor's preparation costs.
The Supreme Court found that, in basing a substantial portion of the defence around a jurisdictional argument that failed, neither of the accused might be considered a wholly successful defendant. Habersberger J noted that such a finding by the magistrate could invoke s 131(2A), which states,
(2A) In exercising its discretion under subsection (1) in a proceeding, the Court may take into account any unreasonable act or omission by, or on behalf of, a party to the proceeding that the Court is satisfied resulted in prolonging the proceeding.
How far this principle can stretch is unknown. If an idle preliminary argument fails it could lead to the forfeit of some proportion of costs, even if all charges against an accused are eventually dismissed. With the current emphasis on speedy case resolution, it may be that the conduct of the parties at contest mention is also a factor to be taken into account.
Labels: appearance under protest, costs, judgments, legislation, Magistrates' Court Links to this post
Reckless intoxication
Changes coming for criminal advocacy?
Penalty unit increase
Caution under the new Evidence Act
Canadian IP in 2020
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Impeccably (short) judgments
at 6:51 pm Posted by Kyle
Anyone who’s ever ground their way through a lengthy appellate judgment will appreciate the sentiments of the English Court of Appeal in Neumans LLP (a firm) v Andronikou & ors [2013] EWCA (Civ) 916.
The case dealt with an argument about money. Neumans, a firm of solicitors, lost their case, and appealed.
It seems the Mummery LJ metaphorically rolled his eyes, gritted his teeth, and eyed the large piles of documents to be considered upon the appeal, before deciding that no more trees need die recording words on paper:
[32] The court below and this court have received detailed submissions from each side on that question. Morgan J commented that counsel's submissions to him “were elaborate and thorough.” So were the submissions in this court. Morgan J said that to do justice to them he needed to explain his reasons at “what had become considerable length.” Does this court need to do the same all over again?
[33] In my judgment, the order made by Morgan J on the basis of 140 paragraphs of exposition and explanation is “dead on” for the reasons given by him. He set out in meticulous detail all the relevant facts, the legal materials, the rival submissions and the reasons for the conclusions reached by him on every point taken by Neumans.
In case any advocate were ever unsure if the adage less is more isn’t popular with the Bench, Mummery LJ made it clear brevity rules.
Lord Wilberforce and appeals from impeccable judgments
[36] What sensible purpose could be served by this court repeating in its judgments detailed discussions of every point raised in the grounds of appeal and the skeleton arguments when they have already been dealt with correctly and in detail in the judgment under appeal? No purpose at all, in my view.
[37] This is a case in which this court is justified in following the excellent lead of Lord Wilberforce in Brumby v Milner (1975) 51 Tax Cases 583. In a one page tax opinion, with which the other members of the Appellate Committee agreed with only minor additions, Lord Wilberforce said that he would not attempt a detailed analysis or refer to such authorities as might, possibly, be relevant, since that had been done to his complete satisfaction by the Court of Appeal affirming the judgment of Walton J. He concluded at p.612 that:
“…to restate the argument in words of my own, even if this were to result in a difference of formulation, would not be productive of advantage, and I am more than content to adopt the single judgment of the Court of Appeal delivered by Lord Russell of Killowen.”
[38] It has been said, more in jest than with justice, that “officials create work for other officials” and that bureaucracies generate work to justify their continued existence. Judges are not officials. The judiciary is not a bureaucracy. Nor is it in the business of earning by churning. The proper administration of justice does not require this court to create work for itself, for other judges, for practitioners and for the public by producing yet another long and complicated judgment only to repeat what has already been fully explained in a sound judgment under appeal. If the judgment in the court below is correct, this court can legitimately adopt and affirm it without any obligation to say the same things over again in different words. The losing party will be told exactly why the appeal was dismissed: there was nothing wrong with the decision appealed or the reasons for it.
[39] I am content to adopt, without reservation, the judgment of Morgan J, to affirm his order and to dismiss the appeal from his decision. Partly out of admiration for the input lavished on the outstanding legal submissions with Appendix (divided, for instance, into 11 Main Parts, then sub-divided into 100 paragraphs with some of them sub-sub-divided into .1, .2 and so on) and partly as an aid to practitioners and courts in future cases, I would propose that this court pieces together a brief summary of the main points, as described at length by Morgan J. It can do so, as in an old style judgment, by setting out short legal propositions relevant to this case and the conclusions reached by applying them in this case. It does not begin to attempt to cover all the law on administration and liquidation expenses. That would not be a proper exercise in a judgment.
[40] One aim is to stem the soaring costs of litigants when their advisers have to spend too long working out what the law is. They may be faced with a multiplicity of separate, complex, discursive and (increasingly, imitating the style of subordinate legislation) cross-referential judicial pronouncements at different levels of decision, or at the same level of decision, but sometimes leading to the same overall result.
It’s probably too extreme to adopt the style quoted by Justice Roslyn Atkinson in her 2002 paper Judgment Writing:
In the US tax court, constituted by Judge Murdoch, it is reputed that a taxpayer testified, “As God is my judge, I do not owe this tax”. Judge Murdoch replied, “He is not, I am; you do”.
In most cases, courts do their best, but sometimes they have a lot to cover. The idea that a Court needs only state enough of the law to decide the case, without trying to cover the field on the relevant law, has a lot going for it. Here‘s to brevity!
Labels: judgments, legal drafting Links to this post
Halley v Kershaw [2013] VSC 439: sleeping it off or going to drive?
Back in 2010 the Supreme Court considered if the police were justified requiring a preliminary breath test (PBT) from a person they believed was about to drive — at least, until he saw the police. In DPP v Farmer (2010) 56 MVR 137 the Court held that it was the belief of the police that was relevant, and so long as it was reasonably held, the requirement for a PBT was valid.
More recently, in Halley v Kershaw [2013] VSC 439 the Supreme Court considered the slightly different scenario where the person behind the wheel was asleep when the police found him. Clearly, the police considered he had driven there. (And but for becoming a little too tired and emotional, probably would have continued driving.)
Image courtesy of David Castillo Dominici / FreeDigitalPhotos.net
The case turned on a narrow point (as these cases often do).
Acting Sergeant Mark Kershaw testified that on 10 January 2012 he answered a phone call. The caller said a green Commodore sedan was parked in Huntingdale Road, Huntingdale.
Sergeant Kershaw went to check it. He found a green Commodore parked out the front of a shopping strip, in Huntingdale Road. The engine was running. Sean Halley was in the driver’s seat, slouched over the steering wheel and apparently asleep. Sergeant Kershaw knocked on the window. Apparently, it took about seven to ten minutes to rouse Mr Halley, and he then opened the car door.
The car was in ‘park’. The radio was off, and the heater and aircon were off.
Mr Halley said he had not been there for long. He took a preliminary breath test, which indicated alcohol was in his system, and then went to Oakleigh police station. A later evidentiary breath test returned a result of 0.266%
Sergeant Kershaw did not testify if he believed Mr Halley was going to start or drive the car: see [15] and [41].
Was Halley ‘in charge’?
Road Safety Act 1986 s 3AA provides generally when a person is in charge of a motor vehicle:
3AA. Circumstances in which person is to be taken to be in charge of a motor vehicle
(1) Without limiting the circumstances in which a person is in charge of a motor vehicle, the following persons are to be taken to be in charge of a motor vehicle for the purposes of this Act—
(a) a person who is attempting to start or drive the motor vehicle;
(b) a person with respect to whom there are reasonable grounds for the belief that he or she intends to start or drive the motor vehicle;
(c) a commercial driving instructor while the person whom he or she is teaching to drive is driving or in charge of the vehicle;
(d) an accompanying licensed driver while the person whom he or she is sitting beside is driving or in charge of the vehicle.
But that interpretation is then narrowed for offences contrary to Part 5 of the Act (all the drink and drug-driving provisions) by s 48(1)(b):
48. Interpretative provisions
(1) For the purposes of this Part—
(b) a person is not to be taken to be in charge of a motor vehicle unless that person is a person to whom section 3AA(1)(a), (b), (c) or (d) applies.
So, the general words in s 3AA(1) do not apply to cases alleging offending against Part 5 of the Act: at [26] – [35]. When deciding this, at [32], the Court relied on both principles of statutory interpretation, and DPP v Farmer (2010) 56 MVR 137 (at [7], [9] of that judgment).
Halley argued at the no-case-to-answer stage of the case these provisions meant he was asleep, and not in charge of the car, when woken. But the prosecutor submitted, and the magistrate accepted that, the general words in s 3AA(1) could be used, so that even though there was no evidence the informant reasonably believed Mr Halley was intending to start or drive the motor vehicle, Halley was still in charge.
‘In charge’ limited to the four prescribed grounds
The magistrate was wrong to accept this, and did not make any finding (as required) about the belief (if any) of Sergeant Kershaw. At [41] the Court applied DPP v Farmer (2010) 56 MVR 137 to affirm what was required in this case:
The informant should give specific evidence as to the belief which he or she formed in relation to the intention of the defendant to start or drive the vehicle.
In addition, the informant should expressly state the basis upon which he or she formed that belief.
It is not necessary that the informant be satisfied of the particular fact on the balance of probabilities; rather, the informant must establish that he or she held the belief on reasonable grounds.
Such a belief has been described as ‘an inclination of the mind towards assenting to, rather than rejecting, a proposition ...’ In DPP v Farmer, Bell J stated that a ‘belief is something more than suspicion but does not need to approach anything like certainty.’
The belief by the informant must be a belief that the defendant intended to ‘... start the engine or drive off forthwith, or to do so at any point of very close futurity’.
The question is not whether the court itself holds, or agrees with, the belief that the defendant intended to drive or start the vehicle. Rather, the question is whether the informant held such a belief, and whether the informant did so on reasonable grounds. (Citations omitted.)
The conviction was quashed, and unusually, the case was not remitted to the Magistrates’ Court. At [45] – [46], the Court held that even though it could be inferred that Sergeant Kershaw believed in the circumstances that Mr Halley intended to start or drive the car, this would not be enough to prove that element of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt. (Though it would be enough to defeat the no-case-to-answer submission.)
Labels: road safety act Links to this post
Halley v Kershaw [2013] VSC 439: sleeping it off o...
Courtbot: Should Courts Text You About Your Next Court Date?
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Cindy Sheehan: Are Those Crocodile Tears?
Ordinarily I have a great deal of sympathy for the families of soldiers who die in combat defending our freedom. I lose that sympathy, when I see those same family members using the death or injury of their loved one for political gain.
Cindy Sheehan is pursuing a vendetta of hate against the President that predates the loss of her son. She hates George Bush, not because she believes that he is responsible for her son’s death, but because he “stole the election” in 2000 and again in 2004. She is a willing participant in the campaign of hate that the Left has pursued against President Bush since his victory in 2000.
She is currently an active participant in Representative Conyers’ impeachment campaign against the President. This is a woman I watched recite an account of her son's sacrifice without shedding a tear, not a catch in her voice, or even a hesitation; no sign of grief whatsoever. His aunt who was also present was in tears as her sister read her son's story.
Did she love her son? Certainly she did, all mothers love their sons; the difference is that most mothers don’t exploit the death of their sons for political purposes. They may, as in the case of MADD, use their tragedy to motivate them to pursue moral crusades to have laws passed, but these women have no political agenda prior to their loss. They are spurred to action by their loss. If Mizzz Sheehan was truly motivated by the loss of her son to pursue the ones who caused his death, she would be out for the head of Muqtada al Sadr, not President Bush, Dick Cheney, and Donald Rumsfeld
Who is Cindy Sheehan? She is the mother of slain soldier Casey Sheehan.
On 4/04/2004 Casey Sheehan along with seven of his fellow soldiers were killed in a series of ambushes in Sadr City. A sewage pick up patrol consisting of sewage collection trucks, four humvees, and 19 men were on a routine mission when they were ambushed by a large number of gunmen. As soon as they cam under fire, one of their compatriots, SFC Swope stayed with the radio and signaled for help. Back at the base, the response was immediate.
First Sgt. Carson reported that “word got around [Camp War Eagle] fast that the patrol was in trouble.” They had guys who normally don't fight who volunteered to help their buddies. There were guys fighting to get on that convoy.
This report is substantiated by Cindy Sheehan, who reporte:, “And the sergeant said, ‘Sheehan, you don't have to go,' because my son was a mechanic.' And Casey said, 'Where my chief goes, I go.'"
Thus Casey Sheehan became part of the first Quick Reaction Force sent in relief of the ambushed patrol. This first QRF was also ambushed on its way to relieve the “honey wagon patrol.” Sheehan was killed in the first few minutes of the second ambush.
So here we have a soldier new to Iraq trained as a humvee mechanic in the 1st Battalion, 82nd Field Artillery Regiment who knew where his duty lay. Casey was a twenty-four year old re-upper, having just signed for a second tour of duty after successfully serving his first hitch.
This was no wet behind the ears eighteen year-old recruit, this was a man who had already served in the Army for four years. He should be honored for volunteering for a combat position in a patrol going into a hot combat zone.
It is a horrible thing to have brave young men killed by the kind of monsters that Muqtada al Sadr led, but it is even worse when people with a very pronounced, pre-existing, political agenda are willing to exploit the death of their own relative to pursue that agenda.
You think I’m too harsh? This is what Cindy Sheehan said in her “Open Letter to George Bush.”
“It has been seven months since your ignorant and arrogant lack of planning for the peace murdered my oldest child. It has been two days since your dishonest campaign stole another election…but you all were way more subtle this time than in 2000, weren’t you? You hardly had to get the Supreme Court of the United States involved at all this week...”
“... You feel so proud of yourself for betraying the country again, don’t you? You think you are very clever because you pulled the wool over the eyes of some of the people again. You think that you have some mandate from God…that you can “spend your political capital” any way that you want. George you don’t care or even realize that 56,000,000 plus citizens of this country voted against you and your agenda. Still, you are going to continue your ruthless work of being a divider and not a uniter. George, in 2000 when you stole that election and the Democrats gave up, I gave up too. I had the most ironic thought of my life then: "Oh well, how much damage can he do in four years?" Well, now I know how much you have damaged my family, this country, and this world. If you think I am going to allow you another four years to do even more damage, then you truly are mistaken. I will fight for a true vote count and if that fails, your impeachment. Also, the impeachment of your Vice President...”
“...George, I must confess that I and my family worked very HARD to re-defeat you this time, but you refuse to stay defeated. Well, we are watching you very carefully. We are going to do everything in our power to have you impeached for misleading the American people into a disastrous war and for mis-using and abusing your power as Commander-in-Chief.”
Now folks, I don’t know about you, but that kind of hatred is a little un-nerving and perhaps a cause for concern. I understand the anger of a mother who has lost her child to what she believes is an unjust cause, but the kind of anger I detect in the above letter is an anger that seems to run far deeper. It speaks to me of the typical Liberal anger and hatred of President Bush, compounded by the anger of a mother whose child has died.
That she hated President Bush before her son was killed is obvious in the manner in which she refers to his victory in the 2000 election. She also spouts the usual Liberal mantras of “abuse of power,” “stole the election,” “divider not a uniter,” all the usual garbage that the Liberals use in their attempts to delegitimize his presidency.
She has called the American government:
“a morally repugnant system...We have no Constitution. We’re the only country with no checks and balances. We want our country back if we have to impeach George Bush down to the person who picks up the dog sh-t in Washington! Let George Bush send his two little party animals to die in Iraq. It’s OK for Israel to have nuclear weapons but we are waging nuclear war in Iraq, we have contaminated the entire country. It’s not OK for Syria to be in Lebanon. Hypocrites! But Israel can occupy Palestine?”
“They’re not waging a War on Terror but a War of Terror...The biggest terrorist is George W. Bush.”
You know, I have seen this before, we all have. On March 30, 1981, President Reagan and James Brady were shot in an assassination attempt following an appearance at the Washington Hilton. Brady suffered severe brain damage which left him in a wheel chair and caused his slurred speech. In 1985 Sarah Brady, his wife, joined the Campaign for a Sane Gun Policy.
I was always horrified the way Sarah paraded James around in his wheel chair to all of the anti-gun rallies she attended. Now I have no way of knowing how much of this anti-gun campaign is at James Brady’s behest, but I do know that Sarah Brady pursued her own relentless campaign against gun owners. And I do know that, as is typical of most Liberal campaigns, the truth has little relevance to what is being said by her organization. I only know that she appears to have no problem exploiting her husband’s injuries and suffering in pursuit of her agenda.
Once again we see to what lengths Liberals are willing to go to carry forward their agenda. I am surprised that Mizzzz Sheehan isn’t carrying her son’s dead body around with her.
Harsh? Mean spirited? Your damn right! I am not disposed to be terribly sympathetic to a woman willing to exploit the death of her son for her own political agenda, dishonoring his service in the process. This is not a woman consumed by grief at the loss of her son, this is a woman consumed by the objective of bringing down President Bush, a long standing objective, predating the death of her son. His death was to her, apparently, just a lucky happenstance, to be used, as the left have used all American soldiers’ deaths, as a tool to aid them in their anti-Bush, anti-war, ultimately anti-American agenda.
The Left have no shame, no true concern for people, and no heart.
There is an old adage, “If you aren’t a liberal when you are young, you have no heart and if you aren’t a conservative after you have matured, you have no brain.”
I disagree, nowhere is there a colder, more calculating intent than in the “heart” of a Liberal. They have proven themselves time and time again, willing to use people, their grief, and their fears, to promote their political agenda. They are fully willing to exploit any situation, no matter how tragic, to promote their causes.
I am proud of Casey Sheehan for his service to his nation. He was a man of honor, a hero who deserves better than to be used as a tool for a hateful political agenda. I honor his sacrifice and am saddened by his loss. He knew the higher calling of his nation, a calling that rises above the petty politics of the moment.
Too bad his mother doesn’t hear the same call.
That’s my opinion, and I don’t apologize for any of it.
Long Live Our American Republic!!!
Copyright 2005 Will Malven
Labels: Casey Sheehan, Cindy Sheehan, hate, liberal motives, Muqtada al Sadr, President Bush, sacrifice, vendetta
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History of UAW Local 22
Download: blessing_22_form.pdf
Wed, Feb 18 2009
(Reuters) - The United Auto Workers (UAW) union has represented workers in the U.S. industry for more than 70 years.
But the UAW has seen its membership decline and has been called on to broker fresh wage and benefits concessions for its members as part of the Big Three's efforts to survive the U.S. recession.
Following is a chronology of the UAW's history and the text of the union's first -- one-page -- contract with an automaker, General Motors Corp:
1935: The American Federation of Labor charters the UAW in Detroit.
1936: Workers at some GM plants in Flint, Michigan, go on strike in December.
1937: After violent clashes in January, the governor of Michigan calls out the National Guard and orders both sides to negotiate. Workers target the Chevrolet No. 4 plant in Flint, seen as GM's most important plant, for a strike.
1937: The strike at Chevrolet No. 4 results on Feb 11 in the first ever contract between the UAW and GM.
1937: Workers at Chrysler -- today controlled by private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management LP -- win a sit-down strike for union recognition.
1941: In April, workers strike against Ford Motor Co, the last of the Big Three without union representation, and the first contract between the two is signed in June.
1947: UAW negotiates first paid holidays for GM workers.
1949: Union negotiates first employer-paid and jointly administered pension program at Ford.
1964: UAW negotiates fully paid hospitalization, surgical and medical insurance for retirees.
1979: Membership in the union peaked at close to 1.5 million, and begins steady decline.
2007: Union makes landmark givebacks on wages and health benefits in 2007 contract talks with Detroit's Big Three.
2008: Membership falls below 500,000 for the first time since 1941.
TEXT OF FIRST UAW AGREEMENT WITH GM (Feb 11, 1937):
The Corporation hereby recognizes the Union as the Collective Bargaining agency for those employees of the Corporation who are members of the Union. The Corporation recognizes and will not interfere with the right of its employees to be members of the union. There shall be no discrimination, interference, restraint or coercion by the Corporation or any of its agents against any employee because of membership in the Union.
The Corporation and the Union agree to commence collective bargaining negotiations on Feb 16 with regard to the issue specified in the letter of Jan 4 1937 from the Union to the Corporation, for the purpose of entering into a collective bargaining agreement, or agreements, covering such issues, looking to a final and complete settlement of all matters in dispute.
The Union agrees to forthwith terminate the present strike against the Corporation, and to evacuate all plants now occupied by the strikers.
The Corporation agrees that all of its plants, which are on strike, or otherwise idle shall resume operations as rapidly as possible.
It is understood that all employees now on strike or otherwise idle will return to their usual work when called and that no discrimination shall be made or prejudices exercised by the corporation against any employee because of his former affiliation with, or activities in, the Union or the present strike.
The Union agrees that pending the negotiations referred to in Paragraph Two, there shall be no strikes called or any other interruption to or interference with production by the Union or its members.
During the existence of the collective bargaining agreement contemplated pursuant to Paragraph Two, all opportunities to achieve a satisfactory settlement of any grievance or enforcement of any demands by negotiations shall be exhausted before there shall be any strikes or other interruption to or interference with production by the Union or its members. There shall be no attempts to intimidate or coerce any employees by the union and there shall not be any solicitation or signing up of members by the Union on the premises of the Company. This is not to preclude individual discussion.
After the evacuation of its plants and the termination of the strike the corporation agrees to consent to the entry of orders, dismissing the injunction proceedings which have been started by the Corporation against the Union, or any of its members, or officers or any of its locals, including those pending in Flint, Michigan and Cleveland, Ohio, and subject to the approval of the Court to discontinue all contempt proceedings which it has instituted thereunder
Your birth certificate (charter) says that you were born on April 3, 1945. The certificate states simply that you were created for the establishment and future maintenance of a local Union in Detroit, Michigan to be known as Local 22 of Cadillac Motor Car Company.
Its just a few words on a yellow piece of paper signed by people that are mostly gone now. But what a history that piece of paper could tell if the trials and tribulations that your first members went through to bring you into this world were told.
Just reflect for a moment on your past and some of the UAW leaders that have come forth from you.
The Cadillac workers were not new to the UAW. They had organized in September of 1936 when West Side Local 174, The Home Local of Walter Reuther was formed. Your membership helped Walther Reuther form that local and to organize it into a meaningful union force.
It was on January 9, 1937, that the 3,800 Cadillac workers staged a sit-down strike and the first picket lines were seen on Clark Street.
On January 12, 1937, the Fleetwood workers followed suit and also staged a sit-down strike, the Fisher Body Plants in Flint, Michigan had already been struck. The first national strike against GM was in full swing. That strike against GM became history when on February 11, 1937, GM agreed that the workers would have representation.
THE UAW HAD BEEN RECOGNIZED.
Charles Westphal was the first Unit President for Cadillac at Local 174 and was the Unit Plant Chairman when Local 22 received its charter. On the 3rd of April 1945, separating us from Local 174, he then served Local 22 four terms as president and six terms as plant chairman.
Dave Miller was your very first President when we became Local 22. He too had been active in Local 174 as one of its founders. He was three terms president and three terms plant chairman. He was also a founding member and chairman of the National Council of Senior Citizens. He administered the last oath of office to Walter Reuther upon his reelection to his 13th consecutive term as UAW President, less than a month before he and his wife May were killed in a plane crash on May 9, 1970.
Louis Machetta An active sit down striker, Louis served you in many capacities; among them, plant chairman and two terms president in 1949/50 and 1953/54.
Others have also served as your president and have gone forward to serve the UAW in other capacities on the International Union Level.
Jim Wagner, Local 22 president two terms 1955/56 and 1959/60 and former Asst. Director of GM UAW.
Jesse Damesworth, Local 22 President two terms 1960/61 and formerly Coordinator of Unemployment Insurance for all UAW.
Frank Runnels, Local 22 President six consecutive terms 1968 through 1983 and formerly Regional Director of Region 1E, UAW.
M.L. Douglas, Local 22 President two consecutive terms 1983-1989 and formerly Benefits' Representative at Solidarity House.
Ray A. Church, Local 22 President three consecutive terms 1989-1995, who went on to become an International Representative with Region 1A.
Edward T. Ptasznik, Jr., assumed the office of President when Ray Church was called to the International Union and served for 14 months until he was named Labor Liaison for United Way, a position he holds to this day.
Donald Steele, Jr. moved into the Presidency to fill the vacancy left by Ed Ptasznik's appointment. He remained in office until his assignment to the International Union.
Craig A. Nothnagel, Local 22 President for two consecutive terms, who has gone on to the PEL Department at the UAW-GM Center for Human Resources.
George L. McGregor took on the role of President upon Craig's move to the CHR and has been our President for two consecutive terms.
Your membership has grown from its beginning with local 174 and only 80 organizing members. Until 3,800 strong they struck for recognition.
Today, Local 22 represents workers, Detroit / Hamtramck but also at Livonia Engine Plant and the proud new addition to Local 22s family, Vitec which is growing today and very active in our Local.
George McGregor is your president now, Local 22. Together he and the other officers of this Local union are striving to make you the best represented local in the entire UAW.
We have a legacy left to us by those UAW pioneers. Let us be aware and proud of that legacy.
Bruce Arnott
Former Recording Secretary
Uaw Local 22 grew from small beginnings but inherent in those humble origins were the spirit, the drive, and the dynamics that made the UAW the economic and social force that it is today.
In the mid 1930s, eighty workers from Cadillac and other industrial firms got together. They established the nucleus of Local 22,s originator - West Side Local 174. Its leader was the fiery and charismatic Walter P. Reuther. The headquarters for this infant Local was in a building on the corner of 35th and Michigan Avenue, in Detroit. This site would later become a historic spot because of the famous sit-down strikes.
The combined capital of the Local's founders was $4.50, which was 50 cents short of the $5.00 deposit the landlord required. The money was borrowed and the transaction was completed.
However, the hardy pioneers of unionism at Cadillac were accustomed to overcoming greater problems than a small cash shortage. For years, at great personal sacrifice, they tried to organize a union of auto workers.
The hopes of working men and women got a boost during the summer of 1936, when the Committee for Industrial Organization ( CIO ) was formed, and the fledgling UAW was granted membership. That same year, Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRB ).
Stimulated by these developments, and with the guidance of the CIO, the UAW launched a full scale organizing campaign.
Those who had sacrificed so much over the years found the eager and enthusiastic response of the auto workers very rewarding.
Cadillac workers began organizing their plant in earnest, they also pitched in to help organize other shops. Early in 1937 came the big test, when a new era of labor relations was introduced to American society: the sit-down strike.
By January 9, 1937, General Motors workers all over the country sat down, including the 3800 strong from the Clark Street plant. Three days later, the Fleetwood plant followed suit. Along with their counterparts at the huge Fisher Body plants in Flint, the first national strike against GM was in full swing. United, they endured. They refused to walk away until the largest, most powerful corporation in the world, agreed to recognize the union.
Ultimately, on February 11, 1937, General Motors did recognize the union. Auto-worker solidarity was recognized, and they have been represented by the UAW ever since.
In 1945, as the West Side UAW Local 174's membership grew, separate charters were granted to split 174, to allow for better representation. From this severance, UAW Local 15 was formed to serve the Fleetwood plant and UAW Local 22 was forged to represent the Clark Street plant.
During the World War ll years, union and management joined together, to defeat a common enemy. They worked together and made significant contributions to the war effort.
In the years after WW ll the auto industry and unionism flourished.
By 1985, after GM's massive reorganization, the Clark Street and Fleetwood plant operations were curtailed while the remaining work shifted to the newly constructed Detroit - Hamtramck Assembly Center, Known as, ( PoleTown ).
During its long history, UAW Local 22 represented the Connor Stamping Plant, Milford Proving Grounds, the Livonia Engine Plant, Clark Street Plant., as well as the Detroit -Hamtramck facility. It had a membership of 10,000. Today, due in part to General Motors down -sizing efforts, UAW Local 22 represents approximately 5,500 members from the Clark Street, Detroit -Hamtramck (Poletown) and Livonia Powertrain plants.
The UAW pioneers left a legacy for all of us to follow. Today's generation, and future generations, will never fully appreciate the Herculean efforts of the union's forefathers to create the United Auto Workers.
Both General Motors and the UAW agree that to survive in today's global marketplace, nothing less than a quality product must be produced. With UAW Local 22 at the forefront, this will be accomplished.
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ZION, THE OVERCOMER, AND THE MILLENNIUM (Charles H. Welch) … where the LORD will rule in the midst of His enemies
Some of the subjects dealt with in this article have been given a fuller consideration under separate headings. We believe, however, that the presentation of the truth concerning a number of features that are peculiar to the Millennium in one article will be welcome, and that the preservation of the pamphlet called forth by the controversial points that had been raised in some quarters, justifies its place in this Analysis. In one or two places it has been revised.
We have doubtless heard of the little old lady who drew such comfort from ‘that blessed word MESOPOTAMIA’, and have passed it over with an indulgent smile. Yet we all seem to have been bewitched by the word Millennium, for no such term is found in Scripture. The word has passed beyond the confines of Scriptural exegesis, to the world outside, so that a Member of Parliament may dismiss a suggestion as ‘thinking we can bring about the Millennium!’
‘All engineering commences on the drawing board’. A moment’s reflection will show how sane this observation really is. If only expositors of the Scriptures would get the overall plan of Prophecy before them, and then see how far their theories fit or fail, what a deal of trouble, misunderstanding and false teaching would have been spared.
The reader will perceive that this principle is before our mental vision in all the attempts in this analysis to piece the intricate subjects of Prophecy together. For example, we were at first attracted by the teaching known as ‘The Pre-Millennium Kingdom’ but before committing ourselves we took it to the Drawing Board, in other words, looked at the overall picture of Gentile dominion in Daniel 2. We defy anyone to find a loophole for any such kingdom in verses 44,45 and so, in spite of the claims of friendship and sincere admiration, that pleasant vision had to be set aside. We hope that every of our readers will do the same with every suggestion made in this Analysis, for it is, alas, only too possible that we have a clearer view of the errors of others than of our own.
The Key Passage
It is time we rubbed our eyes, took off the spectacles that prophetic students have supplied, and exercised the Berean spirit, which is so highly commended in the Word of God. All that is positively stated in the Scriptures on the subject will be found in TEN VERSES of Revelation 20; all other descriptions, promises, characteristics, are introduced into this period by inference, rightly or wrongly, but by inference only. Books of the Millennium pay little attention to the actual wording of Revelation 20:1-10, but expatiate and enlarge upon peace and prosperity, with superlatives that find no warrant in the key passage of Revelation 20.
We have moreover, by continually speaking of ‘The Millennial kingdom’, unwittingly limited the Reign of Christ to a thousand years; whereas a true statement would speak of that period as ‘the first thousand years of a kingdom, which commencing with the coming of Christ and the end of Gentile dominion, goes unbroken (it shall never be destroyed, and shall never pass away, Dan. 2:44; 7:14,27) until the Son having put all things under His feet (for He “must reign” until this is accomplished 1 Cor. 15:25,26 which reaches to the Great White Throne judgment and beyond), delivers up the kingdom to God, even the Father, that God may be all in all’. This is the reign of Christ, the Millennial reign being but a portion of it, and possibly a small portion at that. All that the Scriptures SAY in Revelation 20 about a Millennium are the words ta chilia ete, ‘the thousand years’.
These words are in themselves no more ‘blessed’ than the word ‘Mesopotamia’. They may be a thousand years of misery for all that this term ‘Millennium’ teaches. Some of us have come to our conclusion as to the character of this Millennial kingdom only by ignoring what is actually written in the Apocalypse. The prophetic clock does not automatically stop at the end of the thousand years; what does come to an end is the reign of the OVERCOMERS. ‘The King of kings’ does not abdicate. The day of the Lord is to be succeeded by the day of God, just as the Davidic kingdom, characterized by the presence of the enemy of war, was succeeded by the Solomonic kingdom of Peace. It is too much to ask the reader, with these challenging statements before him, to lay aside for the time being at least, whatever he may have held and taught, and approach this important subject afresh? We turn therefore to the key passage:
‘And I saw an angel come down from heaven, having the key of the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years, and cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal upon him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand years should be fulfilled: and after that he must be loosed a little season. And I saw thrones, an they sat upon them. and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshipped the Beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. But the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection: on such the second death hath no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years. And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, and shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea. And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them. And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever’ (Revelation 20:1-10).
The Three R’s
Three features stand out in this record:
The Restraint of Satan.
The Reign of the overcomer.
The Rebellion at the close.
Here are three R’s that are fundamental and ignored at our peril. Satan is only loosed for ‘a little season’ yet the response to his deception is immediate: ‘they went up’. The objection, that this is beyond the Millennium, is invalid. What takes place in 1968 is intimately connected with what was done and thought in 1967. The nations who are thus deceived are differentiated from the people of Israël. The nations are called Gog and Magog, and inhabit the four quarters or corners of the earth, whereas Israël, we must assume, occupy the beloved city and form the camp of the saints (Rev. 20:9). The anti-christian character of this rebellion in spite of the intervening thousand years, is indicated by the titles Gog and Magog. The writer of the Apocalypse assumes acquaintance with Ezekiel.
Gog and Magog, Used With Intention
‘Son of Man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him’ (Ezek. 38:2).
In association with Gog and Magog, are Persia, Ethiopia, Libya, Gomer and all his bands, the house of Togarmah of the north quarters and all his bands; and many people with thee (Ezek. 38:5,6). This invasion by these hordes will be met by the Lord Himself.
‘I will turn thee back, and put hooks into thy jaws’ (Ezek. 38:4).
‘It shall come to pass at the same time when Gog shall come against the land of Israël, saith the Lord GOD, that My fury shall come up in My face’ (Ezek. 38:18).
‘Thou shalt fall upon the mountains of Israël, thou, and all thy bands, and the people that is with thee: I will give thee unto the ravenous birds of every sort, and to the beast of the field to be devoured … And I will send a fire on Magog’ (Ezek. 39:4,6).
‘I will give unto Gog a place there of graves in Israël … and seven months shall the house of Israël be burying of them’ (Ezek. 39:11,12).
‘Speak unto every feathered fowl, and to every beast of the field, Assemble yourselves, and come … ye shall eat the flesh of the mighty, and drink the blood of the princes’ (Ezek. 39:17,18).
The parallel of this passage with Revelation 19:17-21 is INESCAPABLE. There again we have the call to the fowls to eat the flesh of captains and kings. Here the warring hosts are gathered by the Beast who is cast into the lake of fire.
The ‘Millennium’ is bounded on each side by an invading army, led either by the Beast or deceived by Satan, either gathered against ‘Him that sat on the horse’ or ‘against the beloved city and camp of the saints’ and both end in fire, being destroyed as were the cities of Sodom and Gomorra. If only a handful of rebels were discovered at the close of the thousand years, it would cause us to question the idea of universal peace or righteousness, but this is no ‘handful’. The number is said to be ‘as the sand of the sea’, nothing but the overriding desire to hold to a personal pre-conception could ever lead a child of God to belittle this description.
Sand of the Sea – Numberless
From the blessing of Abraham in Genesis 22:17 to Hosea 1:10 this figure is used consistently:
‘Yet the number of the children of Israël shall be as the sand of the sea, which cannot be MEASURED nor NUMBERED’ (Hos. 1:10).
This unnumbered host with anti-christian intent go up ‘on the breath of the earth’ and even though this could be limited to the ‘land’ of Israël the implication is obviously the same as in Isaiah 8:8 and Habakkuk 1:8 where the overwhelming nature of the invasion is thereby depicted.
No rhapsody, no poetic phrase, no private interpretation, no wishful thinking can alter the fact, that the ‘Millennium Reign’ ends, as it began, with a terrible rebellion. The Millennium is not the FIRST of a new series, but the LAST of an old one, in which man has been tested under different forms of government, and in every case been found wanting. This Millennial kingdom is the LAST OF DELEGATED authority. David may have reigned on earth as vice-regent, the twelve apostles may have sat on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israël, the over-comers may have reigned as priests of God and of Christ, but all in vain. Christ must put down ALL authority, whether good or bad, and reign alone an supreme if ever the goal of the ages is to be reached.
Characteristics Features
We turn our attention to a fuller series of features that characterize the Millennium, this closing period of man’s probation.
The restraining of Satan.
The restraining of transgression.
The sealing up of sin.
The rule of the rod of iron.
The willing obedience of Israël.
The feigned obedience of many of the nations.
The final weeks of the seventy weeks of Daniel 9 immediately precede the thousand-year reign, and carry into that period the blessings indicated in verse 24. The first thing that will be accomplished when the Seventy Weeks attain their goal is said to be ‘to finish the transgression’ (Dan. 9:24). This translation, however, leaves much to be explained.
Will transgression be ‘finished’ in the sense that it is so completely accounted for by Atonement and Forgiveness, that it will never again raise its head? (Heb. kalah). Will transgression be ‘finished’ in the sense of the Hebrew word shalam? The answer is no, the Hebrew word being kala, which though it resembles the Hebrew kalah must not be confounded with it. Kala is translated as follows:
forbid 1, keep 1, keep back 1, refrain 2, retain 1, shut up 4, withhold 2, be stayed 2, be restrained 2, be stayed 1, and finish 1.
This is not mere opinion but evidence, and evidence which cannot be neglected or denied without spiritual disaster. Be it noted, that the only reference in the Authorized Version that contains the translation ‘finish’ is Daniel 9:24, which the margin corrects by saying ‘or restrain’. The word is used of the imprisonment of Zedekiah and of Jeremiah and the noun forms kele, and beth kele are translated ‘prison’. Daniel 9 does not teach us that when that prophecy is fulfilled transgression will be finished, it will be RESTRAINED or IMPRISONED. This will be also the condition of Satan through the Millennium kingdom, he will be ‘bound’ for a thousand years, but he will by no means be ‘finished’. In like manner, sins will be SEALED UP, as the margin indicates against the reading, ‘to make an end of ‘sins’. The Hebrew word chatham is translated as follows:
seal 16, seal up 6, be sealed 2, mark 1, be stopped 1 and the Chaldaic word in Daniel 6:17 seal.
Proof of Feigned Obedience
We gather from the marginal references in the Authorized Version, that some of the nations will yield ‘feigned obedience’. Is this translation justified? Let us see. The passage under review are Psalms 18:44; 66:3; and 81:15. In the margin, the Authorized Version and the Revised Version read ‘yield feigned obedience’, and the note ‘Hebrew lie‘. Is this marginal interpretation correct? We could refer to such expositors as Perowne, Hengstenberg, Young’s Literal translation and Rotherham. Rotherham reads, ‘Come CRINGING unto me’. Of course this unanimity among scholars may be but the blind leading the blind, on the other hand they may express the mind of God. There is only one authoritative test, the consistent usage of the word and a frank exhibition of its occurrences. The Hebrew word kachash occurs twenty-eight times, and in no passage other than the three Psalms quoted, and in 2 Samuel 22:45, is it translated ‘submit’. The remaining references are translated as follows:
fail 1, be found liars 1, belie 1, deal falsely 1, deceive 1, deny 5, dissemble 1, fail 2, lie 5, lies 4, lying 1 and leanness 1.
In no passage is it possibly to substitute ‘obedience’ or ‘submit’ in any one of these twenty-four occurrences. If ‘usage’ has any weight, then ‘feigned obedience’ must stand. To deny it is to defy the testimony of Scripture. Deuteronomy 33:29 which employs the Hebrew kachash reads:
‘And thine enemies shall be found liars unto thee’.
The scholarly Lexicon of Brown, Driver and Briggs gives the meaning of kachash:
‘Be disappointing, deceive, fail, grown lean’.
and in reference to the Psalms in question, their note reads:
‘Cringe, come cringing, make a show of obedience’.
The Hebrew Word Kachash is Very Rigid
We cannot sweep aside this unanimous testimony without betraying that ulterior motives are prompting our decision. Further, although the LXX is not infallible, yet surely we must allow Hebrews of that early age to understand their own tongue, at least as well as the best of us today. The LXX uses epseusanto (pseudesthai), ‘they lied’ in Psalm 18:44 and Psalm 81:15 exactly as they do in Deuteronomy 33:29. We believe the candid student will be convinced that the Hebrew kachash is very rigid in its meaning, and cannot be made to favour a period of universal peace and righteousness. To accept the rendering ‘to yield feigned obedience’ shatters the unscriptural dream of The Millennium. That thousand-year reign is not the perfect kingdom on earth.
Psalm 18:44,45 places in correspondence these features:
‘ The strangers shall yield feigned obedience unto me. The strangers shall fade away, and come trembling’ (Author’s translation).
Their submission is false.
Psalm 66:3. The immediate context refers to the Exodus from Egypt:
‘How terrible art Thou in Thy works! Through the greatness of Thy power shall thine enemies submit themselves unto Thee … .(wether willingly or unwillingly is not revealed here) He is terrible in His doing toward the children of men. He turned the sea into dry land … . Let not the rebellious exalt themselves’ (Psa. 66:3-7).
Pharaoh is an example of such forced submission.
We learn from Zechariah 14:16-19 that some of the nations will rebel against the command to go up to Jerusalem to keep the feast of tabernacles, yet at the selfsame time and period Israël will be so soundly converted and blessed, that the sacred words, originally limited to the Mitre of the High Priest, namely ‘Holiness unto the Lord’, shall be on the bells of the horses and on the very pots in the kitchen of this blessed kingdom of priests, yet their holy presence does not prevent disobedience rearing its head among the surrounding nations.
The Rule of the Rod of Iron
Another revealing feature is the use of the rod of IRON. It is beside the point to dwell on the meaning of the Greek word rhabdos or its Hebrew equivalent, the word that clamours for consideration is the word IRON. No tender shepherd uses a rod of IRON for the shepherding of his flock, he uses that as a weapon of defence against their enemies, the robber, the lion and the wolf.
Psalm 2:9; Revelation 2:27; 12:5 and 19:15 speak of ‘breaking’ or ‘ruling’ with a rod of IRON, and it is this quality of IRON that demands attention, and if ignored leads to untruth and bondage (2 Tim. 2:25,26). When the prophet would impress us with the terrible nature of the fourth beast of Daniel 7, he speaks of its ‘great IRON teeth’ (Dan. 7:7). In the same way, when the image that symbolizes Gentile dominion is described, it deteriorates from gold to iron, with this comment:
‘Forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise‘ (Dan. 2:40).
That is the inspired comment on iron; ‘it breaks in pieces’, it ‘bruises’, and shall we object to or attempt to correct the language of Holy Writ, without coming under the charge of yielding feigned obedience? Iron is mentioned in the Psalms five times. Apart from Psalm 2 iron is used of fetters and likened to affliction, and the bars of a prison (Psa. 105:18; 107:10,16; 149:8). Iron is introduced into the Scriptures as one of the attempts of the line of Cain to alleviate the curse that had come on the earth (Gen. 4:22). Egypt is likened to ‘an iron furnace’ (Deut. 4:20), and no tool made of iron was permitted to fashion the stones used in building an altar (Deut. 27:5), and a heaven above and an earth beneath likened to iron was a disciplinary judgment (Lev. 26:19; Deut. 28:23). Several times we read of the ‘chariots of iron’ employed by the Canaanites (Josh. 17:16,18; Judg. 1:19; 4:3,13). The question of Jeremiah, ‘Shall iron break the northern iron and the steel?’ (Jer. 15:12) is answered in the Millennium. The rod of iron will do this. The devouring great iron teeth of the Beast, the down treading feet of iron and clay of the image will be met and more than met by the rule of the rod of IRON. The Hebrew word raa to break, is used in Psalm 2:9; Jeremiah 15:12, and its equivalent Chaldaic word in Daniel 2:40. These are facts which no amount of special pleading can set aside. Again let us note the testimony of Psalm 110:
‘The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit Thou at My right hand, until I make Thine enemies Thy footstool. The LORD shall send the ROD OF THY STRENGTH out of Zion: rule Thou in the midst of Thine enemies’ (Psa. 110:1,2).
Blessing Radiates from Jerusalem
If the words ‘The LORD said unto My Lord’ undoubtedly refer to Christ (Matt. 22:44), then the objection that the proximity of ‘the Lord’ and ‘His Anointed’ rules out Christ from Psalm 2 is shown to be invalid. Here the Lord is seen ruling not in a world of universal peace, but ‘out of Zion’ and ‘in the midst’ of enemies. At the same time, and at the very same period in which many of the nations will yield feigned obedience, we read:
‘Thy people shall be willing in the day of Thy power’ (Psa. 110:3). ‘Thy people offer themselves willingly’ (margin ‘are freewill offerings’ Revised Version).
Here we have inspired comparison. The nations yielding feigned obedience; Israël, at last, offering willing obedience. This leads on to another feature associated with the fact, namely that the blessing of this Millennial kingdom and afterwards is first of all focused in Jerusalem as a radiating centre, and from that centre light and truth will be spread until the knowledge of the Lord fills the earth, as the waters cover the sea.
‘They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain’,
that is the first statement.
‘For the earth (land) shall be full of the knowledge of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea’ (Isa. 11:9).
that is the sequel. The answer to the rebellion of the kings of the earth is found in Psalm 2:6:
‘Yet have I set My King upon My holy hill of Zion’.
Beyond this holy hill the heathen in the uttermost parts are to be disciplined with a rod of iron, and the rebellious kings and judges of the earth are given counsel and warning.
‘Lest He be angry, and ye perish from the way, when His wrath is kindled but a little’ (Psa. 2:12).
This divinely appointed centre is the theme of Isaiah 2:
‘And it shall come to pass in the last days, that the mountain of the LORD’s house shall be established in the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it. And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; and He will teach us of His ways, and we will walk in His paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem’ (Isa. 2:2,3).
First the rod of His strength shall be sent ‘out of Zion‘ where the Lord will rule in the midst of His enemies (Psa. 110:2). He will, as Psalm 2:12 threatened, ‘strike through kings in the day of His wrath’ (Psa. 110:5). After the Lord returns unto Zion, and Jerusalem becomes ‘a city of truth’ (Zech. 8:3), ‘many people and strong nations shall come to seek the LORD of host in Jerusalem, and to pray before the LORD … In those days it shall come to pass, that ten men shall take hold out of all languages of the nations, even shall take hold of the skirt of him that is a Jew, saying, ‘We will go with you: for we have heard that God is with you’ (Zech. 8:22,23). When the glory returns to Jerusalem and the temple is built according to the specifications given in the closing chapters of Ezekiel, then the title of the Lord will be indeed Jehovah Shammah, ‘The LORD is there’ (Ezek. 48:35).
Rebellion at Close of Millennium
The Millennial kingdom ends as we have seen with a rebellious rising of the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, the number of which is so great as to justify the figure ‘the number of whom is as the sand of the sea’ (Rev. 20:8). Rebellion therefore was incipient during the 1,000 years. No such rebellion will mar the day when 1 Corinthians 15:28 is fulfilled, but that lies beyond the limits of Millennial kingdom and is not spoken of in the Book of the Revelation. We may discover, that much that we have imagined belonged to the Millennium, will prove to belong to the period that follows. The day of the Lord is followed by the day of God, the Sabbath followed by ‘the first or eight day’.
If we keep strictly to the record of Revelation 20 we shall see that the so-called Millennial kingdom is the period when the suffering overcomer who has refused to recognized the Beast or his authority, will ‘live and reign with Christ, a thousand years’, but nothing is said of the bulk of the nation of Israël, except to reveal that there was also on earth at the same time ‘the camp of the saints’ and the ‘beloved city’. To a large extent this phase of the kingdom is God’s answer to the only Pre-Millennial kingdom known in the Apocalypse, namely The Pre-Millennial kingdom of the Beast! When Jerusalem is created a rejoicing and her people a joy, it is then that ‘The wolf and the lamb shall feed together, and the lion shall eat straw like the bullock: and (yet, at the selfsame time) dust shall be the serpent’s meat. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain, saith the LORD’ (Isa. 65:18,19,25).
The reference to the serpent here suggest that the perfect kingdom has not yet arrived, and in line with this, in the midst of this section when ‘as the days of a tree’ shall be the days of His elect (Isa. 65:22), we learn that a ‘child shall die an hundred years old; but the sinner being an hundred years old shall be accursed’ (Isa. 65:20). While the age of Methuselah is proverbial, and the age of many of the patriarchs of Genesis 1 to 11 approached to the 1,000-year limit, not one ever reached it. ‘The days of a tree’ may mean a thousand years, and for any one in that day to die at a hundred years of age would be like a child dying. The fact, however, that it can be contemplated that a ‘sinner’ should ‘die’ at a hundred years of age or be ‘accursed’ (however difficult may be the true exposition of Isaiah 65:20), makes one thing certain, that the commencement of that period, namely, ‘The new heaven and the new earth’, death will not have been eradicated. It is there in Isaiah 65:20, in Isaiah 66:24 and in Revelation 21:7,8. In addition 1 Corinthians 15:24-28 shows that death persists to the end.
A Summary of Millennial Features
Positive teaching concerning the Millennium is limited to ten verses in Revelation 20. All else is a matter of inference, legitimate possibly, but to be treated with necessary reserve.
The term ‘the Millennium’ is a title chosen by man for the period covered by Revelation 20:1-10, for the word is simply Latin 1,000 years and that is the number of years covered by this prophecy, and expressed six times over, in verses 2,3,4,5,6 and 7. The term however must not be invested with meanings and characteristics that belie or ignore what is written in Revelation 20.
It is correct to speak of this period as a ‘kingdom’, for the overcomers not only ‘live’ but ‘reign’ with Christ a thousand years (Rev. 20:4,6). The Greek word for kingdom is basileia, the Greek word for reign is basileuo.
Strictly speaking the overcomer (Rev. 2:7,11,17,26; 3:5,12,21; 15:2 and 21:7) is the thread that links all the prodigious events of this Prophecy together, and unites both passages under Revelation 3:21 thus:
‘To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with Me in My throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with My Father in His throne’ (Rev. 3:21).
‘And I saw as it were a sea of glass mingled with fire: and them that had be gotten the victory over the BEAST, and over his IMAGE, and over his MARK, and over the NUMBER of his NAME, stand on the sea of glass, having the harps of God’ (Rev. 15:2).
‘And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshipped the BEAST, neither his IMAGE, neither had received his MARK upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years’ (Rev. 20:4).
The words of Revelation 20:4, ‘for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God’, form a link with the opening statement of Revelation 1:9,10 when John was taken in spirit to the day of the Lord from the isle called Patmos where he shared the tribulation of these overcomers, before their time ‘for the word of God, and for the witness of Jesus’.
The Pre-eminent Feature
‘The Millennial kingdom’ seems to have been used by writers on prophecy as a convenient period in which to place passages that are somewhat difficult to fit into the overall scheme, and this has blunted the edge of the testimony of Revelation 20, which places as a pre-eminent feature, the reward for the overcomer, and hardly refers to any other company, people or calling. Regarding the statement ‘This is the first resurrection’, it cannot mean the first that has ever was, but the former of two. The reference to the beloved city brings with it the numerous passages of Old Testament prophecy which speak in glowing terms of the restoration of Israël and Jerusalem. Isaiah 54:6-17 reveals a city of jewelled splendour, echoing the glories on earth of the heavenly Jerusalem itself. Even so, the chapter ends with a reference to those who will gather together against Jerusalem, with the comforting words:
‘No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper’ (Isa. 54:17).
even as we have read in Revelation 20:8,9. If the inhabitants of the land during the Millennium are those of Israël who looked upon the Lord Whom they had pierced and repented, if the nations are those who were ‘alive and remained’ at the Second Coming, we have no ‘problem’ about Isaiah 65:18-25, for there we read of the possibility of dying and being accursed, and of the length of life being ‘as the days of a tree’, which however extended, cannot be a synonym for life eternal and certainly not of immortality.
The Overcomer
Let us observe how these ‘overcomers’ of Revelation 20:4 are intertwined with the prophetic revelation of the last days. The rewards held out to the overcomers in the seven churches are:
To eat of the tree of life which is in the midst of the paradise of God (Rev. 2:7).
Not to fear, he shall not be hurt of the second death (Rev. 2:10,11).
He will eat of the hidden manna, have a white stone and a new name (Rev. 2:17, see Rev. 19:12).
He shall rule the nations with a rod of iron (Rev. 2:27).
He shall be clothed in white, and his name shall not be blotted out of the book of life (Rev. 3:5).
He will be made a pillar in the temple, and have the name of the new Jerusalem written upon him (Rev. 3:12).
He will be granted to sit with Christ on His throne, even as Christ also overcame, and is set down with His Father in His throne (Rev. 3:21).
All is linked with the book of the Revelation itself, even as we see that in Revelation 20:4, none live and reign except those who were martyred under the Beast of Revelation 13 to 18.
‘The Millennium kingdom’ is a very exclusive kingdom. We are not told in so many words that Israël is a restored people, we can only infer that from the reference to the beloved city and the camp of the saints. If Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and David, have been raised from the dead at this time, they do not enter into the picture drawn in Revelation 20. They have no place in the ‘first resurrection’. The inspired qualification limits this resurrection to martyrs of the last three-and-a-half years of anti-christian Dominion. Two resurrections, and two only, are envisaged here and they form a pair!
The overcomers, every one a martyr. This is ‘the first’ resurrection.
The rest of the dead. No other resurrection takes place until that of the Great White Throne at the end of the thousand years. And these two resurrections complement one another and make a pair – ‘overcomers’ v. ‘the rest’ not ‘saints’ v. ‘the wicked dead’, as is usually taught.
It will be seen, we trust, that so far as the record of Revelation 20 is concerned, the Millennial kingdom is pre-eminently the sphere of reward for those who have suffered unto death during the persecution instituted by the anti-christian Beast of the time of the end. We only learn from that passage that there are ‘nations’ on the earth at the same time, by the reference to the rebellion at the end. We learn as well that the beloved city and the camp of the saints have a place there too, but these are not the theme of the Apocalypse.
Only one resurrection is recorded as taking place in this kingdom, and the names of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and David are not even mentioned. We realize that inasmuch as the Millennium is the immediate outcome of the Second Coming of Christ to the earth, all other prophetic features associated with that phase of the coming must find a place here. We learn from other passages that there will be a resurrection of Israël (Dan. 12:1-3 and Ezek. 37:1-4). The too must find a place. It is possible that some prophetic passages refer to the period that follows the Millennium, when the Heavenly Jerusalem shall descend to the earth and be the glorious administrative centre of the earth, for we read that:
‘The nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honour into it … they which are written in the Lamb’s book of life’ (Rev. 21:24-27).
The period immediately following the Millennium is marked by five outstanding features:
The rise of Gog and Magog like the sand of the sea, and their destruction.
The casting of the Devil into the lake of fire.
The Great White Throne.
The New Heavens and the New Earth.
The descent of the New Jerusalem.
The former of Two
The resurrection of the overcomers is said to be the ‘first’. ‘When two ordinal numbers are used in such a connection as this, they are used relatively … hence in English we always say, in such cases, former and later‘ (Dr. E.W. Bullinger). The resurrection of the overcomers is the former of two, the resurrection at the Great White Throne being the second or concluding member of the pair. But whoever has heard this Scriptural association even hinted at? We have been too ready to look at the Great White Throne as the judgment of the wicked dead or of the untold millions who never heard of Christ, and by so doing we have separated what God has joined together. However, merely saying this proves nothing; ‘to the law’ and the ‘testimony’. Here is the sequel to the statement of Revelation 20:4.
‘Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection (i.e. the former of the two): on such the SECOND DEATH (i.e. connected with the second resurrection of the two) hath no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years’ (Rev. 20:6).
Whoever heard of any one comparing and contrasting the being ‘Priests’ of God, with the character and fate of those who stand before the Great White Throne? What congruity is there in saying:
‘Either they will be overcomers, and reigning Priests’ or they will be ‘the countless millions of wicked dead, multitudes of whom never heard the name of Christ?’
Yet John, writing Revelation 20:6, does not appear to have any qualms. If the Great White Throne judgments deals with the mass of mankind, what need was there to assure these overcomers that the second death had no power over them? The second death as generally interpreted can have no power over any saved sinner, let alone over an OVERCOMER. What this passage actually does is to put in opposition:
The second death, and reigning with Christ.
The apostle writing to Timothy said:
‘It is a faithful saying: For:
A ‘If we be dead (died) with Him, we shall also LIVE with Him:
B ‘If we suffer, we shall also REIGN with Him: If we deny Him, He also will deny us:
A ‘If we believe not, yet He abideth faithful: He cannot deny Himself’ (2 Tim. 2:11-13).
A similar discrimination is found in 1 Corinthians 3:12-15. A believer can ‘suffer loss’ but he himself cannot be LOST.
Let us turn to the exhortation given to the churches of Revelation 2 and 3. Look at the Church of Smyrna. Not one word of rebuke or censure is given, but an exhortation to remain faithful until death with the promise ‘I will give thee a crown of life’. An in addition to the overcomer, the Saviour adds:
‘He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death’ (Rev. 2:10,11).
Can anyone who holds the generally accepted view of the Great White Throne, explain how it is possible to bring together the assurance of the CROWN of life, an exemption from the SECOND DEATH? They have no common ground. The writer of these lines is a believer in Christ. He is saved and knows it, and even though his Christian life and witness be of the poorest quality, he can say as before the Lord, that he needs no assurance that he will not be hurt of the second death. The question does not arise. This being so, we are forced to believe that the second death here has been misunderstood.
Let us look at the church of Sardis (Rev. 3:1-6). Here there was ground for reproof, their works were not found ‘perfect before God’. However, to those who were undefiled, promises were made, and we read:
‘He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment; and I WILL NOT BLOT HIS NAME out the Book of Live, but I will confess His name before My Father, and before His angels’ (Rev. 3:5).
Again, if the accepted view of the Great White Throne is true, then this promise is gratuitous, the second death could never happen any way, while Romans 8:38,39 remains. However difficult it may be to harmonize with the rest of Scripture, one fact emerges from these considerations, namely, that the Millennial kingdom and the Great White Throne are two parts of one whole. The Book of Life figures in the Revelation, six times, thus:
A 3:5. Promise to the overcomer ‘I will not blot his name out of the book of life’.
B 13:8. These shall worship the beast. 17:8. These shall wonder at the beast.
B 20:12. The book of life opened. 20:15. Those not in the book of life.
A 22:19. Threat to take the name out of the book of life.
To this list we might add Revelation 22:18 where the plagues recorded in this book will be added to any who add to the things written, thus rounding off the intimate connection that exists with the earlier and closing sections of this prophecy.
A list of Evils Related to Apostasy
Another challenging passage is Revelation 21:7,8. Over against the overcomer, who is to inherit all things, is placed a list of evils, that at first glance belongs only to the wicked, the ungodly, and the unsaved. Yet remembering what we have already seen, and observing once more that it is in contrast with the OVERCOMER, not with the average believer, that this list is presented, perhaps the reader will hesitate to pronounce judgment until the Scriptures are permitted to speak for themselves. Here is the list:
‘The fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death’ (Rev. 21:8).
Can such a list have any relation with a professed believer? Before this study we might have pronounced an unhesitating ‘no’ but perhaps we are not quite so sure now. Let us ‘search and see’.
‘The ‘fearful’ Greek deilos. This word occurs only three times in the New Testament.
‘Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith?’ (Matt. 8:26; cf. Mark. 4:40).
These words are addressed to the DISCIPLES. Deilia occurs but once, and it is used by Paul in his letter to Timothy in view of the perilous position Timothy was about to step into:
‘God hath not given us the spirit of FEAR … be not … ashamed’ (2 Tim. 1:7,8).
Deiliao occurs but once, namely in John 14:27:
‘Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid’.
The LXX uses deilos of Rehoboam who was young and ‘tender hearted’ and so understood not ‘the children of Belial’ (2 Chron. 13:7). In like manner, and connected with the overcoming character, Deuteronomium 20:8 uses deiliao for the soldier who is ‘fearful and faint-hearted’. Here therefore is proof, that the ‘fearful’ can and does include many of those who are nevertheless saved, disciples or servants of the Lord.
‘The unbelieving’, apistos. That it is possible for a believer to have ‘an evil heart of unbelief in departing from the living God’ Hebrews 3:12 makes clear, and the context likens this attitude to the character of those who, though redeemed from Egypt, nevertheless ‘fell in the wilderness’ (Heb. 3:17) and in contrast with the two ‘overcomers’ Caleb and Joshua (Heb. 3:16). 2 Timothy 2:13 has already been quoted as showing that though the words, ‘if we believe not’ can alas at times apply to those who nevertheless ‘shall live’, they cannot be said of those who both ‘live and reign’.
‘The abominable’, bdelussomai. This word is used with reference to ‘the Abomination of Desolation’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet (Matt. 24:15; Mark. 13:14; Rev. 17:4,5; 21:27). The fearful, the unbelieving, the abominable, are all related to the state of mind that the terrible persecution of the Beast at the time of the end will induce.
‘The murderer’, phoneus. The reader may with some reluctance have followed so far, but at the word ‘murder’ will probably draw back. Yet Peter did not feel it necessary to explain and excuse the introduction of so dreadful a term, when he wrote:
‘Let none of you suffer as a murderer, or as a thief, or as an evildoer, or as a busybody in other men’s matters, Yet if any man suffer as a Christian … ‘ (1 Pet. 4:15,16)
To us, it seems odd to link ‘murder’ with ‘being busy-body’ or of using such an exhortation to ‘Christians’, but Peter did not feel that way evidently. Paul likewise, when writing to the Galatians puts together ’emulations, envyings, drunkenness and revellings’ with ‘murder’ (Gal. 5:19-21), and adds to all such, not to murderers only, ‘such … shall not inherit the kingdom of God’. That self-righteous Pharisee, who became the beloved apostle of the Gentiles, could say of his early life ‘touching the righteousness which is in the law’ that he was ‘BLAMELESS’ yet he had set out on a mission breathing out threatenings and MURDER (phonos) against the disciples of the Lord (Acts 9:1).
When the Man of Sin is in the ascendant, when no one will be permitted to either buy or sell that has not the mark of the Beast, then many shall ‘betray one another’ and deliver up the true believer to be ‘killed’ (Mattt. 24:9,10). To those thus betrayed will come the promise:
‘Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer … be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life … He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death’ (Rev. 2:10,11).
‘The whoremongers’, pornos. This word and its variants refer to any allegiance, in the day of the Lord, to that evil system associated with ‘The mother of Harlots’ (Rev. 17:5).
‘The sorcerers’, pharmakeus. These sorcerers are mentioned in Revelation 9:21 and 18:23 and reveal the Satanic powers that will be at work in the day of the Lord. In the list already quoted from Galatians 5, Paul includes ‘witchcraft’ (pharmakeia). These awful powers are seen at work in Revelation 16:13,14:
‘And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of the great day of God almighty’.
‘Idolaters and all liars’ conclude this dreadful list. The apostle did not hesitate to say when writing to the church at Corinth, ‘If any man that is called a BROTHER be … an idolater’ (1 Cor. 5:11), neither did he feel it unnecessary to say, ‘neither be ye idolaters as were some of them’ (who did not overcome like Caleb and Joshua) (1 Cor. 10:7). See 1 Corinthians 9:24 where this passage is introduced, not with salvation, but with prize and crown, and with the possibility of being a ‘castaway’ or disapproved’.
The worship of the image of the Beast (Rev. 13:15) when resisted led to martyrdom and the crown of those who reign during the thousand years (Rev. 20:4). Finally ‘all liars’ is extended in Revelation 21:27 as ‘whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie’ and in Revelation 22:15 is further expanded to ‘whosoever loveth and maketh a lie’. ‘The lie’ is of the Devil, it is ‘his own’ (Joh. 8:44). ‘The lie’ is associated with the Man of Sin and the working of Satan, together with those who received not the love of the TRUTH and have pleasure in unrighteousness (2 Thess. 2:9-12). In the Church, (ecclesias=uitgeroepenen) those who posed as apostles were found ‘liars’ (Rev. 2:2), and the liar is definitely associated with anti-christian denial (1 John. 2:22). This list of dreadful sins are all related to the time of stress which comes upon the world under the domination of the Beast and the False Prophet. To lean towards that blasphemous teaching, to submit rather than suffer, becomes an act of treachery on a field of battle, and the treatment of all such offenders must be drastic in the extreme.
There remains to be considered one more feature, and one that may cause considerable feeling; that is the bringing into the realm of the Church (ecclesia=uitgeroepenen) (Rev. 2-3) the possibility of ending up in the Lake of Fire. Traditional theology in the past has entertained few qualms as it contemplated the countless millions of un-evangelized heathen being consigned to that dreadful place, but it may be the nearer approach will stimulate a keener interest. The Lake of Fire is implicit in the two references to the churches, the second death, and the Book of Life already considered (Rev. 2:11; 3:5). In the first place, this dreadful doom was not prepared for the sons of men, it was ‘prepared for the Devil and his angels’ (Matt. 25:41) and in the Revelation, the first to enter are the Beast, The False Prophet and the Devil (Rev. 19:20; 20:10).
In times of peace, the punishment for some act directed against a government might be several years’ imprisonment, but the selfsame act in time of war might be punishment by death. Into the churches of Revelation 2 and 3 we can perceive the infiltration of the fifth columnists, false apostles, liars, Nicolaitanes, the blasphemy of those pretending to be Jews, but who are the synagogue of Satan; Satan’s throne, the doctrine of Balaam, the woman Jezebel, the threat to ‘kill her children with death’, the depths of Satan, a name to live yet dead. These constitute the associations of some of those who, having sold themselves to Satan, received the mark of the Beast, and so will be counted worthy of ‘tasting’ the same fate as that infernal trinity, the Beast, the False Prophet and the Devil. The Psalms, many of which are prophetic, are full of complaints and prayers concerning the enemy, the deceitful man, the persecutor, the betrayer.
Where Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, David, the believing remnant of Israel, and of ‘all Israël’ that will ultimately be saved come in this period and sphere, must be gathered from other Scriptures. Abraham, we know from Hebrews 11, which find his place in the heavenly Jerusalem but this does not descend to the earth until the thousand years are finished. The one positive teaching of Revelation 20:1-6 is that the martyrs of the final three and a half years of Gentile dominion shall ‘reign’ and be ‘priests’ of God and Christ.
Three Days
Before we consider the teaching of Revelation 20, concerning the Great White Throne, let us gather what we may from the testimony of 2 Peter, chapter 3. He speaks of:
The day of the Lord (2 Pet. 3:10).
The day of God (2 Pet. 3:12).
The new heavens and a new earth (2 Pet. 3:13).
The day of the age (aioon) (2 Pet. 3:18).
The wording of the Authorized Version obscures the relation of the day of the Lord, the Revised Version is nearer to the original:
‘But the day of the Lord will come as a thief; IN THE WHICH the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall be dissolved with fervent heat, and the earth and the works that are therein shall be burned up’.
‘Looking for and earnestly desiring the coming of the day of God, BY REASON OF WHICH the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat?’ (2 Pet. 3:10,12 R.V.).
‘In the which’, ‘by reason of which’ clearly distinguishes the one from the other. The day of God succeeds the day of the Lord and is beyond the dissolution of heaven and earth. For that day, said Peter, we look, and that day of God is explained further to be:
The news heavens and new earth.
The Day (pre-eminently) of the age hemeran aionos (2 Pet. 3:18). The Millennium is not the goal, the goal is the Day of the Age, the Day of God, symbolized in the typical Scriptures as ‘the eighth day’ the first day of the week.
When we consider the opening of the seals, we find that the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12-17) takes us to the frontier of the Millennium. The sun becomes black, the moon like blood, the heavens depart as a scroll, the day of His wrath is come. There can be no more than one occasion when the heavens depart as a scroll. Psalm 2 speaks of the gathering of the kings and rulers of the earth and is quoted in Acts 4:26,27 of Christ. The kindling of the wrath of the Son is parallel with the passage quoted from Revelation 6.
The Great White Throne
Let us now turn our attention to the Great White Throne. We observe that this judgment is twofold. First there is a judgment of works, and this is followed by the judgment that issues in life or the second death. The judgment that will be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrah can scarcely be made to fit in here, neither can the judgment of the un-evangelized Gentile world be easily aligned here as it is described in Romans 2:6-16. The latter at least is a judgment according to ‘deeds’ (Rom. 2:6), and of course may be all one and the same as this judgment of Revelation 20, but for the moment the decision is not vital to our quest. The Gospel preacher often refers to the Great White Throne in language that exceeds anything written in Revelation 20. Instead of this chapter telling us that ‘whoever stands before the Great White Throne is necessarily damned’, the reverse is the truth. John ceases to speak of multitudes, he descends to the singular kai ei tis … eblelthe, ‘If ANYONE … HE was cast’.
The Great White Throne resurrection and judgment is the complement of the overcomer’s resurrection and judgment and, being so, may have no reference to the millions of un-evangelized dead. It will be one of the sessions, ‘the Judgment Seat of Christ’.
Here for the moment we stay. Much re-adjustment will be necessary and this requires time, care and prayerful study. We believe sufficient has been brought forward in this analysis to justify a re-examination of many existing theories, and if it only calls a halt, and sends us all back to the neglected yet central portion of Scripture in this connection, namely Revelation 20:1-10, enough will have been achieved to justify publication. By speaking of the ‘Millennial’ kingdom we have blinded our eyes. We ought to speak of the first thousand years of a kingdom that shall have no end until the Son of God delivers up a perfected kingdom to God the Father, that God may be all in all.
The ‘Millennium’ is the last of the rule of God upon earth that employs DELEGATED authority. David, in resurrection, will be the Saviour’s Viceroy. The twelve apostles will sit upon the twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israël, the martyrs of the anti-christian persecutions will reign with Christ, and even then, the 1,000 years ends in rebellion. The age that follows is the reign of the Son of Man alone, and this ushers in the day of glory. We are conscious that much that we have written in this article is rather disconcerting, but we ask only one thing of our readers. Have we built squarely upon the revealed Word of God? Have we introduced any private interpretations of our own? We earnestly desire to be corrected if we have unconsciously done the latter, but we make no apology for any of our teaching that is in harmony with the Scriptures.
Whose Works Will be Judge?
At the Great White Throne there will be a judgment of WORKS. If those judge are the wicked dead, why differentiate between sins and works? Commentators seem to be unanimous that this judgment refers to the teeming millions of un-evangelized heathen. But, seeing that Revelation 2:11 and 3:5 and 20:6 tie the whole of the Apocalypse together and must not exclude 20:12-15, and seeing that ‘works’ are definitely a subject of ‘judgment’ in Revelation 2:2,5,9,13,19,26; 3:1,2,8,15 and the rewards of these same chapters all point forward to the same closing scenes of the Apocalypse, does it not cry out for recognition that ‘the works’ of Revelation 20:12,13 are NOT the works of the un-evangelized millions but of those who could not be include in the FORMER resurrection of the overcomers, both characters being found in the seven churches?
Again, the Book of Life is defined in Revelation 21:27 as ‘The Lamb’s book of life’, even as it is in Revelation 13:8 in direct reference to the worship of the Beast. Hebrews 12:23 will help us here. Hebrews 12:5-7 deals with sons, the theme of Hebrews 12:18-29 is the especial blessing of the ‘firstborn’ in connection with ‘Mount Sion … the heavenly Jerusalem’. The names of those firstborn are ‘WRITTEN IN HEAVEN’ and the threat or the exemption concerning the ‘blotting out of the name from the book of life’ has reference to those who during the three years and a half of the great tribulation, become either ‘overcomers’ or wait for the resurrection at the Great White Throne.
We particularly ask every reader – Do you, or will you START all your investigations of this great subject of prophecy with the key passage – Revelation 20:1-10? Dr. Bullinger used to say: ‘Some use the Scriptures as a BUTTRESS, to support their convictions. Others go to the Scriptures as a BUCKET let down into the well of truth, and come up full of the water of life’ Which kind are you?
We had thought to head this article ‘Beyond the Millennial Reign’ but we have done little else than clear away some of the accumulated rubbish that has prevented genuine building (Neh. 3:1-32; 4:10). We doubt not but that we shall have to build not only with trowel, but as Nehemiah did with a sword near at hand (Neh. 4:18) but it will be a well worth fight (2 Tim. 4:7). The ages that follow the thousand years must be the theme of future studies.
The following study may help us to recognize the place that the overcomer plays in prophecy.
Readers overseas may be pardoned for thinking of London as one great city, but in reality there are two Londons. The one a square mile, with place names still indicating the gates of the city, such as Bishop’s Gate, Aldgate, Cripplegate, etc. and odd remnants of the old city wall. This is ‘The city of London’ with its ancient history, its city policy, its city giants, and its valued citizenship. Greater London is governed by the London County Council and differs in many essential respects from the city.
So, it is easy for the reader to think of Jerusalem as of one undivided city, but closer examination of the Scriptures will lead to a discrimination between the city Jerusalem and the stronghold of Zion. As certain aspects of truth are especially related to Zion, this distinction must be kept in mind. The first reference to Jerusalem is in Joshua 10:1 where we find it ruled by the Amorite king Adoni-zedek, ‘the Lord of righteousness’, Satan’s substitute for Melchizedek, ‘King of Righteousness’ (Gen. 14:18). Although Jerusalem was taken by Joshua we read:
‘As for the Jebusites the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the children of Judah could not drive them out: but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Judah at Jerusalem unto this day’ (Josh. 15:63).
Zion and the Overcomer
Coming to the days of David we find the first reference to Zion. David reigned first over Judah in Hebron, and then over all Israël in Jerusalem (2 Sam. 5:5), but we learn that there was a ‘stronghold’ held by the Jebusites that defied him. So confident were they in the impregnability of Zion that they named the walls with the halt and the blind in derision. A secret entrance called ‘the gutter’ became known to David, and he announced that whoever could get up this gutter and capture the stronghold of Zion should be made Chief Captain. This Joab accomplished, climbing up a shaft that connected what is now called ‘the Virgin’s Fount’ with the interior of Zion (2 Sam. 5:6-9). In 1 Chronicles 11:4-6 this exploit is recorded, and there we have not only the added note, ‘So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was chief’ but the remainder of the chapter is significantly devoted to enumerating the names and the exploits of ‘the first three’, ‘the thirty’ and a list of ‘valiant men’ all market out for conspicuous bravery. The first reference to Zion links it with the ‘overcomer’.
Sion is Equivalent to the Heavenly Jerusalem
When we turn to the New Testament we find this association preserved. ‘Ye are come to mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem … the church (ecclesia=uitgeroepenen) of the firstborn, which are written in heaven’ (Heb. 12:22,23). Sion is mentioned also in the book of the Revelation where we see the 144,000 overcomers stand on mount Sion with the Lamb (Rev. 14:14). Hebrews 12 and Galatians 4 place mount Sinai in contrast with mount Sion, and in Galatians 4 the apostle speaks of ‘Jerusalem which is above’ (Gal. 4:25,26). Paul would be familiar with the fact noted by Josephus that Sion was referred to as ‘The upper city’ (he ano agora), using the same word ano as is found in Galatians 4:26, he ano Ierousalem. Putting these references together, we perceive that Sion differs from Jerusalem in that it is associated with overcoming, it is the Upper City, it is the alternative title to the heavenly Jerusalem. In the Old Testament this heavenly city is unrevealed, and Zion refers there to the centre of the Lord’s administration not in the days of perfect peace, but in the midst of enemies:
‘The LORD shall send the rod of Thy strength out of Zion: rule Thou IN THE MIDST OF THINE ENEMIES‘
‘The Lord at Thy right hand shall STRIKE THROUGH KINGS in the day of His WRATH’ (Psa. 110:2,5).
This passage is comparable with Psalm 2. There we have the kings of the earth setting themselves against the Lord, and against His anointed, but He that sitteth in the heavens shall have them in derision, and when He speaks to them, it is in His WRATH, saying:
‘Yet have I set MY King upon MY holy hill of Zion’ (Psa. 2:6).
This King whose dominion includes ‘the uttermost parts of the earth’ shall ‘break them with a rod of iron’ and these kings are enjoined to ‘Kiss the Son, lest He be angry, and ye perish from the way, When His WRATH is kindled but a little’ (Psa. 2:6,8,9,12).
The Millennium follows immediately upon the Coming of Christ (Rev. 19:21; 20:1,2,). There is no interval for a PreMillennium kingdom in the records of the Apocalypse except it be the kingdom of the Beast. When Christ come He comes to Zion,
‘The Redeemer shall come to Zion … Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the LORD is risen upon thee’ (Isa. 59:20; 60:1).
At the selfsame time, namely at the coming of the Lord to Zion, ‘darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people … and Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising … the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted’ (Isa. 59:20; 60:1,2,3,12). Again we read in the prophecy Joel:
‘Blow ye the trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm in My holy mountain: let all the inhabitants of the land tremble: for the day of the LORD cometh, for it is nigh at hand … The LORD also shall roar out of Zion … and the heavens and the earth shall shake: but the LORD will be the hope of His people, and the strenght of the children of Israël … for the LORD dwelleth in Zion’ (Joel 2:1; 3:16,21).
The Millennium opens (1) with the Lord reigning in Zion, or (2) it does not. If it does, then the Millennium cannot be a kingdom of universal peace; to say so denies the testimony of Scripture. When the Lord reigns in Zion it is in the midst of enemies. Wrath is to be feared. Rule will be severe – a rod of IRON. Nations are in danger of perishing and so are kings, and the nation and the kingdom that refuse to serve Israël shall perish, ‘Yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted’ (Isa. 60:12). This will be the day when Israël shall be named ‘The Priest of the Lord’ and ‘Ministers of our God’, the day when those that mourn ‘in Zion’ shall have beauty for ashes (Isa. 61:3,6).
So we could continue. We must either believe that when the LORD reigns in Zion, it will be on earth where enemies still exist, or we can believe one or other of the theories with which the Millennium kingdom has been invested, but it is impossible to believe both.
The last Test
The Millennium is man’s last opportunity and test. Here, when sin is restrained and the Devil bound, man still proves utterly unable to stand, and the Millennium is the last of a series that commenced with Eden, and which continued under patriarchal rule, the dominion of law, and the reign of David, even to the advent of the Son of Man in His humiliation on earth.
Right Division Obtains Here
We have evidently placed in the Millennium, prophecies that belong to a succeeding age, and not to the reign of the overcomer. A day follows the Millennium when the heavenly Jerusalem descends to the earth, to be the jewelled centre of a new earth, and Peter tells us that the day of God follows the day of the Lord.
Out: Prophetic Truth / Charles H. Welch
THE CHAPEL OF THE OPENED BOOK /LONDON
www.bereanonline.org
Bediening van het geheimenis – Efeze 3:9
zie: / Audio – o.a. dhr. D. van Zuijlekom
www.levendwater.org
Het nieuws vanuit Israël dat anderen niet brengen …
www.israeltoday.nl
Een dagelijkse uitgave van het Midden-Oosten nieuws!
www.wimjongman.nl
www.franklinterhorst.nl
Sjabbat viering vanuit de State Washington / Livestream /zaterdag 19.00 -21.30 u.
www.elshaddaiministries.us
Fox News channel – www.foxnews.com
Breitbart News Network – www.breitbart.com
THE LAST DAYS (2) In the New Testament … and the Prophet Joel (Charles H. Welch) THE COMING OF THE LORD … The Old Testament Basis / The New Testament Fulfilment (Charles H. Welch)
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Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic. However, the first termites possibly emerged during the Permian or even the Carboniferous. About 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called "white ants", they are not ants.
This article is about social insects. For other uses, see Termite (disambiguation).
PreЄ
Early Triassic – Recent
Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus)
Soldiers (red-coloured heads)
Workers (pale-coloured heads)
Cohort: Polyneoptera
Superorder: Dictyoptera
Order: Blattodea
Infraorder: Isoptera
† Cratomastotermitidae[1]
Mastotermitidae
† Termopsidae[2]
Archotermopsidae
Hodotermitidae
Stolotermitidae
Kalotermitidae
† Archeorhinotermitidae
Stylotermitidae
Rhinotermitidae
Serritermitidae
Termitidae
Like ants and some bees and wasps from the separate order Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among castes consisting of male and female "workers" and "soldiers" that are usually sterile. All colonies have fertile males called "kings" and one or more fertile females called "queens". Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. Termites are major detritivores, particularly in the subtropical and tropical regions, and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable ecological importance.
Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens reportedly living up to 30 to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph, and adult stages. Colonies are described as superorganisms because the termites form part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself.[3]
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops, or plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as invasive species.
The infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings.[4] "Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered by the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the earlier word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known as terminarium or termitaria.[5][6] In earlier English, termites were known as "wood ants" or "white ants".[5] The modern term was first used in 1781.[7]
Taxonomy and evolution
Termites were formerly placed in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made that they were closely related to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) based on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.[8] In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.[9] In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences[10] supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the order Blattodea, which included the cockroaches.[11][12] The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.[13][14] Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, but Cryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis and allogrooming.[15] Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.[11][16] Some researchers have suggested a more conservative measure of retaining the termites as the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below.[17] Termites have long been accepted to be closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder (Dictyoptera).[18][19]
The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, they likely originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.[20][21][22] Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termite-eating mammals.[23] The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.[24] Claims that termites emerged earlier have faced controversy. For example, F. M. Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago,[25] and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas.[26] It is even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.[27] The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern.[26] Krishna et al., though, consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.[28]
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.[29] It has been proposed that the Isoptera and Cryptocercidae be grouped in the clade "Xylophagodea".[30] Termites are sometimes called "white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is due to their sociality which is due to convergent evolution[31][32] with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.[33] Termite genomes are generally relatively large compared to that of other insects; the first fully sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of roughly 500Mb,[34] while two subsequently published genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.[35][32]
Dictyoptera
Blattoidea
Termitoidae / Infraorder Isoptera
Termopsidae
Cryptocercoidae
Cryptocercidae (brown-hooded cockroaches)
Blattidae (Oriental, American and other cockroaches)
Blaberoidea
Blaberidae (Giant cockroaches)
Ectobiidae (part)
Corydioidea
Corydiidae (Sand cockroaches, etc)
Nocticolidae (Cave cockroaches, etc)
Alienoptera†
Mantodea (Mantises)
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families; reproductive and/or soldier castes are usually required for identification. The infraorder Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective classification:[28]
Basal Termite Families
Epifamily Termitoidae
Family †Cratomastotermitidae
Family Mastotermitidae
Parvorder Euisoptera
Family Termopsidae
Family Archotermopsidae
Family Hodotermitidae
Family Stolotermitidae
Family Kalotermitidae
Neoisoptera
The Neoisoptera, literally meaning "newer termites" (in an evolutionary sense), are a recently coined nanorder that include families commonly referred-to as "higher termites", although some authorities only apply this term to the largest family Termitidae. The latter characteristically do not have Pseudergate nymphs (many "lower termite" worker nymphs have the capacity to develop into reproductive castes: see below). Cellulose digestion in "higher termites" has co-evolved with eukaryotic gut microbiota[36] and many genera have symbiotic relationships with fungi such as Termitomyces; in contrast, "lower termites" typically have flagellates and prokaryotes in their hindguts. Five families are now included here:
Family †Archeorhinotermitidae
Family Stylotermitidae
Family Rhinotermitidae
Coptotermitinae
Heterotermitinae
Prorhinoterminae
Psammotermitinae
Rhinotermitinae
Termitogetoninae
Family Serritermitidae
Family Termitidae
Apicotermitinae
Cubitermitinae
Foraminitermitinae
Macrotermitinae
Nasutitermitinae
Sphaerotermitinae
Syntermitinae
Termitinae
Distribution and diversity
Termites are found on all continents except Antarctica. The diversity of termite species is low in North America and Europe (10 species known in Europe and 50 in North America), but is high in South America, where over 400 species are known.[37] Of the 3,000 termite species currently classified, 1,000 are found in Africa, where mounds are extremely abundant in certain regions. Approximately 1.1 million active termite mounds can be found in the northern Kruger National Park alone.[38] In Asia, there are 435 species of termites, which are mainly distributed in China. Within China, termite species are restricted to mild tropical and subtropical habitats south of the Yangtze River.[37] In Australia, all ecological groups of termites (dampwood, drywood, subterranean) are endemic to the country, with over 360 classified species.[37]
Due to their soft cuticles, termites do not inhabit cool or cold habitats.[39] There are three ecological groups of termites: dampwood, drywood and subterranean. Dampwood termites are found only in coniferous forests, and drywood termites are found in hardwood forests; subterranean termites live in widely diverse areas.[37] One species in the drywood group is the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), which is an invasive species in Australia.[40]
Diversity of Isoptera by continent:
Estimated number of species
435 1,000 50 400 10 360
Termites are usually small, measuring between 4 to 15 millimetres (0.16 to 0.59 in) in length.[37] The largest of all extant termites are the queens of the species Macrotermes bellicosus, measuring up to over 10 centimetres (4 in) in length.[41] Another giant termite, the extinct Gyatermes styriensis, flourished in Austria during the Miocene and had a wingspan of 76 millimetres (3.0 in) and a body length of 25 millimetres (0.98 in).[42][note 1]
Most worker and soldier termites are completely blind as they do not have a pair of eyes. However, some species, such as Hodotermes mossambicus, have compound eyes which they use for orientation and to distinguish sunlight from moonlight.[43] The alates (winged males and females) have eyes along with lateral ocelli. Lateral ocelli, however, are not found in all termites, absent in the families Hodotermitidae, Termopsidae, and Archotermopsidae.[44][45] Like other insects, termites have a small tongue-shaped labrum and a clypeus; the clypeus is divided into a postclypeus and anteclypeus. Termite antennae have a number of functions such as the sensing of touch, taste, odours (including pheromones), heat and vibration. The three basic segments of a termite antenna include a scape, a pedicel (typically shorter than the scape), and the flagellum (all segments beyond the scape and pedicel).[45] The mouth parts contain a maxillae, a labium, and a set of mandibles. The maxillae and labium have palps that help termites sense food and handling.[45]
Consistent with all insects, the anatomy of the termite thorax consists of three segments: the prothorax, the mesothorax and the metathorax.[45] Each segment contains a pair of legs. On alates, the wings are located at the mesothorax and metathorax. The mesothorax and metathorax have well-developed exoskeletal plates; the prothorax has smaller plates.[46]
Termites have a ten-segmented abdomen with two plates, the tergites and the sternites.[47] The tenth abdominal segment has a pair of short cerci.[48] There are ten tergites, of which nine are wide and one is elongated.[49] The reproductive organs are similar to those in cockroaches but are more simplified. For example, the intromittent organ is not present in male alates, and the sperm is either immotile or aflagellate. However, Mastotermitidae termites have multiflagellate sperm with limited motility.[50] The genitals in females are also simplified. Unlike in other termites, Mastotermitidae females have an ovipositor, a feature strikingly similar to that in female cockroaches.[51]
The non-reproductive castes of termites are wingless and rely exclusively on their six legs for locomotion. The alates fly only for a brief amount of time, so they also rely on their legs.[47] The appearance of the legs is similar in each caste, but the soldiers have larger and heavier legs. The structure of the legs is consistent with other insects: the parts of a leg include a coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and the tarsus.[47] The number of tibial spurs on an individual's leg varies. Some species of termite have an arolium, located between the claws, which is present in species that climb on smooth surfaces but is absent in most termites.[52]
Unlike in ants, the hind-wings and fore-wings are of equal length.[4] Most of the time, the alates are poor flyers; their technique is to launch themselves in the air and fly in a random direction.[53] Studies show that in comparison to larger termites, smaller termites cannot fly long distances. When a termite is in flight, its wings remain at a right angle, and when the termite is at rest, its wings remain parallel to the body.[54]
Worker termites undertake the most labour within the colony, being responsible for foraging, food storage, and brood and nest maintenance.[55][56] Workers are tasked with the digestion of cellulose in food and are thus the most likely caste to be found in infested wood. The process of worker termites feeding other nestmates is known as trophallaxis. Trophallaxis is an effective nutritional tactic to convert and recycle nitrogenous components.[57] It frees the parents from feeding all but the first generation of offspring, allowing for the group to grow much larger and ensuring that the necessary gut symbionts are transferred from one generation to another. Some termite species may rely on nymphs to perform work without differentiating as a separate caste.[56] Workers may be male or female and are usually sterile, especially in termites that have a nest site that is separate from their foraging site. Sterile workers are sometimes termed as true workers while those that are fertile, as in the wood-nesting Termopsidae, are termed as false workers.[58]
The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole purpose is to defend the colony.[59] Many soldiers have large heads with highly modified powerful jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by workers.[59][60] Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretions, are a feature of the family Rhinotermitidae.[61] Many species are readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' larger and darker head and large mandibles.[56][59] Among certain termites, soldiers may use their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.[62] Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).[56] These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.[63] Nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nasute nutrition.[64] Soldiers are usually sterile but some species of Termopsidae are known to have neotenic forms with soldier-like heads while also haveing sexual organs.[65]
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.[66] The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.[67] In some species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.[55][66] Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of the year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins. These swarms attract a wide variety of predators.[66]
Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and develop from fertilised eggs. In contrast, worker termites, which constitute the majority in a colony, are diploid individuals of both sexes and develop from fertilised eggs. Depending on species, male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.[68]
The life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.[69] Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow. In some species, eggs go through four moulting stages and nymphs go through three.[70] Nymphs first moult into workers, and then some workers go through further moulting and become soldiers or alates; workers become alates only by moulting into alate nymphs.[71]
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but workers also take part in the social life of the colony and have certain other tasks to accomplish such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.[56][72] Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.[73]
Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.[74] The lower levels of damage appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.[74]
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.[75] A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they do, they excavate a chamber big enough for both, close up the entrance and proceed to mate.[75] After mating, the pair never go outside and spend the rest of their lives in the nest. Nuptial flight time varies in each species. For example, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while others emerge during the winter.[76] The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.[76] The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species typically having 100–1,000 individuals. However, some termite colonies, including those with large individuals, can number in the millions.[42]
The queen only lays 10–20 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.[56] At maturity, a primary queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may produce 40,000 eggs a day.[77] The two mature ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles each.[78] The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times more than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant workers provide assistance.
The king grows only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to mate with the queen for life (a termite queen can live between 30 to 50 years); this is very different from ant colonies, in which a queen mates once with the male(s) and stores the gametes for life, as the male ants die shortly after mating.[67][72] If a queen is absent, a termite king produces pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.[79] As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not occur.[80]
Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only mature into primary reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated from the colony.[71][81] Supplementaries have the ability to replace a dead primary reproductive, and there may also be more than a single supplementary within a colony.[56] Some queens have the ability to switch from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction. Studies show that while termite queens mate with the king to produce colony workers, the queens reproduce their replacements (neotenic queens) parthenogenetically.[82][83]
The neotropical termite Embiratermes neotenicus and several other related species produce colonies that contain a primary king accompanied by a primary queen or by up to 200 neotenic queens that had originated through thelytokous parthenogenesis of a founding primary queen.[84] The form of parthenogenesis likely employed maintains heterozygosity in the passage of the genome from mother to daughter, thus avoiding inbreeding depression.
Behaviour and ecology
Termites are detritivores, consuming dead plants at any level of decomposition. They also play a vital role in the ecosystem by recycling waste material such as dead wood, faeces and plants.[85][86][87] Many species eat cellulose, having a specialised midgut that breaks down the fibre.[88] Termites are considered to be a major source (11%) of atmospheric methane, one of the prime greenhouse gases, produced from the breakdown of cellulose.[89] Termites rely primarily upon symbiotic protozoa (metamonads) and other microbes such as flagellate protists in their guts to digest the cellulose for them, allowing them to absorb the end products for their own use.[90][91] Gut protozoa, such as Trichonympha, in turn, rely on symbiotic bacteria embedded on their surfaces to produce some of the necessary digestive enzymes. Most higher termites, especially in the family Termitidae, can produce their own cellulase enzymes, but they rely primarily upon the bacteria. The flagellates have been lost in Termitidae.[92][93][94] Scientists' understanding of the relationship between the termite digestive tract and the microbial endosymbionts is still rudimentary; what is true in all termite species, however, is that the workers feed the other members of the colony with substances derived from the digestion of plant material, either from the mouth or anus.[57][95] Judging from closely related bacterial species, it is strongly presumed that the termites' and cockroach's gut microbiota derives from their dictyopteran ancestors.[96]
Certain species such as Gnathamitermes tubiformans have seasonal food habits. For example, they may preferentially consume Red three-awn (Aristida longiseta) during the summer, Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) from May to August, and blue grama Bouteloua gracilis during spring, summer and autumn. Colonies of G. tubiformans consume less food in spring than they do during autumn when their feeding activity is high.[97]
Various woods differ in their susceptibility to termite attack; the differences are attributed to such factors as moisture content, hardness, and resin and lignin content. In one study, the drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis strongly preferred poplar and maple woods to other woods that were generally rejected by the termite colony. These preferences may in part have represented conditioned or learned behaviour.[98]
Some species of termite practice fungiculture. They maintain a "garden" of specialised fungi of genus Termitomyces, which are nourished by the excrement of the insects. When the fungi are eaten, their spores pass undamaged through the intestines of the termites to complete the cycle by germinating in the fresh faecal pellets.[99][100] Molecular evidence suggests that the family Macrotermitinae developed agriculture about 31 million years ago. It is assumed that more than 90 percent of dry wood in the semiarid savannah ecosystems of Africa and Asia are reprocessed by these termites. Originally living in the rainforest, fungus farming allowed them to colonise the African savannah and other new environments, eventually expanding into Asia.[101]
Depending on their feeding habits, termites are placed into two groups: the lower termites and higher termites. The lower termites predominately feed on wood. As wood is difficult to digest, termites prefer to consume fungus-infected wood because it is easier to digest and the fungi are high in protein. Meanwhile, the higher termites consume a wide variety of materials, including faeces, humus, grass, leaves and roots.[102] The gut in the lower termites contains many species of bacteria along with protozoa, while the higher termites only have a few species of bacteria with no protozoa.[103]
Termites are consumed by a wide variety of predators. One termite species alone, Hodotermes mossambicus, was found in the stomach contents of 65 birds and 19 mammals.[104] Arthropods such as ants,[105][106] centipedes, cockroaches, crickets, dragonflies, scorpions and spiders,[107] reptiles such as lizards,[108] and amphibians such as frogs[109] and toads consume termites, with two spiders in the family Ammoxenidae being specialist termite predators.[110][111][112] Other predators include aardvarks, aardwolves, anteaters, bats, bears, bilbies, many birds, echidnas, foxes, galagos, numbats, mice and pangolins.[110][113][114][115] The aardwolf is an insectivorous mammal that primarily feeds on termites; it locates its food by sound and also by detecting the scent secreted by the soldiers; a single aardwolf is capable of consuming thousands of termites in a single night by using its long, sticky tongue.[116][117] Sloth bears break open mounds to consume the nestmates, while chimpanzees have developed tools to "fish" termites from their nest. Wear pattern analysis of bone tools used by the early hominin Paranthropus robustus suggests that they used these tools to dig into termite mounds.[118]
Among all predators, ants are the greatest enemy to termites.[105][106] Some ant genera are specialist predators of termites. For example, Megaponera is a strictly termite-eating (termitophagous) genus that perform raiding activities, some lasting several hours.[119][120] Paltothyreus tarsatus is another termite-raiding species, with each individual stacking as many termites as possible in its mandibles before returning home, all the while recruiting additional nestmates to the raiding site through chemical trails.[105] The Malaysian basicerotine ants Eurhopalothrix heliscata uses a different strategy of termite hunting by pressing themselves into tight spaces, as they hunt through rotting wood housing termite colonies. Once inside, the ants seize their prey by using their short but sharp mandibles.[105] Tetramorium uelense is a specialised predator species that feeds on small termites. A scout recruits 10–30 workers to an area where termites are present, killing them by immobilising them with their stinger.[121] Centromyrmex and Iridomyrmex colonies sometimes nest in termite mounds, and so the termites are preyed on by these ants. No evidence for any kind of relationship (other than a predatory one) is known.[122][123] Other ants, including Acanthostichus, Camponotus, Crematogaster, Cylindromyrmex, Leptogenys, Odontomachus, Ophthalmopone, Pachycondyla, Rhytidoponera, Solenopsis and Wasmannia, also prey on termites.[113][105][124] In contrast to all these ant species, and despite their enormous diversity of prey, Dorylus ants rarely consume termites.[125]
Ants are not the only invertebrates that perform raids. Many sphecoid wasps and several species including Polybia Lepeletier and Angiopolybia Araujo are known to raid termite mounds during the termites' nuptial flight.[126]
Parasites, pathogens and viruses
Termites are less likely to be attacked by parasites than bees, wasps and ants, as they are usually well protected in their mounds.[127][128] Nevertheless, termites are infected by a variety of parasites. Some of these include dipteran flies,[129] Pyemotes mites, and a large number of nematode parasites. Most nematode parasites are in the order Rhabditida;[130] others are in the genus Mermis, Diplogaster aerivora and Harteria gallinarum.[131] Under imminent threat of an attack by parasites, a colony may migrate to a new location.[132] Fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus nomius and Metarhizium anisopliae are, however, major threats to a termite colony as they are not host-specific and may infect large portions of the colony;[133][134] transmission usually occurs via direct physical contact.[135] M. anisopliae is known to weaken the termite immune system. Infection with A. nomius only occurs when a colony is under great stress.
Termites are infected by viruses including Entomopoxvirinae and the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.[136][137]
Locomotion and foraging
Because the worker and soldier castes lack wings and thus never fly, and the reproductives use their wings for just a brief amount of time, termites predominantly rely upon their legs to move about.[47]
Foraging behaviour depends on the type of termite. For example, certain species feed on the wood structures they inhabit, and others harvest food that is near the nest.[138] Most workers are rarely found out in the open, and do not forage unprotected; they rely on sheeting and runways to protect them from predators.[55] Subterranean termites construct tunnels and galleries to look for food, and workers who manage to find food sources recruit additional nestmates by depositing a phagostimulant pheromone that attracts workers.[139] Foraging workers use semiochemicals to communicate with each other,[140] and workers who begin to forage outside of their nest release trail pheromones from their sternal glands.[141] In one species, Nasutitermes costalis, there are three phases in a foraging expedition: first, soldiers scout an area. When they find a food source, they communicate to other soldiers and a small force of workers starts to emerge. In the second phase, workers appear in large numbers at the site. The third phase is marked by a decrease in the number of soldiers present and an increase in the number of workers.[142] Isolated termite workers may engage in Lévy flight behaviour as an optimised strategy for finding their nestmates or foraging for food.[143]
Competition between two colonies always results in agonistic behaviour towards each other, resulting in fights. These fights can cause mortality on both sides and, in some cases, the gain or loss of territory.[144][145] "Cemetery pits" may be present, where the bodies of dead termites are buried.[146]
Studies show that when termites encounter each other in foraging areas, some of the termites deliberately block passages to prevent other termites from entering.[140][147] Dead termites from other colonies found in exploratory tunnels leads to the isolation of the area and thus the need to construct new tunnels.[148] Conflict between two competitors does not always occur. For example, though they might block each other's passages, colonies of Macrotermes bellicosus and Macrotermes subhyalinus are not always aggressive towards each other.[149] Suicide cramming is known in Coptotermes formosanus. Since C. formosanus colonies may get into physical conflict, some termites squeeze tightly into foraging tunnels and die, successfully blocking the tunnel and ending all agonistic activities.[150]
Among the reproductive caste, neotenic queens may compete with each other to become the dominant queen when there are no primary reproductives. This struggle among the queens leads to the elimination of all but a single queen, which, with the king, takes over the colony.[151]
Ants and termites may compete with each other for nesting space. In particular, ants that prey on termites usually have a negative impact on arboreal nesting species.[152]
Most termites are blind, so communication primarily occurs through chemical, mechanical and pheromonal cues.[44][140] These methods of communication are used in a variety of activities, including foraging, locating reproductives, construction of nests, recognition of nestmates, nuptial flight, locating and fighting enemies, and defending the nests.[44][140] The most common way of communicating is through antennation.[140] A number of pheromones are known, including contact pheromones (which are transmitted when workers are engaged in trophallaxis or grooming) and alarm, trail and sex pheromones. The alarm pheromone and other defensive chemicals are secreted from the frontal gland. Trail pheromones are secreted from the sternal gland, and sex pheromones derive from two glandular sources: the sternal and tergal glands.[44] When termites go out to look for food, they forage in columns along the ground through vegetation. A trail can be identified by the faecal deposits or runways that are covered by objects. Workers leave pheromones on these trails, which are detected by other nestmates through olfactory receptors.[60] Termites can also communicate through mechanical cues, vibrations, and physical contact.[60][140] These signals are frequently used for alarm communication or for evaluating a food source.[140][153]
When termites construct their nests, they use predominantly indirect communication. No single termite would be in charge of any particular construction project. Individual termites react rather than think, but at a group level, they exhibit a sort of collective cognition. Specific structures or other objects such as pellets of soil or pillars cause termites to start building. The termite adds these objects onto existing structures, and such behaviour encourages building behaviour in other workers. The result is a self-organised process whereby the information that directs termite activity results from changes in the environment rather than from direct contact among individuals.[140]
Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts: chemicals consisting of hydrocarbons released from the cuticle allow the recognition of alien termite species.[154][155] Each colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is a result of genetic and environmental factors such as the termites' diet and the composition of the bacteria within the termites' intestines.[156]
See also: Insect defences
Termites rely on alarm communication to defend a colony.[140] Alarm pheromones can be released when the nest has been breached or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites always avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.[157] Other methods of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.[140][158]
In some species, some soldiers block tunnels to prevent their enemies from entering the nest, and they may deliberately rupture themselves as an act of defence.[159] In cases where the intrusion is coming from a breach that is larger than the soldier's head, soldiers form a phalanx-like formation around the breach and bite at intruders.[160] If an invasion carried out by Megaponera analis is successful, an entire colony may be destroyed, although this scenario is rare.[160]
To termites, any breach of their tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites detect a potential breach, the soldiers usually bang their heads, apparently to attract other soldiers for defence and to recruit additional workers to repair any breach.[60] Additionally, an alarmed termite bumps into other termites which causes them to be alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the disturbed area, which is also a way to recruit extra workers.[60]
The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae has a specialised caste of soldiers, known as nasutes, that have the ability to exude noxious liquids through a horn-like frontal projection that they use for defence.[161] Nasutes have lost their mandibles through the course of evolution and must be fed by workers.[63] A wide variety of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the liquids that nasutes secrete.[162] Similarly, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.[163]
Soldiers of the species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis – rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of their cuticles. The thick, yellow fluid in the gland becomes very sticky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects that are trying to invade the nest.[164][165] Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, also engages in suicidal defence. Workers physically unable to use their mandibles while in a fight form a pouch full of chemicals, then deliberately rupture themselves, releasing toxic chemicals that paralyse and kill their enemies.[166] The soldiers of the neotropical termite family Serritermitidae have a defence strategy which involves front gland autothysis, with the body rupturing between the head and abdomen. When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a block that denies entry to any attacker.[167]
Workers use several different strategies to deal with their dead, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse altogether.[168][169][170] To avoid pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate carries away a corpse from the colony to dispose of it elsewhere.[171] Which strategy is used depends on the nature of the corpse a worker is dealing with (i.e. the age of the carcass).[171]
Relationship with other organisms
A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These small brown balls, known as "termite balls", rarely kill the eggs, and in some cases the workers tend to them.[172] This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.[173] A unique mimicking behaviour exists between various species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain termite species within Reticulitermes. The beetles share the same cuticle hydrocarbons as the termites and even biosynthesize them. This chemical mimicry allows the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.[174] The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes allows the beetle to mimic a termite worker.[175]
Some species of ant are known to capture termites to use as a fresh food source later on, rather than killing them. For example, Formica nigra captures termites, and those who try to escape are immediately seized and driven underground.[176] Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species go in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.[152] Ants such as Megaponera analis attack the outside of mounds and Dorylinae ants attack underground.[152][177] Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully. Some species of termite, including Nasutitermes corniger, form associations with certain ant species to keep away predatory ant species.[178] The earliest known association between Azteca ants and Nasutitermes termites date back to the Oligocene to Miocene period.[179]
54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both occupied and abandoned ones.[180] One reason many ants live in Nasutitermes mounds is due to the termites' frequent occurrence in their geographical range; another is to protect themselves from floods.[180][181] Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds although no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than a predatory one) is known.[122] In rare cases, certain species of termites live inside active ant colonies.[182] Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and dwell inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).[60] As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts. They have developed a gland that secrete a substance that attracts the workers by licking them. Mounds may also provide shelter and warmth to birds, lizards, snakes and scorpions.[60]
Termites are known to carry pollen and regularly visit flowers,[183] so are regarded as potential pollinators for a number of flowering plants.[184] One flower in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is regularly pollinated by foraging workers, and it is perhaps the only Orchidaceae flower in the world to be pollinated by termites.[183]
Many plants have developed effective defences against termites. However, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only develop when they have passed the seedling stage.[185] Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant chemicals into the woody cell walls.[186] This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose. A commercial product, "Blockaid", has been developed in Australia that uses a range of plant extracts to create a paint-on nontoxic termite barrier for buildings.[186] An extract of a species of Australian figwort, Eremophila, has been shown to repel termites;[187] tests have shown that termites are strongly repelled by the toxic material to the extent that they will starve rather than consume the food. When kept close to the extract, they become disoriented and eventually die.[187]
Relationship with the environment
Termite populations can be substantially impacted by environmental changes including those caused by human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of three sites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.[188] A total of 26 species of termites were present in the three sites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects. The termite assemblages were considerably different among sites, with a conspicuous reduction in both diversity and abundance with increased disturbance, related to the reduction of tree density and soil cover, and with the intensity of trampling by cattle and goats. The wood-feeders were the most severely affected feeding group.
A termite nest can be considered as being composed of two parts, the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all of the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is the structure itself, which is constructed by the termites.[189] Nests can be broadly separated into three main categories: subterranean (completely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (built above ground, but always connected to the ground via shelter tubes).[190] Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the earth with ground contact and are made out of earth and mud.[191] A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and providing shelter against predators. Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds.[192] Primitive termites of today nest in wooden structures such as logs, stumps and the dead parts of trees, as did termites millions of years ago.[190]
To build their nests, termites primarily use faeces, which have many desirable properties as a construction material.[193] Other building materials include partly digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and soil, used in subterranean nest and mound construction. Not all nests are visible, as many nests in tropical forests are located underground.[192] Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are good examples of subterranean nest builders, as they only dwell inside tunnels.[193] Other termites live in wood, and tunnels are constructed as they feed on the wood. Nests and mounds protect the termites' soft bodies against desiccation, light, pathogens and parasites, as well as providing a fortification against predators.[194] Nests made out of carton are particularly weak, and so the inhabitants use counter-attack strategies against invading predators.[195]
Arboreal carton nests of mangrove swamp-dwelling Nasutitermes are enriched in lignin and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change is caused by bacterial decay in the gut of the termites: they use their faeces as a carton building material. Arboreal termites nests can account for as much as 2% of above ground carbon storage in Puerto Rican mangrove swamps. These Nasutitermes nests are mainly composed of partially biodegraded wood material from the stems and branches of mangrove trees, namely, Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) and Laguncularia racemose (white mangrove).[196]
Some species build complex nests called polycalic nests; this habitat is called polycalism. Polycalic species of termites form multiple nests, or calies, connected by subterranean chambers.[113] The termite genera Apicotermes and Trinervitermes are known to have polycalic species.[197] Polycalic nests appear to be less frequent in mound-building species although polycalic arboreal nests have been observed in a few species of Nasutitermes.[197]
Main article: Mound-building termites
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Termite mounds.
Nests are considered mounds if they protrude from the earth's surface.[193] A mound provides termites the same protection as a nest but is stronger.[195] Mounds located in areas with torrential and continuous rainfall are at risk of mound erosion due to their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can provide protection from the rain, and in fact can withstand high precipitation.[193] Certain areas in mounds are used as strong points in case of a breach. For example, Cubitermes colonies build narrow tunnels used as strong points, as the diameter of the tunnels is small enough for soldiers to block.[198] A highly protected chamber, known as the "queens cell", houses the queen and king and is used as a last line of defence.[195]
Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably build the most complex structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds.[193] These mounds are among the largest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 feet), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges.[60] Another termite species, Amitermes meridionalis, can build nests 3 to 4 metres (9 to 13 feet) high and 2.5 metres (8 feet) wide. The tallest mound ever recorded was 12.8 metres (42 ft) long found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[199]
The sculptured mounds sometimes have elaborate and distinctive forms, such as those of the compass termite (Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis), which builds tall, wedge-shaped mounds with the long axis oriented approximately north–south, which gives them their common name.[200][201] This orientation has been experimentally shown to assist thermoregulation. The north-south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase rapidly during the morning while avoiding overheating from the midday sun. The temperature then remains at a plateau for the rest of the day until the evening.[202]
Shelter tubes
Termites construct shelter tubes, also known as earthen tubes or mud tubes, that start from the ground. These shelter tubes can be found on walls and other structures.[203] Constructed by termites during the night, a time of higher humidity, these tubes provide protection to termites from potential predators, especially ants.[204] Shelter tubes also provide high humidity and darkness and allow workers to collect food sources that cannot be accessed in any other way.[203] These passageways are made from soil and faeces and are normally brown in colour. The size of these shelter tubes depends on the number of food sources that are available. They range from less than 1 cm to several cm in width, but may be dozens of metres in length.[204]
Relationship with humans
As pests
Owing to their wood-eating habits, many termite species can do significant damage to unprotected buildings and other wooden structures.[205] Termites play an important role as decomposers of wood and vegetative material, and the conflict with humans occurs where structures and landscapes containing structural wood components, cellulose derived structural materials and ornamental vegetation provide termites with a reliable source of food and moisture.[206] Their habit of remaining concealed often results in their presence being undetected until the timbers are severely damaged, with only a thin exterior layer of wood remaining, which protects them from the environment.[207] Of the 3,106 species known, only 183 species cause damage; 83 species cause significant damage to wooden structures.[205] In North America, 18 subterranean species are pests;[208] in Australia, 16 species have an economic impact; in the Indian subcontinent 26 species are considered pests, and in tropical Africa, 24. In Central America and the West Indies, there are 17 pest species.[205] Among the termite genera, Coptotermes has the highest number of pest species of any genus, with 28 species known to cause damage.[205] Less than 10% of drywood termites are pests, but they infect wooden structures and furniture in tropical, subtropical and other regions. Dampwood termites only attack lumber material exposed to rainfall or soil.[205]
Drywood termites thrive in warm climates, and human activities can enable them to invade homes since they can be transported through contaminated goods, containers and ships.[205] Colonies of termites have been seen thriving in warm buildings located in cold regions.[209] Some termites are considered invasive species. Cryptotermes brevis, the most widely introduced invasive termite species in the world, has been introduced to all the islands in the West Indies and to Australia.[40][205]
In addition to causing damage to buildings, termites can also damage food crops.[210] Termites may attack trees whose resistance to damage is low but generally ignore fast-growing plants. Most attacks occur at harvest time; crops and trees are attacked during the dry season.[210]
The damage caused by termites costs the southwestern United States approximately $1.5 billion each year in wood structure damage, but the true cost of damage worldwide cannot be determined.[205][211] Drywood termites are responsible for a large proportion of the damage caused by termites.[212] The goal of termite control is to keep structures and susceptible ornamental plants free from termites.;[213] Structures may be homes or business, or elements such as wooden fence posts and telephone poles. Regular and thorough inspections by a trained professional may be necessary to detect termite activity in the absence of more obvious signs like termite swarmers or alates inside or adjacent to a structure. Termite monitors made of wood or cellulose adjacent to a structure may also provide indication of termite foraging activity where it will be in conflict with humans. Termites can be controlled by application of Bordeaux mixture or other substances that contain copper such as chromated copper arsenate.[214]
To better control the population of termites, various methods have been developed to track termite movements.[211] One early method involved distributing termite bait laced with immunoglobulin G (IgG) marker proteins from rabbits or chickens. Termites collected from the field could be tested for the rabbit-IgG markers using a rabbit-IgG-specific assay. More recently developed, less expensive alternatives include tracking the termites using egg white, cow milk, or soy milk proteins, which can be sprayed on termites in the field. Termites bearing these proteins can be traced using a protein-specific ELISA test.[211]
As food
See also: Entomophagy
43 termite species are used as food by humans or are fed to livestock.[215] These insects are particularly important in impoverished countries where malnutrition is common, as the protein from termites can help improve the human diet. Termites are consumed in many regions globally, but this practice has only become popular in developed nations in recent years.[215]
Termites are consumed by people in many different cultures around the world. In many parts of Africa, the alates are an important factor in the diets of native populations.[216] Groups have different ways of collecting or cultivating insects; sometimes collecting soldiers from several species. Though harder to acquire, queens are regarded as a delicacy.[217] Termite alates are high in nutrition with adequate levels of fat and protein. They are regarded as pleasant in taste, having a nut-like flavour after they are cooked.[216]
Alates are collected when the rainy season begins. During a nuptial flight, they are typically seen around lights to which they are attracted, and so nets are set up on lamps and captured alates are later collected. The wings are removed through a technique that is similar to winnowing. The best result comes when they are lightly roasted on a hot plate or fried until crisp. Oil is not required as their bodies usually contain sufficient amounts of oil. Termites are typically eaten when livestock is lean and tribal crops have not yet developed or produced any food, or if food stocks from a previous growing season are limited.[216]
In addition to Africa, termites are consumed in local or tribal areas in Asia and North and South America. In Australia, Indigenous Australians are aware that termites are edible but do not consume them even in times of scarcity; there are few explanations as to why.[216][217] Termite mounds are the main sources of soil consumption (geophagy) in many countries including Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa.[218][219][220][221] Researchers have suggested that termites are suitable candidates for human consumption and space agriculture, as they are high in protein and can be used to convert inedible waste to consumable products for humans.[222]
In agriculture
Termites can be major agricultural pests, particularly in East Africa and North Asia, where crop losses can be severe (3–100% in crop loss in Africa).[223] Counterbalancing this is the greatly improved water infiltration where termite tunnels in the soil allow rainwater to soak in deeply, which helps reduce runoff and consequent soil erosion through bioturbation.[224] In South America, cultivated plants such as eucalyptus, upland rice and sugarcane can be severely damaged by termite infestations, with attacks on leaves, roots and woody tissue. Termites can also attack other plants, including cassava, coffee, cotton, fruit trees, maize, peanuts, soybeans and vegetables.[19] Mounds can disrupt farming activities, making it difficult for farmers to operate farming machinery; however, despite farmers' dislike of the mounds, it is often the case that no net loss of production occurs.[19] Termites can be beneficial to agriculture, such as by boosting crop yields and enriching the soil. Termites and ants can re-colonise untilled land that contains crop stubble, which colonies use for nourishment when they establish their nests. The presence of nests in fields enables larger amounts of rainwater to soak into the ground and increases the amount of nitrogen in the soil, both essential for the growth of crops.[225]
See also: Renewable energy, Termite-inspired robots, and Sustainable architecture
The termite gut has inspired various research efforts aimed at replacing fossil fuels with cleaner, renewable energy sources.[226] Termites are efficient bioreactors, capable of producing two litres of hydrogen from a single sheet of paper.[227] Approximately 200 species of microbes live inside the termite hindgut, releasing the hydrogen that was trapped inside wood and plants that they digest.[226][228] Through the action of unidentified enzymes in the termite gut, lignocellulose polymers are broken down into sugars and are transformed into hydrogen. The bacteria within the gut turns the sugar and hydrogen into cellulose acetate, an acetate ester of cellulose on which termites rely for energy.[226] Community DNA sequencing of the microbes in the termite hindgut has been employed to provide a better understanding of the metabolic pathway.[226] Genetic engineering may enable hydrogen to be generated in bioreactors from woody biomass.[226]
The development of autonomous robots capable of constructing intricate structures without human assistance has been inspired by the complex mounds that termites build.[229] These robots work independently and can move by themselves on a tracked grid, capable of climbing and lifting up bricks. Such robots may be useful for future projects on Mars, or for building levees to prevent flooding.[230]
Termites use sophisticated means to control the temperatures of their mounds. As discussed above, the shape and orientation of the mounds of the Australian compass termite stabilises their internal temperatures during the day. As the towers heat up, the solar chimney effect (stack effect) creates an updraft of air within the mound.[231] Wind blowing across the tops of the towers enhances the circulation of air through the mounds, which also include side vents in their construction. The solar chimney effect has been in use for centuries in the Middle East and Near East for passive cooling, as well as in Europe by the Romans.[232] It is only relatively recently, however, that climate responsive construction techniques have become incorporated into modern architecture. Especially in Africa, the stack effect has become a popular means to achieve natural ventilation and passive cooling in modern buildings.[231]
In culture
The Eastgate Centre is a shopping centre and office block in central Harare, Zimbabwe, whose architect, Mick Pearce, used passive cooling inspired by that used by the local termites.[233] It was the first major building exploiting termite-inspired cooling techniques to attract international attention. Other such buildings include the Learning Resource Center at the Catholic University of Eastern Africa and the Council House 2 building in Melbourne, Australia.[231]
Few zoos hold termites, due to the difficulty in keeping them captive and to the reluctance of authorities to permit potential pests. One of the few that do, the Zoo Basel in Switzerland, has two thriving Macrotermes bellicosus populations – resulting in an event very rare in captivity: the mass migrations of young flying termites. This happened in September 2008, when thousands of male termites left their mound each night, died, and covered the floors and water pits of the house holding their exhibit.[234]
African tribes in several countries have termites as totems, and for this reason tribe members are forbidden to eat the reproductive alates.[235] Termites are widely used in traditional popular medicine; they are used as treatments for diseases and other conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, hoarseness, influenza, sinusitis, tonsillitis and whooping cough.[215] In Nigeria, Macrotermes nigeriensis is used for spiritual protection and to treat wounds and sick pregnant women. In Southeast Asia, termites are used in ritual practices. In Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, termite mounds are commonly worshiped among the populace.[236] Abandoned mounds are viewed as structures created by spirits, believing a local guardian dwells within the mound; this is known as Keramat and Datok Kong. In urban areas, local residents construct red-painted shrines over mounds that have been abandoned, where they pray for good health, protection and luck.[236]
Stigmergy
Termite shield
Xylophagy
It is unknown whether the termite was female or male. If it was a female, the body length would be far greater than 25 millimetres when mature.
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Cited literature
Bignell, D.E.; Roisin, Y.; Lo, N. (2010). Biology of Termites: a Modern Synthesis (1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-90-481-3977-4.
Schmid-Hempel, P. (1998). Parasites in Social Insects. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05924-2.
Look up termite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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"The White Ant: A Theory" in Popular Science Monthly Volume 27, October 1885
Isoptera: termites at CSIRO Australia Entomology
Jared Leadbetter seminar: Termites and Their Symbiotic Gut Microbes
Extant Blattodea families
Subclass: Pterygota
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Nocticolidae
Corydiidae (sand cockroaches)
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Lamproblattidae
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Classification is based on Inward et al. (2007). Italic are paraphyletic groups.
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Ethnomycology
Ethnoornithology
Ethnoprimatology
Ethnozoology
Insects in medicine
Insects in mythology
Arthropods in film
Tarantella
Edible molluscs
Sea silk
Shell money
Tyrian purple
Venus shell
Birds in culture
Game bird
Fishkeeping
Fur farming
In professional wrestling
Laboratory animal
Pack animal
Working animal
Gorilla suit
Crocodile tears
Crystal Palace Dinosaurs
In the Bible
Rod of Asclepius
Snake charming
World Turtle
Other phyla
Animal epithet
In heraldry
Lists of legendary creatures
Man-eater
Parasites in fiction
Fictional plants
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Plant epithet
Sacred grove
Sacred trees in Germanic paganism
Lime tree
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Medicinal fungi
Amanita muscaria
Edible mushroom
Agaricus bisporus
Psilocybin mushroom
In food processing
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List of microbes
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Pathogen
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Legendary creature
Lists of fictional species
Parasitoid
Wikispecies: Isoptera
ADW: Isoptera
EoL: 742
EPPO: 1ISOPO
Fauna Europaea: 11922
Fauna Europaea (new): ce4994bc-7a06-4b4d-90ae-20f212d8a580
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Donald Trump: America’s Death Rattle
Filed under: Donald Trump,Hilary Clinton,politics,USA — 01varvara @ 00.00
Tags: Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton, impeachment, political commentary, politics, United States, USA
Most of the US defence budget is spent on logistics for lengthy pointless wars in foreign parts and a great deal is sheer corruption on the part of US Congressmen (“If they’re not millionaires when they get there, they’re millionaires when they leave”… the US Congress is the global gold standard of corruption, as Mark Twain noted). Trump is simply slopping the hogs, with no real increase in US military power, which isn’t what the American public thinks it is… the USA has a second-rate army, backed by an air force that mostly targets civilians and a navy that can insert it anywhere, but not support it beyond a limited coastal zone. Trump’s policy simply underlines that… it’s a salesman’s smoke n’ mirrors, nothing more.
At this point, it’s a truism that Donald Trump’s rise signalled a fracturing of American political identification. Finally, long-standing religious support for Republican candidates found itself in a seemingly impossible position. One could either… as many did… turn up one’s nose at an immoral candidate, not merely a liar, but a known deviant and coveter of goods. On the other hand, one could go the route of Jerry Falwell Jr and so conflate policy positions with godliness and worthiness as to, at least in the eyes of many, forsake even the veneer of a deeper-than-the-skin piety. Many, I imagine, found themselves in-between. Then, on the other side of the aisle, there was a lack of enthusiasm surrounding Hillary. The centre-left found itself exhausted, and, with Bernie Sanders defeated, many stayed home, or limply threw a bone Hillary’s way, or, as in some Midwestern states, defected to Trump.
We didn’t say it much at the time, but this forecasts something itself foregrounded by the Donald’s campaign slogan… American greatness (if it ever existed) was in notable decline, perhaps on life support. This isn’t merely the nostalgia of the Trump voter, nor is it some recollection of the bygone days of Bush II. Even during George W’s presidency, one could argue that America’s reassertion of its role as world cop was, in reality, a cover-up. How did Shakespeare put it? Right… “The lady doth protest too much methinks”. What were we covering up?
Anecdotally, I’ve spent quite a bit of time in Europe, and I must admit that most public services there seem superior to our own. It’s true that much of the architecture and in Germany and England reminds me of something out of a dystopian Spanish textbook, but the NHS took care of me in the UK (at no cost!); German public transit makes NJ Transit and Amtrak look like a rail-line from Ulaanbaatar to Pyongyang (I doubt such exists, but you get the idea). However, these are mere anecdotes. What do the “experts” and numbers say? The American Society of Civil Engineers gave America a D+ in 2017. We got the same grade at their last check-in in 2013. The BBC summed up the report:
The ASCE report says US roads are “chronically underfunded and becoming more dangerous” and assesses that one in every five miles of highway is in poor condition. More than two of every five miles of urban interstates are congested, contributing to an estimated 160 billion USD (9.25 trillion Roubles. 1.09 trillion Renminbi. 10.32 trillion INR. 212 billion CAD. 210 billion AUD. 143 billion Euros. 125 billion UK Pounds) in wasted time and fuel in 2014. Deaths on the roads, falling for years, rose by 7 percent in 2015. There are also problems with the power grid. More than 640,000 miles of high-voltage lines are at full capacity. Most US power lines are from the 1950s and 1960s and are already past their life expectancy. Public transit is also “chronically underfunded”, ASCE said, with a 90 billion USD (5.2 trillion Roubles. 613 billion Renminbi. 5.8 trillion INR. 119 billion CAD. 118 billion AUD. 80.4 billion Euros. 70.3 billion UK Pounds) rehabilitation backlog. US Airports serve more than two million passengers every day, but airport infrastructure and air traffic control systems “aren’t keeping up”, ASCE said, resulting in increased congestion.
A Time article merely took the problem for granted, asking how to fix it, not questioning if a crisis exists. The New Yorker doesn’t sound much more sanguine:
Even more egregious than the lack of new investment is our failure to maintain existing infrastructure. You have to spend more on maintenance as infrastructure ages, but we’ve been spending slightly less than we once did. The results are easy to see. In 2013, the Federal Transit Administration estimated that there’s an 86 billion USD (5 trillion Roubles. 586 billion Renminbi. 5.5 trillion INR. 114 billion CAD. 113 billion AUD. 76.8 billion Euros. 67.2 billion UK Pounds) backlog in deferred maintenance on the nation’s rail and bus lines. The American Society of Civil Engineers, which gives America’s overall infrastructure a grade of D+, said that we’d need to spend 3.6 trillion USD (208 trillion Roubles. 24.6 trillion Renminbi. 232 trillion INR. 4.8 trillion CAD. 4.7 trillion AUD. 3.2 trillion Euros. 2.8 trillion UK Pounds) by 2020 to bring it up to snuff.
Furthermore, lest one think this is merely a product of partisan bias, The Week made it clear that America’s infrastructure looks, well, not so great:
Throughout the election, one of the few points Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton could agree on was the country’s need for improved infrastructure… transportation systems, energy, and so on. However, tradeoffs between sustainability and economic growth make it unclear how exactly to proceed. Now, researchers argue that we need to pay attention to what’s keeping us from investing in infrastructure more broadly to create environmentally sustainable infrastructure.
Meeting those challenges may require a new approach. Ilmi Granoff, J Ryan Hogarth, and Alan Miller wrote in a Nature Climate Change perspective:
For the world to meet the twin challenges of improving human welfare whilst preventing the worst impacts of climate change, it’ll need to develop and follow a model of emissions minimising and resource-efficient “green” economic growth. Firstly, scaling up infrastructure investment is a necessary condition for achieving green growth, but not a sufficient condition… it can lock in emissions or efficiency. Secondly, mobilising capital for low-carbon infrastructure investment will have less to do with establishing billions of dollars in “new” resources for low-carbon infrastructure, and more to do with unlocking and decarbonising the trillions of dollars in annual infrastructure investment yet to be deployed under any growth scenario.
Those conclusions stem from several observations about the state of infrastructure spending around the world. Firstly, despite evidence of economic benefits, investment in buildings, roads, and transportation fell in countries like the USA and Germany in recent years, according to an IMF report. At the same time, much of the infrastructure in those countries is starting to crumble. In developing countries, there’s simply less infrastructure to begin with. Of course, this is just to bring up infrastructure. For example, there’s also homelessness. Europe saw a rise in homelessness over the last ten years or so, although the numbers are still dwarfed by those in the USA, where 2014 estimates said that 2.5 million children are homeless, with some reporting general numbers as high as 3.5 million.
Anecdotally, I spend a lot of time in New York City, where the homeless are at once ever visible and totally invisible; whereas, my experiences in Berlin, Oxford, Freiburg, Zürich, and Vienna were (again, at a personal level) very different. In Germany, it’s not uncommon to see quasi-homeless punks on the streets, living with their dogs and travelling in… I kid you not… packs. To my eyes, the level of degradation among the homeless in the EU is much lower [than in the USA], although my experiences might mean nothing. At a minimum, one study (from 2007) had this to say:
The highest rates for lifetime literal homelessness were in the UK (7.7 percent) and USA (6.2 percent), with the lowest rate in Germany (2.4 percent), and intermediate rates in Italy (4.0 percent) and Belgium (3.4 percent). One also finds less compassionate attitudes toward the homeless on many dimensions in the USA and the UK.
Add in our healthcare crisis and epidemic drug use (my high-school graduating class alone has seen four student deaths from opiates since I left) and things, to understate them, don’t look the best for the USA. Trump’s campaign clued us into this fact, even if exactly what he meant by “great again” obscured its reality. The sad truth is that the Bush-era cover-up remains on the books. Only in the realm of foreign policy do we really still pretend to act as a “great nation”. For whatever it’s worth, this veneer may finally come to end, it may finally find its final symptom in, you guessed it, Donald Trump.
I didn’t think we’d impeach Donald Trump; in a way, I still don’t. However, the fact is that we’re now talking about it in earnest. Given a slew of recent gaffes, residual dissatisfaction with Trump as a man and as President, and the fact that he was never all that popular to begin with, the possibility is not now entirely farfetched. Only the total inefficacy of the Democratic opposition and Republican control of both houses of Congress really stand in the way of the beginning of such proceedings. To be clear, I think impeachment unlikely. Nevertheless, were it to come, Trump would likely be the first president successfully impeached (if your own party has to turn on you to get impeachment on the table, things don’t look very good). Andrew Johnson escaped removal by one vote. Nixon resigned to avoid impeachment proceedings. Clinton, of course, handily beat efforts to get rid of him.
Trump’s demise thus would be a singular event in the history of the USA. So much talk of his removal centres around what comes next… President Pence? The future of the GOP? An effete Democratic Party? This is understandable, but it misses the real meaning of his successful impeachment; such views miss the grander-scale catastrophe afoot. If all we have left to justify ourselves in our “greatness” is stable governance, foreign authority, and a long-fought-for aura of respectability, Trump’s defeat would shake the world loose of all such illusions. We can’t claim “greatness” in any meaningful domestic sense; we can’t really claim it in terms of foreign policy, except insofar as we have waged wildly unpopular wars abroad. With Trump gone, it’d finally rip the veneer away. It’d unmask the USA for what it is… just another country, and, to be honest, not a particularly amazing one at that.
From a Catholic perspective, I wonder if this wouldn’t be a good thing. I continue to think successful impeachment unlikely; I continue to believe that the next four years will look typically Republican, if not with a bit more silliness and absurdity. However, it’s hard not to wonder… if America goes down, what becomes of the jingoism and patriotism so endemic to the Religious Right? The City on the Hill would finally have to come to terms with its rotting sewage, its hordes of homeless, its rusted trains packed with the destitute. Would such actually change the minds of our Christians? Could we return to a godliness divorced from undue patriotism?
One can hope.
Chase Padusniak
Jappers and Janglers
http://www.patheos.com/blogs/jappersandjanglers/2017/05/donald-trump-americas-death-rattle/
Comments Off on Donald Trump: America’s Death Rattle
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LIFE IN PLASTIC, IT’S FANTASTIC: We Took Fred Perry x Raf Simons Autumn 2018 to Ibiza
Belgian designer Raf Simons has been designing special collections with the Fred Perry label for a decade now. To commemorate the 10th anniversary this summer, the British tennis shirt giant dropped 100 archival pieces, vacuum-packed for posterity, in locations around the world. Each destination was selected for its budding subcultures – a seasonal homage to ten years of collaboration, and a celebration of the future of cultural experimentation.
Honoring the Fred Perry x Raf Simons Autumn 2018 collection – the “first in a new decade” – the latest looks were vacuum-packed, too. When they arrived at the 032c Workshop, we knew exactly what to do: take them to the rave Mecca Ibiza earlier this week. 032c Fashion Director Marc Goehring field-tested the creations during the festivities on Spain’s vacation island. Of course, they were a breeze to pack and held their own in the pool, but in and out of plastic, the co-branded pieces stay true to the DIY spirit of the Fred Perry brand, and to the experimental versatility Simons is known for.
Apparently, British tennis star Fred Perry invented the sweat band. As the story goes, an Austrian footballer named Tibby Wegner had invested in an anti-perspirant device designed to be worn around the wrist, and approached Perry with the idea in the 1940s. Perry adapted it, and the now ubiquitous accessory was born – popular first on the tennis court, and in subsequent decades, in the street. Wegner and Perry’s next project would take the cake, however: a white knit cotton-piqué short-sleeved shirt, launched at Wimbledon in 1952. Once the garment began to be produced in other colors, it took on a life of its own, becoming popular in the 1960s with instigators of what was arguably the first big fringe movement to emerge on the Eastern side of the Atlantic after the war: Mods. Ever since, the Fred Perry tennis shirt has been adopted as a uniform by various youth- and subcultures in England and globally, its laurel wreath logo an unexpected emblem for originality, individuality, and rebellion.
The Fred Perry x Raf Simons Autumn 2018 collection channels that DIY sensibility into classic Fred Perry shapes, subverting their proportions and materials with oversized cuts, flashes of tartan and color, and high-shine panels reminiscent of the duct tape you might see holding a wallet or steel-toe boots together. Simons is no stranger to subcultures, having launched his own label in the mid-1990s with inflections of punk, gabba, and English New Wave. Simons’ non-conformity makes the designer an appropriate pick for an athleisure brand named for one of the most versatile and polarizing tennis players in the history of the game. (Perry is said to have shouted “Very clevah!” whenever his opponent made a particularly good shot – an example of the “punk” attitude that infuriated other players, and attracted celebrity status off the court.)
As the 100 pieces selected from the Fred Perry x Raf Simons archive continue to appear around the world – so far, the project has gone to Athens, Seoul, Dubai, and Los Angeles, among other cities – photographers Olya Oleinic and Kyle Weeks are on the scene, capturing the garments around the world while fans follow the trip via Fred Perry’s official Instagram. See the journey so far and catch a preview of the fresh collection here, or in real life at Fred Perry shops in Paris on September 6, on September 13 in Munich, or on September 27 in Berlin, where there will be drinks, a DJ set, and a video installation on view from from 5-8pm.
For more information, visit www.fredperry.com/subculture/article-raf-simons.
Summer Tactics: Nik Kosmas Pressure Tests Technical Apparel in the Heat
What are tactical and technical garments? Why are they suddenly on the runway? Artist, personal trainer and designer Nik Kosmas unearths the category's origins, and reviews a selection of 2018's best apparel from Crye Precision, Arc’teryx, Lundhags, and 5.11 Tactical.More August 7, 2018
Gosha Rubchinskiy: Inside his Vertically Integrated Youth Universe
Gosha Rubchinskiy's meteoric rise to pre-eminence was in fact almost a decade in the making. In his most extensive interview to date, taken from 032c Issue #29, he explains the emergence of VHS tapes and Tommy Hilfiger in Russia, taking skate culture to Comme des Garçons, and inventing a language for post-global youth culture. More June 15, 2016
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THE STORY OF: British Supermodel Stella Tennant - 29Secrets
The Wedding Planner
THE STORY OF: British Supermodel Stella Tennant
by Christopher Turner
Part of an ongoing series of 29Secrets stories, taking a deep dive into the history of legendary beauty products and iconic fashion moments…
Illustration by Michael Hak
Stella Tennant – the iconic British model who was known for her blunt pixie haircut, androgynous features, commanding 5-foot-11 presence and piercing stare – changed the fashion industry by helping usher in an era of androgyny in the 1990s. Tennant, who maintained her fashionable edge throughout her lengthy career in the industry, died by suicide on December 22, 2020, at the age of 50. It was just five days after her 50th birthday.
“It is with great sadness we announce the sudden death of Stella Tennant on 22 December 2020,” Tennant’s family – including her ex-husband, the French photographer David Lasnet, and their four children, Marcel, Cecily, Jasmine and Iris – said in an initial statement asking for privacy. “Stella was a wonderful woman and an inspiration to us all. She will be greatly missed.” (Tennant and Lasnet announced in August 2020 that they had split earlier in the year after 21 years of marriage.)
The unexpected news of Tennant’s death led to an outpouring of grief and tributes from across the fashion industry. Here is a look back at her illustrious life and the mark she left on the fashion world.
Born to UK aristocrats and raised on a sheep farm in Scotland
Tennant was born on December 17, 1970, in London, England. She was the youngest of three children of the Hon. Tobias Tennant (son of the 2nd Baron Glenconner) and his wife Lady Emma Cavendish (granddaughter of Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, and his wife Deborah Mitford, the youngest of the famous high-society Mitford sisters). Despite her aristocratic pedigree, Tennant’s upbringing was a little more down to earth; she grew up on a 1,500-acre sheep farm that her parents ran at Newcastleton, in the Scottish Borders.
“Everyone wants to write about me because my grandparents are titled, because I’m the granddaughter of the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire,” she told the New York Times in 1996. “Sure, that’s part of who I am; I mean, I love my family, but that’s not who I am. I grew up on a farm in Scotland.”
Tennant may have grown up on a farm, but her upbringing didn’t stifle her or her ambitions. She was often described as a creative child, and completed a degree in sculpture at the Winchester College of Art, the art school of the University of Southampton.
Accidental beginnings in modelling
Tennant started modelling “accidentally,” she told British Vogue back in 2018. While many models of her era were discovered as teenagers by model scouts, Tennant was still submitting photos to casting agents in her early 20s. She’d graduated from art school, and planned to pursue sculpture if her modelling didn’t take off.
“My first ever modelling gig was for the December 1993 issue of British Vogue, and it happened pretty much by accident. A friend of mine happened to know Plum Sykes, then an assistant at the magazine, and Plum was working with Isabella Blow on a portfolio of English roses with an edge. Izzy was already a legendary stylist at that point, and she was looking for non-models that she thought epitomized British cool. Being tall and skinny, I had tried to do some modelling a few years earlier after I finished my degree at the Winchester School of Art – but after a couple of weeks of running around London to go-sees, nobody seemed interested. Frankly, I had sort of given it up.”
Tennant gave Blow a couple of passport photos for consideration for the upcoming fashion spread, which led to her being cast in the photo shoot with famed fashion photographer Steven Meisel. The “Anglo-Saxon Attitude” shoot for British Vogue featured Tennant, her eyes ringed by heavy black eyeliner, wearing Alexander McQueen designs, Wolford fishnets and Vivienne Westwood platforms.
The shoot went well…the most famous anecdote from the day was that Tennant had showed up to the studio with a nose ring (she had recently had her nasal septum pierced), much to the surprise of the Vogue editors – and it was her refusal to remove her recent piercing that endeared her to Meisel. In fact, although she was surrounded by experienced models at the shoot, the 22-year-old was personally invited by Meisel to model for him the next day in a shoot for Vogue Italia that was taking place in Paris.
That’s right…a couple of passport photos and a nose ring kicked off one of fashion’s most memorable careers.
Tennant showed up for Meisel’s photo shoot in Paris the following day, and was shocked to find supermodels Linda Evangelista, Shalom Harlow and Kristen McMenamy in the studio. “I cannot tell you how intimidating it was,” Tennant said years after the shoot. “Then, by some twist of fate, one of the shots from the shoot became the cover of Italian Vogue – and my life changed overnight. Shortly after that, I moved to New York, turning my diary over to an agency and beginning a career that would take me around the world.”
Tennant captivated every fashion editor and photographer who saw her. In fact, by the time “Anglo-Saxon Attitude” eventually came out in British Vogue’s December 1993 issue, she had already appeared on the cover of Italian Vogue with Evangelista and walked the runway for Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana and Jil Sander.
She quickly became a model of the moment, was a regular muse of Meisel’s, and became a favourite of some of the most influential fashion photographers of the ’90s, including Mario Testino, David Sims and Mark Borthwick, embodying a chic, punk-inspired persona that would dominate fashion imagery throughout that decade.
More than a model of the moment
British Vogue’s “Anglo-Saxon Attitude” images kicked off a 27-year career, longevity enjoyed by only a few top models. Part of Tennant’s endurance was thanks to the relationships she built with photographers and designers. She served as a muse to legendary designers including Gianni Versace, Valentino Garavani, Helmut Lang and Karl Lagerfeld, the late head of Chanel, who was an early champion.
In fact, by the late ’90s, Lagerfeld had named Tennant the face of Chanel with an exclusive contract, noting her resemblance to the house’s founder, Mademoiselle Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel.
Through the ’90s and 2000s, Tennant ruled the runway with Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss and Claudia Schiffer among others, and appeared in as many as 75 runway shows a season, according to a 2018 interview. She regularly strutted for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, as well as Balenciaga, Jean Paul Gaultier, Valentino and Versace. She also became a mainstay of Alexander McQueen’s runway spectacles, walking for some of his most celebrated shows, including Spring 1996’s “The Hunger” and Spring 1997’s “La Poupée.”
But Tennant didn’t only dominate the runway…she appeared in countless fashion magazine editorials around the world and dozens of the most fashionable ad campaigns, working closely with several fashion houses and designers including Alexander McQueen, Calvin Klein, Jean Paul Gaultier, Burberry, Karl Lagerfeld, Chanel, Balenciaga, Valentino and Gianni Versace. And then, one day, she stopped.
Temporary retirement
Tennant was beginning to tire of fashion’s frenetic pace when she and her photographer boyfriend David Lasnet decided to have children in the late ’90s. In 1998, after announcing her first pregnancy, she retired from the industry.
“I’ve given it everything, all my energy and time, and now we’re going to go off and have a family together,” she told the fashion publication Document Journal in 2018. “And I thought that was me signing out.”
In 1999 she married Lasnet, a former assistant of fashion photographer Mario Testino and a photographer in his own right. Testino photographed their wedding, of course, and the bride wore a memorably minimalist Helmut Lang gown for their wedding in Scotland. In the years that followed, Tennant and Lasnet had four children.
Shortly after the birth of her third child in 2002, Tennant made a surprising return to modelling in a high-profile ad campaign for Burberry that was shot by Testino. After the ad campaign appeared in almost every fashion magazine around the globe, Tennant officially came out of retirement and began modelling again, albeit less frequently than she did in her 20s. This time around she would attend a shoot or walk a runway, but then find refuge back with her family in Scotland.
Tennant had incredible highs (and, perhaps most surprisingly, no scandals) during her career…too many to list. One of her most memorable moments came in 2012, when she and fellow British supermodels strutted to David Bowie’s “Fashion” in the closing ceremony of the London Summer Olympics.
For the record, the models walking were Lily Cole, in an Erdem embroidered lace cocktail dress; Tennant, in a Christopher Kane Swarovski-crystal catsuit; Karen Elson, in a gold floral lace bustier dress by Burberry; Kate Moss, in a gold sequin gown by Alexander McQueen; Lily Donaldson, in a gown covered with hammered sequins and metallic thread by Vivienne Westwood; Naomi Campbell, in a gold metal embroidered dress by Alexander McQueen; Georgia May Jagger, in a gold dress created by Victoria Beckham; Jourdan Dunn, in a jersey tube dress splashed with gold “paint” by Jonathan Saunders; and David Gandy, in a gold Paul Smith suit. Tennant was the only woman among them not in a dress. Her hair was dyed jet black and cut in the style of a jagged mullet. Her edge had only gotten sharper.
“She encompassed everything and she fit in everywhere, from the country to the palace,” said the legendary Vogue stylist Grace Coddington, a former model herself, adding that Tennant would wear “whatever she grabbed, then the next minute she could look like the chic-est thing you’d ever seen.”
It was with Coddington that Tennant took one of her most famous photos, a photo taken by Arthur Elgortin that features Tennant in a tweed suit and country wellies diving into a swimming pool. It was their first shoot together, in the Hamptons in August 1995. “She was just game for anything, always, always, always,” Coddington said. “It was very hot and these were winter clothes. I guess we’d done this picture and she said, ‘My god, I could just jump in the pool now.’ We said go for it. She did one absolutely perfect dive. That’s how she was – she was always up for anything. I think that’s why everyone adored her.”
“Stella was the very definition of original in everything that she did and through everything she stood for,” said Vogue’s editor-in-chief Anna Wintour. Wintour has suggested that Tennant’s long career and the fascination she inspired from each new generation was due in part to her ability to step both into fashion and back out of it. “Stella was a wonderful collaborator and colleague to so many of us over the years,” Wintour said, “but she was never happier than when she could leave fashion behind and return to her beloved family and friends, and to a life far away in Scotland.”
“Exceptionally charming, Stella Tennant is one of the most relevant interpreters of fashion of the past 30 years. Moving seamlessly from grunge to haute couture, from tomboy to ladylike, maybe what distinguished her most of all was her timeless elegance. A muse for the greatest photographers and designers of our times, she graced the pages of all the most important magazines and she has a special place in the history of Vogue Italia,” said Emanuele Farneti, editor in chief of Vogue Italia.
Moving beyond fashion
Throughout her life, Tennant maintained a lifelong interest in sculpture, establishing a studio at her home in Berwickshire, where she worked with her sister Issy on a luxury homeware brand named Tennant & Tennant. Over the past decade, Tennant also grew to be a vocal advocate for environmental causes, appearing in a number of campaigns for the non-profit Global Cool raising awareness around climate change, and joining forces with Oxfam for Second Hand September.
Unlike many models her age, Tennant was still working regularly, appearing in editorials in fashion magazines and walking the runway as recently as January 2020.
So what happened? Tennant’s family initially did not provide a cause of death when they announced her death on December 22, 2020. Later that day, Police Scotland said officers were called to an address in the Scottish Borders town of Duns following the death of a 50-year-old woman. Police reports noted that no suspicious circumstances appeared to surround her death.
On January 6, 2021, Tennant’s family shared a second statement with The Telegraph where they revealed that the model had been battling mental health issues for “some time” and died by suicide.
“We have been humbled by the outpouring of messages of sympathy and support since Stella died,” her family told The Telegraph. “She was a beautiful soul, adored by a close family and good friends, a sensitive and talented woman whose creativity, intelligence and humour touched so many.”
“Stella had been unwell for some time. So it is a matter of our deepest sorrow and despair that she felt unable to go on, despite the love of those closest to her,” the statement continued. “In grieving Stella’s loss, her family renews a heartfelt request that respect for their privacy should continue.”
The news doesn’t change that the fashion industry has lost one of its favourite nonconformists. Tennant’s extraordinary career as one of fashion’s most beloved figures, and her legacy as a ground-breaking figure in the history of British style, won’t soon be forgotten. Her fashionable legacy as well as her passionate support of various causes will live on.
Want more? You can read other stories from our The Story Of series right here.
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Vietnam’s outlook positive for investment attraction
by: 2B TALENT News Room, Recommended articles 0 2019-10-15 10:46:28
Vietnam is expected to attract more investors as its economy is developing at a stable rate, with GDP growth of 7 percent.
The country’s competitiveness has increased by 10 places in the 2019 Global Competitiveness Index, which was announced this week.
The information was released by VinaCapital Co-Founder and CEO Don Lam at the two-day 2019 VinaCapital Investor Conference held in Hanoi earlier this week.
He said after four consecutive years of holding its investor conference in Ho Chi Minh City, this year Vinacapital chose Hanoi because the capital city was becoming a leading destination for foreign direct investment in Vietnam.
“Most investors come from the Republic of Korea and Japan, showing that the wave of Asian capital flow is interested in the Vietnamese market,” Lam said.
VinaCapital, a leading investment management firm, plans to launch the VinaCapital100 ETF (exchange-traded fund) by the end of this year, with initial capital of 50 billion VND (2.1 million USD).
“I hope after the meeting today, investors will pour more capital into the Vietnamese stock market,” Lam said.
At the two-day conference, which attracted experts, speakers and representatives from investment partners, the participants discussed various topics including environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria in investment in Vietnam, opportunities in technology development, sustainable energy production and tourism.
In addition, directors of companies and leaders in the banking, logistics, steel and retail sectors shared experience and offered solutions to access opportunities from the strong growth of Vietnam’s economy.
According to Andy Ho, Managing Director and Chief Investment Officer at VinaCapital, the firm is managing over 3.3 billion USD in assets, of which 1.7 billion USD comes from investors (including 917 million USD from the Vietnam Opportunity Fund and open funds), while the rest comes from the company’s own trading.
One of VinaCapital’s largest projects is the 4-billion-USD Hoi An Casino project, of which VinaCapital holds 31.91 percent and SunCity – which is 70 percent owned by Hong Kong-based Chow Tai Fook – holds 68.09 percent.
This project started construction in April 2016 and was expected to open in December this year, Ho said.
He said VinaCapital had also invested in a number of other real estate projects in Vietnam such as a resort in Quy Nhon City in the central coastal province of Binh Dinh and the 100-million-USD VinaCapital Ventures. He did not disclose the company’s own trading items.
According to Nguyen Thi Thai Thuan, General Director of VinaCapital Fund Management JSC, VinaCapital is managing open funds for Vietnamese investors including Bảo Thịnh VinaWealth Enhanced Fixed Income Fund (VFF), with a net asset value (NAV) of 161 billion VND, Hung Thinh VinaWealth Opportunity Fund (VEOF), with NAV of 524 billion VND), VinaCapital Opportunity Fund (VOF) with 82 billion VND, and some other funds. The net worth of these funds is about 55 million VND.
VinaCapital statistics show that as of August 31 this year, VFF gained a growth rate of 5.7 percent compared with that of early this year, and VEOF increased by 10 percent, meanwhile VOF decreased by 2.8 percent.
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Virginia pileup: 69 cars involved, 35 injured in crash during busy holiday travel day
WILLIAMSBURG, Va. -- A pileup involving more than 60 cars on a major interstate in Virginia on Sunday morning injured dozens of people, according to state police.
The crash happened just before 8 a.m. Sunday on westbound Interstate 64 in York County near Williamsburg, Virginia State Police Sgt. Michelle Anaya said. No fatalities were reported, but it took crews several hours to clear the roadway and reopen all lanes of traffic.
Authorities do not yet know the cause of the crash, but fog and icy road conditions were contributing factors, Anaya said.
Photos from the scene showed a tangled mass of metal, with car hoods crumpled, windows smashed and a red truck plopped on top of another vehicle.
Ivan Levy said he and his wife were both headed to Williamsburg, where they work, in separate vehicles around the time of the crash.
Levy told The Associated Press he started slowing his truck down and turned his hazard lights on when he saw thick fog.
Several were injured, some critically, in a 35-car pileup on one of the busiest travel days of the year.
"Next thing I know I see cars just start piling up on top of each other," he said.
Levy was able to stop in time but then got a call from his wife saying she had been in the wreck.
"It was just so scary," said Alena Levy, who was evaluated at a hospital but was not seriously injured.
Ivan Levy said he ran past cars to find his wife and help her out. They made their way back to his truck, and Ivan Levy said he then grabbed a medical kit and started checking on other victims because first responders hadn't arrived yet.
Sixty-nine vehicles were involved in the crash, and 51 people were treated or transported to hospitals, Anaya said Sunday afternoon, noting that those figures were constantly changing.
Among those hurt, two were listed in critical condition and 11 were serious but not life-threatening, said York County Fire Chief Stephen Kopczynski.
An investigation into the cause of the crash was ongoing.
In a separate incident, eight cars were involved in a crash on I-64 in the opposite direction after the larger pileup, Anaya said. It wasn't immediately clear if others were injured in that crash.
Ivan Levy said the car his wife had been driving was a Christmas gift.
"She was all upset about the vehicle, and I was like, 'Look, honey, it's just metal,'" he said.
virginiacar accidentsu.s. & worldholiday travel
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Page A5
Home » Metro
Amateur players sign up for local eSports contest
By Yang Jian | 00:05 UTC+8 November 23, 2020 | Print Edition
More than 500 local electronic sports teams have applied to take part in the city’s first amateur eSports contest, which officially launched its offline knockout matches over the weekend.
With a total of 200,000 yuan (US$30,480) up for grabs, the eSports Shanghai Amateur Championship encourages players and teams from both home and abroad to enter. It is part of the 3rd Shanghai Citizens Sports Meeting.
Sixty teams from the 500 will fight for the final championship on the most popular computer and mobile Multiplayer Online Battle Arena games, “League of Legends” and “Honor of Kings”.
The offline competition for the championship kicked off at Changfeng Joy City in Putuo District on Saturday. The first batch of winning teams fought in the atrium of the shopping complex, with their competition broadcast on a large screen.
“Without the contest, I would never have the chance to showcase my talent and techniques in the game Honor of Kings,” said an urban management official of Putuo’s Taopu Town surnamed Wang, His team was selected to take part in the first round of competition.
Wang organized a team comprising his colleagues and friends. They cleared the qualification matches held online in the past two weeks.
Wang spent over two hours a day after work on the mobile game. It was nothing but a pastime at the beginning, but he was later determined to become a professional player amid the city government’s efforts to promote eSports culture among the public.
Shanghai aims to become the world’s eSports capital, eventually rivaling Los Angeles, which has attracted famous game clubs and developers like Riot Games, Activision Blizzard and Infinity Ward.
The city government has initiated a series of preferential policies to support the industry and professional players.
By the end of 2019, Shanghai had built 35 eSports stadiums and hosted 40 percent of the nation’s top eSports competitions. More than 80 percent of the nation’s leading clubs and players are based in Shanghai.
The value of Shanghai’s eSports sector is expected to reach 19 billion yuan (US$2.88 billion) this year, according to the Shanghai eSports Association.
Knockout matches of the amateur championship will be held through December 13 at Changfeng Joy City, and IMBA E-Sports Center at the Global Harbor mall, also in Putuo.
The final competition will be held at the Electronics Sports Park in Putuo District on December 19 and 20, according to district culture and tourism bureau, one of the organizers of the event.
All matches will be livestreamed online.
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Donna Dewhurst
A sloth of bears, and other inventive names for Alaska wildlife
July 14, 2020 By Donna Dewhurst
One could make the argument that bears seem slothful while sleeping, but once awake, they are eating machines. Photo by Donna Dewhurst. Chances are you’ve heard of a “murder” of crows, but what about a “parliament” of owls or an “asylum” of loons? As a naturalist, I decided to research the origins of these unusual terms. What I found in many cases was unexpected, a reflection on how language often incorporates humor and the human perspective. First of all, a collective noun in the English language for a group of animals is called a “term of venery” with the original meaning related to Medieval hunting. The oldest reference is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting, published in 1486. One of my favorite names tracks back to that reference, where a group of bears is called a “sloth.” Sloth comes from the Middle English adjective “slow” and is…
April 1, 2020 By Donna Dewhurst
IT’S ALL ABOUT THE DOGS
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Home News B.C. The Legend of Santa Claus
NewsB.C.EntertainmentCelebritiesLifeEducationOpinionPoint Of Views
The Legend of Santa Claus
By Apna Roots
Dr Sarwan Singh Randhawa, Community Librarian – Supervisor, Muriel Arnason Library, FVRL
The legend of Santa Claus can be traced back hundreds of years to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 A.D. to a wealthy family in Patara, near Myra in modern-day Turkey. His parents died, and he inherited a considerable sum of money, but he kept none of it. He gave away all of his wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick.
Nicholas was chosen a bishop by the people of Myra at very young age. But life was not always good for him. He along with many others was thrown into prison for not worshipping himself as a god as declared by the Roman emperor Diocletian. He was released in 313 AD when Diocletian resigned and Constantine came to power. He then returned to his post as Bishop of Myra continuing his good works until his death on December 6, 343.
After Nicholas died, he was canonized as a saint. Much admired for his piety and kindness, he became the subject of many legends. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day is celebrated on the anniversary of his death, December 6, a holiday in many countries. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married.
Many stories are told of his generosity as he gave his wealth away in the form of gifts to those in need, especially children. Legends tell of him either dropping bags of gold down chimneys or throwing the bags through the windows. One of the best known of the St. Nicholas stories is that he saved three poor sisters from being sold into slavery or prostitution by their father by providing them with a dowry so that they could be married.
By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe. Even after the Protestant Reformation, when the veneration of saints began to be discouraged, St. Nicholas maintained a positive reputation, especially in Holland. During the Protestant Reformation, German Protestants depicted the Christ child, “Chriskindl”, as a giver of gifts. This helped merge the association of St. Nick with Christmas. Later, this association with Chriskindl was translated to Santa’s other name: Kris Kringle. In England he came to be called Father Christmas, and in the Netherlands, the saint’s name, Sinter Nikolass, became shortened to Sinter Klaas.
The American version of the Santa Claus figure received its inspiration and its name from the Dutch legend of Sinter Klaas, brought by settlers to New York in the 17th century, and the name evolved into what it is today – Santa Claus. As early as 1773 the name appeared in the American press as “St. A Claus”. A popular author, Washington Irving gave Americans detailed information about the Dutch version of Saint Nicholas in his book “History of New York” published in 1809 under the pseudonym Diedrich Knickerbocker. This Dutch-American Saint Nick achieved his fully Americanized form in 1823 in the poem “A Visit From Saint Nicholas” more commonly known as “The Night Before Christmas” by Clement Clarke. It was further elaborated by illustrator Thomas Nast, who depicted a rotund Santa for Christmas issues of Harper’s magazine from the 1860s to the 1880s.
Finally, from 1931 to 1964, Haddon Sundblom created a new Santa each Christmas for Coca-Cola advertisements that appeared world-wide on the back covers of Post and National Geographic magazines. This is the Santa we know and love today with a red suit trimmed with white fur, leather boots and belt, long white beard and a pack of toys slung onto his back.
In these days, Santa Claus is a symbol of hope, faith and trust. People believe that he is a jolly, happy and really fat (in good sense) guy, who visits on Christmas Eve, entering houses through the chimney to leave presents under the Christmas tree and in the stockings of all good children. In addition, children are taught that Santa rewards the good children and leaves the bad ones empty-handed.
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Apna Roots
Trump asks why Obama admin didn’t stop Russia from meddling
Apna Roots - Jun 22, 2017 0
New Delhi, June 22 (ANI): As U.S. President Donald Trump on Thursday decried allegations of Russia collusion “a big hoax,” he sardonically questioned why...
India’s population to surpass that of China’s around 2024: UN
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Police arrest second Abbotsford teen in Lower Mainland gang conflict
BY STEPHANIE IP Abbotsford police seized a number of drugs and have arrested an 18-year-old man in relation to the ongoing gang conflict throughout the...
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culture, entertainment, fall, Family, seasonal, television
8 Classic Halloween Movies to Watch to Celebrate Halloween in Quarantine
By Veronica Sundin
Edited by Natalie Grace Sipula
[4½ minute read]
Whether you like Halloween for the candy, the costumes, or the creepiness, it feels as though the entire month of October is appropriate for Halloween festivities. A great way to unwind from classes or midterms and to have fun while you’re at home is to watch movies! Here is a list of 8 classic Halloween movies to entertain you throughout the month of October. With scarier movies for those who like a thrill, and ones less scary for those who are just looking to enjoy the festive spirit of Halloween, there is sure to be a movie on the list that you enjoy! Watching any of these movies is also a great way to become familiar with American traditions surrounding Halloween.
“Casper is a kind young ghost who peacefully haunts a mansion in Maine. When specialist James Harvey arrives to communicate with Casper and his fellow spirits, he brings along his teenage daughter, Kat. Casper quickly falls in love with Kat, but their budding relationship is complicated not only by his transparent state, but also by his troublemaking apparition uncles and their mischievous antics.” (Fandango: https://www.fandango.com/casper-2591/plot-summary)
This movie is a classic kid favorite for Halloween! It’s super silly and follows the misadventures of Casper and his ghost friends. Casper is such a popular and well-known movie that people reference the character all the time! If your friend looks scared, like they have just seen a ghost, you can jokingly ask them, “Did you just see Casper?” Alternatively, if something spooky happens to you and you want to make light of the situation, you can say, “There goes Casper playing tricks on me!”
“The film follows the misadventures of Jack Skellington, Halloweentown’s beloved pumpkin king, who has become bored with the same annual routine of frightening people in the “real world.” When Jack accidentally stumbles on Christmastown, all bright colors and warm spirits, he gets a new lease on life — he plots to bring Christmas under his control by kidnapping Santa Claus and taking over the role. But Jack soon discovers even the best-laid plans of mice and skeleton men can go seriously awry.” (https://www.fandango.com/tim-burtons-the-nightmare-before-christmas-1993-99500/plot-summary)
This is another classic Halloween movie. Perhaps you already know who Jack Skellington is and have seen him on T-shirts or on the Internet. This movie is so popular that people also tend to watch it outside of the month of October, and it has even become somewhat of a more classic Christmas movie in recent years!
Photo by Zach Kadolph on Unsplash
“After moving to Salem, Massachusetts, teenager Max Dennison explores an abandoned house with his sister Dani and their new friend, Allison. After dismissing a story Allison tells as superstitious, Max accidentally frees a coven of evil witches who used to live in the house. Now, with the help of a magical cat, the kids must steal the witches’ book of spells to stop them from becoming immortal.” (https://www.fandango.com/hocus-pocus-100603/plot-summary)
Almost every child who grew up watching Disney Channel has seen this movie. It was one of my favorite movies to watch on Halloween as a kid, and it still is today! It has songs, jokes, and adventure all packed into one movie. There are a few classic Halloween symbols in the movie, one of which is a black cat (thought to bring bad luck). Can you find other Halloween symbols as you watch it?
“Marnie and her siblings get a big shock when they follow their grandma home to Halloweentown – and find out they come from a family of witches. The town is the only place where supernatural beings can lead a ‘normal’ life, but trouble is looming, and on her 13th birthday Marnie not only finds she is a witch, but that she and her family are involved in a fight against the evil that is threatening to take over the world.” (https://calendar.gwu.edu/films-field-halloweentown)
This movie is another Halloween Disney Channel classic. It is more on the silly side, but that doesn’t keep it from being a enjoyable for all audience members! Witches are said to possess powers and abilities that they are unable to explain in their childhood until they find out that they are witches, and this is exactly what happens to Marnie in the movie. A great, heartwarming watch that is sure to keep you entertained.
Photo by Mark Duffel on Unsplash
“After transferring to a Los Angeles high school, Sarah finds that her telekinetic gift appeals to a group of three wannabe witches, who happen to be seeking a fourth member for their rituals. Bonnie, Rochelle and Nancy, like Sarah herself, all have troubled backgrounds, which combined with their nascent powers lead to dangerous consequences. When a minor spell causes a fellow student to lose her hair, the girls grow power-mad.” (https://www.fandango.com/the-craft-2494/plot-summary)
While most of these movies take place on the East Coast, The Craft is a movie that takes place in Los Angeles, so there isn’t a more perfect movie to watch if you are on or near campus on Halloween! This movie explores more witchcraft and magic than the others, but it’s still funny and follows the lives of teenage girls in high school. Don’t let the spells spook you – this movie also has a great message!
Ghostbusters (1984 version)
“After the members of a team of scientists lose their cushy positions at a university in New York City, they decide to become “ghostbusters” to wage a high-tech battle with the supernatural for money. They stumble upon a gateway to another dimension, a doorway that will release evil upon the city. The Ghostbusters must now save New York from complete destruction.” (https://www.scadshow.com/content/scad-cinema-circle-ghostbusters)
What’s more iconic than Ghostbusters? This movie is definitely a classic in American culture and will appeal to all sci-fi lovers. One of the scenes features a Twinkie, a classic American snack cake that is referenced in pop culture and movies all the time!
“A scientist builds an animated human being — the gentle Edward. The scientist dies before he can finish assembling Edward, though, leaving the young man with a freakish appearance accentuated by the scissor blades he has instead of hands. Loving suburban saleswoman Peg discovers Edward and takes him home, where he falls for Peg’s teen daughter. However, despite his kindness and artistic talent, Edward’s hands make him an outcast.” (https://www.fandango.com/edward-scissorhands-2668/plot-summary)
If you love Johnny Depp, chances are you might have already seen this movie. If you haven’t seen it yet, you are in for a treat! Much like the famous Halloween monster Frankenstein, Edward Scissorhands is built in a laboratory, but he experiences human emotions and forms relationships with people around him. This movie is great for those who want a romantic movie with a Halloween twist!
Continue reading 8 Classic Halloween Movies to Watch to Celebrate Halloween in Quarantine →
binge watchingcelebrateclassicfallfestivefilmghostghostbustershalloweenmoviemoviespumpkinquarantinequarantine watchwatch partywitch
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7 Napoleon Bonaparte Facts They Don’t Teach You In History Class
Napoleon is one of the biggest names in history. Everybody's heard of him, but there are some Napoleon Bonaparte facts you've probably never been told about the French emperor.
Napoleon Bonaparte. YouTube
Napoleon Bonaparte makes the short list of people who are most responsible for how the modern world came into being. From his May 18, 1804 installation as Emperor, this little average-sized man rose from a lowly artillery officer from a remote island to a height of power no European had enjoyed since Roman times.
His decades-long rule dramatically altered European politics, from the rule of law set down in the Napoleonic Code to which side of the street most of Europe drives on. Before Napoleon, the whole world seemed to be one way; after him, it could never be that way again.
When you’re as influential as all that, generations of scholars will spend their careers studying every detail of your life. It is inevitable that those scholars will find some weird stuff – imagine a working group at the Sorbonne devoted to reading your diary – and not all of it will fit neatly within the great conqueror narrative. In fact, some of it will just be crazy, like this stuff here.
Napoleon Wrote A Romance Novel
Dineke Veninga/Pinterest
A year or so before the coup that would install him as dictator, Napoleon vented his frustration by writing a romance novel. The book, Clisson et Eugénie, which you can buy right now for about 34 cents on Amazon, tells the story of an army officer who falls in love and marries the girl of his dreams.
Duty calls, however, so the officer comes out of retirement to serve at the front. While he’s away, his wife cheats on him with a friend, driving him to – SPOILER ALERT – die a hero’s death in combat. The full book was only published after Napoleon’s death, and parts of it are still missing today.
Napoleon Nearly Died Looking for Australia
François Gérard/Wikimedia Commons
In 1785, Napoleon signed up for an official venture by the French Crown under the command of Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de Lapérouse. Shortly before the French Revolution broke out, Lapérouse outfitted two ships for an around-the-world voyage to Australia, the Solomon Islands, Alaska, and California, among other sites.
Lapérouse needed 220 men for the trip, and the teenage Napoleon is recorded in the crew ledger as having just missed the final cut. This rejection probably took him by surprise; Napoleon was really good at math, and he excelled in his class at the military academy in gunnery – both vital skills on a sailing ship.
Another surprise came a few years later when word reached France that the expedition had vanished without a trace. In all likelihood, both of the expedition’s ships fetched up against a coral reef in 1788. None of Lapérouse’s crew ever made it home.
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Evaluation of a Novel Non-Penetrating Electrode for Use in DNA Vaccination
Amy Donate, Domenico Coppola, Yolmari Cruz & Richard Heller
http://www.mendeley.com/research/evaluation-novel-nonpenetrating-electrode-dna-vaccination
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Scopus 3929 Dec 04:18 UTC
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Article Coverage Curated25 Aug 14:38 UTC
Research Blogging26 Jan 06:48 UTC
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← The Controversial Semicolon
Help From Birds →
A House in the Mountains: The Women Who Liberated Italy From Fascism by Caroline Moorehead
March is a good time to read about brave women! I’ve been reading A House in the Mountains by Caroline Moorehead. The story Moorehead tells about women in the Italian Resistance is little known which makes it all the more fascinating.
Here’s some historical background: In 1943 the Italian military was in tatters, suffering defeat after defeat. They had lost the war in North Africa and Hitler was now expecting more Italian participation on the Eastern Front. The Allies were bombing Rome for the first time and were already in Sicily, preparing to fight their way north. In June, 1943 Mussolini’s council of advisers deposed him and set up an anti-Fascist regime headed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio. Through the summer, while pretending to continue the alliance with Germany, Badoglio negotiated a truce with the Allies. Chaos was unleashed. Germany turned on Italy and occupied roughly the northern half of the country, including Rome. The Germans found Mussolini and installed him as the head of a puppet government. The reinstated Fascists were vindictive, joining the Nazis in hunting down anti-Fascists and Jews, killing them or sending them to the camps. The Badoglio government was still functioning but the country was in shambles. Food was scarce and so were jobs.
It was in this chaos that Resistance groups formed. Moorehead tells the story of the women who were active in the resistance in Turin and the rugged mountains of the Piedmont. It was in this mountainous area of northwest Italy that anti-Fascists of various political persuasions banded together for acts of sabotage. They were united by their hope to return Italy to a pre-Fascist state. What would come after the war–what form that state would take–was yet to be determined. Resistance group politics ranged from the left (Communists) to the right.
The women in the Resistance groups were known as staffete; they carried messages, ammunition, food, and medical supplies. They spied on the German army, relaying troop movements and charming soldiers into providing information. They printed underground newspapers and bulletins. Like the men, many were captured by the Germans, tortured and killed, but their numbers increased through 1944 and 1945. Desperate and patriotic, these Italian women were determined not to be left out of the fight. Their lives are inspirational and I read the book in haste, hoping that they would all survive.
Moorehead’s book reminded me of the novel: A Thread of Grace by Mary Doria Russell, published in 2005. A Thread of Grace is set in the same time frame and also in the Piedmont but it focuses on the French Jews who traveled to Italy over the Alps when Italy broke with Germany. They were hoping for a safe harbor from the Nazis but found something quite different. It’s a moving account of the intersection of the lives of Catholics and Jews; Germans, Italians, and French; Fascistis, anti-Fascists, and Nazis at a time when making life and death choices was their daily bread.
I was also reminded of Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II by Keith Lowe, a chilling account of what happened after the War, when ethnic cleansing, revenge, and displacement made Europe a nightmarish place well into the 1950s. Resistance groups, governments in exile, and former political leaders all wanted to shape the new governments and reset boundaries. The British and Americans had their own agenda–to obstruct the Communist influence–the USSR clearly had another. It’s a cautionary tale for all of us about how ending a war sometimes signals the beginning of another kind of conflict, often just as deadly.
Sheltering in place is a good time to read something challenging, something absorbing. I’ve spoken to friends who are having a hard time focusing their attention on anything other than the news about the pandemic. Any one of these three books would be a good choice for distraction. I am aware, however, that many libraries and bookstores are closed so it’s harder to get the books you need. I’ve been reading e-books and listening to audiobooks. Log into your local library and see what you can find!
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UA&M Director Is Honored
We’re so proud to note that our director, Vicki Panella Bourns, has been awarded the Utah Museums Association’s 2020 Public Service Award. This award is given to an individual who has served or is serving in a governmental capacity who, in the scope of their duties, has rendered vital assistance or support to Utah’s museum community.
From the Utah Museums Association: “Since Governor Herbert appointed Vicki the director of the Utah Division of Arts & Museums, she has worked diligently to bring a cohesive direction and sense of parity to the agency. Combining the work of the Office of Museum Services and the Utah Arts Council is an effort that has spanned many years and more than one executive director, but none has used the platform of state government to elevate the museum community as effectively as Vicki. With Vicki at the helm, grant dollars to museums are up, visibility of Utah’s museums is high, and the division is fully invested in the success and support of all cultural organizations within the trust of the agency she leads. She is a tireless and thoughtful advocate for the vital role museums play in our state’s cultural ecosystem.”
Kudos to Vicki!
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by Michael Badnarik
Fire (and ashes) Sale
Rights-Privileges
(explanation)
(class lecture)
Rattle Sheriff’s cages (1/30/2012)
Red Pill Expo (6/7/2019)
How to form a
Making the case for
Texas Secession
Patriot memes
for any video
Gun Coaching
Mentor with Michael
(Good to be King)
Secret to Sovereignty
PhilosophicalLighthouse
(Prologue)
Libertarian Principles
The Law (Bastiat)
No Treason
(Lysander Spooner)
How Tyranny Came to America
(Joseph Sobran)
Contact: Michael@badnarik.org
The Civil War wasn’t
Written by Michael Badnarik
Dictionary.com defines civil war as “a war between political factions or regions within the same country”. That does not accurately describe the conflict that began here in 1861. The southern states seceded, which by definition is “to withdraw formally from an alliance, federation, or association, as from a political union”. The southern states did exactly that, thereby forming a new country called The Confederate States of America. Therefore, that conflict was actually an international conflict between two distinct countries.
There is a significant difference between a national and a federal form of government. When the colonies declared their independence from England, they established a federal form of government under the Articles of Confederation. Each state was considered sovereign and independent, and merely a joint member under the Articles. Very similar to the way we imagine the United States to be a member of the United Nations, while retaining our independence and unique identity. One important distinction of a federal form of government is that states can make their own laws which differ significantly from the laws of other states. This explains why you can gamble in Nevada, but not in Utah.
Originally, the federal United States was referred to in the plural, as in THESE United States. When the Constitution was ratified, the United States adopted a more national flavor with a stronger, more centralized government. Eventually this national aspect of government was considered predominate, and people now refer to THE United States. Singular. It is incorrectly assumed by most Americans that any federal law supersedes any state law. The Tenth Amendment clearly refutes this fallacy.
History alleges that the southern states never really left the union. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ruled in Texas v White (1869) that “the Constitution, in all its provisions, looks to an indestructible Union composed of indestructible States.” The court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States. “Our conclusion therefore is that Texas continued to be a State, and a State of the Union, notwithstanding the transactions to which we have referred.” How can the government insist that the southern states never left the union, and simultaneously claim that the southern states were “readmitted” via the Reconstruction Acts? If the south never left, it would be unnecessary to readmit them. Finally, it wouldn’t have been necessary for Robert E. Lee to “surrender unconditionally” unless the south was considered a conquered foreign power.
George Santayana is credited with saying, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” Even worse, people with an agenda are actively revising history to suggest things that are not true. This is why numerous monuments related to “The War for Southern Independence” are being dismantled and removed from public display.
Most people are guilty of tunnel vision, focusing on one single aspect of “the truth”, and willfully ignoring any information that mitigates their argument. Consider the parable of the blind wise men who examine an elephant for the first time. Each man gives a different description of the animal based on the body part he had touched, but all of them are making decisions with woefully incomplete information.
In much the same way, nearly everyone has an incomplete understanding of “The War of Northern Aggression”. The national government was taxing agriculture (southern cotton) and investing in industry (in the north). The southern states were already struggling financially, so they were not inclined to spend their money improving life in the north. The original motivation for southern secession was “states rights”. Slavery only became an issue later in the conflict. To insist that slavery was the only reason for the conflict demonstrates a deplorable lack of understanding. And to insist that members of the Confederacy were only interested in slavery is incredibly biased and short-sighted.
Allow me to set the record straight. Slavery is an evil, despicable practice which should never have happened anywhere. However, it did not originate in the southern states. It is justified in the Bible, and the great pyramids in Egypt were built with slave labor. The Founding Fathers attempted to eliminate slavery when they drafted the Constitution, but they were unable to complete the task. The Constitution is often condemned because blacks were considered “three-fifths” of a person. It’s not as if blacks were suddenly reduced to sixty percent of their previous status. And while it is admittedly still a tragedy, it should be understood that blacks were now considered sixty percent more human than they were before. It is unfair to blame the Founders for slavery simply because they were unable to solve the problem immediately.
There is historical evidence to suggest that Thomas Jefferson married Sally Hemmings, his former slave, and had four children with her. The descendants of Thomas Jefferson adamantly reject this suggestion, considering it tantamount to slander. I think Jefferson was a great man. Wouldn’t he seem even more deserving of praise if he “put his money where his mouth is” and demonstrated good race relations by setting an example? During my first job after college I eagerly tried to date a gorgeous black girl who worked at the same company. She was stunning, and she took my breath away. She refused to date me, however. Not because of race, but because her white friend was hoping for a relationship with me, and she didn’t want to betray that friendship.
Do black lives matter? Absolutely! I think that ALL lives matter. Unfortunately, I don’t know how to reduce the ignorance that is inherent in the xenophobia that subsets of the population feel toward groups different from themselves. This kind of fear stems from an almost universal lack of self-confidence. People ask,”can’t we all just get along?” Apparently not. But tearing down confederate statues and vandalizing the Alamo will never lead to mutual respect. I doubt that I will live long enough to see the day that people are judged by the content of their character and not the color of their skin.
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Questions on your Census Form
My census form arrived today in an envelope emblazoned with a bold warning: YOUR RESPONSE IS REQUIRED BY LAW I seriously doubt that it is. Article I, Section 2, clause 3 states, "The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the...
Subsidies and Regulation
Before I begin, I would like to congratulate the staff, supporters, and readers of REPUBLIC MAGAZINE for the incredible impact they have had on our society. Someone approached me recently and said, “Hey! You’re the guy who writes for Republic Magazine!”. I assured him...
Senate Shennanigans
Shortly after I began studying the Constitution over 25 years ago, I came to the stunning conclusion that MOST of what our government does is unconstitutional. Not surprisingly, I quickly began to doubt my research, convinced that – if it were true – someone much...
Kay on June 23, 2020 at 9:56 am
I loved this and I sent it along to others.
Roger Dickson on June 23, 2020 at 10:01 am
At the age of 16 I was off to southern Germany to spend a 13 months as a foreign exchange student. Prior to my flight (my very first airplane travel) across the Atlantic I’d never been out of California. Needless to say, I grew leaps and bounds and my eyes were opened wide. One evening, watching tv with my German family, we watched an incredibly graphic documentary about Nazi atrocities. Beheadings, torture, firing squads all bloody and unbelievable acts performed on Jews and others. I asked my German mother why they showed these films and noted that such graphic history would never be shown on network tv in the US. She casually turned to me and said, “that is so that we will never forget what happened.”
The monuments and memorials to past events and people may be distasteful to some now, but how can we put history in perspective if we are not reminded of the stories (both good and bad) behind them? Eliminating a monument will never erase the history behind it, unless we have nothing to remind us in the first place.
Louise on June 23, 2020 at 10:53 am
Hadn’t thought this deeply about this subject before. Very interesting position and it makes sense. I know that a black friend told me over 50 years ago that the “Civil War” was not about slavery but about secession.
You always lead us to think over other ways to examine what we think we know.
Terry on June 23, 2020 at 11:44 am
True, the Civil War actually wasn’t a Civil War. War between the states, or southern independence very possibly. It is interesting how many northern politicians, newspapers, and so forth actually sided with the south. However, this war wasn’t over slavery it was over states rights and tariffs. After the war between the states the U.S. government actually found out that the south had a very good reason to secede.
https://youtu.be/RPOnL-PZeCc
There is no evidence that Thomas Jefferson married Sally Hemmings and had four children by her. Jefferson was a Christian and he knew that race mixing was a sin. Actually, Jefferson like Washington, didn’t have slaves per say. he had indentured servants or workers on his plantation. There is a difference. However they want you to believe that Jefferson and Hemmings were lovers and had children together, but that isn’t true. Sally Hemmings had children by another slave or worker from another plantation. Thomas Jefferson adopted those children. Jefferson knew that race mixing was and still is condemned by God Yahweh. That is why race mixed children have so many diseases. At that time Children between Jefferson and Hemmings wouldn’t live long. Even now race mixed children have a lot of problems and a lot of diseases, and it is because they are unnatural. God Yahweh condemns race mixing, and all the diseases and genetic problems that race mixed children have prove it.
There is no evidence that Thomas Jefferson married Sally Hemmings and had four children by her.
[mjb: I must respectfully disagree with you. In fact the Thomas Jefferson Foundation states that there is “a considerable body of evidence stretching from 1802 to 1873 (and beyond) describes Thomas Jefferson as the father of Sally Hemings’s children.”]
a considerable body of evidence
Jefferson was a Christian and he knew that race mixing was a sin.
[mjb: Jefferson was a deist, meaning that he believe in a higher power, but he did not care for the miracles described in the Bible, so he created his own, essentially by deleting the passages he disagreed with. Furthermore, the concept of sin is a subjective one, and cannot be applied universally.]
Jefferson Bible
That is why race mixed children have so many diseases.
[mjb: This is patently untrue. In fact, the opposite appears to be true.]
Are interracial children more prone to genetic diseases?
Even now race mixed children have a lot of problems and a lot of diseases, and it is because they are unnatural. God Yahweh condemns race mixing, and all the diseases and genetic problems that race mixed children have prove it.
[mjb: This is the same “logic” that Muslims use to justify killing infidels. “Because Allah says so.” I encourage everyone to read the following article.]
Interracial Couples May Make Taller, Smarter Children Due To Greater Genetic Diversity
Patrick Head on June 23, 2020 at 6:17 pm
This is probably the most succinct yet complete article I have ever encountered that explains the “The invasion and conquering of the CSA”. I am saving this link so I can refer others to it. Like you, I abhor slavery and will never make excuses for it in any of the United States, in any of its forms. The re-education and revisionist history that has been foisted on the people of this country since the end of that war is nearly as intolerable as slavery itself.
While more that one decision made in the Supreme Court and its inferior courts since the end of the war have supported the notion that the states can not secede from the Union, a cursory reading and equally shallow understanding of that document will produce an obvious conclusion for anyone of reason.
The Constitution of the United States contains absolutely no language that explicitly or implicitly bars a State from succeeding from the Union. In addition, the Constitution is clear that the privileges and powers granted to the federal government are specific, limited and carefully enumerated. All other powers rest in the individual States and the residents of those states. Therefore, discounting the decisions of the Supreme Kangaroo Court, the actions of the United States of America against the Confederate States of America were unjust, unethical, and a complete violation of the sovereignty of the CSA and its constituent States and residents resulting in the senseless deaths of over 600,000 people. 600 THOUSAND!
While Abraham Lincoln is probably considered the greatest president in the history of the USA, this facet and the actions of the North in the War of 1861-1865, is why I have nearly zero respect for Lincoln as a president.
Pamela Batchelder on June 24, 2020 at 8:31 am
Nice read. I like looking at historical events from many different perspectives. Please note, I respectfully disagree with your assertion that slaves built the pyramids. I have heard quite a bit about this in the last few years and my son has researched it. In the interest of time, I am not going to drop into a rabbit hole. However, for your consideration and possibly for further learning by us both on that minuscule detail in your writing- I submit the following link. Who built the pyramids?
I am not being a jerk- I just want you and I to both find out if there is any truth to this alternative view of who built the pyramids. Hope you are having a lovely day!
[mjb: I am always interested in the truth. Thanks for the interesting link.]
Nancy Falster on June 24, 2020 at 12:18 pm
As a 6th generation Southerner of Texas, I appreciate your efforts. I’m sending this to Eric Metaxas( he has a Radio Show) who is an outspoken Christian, but sadly, says the War Between the States was all about slavery and great men who fought to defend their homeland did it only for slavery….I pray your article will open his eyes.
[mjb: Thank you, Nancy. I hope it helps. You may also want to recommend the following book, which even opened my eyes a bit. As the author says, “The problem in America isn’t so much what people don’t know; the problem is what people think they know that just ain’t so.”. I hope all is well on the ranch.]
The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History
Tim R on June 29, 2020 at 7:53 pm
I Love your work Michael. My son and I took your class in Phoenix 11 years ago and paid you with silver coins. So happy to see you’re still laser sharp and delivering the truth today. Tim R
Pam on July 3, 2020 at 3:09 pm
“Civil War” is an oxymoron. There is absolutely no-thing “civil” about war. The terms the State comes up with are usually the complete opposite of the truth, interestingly enough. I have fun playing the “opposite” game every time there’s some new term coined. It can be a great source of entertainment. : ) Thank you for the good article, and hoping you are well.
michael@badnarik.org
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Free Guide Reveals Shocking New Way To Gain Freedom Without Leaving Your Couch.
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Vegas sports complex moves forward — but baseball now on the back burner
By Kevin Reichard on September 8, 2011 in Features, Minor-League Baseball
A proposed sports complex in the Las Vegas area was green-lighted for future design studies and land negotiation by the Henderson City Council, but a new ballpark is now a secondary part of the project and not slated to be part of the initial construction. When developer Chris Milam announced a purchase of the Las […]
Milam ballpark proposal taking shape
By Kevin Reichard on May 24, 2011 in Minor-League Baseball, News
Developer Chris Milam may not have been well-known in Minor League Baseball circles when it was announced he was buying the Las Vegas 51s (Class AAA; Pacific Coast League), but he has some impressive connections in the industry; meanwhile, his plan for a Vegas sports complex with a new ballpark is taking shape. Milam, a […]
Milam buys 51s; team will be part of new development
By Kevin Reichard on May 9, 2011 in Features, Minor-League Baseball
The Las Vegas 51s (Class AAA; Pacific Coast League) have been sold to developer Chris Milam, who plans on installing the team in a new $1.95-billion sports complex he’s planning opposite Mandalay Bay on the south end of the Strip. Milam heads International Development Management and is working with the city of Las Vegas and […]
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3 April 2013: ICT-1 Daily Summary – Gholam Azam Defense Closing Arguments
Chief Prosecutor vs. Gholam Azam – Defense Application and Closing Arguments
Today Defense counsel for Gholam Azam filed an application seeking the recall of yesterday’s order, citing the interest of justice. Yesterday, 2 April 2013, the Tribunal passed an order directing the Defense to conclude their Closing Arguments by 4 April 2013. The Defense argued that compelling them to conclude their Closing Arguments would seriously prejudice the Accused because they would be unable to adequately present the case.
The Defense requested an additional four days instead of the two currently allotted. Senior Defense counsel stated that he cannot make himself available on hartal days. He noted that the other courts of the country, from the magistrate level to the Supreme Court, do not convene on hartal days. Razzaq further stated that though he is supporter of a political party, he appears before the Tribunal solely as an advocate and has refrained from making any political statements over the last 3-4 years.
After making his submissions Tribunal 2 granted Razzaq permission to leave in order to appear before Tribunal 2.
Prosecutor Sultan Mahmud Simon opposed the prayer and submitted that the application should be rejected summarily.
Defense Closing Arguments
Defense counsel Imran Siddiq continued the submission of Closing Arguments on behalf of Gholam Azam. He argued regarding the legal requirements of the charge of conspiracy, planning and incitement.
Conspiracy to commit crimes against humanity
Imran Siddiq submitted that section 3(2)(a) of the ICT Act of 1973 does not describe the elements of the crime which the Prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt. Given the silence of the Statute on this matter, it is therefore necessary to look to Customary International Law in order to assess whether the Prosecution has sufficiently proved its case.
Imran stated that in order to convict the Accused of conspiracy to commit Crimes Against Humanity, the Prosecution must prove that i) there was an attack ii) the attack was widespread or systematic iii) the attack was directed against a civilian population iv) the attack was committed on national, political, ethical, racial or religious grounds and v) Gholam Azam acted with the knowledge of the attack. He cited to the ICTR case of Ntagerura (Trial Chamber), 25 February 2004, para 698.
The Defense argued that the alleged Crime Against Humanity must be committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack and not just a random act of violence. (Akayesu (ICTR Trial Chamber), September 2, 1998, paras 578-79). He submitted that “widespread” indicates the large scale nature of the attack and “systematic” refers to the organized nature of acts of violence. (Nahimana (ICTR Appeals Chamber) para 920). He submitted that “civilian population” is defined as people not taking any active part in hostilities. (Akaysesu (ICTR Trial Chamber, September 2, 1998 para 582). Regarding the required mental state, or mens rea, of the Accused, Imran submitted that he must have acted with knowledge of the broader context of the attack and knowledge that the act formed a part of the widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population. (Gacumbitsi (ICTR Appeals Chamber), July 7, 2006, para 86). The Defense noted that there is no parallel decision in international law regarding conspiracy to commit Crimes Against Humanity.
Conspiracy to Commit Genocide
On April 1, Abdur Razzaq submitted arguments regarding the mental state, or mens rea, required for the commission of conspiracy to commit genocide. Today Imran Siddiq continued these arguments.
The Defense described the actus reus of conspiracy to commit genocide as the formation of an agreement between two or more persons with the purpose of committing the crime of genocide (Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze, ICTY Appeals Chamber, 28 November 2007, para 894, 896). Imran submitted that the Prosecution must prove that there was an agreement between Gholam Azam and Tikka Khan to commit genocide. The Defense acknowledged that the existence of an agreement may be inferred based on evidence. However, they stated that the Prosecution has only produced evidence showing that Gholam Azam met with Tikka Khan, but failed to prove the agenda, discussion or decisions of said meetings. There is no evidence about the existence of any agreement. He argued that in the absence of any direct evidence it is very difficult to prove the alleged agreement based on circumstantial evidence. Additionally, the Defense submitted that where the Prosecution relies on circumstantial evidence to prove a particular fact, the finding of that fact must be the only reasonable inference based on the totality of the circumstances. In this case, the finding that there was an actual agreement between Gholam Azam and General Tikka Khan must be the only possible conclusion the Tribunal can make. (Seromba, ICTR Appeals Chamber, 12 March 2008, para 221, Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze, ICTR Appeals Chamber, 28 November 2007. Imran compared the Seromba case with the case of Gholam Azam and argued that Prosecution had failed to show the existence of any agreement to commit genocide.
The Defense further submitted that the action of the conspirators must be concerted or coordinated. (Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze, ICTR Appeals Chamber, 28 November 2007, para 896-97). The existence of an agreement to commit genocide may be inferred from the concerted conduct of the conspirators. The Defense argued that Gholam Azam denied meeting Tikka Khan separately on 6 April 1971. Additionally, Imran argued that the actions of Tikka Khan after the alleged meetings was not presented into evidence. In fact, the Defense alleged there is no documentary evidence and no witness testimony regarding the conduct and actions of the alleged conspirators after such meetings. Therefore Imran concluded the elements of the crime of conspiracy had not been proven not even on the balance of probabilities, let alone beyond a reasonable doubt.
At this stage Justice Anwarul Haque interjected to ask whether, if the Prosecution was able to prove that Gholam Azam committed conspiracy, planning, incitement or complicity, he would also be liable under the doctrine of Superior Command Responsibility. The Defense replied that superior responsibility is a separate offense and conspiracy, planning, incitement, and complicity are separate crimes.
Shifting arguments to the issue of the reliability of documentary evidence, the Defense asserted that the Prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the statements published in various newspaper articles now in evidence were the actual statements made of Gholam Azam. He submitted that during cross-examination, Prosecution witness 1 admitted that in 1971 censorship was imposed under martial law and was equally applied to all newspapers. Imran additionally noted that the Investigating Officer, prosecution witness 16, admitted during cross-examination that did not know about the imposition of censorship at the time and had not investigated the matter. The witness further admitted that he would not be able to identify how many of the news reports in evidence had been published subject to censorship regulations. The Defense argued said that if the reports were published subject to censorship it would be normal that no rejoinder was subsequently published. Imran concluded that the Prosecution failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the statements reported in the newspapers which were attributed to Gholam Azam were in fact the statements of Gholam Azam. He also noted that the Prosecution did not even try to produce witnesses to attest to the authenticity of the newspaper reports. He argued that the news reports could be false or partially false given the ubiquity of censorship.
The Chairman interjected and stated that alternatively, the censorship regulations could have put in place to ensure objective and accurate reporting. Justice Jahangir Hossain asked the Defense whether the statutes of the International Criminal Tribunals of the former Yugoslavia and of Rwanda (ICTY and ICTR) contain a section similar to section 19(1) of the ICT Act of 1973. Imran replied that he would provide his response at a later time.
In the afternoon session the Defense drew the Tribunal’s attention to an exhibit of a report published on 7 April 1971 regarding the alleged meeting between Gholam Azam and Tikka Khan on 6 April. The text of the report said states that the two met one-on-one but the picture shows a group meeting. The Defense also noted the report did not mention the presence of Ruhul Amin though he appears in the picture.
Charge 1: Conspiracy
Count 3
The Defense then moved to the First Charge and Count 3, which alleges that Gholam Azam took part in a conspiratorial meeting on 14 April 1971. The Prosecution relied on Exhibit-479 to support the charge. The Defense read out the exhibit and submitted that report does not mention the presence of Gholam Azam at the meeting. He further submitted that none of the prosecution witnesses made any statements regarding the alleged conspiratorial meeting. From the Exhibit itself the Defense argued that it is clear that no agreement to commit atrocities against members of the Bengali or Hindu communities, or against the unarmed civilian population, was reached in the course of the meeting. Imran further stated that no evidence has been produced, either in the Exhibits or any other documents, showing any concerted or coordinated action by the alleged conspirators. Therefore he argued there is no basis on which to infer that there was an agreement to commit genocide or crimes against humanity. In Conclusion Imran asserted that the Prosecution failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that Gholam Azam conspired with others to commit crimes under section 3(2) of the ICT Act in Bangladesh.
The Defense then addressed Count 4 of Charge 1, which alleges that Gholam Azam met with President Aga Mohammad Yeahya Khan on 19 June 1971 in order ot inform him about the situation in East Pakistan and make plans for effectively controlling the civilian population. The Prosecution has relied on Exhibit 4, a news report published in the Daily Sangram dated 20 June 1971, to support the charge. The Defense read out the report and submitted that again it contains nothing to substantiate the allegations that Gholam Azam met with President to evaluate the activities of the three previous months and to take decisions to facilitate upcoming activities. Imran submitted that the report does not say anything about decisions made during the meeting. Nor do the contents of the article disclose the existence of an agreement to commit genocide or other crimes against humanity between Gholam Azam and President Yeahya Khan. The report no of any concerted or coordinated actions by Gholam Azam and President Yeahya Khan which would allow for the inference of an agreement to commit genocide or crime against humanity. The Defense also noted that while Prosecution witness 1 claimed that Gholam Azam met with Yeahya Khan – who clearly supported the genocide comitted in East Pakistan, the witness did not testify that an agreement between Gholam Azam and Yeahya Khan was reached at the meeting on 19 June 1971. Finally, the Defense noted that the Investigating Officer admitted that he was unable to obtain the minutes of the meeting between Gholam Azam and President Yeahya.
Count 5 of Charge 1 alleges that Gholam Azam met with Jammat-e-Islami Chief Sayed Abul Ala Moududi on 20 June 1971 in order to review the activities and party politics of Jamaat-e-Islami and to discuss the party’s plans and activities. The Prosecution relied on Exhibit-62 in support of this count, which is a news report published in the Daily Pakistan on 21 June 1971. The Defense argued that the Exhibit does not disclose any information as to any agenda or discussion between Gholam Azam and Maududi. He further submitted that the exhibit does not substantiate the allegation that Gholam Azam met with Maududi as part of an ongoing conspiracy. Additionally Imran noted that none of the Prosecution Witnesses deposed regarding the contents of the said meeting between Gholam Azam and Maududi. The Investigating Officer failed to obtain any resolution or statement from the meeting and the Prosecution did not produce any oral or documentary evidence as to any decisions that were made at the meeting. The Defense concluded that there is no evidence on record to disclose the existence of an agreement between Gholam Azam and Maududi to commit genocide or Crimes Against Humanity
Under count 6 of Charge 1 Gholam Azam is accused of furthering his conspiracy to commit crimes under section 3(2) of the ICT Act by meeting for 70 minutes with Yeahya Khan on 1 December 1971 at Rawalpindi. It is alleged that during the meeting Gholam Azam demanded an increase in the membership of Razakar forces and urged Pakistan Government to supply arms to allow them to confront the civilian population of East Pakistan. Prosecution relied on Exhibit-97, a news report published in the Daily Ittefaq dated 2 December 1971. However, the Defense argued that the Exhibit did not disclose the existence of an agreement to commit Genocide or Crimes Against Humanity. Nor did it show that there was such coordinated and concerted action between Gholam Azam and Yeahya Khan so as to allow for the inference of such an agreement. Nothing in the Exhibit substantiates the allegation that Gholam Azam ‘sensing inevitable defeat, decided to murder the intelligentsia of Bangladesh on a large and indiscriminate scale, as part of a ‘final solution.’” The Defense argued that Prosecution 1 failed to specify what decisions were made during the meeting. The Investigating Officer also admitted that he could not produce any resolution from the meeting. The Defense concluded that it is clear from the statements made by the Prosecution witnesses and the contents of Exhibit-97 that the Prosecution has failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that on 1 December 1971, Gholam Azam and Yeahya Khan participated in a conspiratorial meeting to commit crimes under section 3(2) of the Act.
Charge 2: Planning
Imran submitted that Article 3 of the Genocide Convention does not include “planning” the commission of genocide as punishable offense. However, the Defense acknowledged that Article 7(1) and Article 6(1) of the ICTY Statutes and the ICTR Statutes respectively describe planning genocide or crimes against humanity as a punishable offense. Nonetheless, Imran stated that Section 3(2)(f) of the ICT Act of 1973 does not define the elements of the crime of “planning” but instead makes any crime under customary international law punishable under the Act.
Imran submitted that the actus reus of “planning” requires that one or more persons design the criminal conduct constituting one or more statutory crimes which are later perpetrated. (Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze (ICTR Appeals Chamber) 28 November 2007, para 479.) The Defense further stated that participation by planning presupposes that one or several persons contemplate designing the commission of a crime at both the preparatory and execution phases. (Gacumbitsi (ICTR Trial Chamber), June 17, 2004, para 271; Kajelijeli (ICTR Trial Chamber), December 1, 2003, para 761; Akayesu (Trial Chamber), September 2, 1998, para 480.) They further asserted that the planning must be a factor substantially contributing to the end criminal conduct. (Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze (ICTR Appeals Chamber) 28 November 2007, para 479. )
The Defense argued that the required mens rea to prove the criminal act of planning is the intent to plan the commission of a crime or at a minimum, the awareness of substantial likelihood that a crime will be committed in the execution of the acts or omissions planned. (Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze (ICTR Appeals Chamber) 28 November 2007, para 479.)
Regarding Count 1 of Charge 2 the Prosecution relied on Exhibits 33 and 34. Prosecution Exhibit 33 shows that Gholam Azam and other political party leaders met Tikka Khan, but contains nothing to show that the purpose of the meeting was to design and plan criminal conduct such as the commission of atrocities against members of the Hindu or Bengali communities. The Defense asserted that no attempt has been made by the Prosecution to establish that Gholam Azam and other leaders designed the commission of atrocities at both the preparatory and execution phases. The Prosecution has failed to show that before or at the meeting on 4 April 1971, Gholam Azam and others formulated ‘a method of design or action, procedure, or arrangement for the accomplishment of crimes against members of the Hindu or Bengali community or unarmed civilian population.’ Furthermore the Prosecution failed to prove that the alleged planning was a factor which substantially contributed to the ultimate criminal conduct. The Defense therefore argued that he Prosecution has failed to prove that Gholam Azam committed the offense of planning.
The Defense acknowledged that Exhibit 34 states that Gholam Azam and other political leaders proposed the formation of the Peace Committees with a view to “restoring normalcy in the region” and eliminating fear and anxiety from the minds of the people. The Defense argued that the Peace Committees were not formed with the purpose of attacking members of the Hindu or Bengali community or unarmed civilian population. Furthermore, by proposing the formation of Peace Committees, Gholam Azam and other political leaders cannot be said to have planned or designed the commission of genocide or crimes against humanity.
Prosecution witness 1 did not state that Gholam Azam and other political leaders designed the commission of atrocities against members of the Hindu or Bengali community or against the unarmed civilian population. Nor did Prosecution witness 2 make any statement that Gholam Azam and other political leaders planned or designed the commission of offenses under section 3(2) at both the preparatory and execution stage. Imran argued that simple planning for the formation of Peace Committees and auxiliary forces is not an offense under section 3(2) of the ICT Act 1973. The Defense concluded that Prosecution has failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that Gholam Azam committed the offense of planning the commission of offenses under section 3(2) of the Act.
Turning to Count 2 of Charge 2, the Prosecution relied on Exhibits 37, 101 and 167. Exhibit 37 is a news report published in the Daily Azad dated 11 April 1971 which announces that Peace Committees will be formed in various unions and villages with a view to restore normalcy in the province. Exhibit 101 and Exhibit 167 are news reports published in the Daily Purbodesh dated 11 April 1971 and the Daily Paygam dated 12 April 1971. These reports announced that a Peace Committee consisting of 140 members had been formed with a view to restoring normalcy in the country. However, the Defense argued that nowhere in these Exhibits was it stated that Gholam Azam and others designed any criminal conduct at the preparatory or execution level. Furthermore, there is nothing in the news report to show that Gholam Azam designed any action, procedure or arrangement for the accomplishment of the crimes of genocide or crimes against humanity. The Defense concluded that the Prosecution failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that Gholam Azam planned with others to commit crimes under international law.
Regarding Count 3 of Charge 2, the Prosecution relied on Exhibits 481 and 457. Exhibit 481 is a fortnightly report on the political situation published in the first half of April 1971, showing that a meeting was held at the residence of Mr. A.Q.M Shafiqul Islam during which resolutions were adopted demanding protection of life and properties of the general public, including commoners, against the “miscreants.” The Defense submitted that demanding protection of life and properties of the general public against the miscreants does not amount to an offense under the 1973 Act or any other law. Imran also submitted that Exhibit 457 is the East Pakistan Police Abstract of Intelligence for Dhaka during the week before 8 May 1971. The abstract shows that a meeting was held at the residence of A.Q.M Shafiqul Islam during which the participants discussed the formation of Peace Committees in different unions of Dhaka City for the express purpose of restoring normalcy. A proposal for supporting the observance of Eid-i-Milad-un-Nabi on 8 May 1971 was also discussed during the meeting. The Defense again asserted that the formation of Peace Committees and plans to support the observance of Eid-i-Milad-un-Nabi does not amount to the commission of any offense under the 1973 Act. They argued that the Peace Committees were not set up as criminal organizations for attacking civilians or members of the Hindu or Bengali community. Therefore, no offense was committed under the 1973 Act merely by attending a meeting and discussing the formation of Peace Committees.
Charge 3: Incitement
The Defense then moved to address Charge 3, which alleges that Gholam Azam incited the commission of crimes under section 3(2) of the ICT Act. They argued that incitement to commit crimes against humanity has not been recognized as a crime under international law but acknowledged that incitement to commit genocide is a crime under Genocide Convention.
In order to establish incitement to commit genocide, the Defense asserted that the Prosecution must prove that the Accused had the intent to directly and publicly incite others to commit genocide as well as the intent to destroy a group in part or in whole on the basis of one of the protected grounds. (Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze, (ICTR Appeal Chamber), November 28, 2007, para 677.)
Court Administration:
It should be noted that today’s proceedings were not video recorded as usual.
This entry was posted in Daily Summaries, Trial of Gholam Azam, Tribunal 1 and tagged conspiracy, Defense Closing Arguments, documentary evidence, Gholam Azam, incitement, planning, Tribunal 1 on April 15, 2013 by AIJI Trial Monitor.
← 2 April 2013: ICT-2 Daily Summary – Hartal, Mujahid Prosecution Witness, Kamaruzzaman Closing Arguments 3 April 2013: ICT-2 Daily Summary – Kamaruzzaman Defense Closing Arguments →
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18 April 2013: ICT-2 Daily Summary – Mujahid Cross-Examination of PW 17
Chief Prosecutor vs. Abdul Alim: Rescheduling of PW 16, Accused Present
Prosecution vs. Ali Ahsan Mohammed Mujahid : Cross-examination of PW 17, Accused Present
Today the Prosecutor in the case against Abdul Alim, Mr Rana Das Gupta, requested an adjournment of the case until the 22nd or 23rd of April, due to difficulties in producing Prosecution witness 16. He stated that the witness had encountered difficulty in reaching Dhaka and therefore was not present. Defense counsel, Mr Ahsanul Huq Hena, added that the 23rd would be appropriate as it has been announced as a hartal day and it is unlikely that the Defense counsel in other cases will appear. The Tribunal agreed and scheduled 23 April 2013 for the next hearing.
The Tribunal then turned to the case against Mujahid, in which the Defense resumed its cross-examination of Prosecution witness 17, the Investigation Officer Abdur Razzaq. The Defense’s core line of questioning aimed at highlighting the various procedural flaws in the investigation process and underlying deficiencies that undermine the reliability of the officer’s findings.
Chief Prosecutor vs. Mujahid: Cross-Examination of PW 17
The witness testified that he went to Gopinath Shaha’s house at 11 a.m. He confirmed that Gopinath Shaha’s three siblings, Khirodh Shaha, Shakti Shaha (PW-13), and Kanon Bala live in India. The Investigating Officer admitted that Prosecution witness 13, Shakti Shaha, periodically comes to Bangladesh and that this fact was not included in the statement of Gopinath Shaha.
The Defense suggested that during the investigation it was discovered that Gopinath had previously filed a case regarding his father’s death. They alleged tat this fact was being concealed because Mujahid’s name was among the accused in the prior case. The Investigating Officer denied the allegations. He admitted that he did not determine the date of Shakti Shaha’s last visit to Bangladesh prior to the witness’ date of testimony.
The Investigating Officer testified that after visiting Gopinath’s home, he went to Bakchor to see the Sree Ongon, where some of the alleged crimes occurred. He acknowledged that he took photographs of the site but did not make a sketch. He stated that the site does not have a plot number. The Investigating Officer said he is unaware of the identity of the caretaker of the Sree Ongon, but stated that one China Shaha lives there. He acknowledged that he did not record any statement from her. The witness claimed he at the site from 11:40 a.m. until 3 p.m. During this time, he also went to the houses of Chitra Ranjan Shaha, Nimai Shaha, Rakhal Shaha and Joyonto Shaha. Their statements were also not recorded. He denied that he failed to record their statements because they did not provide information that implicated the Accused. He said that he did not record their statements because all of them except Chitra Ranjan Shaha were only 6 or 7 years old during the Liberation War. When pressed by the Defense the witness admitted that he did not check their birth certificates.
After leaving Bakchor the Investigating Officer testified that he went to Khailpur Bazar in Makchor. There he visited the Makchor Union Parishad Office which was allegedly used as a office for the Razakars. He acknowledged that he did not create a sketch map of the site. He also admitted that he did not interview the Chairman, secretary, member or local police officer of the Makchor UP. He denied that it situated in the west of Dhaka-Faridpur highway. The witness stated that he visited the Circuit House before returning to Dhaka.
At this point on of the judges interjected that the counsel is conducting his cross-examination like any other criminal case, whereas in this case sketch maps will not have any impact.
The Defense counsel and the judges disagreed. The Defense argued that the Investigation Officer, as a member of the police, is bound to follow the procedure of the PRB code. However the judge reiterated that it does not apply in the ICT.
The witness testified that he collected the book Muktijuddho Faridpur from his investigation associate Nur Hossain on 7 June 2011. The names of the leading freedom fighters are listed in the book. He admitted that he did not interview them or those affected during the war. However, the witness testified that he met with the author, Abu Sayeed Khan, though his statement was not recorded. The witness denied that he failed to record the statement because the author did not implicate the Accused. He claimed the statement was not recorded because the writer referred to the Accused as Maolana Syed Ali Ahsan Muhammad Mujahid. The Defense suggested that the writer was actually referring to the Central Jamaat Leader of 1971, Maolana Syed Mohammad Ali, who was a candidate for Member of National Assembly. The witness denied the suggestion but admitted that the book does not contain any reference to the Bakchor incident.
The Investigating Officer testified that he did not notify any of the individuals he met with in advance of his arrival for the investigation. He stated that he collected a list of injured and martyrs and that Ranjit Nath’s name did not appear in the list.
This entry was posted in Daily Summaries, Trial of A.M Alim, Trial of Ali Ahsan Mohammed Mujahid, Tribunal 2 and tagged Abdul Alim, Bangladesh, Bangladesh War Crimes Tribunal, crimes against humanity, cross-examination, Delay, genocide, hartal, ICT, ICT 2, International Crimes Tribunal, international criminal courts, Investigation, investigation officer, investigation procedure, Mujahid, prosecution witness, Razakars, Tribunal 2, war crimes on April 30, 2013 by AIJI Trial Monitor.
← 18 April 2013: ICT-1 Daily Summary – Nizami Cross-Examination of PW 4 21 April 2013: ICT-1 Daily Summary – Chowdhury Examination of PW 27 →
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Macroprudential Policy and Regulation
Determinants of cross-border banking
Foreign banks and domestic markets
Transmission of shocks via international banks
Cross-border bank regulation and supervision
International banking networks
Cross-border Banking
Banks’ Balance Sheets Data
Systemic Risk Indicators and Financial Crises
Banking Supervision and Regulation
Financial Indices
InterConnectedness Newsletter
March 21, 2018 Jan Neumann
Cross-border linkages of banks can transmit liquidity shocks from one country to another. This has become obvious during the recent financial crisis, where internationally active banks played an important role in the transmission of shocks. A liquidity shock can be transferred from one country abroad to the domestic country due to three possible channels. Firstly, the liquidity shock abroad can be transferred through a reduction of direct cross-border loan supply by foreign banks. Secondly, due to the liquidity shock abroad, local affiliates of a foreign-owned bank can reduce their lending activities in the host country. This can be attributed to the fact that globally active banks are able to reallocate their funds across borders. Thus, they can better compensate liquidity shocks at home by reallocating funds from their foreign affiliates to their head office. Thirdly, a liquidity shock abroad can be transmitted through domestic banks due to a reduction of local lending. This might happen if banks located in the country in which the liquidity shock originates adjust their cross-border activities. As a result cross-border interbank lending might decline such that domestic banks face a funding shock to their balance sheet. This, in turn, might induce a reduction of domestic loan supply.
Aiyar, S. (2012). From financial crisis to great recession: The role of globalized banks. American Economic Review 102(3): 225-230.
Anginer, D., E. Cerutti, and M. Peria (2017). Foreign Bank Subsidiaries’ Default Risk during the Global Crisis: What Factors Help Insulate Affiliates from their Parents?. Journal of Financial Intermediation 29: 19-31.
Brei, M., L. Gambacorta, and G. von Peter (2011). Rescue packages and bank lending. Journal of Banking and Finance 37(2): 490-505.
Blasques, F., S.J. Koopman, A. Lucas and J. Schaumburg (2016). Spillover dynamics for systemic risk measurement using spatial financial time series models Journal of Econometrics 195(2): 211-223.
Bräuning, F., and V. Ivashina (2020). Monetary Policy and Global Banking. The Journal of Finance. Forthcoming.
Buch, C. M., Bussiere, M., Goldberg, L., and Hills, R. (2019). The international transmission of monetary policy. Journal of International Money and Finance 91: 29-48.
Cetorelli, N., and L.S. Goldberg (2011). Global banks and international shock transmission: Evidence from the crisis. IMF Economic Review59(1): 41-76.
Cetorelli, N., and L.S. Goldberg (2012). Banking globalization and monetary transmission. Journal of Finance 67(5): 1811-1843.
Cetorelli, N., and L.S. Goldberg (2012). Follow the money: Quantifying domestic effects of foreign bank shocks in the great recession.American Economic Review 102(3): 213- 218.
Cetorelli, N., and L.S. Goldberg (2012). Liquidity management of U.S. global banks: Internal capital markets in the great recession. Journal of International Economics 88(2): 299-311.
Cornett, M.M., J.J. McNutt, P.E. Strahan, and H. Tehranian (2011). Liquidity risk management and credit supply in the financial crisis. Journal of Financial Economics 101(2): 279-312.
De Haas, R., and N. van Horen (2012). International shock transmission after the Lehman Brothers collapse: Evidence from syndicated lending. American Economic Review 102(3): 231–237.
De Haas, R., and N. van Horen (2013). Running for the exit? International bank lending during a financial crisis. Review of Financial Studies26(1): 244-285.
De Haas, R., Y. Korniyenko, A. Pivovarsky, and T. Tsankova (2015). Taming the herd? Foreign banks, the Vienna Initiative and crisis transmission. Journal of Financial Intermediation 24(3): 325-355.
De Haas, R., and I. van Lelyveld (2006). Foreign banks and credit stability in central and eastern Europe. A panel data analysis. Journal of Banking and Finance 30(7): 1927-1952.
De Haas, R., and I. van Lelyveld (2010). Internal capital market and lending by multinational bank subsidiaries. Journal of Financial Intermediation 19(1): 1-25.
De Haas, R., and I. van Lelyveld (2014). Multinational banks and the global financial crisis: Weathering the perfect storm? Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 46(1): 333-364.
Gagnon, J., T. Bayoumi, J. Londono, C. Saborowski, and H. Sapriza (2017). Direct and Spillover Effects of Unconvential Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies. Open Economies Review 28: 191-232.
Huidrom, R., M. A. Kose, and F. L. Ohnsorge (2019). How Important are Spillovers from Major Emerging Markets? International Finance. Forthcoming.
Ivashina, V., and D. Scharfstein (2010). Bank lending during the financial crisis of 2008. Journal of Financial Economics 97(3): 319–338.
Jeon, B. N., M. P. Olivero, and J. Wu (2013). Multinational banking and the international transmission of financial shocks: Evidence from foreign bank subsidiaries. Journal of Banking and Finance 37(3): 952-972.
Jiménez, G., S. Ongena, J.L. Peydró, and J. Saurina (2012). Credit supply and monetary policy: Identifying the bank balance-sheet channel with loan applications. American Economic Review 102(5): 2301-2326.
Kalemli-Ozcan, S., E. Papaioannou, and F. Perri (2013). Global banks and crisis transmission. Journal of International Economics 89(2): 495-510.
Khwaja, A. I., and A. Mian (2008). Tracing the impact of bank liquidity shocks: Evidence from an emerging market. American Economic Review 98(4): 1413–1442.
Lane, P. R. (2013). Financial globalisation and the crisis. Open Economics Review 24(3): 555-580.
Levy-Carciente, S., D.Y. Kenet, A. Avakian, H.E. Stanley, and S. Havlin (2015). Dynamical macroprudential stress testing using network theory. Journal of Banking & Finance 59: 164-181.
Masciandaro, D., M. J. Nieto, and M. Quintyn (2011). Exploring governance of the new European banking authority—A case for harmonization? Journal of Financial Stability 7(4): 204-214.
McGuire, P., and G. von Peter (2012). The dollar shortage in global banking and the international policy response. International Finance 15(2): 155-178.
Obstfeld, M., J. D. Ostry, and M. S. Qureshi (2018). Global Financial Cycles and the Exchange Rate Regime: A Perspective from Emerging Markets. American Economic Review 108: 499-504.
Ongena, S., J.-L. Peydró, and N. van Horen (2015). Shocks abroad, pain at home? Bank-firm level evidence on the international transmission of financial shocks. IMF Economic Review 63: 698-750.
Peltonen, T.A., M. Rancan, and P. Sarlin (2018). Interconnectedness of the banking sector as a vulnerability to crises. International Journal of Finance and Economics 24(2): 963-990.
Peek, J., and E. Rosengren (1997). The international transmission of financial shocks: The case of Japan. American Economic Review 87(4): 495-505.
Popov, A., and G. F. Udell (2012). Cross-border banking, credit access, and the financial crisis. Journal of International Economics 87(1): 147-161.
Reinhart, V., C.M. Reinhart, and C. Trebesch (2016). Global Cycles: Capital Flows, Commodities, and Sovereign Defaults, 1815-2015. American Economic Review 106(5): 574-580.
Schnabl, P. (2012). The international transmission of bank liquidity shocks: Evidence from an emerging market. Journal of Finance 67(3): 897-932.
Xu, Y., and H.A. La (2015). Foreign banks and international shock transmission: does bank ownership still matter?. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 38: 200-216.
Working and discussion papers
Agénor, P-R., and L. A. Pereira da Silva (2019). Global Banking, Financial Spillovers, and Macroprudential Policy Coordination. BIS Working Papers No. 764.
Ahnert, T., and E.C. Perotti (2015). Cheap but flighty: how global imbalances create financial fragility. CEPR Discussion Paper DP10502.
Aisen, A., and M. Franken (2010). Bank credit during the 2008 financial crisis: A cross-country comparison. IMF Working Paper 10/47.
Altavilla, C., M. Pagano and S. Simonelli (2016). Bank Exposures and Sovereign Stress Transmission. CEPR Discussion Paper 11269.
Alter, A., J. Dokko, and D. Seneviratne (2018). House Price Synchronicity, Banking Integration, and Global Financial Conditions. IMF Working Paper No. 18/250.
Azzimonti, M., and V. Quadrini (2018). International Spillovers and ‘Ex-ante’ Efficient Bailouts. NBER Working Papers No. 25011.
Baskaya, Y., J. di Giovanni, S. Kalemli-Ozcan, and M. F. Ulu (2017). International Spillovers and Local Credit Cycles. CEPR Working Paper 11839.
Beck, T., S. Da-Rocha-Lopes, and A. Silva (2017): Sharing the Pain? Credit Supply and Real Effects of Bank Bail-ins. CEPR Discussion Paper 12058.
Berger, A. N., T.Makaew, and R. Turk-Ariss (2018). Who Pays for Financial Crises? Price and Quantity Rationing of Different Borrowers by Domestic and Foreign Banks. IMF Working Paper No. 18/158.
Bernard, B., A. Capponi, and J. E. Stiglitz (2017). Bail-ins and Bail-outs: Incentives, Connectivity, and Systemic Stability. NBER Working Paper No. 23747.
Breckenfelder, J., and B. Schwaab (2018). Bank to sovereign risk spillovers
across borders: evidence from the ECB’s Comprehensive Assessment. ECB Working Paper No. 2193.
Buch, C., C. Koch, and M. Koetter (2016). Crises and rescues: liquidity transmission trough international banks. BIS Working Papers No 576.
Campos, N. F., P. De Grauwe, Y. Ji, A. Martelli, O. Saka (2019). Financial Crises and Liberalisation: Progress or Reversals? CEPR Working Paper No. DP13776.
Capponi, A., F. C. Corell, and J. E. Stiglitz (2020). Optimal Bailouts and the Doom Loop with a Financial Network. NBER Working Paper No. 27074.
Castiglionesi, F., F. Feriozzi, and G. Lorenzino (2017). Financial Integration and Liquidity Crises. NBER Working Paper 23359.
Cerutti, E., S. Claessens, and P. McGuire (2012). Systemic risks in global banking: What available data can tell us and what more data are needed? NBER Working Paper 18531.
Cetorelli, N., and L. S. Goldberg (2009). Globalized banks: Lending to emerging markets in the crisis. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report No. 377.
Chinazzi, M., and G. Fagiolo (2015). Systemic Risk, contagion, and financial networks: A survey. LEM Working Paper Series 08/2013.
Correa, R., W. Du, and G. Liao (2020). U.S. Banks and Global Liquidity. NBER Working Paper 27491.
Correa, R., L. Goldberg, and T. Rice (2014). Liquidity risk and U.S. bank lending at home and abroad. New York FED Staff Reports N°676.
Correa, R., H. Sapriza, and A. Zlate (2013). Liquidity shocks, dollar funding costs, and the bank lending channel during the European sovereign crisis. FRB International Finance Discussion Paper 1059.
De Haas, R., and N. van Horen (2010). The crisis as a wake-up call. Do banks tighten screening and monitoring during a financial crisis? DNB Working Papers 255.
Dell’Ariccia, G., M. S. M. Peria, D. O. Igan, E. A. Awadzi, M. Dobler, and D. Sandri (2018). Trade-offs in Bank Resolution. IMF Staff Discussion Notes No. 18/02.
Denbee, E., C. Jung and F. Paternò (2016). Stitching together the global financial safety net. Financial Stability Paper No. 36.
Fender, I., and P. McGuire (2010). Bank structure, funding risk and the transmission of shocks across countries: Concepts and measurement. BIS Quarterly Review, September 2010. Available at SSRN.
Fillat, J. L., S. Garetto, and A. V. Smith (2018). What are the consequences of global banking for the international transmission of shocks? A quantitative analysis. CEPR Discussion Paper No. 13274.
Fu, R., J. Lawson, C. Martinez, A. Watt (2019). Chinese Financial Conditions and their Spillovers to the Global Economy and Markets. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP14065.
Gattini, L., and A. Zagorisiou (2016). Cross border banking: Pull-push effects of parent banks on subsidiaries’ credit extensions, EIB Working Papers 2016/07.
Gropp, R., and D. Radev (2017). International Banking Conglomerates and the Transmission of Lending Shocks Across Borders, SAFE Working Paper No. 175.
Grossmann, R. (2016). Banking Crises. CEPR Discussion Paper 11268.
Hale, G., T. Kampan, and C. Minoiu (2016). Crisis transmission through the global banking network. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper 2016-01.Available at SSRN.
Heipertz, J., A. Ouazad, R. Rancière (2019). The Transmission of Shocks in Endogenous Financial Networks: A Structural Approach. NBER Working Paper No. 26049.
Heitfield, E., G. Richardson, and S. Wang (2017) . Contagion During the Initial Banking Panic of the Great Depression. NBER Working Paper No. 23629.
Hoffmann, M., E. Maslov, B. E. Sørensen, and I. Stewen (2018). Are Banking and Capital Markets Union Complements? Evidence from Channels of Risk Sharing in the Eurozone? CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP13254.
Igan, D., A. Kutan, and A. Miraze (2016). Real Effects of Capital Inflows in Emerging Markets. IMF Working Paper No. 16/235.
Kaminsky, G. L. (2019). Boom-Bust Capital Flow Cycles. NBER Working Paper No. 25890.
Kapan, T., and C. Minoiu (2013). Balance sheet strength and bank lending during the global financial crisis. IMF Working Papers 13/102.
Kose, A., C. Lakatos, F. Ohnsorge, and M. Stocker (2017). The Global Role of the U.S. Economy: Linkages, Policies and Spillovers. CEPR Discussion Paper 11836.
Laeven L., and F. Valencia (2020). Systemic Banking Crises Database: A Timely Update in COVID-19 Times. CEPR Discussion Paper No. 14569.
Meisenzahl, R., F. Niepmann, and T. Schmidt-Eisenlohr (2020). The Dollar and Corporate Borrowing Costs. CEPR Discussion Paper No. 14892.
Moretti, J.M., P. Ottonello, and D.J. Perez (2019). Global Banks and Systemic Debt Crises. 2019 Meeting Papers 644, Society for Economic Dynamics.
Popov, A., and G. Udell (2010). Cross-border banking and the international transmission of financial distress during the crisis of 2007-2008. European Central Bank Working Paper 1203/2010.
Popov, A., and N. van Horen (2013). The impact of sovereign debt exposure on bank lending: Evidence from the European debt crisis. De Nederlandsche Bank Working Paper No. 382.
Singh, M., and Z. Alam. (2018). Leverage – A broader view. IMF Working Paper No. 18/62.
Takáts, E. (2010). Was it credit supply? Cross-border bank lending to emerging market economies during the financial crisis. BIS Quarterly Review June 2010.
Takáts, E., and J. Temesvary (2016). The currency dimension of the bank lending channel in international monetary transmission. BIS Working Papers No 600.
Wickens, M. R. (2020). Forward interest rates as predictors of future US and UK spot rates before and after the 2008 financial crisis. CEPR Discussion Paper No. 14800.
Buch, C.M., J. Chapman, and L. Goldberg (2014). Transmission of liquidity risk through global banks: An International Banking Research Network project. www.voxeu.org.
Cai, J., A. Saunders and S. Steffen (2016). Syndication, Interconnectedness, and Systemic Risk. Mimeo. Galindo, A.J., A. Izquierdo, and L. Rojas-Suarez (2013). Financial integration and foreign banks in Latin America: How do they impact the transmission of external financial shocks?, in Bang Nam Jeon , María Pía Olivero (ed.) Global Banking, Financial Markets and Crises (International Finance Review, Volume 14) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.305 – 339.
Götz, M.R., L. Leaven, and R. Levine (2016). Geographic expansion reduces banks’ risk: New evidence. www.voxeu.org.
December 2020: New BIS Market Committee Compendium
December 2020: Data Visualization of Non-Bank Financial Intermediation
December 2020: New FSB Report on Non-Bank Financial Intermediation 2020
November 2020: New VoxEU Column – Resilience and fragility in global banking: Impacts on emerging economies
October 2020: New EU blog article – Fostering the cross-border integration of banking groups in the banking union
EEA-ESEM 2021
2021 IBEFA Summer Meeting
10th International Conference of the Financial Engineering and Banking Society
CEPR Working Paper: Monetary and Macroprudential Policy Complementarities: evidence from European credit registers
NBER Working Paper: De-Globalisation? Global Value Chains in the Post-COVID-19 Age
IDB Working Paper: Resilience and Fragility in Global Banking: Impacts on Emerging Economies
2020 Finest Autumn Workshop
BoE Working Paper: The interaction between macroprudential policy and monetary policy: overview
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‘Batman vs. Superman’ delayed until 2016
Warner Bros. just announced that Batman vs. Superman has been delayed until May 6th, 2016. Earlier this afternoon, Batman News reported that Ben Affleck sustained an injury, and production would be pushed back six weeks. Perhaps that delay had something to do with pushing Batman vs. Superman back a year?
The official reason given in the Warner Bros. press release was so that the filmmakers could have more time to “realize fully their vision, given the complex visual nature of the story”. Check out the full press release below for more.
BURBANK, CA – January 17, 2014 – Warner Bros. Pictures announced today that the release of Zack Snyder’s untitled Superman/Batman film has been moved to May 6, 2016, allowing the filmmakers time to realize fully their vision, given the complex visual nature of the story. The decision was made following the shift of the start of production to second quarter of this year. The Studio has also set a July 17, 2015, worldwide release date for its as-yet-untitled all-new Peter Pan adventure. Joe Wright will direct the epic live-action film about the boy who would never grow up, created by J.M. Barrie. The dual date announcement was made by Dan Fellman, President, Domestic Distribution, and Veronika Kwan Vandenberg, President, International Distribution, Warner Bros. Pictures.
In making the announcement, Fellman stated, “We are happy to take advantage of these coveted summer dates, which are perfect for two of our biggest tentpole releases. We share the fans’ excitement to see DC Comics’ most popular figures, Superman and Batman, together on the big screen for the first time, which will now be arriving in theatres in May 2016. Peter Pan has delighted people of every generation for more than a century, so we are thrilled to bring him back to the screen next summer for today’s moviegoers.”
Kwan Vandenberg added, “We know that there is already great anticipation building for the next Super Hero film from Zack Snyder, and we are equally eager to see what he has in store for Superman and Batman as they share the big screen for the first time ever. The summer release corridor is also perfect for Joe Wright’s ambitious new Peter Pan adventure, reimagining the ageless story of the beloved and forever-young hero for audiences worldwide.”
Zack Snyder’s Superman/Batman film stars Henry Cavill, reprising his role as Superman/Clark Kent, and Ben Affleck as Batman/Bruce Wayne. The film will also reunite “Man of Steel” stars Amy Adams, Laurence Fishburne and Diane Lane, and also stars Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman/Diana Prince.
Snyder will direct the film from a screenplay written by David S. Goyer, from a story co-created by Goyer and Snyder. Charles Roven and Deborah Snyder are producing, with Benjamin Melniker, Michael E. Uslan and Wesley Coller serving as executive producers.
The film is based on Superman characters created by Jerry Siegel & Joe Shuster, Batman characters created by Bob Kane, and Wonder Woman created by William Moulton Marston, published by DC Entertainment.
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The Entrance to ‘Inner Earth’—Meet the EVEREST of Caves
With a total length of cave passages reaching a staggering 13,232 m, the deepest explored parts of Krubera-Voronya reach 2,197 m. It remains the only known cave on Earth deeper than 2,000 meters—rightfully earning the title as the entrance to Inner Earth.
Known as Krubera-Voronya—the cave is known as the EVEREST of caves. With a total length of cave passages reaching a staggering 13,232 m, the deepest explored parts of Krubera-Voronya reach 2,197 m. The difference in elevation of the cave’s entrance and its deepest explored point is 2,197 ± 20 meters (7,208 ± 66 ft).
Krubera remains the only known cave on Earth deeper than 2,000 meters.
This fascinating cave is located the Arabika massif, in the Gagra mountain range, in Abkhazia, Georgia. The cave is divided into two branches, one of 1,300 and one of 2,196 meters of depth, which drop into several smaller slopes. The first data on the astonishing depth of the cave emerged in 2004, during three expeditions that obtained different records of depth, all agreeing that for the first time in the history we’ve found a cave that exceeded 2,000 meters in depth.
The most important moments of the exploration of the face are as follow:
1960: The cave was found by Georgian explorers, who reached a depth of 180 meters.
1980: A Russian-Polish expedition discovered three caves in the Arábika system: the Siberian cave, the Henrich grave and the Berchil cave.
In the early 1980s, the Kiev Club explored the cave up to -340 meters.
In 1999, the expedition of the Ukrainian Speleological Associations (Ukr. S.A.) led by Yury Kasyan made a major breakthrough in Krubera Cave by discovering and exploring two branches behind the windows at a depth of 220–250 m. These branches stretched in two different directions. The “Main Branch” was explored to −740 m and the “Nekuybyshevskaya Branch” to −500 m.
PHOTOGRAPH BY ROBBIE SHONE
2000, in August, the same Ukrainian team continued exploration up to -1200 m.
2000, in September, the UkrSA and MTDE teams continued exploration up to -1410 m.
In January 2001, the Ukr.S.A. expedition explored the cave to −1,710 m (−5,610 ft) making it the deepest cave in the world. For the first time in the history of speleology, the deepest cave in the world had been established outside of western Europe. Since 2001, the Krubera explorations by the Ukr.S.A. have been undertaken within the frame of the multi-year project named “The Call of the Abyss”, coordinated by A. Klimchuk, Y. Kasyan, G. Samokhin and K. Markovskoy. Besides the Ukrainian speleologists, cavers from many countries such as France, Spain, Russia, Moldova, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Ireland, Israel, and Lithuania have taken part in different expeditions of the Ukr.S.A.
January of 2007 the CAVEX team expedition. Performed a dive in the terminal “Dva Kapitana” sump and claimed it to reach −30 m depth below the water table. However, characteristics of morphology of the underwater passage reported by the team were not confirmed by the subsequent exploration, and no safety line was found deeper than 16 m.
August–September of 2009 the Ukr.S.A. expedition led by Yury Kasyan further pushed the Nekuybushevskaya Branch to a siphon at depth of 1,557 m (5,108 ft). The international “Towards the Centre of the Earth” expedition led by Aidas Gudaitis returned to the main branch to collect data from water level loggers, swap their locations and push exploration in the “Spanish branch” near camp 1400.
2012 August: A team of 59 spent 27 days exploring Krubera. Including members from nine different countries, the team set up a series of camps underground. Ukrainian cave diver Gennadiy Samokhin was responsible for reaching a new world depth record of −2,197 meters (−7,208 ft).
NO, NO, NO, I’d never enter that. NO. Never.
Check out The 3D model of Krubera Cave
Source: http://www.ancient-code.com
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Link to Kichuu.com
Home Afaan Oromoo Elections in End Times
Elections in End Times
July 24, 2019 * by Alemayehu Weldemariam
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed with electoral board chair Birtukan Mideksa; Nov. 22, 2018; Office of Prime Minister
Political theory, so often in our times either synoptic musings about essentialized principles locked in a Manichaean death struggle—collectivism and individualism, objectivism and relativism, right and obligation, freedom and constraint—or ideological commitments dressed up to look like ineluctable deductions from inescapable premises, needs to get a firmer grip on the hard particularities of the present moment…
Clifford Geertz, Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics
But between revolution and counterrevolution, empire and nationalism, communism and capitalism, there was also another domain, that of reform. Often beleaguered, beaten, and overshadowed by utopian Titans, this was a realm of purposive and often nonconsensual, and therefore conflictive, change whose pursuit aimed not to perfect humanity, but only to improve it.
Jeremy Adelman, Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman
(Ethiopian Insight) — Within a few hours on June 22, Ethiopia was rocked by the assassinations of regional leaders and federal military officers in Bahir Dar and Addis Ababa.
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed said they were part of a thwarted coup led by then Amhara security boss Asaminew Tsige, who was released in February 2018 after a December 2017 decision by the ruling coalition to ease extreme political pressures via an amnesty.
Detractors of Ethiopia’s experiment with multinational federalism did not hesitate to attribute it causally to Amhara nationalism, and thus a direct outcome of ethno-regionalism. However, that flies in the face of the fact that Asaminew and his proud Amhara allies wanted to dismantle chunks of the federal settlement; therefore, we could just as well argue it was caused by members of formerly privileged communities that reject sharing power and their former territory with the historically marginalized. Instead, a firmer analysis is that the tragedies were more a result of the bungled political and security sector reforms of the last year; a process dubbed moving towards democracy by the West’s finest media establishments.
A Brigadier-General sentenced to life in prison for orchestrating a previous coup ten years ago was released on pardon and his military ranks and privileges restored. He was then named chief of security of Amhara where he was empowered and endowed to oversee the recruitment and training of thousands of special forces, while not hiding his revanchist claims against Tigray, engaging openly in anti-Oromo rhetoric, and flattening Gumuz villages.
The TPLF Central Committee could not ignore these salient facts, which only reinforced several years of anti-TPLF activity by Amhara’s rulers. The exchange prompted by the Asaminew debacle saw the ERPDF enter the modern era of communications, as Tigray and Amhara’s ruling parties shot scalding statements at each other like bona fide social media warriors. This belated airing of the EPRDF’s filthy linen further buffeted Ethiopian politics, threatening to send the EPRDF-era into a tailspin.
So, whither Abiy’s pledge to hold for transformative elections in 10 months’ time?
Back on June 10, the Prime Minister made a surprise visit to Aksum in Tigray where he told residents in a town hall meeting that “holding elections isn’t an obligation. There are countries around the world that didn’t hold elections for 20 or 30 years.” The reluctant democrats he had in mind were presumably in nearby Eritrea, which he brought out from the cold a year ago, and whose autocrat he has embraced. It is ruled by a tyrant who has shelved its constitution since its writing, held no elections, banned free press and opposition, allowed close comrades to perish in jail, and won’t end the indefinite national service put in place since war with Ethiopia in 1998, even after the rapprochement.
If that sort of attitude displayed by Abiy towards democratic processes, coupled with assassinations immediately classed as a coup and the procrastination-induced instability in Southern Nations, indicates an intention to postpone 2020 polls due to insecurity, Ethiopia’s fledgling democracy is in retreat. Regardless, the international community continues to shower the so-called reformist leader with accolades, as he pays lip service to liberal democratic aspirations that may well end up solidifying as a still impoverished, still semi-authoritarian Ethiopia—but one that is decisively Oromo-dominated.
Another factor in Ethiopia’s current conundrum is the delayed national census, which, although not a precondition for holding elections next year, is important in at least two respects. First, the allocation of seats in the House of Federation, the parliamentary upper chamber, ensures minority representation but is otherwise based on population. Second, redrawing the House of Peoples’ Representatives constituency map depends on the count. Ethiopia’s 547 constituencies have not been modified since they were first ‘drawn round’ communities in 1995, during which time the population has more than doubled. There are understandable concerns around the census, given how many of Ethiopia’s flashpoints have a demographic glow, but twice postponing the census, a key constitutionally stipulated democratic event, arguably serves the purpose of softening up the public for delaying another, the election.
Also around two months ago, celebrated American public intellectual Francis Fukuyama visited Addis Ababa where he emphasized in a public lecture that Ethiopia needs democracy; the trip was paid for by a U.S. organization that promotes private enterprise. Fukuyama created controversy in 1992 with The End of History and the Last Man, synthesizing Hegel’s and Nietzsche’s thoughts, and predicated on a marked expansion of democracy across the world since the 1970s. The formative influence on his reading of Hegel comes from Alexandre Kojeve through Fukuyama’s own teacher the late Allan Bloom, who introduced Kojeve’s Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit to the English-speaking world.
EPRDF sought legitimacy through development
Relatively few will care much about Fukuyama’s ungainly parachute into Ethiopian affairs — he admitted he’d never set foot in this alien land before — but his remarks were far less astute than the ‘end of history’ thesis he’s endlessly unfairly maligned for by confused critics. Fukuyama actually correctly identified the direction of universal history and its twin driving forces: “economics” and “the struggle for recognition” — but in his Addis Ababa address he failed to locate Ethiopia’s particular location in the teleology.
If Fukuyama was right in pointing out the general direction towards liberal democracy, Larry Diamond has shown it is hardly linear. In his latest book, Ill Winds, he warns that democracy is retreating everywhere, and the foundations of democratic culture are eroding both in the U.S. and overseas. He takes pains to update his original article “Facing Up to the Democratic Recession”, written a quarter of a century after the publication of Fukuyama’s original 1989 essay. Diamond’s general point is that many more countries have seen their freedom decrease than increase since 2007, reversing the post–Cold War trend.
Some might argue that postponement of Ethiopia’s elections would not constitute democratic regression because, after all, they claim, the 2015 election was a sham. They can even support their stance with political science scholarship. Thomas Flores and Irfan Nooruddin in their Elections in Hard Times argued: “Over the past two decades, academic research has confirmed …that many of the elections held across the developing world since the end of the Cold War were at best dubious in their commitment to the best practices for protecting electoral integrity.”
The problem, however, is that they took Ethiopia’s elections in 2015 for the archetypal exercise in mock democracy, “where the ruling party won all the seats in an overwhelming show of dominance secured by harassing opposition figures and suppressing independent civil society.” They opined: “Common sense tells us that elections such as that of Ethiopia in 2015 will do little to further the cause of democracy in that country…And therefore cleaner elections should yield a greater democratic dividend, all else equal.” They are right in saying this, inasmuch as their assertion is tautological.
The academics are also right to express serious misgivings about the election. After all, EPRDF not only controlled all seats, but in terms of votes, 95 percent went to the front and its affiliates. (However, it was not exceptionally one-sided: in Egypt’s 2014 elections Abdel Fetah al-Sisi won 97 percent of the votes.) Yet regardless of the popular vote, when any ruling party controls 100 percent of the seats it magnifies a glaring democratic deficit, even if the domination is based on 51 percent of the ballots cast. The lopsided outcome was born of the same control-freakery, greed, and arrogance that generally militated against the introduction of gradual reforms required to forestall the type of radical demands that brought Abiy to power.
From a strategic perspective, the 100 percent victory, as Terrence Lyons and Leonardo Arriola rightly observed, made more sense, as it was also a way of sending “the message to potential rebels that there is only one game in town and that to imagine otherwise would be futile.” They explain cogently the 2015 elections in terms of what they call “the retrenchment strategy.” The incumbent decided to retrench, in violation of Meles’s internal renewal policy.
The situation is somewhat explained by the fact that even had EPRDF decided to cede ground to the opposition by letting them win some districts, the process would not have been easy since each constituent party wanted to maintain ethno-regional hegemony. All the four members of the EPRDF coalition and their allies are therefore complicit in retrenching without leaving room for the upward mobility of EPRDFites and oppositionists. Ultimately, the claims of managed democracy are fair, as EPRDF sought to garner legitimacy not through elections, but through development. The academics, however, were wrong to conclude that “[t]he regime is thus unlikely to be threatened by an internal coup.” That is exactly what happened after Abiy Ahmed’s meteoric rise from entrepreneurial securocrat to liberalism’s savior.
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed with Tigray’s leader Debretsion Gebremichael; June 11 Aksum; PMO
Fast-forwarding half a decade, the issue now is not so much semi-authoritarian methods of political control, it is impending chaos. There is solid scholarship that calls into question the wisdom of holding elections during violent transitions, while holding founding elections is clearly an integral part of democratic emergence. However, that is not the case with Ethiopia right now. The founding elections took place in 1995. The upcoming ones will be the sixth since the new constitutional dispensation began a quarter of a century before. The outcome of these polls would be democratic consolidation, not emergence; although it will indeed be a landmark poll if EPRDF parties do not compete as a front for the first time. But not holding the elections as mandated by law will only amount to what Larry Diamond calls “democracy demotion” or “recession”.
Politically speaking, if the administration decides not to hold the elections, it would incur a legitimacy deficit, thereby inviting all kinds of insurgency, while there will also be a risk of moves to secession by members of the federation, and thus a return to civil war. If the prevailing insecurity is so great as to prevent campaigning or polling, or the chances are that the elections are going to be held under conditions that may generate deeper insecurity, postponement of the elections might be the lesser of the two evils, albeit it is unclear how that is done in a manner consistent with the constitution.
As a last resort, parliament could declare a State of Emergency and suspend constitutional provisions, other than a few that are non-derogable. Another alternative course of action for extending the elections for a few months is to dissolve parliament. Art. 60 allows for dissolution before end of term—which would actually shorten the election period to only six months. If early dissolution occurs, the current government continues as a caretaker as per sub-Art. 5. And the powers of the caretaker will be limited to only “conducting the day to day affairs of government and organizing new elections.” As such, it won’t be able to enact new laws or repeal or amend any existing laws. This, however, would be a terrible move. Legal gymnastics regardless, an acceptable solution lies in politics and backroom negotiations among the main actors. Lack of a legal solution to the problem of postponement necessitates a political solution. The decision to extend should be based on broad consensus; it cannot simply be in the hands of the prime minister, his handpicked electoral board, or the legislature alone.
As I am writing, Hawassa, the capital of Southern Nations, is on lockdown by security forces after the community threatened to self-declare a Sidama state, as today marked the expiry of the one-year constitutional deadline for organizing a referendum on their demand. I can’t think of a better example of the central government’s playing fast and loose with constitutional schedules in the interests of suppressing the rights of the historically marginalized; witness also the conceit of Addis’ intelligentsia as it dismisses the Sidama’s fundamentally human desire for recognition as backward tribalism. With regards to disregard for the constitution, my fear is the same will happen to the 2020 elections.
In making such a decision, it is important to consider the positions of the TPLF, OLF and other disgruntled parties. Any decision by fiat, no matter how wise on merit, is not going to go down well. Abiy, therefore, must rethink his obvious strategy of monopolizing power, and instead attempt to involve others in a meaningful way. Any extra-constitutional alternative to elections to entrench himself in power that isn’t based on political consensus would be a highway to political hell and should be a red alert among all Ethiopians. Ultimately, it is less about the decision on whether or not to hold elections. It is the process by which the decision is made. Therefore Abiy—and the rest—need to abandon vendettas and engineer an elite consensus of sorts, at least within the EPRDF, which is going to be tricky.
Talking of vendettas, in its latest statement, the TPLF Central Committee stressed that it would be difficult for it to work with the Amhara wing of the coalition until and unless it engages in self-criticism and take responsibility for the tragic events of 22 June. It also demanded an independent investigation into the killings of its generals as well as clarity on whether EPRDF is committed to holding the 2020 elections. To make things worse, the Amhara Democratic Party responded in kind, addressing TPLF with an unofficial name. While both sides are to blame, TPLF demanded reasonably that ADP owns its mistakes. But ADP appears more interested in burning bridges—not to mention blocking roads—than building them.
This spat is symptomatic of a situation where the chairman of EPRDF has largely surrounded himself with opportunists and oppositionists. That has come at the expense of letting his own party atrophy, which has had grave security implications in the absence of consensus and efficient-decision making guiding strong state action. Of late, he seems to have begun to smell the coffee. He seems to be realizing that he is the chairman of EPRDF and not of EZEMA, and that it was a mistake to ignore his own institutional power base. The antagonists he sees in the TPLF enjoy unchallenged control of Tigray. ADP is facing challenges from the right-wing National Movement of Amhara (NaMA), which has come under siege following an accusation that some of its members and leaders were complicit in the so-called coup. Abiy’s Oromo Democratic Party will make a deal or be outmaneuvered by populist ethno-regional opposition. And so Abiy is looking for alternative avenues to stay in office, not excluding an eventual alliance with Berhanu Nega’s EZEMA. After all his chemistry is better with Berhanu than Bekele Gerba.
When all things are considered, the difference the 2020 elections are going to make isn’t scalar; the choice is not between sham and clean elections. It’s another binary: the choice is between civil war and peace. Ethiopia would better hold another sham election than no election at all. Worse than the risk of elections triggering conflict is the consequences of no elections. Democracy is after all part of the culture of a polity that should grow organically rather than be imposed overnight. Postponing elections as conditions are imperfect is not democratic, it is dictatorial.
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed with Francis Fukuyama; June 11; PMO
As well as avoiding catastrophe arguments, there are also escaping poverty reasons for sticking to the schedule.
Showing further signs of a lack of specialism, in his lecture Fukuyama cursorily pointed out that Ethiopia lacks a national identity. But instead he should have analyzed its diverse ethnic groups’ struggle for recognition in terms of Plato’s thymos and Hegel’s desire for recognition. As he argued brilliantly in End of History, if “an understanding of the importance of the desire for recognition as the motor of history allows us to reinterpret many phenomena that are otherwise seemingly familiar to us, such as culture, religion, work, nationalism, and war,” why fall short of doing that when it comes to Ethiopia?
Maybe it isn’t familiar to Fukuyama that students of multinational federalism also trace its roots to the theory of the politics of recognition, which can in turn be sourced to GWF Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, following the tack taken by its master-interpreter, Alexandre Kojeve. He says: “All human, anthropogenetic Desire — the Desire that generates Self-Consciousness, the human reality — is, finally, a function of the desire for “recognition.” And the risk of life by which the human reality “comes to light” is a risk for the sake of such a Desire. Therefore, to speak of the “origin” of Self-Consciousness is necessarily to speak of a fight to the death for “recognition.”
The best way then to make sense of our contemporary politics is to look at its not-so-distant past through the lens of the center-periphery cleavage, as I have argued elsewhere. It is the desire for recognition as equal in worth and dignity by the diverse cultural communities that have shaped the history of modern Ethiopia, and if Fukuyama had taken the short flight to Hawassa, he could have seen it in action among the Sidama.
Ethiopia’s predicament also exposes tensions in Fukuyama’s two main areas of interest: liberal democracy and state building. Ethiopia is not close to liberal democracy, but it needs to loosen up, which is not conducive to state building. Ethiopia does not seem to have the conditions for steady growth that Fukuyama prescribes, and it does not have the capabilities or resources to immediately create them. If he identifies that national unity, the rule of law, and so the enforcement of property rights, are absent, then state-building should surely precede liberal political and economic reforms.
Practical idealism must be upheld with a vote
Now that Ethiopia’s federal settlement is threatened, after TPLF preeminence was propagated as Tigrayan totalitarianism, the government has no more space or time to be single-minded about creating them, and producing an overarching unifying identity is fraught with problems in the Ethiopian context. Yet Ethiopia is also being told to be more democratic. So how does it achieve the consensus and strength and length of government needed to create the conditions for growth? Or, if the conditions simply aren’t conducive in Ethiopia for that, what is the alternative?
Rather than fretting about a lack of homogeneity in a society still stuttering out of internal imperialism, what Ethiopia needs, therefore, is more Meles-style state building so the rule of law can be enforced and rights protected, more identity-politics analysis, and less boilerplate ‘liberal democracy now’ prescriptions. For stability’s sake, EPRDF can transform itself into a single party if it can hammer out a compromise among its constituent members so that it can situate itself better to play its role in the country’s multi-party politics amid the whirlwind of transformative change.
As well as building the meritocratic bureaucracy that the EPRDF has hitherto stunted the growth of, and which Fukuyama, and all and sundry, recommend, Ethiopia also needs to reform on both the economic and political fronts, guided by practical idealism. The agenda shouldn’t be a battlefield for ideologies. Rather than merely obsessing over identity, territory, and power, we should ask pragmatic questions about the paths that can take us towards peace, prosperity, and progress in measurable ways.
Even if it is agreed that liberal democracy cannot be challenged as the ideal form of government, it needs however to be tailored in creative ways to the needs of the people and until achievement of the ideal is possible. This isn’t far from John Dewey’s idea of democracy as he beautifully extolled in his essay Creative Democracy. American Democracy isn’t the embodiment of some pure form of the ideal of democracy. It’s part of the culture and history of an evolving polity. But this kind of practical idealism must be upheld with a vote, otherwise it is clinging to a void. The upcoming elections can be held as scheduled, and the political and economic reforms can be pursued under the less than optimal conditions post-election, if that is what the public vote for.
However, they should not be carried out posthaste to satisfy the demands of the Bretton Woods institutions.
If liberal democracy is the endpoint, multinational federalism, revolutionary democracy, and a Developmental State are transitory stages prompted by unfavorable conditions in the movement of history towards its landing zone, liberal democracy. This is also consistent with not only John Rawl’s view of liberalism, but also Meles Zenawi’s understanding of revolutionary democracy. Meles saw a strong state to maintain security and a dominant vanguard party urging development as priorities for an impoverished society. A focus on civil liberties would come later when a middle class emerged and pluralism developed.
During his time in office, his single-minded focus was therefore on economic development and transformation. Fukuyama’s end of history argument for liberal democracy as an endpoint should not be a bar to thinking about transitory arrangements. But he is apparently fixated on the notion that the only path to get to his End of History is through Abiy’s New Horizon, somehow sidestepping Meles’s Dead End. Whilst political liberalism has not yet been convincingly refuted in a decisive manner by any big thinker, Meles rightly observed that neoliberalism was a cul de sac for poor countries. So, it remains a distinct possibility that beyond Abiy’s horizon is a mirage—even if it is one studded with saplings.
Returning to the more pressing, earthy matter of the 2020 elections, there should be no administration so eager to earn legitimacy as Abiy’s, which is making sweeping reforms and preparing to privatize the commanding heights, as sketched out over the last 18 months by a bankrupt ruling coalition now on the brink of dissolution. As part of democratization, developmentalism is being sacrificed, which surely was not the plan of the remaining TPLF ideologues and their fellow revolutionary democratic travelers.
Quite apart from Ethiopia’s acute political concerns, and rather than merely trying to please everyone through vacuity in the absence of legitimacy, Abiy’s administration must embrace elections to earn a democratic mandate for his supposedly transformative agenda. But first, he has to keep the federation together.
Previous articleObstacles in the way of Ethiopia’s path to democracy
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Abba Dula & Abiy Kasaye’s clear stand against Oromummaa/OLF
ትልቁ ቁምነገር የውሾቹ አሳዳጊ ጌቶቻቸውን መንከስ እና መብላት አይደለም
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The Age of Revelation
Tuesday, September 15, 2009 by Gary DeMar
![“ArtIm:](“http://assets.americanvision.org/mediafiles/artim-20090915-age-of-revelation.jpg" ““ArtIm:")
For several years, American Vision has been republishing a number of classic books that rarely see the light of day. When they can be found, they are extremely expensive to procure. We began with David Brewer’s The United States: A Christian Nation and Charles Galloway’s Christianity and the American Commonwealth. Benjamin F. Morris’s The Christian Life and Character of the Civil Institutions of the United States, first published in 1864, was republished by American Vision in 2007. It was newly typeset with added subheads. It’s been a huge seller for us. In the next month, we will be debuting Elias Boudinot’s The Age of Revelation, a response to Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason. The Age of Revelation was published in 1801. It, too, will be newly typeset and printed as a quality hardback. We have plans for several more books in this series of classic reprints.
Elias Boudinot (1740–1821) was a lawyer and served three terms as a Congressman from New Jersey (1789–1795). He was a delegate to the Continental Congress, served as President of the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1783, and was Director of the United States Mint from 1795 until 1805. After his retirement from politics, Boudinot was a trustee of what is now Princeton University where he founded the natural history department in 1805. He was an early opponent of slavery. This led him to found the American Bible Society in 1816 of which he served as its first president until his death in 1821. In accepting the position, Boudinot stated the following:
I am so convinced that the whole of this business is the work of God himself, by his Holy Spirit, that even hoping against hope I am encouraged to press on through good report and evil report, to accomplish his will on earth as it is in heaven. So apparent is the hand of God in this disposing the hearts of so many men, so diversified in their sentiments as to religious matters of minor importance, and uniting them as a band of brothers in this grand object that even infidels are compelled to say, “It is the work of the Lord, and it is wonderful in our eyes!” Having this confidence, let us go on and we shall prosper.
Boudinot donated $10,000 to the ABS. At the time, this was a huge sum of money. What is often not known about Boudinot is that he wrote a lengthy response to Thomas Paine’s An Age of Reason titled The Age of Revelation which was first written as a pamphlet to his daughter in 1795. In a letter to his daughter, Boudinot described his motives for his critique of Paine’s attack on the Bible:
I confess that I was much mortified to find the whole force of this vain man’s genius and art pointed at the youth of America. . . . This awful consequence created some alarm in my mind lest at any future day, you, my beloved child, might take up this plausible address of infidelity; and for want of an answer at hand to his subtle insinuations might suffer even a doubt of the truth, as it is in Jesus, to penetrate your mind. . . . I therefore determined . . . to put my thoughts on the subject of this pamphlet on paper for your edification and information, when I shall be no more. I chose to confine myself to the leading and essential facts of the Gospel which are contradicted or attempted to be turned into ridicule by this writer. I have endeavored to detect his falsehoods and misrepresentations and to show his extreme ignorance of the Divine Scriptures which he makes the subject of his animadversions— not knowing that “they are the power of God unto salvation, to every one that believeth” [Rom. 1:16].[1]
While Paine’ Age of Reason gets almost all the press, almost no one mentions Boudinot’s response. Paine is considered to be an American Founding Father, and yet, unlike Paine, Boudinot actually served in a civil capacity in the United States. Paine’s only elective office was in France. Boudinot is a true American Founding Father. Paine had no role in the founding conventions of America and their documents. Boudinot expressed the religious views of the majority of Americans at a critical point in America’s history. Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist wrote the following in his Dissent in the 1985 Wallace v. Jaffree Separation of Church and State decision: “On the day after the House of Representatives voted to adopt the form of the First Amendment Religion Clauses which was ultimately proposed and ratified, Representative Elias Boudinot proposed a resolution asking President George Washington to issue a Thanksgiving Day Proclamation. Boudinot said he ‘could not think of letting the session pass over without offering an opportunity to all the citizens of the United States of joining with one voice, in returning to Almighty God their sincere thanks for the many blessings he had poured down upon them.’ Boudinot’s resolution was carried in the affirmative on September 25, 1789.”[2]
Boudinot waited some time before deciding to respond to Paine’s Age of Reason. His measured rejoinder to Paine’s work is contemplative. A great deal of thought and humility went into the well argued reply:
For a considerable time past, I have ardently wished to see some more able hand, meet Mr. Paine more on his own ground, in a plain and simple manner—but after waiting several years, I have lost all hopes of being gratified; and therefore have been more easily persuaded to undergo, amidst a variety of other business, the labor of copying once more, what was designed for a particular and special purpose; and altering the address, by applying it more directly to the author of the Age of Reason, and through him to all his brethren in skepticism.
I am averse to increasing the number of books, unless it be on important occasions, or for useful purposes; but an anxious desire that our country should be preserved from the dreadful evil of becoming enemies to the religion of the Gospel, which I have no doubt, but would be introductive of the dissolution of government and the bonds of civil society; my compliance with the wishes of a few select friends, to make this work public, has been more easily obtained.
Boudinot feared what we are experiencing today in America. Even though there are tens of thousands of churches and tens of millions of Christians, it seems that the skepticism of Paine has the upper hand. The prevalence of skepticism is more the inaction of Christians than the accomplishment of skeptics. Boudinot knew that he could no longer wait for someone else to respond. He understood that the duty was his, even if he did not consider himself worthy of the task. It’s remarkable that The Age of Revelation was written by a layman who had a comprehensive knowledge of the Bible, classic philosophy, and history.
It was Boudinot’s opinion that if The Age of Reason had not been written by the popular author of Common Sense, the 1776 pamphlet that argued that America was justified in breaking away from the British monarchy, the book would not have been given much of a hearing. Boudinot shows that Paine did not uncover anything new under the sun. Modern-day atheists have only repackaged Paine for an audience that is not familiar with Elias Boudinot’s The Age of Revelation. It will prove to be helpful at this point to learn something about the religious regression of Thomas Paine, from Common Sense in 1776 to The Age of Reason in 1794_._
Thomas Paine and Common Sense
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was constructed on “arguments from materials that were familiar to the average colonist, favoring allusions to popular history, nature, and scripture rather than Montesquieu, Tacitus, and Cicero.”[3] There is no hint of deism in Common Sense or criticism of the Bible.
Alfred J. Ayer, a recent biographer of Paine, remarks that “the first argument that Paine brings against the institution of kingship is scriptural.”[4] Paine declared that “government by kings was first introduced into the world by the Heathens, from which the children of Israel copied the custom. . . . As the exalting of one man so greatly above the rest cannot be justified on the equal rights of nature, so neither can it be defended on the authority of scripture; for the will of the Almighty, as declared by Gideon and the prophet Samuel, expressly disapproves of government by kings. All anti-monarchical parts of scripture have been smoothly glossed over in monarchical governments, but they undoubtedly merit the attention of countries which have their governments yet to form. ‘Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar’s’ is the scriptural doctrine of courts, yet it is no support of monarchical government, for the Jews at that time were without a king, and in a state of vassalage to the Romans.”
Paine makes an often neglected point. Using Matthew 22:21 to support the claim that civil governments are not to be questioned or confronted by lesser magistrates or the people is misplaced and misunderstood. Israel was under the domination of Rome. We don’t live under Caesar today, and the Americans didn’t live under Caesar in the eighteenth century. Their dispute with the British monarchy and Parliament was over contractual issues. England had violated an agreement made by two sovereign powers and governments. Actually, in terms of the states, there had been multiple violations because there were 13 state governments.
Paine has an extended discussion of Judges 8:22–23 where he describes “the King of Heaven” to be Israel’s “proper sovereign.” He then spends several pages quoting, discussing, and making application of the importance of 1 Samuel 8 to the modern situation. He concludes this section of Common Sense with these words: “In short, monarchy and succession have laid (not this or that kingdom only) by the world in blood and ashes. ’Tis a form of government which the word of God bears testimony against, and blood will attend it.” Yet, in his Age of Reason, Paine had no problem attacking the source of some of his best Common Sense arguments.
The Later Paine
It’s the later Paine, the author of The Age of Reason, that secularists turn to in support of their claim that he was a deist and an ardent critic of Christianity and organized religion in general. While Common Sense was written in 1776, The Age of Reason was published around 1794, several years after the initial drafting (1787) and ratification (1791) of the Constitution. While Americans in general embraced Common Sense (surprisingly the French did not)—“fifty-six editions had been printed and 150,000 copies sold by the end of 1776”[5]—there was no public support for The Age of Reason by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Rush, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin:
As for the supposition that the other Founders embraced “The Age of Reason” or its mindset: Jefferson advised Paine never to publish the book. Benjamin Franklin, Paine’s patron and friend, gave his protégé the same advice. After reading a draft, Franklin noted: “He who spits against the wind spits in his own face. If men are wicked with religion, what would they be without it?”
John Adams, once a fan of Paines, having received his copy, called Paine a “blackguard”[6] who wrote out of the depths of “a malignant heart.” And Washington, previously one of Paine’s fiercest advocates, attacked Paine’s principles in his Farewell Address (without referring to his name)[7] as unpatriotic and subversive.[8]
Paine’s later views were so opposed by the public that he spent his last years in New York in relative obscurity. “Paine had expressed a wish to be buried in a Quaker cemetery, but the Society of Friends denied his request. In attendance at his graveside on his farm were his Quaker friend Wilbert Hicks, “Madame Bonneville, her son Benjamin, and two black men who wished to pay tribute to Paine for his efforts to put an end to slavery. It is probable that a few others persons were there but no one who officially represented either France or the United States.”[9] Stokes and Pfeffer, writing in Church and State in the United States, state that “For a long time Paine, notwithstanding his great contributions to the Revolutionary cause, was held low in American public opinion.”[10] Theodore Roosevelt’s description of Thomas Paine “as a ‘filthy little atheist’ represented all too accurately the public estimate”[11] of him at the time. Although Paine was not an atheist—he believed in God and the immortality of the soul—the expression of his religious views in The Age of Reason put him outside the religious mainstream which was generally Christian.
The Thomas Paine of Common Sense and the Thomas Paine of The Age of Reason must be kept separate, both by time and philosophy. The later Paine cannot be superimposed on the earlier Paine. Without Paine’s biblical arguments in Common Sense the book would have been studied with great suspicion and might have sunk without a trace. Mark A. Noll, Professor of Christian Thought at Wheaton College, makes a similar argument:
If Paine’s Age of Reason (with its dismissive attitude toward the Old Testament) had been published before Common Sense (with its full deployment of Scripture in support of republican freedom), the quarrel with Britain may have taken a different course. It is also likely that the allegiance of traditional Christian believers to republican liberty might not have been so thoroughly cemented. And it is possible that the intimate relation between republican reasoning and trust in traditional Scripture, which became so important after the turn of the new century, would not have occurred as it did.[12]
The next time someone says that America was founded by deists, ask them to define deism and produce an official document from the founding era that explicitly uses deistic expressions. When Thomas Paine comes up in a discussion, ask if it’s the early Paine or the later Paine. There is a big difference, as Elias Boudinot made clear more than 200 years ago in The Age of Revelation.
**Endnotes:
[1] Elias Boudinot, The Age of Revelation, or the Age of Reason Shewn to be An Age of Infidelity (Philadelphia: Asbury Dickins, 1801), xii–xiv.**
[2]** United States Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist’s Dissent in _Wallace v. Jaffree_ (472 U.S. 38, 105 S.Ct. 2479 [1985]): www.belcherfoundation.org/wallace_v_jaffree_dissent.htm.
**[3]** Scott Liell, _46 Pages: Thomas Paine,_ Common Sense_, and the Turning Point to American Independence_ (Philadelphia Press, 2003), 20. **[4]** A.J. Ayer, _Thomas Paine_ (New York: Atheneum, 1988), 40. Ayer remarks that that his appeal to the Old Testament is curious “in view of the want of respect he was later to show for the Old Testament” (40).**
[5]** Ayer, _Thomas Paine_, 35**
[6]** “The Christian religion is, above all the Religions that ever prevailed or existed in ancient or modern Times, the Religion of Wisdom, Virtue, Equity, and humanity, let the Blackguard [scoundrel] Paine say what he will; it is Resignation to God, it is Goodness itself to Man.” (John Adams, _The Diary and Autobiography of John Adams_, ed. L.H. Butterfield [Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962], 3:233–234).**[7]** “Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports . . . And let us indulge with caution the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion . . . . Reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail to the exclusion of religious principle.” (Excerpted from George Washington’s 1796 “Farewell Address”).
**[8]** Steve Farrell, “Paine’s Christianity”—Part 1: www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/9/4/212340.shtml
**[9]** Ayer, _Thomas Paine_, 180.**[10]** Anson Phelps Stokes and Leo Pfeffer,_Church and State in the United States_, one-volume ed. (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1964), 50**[11]** Stokes and Pfeffer, _Church and State in the United States_, 50.**
[12]** Mark A. Noll, _America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln_ (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 84.
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Home Health Messages
You Have Been Drinking Toxins And Not Soft Drinks, Finds A Government Study
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If you were not sure how much toxins were there in your soft drinks here is an eye opener. Five cold drink samples – Pepsi, Coca Cola, Mountain Dew, Sprite and 7Up – picked by the government to study from the PET bottles they were in.
Shockingly, the study has found different toxins – heavy metals antimony, lead, chromium and cadmium DEHP or Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in cold drinks produced by two major multinational companies, PepsiCo and Coca Cola. Under the DTAB’s instructions, the study was conducted by the Kolkata-based All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (AIIH&PH), which comes under the Health Ministry.
According to reports the test results were submitted by the AIIH&PH to Jagdish Prasad, Director General of Health Services and chairman of DTAB, a few days ago. The institute had last year submitted another set of test results, where it had found heavy metals in various medicines packaged in PET bottles.
A PepsiCo India spokesperson told, “We have received no intimation nor a copy of the cited test reports and without an understanding of the methodology used, would be unable to comment on the reports. Having said that, we would like to reiterate that all our products conform to Food Safety and Standards Regulations. We would like to emphatically reiterate that our products comply with the permissible limits for heavy metals as laid down by these regulations.” Although Coca Cola India declined to respond. Queries sent to PET Container Manufacturers Association remained unanswered.
The AIIH&PH had picked up four bottles (600 ml size) each of the cold drink brands as samples through the “stratified random sampling method”. The institute then handed over the samples to the Kolkata-based National Test House (NTH), which falls under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, to perform the tests.
The leaching of these heavy metals — from the PET bottles in which the drinks were packaged — increased with the rise in room temperature. For example, at normal room temperature, the tests found 0.004 mg/L and 0.007 mg/L of lead in 7Up and Sprite, respectively. However, when it was kept at 40 degree Celsius for 10 days, the lead increased to 0.006 mg/L and 0.009 mg/L, respectively.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) considers lead and cadmium two of the top ten chemicals used in these cold drinks a major health concern. According to the WHO, children are particularly defenceless to harmful effects of lead. Full Story From India Times
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411SportsTV
In The DogHouse
Brooklyn Nets Lose to Los Angeles Lakers 128-113
LeBron James scores a triple-double and Jared Dudley gets to celebrate hitting a three-point shot against the Nets, his most recent former team
The Brooklyn Nets are going in the wrong direction!
The Nets dropped their fifth-straight game last night, falling to the Los Angeles Lakers, 128-113. With the loss, the Nets fell to 18-25 on the season, while the Lakers improved to 36-9 with the victory. Amazingly, the Nets are currently holding down the eighth seed in the NBA’s Eastern Conference, which would put them in the NBA playoffs, if the playoffs were held today. It may seem like it’s a little early to talk about playoffs, but in a few weeks after the NBA All-Star break, the playoff hunt will begin in earnest.
Brooklyn Nets vs. Los Angeles Lakers by the Numbers:
The Los Angeles Lakers shot 50 percent (47-of-94) of their field goals compared to the Brooklyn Nets’ 44 percent (40-of-91). From behind the arc, it was pretty much more of the same, the Lakers led with 50 percent on 19-of-38 shots made from three-point land, versus the Nets 45.7 percent (21-of-46). Brooklyn did shine over the Lakers when it came to the free-throw line from a percentage perspective, 80 percent to 75 percent, but points do matter and the Lakers pulled in 15-of-20, contrasted to the Nets’ 12-of-15.
During the first half, the Brooklyn Nets kept it close, only trailing by five points, 75-70, and then at the end of the third, Los Angeles ended that quarter up by just 10 points, 104-94. But during the final quarter, the Lakers decided it was “showtime” and put more distance between themselves and the Nets, up by as much as 25 points (121-96) with 5:32 left in regulation. In the time remaining, the Brooklyn Nets could only chisel off 10 points before the buzzer sounded, which left the Nets 15 points in the hole with the final score, 128-113.
Coach Speak: Brooklyn Nets head coach Kenny Atkinson on his team’s breakdown in the 2nd half
“I think we did not shoot it well,” Brooklyn Nets head coach Kenny Atkinson said about the Nets not being able to score more points during the second half. “We couldn’t really figure out our transition defense. Even on dead balls, which is very frustrating to me as a coach. They exploited us continuously in transition defense. (The) third game in a row where we really struggled there. So, that was a big one. They shot the heck out of it. I think some of that was us not defending well, and some of that was them shooting the heck out of it.”
“I do think they have to be one of the best, if not the best, passing teams in the league, led by LeBron (James),” Coach Atkinson continued. “Obviously (Rajon) Rondo supports that. They get downhill and I think they started getting into our paint. We throw so much attention at LeBron. He started throwing out to shooters and their spacing was excellent. They went small without JaVale (McGee) in there, so now it’s not two big guys in there in the paint, they have everybody outside. We tried to match up and go small. They did a great job spreading us out, creating space and making shots.”
“You have to stay disciplined,” said Brooklyn Nets guard Kyrie Irving regarding the difficulty defending a team that includes LeBron James. “As great as he is going downhill and making plays for others, just have to stay disciplined. I feel like a few times we got caught ball-watching, and he did what a great player should do, and he took advantage of it. Guys were knocking down shots in the first half, and it continued in the second half.”
Brooklyn Nets Scoring Leaders
Brooklyn Nets guard, Kyrie Irving, scored a team-high 20 points with three rebounds, four assists, and two steals in 33 minutes against the Lakers last night. Taurean Prince totaled 18 points with four assists, three rebounds, and a game-high three steals in 29 minutes; Caris LeVert recorded 16 points with four boards and three assists in 23 minutes off the bench; Wilson Chandler came off the bench and tallied a season-high 15 points (5-of-7 FG, 4-of-6 3FG, 1-of-1 FT) and three rebounds in 22 minutes, and; Garrett Temple chipped in 11 points and six rebounds in 18 minutes off the bench.
Spencer Dinwiddie did not cross the double-digit mark in points, but he recorded a game-high 13 assists with seven points and seven rebounds in 30 minutes.
Los Angeles Lakers Scoring Leaders
As dominant as Lebron James was on the court last night, it’s surprising when you look at the stat sheet that he only scored 27 points. However, James’ greatness came in the form of a triple-double, adding 12 rebounds and ten assists to his 27 points in 34 minutes. Both Anthony Davis and Kyle Kuzma each scored 16 points, with Kuzma’s points coming off the bench and Davis adding 11 rebounds to his 16 total points scored. Similarly, both Dwight Howard and Danny Green each scored 14 points and two steals in 23 minutes and 19 minutes respectively. Howard also added 12 rebounds to his stat line during his 23 minutes on the floor. Lastly, Kentavious Caldwell-Pope rounds out the Lakers’ scoring leaders, chipping in 11 points off the bench in 28 minutes.
Coach Speak: Los Angeles Lakers head coach Frank Vogel on if the Lakers’ defense sparked the second half of the game against the Nets:
“Yeah, I mean that was sort of the halftime message, as a team, to lock in defensively and guard,” said Los Angeles Lakers head coach Frank Vogel. “We relied on the positive experience of last night in the Knicks game where we were okay in the first half but really raised our level in the second half. We held them (Knicks) to 34 percent shooting and we did the same thing tonight. Great defensive effort in the second half. Obviously, we shot the ball well, LeBron (James) with a triple-double. Jared Dudley and Rajon Rondo (10 assists) with that second unit gave us a huge lift.”
What’s Next for the Los Angeles Lakers and the Brooklyn Nets?
The Los Angeles Lakers will travel to Philadelphia to face the Philadelphia 76ers on Saturday, January 25, 2020, at 8:30 p.m. ET.
As for the Brooklyn Nets, they will travel to Detroit to play the Detroit Pistons also on Saturday, January 25, 2020, at 7:00 p.m. ET. The Nets will then head back to New York City to play the New York Knicks the very next day on Sunday, January 26, 2020, at 6:00 p.m., at Madison Square Garden. Then, on Wednesday, January 29, 2020, the Nets will host the Detroit Pistons at home at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, NY, at 7:30 p.m.
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YEARS AGO – FRANK IFIELD
I Remember You (Mercer/Shertzinger) – Frank Ifield 1962
Born in Coundon, Coventry (England) in 1937 to Australian parents Richard and Hannah, and one of seven sons, Frank Ifield’s father was an engineer and inventor who travelled to England in the 1930’s to take up a position with Lucas Industries, where he invented the Ifield fuel pump, which became an integral component of jet aircraft.
The Ifields returned home to Australia in 1948 and settled near Dural, 50 kms north-west of Sydney, Frank was eleven years old and intrigued by the country music around him, particularly the songs of such US country stars as Hank Snow, Buck Owens, Hank Williams, and Roy Acuff as well as the music hall songs of his grandfather who had been a performer in a travelling minstrel show.
At age thirteen he appeared on Radio 2GB’s Amateur Hour and cut several songs for Regal Zonophone, he was also a child star on Big Chief Little Wolf’s touring wrestling show where he sang western songs, did rope tricks and took the great Chieftain’s advice “If you’re not prepared to make a fool of yourself, you should not be in this business”. He became a regular performer on Brisbane Radio 4BK’s Youth Parade and in 1956 at age nineteen he was fronting his own Sydney TV show Campfire Favorites on local TV station TCN-9.
Whiplash was his first commercial release the following year, it was the title and theme song for one of Australia’s first TV series, a joint Seven Network, ATV and ITC production loosely based on the life of Freeman Cobb, founder of the Cobb & Co. stagecoach service. American Peter Graves starred and between 1960-61 many Australian entertainers were guest stars including Leonard Teale, Robert Tudawali, Stuart Wagstaff, Chips Rafferty, and Lionel Long.
Frank also charted with several teenage crush songs in 1959 – True (#26) and Teenage Baby (#23), but later that year he returned to the UK to take a shot at international stardom and to realize his long-held ambition to perform at the London Palladium.
Ex-pat Aussie Peter Gormely, who would soon manage Cliff Richard and the Shadows, and later Olivia Newton-John, became Ifield’s manager, early appearances on Ted Ray’s Ray’s a Laugh led to a contract with Columbia EMI and a recording session with Norrie Paramor, which resulted in Ifield’s first UK chart success with Lucky Devil which climbed to #22. Ifield competed to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest with Alone Too Long but was unsuccessful and subsequent records failed to impact, however Ifield was closing in on his first million-selling hit record.
He was touring the UK with such performers as Duane Eddy, Bruce Chanel and the Everley Brothers and was impressed by Delbert McClinton’s harmonica accompaniment on Chanel’s hit Hey Baby, he looked for suitable material to record and after several false starts discovered the sheet music to a 1942 Johnny Mercer show tune I Remember You which had featured in the Dorothy Lamour movie of that year The Fleet’s In.
Frank demoed a vastly reworked version of the original song for Norrie Paramor, there were substantial chord changes, a McClinton-inspired harmonica was to be featured, cellos added, acoustic guitar would carry the refrain, and Ifield unleashed his powerful falsetto voice to rebirth the song in a way that surprised Paramor, who reluctantly completed the arrangement, but ultimately produced a career-defining hit record.
The first few bars of Waltzing Matilda are played on harmonica at the intro to I Remember You and the harmonica is a feature throughout the melody, the Beatles knew of Frank Ifield and Paul McCartney performed this song in their set at the Cavern Club accompanied by John Lennon on harmonica, both Chanel and Ifield who used harmonica so skillfully in their records at the time, inspired the Beatles arrangement of Love Me Do.
Ifield’s unique “yodeling” version of I Remember You became a million-selling #1 hit in the U.K. and topped the charts there for eight weeks, it was also #1 in Australia and top 10 in the USA. Frank would become hugely popular in the UK and score no less than four #1 hits there in the period 1962-63 and in Australia he secured the #14th best-selling record in Australia for 1962 with I Remember You.
The B-side, I Listen to My Heart was penned by Ifield and became a top forty hit in the UK for the Swedish group the Spotnicks as Just Listen to My Heart in 1963.
I Remember You also had a gossipy back story of infidelity and Hollywood shenanigans not generally known at the time. Lyricist Johnny Mercer was having an affair with Judy Garland, for whom he wrote the song, Mercer’s wife Ginger insisted on Johnny ending the affair and never mentioning Judy’s name again. When Johnny Mercer died in 1976 his wish that his tombstone should bear the inscription I Remember You, was furiously rejected by Ginger, and she even omitted any reference to the song in an edited collection of Mercer’s lyrics published in 1982 under the title Our Huckleberry Friend.
But there was one more ironic twist in the tale of this song, for when Ginger passed away the cover of her memorial service program, perhaps innocently, had the words I Remember You printed on the front cover.
Previous ARIA HALL OF FAME HEROES_ THE MODELS
Next ARIA WINNER FLASHBACK – MISSY HIGGINS
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JOHN FARNHAM 1967-1997 PART 2.
You’re the Voice (A Qunta/C Thompson/K Reid/ M Ryder) – John Farnham 1986
Before the release of You’re the Voice, John Farnham was in serious financial difficulties, he had sold his house and car and was living with his family in a rented property in Bulleen (Melb). He had departed the Little River Band after a four- year stint between 1982-86 with only minor professional success, little to show financially, and his solo career was non-existent. He barely survived twelve hitless years between 1974 -86 with the minor exception of a #8 single in Australia with a histrionic cover of the Beatles Help! in 1980, the RSL clubs and vintage rock tours were beckoning. Farnham’s teenage pop domination of the Sadie era had become a monkey on his back, although he was a more mature performer and still possessed an impressive voice, he was regarded as uncool by hip FM radio stations, record labels saw no future for him, and songwriters never sent him great songs to record. You’re the Voice was written by four British music industry insiders with impressive credentials – Chris Thompson, former lead singer/guitarist with Manfred Mann’s Earth Band (Blinded By The Light) and Jeff Wayne’s War of the Worlds (Thunder Child) had been inspired by a 100,000 strong Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament march to Hyde Park in London on October 25th. 1985 (below), and this provided the impetus for him to write about using your own voice to make a change. On that day Thompson met with former Cockney Rebel keyboard player Andy Qunta (below) who had also written sings for Manfred Mann’s Earth Band, and Eurhythmics backing singer Maggie Ryder at his Hendon studio to write a hit song, they all belonged to the same music publishing company Rondor Music. Thompson recalled how the day unfolded “I’d overslept and didn’t make the march. We were watching it on TV. I was annoyed at myself and that’s where the idea for You’re the Voice came from. If you want to do something you have to go out and do it yourself.” After Qunta and Ryder (below) left at around 5.00pm, Thompson came up with the ‘Wo-oh-oh-oh’ hook in the chorus, then Ryder called saying she’d come up with an idea for the chorus, a melody line which worked perfectly before his idea. “After that we never got in the same room again, “ said Thompson, they spoke on the phone about lyrics but he kept working on it in his studio, as it progressed he got the title You’re the Voice and had verse lyrics and chorus lyrics. “I thought it was a good song but the lyrics weren’t as good as the music.” Thompson said, so he used a go-between to contact lyricist Keith Reid (below), who had co-written Procul Harum’s 1967 anthem A Whiter Shade Of Pale. Reid came up with some very important lines including ‘We’re all someone’s daughter, we’re all someone’s son’, and beefed up the general feeling and emotional content of the song, removing several overly sentimental lines. The anthemic quality of the melody was undeniable, it was a protest song, but the lyrics weren’t as defiant or assertive as other protest songs of the early 1980’s, such as 99 Luftballoons (Nena), Sunday, Bloody Sunday (U2), Biko (Peter Gabriel) or Straight to Hell (The Clash), so the vocal interpretation and quality and impact of the recording would be important to lift it to major hit status. Chris Thompson, who had grown up in New Zealand, became aware that Farnham wanted to record the song and flatly refused to allow it, he recalled the cringe-worthy Sadie and vetoed the deal.The song was to be included on Thompson’s upcoming album, but his record company rejected it because they believed there was no market for protest songs such as You’re the Voice. Andy Qunta had been working in Australia with Icehouse (see above, Andy is far right) on their upcoming releases, he co-composed Crazy, a hit for Icehouse in 1987, heard that Farnham was still looking for material for his upcoming album, so he gave the cassette tape of Chris Thompson’s demo of You’re the Voice to Farnham’s team. They were ecstatic as the song had hit written all over it, which was fortunate, as Farnham had previously passed on the song From A Distance, a big hit for Bette Midler several years later, which had been written for John to record, but he couldn’t relate to the message inherent in the lyrics “God is watching us from a distance”. Wheatley and Farnham had also rejected an offer to record We Built This City which became a US #1 hit for Starship (above), so there was a lot riding on the final decision to make You’re the Voice the centre-piece of the album, Whispering Jack. Record companies were not so convinced, Farnham’s manager, Glenn Wheatley, had to set up Wheatley Records, and mortgage his house in Toorak, to raise the money to record the album Whispering Jack, from which You’re the Voice was lifted. The Whispering Jack moniker was inspired by Farnham’s clever impersonation of Pot Black’s “Whispering Ted Lowe” during pool games in the local pub.
The album had been demoed on Farnham’s basic four-track recording equipment at his rented home, he had agreed to work with Ross Fraser (above), but this was the first album Fraser had ever produced, RCA had no local artists on their books at the time, but agreed to distribute the record, so all the stars would have to align for the album and the single, You’re the Voice, to succeed. The anthemic power ballad, complete with handclaps in the intro, a skirl of bagpipes, slamming car doors doubling for sampled percussion, and some inspired application by David Hirschfelder (above) of the latest Australian invention; the Fairlight CMI synthesizer, the brainchild of two Sydney tech whiz kids Peter Vogel and Kim Ryrie; ensured that the buzz around this Farnham comeback record kept mounting. A cheap $10,000 promo video shot in Melbourne’s Ormond Hall, featured Farnham in a convincing impression of newsreader Brian Henderson as images of war and conflict raged behind him, as the video progressed Derryn Hnch and his then-wife Jacki Weaver appear as a warring couple in the suburbs, Skyhooks bassist Greg Macainsh, Pseudo Echo drummer Vince Leigh and Farnham’s agent Frank Stivala also completed the cast of friends and relations who made up the cast.
Impressive booming vocals by Farnham and excellent backup vocal support from Rozzi Bazzani, Sandy Weekes, Helen Cornish, Penny Dyer, and Colin Setches, lifted “the little record that could”, to become the Aussie battler international hit of the year. Wheatley’s marketing strategy to promote Farnham and the album was pure genius, revealed to the public via an extended appearance on the most popular show on national Saturday night television, Hey Hey It’s Saturday with 1.5 million viewers, for the first time Farnham appeared in a full-length Driza-Bone with long wind-swept hair, he seemed to completely embody the spirit of the anthemic song.
The following day radio stations were bombarded with requests for the song and forced to add it to their playlists, this was followed by the national Jack’s Back tour which played to 120,000 people, the album which had cost $150,000 to make, sat atop the Australian album charts for 25 weeks, and ultimately grossed $57 million from global sales. You’re the Voice and Whispering Jack won the Aria Awards for Album of the Year, Single of the Year, Best Male Artist, Highest Selling Single and Album, and Best Contemporary Album in 1987, it charted #1 nationally and in Germany and Sweden, as well as top ten in three other European countries, #6 in the UK and top 20 in Canada. Whispering Jack was the first million-selling domestic album in Australia, ultimately topping out at 1.7 million copies, You’re the Voice, was successfully covered by Heart in the US in 1991 who took it into the top 20 there. Farnham’s career was re-ignited, the Whispering Jack album proved to be the vanguard of the Farnham career resurrection, and he would continue to storm the charts over the next decade, no longer concerned about whether he was called John or Johnny, because he was Whispering Jack.
Previous JOHN FARNHAM 1967-1997 – PART 1.
Next JOHN FARNHAM 1967-1997 PART 2.
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Budweiser unveils ‘Light Up the FIFA World Cup’ campaign
May 08, 2018 Editor No comments
Budweiser, a brand from the stables of International Breweries Plc, a subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev, the Official Beer of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, on Tuesday launched its new global campaign “Light Up the FIFA World Cup.”
The major highlights of the campaign feature drones delivering bottles of cold Budweiser to fans across the world in what the company refers to as “the largest beer delivery to date”.
It plans to create a selection of integrated experiential, digital and social programs happening worldwide during the World Cup in Russia.
The TVC features the journey of thousands of drones as they carry Budweiser bottles and kegs from the company’s St Louis brewery and a stopover in Lagos with the ultimate goal of delivering a stadium full of fans in Moscow.
The commercial highlights the most ambitious beer delivery ever through a variety of creative executions that show how Budweiser is upping the energy levels of fan’s football celebrations worldwide as the official Beer of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Budweiser launched in Nigeria in April and is set to play a big role in the way Nigerians enjoy the World Cup this year.
The World Cup starts on June 14 and will run till July 15. Nigeria has been drawn in Group D alongside Croatia, Iceland and Argentina.
Many Super Eagles fans will be cradling their chilled Budweiser bottles when they kick off their campaign against Croatia in Kaliningrad on June 16.
Posted in: Beer, Events, News Tags: AB Inbev, AB InBev Nigeria, budweiser, International Breweries Plc
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St. Peter (died ca. 65 A.D.) is traditionally considered to be the head of Jesus' 12 Apostles and the first bishop of Rome. The two met while they were listening to a sermon by St. John the Baptist. From the moment Peter met Jesus, he knew he was the Messiah. Likewise, from the moment Jesus met Peter, he knew he would be the rock of the Church.
St. Peter was the first person Jesus visited after the Resurrection. It was there that Jesus confirmed he would be the leader of the Church. As such, Peter went on to be the first in an unbroken succession of leaders in the Catholic Church, now referred to as popes. Like Jesus, he died a martyr. Much can be learned about St. Peter in the New Testament, particularly within the four synoptic Gospels.
Peter's original name was Simon, Peter being a name given to him by Jesus. At the time of Jesus' public life, Peter was a grown man. This would place his birth sometime around the end of the 1st century B.C. Of his early life, we know little except that he came from the village of Bethsaida in Galilee and that his father was a fisherman.
By the time he met and joined Jesus, he was already married (Mark 1:30); he lacked any formal education (Acts 4:13); and he worked the fishing nets with his father and his brother Andrew at the lakeside town of Capernaum. Andrew also joined the group of Jesus' disciples on the same day.
His Times
As far as can be judged, Peter was a member of the ordinary people of Palestine, who were normally considered by educated Jewish classes to belong to Am harez, the people of the land. This term was used in a derogatory fashion to describe those who were ignorant of the niceties and deeper values of Judaism and the Jewish way of life. In addition, Peter was a Galilean and therefore shared the spirit of independence and opposition to Jerusalem which was traditional in that northern province.
Recent researches into the daily life of the ordinary people in Palestine paint a fairly clear picture of Peter's social conditions: extreme poverty, a very fideistic approach to religion, a reliance on superstition, and an extreme dependence on the vagaries of natural elements. Furthermore, in the northern parts of Palestine, removed from proximate influence of Jerusalem, more revolutionary ideas easily took hold. Unrefined and undeveloped ideas about the Messiah and about the salvation of Israel easily took the form of political movements, extremist organizations, and a readiness to disassociate oneself from the authoritarian structure of southern Judaism.
The general atmosphere in Palestine when Peter reached his adult life in the mid-20s of the 1st century A.D. was one of tension over the universal presence of the Roman conqueror and foreboding born of a strictly religious persuasion that the arrival of the Jewish Messiah was imminent as the only possible solution for Israel's difficulties. Indeed, we find more than once in the Gospels that the followers of Jesus, headed by Peter, attempted to force Jesus to accept the role of king. Even after the resurrection of Jesus, Peter and the others asked him when and how he would restore the kingdom of Israel. It is certain that Peter's attachment to Jesus, at least in the beginning, was largely based on the persuasion that Jesus would indeed restore the kingdom of Israel and that Peter and the other Apostles would be leaders in the new era.
Association with Jesus
Peter and Andrew were among the first to be chosen by Jesus to be his close followers. Thereafter Peter accompanied Jesus everywhere. Jesus gave Peter the added name of Cephas, an Aramaic appellation meaning "rock." This was translated into Greek as Petros (from the Greek petra, "rock") and became the Latin Petrus and the English Peter. The Gospels differ as to when Jesus conferred this name on him.
Throughout the public life of Jesus, Peter is represented in the Gospels as the spokesman and the principal member of Jesus' followers. He is the first named in all the lists given of these followers and was present with a privileged few at special occasions: when Jesus brought the daughter of Jairus back to life; when Jesus had a special communication with Moses and Elias on Mt. Tabor; and in the Garden of Gethsemane on the night before Jesus died. Peter was the first of the Apostles to see Jesus after his resurrection from the dead.
Jesus, according to the Gospel, gave Peter special assignments, such as paying the tribute or tax to the authorities on behalf of Jesus and his group. Jesus also said that he would build his new organization on Peter's leadership (Matthew 16:17-19) and entrusted his followers and believers to him (John 21:15-19). Many commentators have thrown doubt on the texts which ascribe this special role to Peter, but it is certain that the Gospels thus present Peter as the chosen leader.
The same character is assigned to Peter in the Acts of the Apostles and in the few references which we find in Paul's letters. Paul went to Jerusalem to see Peter and be approved by him. About 14 years later, it appears that Peter headed the Christian evangelization of the Jews, in distinction to Paul, who preached to the Gentiles, and to James, who was bishop of Jerusalem.
In the early days after the death of Jesus, Peter is presented in the Acts again as the leader of Jesus' followers. The Jewish Sanhedrin treated him as the leader, and he preached the first mass appeal to the Jerusalemites about Jesus. He also directed the economic life of the Christian community and decided who would be admitted to it. About 49, when the Christians faced their first major decision—whether to admit non-Jews to their group—it was Peter who received guidance from God and made a positive decision accepted by all the other followers of Jesus present. That there was a difference of opinion concerning doctrinal matters between himself and Paul is beyond doubt. Paul, besides, reproached Peter for a certain insincerity and even manifested independence from Peter.
We are told of various missionary trips which Peter undertook in order to preach about Jesus. He was finally imprisoned by Herod and released miraculously by an angel. He then "departed and went to another place" (Acts 12:17). After 49, we have no direct record in the Acts about Peter, and we have to rely on external testimony.
Roman Sojourn
From all we can learn and surmise, it does appear that Peter occupied a position of importance in Rome and was martyred there under the rule of Nero (37-68). The earliest testimony comes from a letter of Clement written about the year 96 in Rome. A letter of Ignatius of Antioch (died ca. 110) also implies Peter's presence and authority in Rome, as does the saying of Gaius, a Roman cleric (ca. 200). Gaius speaks of the Vatican shrine and the "founders" of this church. Finally, all the early lists of the bishops of Rome start with Peter's name as the first bishop.
Excavations at the Vatican have yielded no cogent and conclusive evidence either of Peter's presence in Rome or of his burial beneath the Vatican. They have, however, uncovered an ancient shrine which dates from approximately 160. Collateral evidence suggests that it was the burial site of some venerated figure, and Roman Catholic tradition identifies that figure with Peter. There is no direct testimony in the New Testament that Peter's position as leader of the Apostles was meant to be passed on to his successors, the bishops of Rome, as the primacy of the popes over all of Christianity. This is a separate question and depends on subsequent Church development and evolution of its beliefs.
Tradition designates Peter as author of two letters which carry his name, although doubt has been thrown on Peter's authorship of at least the second. Various apocryphal documents which certainly date from the 2d century are ascribed to Peter. There is also the fragmentary Acts of Peter, which purports to relate how Peter ended his life as a martyr.
It appears from the first of the two letters ascribed to Peter that his outlook as a Jew and a Semite was never influenced by Greek or other non-Jewish thought. He reflects the mentality of a 1st-century Jew who believes that Jesus came as the Messiah of Israel and as the fulfillment of all Israel's promises and expectations. Some of Peter's statements would not now be acceptable to orthodox Christian thought. From what we know of Peter and his life, he seems to have made the transition from Palestine to Rome as from one Jewish community to another Jewish community, never fundamentally changing his instincts as a Jewish believer, except insofar as he totally accepted Jesus as the Messiah of Israel.
Peter's Death
In the Gospel of John, we learn that Jesus alluded to St. Peter’s death. He said, “When you are old, you will stretch out your hands, and another will dress you and carry you where you do not want to go” (John 21:18). Unfortunately, the death of Peter isn’t reported anywhere in the Bible. Writers of the time, however, say he died by crucifixion under the reign of Emperor Nero in 64 A.D.
When faced with his fate, Peter asked to be crucified upside down. It is said he did not feel worthy to be martyred in the same manner as Christ. After St. Peter’s death, St. Linus went on to become the first Roman pope of the Catholic Church. The line of succession from St. Linus is unbroken, dating back to 64 A.D.
In the Catholic Church, to become a saint, you must meet a certain set of criteria, including a life lived as a servant of good, proof of heroic virtue, and verified miracles. For the last of these, St. Peter reportedly walked on water along with Jesus. Not only did St. Peter meet each of these qualifications, he also lives on as the patron saint of popes, Rome, fishermen, and locksmiths.
Further Reading on St. Peter
For accounts of Peter's life and work see William T. Walsh, St. Peter, the Apostle (1948), and Oscar Cullmann, Peter: Disciple, Apostle, Martyr: A Historical and Theological Study (trans. 1953). See also Jocelyn Toynbee and John Ward-Perkins, The Shrine of St. Peter and the Vatican Excavations (1956), and Engelbert Kirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul (trans. 1959).
Barrett, Ethel, Peter, the story of a deserter who became a forceful leader, Ventura, CA: Regal Books, 1982.
Dyet, James T., Peter, apostle of contrasts, Denver, Colo.: Accent Books, 1982.
Grant, Michael, Saint Peter: a biography, New York: Scribner, 1995. □
Updates by Kit Kittelstad
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William Walker (1824-1860) was a United States adventurer and filibuster in Central America. His armed intervention in Nicaragua gave liberals temporary advantage in their internal war with conservatives and inflamed the slavery controversy in the United States.
William Walker was born in Nashville, Tenn., on May 8, 1824. He earned a medical degree (1843), spent 2 years in Europe, returned, and began a career in law. In New Orleans and, after 1850, in San Francisco, however, he engaged chiefly in newspaper work. A reputation as a crusading journalist and lawyer gave him political potential; but his restlessness and the example of French adventurers who launched from California a colonizing-filibustering venture in Sonora, Mexico, embarked him on another career.
Walker's filibustering began in Mexico. With a small force he invaded Baja California in 1854 and declared that province and Sonora an independent republic, but he was forced to seek refuge in the United States.
A "colonization" contract granted by a Nicaraguan political faction offered Walker new opportunity. With 58 (tradition says 56) armed men—"the immortals"— recruited to aid the Democrats (liberals) in their attempt to overthrow the Legitimists (conservatives), he sailed from San Francisco in May 1855. In Nicaragua he seized control of the Accessory Transit Company's interoceanic route, his sole source of supplies and recruits from the United States; captured Granada, the Legitimist capital; and mollified the factions and established a provisional government with Patricio Rivas as president and himself as commander in chief of the army. The United States recognized his regime in May 1856.
In July, after systematically disposing of everyone who could challenge his power, Walker broke with Rivas and had himself elected president. He initiated a number of measures to promote development—United States style. The most controversial was reinstitution of slavery, ostensibly to attract United States investors to acquire and develop Nicaraguan land.
Walker now tampered with the Accessory Transit Company. From Cornelius K. Garrison and Charles Morgan, who managed the company, he had accepted cash advances and transport of recruits and supplies against the debt the company owed Nicaragua. When, incident to their maneuver to oust Cornelius Vanderbilt from control of the company, they approached him to revoke the Vanderbilt charter and reissue it to them, he obliged.
The choice was fatal. Vanderbilt diverted company service to Panama, isolated Walker, and aided the Central American coalition operating against him. Defeated, and his cause hopeless, Walker surrendered to a U.S. naval officer in May 1857 and was returned to the United States.
Twice again Walker returned to Central America. In November 1857 he reached Greytown but was arrested by Commodore Hiram Paulding and again returned to the United States. He made his final attempt against Honduras in August 1860 but was taken prisoner by the commander of a British vessel and turned over to the Honduran authorities, who executed him on Sept. 12, 1860.
Further Reading on William Walker
The old, but still standard, work on Walker is William O. Scroggs, Filibusters and Financiers: The Story of William Walker and His Associates (1916). Other biographies are Laurence Greene, The Filibuster: The Career of William Walker (1937), and Albert Z. Carr, The World and William Walker (1963).
Bolanos Geyer, Alejandro, William Walker, the gray-eyed man of destiny, Lake Saint Louis, Mo.: A. Bolanos-Geyer, 1988-1991.
Gerson, Noel Bertram, Sad swashbuckler: the life of William Walker, Nashville: T. Nelson, 1976.
Rosengarten, Frederic, Freebooters must die!: The life and death of William Walker, the most notorious filibuster of the nineteenth century, Wayne, Pa.: Haverford House, 1976.
Walker, New York: Perennial Library, 1987.
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« Where My Dreaming and My Loving Live: Poetry & the Body: Iliana Rocha | Main | Why would the English love to live in ancient Greece? [by Virginia Woolf] »
Labyrinth for Solo Piano [by Lera Auerbach]
Labyrinth for Solo Piano
Inspired by The Book of Imaginary Beings
and other writings by J. L. Borges
Tomorrow evening, March 27, 2018, I will premiere Labyrinth, a large work for solo piano commissioned by San Francisco Performances.
I have been fascinated with labyrinths - real or imaginary - all my life. So, it is not surprising that J.L. Borges has been one of my favorite writers for a very long time.
Labyrinth is an exploration of Time and its different prisms, mirrors, faces, games. The passages of the labyrinth are the passages of Time. Or, perhaps, Time itself takes the form of a labyrinth in which the inner and outer sides are the same, infinitely expanding and infinitely contracting.
Inspired by the hidden set of variations in Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition (the series of Promenades portraying a man walking through the gallery) in Labyrinth appeared the "Traumwanderer" (Dream wanderer). I do not know where the Traumwanderer came from. I asked him, but his answers are cryptic. Perhaps, the Traumwanderer is my double. More likely, he is a shape-shifter and becomes the double of each listener who comes to a concert hall and unexpectedly finds himself in the bestiary of a labyrinth.
Together with the Traumwanderer, we discover different passages, become lost and sometimes recognize reflections of our memories, fears, and dreams in the strange and at times disturbing shapes of the imaginary beings that the Traumwanderer meets.
These beings have encounters and relationships not only with the Traumwanderer but also among themselves. There are connections and hidden clues that allow the Traumwanderer to recognize his features, even the most grotesque and foreign elements.
Is the Traumwanderer inside of the labyrinth, or is the labyrinth within the Traumwanderer? Is Time standing still while we are searching for our way, or is the labyrinth made of the same material as Time itself? Is the Wanderer's progress through the passages of the labyrinth illusory? What is passing — us or our Time?
Together with the Traumwanderer, we meet the invisible A Bao A Qu, who has lived since the beginning of Time on the spiral staircase of the Tower of Chitor. This tower is known to have the most perfect view in the world, which — as with any perfection — can never be reached. We meet the Kilkenny Cats, who get into raging quarrels and devour each other in anger, leaving behind only their tails. We meet the poor Squonk, who cries himself into nothingness. We encounter the magical binding of the gigantic wolf Fenrir, who is kept on the strongest, yet lightest chain ever made — a cord woven of six imaginary things. (Of course, Fenrir eventually breaks loose.) We experience the terror of the Traumwanderer as he becomes increasingly lost within the mirrors, dead-ends, and detours of the maze. We hear the calling of the mystical Simurgh, the immortal bird that nests in the Tree of Knowledge. The other birds (after a long and difficult pilgrimage to reach him) realize "that they are the Simurgh and that the Simurgh is each of them and all of them." And, of course, what labyrinth could be complete without its Minotaur?
I remember myself as a child, aged six, reading Greek myths and wondering: What did the Minotaur do all day long, sitting at the center of a labyrinth, in the unchanging room, looking at the same inescapable walls? I imagined him being bored, lonely, and malnourished. After all, the poor beast had to survive on an unhealthy diet of only seven young men and seven maidens per year. Always hungry, lonely, half-mad... I imagined him occasionally dancing with himself from boredom and loneliness, perhaps while thinking of some appetizing maiden. As Ovid wrote, “The man half bull, the bull half man—not simply a monster, but a sad, unloved, and a somewhat comical creature at the heart of a labyrinth it will never be able to leave.”
We encounter angels and demons, gods, monsters, and chimeras, while the three ancient Norns (Past, Present, and Future) weave the thread of our lives.
I built Labyrinth in search of a form where relationships and dynamics between the Observer and the Object of observation could be explored. Or, perhaps, I built it to create a space where the inner dialogue between the Self and the Brain (also in the form of a labyrinth!) could be imagined. Sometimes, I think that I am, myself, an imaginary being, just as my Traumwanderer. And, perhaps, it is the Traumwanderer who composed this music, and I am the one forever lost in the labyrinth without even realizing it.
This thread brings me back to the beginnings, to a poem I wrote when I was 14 years old, titled "Labyrinth." I wrote it in Russian. Here it is in its English translation by Ronald Meyer.
by Lera Auerbach
In the labyrinth of words and sounds
I search for the riddle of life.
Whether I'll find it or not -- I do not know,
But I am playing upon the strings of the soul
And in sharing this music, I find happiness.
Commissioned by San Francisco Performances in honor of Ruth Felt
Posted by Lera Auerbach on March 26, 2018 at 03:12 PM in Lera Auerbach, The Trouble Clef | Permalink
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My family lived in Los Angeles since the early 1900’s and my grandfather on my mother’s side had a construction company that built many public works projects. My uncles continued in construction for many years and I was on my first construction site at the age of six. During high school, I spent a summer living with my uncle and working as a carpenter’s apprentice. I liked being on the construction sites, especially the excitement of a concrete pour. All the men rushing around, working together, a race against time, and at the end of the day a completed pour. Years later, when I saw the concrete bridges over the Los Angeles River from downtown to East LA, I recognized sophisticated design and great skill.
The area is surrounded by industrial uses and rail yards and the concrete lined Los Angeles River. Such a surreal a setting that it was used for Terminator movies. I originally took 35mm photos to use as guides for a series of hard edge paintings and quickly found that the safest time to shoot in the area was very early in the morning before people wandered in. I got there one morning before dawn and the light was eerie and magical. A river flowing through hard concrete and steel surroundings, the only signs of nature being a weed that has grown through a crack or birds stopping for a drink of the questionable water. The concrete bottom of the river is scoured by years of occasional floods and reminded me of terrazzo floors with polished aggregate. I spent forty nights in the LA River photographing the bridges with my large format camera. It was so dark the meter reading was zero. The only way I could determine the correct exposure was by trial and error. It turned out forty minute exposures worked best. When photographing for that length of time each image is no longer a moment in time, it is a narrative story about what happened during those forty minutes.
One cold night as I was climbing into the river with my camera backpack and a tripod strapped across my chest, I was challenged my two men who had been sitting on the concrete river floor drinking under the Fourth Street bridge. I really wanted the shot as I had been working for several nights to determine the right exposure, so I negotiated with them to give them the food I was bringing for the man who lived up under the bridge, and they let me take my forty-minute photo undisturbed while they settled back down. With a long exposure in the pre-dawn hours of the day, I captured not only the people in the river, but the lights of the cars and buses passing by and the trains on either side of the river. The area I photographed is adjacent to the original settlement of Los Angeles by the missionaries and has a long history. The river was lined in concrete in the 1930’s because of its destructive and fickle nature during severe floods. The result is unnatural and unreal, yet beautiful in its own gritty way. The only residents along the river were the homeless and the gangbangers who preyed on them.
40 Nights in the LA River
I started photographing the bridges as studies for paintings. I had been trained as a civil engineer at Berkeley and spent summers during college on construction sites forming and pouring concrete. The concrete bridges east of downtown Los Angeles represent the height of civil engineering art. The Fourth, Sixth, and Seventh Street bridges were all designed and built by the city building department in the 1920’s. Instead of repeating the design for the bridges, each one is unique. At the time the bridges were built, downtown Los Angeles was going through its heyday with movie houses on Broadway and beautiful art deco buildings. The intricately designed bridges carried on the craftsmanship that can be seen in buildings of that period.
The concrete bridges (concrete and steel in the case of Sixth Street) replaced earlier bridges that were washed out by periodic flooding. The Los Angeles was a wild river. It traversed a dry sandy coastal plain and would often sink underground only to appear in new locations. To appreciate how much it wandered, consider that at one time Ballona Creek exiting near Marina del Rey on the west was the connection to the sea. Now the river meets the sea in Long Beach to the south.
When the bridges were built, the river was not lined with concrete as it is today. There had been different strategies to control the destructive, wandering river. One had been to grant right of ways along the banks to the railroads in the hope that the railroad companies would shore the banks to protect their tracks. But that was not enough.
From 1935 to 1955, the Army Corps of Engineers poured cubic yards of concrete with tons of reinforcing steel into the river – a straight jacket from Griffith Park to the sea. Today the grey concrete surfaces provide canvases for taggers and graffiti artists.
The bridges are in a gritty industrial area of older warehouses, public housing, and rail yards. A large homeless population takes advantage of the services in the area. I feel safest if I go in to photograph early in the morning when there is less activity.
One morning I got there extra early – at dawn – and there was an entirely different feel. The darkness covered up much of the grime, yet it added an edge. My senses were heightened. I was very aware of my surroundings. I started going back earlier and earlier, up to 4 am. I like photographing during the transition from night to dawn as it creates variations in lighting as the scene emerges from darkness.
To find the right combination of exposure and development, I take notes. I use a notebook with pages that are blank on top for sketching with lines below for notes. Because the light changes from dark to dawn, I keep track of the time each exposure is made. By making diagrams of the scene, I visualize the tonal range of the final print and make notations based on the Zone System of Ansel Adams and Minor White. I found that the best results at night in the river are from 40-minute exposures with development reduced two stops.
The Fourth Street Bridge is a graceful single arch. There was a man living up in the underside of the bridge. I discovered this one night when he came down, got on a bicycle, and quickly rode away while I was making an exposure. After that, I felt I was invading the space of the residents of the river, so I would bring little offerings of water and food to leave behind.
This photograph was taken early in the Spring when it was still cold. To be comfortable, I would wear my black hiking pants, hiking boots, a black fleece pull over, and a black knit cap. My backpack of camera gear was balanced by strapping my tripod across my chest. And I wore black fingerless gloves to protect my hands.
That night as I stepped through the chain link fence at the top of the concrete slope to the concrete river floor below, I saw two men drinking under the bridge. One of them came roaring at me with an aluminum baseball bat. As he approached the bottom of the slope, looking up he saw me with three aluminum bats across my chest (my tripod) and hesitated. We negotiated. I really wanted to shoot the bridge again since I had determined the correct exposure, and that night I left my food and water for Ron and Mike. They settled down during the 40-minute exposure and can be seen as the lumpy blur on the floor of the river.
The Sixth Street Bridge is one of the most photographed icons of Los Angeles with its riveted steel arches. To get the best image of the bridge, I wanted to link it with another defining element of the river and Los Angeles – the railroads.
Los Angeles was a sleepy coastal town bypassed by travelers who headed to the Sierra gold fields through San Francisco Bay in the 1850’s. It wasn’t until the arrival of the railroads to Los Angeles in the 1880’s that the town became a source of fruits and vegetables to export north and east. The railroads opened up Los Angeles to waves of migration from the mid-West.
To include the trains in photos, I had to take notes so I could begin to predict when they would arrive. The passenger trains on the west bank have predictable schedules, but the freight trains on the east bank do not. The trains can be seen as lines of white along the upper banks of the river.
One night as I waited for a 40-minute exposure and was drawing a sketch of the scene before me, I looked up to see that I was not alone. Down in the floor of the river was a car driving along with its headlights on. The car stopped, and four men got out. With flashlights, they went and searched around the base of a transmission line tower.
It wasn’t the kind of situation where I wanted to stand up and shout, “Hey, you guys. Whatcha doing over there?” Instead, I sat very still, waited for my exposure to be over, and quickly left the area.
The Seventh Street Bridge is where Stinky lives. I call him that because the first time I saw him, I smelled him first. He was very grimy, with a vacant stare and said nothing. After that I avoided the area where he lived.
The surface of the concrete river has been polished smooth by the flow of water – grey terrazzo. The gurgle of water and occasional cry of a shore bird were peaceful accents to an eerily quiet place.
The structure of the Seventh Street Bridge is unusual because of the double deck. The space between the roadway and lower deck is only accessed through a trap door at one end of the bridge. Although there was a rope hanging down through the door, I didn’t climb in.
While these bridges exist today mired in grime and graffiti, encased in the concrete of the river with industrial power lines overhead, they are still beautiful.
The sight of a twenty-mile long concrete river is unreal, like something out of a Terminator movie decorated with fantastic concrete bridges built in the early 20th Century. The river corridor was further hemmed in by twelve crisscrossing freeways. Fenced off against would-be swimmers, its concrete banks tattooed with graffiti, referred to by local officials as a mere “flood-control channel,” the river is nearly dry much of the year, and what water trickles through in high summer has been called “urban slobber”: storm-drain runoff carrying cigarette butts, pesticides, dog waste, and what not from the gutter. The river banks and shade under bridge overpasses have become homes for graffiti artists and the homeless. And yet, at night it can be eerily peaceful with the gurgling water and cries of shore birds.
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Professor Hilary Young reacts to SCC defamation decisions
Author: Professor Hilary Young
On Thursday, the Supreme Court of Canada released its decisions in two companion cases—the first on Ontario's anti-SLAPP legislation, the Protection of Public Participation Act. 1704604 Ontario Ltd v Pointes Protection involved an alleged breach of contract and was notable for affirming the interpretation of statutory language such as "substantial merit" and "grounds to believe."
The second case, Bent v Platnick, was more contentious. It involved a personal injury defence lawyer, Ms. Bent, who warned other such lawyers, via a closed listserv, about the allegedly dishonest practices of a physician. She alleged that Dr. Platnick, who was frequently hired by insurance companies to review medical assessments of injured plaintiffs, had changed doctors’ reports in a way favourable to insurance companies. Someone leaked the allegations outside the listserv and Dr. Platnick lost virtually all his consulting income. He sued in defamation. Ms. Bent responded with an anti-SLAPP motion.
The court split 5/4 on whether the case could proceed. While the majority ultimately said it could, the Court’s decision is nevertheless a strong endorsement of Ontario’s anti-SLAPP law and of freedom of expression. After all, the statements were clearly (prima facie) defamatory, at least some of the allegations were not strictly true, and the parties were sophisticated. Nevertheless, a four-person minority would have dismissed the case without a trial.
Bent is also notable for its narrow interpretation of the scope of the qualified privilege defence. A majority of the Court concluded that Ms. Bent exceeded the scope of any privilege because it wasn't necessary to mention the doctor's name or to make the second of two allegations, about which the lawyer didn't have much direct knowledge. The dissent thought that too narrow a scope for qualified privilege since very little is strictly necessary to say, and it was important to name the doctor.
The Majority’s approach in Platnick appears to narrow the scope of qualified privilege and is, in my view, problematic for many of the reasons set out in the dissent.
A final interesting issue raised by Bent is responsibility for republication. The email containing the allegations against Dr. Platnick was sent to members of a closed listserv who were explicitly prohibited from sharing the contents of posts outside of the group. The Majority would have found Ms. Bent responsible for the broader, explicitly-prohibited re-publication because it was foreseeable. The dissenting judges would not. They would have limited any damages to those for injury caused by publication only to members of the original closed group. This has implications for people who post online. Where you communicate to a small group, but the post goes viral, you may be responsible for other people’s republications of your words.
Ontario enacted its anti-SLAPP law in 2015 and British Columbia enacted virtually identical legislation in 2019. They represent an important development in the law. In Pointes Protection and Bent, the Supreme Court of Canada endorsed the need to dismiss proceedings at an early stage when they unjustifiably threaten expression. While access to the trial process must not be unduly restricted, anti-SLAPP motions are a powerful tool for protecting speech on matters of public interest. More provinces should consider adopting similar legislation.
Professor Young’s research focuses on defamation, privacy, tort, and health law. Read more about her research.
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News now! Eliot Wolf happy to have his dad’s name
Posted by Vic Ketchman, packers.com editor on August 4, 2015 – 1:40 pm
GREEN BAY — Eliot Wolf has a magical last name, and he appreciates what it’s meant to his career and the resurrection of the Packers.
“I think it’s really good. I wouldn’t be standing here today. I understand the doors my dad opened for me,” Wolf said on Tuesday, in a press conference that previewed his presentation of his father for induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on Saturday.
“We used to joke when I was a kid. ‘Hey, dad, when you get to the Hall of Fame, can I be your presenter?’ It was surreal when he asked me. It’s pretty good,” Wolf said.
Ron Wolf turned the Packers into winners. As the team’s GM, he traded for Brett Favre and signed Reggie White in free agency. His teenage son watched as it unfolded.
“I think it’s special. You can walk through the halls and see pictures of the great players he brought here. To see he’s added to (the Packers’ mystique) is really special,” said Eliot, who’s risen through the ranks to become the Packers’ director of player personnel.
He wrote his first scouting report as an intern for the Falcons. The report was on a Maryland junior cornerback named Chad Scott.
“I gave him a first-round grade,” Eliot said. Scott was drafted in the first round.
In Canton, Ohio, this weekend, Ron Wolf will realize what he considers to be the ultimate honor.
“How much he respects the NFL and respects the game of football. It’s really cool to see how special it is to him that he’s a part of that now,” Eliot said.
“The thing Ron was so good at it is the inclusion of other people. Ultimately, it was his call, but he would include everyone in the conversation,” current Packers GM Ted Thompson said.
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How the Transport Industry Will Change in 2020
Featured image credit: Muralinath/iStockphoto.com
The transportation industry is on the verge of a complete overturn. Hardly a day goes by without noticing how technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are transforming the transport sector. From driver safety to optimizing navigation and vehicle utilization, technological advancements are changing the way we use transport.
According to estimates, the market for smart transportation is likely to cross $116 billion by 2023. According to another report, the global transportation industry is expected to spend $328.76 billion on the Internet of Things (IoT) by 2023.
This influx is due to the investment from key players such as Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, IBM, General Electric, and Verizon among others. Governments around the world are also investing in pilot projects for smart transportation. For instance, China is targeting 10% of all its vehicles to be autonomous by 2030 according to this report. Japan plans to offer self-driving (not fully driverless) taxi rides to athletes during the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo as well. In the US, Amazon is testing “Scout,” its delivery robot. United Parcel Service (UPS) is experimenting with delivery drones. Apple is building a transportation network for employees that currently has 66 self-driving minivans on the road in California.
For decades, futuristic companies have envisioned vehicles that could drive themselves, and each technological advancement is taking us closer to that dream becoming a reality. Self-driving cars could be the biggest revolution in the transportation sector since the introduction of the internal combustion engine.
All modes of transportation, including air transport, passenger cars, trains, and water transportation, require a driver or a pilot to be prepared to witness the disruption in the coming 5-10 years.
From Ford’s self-driving cars ferrying people on the roads of Miami to drone taxis that were recently launched in Dubai to Hyperloop accruing worldwide interest, here are some more innovations and emerging trends in transportation.
According to a report, more than 1,400 self-driving vehicles- including cars and trucks- are currently being tested by over 80 companies across 36 states in the US.
It is estimated that by 2020, nearly 10 million self-driving cars will be on the road in the United States. Thanks to forward-thinking auto manufacturers like BMW, Tesla, and Mercedes, we already have self-driving features on several vehicles. The complex system of cameras, sensors, and self-learning algorithms help these vehicles to absorb data from the environment, learn, and respond to road situations. Waymo, the Alphabet-owned self-driving technology company, claims to have logged 2 million self-driven miles, which are equivalent to 300 years of driving experience. Ford is promising fully autonomous passenger cars by 2021 that will not require either a steering wheel or driver. Even Uber self-driving cars are back on Pittsburgh’s roads after the fatal accident in Arizona.
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Autonomous Trucks
Daimler, the Germany-based automaker behind Mercedes-Benz, is testing autonomous trucks on US highways. The company recently announced plans to invest $570 million to introduce level 4 in its self-driving trucks within a decade. Autonomous trucks will not only change the speed and cost of moving goods from one point to another, but they will also change the way the trucking industry controls utilization. Since a majority of America’s consumable products are trucked to market, autonomous trucks are predicted to cut the operating costs by as much as 45 percent, saving the US trucking industry a significant amount of money. According to a Mckinsey report, autonomous trucks will likely roll in four waves. The first two waves will feature constrained truck platooning, where the driver will initially be required in each truck and later, only in the leading truck. The third wave will be constrained autonomy where the driver will only be required for pick-up and drop-off. The fourth wave will be driverless full autonomy. According to this report, full autonomy is expected by 2027.
Image credit: Scharfsinn86/iStockphoto.com
Flying Drone Taxis
A drone-like flying taxi, VolvoPort, was recently tested in Singapore and is expected to be put into commercial use in the next two years. For its first test flight of two-and-a-half minutes, the air taxi used a human pilot. It has18 propellers and can accommodate two passengers with their luggage. In the e-commerce sector, Amazon is piloting Prime Air, its delivery service using unmanned aerial vehicles. Using this new service, Amazon aims to deliver parcels to customers in less than 30 minutes. In the air-freight sector, Boeing has recently completed the first flight test of its cargo air vehicle (CAV) electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL). This unmanned aerial vehicle operated is designed to carry a payload of up to 500 pounds. Airbus also announced shore-to-ship trials of its Skyways parcel delivery drone in Singapore.
Image credit: iLexx/iStockphoto.com
Remote-controlled Cargo Ships
Taking to the high seas, Rolls-Royce recently revealed plans to develop a fleet of self-driving cargo ships that can transport goods without needing crew members. These drone ships could be fully autonomous or controlled by humans from a land-based control room. The absence of a human crew on board would make drone ships cheaper to operate and have more room for cargo. Rolls-Royce expects to commercially launch its “remote-controlled ship” by the end of 2020. Meanwhile, Sea Hunter, an autonomous anti-submarine warfare vessel, has joined the United States Navy. Claimed to be the first of an entirely new class of warship, Sea Hunter is capable of sailing the seas for months without crew members.
Benefits of New Technologies
Address Driver shortage
Warehouses, distribution, and fulfillment centers will experience the game-changing impact of autonomous trucks. These vehicles will simplify the delivery processes and reduce the cost of 24/7 operations. Both of these changes will become more impactful as warehouses automate their manual activities and reduce operational risks. E-commerce deliveries will move faster as shipping will also be done at night, which is currently harder to staff with people. Another significant benefit is that autonomous trucks will reduce the per-unit costs of warehousing by quickly turning inventory. According to the American Truck Association, the industry could be short by 160,000 drivers in 2028. Experts expect that the use of autonomous trucks will help solve the driver shortage problem.
Reduce Risks of Vehicle Crashes
Autonomous vehicles would help reduce the risk of accidents on the roads caused by driver fatigue. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), driver fatigue caused almost 44,000 injuries, 72,000 crashes, and 800 deaths in 2013. According to another report by NHTSA, injury, or death resulting from fatigue-induced collisions is costing the society $109 billion annually; this figure does not include property damage. Experts believe this number will come down drastically when self-driving vehicles begin to replace human drivers. According to a study, if autonomous vehicles are even 10 percent better than human drivers, they will be able to save a million lives in the next 30 years. Equipped with IoT sensors, real-time mapping, and advanced cameras, these smart vehicles will be able to predict blind turns, identify pedestrians, and any other road hazards from a distance.
Ease Traffic Congestion and Pollution
According to a study, a fleet of self-driving vehicles can help improve traffic flow by almost 35 percent. When cars are driven by humans. when one car stops, all cars behind it have to stop or slow down. Soon, a queue forms behind the stopped car, which results in traffic jams. However, in the case of self-driving cars that communicate with each other, when one car stops in the inner lane, it sends a signal to all the other cars. Cars in the outer lane slow down so that cars in the inner lane are able to pass the stopped car without causing a traffic jam. In addition to fewer traffic jams, self-driving vehicles will also help the environment, as most of the driverless vehicles being driven (and tested) will be electric.
Increased Efficiency, Reduced Operating Costs
Autonomous vehicles offer several advantages over human-driven cars, in addition to the promise of improved driver safety. In the maritime industry, collisions due to human errors are common and costly. According to a report, human errors account for 75 to 96 percent of all marine accidents. These collisions may become a thing of the past with self-driving ships. The availability of vehicle data, such as miles driven and fuel consumed will be beneficial in reducing fraudulent claims by drivers.
Challenges Enroute
While these technologies seem exciting and futuristic, they also come with their share of problems. For instance, the existing regulatory frameworks will need massive overhauling, new safety rules will need to be introduced, and operators and manufacturers will have to be ready to deal with unforeseen challenges that this technological disruption may cause.
Adopting cutting-edge technologies such as predictive analytics and big data in transportation is not going to be cheap. Roads need to be prepared to accommodate self-driving vehicles for both short and long distances. There are legacy processes and systems that need to be modified or eliminated to make room for new methods. Employees’ mindsets need to be changed. Technologies have to first be understood before being implemented, and the ever-present concern of substantial investment. Logistics providers should focus on efficiency, adaptability, and budget as they look to embrace new technologies. It is also vital to help truck drivers understand the importance and benefits of automation and technological adoption. Going all out might do more harm than good.
The new-age vehicles will be data-driven, and the threat of cyber attacks is very much possible. This means hackers can access or exploit your location data, or even take over the operations of your vehicle. Another challenge will be the ownership of liabilities. Self-driving vehicles are designed to reduce the risks of accidents, but accidents are inevitable. When an accident happens and there’s no driver or pilot, who will be held accountable? The manufacturer or the standby driver?
There is no doubt the transition to smart transportation is a necessity, but it won’t be easy.
Times are changing in the world of transportation. Powered by artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, and big data, the transportation system is all set to become more cost-efficient, safer, and faster. While any transformation is bound to have its challenges that need to be addressed, the benefits outweigh the challenges. It will be interesting to see how these cutting-edge technologies impact economies, cities, and our daily lives.
centralized transportation management transportation
4 Reasons to Morph from Fleet to Mobility Manager
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« Commemorating the tragic early death of Herbert Chapman
19th in the first divison and held by York in the cup: yes it can get worse. »
How we discovered when Dial Square FC died and Royal Arsenal was born.
By Tony Attwood
In the past it has often been suggested that Arsenal played a number of games as Dial Square FC before becoming Royal Arsenal FC. In fact this wasn’t true – there was just one match – against Eastern Wanderers.
We discovered the truth of this by asking obvious questions such as “Who was Eastern Wanderers?” given that there are no records of them entering the FA Cup, or playing in any league. And why Dial Square go to all the trouble of travelling across the Thames in order to play on the Isle of Dogs for their first game, when there were (obviously) no cars, and (I suggested!) no ferries.
In fact there was a ferry – proven by the discovery of a rate card for transport across the Thames, and the Eastern Wanderers- Dial Square’s one and only opposition – were recorded as advertising for opponents to play in the “Referee” a magazine of the day which was used by clubs for this very purpose. It also carried a report of the score in the following week’s edition.
We next heard of Dial Square FC on 2 January 1887 via an advert that appeared in the self-same magazine, “The Referee”. The advert announced Dial Square F.C. were seeking matches – proof that the club did not become Royal Arsenal on Christmas Day 1886 as is stated in many histories of the club.
But were they still Dial Square by the time of the second match? As you can see below, on 7 January 1887 there was a newspaper report showing that the club had opened itself up to players from across the Royal Arsenal factories and henceforth changed its name.
This is how history is done – by speculating and then searching out of details and the telling of the tale (hopefully in as lively and informative way as possible. But the key point here is that the earlier speculation (often proven to be wrong) is an essential part of this. If one does not speculate and ask the questions, one never discovers the right answers.
5 January 1887: The Woolwich Gazette reported on 7 January 1887 that sometime between 1 December 1886 and 5 January 1887 a meeting was held to widen the club to everyone in the area, and this club effectively broke away from the Dial Square Cricket Club and became Royal Arsenal Association Football Club.
5 January 1901. Darwen 0 Arsenal 2. As a result of this victory Arsenal reached the first round proper of FA Cup; the significance being that this was the first season ever that Arsenal went on beyond the first round proper.
5 January 1907: Middlesbrough 5 Woolwich Arsenal 3. Arsenal had just gone five games without defeat since losing 5-1 to Birmingham. Indeed during this winter period Arsenal were either unbeaten, or let in five!
5 January 1916: The Military Service Bill started its journey through Parliament – this being the bill that enforced conscription into the armed forces of young single men. In Fulham the authorities asked Henry Norris to operate the scheme, a request that led to his employment in the War Office and his ultimate rise from no military rank to the position by the end of the war of Lt Colonel – a position that placed him in charge of demobilisation.
5 January 1917: Arsenal had ended 1916 with 3 wins and a draw in their last four games – a significant upturn on performances earlier in the season, and the improvement continued with an away game against Luton on this day which resulted in a 4-1 win, in front of 3000 fans.
5 January 1918: As the war progressed through its fourth year, the new year’s football began on 5 January with a home game against Millwall Athletic. Only 4000 made it to Highbury to see Arsenal win 1-0.
5 January 1939 Ted Platt, the man who became our wartime keeper, signed for Arsenal, aged 17. Arsenal had an obvious regular first choice goalkeeper in George Swindin, and a reserve in Alex Wilson who had joined the club in 1933. Ted Platt was one for the future, but of course the future of football was postponed.
5 January 1946: Joe Wade debut in the FA Cup which this season was played on home/away basis.as there was no national football league. Arsenal lost 6-0 to WHU in first leg. Joe only played irregularly but was part of the championship winning season the following year.
5 January 1952: Arsenal 2 Aston Villa 1. Start of ten match unbeaten run. Roper got both goals, and indeed scored five in five. The push up the table however was not enough and eventually Arsenal finished third. 53,540 attended the game.
5 January 1958: Steve Walford, born in Highgate. He started out with Tottenham in 1974 but he only played twice for them before Terry Neill, who of course himself had been at Tottenham, signed him for Arsenal for £25,000 on 1 August 1977.
5 January 1961: John Butler, the first centre half to play in the revolutionary WM formation, died aged 66. After playing 267 times for the club he was sold to Torquay United for £1,000 after which he became the coach of Royal Daring, in Belgium, and coach of the Belgian national side in the 1938 World Cup. After the war he managed Torquay United, Crystal Palace and Colchester Utd, before retiring from football in 1955.
5 January 1970: Death of David Halliday. He is said to be the only man in the top division in England to score 30+ goals in four consecutive seasons, and was bought by Chapman for Arsenal, but only got 15 games, scoring eight goals.
5 January 1974: Christopher Buckley – the Arsenal player who later became Aston Villa chairman, died. He had played for Villa until 1914 when he joined Arsenal. Because of the war he only played 56 times for Arsenal before retiring from playing in 1921.
5 January 1980: Terry Anderson drowned (or 24 January – reports quote different dates). Terry joined the Arsenal ground staff at the age of 15 in 1959. The following year the football apprenticeship scheme was inaugurated and Terry was offered an apprenticeship which he accepted. Among his fellow apprentices were David Court, Gordon Ferry and Rodney Smithson who all went on to play for the first team.
5 January 1991: David O’Leary scored an own goal against Sunderland in a style that was to be copied by Lee Dixon on 7 September in the same year. However this time Arsenal won 2-1.
5 January 2002. Watford 2 Arsenal 4: FA Cup 3rd round, the start of the FA Cup victory in the 3rd double season. Henry, Ljungberg, Kanu and Bergkamp scored, but it was Henry who was the star, scoring the first, setting up the second.
5 January 2009: Jack Wilshere signed professional forms. He joined Arsenal aged nine, and went on to be an England international and an integral part of the club although his career was beset by injuries in 2014 and 2015. For 2016/17 he was loaned to Bournemouth and later signed for West Ham.
5 January 2013: Johan Djourou loaned to Hannover. After a further loan with Hamburg his signed for that club and left Arsenal. In all he played 86 league games and scored one goal for Arsenal.
5 January 2015: Lukas Podolski loaned to Inter Milan until the end of the season. It was suggested the manager was upset by his unwillingness to track back, but during his loan Podolski suggested he would certainly return to Arsenal in the summer; but he didn’t.
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« Iconic moments 11: Arsenal’s first trophy after 17 years of nothing.
When did Arsenal win their first ever trophy? Clue: the anniversary is tomorrow. »
122 years ago today – Arsenal’s first Silverware
By Andy Kelly
122 years ago today Arsenal won the Kent Junior Cup – the first ever trophy that the club won.
Having played only friendlies during 1886-87, Royal Arsenal entered the London Senior Cup the following season. They received a bye in the first round and were soundly beaten 0-4 by Barnes. This season also saw the introduction of a reserve team who played three friendlies.
As the club continued to grow they entered more competitions. At this time there were no leagues in the South of the country so they were restricted to cup competitions only.
1888-89 saw the first team enter the London Senior Cup again where they reached the semi-final before being knocked out by Clapton at Leyton. They were expelled from the Kent Senior Cup having refused to play extra-time in the 3rd round game at Gravesend. Amazingly the home team had turned up late. At the end of the 90 minutes of normal time the score was 3-3. However, as the light was fading fast and the temperature was dropping Royal Arsenal didn’t want to risk injury to their players and went home. This was the first of a number of disputes that the club had with the Kent FA.
The reserves played their first competitive game against Upton Excelsior in the London Junior Cup; winning comfortably by 3-0. They played two more games in the competition beating Upton Ivanhoe 4-3 and losing 1-4 to Spartan Rovers. I’ve not been able to find which rounds of the competition that these games were.
For 1889-90 the first team was entered into four competitions: the FA Cup, the London Senior Cup, the London Charity Cup and the Kent Senior Cup. The reserves were entered into the Kent Junior Cup. The first ever FA Cup game resulted in a hefty 11-0 win against Surrey champions Lyndhurst in the 1st Qualifying Round. The reds reached the 4th Qualifying Round before being dumped on their backsides by 1-5 by crack amateur outfit Swifts who were based in Slough. Swifts had reached the semi-final stage of the FA Cup three times previously and had provided England with 8 players.
The first team reached the finals of the three regional cup competitions but before they played in any of those games, the reserves reached the final of the Kent Junior Cup on 1st March 1890. The route to the final was:
19 October 1889 Dartford Working Men’s Club
2 November 1889 Lewisham
30 November 1889 Ordnance Store Corps
21 December 1889 Cray Wanderers
25 January 1890 Folkestone
As you can see, details are somewhat sketchy for some of the games. Jimmy Charteris scored 3 against Dartford Working Men, 6 against Ordnance Store Corps and 1 against Folkestone.
The final against Chatham Excelsior was played on 1st March 1890 at Gravesend’s Bat and Ball ground. As the name suggests, it was originally built to play cricket on but during the winter football was played on it. The Royal Arsenal team lined up as follows:
D. Danskin
J. Gardener J. Wilson
A. Brown W. George A. Walton
A. Christmas J. Rowland J. Kime J. Charteris D. Gloak
Club founder David Danskin was playing in goal as he was struggling to play outfield due to a knee injury. At centre-forward was J. Kime playing in what may have been his first game for the club. A report of the match is transcribed below:
KENT JUNIOR CUP. – FINAL TIE
ROYAL ARSENAL RESERVES v. CHATHAM EXCELSIOR
These teams met on the Bat and Ball Ground, Gravesend, on Saturday in the above competition. Both clubs have a splendid record, the Excelsior lads having an unbeaten record up to Saturday last, while the Royals have beaten Dartford Working Men’s Club, Lewisham, Ordnance Store Corps, Cray Wanderers, and Folkestone in the above competition. Much interest was taken in the match by the partisans of both clubs so that a hard game was looked forward to.
The Excelsior winning the toss, Kime started the ball at 2.45, both teams striving their utmost to take the lead. The Woolwich players being much quicker on the ball were leading at the interval by one goal to none. After having much the best of the exchanges during the second 45, the Reds quickly settled what little hopes the Excelsior supporters had left, as after the change of ends the Royals, playing splendidly together, quickly registered five more goals, victory resting with the Royal Arsenal Reserves by six goals to nil Kime scoring three, Christmas, Charteris, and Rowland one each. Every man on the winning side played a splendid game, and it would be unfair to signal out any special player. The Excelsior played hard to avert defeat, but found their opponents much too strong for them.
Teams: – Royal Arsenal Reserves: D. Danskin (goal), J. Gardener, J. Wilson (backs), A. Brown (captain), W. George, A. Walton (half-backs), A. Christmas, J. Rowland, J. Kime, J.M. Charteris, D. Gloak (forwards). Chatham Excelsior: Taylor (goal), Clark, Davis (backs), Wymhill, Pellath, Williams (half-backs), Williams, Jenner, Hartland, Tonbridge, Wells (forwards).
The cup was brought to Woolwich by the winning team on Saturday evening, who received quite an ovation at the Arsenal station.
This turned out to be Danskin’s penultimate game for the club. He retired from playing after the first team game against Clapton where, again, he played in goal.
The first team had to wait three weeks before they won their first honours. We’ll be publishing an article on 22nd March detailing the events.
Woolwich Arsenal, the club that changed football. Have your name in the book as an official sponsor. Updated information here
The day when Fulham tried to take over Arsenal – the full story in “Making the Arsenal”
We’re on Twitter @UntoldArsenal
Looking at referees in the past: did Arsenal have the league taken from them?
Iconic Moments 10: When Arsenal finally lost patience with a make-believe media
More extraordinary revelations about Arsenal’s history in our latest publication for members
March 1st, 2012 | Category: Arsenal
3 comments to 122 years ago today – Arsenal’s first Silverware
And great to see some recognition on arsenal.com!!!
Natanael_Br_Gooner
Great article, Andy! It’s very difficult to find data on the reserves team. You will make these data available on your Web site or the data will be part of the new book? I’ve just purchased the book “Woolwich Arsenal, the club that changed football”. Keep up the good work. This blog is getting better and better with so interesting articles.
Andy Kelly
As an update, I’ve now found the details of all games played in the Kent Junior Cup 1889-90:
19/10/1889 Dartford Working Men (H) 7-1
2nd Round
30/11/1889 Ordnance Store Corps (H) 13-1
3rd Round
21/12/1889 Cray Wanderers (A) 2-0
25/1/1890 Folkestone (at Chatham) 2-1
1/3/1890 Chatham Excelsior (at Gravesend) 6-0
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← Homenaje al Poeta Nacional de Cuba en tertulia camagüeyana de poesía y canciones románticas (Fotos)
Luces de identidad y modernidad: en Primer Concurso Nacional de Cerámica Utilitaria Ideas en formas →
San Fernando de Nuevitas: a region dotted with colors (+ Photos)
Publicado: julio 10, 2020 | Autor: Lázaro David Najarro Pujol | Archivado en: Cuba, Cubanos por el mundo, Culturales, De Cuba y el Mundo, La isla y el mar |Deja un comentario
Text and photos: Lázaro David Najarro Pujol
July, 2020.- San Fernando de Nuevitas, in the north of the Cuban province of Camagüey, is distinguished by its industrial progress, exceptional architecture, prominent history, natural beauty and fascinating sunsets. It is a city dotted with the spectacular mix of colors violet, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange and red. (+PHOTOS)
When I appreciate the sunset in Nuevitas, a fragment of the prose comes to my memory: 20 love poems and a desperate song by Pablo Neruda: “I have seen from my window / the western party in the distant hills …”.
It is a sea port in the north of Camagüey that is characterized by its beautiful riverbank and old piers (such as Los Desengaños, the former Bagá dock), which offers a beautiful landscape to the region of fishermen, docks and industrialists.
It has its layout of streets on hills that allow the visualization of long extensions of land.
The region also stands out, for its tourist development, in the beautiful resort of Santa Lucía, with 21 kilometers of beaches with transparent waters and fine cream-colored sand, protected by a coral reef considered the second largest in the world, second only to the Great Barrier Reef of Australia.
Navigation through the north of the province of Camagüey takes us back to the time when the Spanish erected Fort San Hilario in 1831, during its period of colonial rule in Cuba, to protect the entrance to the Bay of Nuevitas. It becomes the only example of military architecture of the period, located at the eastern end of Cayo Sabinal.
The municipal capital city, together with its predominant columns, is distinguished by the beautiful stained glass windows with their vitreous and multicolored root decoration that adorned the predominant semicircular arches in the main buildings of the founding times.
Their sparse carpentry is combined with glass elements that make them display an elegant image, while utilitarian, which together with the frames, the railings and balustrades contribute to the preservation of the crystals.
From the shoreline of the bay you can see the grandeur of the three islets, known in the minds of its inhabitants as the Tres Ballenatos, the inspiration of visual artists. It is a unique landscape that is part of the identity elements of the northern Industrial City.
Cayo Ballenato del Medio, with 54 meters above sea level, is made up of tropical plant formations, especially mangroves, dry forests or coastal xeromorphic scrub, as well as the green microphiles that embellish the three alignments: one large, one medium and a small, whim of nature, where to perceive the arrival and sunset: “Both, as Munia Khan affirmed, sunrise and sunset are friends of the Sun. One opens the door to a new day, and the other closes it to welcome the darkness of the night.
Nuevitas, with an extension of 415 34 square kilometers and a population of around 68 thousand inhabitants, received the name of city, by Royal Decree dated February 28, 1828 and granted by the Spanish monarch in 1846.
The Villa of Santa María del Puerto del Príncipe had its first settlement in Nuevitas, exactly in Punta del Guincho.
The names of Pueblo Viejo and Valle del Chorrito de Lázaro Pinto, to the east of the current northern city, are also confirmed in documents from the 18th century. From the settlement you could see the sea.
The Pueblo Viejo archaeological site is proposed as a National Monument, among other reasons for constituting a space with a material record of pre-Columbian human occupation and the colonial era.
The original area is located south of the Pastelillo peninsula, on the northern perimeter of the bay, about 3 kilometers from the city.
The master in science Ricardo Ferrer Aluija [1] specified that “everything started after making some discoveries at the site named by El Chorrito, very close to the place known as Punta del Guincho in the bay of Nuevitas, which had provided multiple indicative evidence of That this was the place where the former town of Santa María del Puerto del Príncipe, today the city of Camagüey, was founded between 1514 and 1515.
In his necessary review of time, Ferrer Aluija recalled that on November 20, 1789, at a meeting of the Camagüey City Council, chaired by Governor Francisco Javier Lamadrid, Pedro Madrano Socarrás had officially appeared, stating that day, league and a half from its ascent, from the beach to the north with the interest that the city of San Fernando de Nuevitas would be erected here, in the inlet of El Guincho.
He illustrated that it was not until May 25, 1821 that the City Council, to favor his wishes, agreed to attest the project, then presented by Ramón González Barrera, on which he founded the idea of clearing and laying out the town.
According to Ferrer Aluija’s notes, the project passed from a commission that recognized its convenience recommending its approval and accompanied an instance directed by the residents of the City Council for their consent.
He explained that a month later, on June 26, at a meeting held by the City Council, the agreement was approved to approve the project. The establishment of the city was authorized on February 28, 1828, the date that the inhabitants of that Camaguey demarcation celebrate by tradition.
Ricardo Ferrer Aluija highlighted as extraordinary and historical the brief stay in Nuevitas of Major General Antonio Maceo Grajales in preparation for the Necessary War.
He added that a decade of hard fighting had passed on the battlefields without the expected results of the necessary independence being obtained. It was the days of La paz del Zanjón that inspired the most virile attitude of a Cuban mulatto who faced the Spanish high command, represented by Arsenio Martínez Campos Antón in the immortal Protest of Baraguá (March 15, 1878).
The scholar of the History of Nuevitas specified that Maceo’s stay in the town occurred on February 2, 1890 when the Manuelita steam, coming from Gibara, after visiting Jamaica and Santiago de Cuba, arrived in the town.
He called the stay of the also known Bronze Titan, as noisy because someone gave the news of who was on board. Young people and peasants vied for the honor of greeting him.
Ricardo Ferrer Aluija pointed out that “a healthy and exciting joy put a patriotic note of frank optimism among those men and women of the town who saw in the Cuban hero the dawn of the next liberation.”
He added that with the arrival of Maceo, the defeatist propaganda fed by the Spaniards from the provincial capital who denied the existence, inside and outside the Island, who was in charge of independence, was undressed.
Now when they saw him and heard from his lips the decision to restart the fight, they were leaving full of faith ready to support them.
That day Maceo confirmed that his return to Cuba had no other purpose than to start the revolutionary movement.
The most tried, the researcher emphasized, made them bearers of the message for the Marquis of Santa Lucia, the Mora brothers and other Camagüeyans, with the aim that they were warned and could lend their valuable cooperation.
He claimed that this historic event occurred in a city, whose town was identified with the revolutionary cause. The Bronze Titan “bravely left some glorious pages of history of the independence of our country written.”
With the passing of time in Nuevitas, the Campoamor theater was erected, inaugurated on May 30, 1920, which became, according to the historian, an important cultural institution in the city and in the province of Camagüey. Prestigious figures from the Cuban, Latin American and universal performing arts performed on their stage. It was built where the Nuevitas cinema is located today. He considered that the majestic Campoamor had better acoustics and higher prop than the Principal theater in Camagüey.
Figures such as Esther Borja, Rosita Forné, Enrique Arredondo and María de los Ángeles Santana, (the Bride of Nuevitas), among many others, acted in Campoamor.
The current Industrial City, distinguishes for the old buildings, from the late nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth, which differ from other cities, by the high doors, generally made of cedar or oak that pay an unmatched distinction to the city that the bay is appreciated from various points. (Translated by Linet Acuña Quilez)
[1] From how Nuevitas could have arisen there are scientific experiences http://www.radionuevitas.icrt.cu/conozca-nuevitas/3419-de-como-pudo-surgir-nuevitas-hay-experiences-cientificas.html
#Cuba.-Distinguido escritor cubano Rainer Castellá en concurso internacional en #España radionuevitas.icrt.cu/cultura/7074-d… a t… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 43 minutes ago
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Intro AI, Machine Learning Courses Wooing More Students
Enrollment in artificial intelligence (AI) introductory courses in the United States grew by 3.4 times between 2012 and 2017, and introductory machine learning (ML) classes grew by five times during that same period. That's according to the latest AI Index 2018 Report, a rich collection of data intended to serve as a "comprehensive resource" for anybody interested in the field. The information was contributed by universities, companies, consultancies and associations.
Source: "Artificial Intelligence Index 2018" annual report, from Stanford University
The report observed that ML courses are on a faster trajectory for growth than AI at this point. While the University of California Berkeley's introductory AI course grew by a little under two times between 2012 and 2017, its ML course had 6.8 times as many students. Out of Stanford University's total undergraduate student body, 13 percent enrolled in "Intro to AI" in 2017; an equally high percentage also took the "Intro to ML" course.
But the greatest growth in AI and ML courses didn't take place in this country at all. It occurred in China, where enrollment at Tsinghua University, in particular, grew by 16 times between 2010 and 2017.
The same challenges of gender diversity exist in AI and ML that pervade the rest of computer science. For example, most of those students in the U.S. classes were male. At Stanford, nearly three-quarters of students (74 percent) were male in the AI course and over three-quarters (76 percent) were male in the ML course. At Berkeley, the AI class was 73 percent male and the ML course was 79 percent male.
Among a selection of universities, a comparable dearth of female representation exists in the faculty. The report's authors found that 80 percent of AI professors at representative institutions are male. Among those schools, University College London had the widest gender gap and ETH Zurich had the narrowest gap (though it was still considerable).
The report also examined job openings by AI skill. ML was the most frequently cited job skill in Monster.com job postings overall. However, deep learning grew fastest (35 times) from 2015 to 2017, followed by computer vision, ML techniques, robotics, speech recognition and natural language processing.
Deep learning also drew the largest share of female job applicants among those skills in 2017: 30 percent, according to Gartner TalentNeuron. The gender gap was widest for speech recognition job applicants, where female applicants made up 27 percent of the total. On average, male candidates made up 71 percent of the applicant pool for AI jobs in the United States.
The full report, including information on AI research, investment, "sentiment" of media coverage and myriad other AI activities, is openly available on the AI Index website.
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Blessed Mark Barkworth
George Barkworth
Mark Lambert
29 October as one of the Martyrs of Douai
1 December as one of the Martyrs of Oxford University
Described as a tall, burly man, always cheerful, even in the sufferings of his later life. Studied at Oxford University. Convert to Catholicism, joining the Church at Douai, France in 1594. Studied at English College, Rome, Italy starting on 16 December 1596, and then at the Royal College of Saint Alban in Valladolid, Spain. While on the road to Spain he had a vision; Saint Benedict of Nursia appeared to him and told he would die a Benedictine and a martyr. Ordained in 1599. Benedictine Oblate. He returned to England with Saint Thomas Garnet to minister to covert Catholics. He was arrested, spent several months in prison, and was finally condemned for the crime of being a priest. Martyred with Blessed Roger Filcock and Saint Anne Line, the first Benedictine to die after the suppression of their monasteries.
c.1572 in Lincolnshire, England
hanged, drawn, and quartered on 27 February 1601 at Tyburn, London, England
8 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI (decree of martyrdom)
15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI
105 Martyrs of Tyburn
Catholic Encyclopedia, by Bede Camm
Mementoes of the English Martyrs and Confessors, by Father Henry Sebastian Bowden
A Calendar of the English Martyrs of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
Our Sunday Visitor’s Encyclopedia of Saints
nettsteder i norsk
Den katolske kirke
I am come here to die, being a Catholic, a priest, and a religious man, belonging to the Order of Saint Benedict; it was by this same order that England was converted. – Blessed Mark, to the crowd gathered to watch his execution
Ah, sister, thou hast got the start of us, but we will follow thee as quickly as we may. – Blessed Mark, speaking at his execution to Saint Anne Line who had just died
“Blessed Mark Barkworth“. CatholicSaints.Info. 2 February 2020. Web. 21 January 2021. <>
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series: The Pattern Setters
next message: Athens vs. Paul
previous message: D-Day at Philippi
formats: pdf, mp3
RABBLE AND NOBLES
by Ray C. Stedman
Let's resume our study of how the most revolutionary message the world has ever heard moved into Europe and thus affected the history of Western civilization for some 2000 years. We began, you remember, in the sixteenth chapter of Acts with the story of Paul, Silas, Luke, and Timothy in the city of Philippi, and of the great earthquake that released them from prison with dramatic impact, and of how God used four distinct methods to break through the entrenched evil of that city and to implant a church there. This is what God is always doing in human history. He establishes a bridgehead in the midst of entrenched evil, with its resultant violence and disaster, and, by that bridgehead, he begins to propagate the gospel and thus to clear up the situation. The story moves on in Chapter 17, as Paul and Silas move west, leaving Luke and Timothy behind in Philippi for the time being.
Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Appollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews. And Paul went in, as was his custom, and for three weeks he argued with them from the scriptures, explaining and proving that it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead, and saying, "This Jesus, whom I proclaim to you, is the Christ." And some of them were persuaded, and joined Paul and Silas, as did a great many of the devout Greeks and not a few of the leading women. {Acts 17:1-4 RSV}
Paul and Silas were following the famous Roman road called the Egnatian Way which crossed Macedonia and connected the Adriatic Sea with the Black Sea. The cities mentioned here all lie on that road. Here we see something of the apostle's strategy as he was led of the Spirit to move into various cities, passing through some and stopping in others. He always chose the most strategic center from which the gospel might reach out into the surrounding area.
In this particular region it was Thessalonica. A little more than two years ago I was there. I stood on the old Roman wall which formed the northern city limits and saw the old Via Egnatia winding down out of the hills into the city proper. In my mind's eye I could picture Paul and Silas and the little band of Christian brethren coming down that road into the city.
In this account it sounds as though this journey were a rather pleasant afternoon's stroll. But Amphipolis is thirty-three miles from Philippi, a day's journey on foot. Apollonia is some thirty miles from Amphipolis, another day's journey. Thessalonica is thirty-seven miles beyond Apollonia, and that is a full day's journey. So it took Paul at least three days to come from Philippi to Thessalonica. Notice Luke's wonderful way of encapsulating numerous facts. He dismisses a journey of one hundred miles with just a sentence. When they entered Thessalonica they sought first a synagogue of the Jews. In the encounters Paul had with Jesus Christ, while giving him the gospel, the Lord also told Paul that it was his will that the gospel should go to the Jews first. So Paul always obeyed and went to the Jews wherever he found them in these cities.
In the synagogue he always began with the Scriptures, as he did here at Thessalonica. For three Sabbath mornings he reasoned with them out of the Scriptures. He was undoubtedly in the city much longer than three weeks. But he was limited to three weeks' ministry within the synagogue itself. He was soon excluded, as we will see, and had opportunity for only three Sabbaths of teaching there. If you wonder what he was doing the rest of the week, he tells us in Second Thessalonians:
For you yourselves know how you ought to imitate us; we were not idle when we were with you, we did not eat any one's bread without paying, but with toil and labor we worked night and day, that we might not burden any of you. {2 Th 3:7-8 RSV}
He made tents all through the week. But on Saturday he went into the synagogue and taught the Scriptures. From them, he dealt with that great stumbling block to the Jews -- the death and resurrection of Christ. These people, like Jews all over the world at that time, were having a great struggle with Jesus of Nazareth. They could accept him as the Messiah as long as they were not confronted with the facts of his death. But a suffering, crucified Messiah was a great offense to them.
You see, they read their Scriptures much as we sometimes read ours. They picked out all the passages which they liked, and kept reading those over and over. Eventually they thought that was all the Scriptures said about the Messiah. They liked the passages which dealt with the majesty of the Messiah, with the time when he would come in his royal power and establish his kingdom over all the world and rule over the nations, subdue all enemies, cause war and strife to cease, and reign in triumphant splendor and glory. That is what they were expecting. But they ignored those passages which deal with a suffering and crucified Messiah, and with the necessity for a resurrection.
Some of the Jewish rabbis had actually come up with the idea that there were two Messiahs. One they called Messhiach ben David, i.e., Messiah the son of David. This was the glorious, triumphant king. Another they called Messhiach ben Joseph, from one Old Testament passage which some rabbis interpreted as teaching that a Messiah would be the son of Joseph, and that he would be the suffering One. Very likely this teaching is what John the Baptist referred to when he was in prison, discouraged, and he sent word to Jesus, "Are you he who is to come, or should we look for another?" {cf, Matt 11:3}.Paul showed them there is only one. "This Jesus, whom I proclaim to you, is the Christ, the Messiah." I imagine he started with Isaiah 53:
But he was wounded for our transgressions,
he was bruised for our iniquities;
upon him was the chastisement that made us whole,
we have turned every one to his own way;
the iniquity of us all. {Isa 53:5-6 RSV}
What an impact he would have made with that passage! And perhaps he used Psalm 22, which opens with the words of Jesus from the cross:
My God, My God, why hast thou forsaken me? {Psa 22:1 RSV}
This psalm goes on to describe the sufferings of his death, the agony that he went through. Then he must have brought in the resurrection passages, like Psalm 16:
For thou wilt not ... permit thine Holy One to see corruption. {cf, Psa 16:10}
With passages such as these he reasoned with these Jews, proving that Jesus was the Christ. The account says, "And some of them were persuaded," and here we find three groups of people who responded to his message:
The toughest nuts to crack were these religious Jews. Religious people are always toughest, in any community. They are the ones most set in their ways, most prejudiced, most hard-headed, the hardest to reach, because they think they know it all already. He reached only a few of those. But there was a great band of unprejudiced Gentiles, Greeks, who, tiring of the emptiness of their pagan philosophies, had come to the synagogue hoping to hear the truth about the Living God. They had been attracted by the Jewish Scriptures. They knew there was something here, but they had not yet become Jews and were not yet circumcised. As these Gentiles heard the word of the gospel, they were tremendously impressed, and they believed.
Among them, Luke is careful to point out, was a group of the leading women of the city. You find that emphasis in several places in this book. The gospel had a particular appeal to women, especially to women of the upper classes who were prominent citizens of these Greek cities. There is a reason for that. These were educated women and were therefore instructed in the philosophies of Greece. But they had found that these Greek philosophies were dead and empty, offering nothing for the heart, nothing for the spirit within. They instructed the mind but did nothing for the soul. And further, they were philosophies full of voluptuous and degrading practices which left these women devastated and filled with self-loathing if they gave in to them. So they had turned from their philosophies to Judaism. But in Judaism they found themselves burdened with difficult and cumbersome regulations which again left them empty. Then the gospel came with the glad good news that, in Jesus Christ, there is neither male nor female, bond nor free, black nor white, nor any other distinction, that all the distinctions men make were broken down, all the middle walls of partition removed. These women responded joyously! They found a liberating, fulfilling, and satisfying glory about the gospel and they responded to the grace of God in Jesus Christ, inviting the Lord Jesus to enter their hearts.
So there was a tremendous impact upon the city because of this conversion of a great band of Gentiles including these leading women. That is God's way of moving into Thessalonica. He had these prepared hearts ready to listen. The devil struck back immediately. But God permitted it because God always uses the devil for his own purposes. The next section shows us what occurred when Paul and Silas, with their preaching, had reached these people in the city:
But the Jews were jealous, and taking some wicked fellows of the rabble, they gathered a crowd, set the city in an uproar, and attacked the house of Jason, seeking to bring them out to the people. And when they could not find them, they dragged Jason and some of the brethren before the city authorities, crying, "These men who have turned the world upside down have come here also, and Jason has received them; and they are all acting against the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, Jesus." And the people and the city authorities were disturbed when they heard this. And when they had taken security from Jason and the rest, they let them go. {Acts 17:5-9 RSV}
Do you recognize a rather familiar pattern? Here are the tactics of the rabble who, unwilling to accept defeat at the hands of logic and reason, always resort to violence to accomplish their purpose. We are very familiar with that in our day. This is exactly what occurred last week when President Nixon visited the city of San Jose and was assailed by just such a crowd using these very tactics to try to accomplish their ends.
We are told here that the Jews were jealous. They were unable to win against the power of the Scriptures and the logic of the apostle, and so they revealed the lawlessness in their own hearts by turning, literally, to "the loafers of the marketplace," young men who were what today we would call hoods or toughs, radicals, who knew how to manipulate a crowd.
In this they followed a classic pattern. They started a disturbance which attracted a crowd. When the crowd gathered around them, they inflamed them with emotional words and propaganda until the crowd was brought to a fever pitch. Then they gave them a victim to attack. They turned them against Paul and Silas, for no reason whatsoever. This is how easily a crowd can be manipulated. It does whatever its leaders direct. As these men were skilled at this, they were able to incite these people to an unprovoked and groundless attack upon these two men who were there preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. They came to lynch them.
But now, notice how God works. His hand was fully in control, and just before the mob arrived he sent Paul and Silas out for a cup of coffee or something. They simply were not there when the crowd arrived. So the mob had to be satisfied with dragging out Jason, the host, and some of the brethren, and bringing them before the city authorities. The charges against Paul and Silas are very interesting. There is a germ of truth in them, but, in the way they were intended, they are palpably false. They were charged with two things:
First, with being notorious troublemakers. "These men who have turned the world upside down have come here also." I do not know whether these authorities had heard about the trouble in Philippi or not. Perhaps they had. Or they may simply have recognized Paul and Silas as Jews and, since the Jews were in trouble in Rome at that very time, perhaps they identified them with that. But whatever the reason, what they said was true. These were indeed men who had turned the world upside down.
But what they did not realize was that the world was already upside down. When you turn something upside down which is already upside down, you turn it right side up. The world was turned upside down at the Fall, and it has been operating reverse ever since. That is why it never works right. In the final analysis everything seems to fall apart. Even the best efforts of men never seem to accomplish the solution of the dilemma. That is why we are still struggling with the same problems they wrestled with in the days of Noah, before the flood. Is that not amazing? No progress has been made, none whatsoever. Despite all our vaunted technology and abilities, we have made no progress in solving basic human problems. That is because the world is upside down.
But now the gospel comes in and turns it right side up. And as men and women respond to the gospel, that which God intended for man begins to be worked out in their lives. Peace and tranquility and prosperity and progress and harmony and love and grace -- all these wonderful things begin to flow out of a community which is operating in the fullness of life provided in Jesus Christ. So they were indeed men who turned the world upside down.
The second charge was that they were challenging Caesar's authority, that they were preaching another king -- Jesus. That reveals something of what Paul had been saying. He had been declaring the Lordship of Jesus, the fact that all men relate to him in some way. His spiritual kingdom encompasses the whole of humanity, and men live within that kingdom whether they like it or not. He is indeed Lord of all things, and men have a relationship to him. But of course these men interpreted that as a challenge to the authority of Caesar. They thought they were being political insurrectionists.
They finally settled the matter by taking security from Jason. That sounds as though Paul and Silas were released on bail. But, if that is the case, they became bail jumpers, because immediately they went away by night to Beroea. It is very difficult to think that Paul and Silas would do that. They would never try to cheat justice. This must mean that Jason had to give a certain amount of money as a guarantee that Paul and Silas would leave Thessalonica and never return. That is probably what Paul refers to in his first letter to the Thessalonians:
But since we were bereft of you, brethren, for a short time, in person not in heart, we endeavored the more eagerly and with great desire to see you face to face; because we wanted to come to you -- I, Paul, again and again -- but Satan hindered us. {1 Th 2:17-18 RSV}
What hindered him very likely was this guarantee against his return. The next stop is the city of Beroea:
The brethren immediately sent Paul and Silas away by night to Beroea; and when they arrived they went into the Jewish synagogue. Now these Jews were more noble than those in Thessalonica, for they received the word with all eagerness, examining the scriptures daily to see if these things were so. Many of them therefore believed, with not a few Greek women of high standing as well as men. {Acts 17:10-12 RSV}
Beroea is a very pleasant little city lying in the foothills of the Olympic Mountains, about sixty miles southwest of Thessalonica. Dr. Dick Hillis and I had the privilege of standing on the steps of the synagogue where Paul preached in Beroea. This ancient synagogue has been excavated and it has been established that it was the actual one in which Paul preached. We took great joy in standing on those steps and trying to preach to each other. I also had the great privilege of entering the evangelical church there in Beroea. Going to the pulpit and finding the Greek Bible, I opened it to this very text:
Now these Jews were more noble than those in Thessalonica, for they received the word with all eagerness, examining the Scriptures daily to see if these things were so. {Acts 17:11 RSV}
This is important, for Luke carefully draws a sharp contrast here between the rabble in Thessalonica -- with their unthinking, prejudiced minds, and their emotional, impulsive actions -- and these Jews in Beroea, who were more noble. In what did their nobility consist? Well, not merely in receiving the word, but also in checking it out with the Scriptures. A noble person is one who has not only an open mind but also a cautious heart. He will not accept a teaching unless he checks it with the Scriptures.
That is what the Scriptures are for. They are your guide so that you can tell what is true and what is false, what is right and what is wrong. And unless a Christian does this, he is lost in a sea of relativism, where he does not know what is right or what is wrong. Your mind becomes confused and blinded and you can be misled and manipulated, as the rabble in Thessalonica manipulated the crowd there, unless you have the nobility to check things out according to the Scriptures. That is what these Jews did, and it was a tremendous help. They checked up on the Apostle Paul.
This is something we ought to encourage. I happen to be in correspondence right now with a woman in Oklahoma City, who wrote me a few weeks ago after reading my book, "What On Earth's Going To Happen?" She took issue with something I said, and wrote me about it in a very nice way. My impulse at first, I admit, was to write back and to say, "You're quite wrong, why bother to argue? Take what I said." But I recognized that she was an honest person and that she was trying to discover the answer in the Scriptures. What appealed to me about her letter was that she was quoting other passages. I wrote back and patiently tried to explain what I meant. She wrote back immediately by return mail and quoted an authority. So I answered that, and she wrote right back again. I have now answered her third letter, but I do not hope to get the last word because, after all, she is a woman! But I have found her to be on a par with these noble women of Beroea who were trying to establish the truth from the Scriptures.
The value of this story to us, and the reason Luke includes it, is that we might learn the necessity of testing any man's word. Do not listen to just one man's tapes, or read only one man's books or messages. It is a very dangerous practice. You will be misled by his errors and you will not know how to recognize them. Never give yourself to following a single man. Paul writes to the Corinthians: "You who do this are carnal. You follow Apollos or Cephas or Paul, but we are all provided for your instruction. You need us all," {cf, 1 Cor 1:12, 3:22}.
Do not ever limit yourself to a single man's ministry, including mine. Do not read only the messages published here and take them as Scripture. Check them out in the Scriptures and with other teachers. Establish what the Word of God says. That is the authority. How delighted Luke is to commend these Beroeans for their nobility in doing this very thing!
The account concludes with a very familiar pattern:
But when the Jews of Thessalonica learned that the word of God was proclaimed by Paul at Beroea also, they came there too, stirring up and inciting the crowds. Then the brethren immediately sent Paul off on his way to the sea, but Silas and Timothy remained there. Those who conducted Paul brought him as far as Athens; and receiving a commend for Silas and Timothy to come to him as soon as possible, they departed. {Acts 17:13-15 RSV}
Here come the hounds of hell, panting down the road from Thessalonica. These Jews were not content to drive Paul out of Thessalonica but they pursued him sixty miles away and now they arrive, employing the same familiar tactics. They move in and stir up the thoughtless crowds who are governed by their emotions and respond to anything which gets them mad. They set them upon Paul and Silas, and poor Paul has to slip out of the city again by night. I don't think he ever left a city by daylight. He came in by day, but he had to leave by night. He is on his way by sea to Athens now, leaving Silas and Timothy behind to establish the church.
That, of course, is the point of the whole story. Paul is free to leave because he has left a church behind. God has implanted a believing community who will be a bridgehead in the midst of the evil of that city, to arrest its corruption and dispel its darkness, as they operate in the freedom and liberty of the body of Christ, exercising their gifts and proclaiming the delivering truth.
Whenever you get a church operating like that you find that all the entrenched evil in a community is immediately under attack. There may be a stiff battle for a while, but, eventually, the forces of light will win and the community will begin to be delivered and will find itself set free. Light will penetrate the darkness and men will be able to think straight and act and react right, even though they are not yet Christians. The light of the gospel lifts the whole level of community life. That is why Paul was so concerned that these young Christians left in Beroea and Thessalonica would grow in grace, would understand the power committed to them, and exercise it to set these communities free.
When I was in Beroea it was interesting to me to find that the church which Paul implanted has now become the persecutor. The Spirit has had to break in afresh with a new body of believers who meet in secret places there today to avoid persecution and oppression by the church that Paul began. The Greek Orthodox Church, lineal successor to the church that Paul started in Greece, has now become sunken in apathy, liturgy and ritual, and dead orthodoxy, and is persecuting the fresh, alive, evangelical church of these areas. The church I visited was deliberately built behind a group of buildings in a little compound, where it could be partially hidden. The believers could not advertise their meetings, and had to meet secretly, at unscheduled times. They could not openly evangelize within the city but had to meet from house to house. Yet a very alive and fruitful work was going on in these cities. If you want to pray for Christians in Greece, pray for these evangelical believers in Thessalonica and Beroea today, who are still being persecuted.
This should indicate to us that any group can become the instrument of evil as well as good, if the life of the body in that group is not kept fresh and vital. When a group does lose its savor and its light, it becomes an instrument of evil and darkness, and God has to break in afresh, as he is doing in so many places in our day, and awaken a new body, pour new wine into new wineskins, so that the freshness and vitality of the gospel will not be hindered. God is doing that all over the world today.
Finally, brethren, farewell. Mend your ways, heed my appeal, agree with one another, live in peace, and the God of love and peace will be with you. The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all. Amen. {2 Cor 13:11, 14 RSV}
Title: Rabble and Nobles
By: Ray C. Stedman
Scripture: Acts 17:1-15
Message No: 7
Copyright © 2010 by Ray Stedman Ministries — This material is the sole property of Ray Stedman Ministries. It may be copied for personal non-commercial use only in its entirety free of charge. All copies must contain this copyright notice and a hyperlink to www.RayStedman.org if the copy is posted on the Internet. Please direct any questions you may have to webmaster@RayStedman.org.
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Watch: Travon Walker and Tyson Campbell Interviews
On competing this year and if they have gotten used to COVID-19 testing…
“So far, the coaches have gotten it to us. They told us we’re going to be tested a lot, so everybody just bought in and did what they need to do. When it comes to that situation, everybody is just doing what they’re told to do.”
On how good he thinks the defense can be…
“I think the sky is the limit for this defense. One thing we’ve really emphasized is our third and short. We need to get a lot better in our third and short game. Coach [Smart] has been preaching about that, and everybody is working to get better.”
On where he is at now physically compared to last season…
“Me, personally, I think I’ve gained a lot of strength from my freshman year, just from recovering from my two wrist injuries. I just think I’m coming off well from this, and the strength staff has done a great job pushing me and helping me develop my strength back.”
On what kind of advice he has given to the freshmen defensive linemen…
“One of my main things I’ve told the young guys, the freshmen rather, is just give it all they’ve got and always give everything you have. That way, nobody can tell you no, that you can’t be on the field with the ones or the twos or whoever.”
On what it is like coming in and competing as a five star without a guaranteed spot…
“Like you said, just knowing that I have to go out and work hard every day, knowing that somebody like me is in front of me. I have to go out every day and make few errors and step up my game. As long as I go out and step up my game, I don’t have to worry about what he’s doing, as long as I’m doing my job.”
On Jalen Carter…
“He’s showing a lot of great things right now. Like I said, the sky is the limit for him, also. He’s a very talented player [who] doesn’t have to be coached a lot because he came in already knowing a lot, so that says a lot about him just alone.”
On how he would describe his development throughout his first two years in the program/where he sees himself now as a player…
“I think I’ve matured so much as a player from coming here being young, not really knowing the defense. As the coaches developed us on defense, especially through experience through the game, I’ve been able to mentally — as far as getting my IQ better in football — and also becoming stronger faster, the whole nine yards of becoming a better athlete.”
On his turf toe injury and how he fought through it last season/how he is now…
“Last year was tough, but Mr. Ron [Courson] and his whole training staff have helped me and made sure that, if I was going to be on the field, I was 100 percent ready, and I thank them for that. Now, I’m pain-free and excited for the season coming up.”
On the program’s ‘Dawgs for Pups’ initiative and why it is important for he and his teammates to help the community…
“Those [kids] are people who watch us on TV, and some of those kids look up to us and what we do at our university. So, we feel like, why not give back with something they’re in need of? Everybody needs an education, and they’re not as fortunate as other people are who can afford WiFi so they can do virtual learning with this pandemic going on. I feel like this [initiative] is very important.”
On the strengths he sees at the quarterback positions /what strengths he sees in JT Daniels and D’WanMathis…
“JT [Daniels] and D’Wan [Mathis] have been competing. Both have very strong arms. Both are very mobile. Both are very intelligent and know the offense. They’re both great quarterbacks, and I’m excited for us to have them on our team this year.”
On whether knowing the secondary’s strength helps the defensive starters avoid complacency/acts as an incentive to fight for the starting spot week in and week out…
“Yes. The whole defense has a lot of depth. There’s talent all over the place, offensively and defensively. That’s what makes practice so competitive, and everybody is just getting better each and every day. You want to have guys behind you, pushing you. That’s the best part about playing at Georgia
Travon Walker Tyson Campbell
prev Daily Dawg Thread: Korey Foreman, 2021 Defensive End
Travon Walker on freshman Jalen Carter: ‘The sky is the limit for him’ next
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Saving lions: Africa agrees on ways forward
For use of the media only;
not an official document.
First African lion Range States meeting led by CITES and CMS
brings about constructive outcomes in the lead up to CITES CoP17 and CMS COP12
Entebbe, Uganda, 1 June 2016– In a historic move, representatives of 28 African lion Range States have reached broad agreement to secure the survival of this iconic species in the wild across Africa.
The continent-wide consensus on the conservation, management and restoration of the lion (Panthera leo) and its habitat in Africa was reached at a meeting hosted by the Ugandan Government and jointly convened by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) from 30 to 31 May in Entebbe.
According to the 2015 IUCN Red List, African lion populations have experienced an overall decline of 43 per cent between 1993 and 2014. While populations increased in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe by 12 per cent over the same period thanks to good wildlife management, other sub-populations in the rest of Africa have plummeted by 60 per cent.
"We are proud to have been able to host this important CMS and CITES-led meeting for the African lion and are pleased about its outcome. The actions agreed in Entebbe are important steps in the right direction and Uganda is ready to cooperate with other Range States to promote and enhance lion conservation efforts across Africa”, said H.E. Maria Mutagamba, Ugandan Minister of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities.
The final communiqué agreed at the two-day inter-governmental meeting, shows consensus among African lion Range States on the importance of conserving lions across the continent and identifies a number of practical actions.
These include: involving local communities in conservation activities and benefit-sharing, mitigating human-lion conflicts, and retaliation killing or poisoning by cattle herders and pastoralists, improving protected area management to benefit lions and restoring connectivity between fragmented lion populations. Countries also agreed on the need to investigate further the illegal trade in lion bones and other parts, the introduction of wildlife and ecosystem-based land-use practices and the need to step up transboundary collaboration to address the plight of African Lions.
“African lion Range States share a common objective to ensure the survival of lions in the wild. There is agreement on the threats and, with a few exceptions, the way forward. CITES and CMS are delighted to offer their support to Range States to achieve their objective, with robust scientific support coming from IUCN”, said John E. Scanlon, Secretary-General of CITES.
A carefully crafted consensus on the topic of trophy hunting was also agreed in Entebbe, with all lion Range States present accepting that trophy hunting of lions, if well managed, is a good conservation tool that should not be jeopardized by CITES or CMS. In the communiqué, the 28 Range States “Highlight the benefits that trophy hunting, where it is based on scientifically established quotas, taking into account the social position, age and sex of an animal, have, in some countries, contributed to the conservation of lion populations”.
Habitat loss and degradation is the predominant threat to lions in Africa, triggered by human settlements encroaching into lion habitat. Prey depletion as a result of poaching for bushmeat, andindiscriminate killing and livestock are other major causes of decline. Furthermore, there are concerns about the illegal trade in lion parts for medicinal purposes, and improvements in the management of trophy hunting have been recommended.
"The sharp declines in lion populations over the last decade mean there is clearly an urgent need to address the pressures affecting this majestic species. Strengthening the coordination and collaboration amongst the lion countries in Africa through workshops such as the one convened by CMS and CITES in Entebbe is key to reaching this goal," said Bradnee Chambers, Executive Secretary of CMS.
Both CMS and CITES are guided by their respective mandates to address threats to the African lion.
At the next CITES Conference of the Parties (CoP17) to be held later this year in South Africa, a proposal will be discussed for higher protection by transferring the African lion from Appendix II to Appendix I. Furthermore, various aspects of the trade in and management of lions will be discussed at CoP17, including guidance for sustained trophy hunting and enforcement.
CMS for its part is implementing a decision taken at COP11 to promote lion conservation across Africa and pave the way for a listing on Appendix II of CMS at COP12, which will take place 22-28 October 2017 in Manila.
"The meeting in Entebbe has been remarkably constructive, and has helped for the first time to bring together African lion Range States to deliberate on the plight of the species. It has demonstrated how a combination of local and regional efforts as well as regulation of international trade by CITES and enhanced cooperation through CMS can promote the conservation of the species and its habitats. African lion Range States call upon CITES, CMS and other partners to support their efforts to conserve and restore this iconic species across the continent,” said Mr. George Owoyesigire, Ag. Asst. Commissioner for Wildlife Conservation at the Ugandan Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities, who chaired the meeting held in Entebbe from 30 to 31 June 2016.
The meeting in Entebbe was made possible thanks to financial support from the Governments of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It was also the first time that CITES and CMS have jointly convened such a meeting.
Florian Keil, Coordinator of the Joint Communications Team at the UNEP/CMS and UNEP/AEWA Secretariat, Tel: +49 (0) 228 8152451, florian.keil [at] unep-aewa.org
Liu Yuan, Programme and Communications Officer, at the CITES Secretariat, Tel: +41 22 917 8130, yuan.liu [at] cites.org
With 182 Parties, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is now one of the world's most powerful tools for wildlife conservation through the regulation of international trade. Thousands of species of wild animals and plants are internationally traded and used by people in their daily lives for food, health care, housing, souvenirs, leisure, cosmetics, clothing or fashion.
CITES regulates international trade in over 35,000 species of wild plants and animals, including their products and derivatives, to ensure their survival in the wild with benefits for the livelihoods of people and the global environment. The CITES permit system seeks to ensure that international trade in listed species is sustainable, legal and traceable.
CITES was signed in Washington D.C. on 3 March 1973, and entered into force on 1 July 1975.
Learn more about CITES by visiting www.cites.org or connecting to:
www.twitter.com/CITES
www.facebook.com/CITES
www.youtube.com/c/CITES
www.flickr.com/CITES
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals aims to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental treaty, concerned with the conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale. Since the Convention's entry into force in 1979, its membership has grown steadily to include 123 Parties from Africa, Central and South America, Asia, Europe and Oceania.
www.cms.int
Lions, Panthera leo, are listed on CITES Appendix II, with the Asian subspecies, Panthera leo persica, listed on Appendix I. The species is not currently listed on the CMS Appendices.
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Provost and Vice-President (Academic)Office of the Provost and Vice-President (Academic)
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Home / Job Posting / Assistant or Associate Professor – Civil and Environmental Engineering (Climate Change)
Assistant or Associate Professor – Civil and Environmental Engineering (Climate Change)
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Field of Specialization: Engineering with Climate Change
Academic Unit: Civil and Environmental Engineering
Category of Appointment: Preliminary (Tenure-Track)
Rank/Position Title: Assistant or Associate Professor
Start Date: July 1, 2021
Closing Date: Applications will be considered until the position is filled
About the Position:
The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering invites applications from qualified candidates for a preliminary tenure‐track appointment in Engineering with Climate Change at the rank of Assistant or Associate Professor beginning July 1, 2021.
The candidate will be expected to have a strong background in civil or environmental engineering or related discipline with a focus on climate change impacts, mitigation, adaptation and/or modelling. The desired candidate should have a research focus on climate change that will complement existing strengths in the department and Carleton. Areas may include but are not limited to: climate change modelling; infrastructure adaptation (e.g. permafrost in the North); water resources and drinking water; transportation; energy performance and efficiency; alternative/renewable energy generation; and/or emerging technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation.
We encourage applications from candidates from groups underrepresented in Engineering and/or with experience in mentoring students from such groups.
About the Academic Unit:
The Department offers dynamic, innovative, and cross‐disciplinary undergraduate and graduate programs leading to Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctoral degrees in both Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering. The Department has diverse expertise over a wide range of experimental, numerical, and analytical research areas in geotechnical, environmental, fire safety, structural and transportation engineering.
Graduate programs are offered through the Ottawa‐Carleton Institutes for Civil Engineering and for Environmental Engineering to provide further strength and opportunities. The research enterprise in the Department includes a Jarislowsky Research Chair in Water and Global Health. Research activities in the Department and Faculty include PermafrostNET, a Carleton led NSERC Strategic Network evaluating impacts of climate change on permafrost, and FlareNet, an NSERC Strategic Network assessing impacts of gas flaring on climate change. Further information on the Department is available at http://www.carleton.ca/cee
Candidates must have a doctoral degree in civil or environmental engineering or related discipline. The successful candidate must demonstrate a strong commitment to research and the ability to develop an externally‐funded, high quality research program; will be passionate about effective teaching with demonstrated or strong evidence of potential of teaching excellence; and will contribute effectively to the academic life of the Department. Synergy to establish collaborative research links with the existing members of the Department and across the University is highly desirable.
Membership in a Canadian professional engineering association is required at the time of or within three years of appointment.
Application packages comprising i) detailed curriculum vitae, ii) description of research accomplishments and future plans (research statement), iii) teaching dossier (teaching statement), and iv) names of three referees should be sent to the Hiring Committee as a single pdf file emailed to CEE.Hiring@carleton.ca. Applications will be considered until the position is filled.
Please also identify any past experiences in supporting equity, diversity and inclusion in your previous institutional environment such as in curriculum development and in supporting diverse students.
Please indicate in your application if you are a Canadian citizen or permanent resident of Canada.
About Carleton University:
Carleton University is a dynamic and innovative research and teaching institution with a national and international reputation as a leader in collaborative teaching and learning, research and governance. With over 30,000 students in more than 100 programs of study, we encourage creative risk-taking, discovery, and the generation of transformative knowledge. We are proud to be one of the most accessible campuses in North America. Carleton’s Paul Menton Centre for Students with Disabilities has been heralded as the gold standard for disability support services in Canada. To learn more about our university and the City of Ottawa, please visit www.carleton.ca/about.
Carleton University is committed to fostering diversity within its community as a source of excellence, cultural enrichment, and social strength. We welcome those who would contribute to the further diversification of our university including, but not limited to: women; visible minorities; First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples; persons with disabilities; and persons of any sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression. Carleton understands that career paths vary. Legitimate career interruptions will in no way prejudice the assessment process and their impact will be carefully considered.
Applicants selected for an interview are asked to contact the Chair as soon as possible to discuss any accommodation requirements. Arrangements will be made in a timely manner.
All qualified candidates are encouraged to apply; however, Canadians and permanent residents will be given priority. All positions are subject to budgetary approval.
Wednesday, July 8, 2020 | Categories: Faculty of Engineering and Design, Job Posting
Office of the Provost and Vice-President (Academic)
503 Tory Building
provost@carleton.ca
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Tag Archives: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
The mine train ride from hell.
(1984) Adventure (Paramount) Harrison Ford, Kate Capshaw, Ke Huy Quan, Amrish Puri, Rushan Seth, Philip Stone, Roy Chiao, David Yip, Ric Young, Chua Kah Joo, Rex Ngui, Philip Tann, Dan Aykroyd, Raj Singh, D.R. Nanayakkara, Stany De Silva. Directed by Steven Spielberg
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom can only be kindly called a miscalculation. With Lucas wanting to go with a darker mood, which served him successfully in the Star Wars trilogy, writers Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz were brought in (Raiders of the Lost Ark screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan was unavailable) and came up with a dreadful mishmash that is set prior to Raiders (of course if Lucas had been thinking properly, he might have remembered that The Empire Strikes Back was the weakest entry in the original trilogy). Yes, there were some dark moments in Raiders, but nobody was ripping anybody’s heart out, and in fact because of this movie the MPAA created the PG-13 rating as a stopgap between PG and R ratings which this movie clearly fell between.
As Temple of Doom opens, Indy is in China, trying to sell the remains of the first emperor of China to Lao Che, a Chinese gangster (Chiao). When the gangster tries to kill Indy, the hero escapes, using unwilling accomplice (and nightclub singer) Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw) as a shield, and a kid, Short Round (Quan, who also appeared in The Goonies) as a driver. Indy’s agent at the airport (Aykroyd in a cameo) books Indy, Shorty and Willie on a cargo plane which turns out to be owned by Lao Che.
The pilot and co-pilot bail out over the Himalayas, causing the plane to crash in India. After a thrilling bail-out and a ride down a mountain in an inflatable raft, Indy, Willie and Short Round reach an impoverished village where the children have been stolen — along with a sacred stone — by the local maharaja (Singh). Indy takes his team to a palace to try to retrieve the stone, and uncover a hideous Thuggee cult, led by Mola Ram (Puri, one of India’s top actors) which is using children as slave labor to uncover the remaining two Sankhara stones, to become tremendously powerful. Indy is briefly drugged and becomes a slave of Mola Ram, but Short Round saves him and the trio escapes, only to find themselves trapped by Mola Ram’s troops while on a rickety suspension bridge over a crocodile-infested gorge.
This movie never feels quite right. For one thing, instead of retrieving the Lost Ark of the Covenant, he’s basically after three rocks that have some power that is never really defined. There were other problems with the story; it was evident that without the support system of Brody and Sallah, Indy seemed a trifle lost. Also, having the precocious kid save the hero’s bacon again and again also smacked of cliché. I think all in all that it wasn’t able to capture the feel of the old time serials the way Raiders did.
Capshaw’s character whines so much that she’s become truly despised by many fans of the trilogy. Capshaw is a fine actress who performed better in other films (although she basically left acting behind her after marrying Spielberg whom she met and fell in love with during filming of Temple of Doom) and her chemistry with Ford never really meshes.
While Puri makes a terrific villain (maybe the best in the series in many ways), the way he is dispatched at the end of the film is far too easy and convenient. In fact, the movie’s last reel is a real howler, with Ford telling a village elder “I understand the power of the stones now,” which makes one of us. As MacGuffins go, the stones are pretty weak; both the Lost Ark and the Holy Grail at least have some specific uses. Of course, Hitchcock might have said that it really doesn’t matter what a MacGuffin does as long as everybody is after it.
That’s not to say there aren’t things to recommend in the movie. The mine train chase scene is frankly amazing (although the special effects are a little bit dated) and there’s a riff on the famous swordfighter scene in Raiders. Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe shows off Sri Lanka’s natural beauty (standing in for India, where government officials refused to give the production permission to film because of objections to portrayals of Indian culture) to great effect. Although this isn’t his best work of the series, it’s still Harrison Ford (and yes, he takes his shirt off here and he looks pretty good) and while it’s arguable whether this will be the role he’s most remembered for (some will say Han Solo is and I can’t bring myself to disagree) it certainly is in the top two.
This was clearly the weakest entry in the series (at least before the most recent one). With the participation of Short Round, the writers kind of made Indy a bit emasculated; one wonders if they wanted to make the second film more kid-friendly. If so, why have scenes in which human sacrifices are performed where a heart is torn out of a person’s chest still beating and then have the victim lowered still alive into a lava flow? Not exactly Disney now is it?
WHY RENT THIS: Hey, it’s Indy; great action scenes and Harrison Ford shirtless which wasn’t a bad thing back in the day.
WHY RENT SOMETHING ELSE: Too much kid saving the day. Dark tone clashes with attempts to make it more kid-friendly than the first. Capshaw whines far too much. Fails to capture the serial spirit of the first film.
FAMILY MATTERS: There are some scenes of intense torture and violence; could be nightmare inducing for wee ones.
TRIVIAL PURSUITS: This was the first sequel that Spielberg ever filmed, although technically it was a prequel since it took place the year before Raiders of the Lost Ark was set.
NOTABLE HOME VIDEO FEATURES: All of the special features on the DVD are on the fourth disc of the four-disc collection and include a massive Making of the Trilogy featurette that is more than two hours long and includes much behind the scenes footage. There are also featurettes on the stunt work, the music, the special effects and Ben Burtt’s amazing sound work. There is also a promo for the new (at the time) Indiana Jones video game.
BOX OFFICE PERFORMANCE: $333.1M on a $58M production budget; the movie was an international blockbuster.
NEXT: The Lucky One
Posted in DVD Review | Tagged adventure, airplane, Amrish Puri, cinema, cobras, Dan Aykroyd, DVD Reviews, Elephants, Films, forced labor, George Lucas, Harrison Ford, India, Indiana Jones, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Kate Capshaw, Ke Huy Quan, kidnapped children, liferaft, maharajah, mine train, movies, nightclub, palace, Paramount, sacred stones, Sankhara stones, secret passages, Shanghai, Shiva, Sri Lanka, Steven Spielberg, Thuggee cult | Leave a reply
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Nota de prensa de la Comisión Europea: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
por internacional@feique.org | Dic 24, 2020 | Brexit, Noticias, Política Comercial | 0 Comentarios
EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: protecting European interests, ensuring fair competition, and continued cooperation in areas of mutual interest
After intensive negotiations, the European Commission has reached today an agreement with the United Kingdom on the terms of its future cooperation with the European Union.
President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen said: “It was worth fighting for this deal because we now have a fair and balanced agreement with the UK, which will protect our European interests, ensure fair competition, and provide much needed predictability for our fishing communities. Finally, we can leave Brexit behind us and look to the future. Europe is now moving on.”
The European Commission’s Chief Negotiator, Michel Barnier, said: “We have now come to the end of a very intensive four-year period, particularly over the past nine months, during which we negotiated the UK’s orderly withdrawal from the EU and a brand new partnership, which we have finally agreed today. The protection of our interests has been front and centre throughout these negotiations and I am pleased that we have managed to do so. It is now for the European Parliament and the Council to have their say on this agreement.”
The draft Trade and Cooperation Agreement consists of three main pillars:
A Free Trade Agreement: a new economic and social partnership with the United Kingdom
The agreement covers not just trade in goods and services, but also a broad range of other areas in the EU’s interest, such as investment, competition, State aid, tax transparency, air and road transport, energy and sustainability, fisheries, data protection, and social security coordination.
It provides for zero tariffs and zero quotas on all goods that comply with the appropriate rules of origin.
Both parties have committed to ensuring a robust level playing field by maintaining high levels of protection in areas such as environmental protection, the fight against climate change and carbon pricing, social and labour rights, tax transparency and State aid, with effective, domestic enforcement, a binding dispute settlement mechanism and the possibility for both parties to take remedial measures.
The EU and the UK agreed on a new framework for the joint management of fish stocks in EU and UK waters. The UK will be able to further develop British fishing activities, while the activities and livelihoods of European fishing communities will be safeguarded, and natural resources preserved.
On transport, the agreement provides for continued and sustainable air, road, rail and maritime connectivity, though market access falls below what the Single Market offers. It includes provisions to ensure that competition between EU and UK operators takes place on a level playing field, so that passenger rights, workers’ rights and transport safety are not undermined.
On energy, the agreement provides a new model for trading and interconnectivity, with guarantees for open and fair competition, including on safety standards for offshore, and production of renewable energy.
On social security coordination, the agreement aims at ensuring a number of rights of EU citizens and UK nationals. This concerns EU citizens working in, travelling or moving to the UK and to UK nationals working in, travelling or moving to the EU after 1st January 2021.
Finally, the agreement enables the UK’s continued participation in a number of flagship EU programmes for the period 2021-2027 (subject to a financial contribution by the UK to the EU budget), such as Horizon Europe.
A new partnership for our citizens’ security
The Trade and Cooperation Agreement establishes a new framework for law enforcement and judicial cooperation in criminal and civil law matters. It recognises the need for strong cooperation between national police and judicial authorities, in particular for fighting and prosecuting cross-border crime and terrorism. It builds new operational capabilities, taking account of the fact that the UK, as a non-EU member outside of the Schengen area, will not have the same facilities as before. The security cooperation can be suspended in case of violations by the UK of its commitment for continued adherence to the European Convention of Human Rights and its domestic enforcement.
A horizontal agreement on Governance: A framework that stands the test of time
To give maximum legal certainty to businesses, consumers and citizens, a dedicated chapter on governance provides clarity on how the agreement will be operated and controlled. It also establishes a Joint Partnership Council, who will make sure the Agreement is properly applied and interpreted, and in which all arising issues will be discussed.
Binding enforcement and dispute settlement mechanisms will ensure that rights of businesses, consumers and individuals are respected. This means that businesses in the EU and the UK compete on a level playing field and will avoid either party using its regulatory autonomy to grant unfair subsidies or distort competition.
Both parties can engage in cross-sector retaliation in case of violations of the agreement. This cross-sector retaliation applies to all areas of the economic partnership.
Foreign policy, external security and defence cooperation is not covered by the Agreement as the UK did not want to negotiate this matter. As of 1 January 2021, there will therefore be no framework in place between the UK and the EU to develop and coordinate joint responses to foreign policy challenges, for instance the imposition of sanctions on third country nationals or economies.
The Trade and Cooperation Agreement covers a number of areas that are in the EU’s interest. It goes well beyond traditional free trade agreements and provides a solid basis for preserving our longstanding friendship and cooperation. It safeguards the integrity of the Single Market and the indivisibility of the Four Freedoms (people, goods, services and capital). It reflects the fact that the UK is leaving the EU’s ecosystem of common rules, supervision and enforcement mechanisms, and can therefore no longer enjoy the benefits of EU membership or the Single Market. Nevertheless, the Agreement will by no means match the significant advantages that the UK enjoyed as a Member State of the EU.
Big changes coming: getting ready 1 January 2021
Even with the new EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement in place, there will be big changes on 1 January 2021.
On that date, the UK will leave the EU Single Market and Customs Union, as well as all EU policies and international agreements. The free movement of persons, goods, services and capital between the UK and the EU will end.
The EU and the UK will form two separate markets; two distinct regulatory and legal spaces. This will create barriers to trade in goods and services and to cross-border mobility and exchanges that do not exist today – in both directions.
The Withdrawal Agreement
The Withdrawal Agreement remains in place, protecting amongst other things the rights of EU citizens and UK nationals, the EU’s financial interests, and crucially, peace and stability on the island of Ireland. The full and timely implementation of this agreement has been a key priority for the European Union.
Thanks to intensive discussions between the EU and the UK in the Joint Committee and the various Specialised Committees, the Withdrawal Agreement – and the Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland, in particular – will be implemented on 1 January.
On 17 December, the EU-UK Joint Committee met to endorse all formal decisions and other practical solutions related to the implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement. As part of these mutually agreed solutions, the UK has agreed to withdraw the contentious clauses of the UK Internal Market Bill, and will not introduce any similar provisions in the Taxation Bill.
The entry into application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement is a matter of special urgency.
The United Kingdom, as a former Member State, has extensive links with the Union in a wide range of economic and other areas. If there is no applicable framework regulating the relations between the Union and the United Kingdom after 31 December 2020, those relations will be significantly disrupted, to the detriment of individuals, businesses and other stakeholders.
The negotiations could only be finalised at a very late stage before the expiry of the transition period. Such late timing should not jeopardise the European Parliament’s right of democratic scrutiny, in accordance with the Treaties.
In light of these exceptional circumstances, the Commission proposes to apply the Agreement on a provisional basis, for a limited period of time until 28 February 2021.
The Commission will swiftly propose Council decisions on the signature and provisional application, and on the conclusion of the Agreement.
The Council, acting by the unanimity of all 27 Member States, will then need to adopt a decision authorising the signature of the Agreement and its provisional application as of 1 January 2021. Once this process is concluded, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and the UK can be formally signed.
The European Parliament will then be asked to give its consent to the Agreement.
As a last step on the EU side, the Council must adopt the decision on the conclusion of the Agreement.
Full “Agreement in Principle” (will be published here shortly)
Q&A (will be published here shortly)
EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: A new relationship, with big changes – Brochure
EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: A new relationship, with big changes – Overview of consequences and benefits
EU-UK Relations: From the UK referendum to a new Trade and Cooperation Agreement – Infographic
EU-UK Relations: From the UK referendum to a new Trade and Cooperation Agreement – Timeline
More information on the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union and the Withdrawal Agreement
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Chicagoist Grills: Alinea Chef/Owner Grant Achatz
By Chuck Sudo in Food on Mar 1, 2007 4:15PM
The directions were simple enough to follow. “If the front door is locked, go around the alley and enter through the back.” Approaching said back door, we were beset by a case of high school nostalgia. Back then, whenever the opportunity presented itself, we’d leave campus (Lane Tech back then was an open campus), head to Leona’s, sneak into the dining room through the kitchen, and enjoy what was, at that time, the meal of our lives. But this restaurant doesn’t stand out in the way Leona’s does. If not for the grays and blacks of the doors, window panes, and valet parking key cabinets, one wouldn’t know that this was a restaurant at all. We gathered a breath, told another employee entering through the back door the nature of our business, and entered.
Past the door, we surveyed the cacophony of the kitchen, centered on two long stainless steel prep tables, lined on both sides with serious-looking cooks almost identical in appearance. All of them have close cropped hair, white chefs smocks, and black pants, and all of them were hunched, concentrating on preparing the food in front of them for the evening’s reservations. It’s as efficient as any assembly line, and as chaotic as a dance floor. Panning around the kitchen, we’re reminded of our only other visit here, over eighteen months ago. Our focus then turned to the young chef heading our way to greet us, parting through the lines like a conductor leads an orchestra. He has an easy smile and comes across as eminently likable. He looks as serious as the cooks he employs, but in talking to him we quickly discover that he doesn’t take himself too seriously. He’s certainly not overly self-conscious, as suggested by some of the accounts we’ve previously read of him. With an ever-present can of Diet Coke nearby, Grant Achatz looks as though he’s ready for any question, even the steadily growing stream we’ve been writing down and solicited for weeks in preparation for this interview.
For readers unfamiliar with the meteoric rise of Achatz, widely considered as one of the preeminent disciples of the movement known as “molecular gastronomy” or “science food,” we’ll just say you’ve been adept at avoiding the press. You can read the Cliff’s Notes on Achatz here and here, while we pick up the story with the 2005 opening of Alinea. For those who haven’t or can’t experience the Alinea phenomenon – and it’s not hyperbole at this point to call it anything but – what Achatz essentially does is take the concept of fine dining, of cooking itself, and turns it on its head. For the duration of your stay at Alinea (depending on which of the two meal packages diners choose), Achatz and his staff take guests on the culinary equivalent of a safari. Dishes are prepared in ways that make the diner rethink how food is prepared and require them to give in to their basic senses, all in an atmosphere that’s as controlled as any laboratory experiment. It’s a style that can open itself to the criticism that what Achatz is doing is nothing more than smoke and mirrors. To critics, it can also reinforce the attendant pretensions, real and perceived, of fine dining, and it is not without its share of skeptics from both fellow chefs and food writers. Through all this, however, Achatz stands above the fray, earning near-unanimous praise from critics and diners alike.
Gourmet magazine recently named Alinea the best restaurant in America, which itself stands as a testament to, and validation of, Achatz’s vision. He has the requisite kitchen skills necessary to ensure that the focus of his cooking, no matter how experimental, is always on flavor. As he said in our interview, “I would never compromise taste for presentation.” It’s a maxim honed directly from his time at Napa Valley’s French Laundry under the tutelage of Thomas Keller, and serves him well today. Following the jump, Chicagoist presents a candid interview with Grant Achatz.
Chicagoist: Could you start off by describing in layman’s terms what you call “hypermodern, emotional” cooking, or what’s also known as “molecular gastronomy” or “science food”?
Grant Achatz: We really look at the whole thing as a block of time. We can cook individual meals or dishes. But for us, we’re trying to entertain, captivate, insatiate, all of those things combined into one experience for x amount of time. We have you in the chair for between two to six hours. What are we doing with that time? Well, we’re going to try to entertain you. We’re going to try to feed you, obviously. If food and service is the medium, how do we refine or craft an experience that is not only unique, but also … you mentioned “emotionally driven.” When people ask, “what is your goal with this?” I say, “I want people to feel.” Sometimes that feeling is going to be elation. Sometimes it’ll be intimidation. Sometimes it’s going to be happiness. When people think of cooking, that seems like a stretch to them. They think that, as a chef, my job is to feed you good-tasting food. That’s only part of that for us. We recognize that, and we focus on that, and all the other elements, as well.
C: Would “confusion” come up as one of those emotions?
GA: Confusion, disorientation, absolutely. That’s why the hallway (a long passageway that narrows as diners enter the dining area) is the way that it is. It’s my intent with that entryway to disorient people, simply to break the monotony of the experience right away. You walk into just about every other restaurant that exists, and there’s someone standing at a podium (saying), “Welcome! What’s your last name?” You open the door here, it’s immediately different. Now, you’re disoriented, alarmed, your senses are awakened. You’re thinking, “What’s going on?” That was the point.
C: How important is shaking up what we think of our basic senses – not just taste, but sight, smell, and even touch – to the Alinea experience?
GA: I think that all comes through simplistically in the presentation. But philosophically, it comes through more with intimately knowing the food and the way diners interact with it. At least, when trying to make those generalizations. We can be whimsical and make a peanut butter and jelly, and be funny about it. From a food standpoint, is it technically advanced? Is it mind-blowing from a chef’s perspective? No. It’s a peeled grape and some bread. The deliberate point, and the reason that that was the very first bite that we ever served in this restaurant was to make a point. There was so much pre-opening hype and pretense about what we were going to do. I thought, “You know what? Let’s serve the very first bite out of this restaurant and make it a joke.” Just make it funny. Sure it tastes good, so what? That’s kind of what we think of the meal, as a whole.
C: Do you ever compromise taste for presentation?
GA: It’s always got to taste good. At least, that’s our goal. We would never sacrifice taste for presentation, ever. You have to start with something that tastes good, and then figure out a way to present it.
C: Have you gotten criticism for some of the ingredients, the industrial additives, congealers and such, that give your food the textures that they do?
GA: Not as much as you would think. And I’d like to think that, despite the manipulation, the changes in form and texture, all of that, I hope that we have the responsibility to keep whatever it is we’re playing with tasting as it should be. You draw fire when you start doing wacky things and it doesn’t taste like it should. As long as you maintain that, I think people will understand, or at least respect.
C: Do you see what you’re doing, and by extension, what (moto’s) Homaru Cantu and (Avenues’) Graham Elliot Bowles are doing, as training the next generation of chefs? Do you see it trickling down to the levels of the bistro and trattoria?
GA: I like to explain it as … a lot of people seem to be alarmed about this style of cooking. I think this happens in everything: in art, in technology, everything. What people don’t do is look to the past. Because this is a giant pattern that happens every twenty years. It’s no different from what Thomas Keller and Charlie Trotter did when they were just starting to break out in the late 80’s, early 90’s. And, of course, myself, Homaru, and Graham worked for them. This is where we learned. And what does the protégé always want to do once they get on their own? They want to be better than the mentor. They want to make their own mark. That’s what Charlie did. That’s what Thomas did. It’s a natural progression.
Do I think it’s going to trickle down? No, I don’t. I think it will a little bit. You can already see some places use some of the techniques. Some of those will trickle down a little bit, but the philosophy won’t. It just wouldn’t make any sense. Because the goals of what we’re doing and what a bistro does are different. I hope they would never homogenize like that.
C: There’s an element of control to the experience here. How much input do your sous chefs and other chefs on the line have in refining some of your dishes, or creating new dishes?
GA: The funny thing about this environment is that it almost produces a sort of “anti-creativity.” A lot of these guys come here because it’s highly creative. Therefore, they come in to see, not really to give, if that makes any sense. You would think it would be the opposite. My philosophy is, “You know what? Somebody’s got a great idea? Make it.” I’m never the guy who’s saying that only my ideas are the great ideas. That’s just ridiculous.
C: Now how does that compare to your time at French Laundry?
GA: Thomas was very open and willing. He would always accept ideas and encourage them. Not a lot of cooks would. And I was one of the ones who obviously would, and would encourage others to approach me. But he had a very narrow boundary that he stayed within. I would come to him with ideas that involved, say, Japanese ingredients, and he would say, “We can’t do that. We’re the French Laundry.” He would taste it and say, “yeah, it’s great. But we can’t serve it here.” We have a broader row, I guess.
Some of the guys here have been with me since Trio. You mentioned the word "refined." They certainly help me refine the dishes. My role is switching here to a large degree. I built my reputation at Trio as a hands-on, working chef: first one in, last one out. It’s still that way here, but what I’ve come to realize is that, to keep this restaurant going, I need to devote more time to the creation. So, a lot of times, during the day, I’ll cut out of the kitchen for a couple hours, come out here with my laptop, some books, and a pad of paper, and come up with ideas. Then I’ll refine it on paper, take it back to the kitchen, give it to the sous chefs, and say, “produce this.” And they’ve been with me long enough to know that language. When they see a description on paper, they know what I’m thinking. They’ll bounce questions off me, and discuss the ideas. Once the prototype is made, we’ll taste it and refine it a little bit more. It’ll go on the menu, but they will produce it for a week or two. They won’t pass it off to one of the chefs de partie, because a dish evolves rapidly once you start serving it. Once we’ve all looked at it and said, “it’s done,” then we hand it down to one of the line cooks who starts producing it on a daily basis. That never happened at Trio, or the first year here. It was always me in the kitchen prepping. And I never felt like I had the time to create enough. I feel the core philosophy of this restaurant, one of continual emotion and creativity, is becoming the priority for me. It’s time better spent for me, personally.
C: Do you have any concerns about becoming complacent in the kitchen?
GA: Not yet. I still feel a strong energy (in the kitchen).
C: Alinea is also known for its unique plating and service designs. How did you develop your eye for design?
GA: That’s more Martin (Kaster, founder of Crucial Detail). He’s the aesthetic genius. I simply come to him with a problem.
C: So you come to him and say, “I want to hang a slice of bacon on a gossamer. Make it happen.”
GA: Yeah. We talk about it. It’s like the “squid,” that you had the PB&J in. I came to him with a specific problem. I said, “I have this tempura shrimp on a vanilla bean. I want to present it upright, and what I was doing was simply putting it in a pilsner glass, because that was the only thing I could think of as a chef that was readily available to me. He came up with a solution that was aesthetically appealing and functionally brilliant. We continue that; he was here just a couple minutes ago before you walked in, with new prototypes of three new pieces. It’s non-stop.
C: What food-related websites or media do you keep an eye on, for ideas and feedback?
GA: I do it a lot less now, but I used to be really into all the blogs, like eGullet, LTHForum, all of those. I don’t read them so much anymore, I don’t know why. I feel that some of it is that they’re losing some credibility. There’s a lot of good, honest material there, then there’s a lot of … bullshit. You know, where, at the beginning (of these sites), there was a lot of useful information, honest information. Now, somehow, I feel that maybe it’s a lot of people using it as a microphone to hear themselves. Then it becomes less credible. But what I’ve always enjoyed about it is it's the voice of the guest. If people come here and have a lousy time for a particular reason, are they ever going to come back to the kitchen and tell me? No, it’ll never happen. You might get a phone call the next day, or the occasional letter. But, if they immediately go online and list their complaints, I’ll know and then I can fix it. So it was always about the instant understanding of how people perceive the experience. That’s why I read them.
C: Would you consider another restaurant? Maybe one out of town?
GA: New York, San Francisco, not L.A. Well, it depends on the concept. If we were going to do another Alinea, then it would be another New York or San Francisco. If we were going to do a different concept that was going to be a modern style of cuisine to a more volume-oriented or accessible crowd, I could see doing something that was modern, hip, and trendy, and putting it in South Beach, L.A., New York, and San Francisco.
C: One of the questions we asked Doug Zell in our interview with him about opening a new retail location in Los Angeles was that he sees that culinary landscape as similar to here, five years ago. He sees the opportunity as ripe for experimentation.
GA: That’s interesting. I’m going to be the last guy to say it can’t happen there, it can’t happen here. Look at Chicago, all of a sudden … I shouldn’t say all of a sudden. Chicago’s always had a history of great cuisine. People forget that Le Francais was once the best restaurant in the country. Then there’s Everest, Trotter’s, Ambria. Those restaurants have been around forever. How long was Trotter’s considered the best restaurant in the country?
What we’re finding now in Chicago is depth. We’re getting a lot of layers. You have places like Green Zebra, Spring, Custom House, and Schwa. You’re starting to get more than just four-star concepts.
C: Like the gastropubs and bistros popping up everywhere.
GA: Yeah. That is what’s becoming the core of Chicago cuisine.
C: You’re on record as a fan of Potbelly’s. What other places do you try to frequent when you have time off?
GA: The problem is that I don’t have any time off. We’re closed Monday and Tuesday. Part of Monday I’m working anyway. The other time I try to spend with my boys – I have two young sons. I just rarely ever get out. I’m going to Schwa for the first time (the week this interview was conducted), I’m really looking forward to that. I’ve been to moto, but that was two weeks after (Cantu) opened. I haven’t been back since, haven’t had the opportunity. Of course, I’ve been to Avenues. Trotter’s was three years ago; Everest, two years ago. We had our staff Christmas party at Spring, been to Green Zebra. I just don’t get out. When I do, it’s because I’m traveling, to New York and Spain. And when I’m in those places, I’m seeking out my colleagues' places.
C: you spent time at La Jota Vineyards as an assistant winemaker. What lessons learned from your time there do you apply to your cooking today?
GA: It really refined my palate. It was neat to have the responsibility to go into the cellar everyday and taste wine out of the barrel, every day, the same barrels, watch them evolve, and recognize the flavors. You say to yourself, “wine is made from grapes. Why do I taste cherries? Why do I taste cinnamon?” Those are subtleties. So, as you take notice of that, it refines your palate, and it made a big difference for me. It also taught me about wine; the making of it was pretty interesting. Probably the biggest experience I got from it was that, although I enjoyed wine, I was in the “trophy” camp, where only good wines can be expensive wines. And the owner, Bill Smith, pulls me down to the cellar one day and hands me this bottle of wine that probably retails for hundreds of dollars. I told him I couldn’t accept this, and he insisted. He said, “It’s just wine.”
I’m reminded of that when I see some of the bottles people order here. They’ll buy bottles here for two, three thousand dollars, and I’m thinking, “That’s insane, but if you’ve got the money.”
C: You seem to becoming this different sort of celebrity chef, where people know of your name simply because of the innovations of your cooking? Have you thought about other outlets for promotion, like a cooking show?
GA: Not really. I've been asked to do "Iron Chef." I turned it down. It just seems too much like WWF to me. I know that Homaru and Graham have done it, and that's them. That isn't me.
AmericaandiAsChicagoistChicagoist GrillsdanceDiet CokediningfoodFrench LaundryGrant Achatzhairhigh schoolInterviewinterviewLane TechNapa ValleynostalgiaparkingscienceTechthe doorsthe frayThomas Keller
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Connor Blenkinsop
Security Token Offerings: The Next Big Thing in Fintech
Security token offerings are beginning to provide stiff competition to IPOs. Could they become the norm?
For businesses about to embark on periods of rapid growth, access to capital is essential. That said, traditional methods of fundraising sometimes leave a lot to be desired. Initial public offerings can help boost the profile of fledgling brands, but they are often costly — with middlemen taking a sizeable cut out of the money generated.
Cryptocurrencies and blockchain have upended the status quo, removing intermediaries from a plethora of businesses that we all use every day. Their impact is also being felt in the private equity sector — with entrepreneurs getting an opportunity to connect with consumers directly in order to raise the funds they need to prosper, grow and deliver.
Security token offerings
Security token offerings — otherwise known as STOs for short — are beginning to provide some stiff competition to IPOs. Here, investors are given tokens in exchange for their contribution to a fundraising drive. These tokens are backed by real-world assets such as stocks, bonds or real estate — and they are regulated. Investors have legally binding rights, which can entitle them to ownership, voting entitlements or dividends.
There are already compelling examples of security token offerings being put to good use. As reported by Cointelegraph, a real estate investment firm called AssetBlock has partnered with a luxury hotel asset manager to tokenize $60 million of exclusive hotels — giving investors access to properties unavailable to the public. Meanwhile, an STO is in the works for a luxury residential development in the British city of Manchester — with at least $25 million in assets being tokenized on the Tezos blockchain. This is part of a wider plan to tokenize $640 million of real estate across the United Kingdom in the coming years.
STOs began to gain prominence as another model for fundraising crypto projects, initial coin offerings, began to fall away. ICOs had sustained criticism because of how they circumvented particular legal frameworks, and often failed to comply with regulations that are designed to protect consumers and businesses alike.
Launching an STO is a much more involved process for startups, but that said, it’s worth doing things properly. It is crucial that these investment contracts don’t fall afoul of securities law, and as a result, they may only be able to receive funds from investors who have successfully completed an accreditation process. When done right, it is possible to ensure that tokens are fully compliant with United States laws that date back all the way to the 1930s.
Although there are some parallels between IPOs and STOs, there are a few distinctions worth bearing in mind. IPOs relate to privately held companies that are seeking to become publicly owned — making a debut on the stock market. STOs are different because they involve shares in real-world assets being distributed on the blockchain. Sure, this will commonly be used to represent a stake in a company, but there are other exciting applications for tokenization that are worth exploring. Investors in this space could end up becoming the proud co-owner of a piece of artwork expected to appreciate in value in the future or of a prime piece of real estate.
A threat to IPOs?
Some analysts believe security tokens represent the future — a financial product that one day could supersede the old-fashioned way of doing things entirely. As well as enhancing the liquidity of assets — making them easier to buy and sell — proponents say there is an opportunity to deliver greater transparency and oversight to businesses, investors and regulators alike.
None of this is to say that a transition to a blockchain-based financial world will be easy. One of the biggest hurdles to mainstream adoption is a lack of understanding about what STOs are and what they can achieve. The baggage associated with ICOs is another challenge.
However, the battle is worth it. STOs make it easier for investors to monitor the performance of their portfolios and engage in thorough recordkeeping. Accountability lies in how many STOs are being ranked based on their viability — and such scrutiny can occasionally be difficult to find in the traditional finance hubs of London, Tokyo and New York. There’s also an irresistible opportunity to create new types of financial instruments.
Who is tokenizing assets through STOs?
Companies are now trying to educate businesses and investors about what STOs have to offer. One of them is CPI Technologies, which says it has a team dedicated to ensuring that projects are brought to market successfully. The blockchain growth promoter and business facilitator says its goal is to help businesses sell more of their products and services — all while reducing fees by 70% when compared with IPOs.
According to CPI Technologies, the STO landscape is constantly evolving — and this is why its specialists are devoted to providing up-to-date advice concerning the best opportunities as they emerge. This is coupled with in-depth market research so companies can develop a thorough understanding of the hopes, fears, pains and dreams of their target audience. Last but by no means least, a squad of engineers is tasked with making newly created platforms work well. Funding a new venture can be a stressful experience that is fraught with legal questions, and that’s why legal support is provided every step of the way.
Overall, the company believes it offers a viable alternative for young companies that don’t wish to rely on venture capital — and those who want to bring their products and businesses to scale in a speedy and inexpensive fashion.
CPI’s digital asset platform enables founders to kickstart their projects by collecting funds from around the world, without the hassle of traditional fundraising.
The platform allows startups to turn almost anything into a digital asset — from tangible products and private or company assets to intangible assets such as technology, innovation, entertainment and even gastronomy.
Contributors gain incremental voting rights regarding business decisions, as well as distributed dividends based on the number of tokens they purchase. The more tokens, the bigger their share in the project’s success.
CPI Technologies was founded by Marvin Steinberg and Maximilian Schmidt — and according to the company’s website, their efforts to help aspiring blockchain startups reach their goals unlocked funding worth $300 million in 2016 and 2017 alone.
Learn more about CPI Technologies
#STO
What Is an STO, Explained
Research: White Paper Writers Can Earn $50K, But Say Startups Often Mislead Investors
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Lexington Remembers WWII
Links to Stories in the Lexington Remembers WWII Series
https://colonialtimesmagazine.com/lexington-to-celebrate-75th-anniversary-of-wwii/
https://colonialtimesmagazine.com/lexington-wwii-committee-researching-lexington-veterans/
https://colonialtimesmagazine.com/lexingtonians-who-served-the-adler-family/
https://colonialtimesmagazine.com/ruth-fullerton-denis-fullerton/
https://colonialtimesmagazine.com/lexingtonians-who-served-james-silva-william-wiles/
https://colonialtimesmagazine.com/heroes-among-us-2/
Filed Under: WWII Celebration
By E. Ashley Rooney
Chuck French, a committee member, with Bill Pierro, who identified many East Lexington residents who were WWII veterans.
Sixty-two Lexingtonians died in World War II, and more than 14,000 enlisted in the military services. The Lexington Remembers WWII committee has been looking for information, photos, or other “treasures” to honor World War II veterans and those who survived the war. One of our members, Sue Stering, has been going through high school yearbooks page by page; Paul Doherty tries to upgrade those images to use in the eAlbum that George Gamota and Chuck French are compiling. On March 11, we held a Gathering at the Community Center, for all those who had information on their Lexington WWII veterans.
Many came with their loved ones’ pictures, their medals, and honorable discharge papers. People talked about Lexington in those nostalgic times, where the guys hung around the local drugstore, and the girls were babysitting. There were only three banks then, and many stores. In 1940, Lexington had three trains a day, and five railroad stops.
Todd Cataldo spoke about his father’s family farm. There were five brothers, and since they were farmers, they were not drafted. Finally, the Draft Board came to them, saying, “We are getting a lot of flak,” and they drafted the youngest brother, Robert. William H. McAlduff’s daughters were sure he lied about his age to enter the Navy because he received his diploma from Arlington High School when he returned home from the Pacific Theater.
The Lexington Remembers committee has been working on finding the veterans from this war. It was quite simple when we tackled WWI; we even had a plaque with names on it and trees to memorialize our fallen. We had many pictures, but WWII was different.
There were no pictures of would-be recruits standing on the Green ready to go to war. There was no list of those who went. And there were several plaques (one in the Library, another in LHS) of the fallen, but they had different names and different counts. Perhaps that is because The Pearl Harbor attack pushed an unprepared country into a terrifying new brand of warfare. Soon after the Japanese attack, German U boats were sinking hundreds of US merchant ships- some right off the American coast. In the Pacific. Japan’s forces far outweighed those of the United States.
The committee has been compiling the list of Lexington WWII vets and developing an eAlbum of the 59 fallen. We have found some wonderful stories. There was John Ayvazian, who volunteered for the draft in 1943. “When I was getting on the train to go to Ft. Devins, I was laughing, and my mother was crying. It was a big adventure for me. I always wanted to get into the Air Force.”
John became a navigator at a base northeast of London. Every group had three squadrons; every squadron had twelve bombers. Sometimes, there were over 2000 planes in the air. John flew B17s and B24s. “I didn’t have time to get scared. The only time I got jumpy was when we started off on a mission. Of course, our nose gunner never fired his gun when I expected it. So to this day, I still jump when there’s a loud noise behind me. Basically, the only way I saw anyone getting hurt was when a plane would get hit. A plane would break up into three balls of flame. We were instructed to watch for a parachute.”
Chuck French, who is supervising the Committee’s research, comments, “We found a male Canadian national living in Lexington who got his pilot’s license before he was old enough to get his driving license. He joined the Royal Canadian Air Force. We had one female Canadian national who was raised in Lexington. She tried to join the service in Canada, but they were not accepting women, so she joined the WAVES. One of the stories we have from the VFW archives stated that 60 women from Lexington joined the military. That last time I counted, we have the names and records of 53 of them.” One was William W, Stevens an Aviation Machinist Mate frim 77 Brant St. He was the only Lexingtonian (we have found) who served on the USS Lexington.
In the course of compiling the list of “Lexington WWII vets, the committee discovered there were two kinds of Lexington vets: Those that had just graduated from LHS and those that moved to Lexington after the War. As a result, the committee has compiled three lists. To the best of our knowledge, there are 59 residents who joined the military and did not return. With the blessing of the Selectmen, we are raising funds to place a plaque next to the WW I plaque in Cary Hall. There is a list of 1,422 Lexington residents that served in the military during WW II and an additional list of 36 vets that moved to Lexington after the War. In addition to this list, there are over 50 video interviews under “Lexington Remembers” on Youtube.com. We are continuing to add to this collection with WW II veterans and Lexington Homefront interviews.
If you have any information, photos, or other “treasures” that you want to share to honor your relatives? Please join the Lexington Remembers WWII Committee on March 11, 4-6 PM, Lexington Community Center, Room 237.
We are also seeking stories from “The Home Front” and from those who survived and came to live here. For more info, contact WWTWOLexington@gmail.com
Ruth J. Fullerton (nee Porter)
Ruth Fullerton
Born in 1923, Ruth J. Porter (m. Fullerton) grew up on 39 Adams St, which was the Porter Brothers & Wilson farm with 14 greenhouses, chickens, one cow, and two plow horses. That land now holds Fisk School and condo developments. There were six girls and one son in the family and 141 in Ruth’s graduating class. Life was quite peaceful. And then Pearl Harbor came. Ruth Fullerton told me that when Pearl Harbor occurred, she was babysitting on Lincoln St. “All I could think is where’s Pearl Harbor?”
At age 20, she left an excellent job at John Hancock, Boston, to enlist in the Marines. Ruth went to North Carolina for basic training, which was, she said, ”a lot of marching around, you know, left, right, left, right.”
After basic, she was assigned to Camp Miramar in San Diego, where she was a Sergeant in the US Marine Corps. Subsequently, she managed the PX there.
Following the war, her mother wove her uniform into a hooked rug, which has become a family keepsake. After the war, Ruth returned to her position at John Hancock until she married Denis Fullerton and started planning a family in 1950. They lived on Wallis Court, Lexington.
Ruth today with her family and the rug made from her uniform.
Denis Fullerton
Denis Fullerton and Buddy Porter
Denis Fullerton, along with five other siblings, grew up in his mother’s boarding house in Depot Square above a blacksmith shop. In 1939, Denis enlisted, underage, in the National Guard, Concord Armory, with his lifelong friend William “Buddy” Porter, Ruth’s brother. They were only days away from discharge when Pearl Harbor occurred. Being members of one of the most trained units in the country, they were rolled into the Regular Army and sent to the South Pacific, to push back the Japanese offensive. They were issued three bullets each when they landed, and World War I helmets and were among the first soldiers to engage the enemy on the ground in WWII. They fought in the battle of Guadalcanal, Bougainville, and up the island chain. At one point, the battle was so fierce that Denis threw down his machine gun because it was too hot to hold.
In addition to the struggles of war, malaria, and casualties around them, Denis faced an additional threat. He was lying in a foxhole at night with his American platoon, with an enemy patrol searching the immediate area. As they came closer, a tropical snake slid up his pant leg. As he reached to grab the snake, it bit him on the upper inner thigh, and he could not make a sound without exposing his entire group. His wife, recounting this incident later, said that he was supposed to have his pants tucked in!
After Guadalcanal, they were sent to Fiji, where Buddy was sent home on a hospital ship to recover from malaria and hepatitis. Ultimately, he returned to Lexington and continued the family farm, Porter Bros. and Wilson, raising hothouse tomatoes and cucumbers.
Eventually, Denis was sent back to the US, where he was responsible for guarding German prisoners in Alabama. He found that the Germans were happy to be here. They were removed from the war and the Nazi regime, well-fed, and so passive that Denis didn’t worry while guarding a group of them picking those Georgia peaches. When the war was over, Denis threw his rifle into the river, returned to Lexington, where he married Ruth and became a Lexington fireman for 30 years.
THE ADLER FAMILY
Twin brothers Paul and Karl Adler and their family moved to 16 Parker St, Lexington, in 1922. After a year, the landlord decided not to renew their lease because the twins had broken the windows in his chicken coop. Grandfather Adler was able to purchase a home on Bedford St, and the children went to Hancock School (now condos). After six years on Bedford St, the family of seven moved to 12 Berwick Rd., a house with only three bedrooms and one bathroom! Paul and Karl were accepted into Battle Creek Chapter, Order of Demolay.
In 1934, Paul became a Riding Academy instructor, which led to him hobnobbing with the Lexington Hunt Club. His equestrian abilities were so good that he was selected more than once to play the part of Paul Revere, riding from Boston to Lexington, a reenactment performed on July 4 during those years. In May 1938, Lexington School Department Superintendent thanked Paul for training the Color Guards at the Parker (now condos) and Hancock schools. With his parents being unable to send him to college, Paul joined the military to better himself in June 1939.
During the attack at Pearl Harbor, Paul was in the US Air Corps as an Aircraft Engine Mechanic Instructor at Hickam Field, one of the Japanese targets. He survived, married, and in July 1942, he and the 42nd Squadron left Hawaii for the South Pacific and the Battle of Midway. In 1943 as a crewmember of a B-17 aircraft, he departed from Guadalcanal on a bombardment mission to Munda when his plane disappeared. His infant son received his Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal, and a Purple Heart in February 1943. Paul is one of Lexington’s 61 Fallen.
Karl Edwin Adler, Paul’s fraternal twin brother, was in the US Navy, trained in Detroit as a ship carpenter’s mate, spending time in Newport News, VA, repairing ships at the docks. For most of the war, he served on a tanker in the Pacific as it went on refueling missions. He was close enough in Tokyo Bay to see the Japanese delegation coming to surrender on the USS Missouri formally. He served on the USS Alcor and the USS Wisconsin.
Their older brother Robert Alfred wanted to be a B-17 Gunner because of Paul. He flew several missions over Germany, but because his inner ear was badly damaged, he was transferred to a tank and artillery unit. He landed at Utah Beach on D-Day, June 6, 1944. In 2001, he was awarded the French Government Gold Medal for his bravery in action in the Allied Forces march to free Normandy.
Finding Lexington’s WWII Vets
The Power of the Press!
The Lexington Remembers WWII Committee has been working on finding the veterans from WWII. In my last article, I said we had found that there were 59 Fallen. Thanks to that article and the ensuing response and our own stalwart researchers, we have now found that there were 62 Fallen, 1872 Lexington residents that joined and came home, and 52 that returned and came to Lexington after the WWII. We have pictures of 50% of the 62 killed in action. We are getting 2-5 new “finds” per week from family members of the WWII veterans.
Honoring Lexington’s Fallen
The Lexington Remembers WWII committee is honoring those who served our country (see Lexington Remembers World War II on Facebook). Do you have any information, photos, or other “treasures” that you want to share to honor your relatives? We are also seeking stories from “The Home Front” and from those who survived and came to live here. For more info, contact WWTWOLexington@gmail.com
James Silva
James Silva, 1942 LHS, was a P-51 fighter plane pilot, a member of the 160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 363rd Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 9th Air Force. He was shot down by the Germans on Sept. 19, 1944, bailed out and was captured by the Germans. He was a POW in St. Nazaire, France, for 2 ½ months, during which time he was the Sr. American officer of a small group of 19 American soldiers. He is now a resident of Brooksby Village.
WILLIAM J. WILES
In WW II, William J. Wiles fought at the Battle of the Bulge and served as a “Railsplitter” in the United States Army in Europe. The “Railsplitter” division landed on Omaha Beach in Normandy in early November 1944, five months after D-Day (June 6, 1944). From France, the unit moved quickly into the Netherlands in preparation for an offensive into Nazi Germany. Bill received the Bronze Star.
In the photo left, Wiles is third from the right in this picture with Russian soldiers. He moved to Lexington in 1955. He is interred in Westview Cemetery.
This year is the 75th anniversary of the end of WW II. The Lexington Remembers WWII ad hoc committee made up of members of 12 organizations in the town of Lexington is planning a series of festivities beginning on May 1st when we commemorate the end of the European Theatre (VE Day) with entertainment, reenactors and a special WWII music piece by the Lexington Symphony. Before Memorial Day, when we will honor the Lexington Fallen 59, we plan to have music and dance of the era, movies, and a lecture on the Marshall Plan. In the fall leading up to Veterans Day, noted speakers will lecture on the key topics, including stories about Lexington “Home Front” in that period. With approval from the Select Board, we also plan to raise funds to create a plaque honoring the Lexington 59 Fallen and place it along the memorial plaque dedicated to WWI Fallen Eight at Cary Hall. Throughout this period, displays will be set up at the Community Center and Cary library. As during the war, a Victory Garden will be created next to the Green to allow the community, and visitors will learn about what happened in Lexington during the war.
World War II involved more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries. Marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities, it saw the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, massacres, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the first use of nuclear weapons.
After World War I, many Americans did not wish to be involved in another costly international conflict. Although Nazi Germany had pervasive anti-Semitism, annexed Austria, and had moved against Czechoslovakia, in 1935 the US Congress passed the first Neutrality Act (Senate Joint Resolution No. 173) in response to growing threats. The Act was renewed in 1936, 1937 and 1939 to limit US involvement in future wars.
In January of 1941, President Roosevelt introduced the lend-lease program which was a way for the United States to help Great Britain fend off Hitler’s advance while becoming only indirectly involved in the conflict. Congress passed the Lend Lease Act where the United States would lend, rather than sell, military supplies to Great Britain for use in the fight against Germany. Roosevelt said, “Suppose my neighbor’s home catches fire, and I have a length of garden hose four or five hundred feet away. If he can take my garden hose and connect it up with his hydrant, I may help him to put out his fire…I don’t say to him before that operation, “Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it.” I don’t want $15–I want my garden hose back after the fire is over.”
With Britain facing Germany in Europe, the United States was the only nation capable of combating Japanese aggression in the East. On December 7, 1941, 360 Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, surprising the Americans and claiming the lives of more than 2,300 soldiers and sailors. The attack served to unify American public opinion in favor of entering World War II; the next day Congress declared war on Japan with only one dissenting vote. On December 11, Germany declared war against the United States.
Above: William Baskin and Janice Porter (Wilson) believed to have been taken during WWII scrap metal drive.
PHOTO COURTESY OF THE LEXINGTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
LEXINGTON DURING THE WAR
In May 1940, Lexington’s population was 13,113. Although many of Lexington’s farms began to decline in the 1940s, the town continued to prosper.
With the outbreak of the European war, Lexington formed a Civilian Defense Committee believed to be the first in the nation. As time went on, the committee’s name was changed to Committee on Public Safety, and it manned a central reporting center and an Airplane Warning Post established on the grounds of what is now Lexington Golf Club. It was the first warning post established in the country and first one manned 24/7.
Once Congress declared war, a number of LHS seniors left school to enlist. Over 1416 men and women from Lexington served overseas in every branch of the service. Approximately 60 died.
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BUBBLE BUBBLE BOOKS AND TROUBLE
A bubbling cauldron of cozy mysteries, paranormal thillers and magical cats!
Me and My Witchy Ways
A Q&A with “Conspiracy Game” Author Adam Holt
On December 27, 2013 December 27, 2013 By Bubble Bubble Books and TroubleIn Cozies
I’m pleased to introduce you to an up-and-coming author who has written a book that is out of this world! Literally, the book is set in outer space. If you’re among the legions of syfy/dystopian fans who love books/blockbuster movies like The Hunger Games, Ender’s Game or Divergent, I highly recommend checking out The Conspiracy Game. Adam Holt, the mastermind behind this intergalactic coming-of-age story, was kind enough to answer a few questions about his brand new book. Read on to learn more about the first of many adventures that lie in store for Tully Harper! Be sure to visit his blog for more about the book series.
Tell us about The Conspiracy Game.
The Conspiracy Game recounts the adventure of Tully Harper, a 14-year-old boy who sneaks aboard his dad’s spaceship on a covert mission. Along with his best friends Tabitha and Sunjay, he uncovers The Conspiracy Game, which could be no big deal, or it could change the fate of the solar system. It’s an upbeat, heartfelt space adventure, and the first in a trilogy. I wrote it as a young adult crossover: accessible to teens but with a larger audience in mind.
What made you decide to become an author?
Writing and creating stories always elevated my soul, ever since I was in elementary school. I remember the joy of writing my first novel, entitled Space Vampire. It was two pages long, done on construction paper and Crayola. I show it off sometime. That one isn’t available on Amazon…
Becoming a novelist was different: I’ve written poems and short stories since I was a teen, but those don’t take commitment. Then I dreamed up a novel idea that would not leave me alone. At the time I was teaching middle school English. Writing a novel while grading essays and midterms is a recipe for insanity—for me and for the students, too. I needed to devote myself to being a teacher or a novelist. I left my teaching job and wrote The Conspiracy Game—starting in my condo in Dallas, finishing when I was traveling in Europe, and revising when I made it back to Houston, where I now live. It’s been an eventful year.
What draws you to the realm of deep space?
I was born into the space business. My dad worked in Mission Control during the Apollo missions. He helped send people to the Moon and managed many shuttle missions. That didn’t fascinate me much as a kid for some reason. I never went to Space Camp. He never talked about work when he got home, which I respect. I was too busy to notice his job anyway. I was playing, reading, and ironically, memorizing every line in Star Wars. Over the past decade I’ve gained a good perspective on what human space exploration means for humanity. It’s lead to so many amazing breakthroughs that impact us every day on Earth. So I wanted to write a story that, among other things, showcased that opportunity.
I feel like people are best when they have big things to achieve. That’s certainly true for Tully, Tabitha, and Sunjay. I wanted to remind people that they have enormous challenges and opportunities in front of them. Traveling into space gets us away from our daily concerns and helps us focus on the bigger picture of life. Astronauts talk about that—coming back and feeling more connected to the world around them. So that’s one way to answer: leaving Earth makes us better people.
Secondly, space is captivating. Weightlessness is all kinds of fun for fiction. The cold vacuum of space is all kinds of danger. It’s a place we can explore but only with the mind, for the most part. I think committed readers love to do just that—visit fascinating other worlds, see our own planet from the surface of the Moon. I wanted to bring readers on a short, intense trip into such a world in this first book. Really, it’s also a possible world, where we have colonies on Mars and androids to help us in our daily lives. The second novel, Tully Harper and the Rathmore Chaos, delves deeper into our solar system and the relationships previously formed.
How did the idea for The Conspiracy Game come about?
A toddler inspired me. I went to see the movie Prometheus on opening night by myself, and I was alone in the theater except for two women seated near the screen. They had a seat between them, but I quickly realized the seat wasn’t empty—a little hand popped up and reached for popcorn in one of the women’s laps. Prometheus is a great sci-fi movie, but it’s also part of the Aliens franchise. It’s gory, scary, and my stomach turned when I realized what this child was about to sit through. So I walked down and asked the mother if she knew this was a violent R-rated movie, thinking that they meant to see Brave or Madascar. She smiled at me and said, “Oh, yes, my daughter just loves scary movies!” I didn’t know what to say. I couldn’t watch the movie with that little hand reaching for popcorn in the corner of my eye. I thought about how this child was about to see some magical and gruesome images that her mind couldn’t yet understand. It was at that point that I made up my mind to write a space exploration book, one that captured the wonder of space travel but that this young girl could one day enjoy. So the book was inspired by hope and fear, two potent emotions, and the ones which drive Tully Harper into space as well.
I’m intrigued by Tully Harper’s sidekick, Tabitha, who bears some similarities to Hermione Granger. Could you briefly describe this character?
Oh, definitely! I wanted my readers to find people like themselves swept up in the action of this novel, and I know not all of them would naturally relate to Tully, a 14-year-old only child. Tabitha Tirelli is less like a sidekick and more like Tully’s teammate. She keeps Tully and Sunjay focused on the right problems throughout their adventure. She is the wise counselor that Tully needs if he’s going to survive in space…and he’s not quite sure, but he might be falling for her, too. Tabitha is always so busy with local theater that they don’t spend much time together except in the summers when she has time for him…and for Cave-In!, their favorite video game.
The problem is that Tully holds some crucial things back from Tabitha at times. He has his reasons for hiding things from her, but she is intuitive. She can sense that something is wrong. I was pleased with how this played out once they get into space. So she’s a resourceful, divergent thinker, and she tackles problems in ways Tully never considers. That’s the beauty of friendship, isn’t it? It’s Tabitha’s beauty. My editors helped me mold this character into a tough, capable young woman. Oh, and Tabitha also likes vintage clothing from the early 2020’s. The book is set in 2069, so the 2020s are retro-chic by then. Anyway, she has a vintage scarf that changes colors with her moods. It’s Tully’s (and the readers’) window into her thoughts sometime.
Of all the characters in the book, which one would you like to spend an afternoon with and why?
Maybe Queen Envy. She’s a pop diva who is on board the Adversity to record the first album in space. She’s also there to disguise this mission as just a routine trip to the Moon, which it is not. Tully and Tabitha think she is ridiculous, but there’s more to her than meets the eye. If I could have a few minutes with Tabitha, that would be awesome, too. She could tell me things about Tully that I don’t know.
How can teens – and even adults – identify with some of the challenges Tully is experiencing?
Tully may be sneaking into space, but his motivations for doing so are real. He is an only child from a single-parent home. He is petrified of losing his father, but also brave enough to help him on a dangerous mission. I think that’s momentous—those moments when we’re struggling to put others first. Tully makes that transition—from fearful child to brave son. If you’ve seen or read Les Miserables—my favorite novel—remember when little Gavroche helps with the student uprising? He has an innocent bravery that I’ve always admired, and I hope Tully has a bit of Gavroche in him.
Of course, life isn’t always full of nation-inspiring moments. It can’t be. People are too quirky and unpredictable, and Tully is a teenager. He’s stumbling upon love for the first time. That’s fun and funny. He’s also figuring out that he can trust some adults, and others he can’t. How to navigate love and friendship is a universal struggle. I think readers will find Tully right in the middle of life changes that are familiar, either at sharp and present or as a distant, muddy memory.
What do you hope your readers will get out of this book?
What a reader takes from a book often has more to do with what they bring to the book—what hopes and fears and doubts. I hope they’ll see in Tully someone who is determined to live life to the fullest. There’s this great thing that Jesus once said: “I came that they might have life, and have it to the full.” I hope they’ll see in my characters people that are striving for lives full of love and accomplishment—and they’ll see those that oppose his efforts, too.
What I hope they will get is this: take risks in life, let the chips fall where they will, and be satisfied with the results. For Tully, that’s going into space to follow his dad. He hears a voice in a vision one night: “Go, and do not delay.” He follows that voice. I hope that phrase resonates with readers. What must they do with their “one wild and precious life?” as Mary Oliver wrote. It’s different for every person, but to be the people we could become, we have to step out and do things that take bravery.
What’s next for Tully Harper in the second installment of the trilogy?
The Rathmore Chaos. There are hints at the end of the book about this, and Google can help uncover the mystery of the name. I’ll just say that, by the end, both Tully and his enemies have lost some valuable people and things, and The Rathmore Chaos will give them a chance to win back their losses. It’s much more an action book than a thriller. You now know the characters and motives—or think you do. So the pace picks up.
Sure. I’ve received great feedback on the novel so far, and I’m nothing but grateful for that. For readers that like the book, I ask them to spread the word about The Conspiracy Game: email a friend, suggest it for a book club, like the Facebook page. There are some great self-published novelists out there, and all of them rely on readers as their best promoters. Since this is my debut novel, that goes double for me. I love to correspond with fans and other writers, so look me up on Twitter (@adamholtwrites).
Adam HoltDystopianSpace travelThe conspiracy gameTully Harper
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Cover Love!
In My iPod
On My Wish List
Shelter Dogs Spotlight: Lucky & Princess
Happy #MLKDay !!! If you're interested in learning more about #MLKJr 's fight for justice and #BlackCitizenship, as… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 2 days ago
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Ainge Shares His Thoughts On Hayward’s Departure, Celtics’ Plans For Trade Exception
Filed Under:Boston Celtics, Danny Ainge, Gordon Hayward, nba, Sports News
BOSTON (CBS) — Gordon Hayward left the Celtics for a mammoth payday from the Charlotte Hornets. But money wasn’t the only reason Hayward turned his green jersey in for all that green.
Celtics president of basketball ops. Danny Ainge discussed Hayward’s departure for the first time Tuesday morning during his chat with 98.5 The Sports Hub’s Toucher & Rich, and said that the C’s really wanted Hayward back this offseason. But in his talks with Hayward, Ainge said that it was clear that the player wanted something the Celtics couldn’t offer him: A much bigger role on the team.
In Charlotte, Hayward will be one of the top scoring options for the Hornets. In Boston, he was No. 4 on the pecking order behind Jayson Tatum, Jaylen Brown and Kemba Walker. That’s a big reason why Hayward decided that he wanted to play elsewhere this offseason.
“We set out to try to get Gordon to come back. That was our No.1 goal of the offseason; he’s a terrific player,” said Ainge. “I think he preferred to go somewhere else. He made his choice to go to Charlotte. Not sure what else to say about. There was a lot of discussion and hope till the end that he would return. But he preferred to be a more featured player and Charlotte was paying him a lot of money.”
Hayward is the third star player to leave the Celtics via free agency in the last two years, with both Kyrie Irving and Al Horford bolting last summer. Kyrie went home and signed with the Brooklyn Nets, while Horford opted out and signed a big-money deal with Philadelphia.
Losing free agents isn’t a great look for the Celtics, especially for a team that had zero luck in free agency until a few years ago. But Ainge said those departures have a lot more to do with each of the personal situations of those players, and not with the culture with the Celtics.
“I think that all three of those individuals had completely different experiences and perspectives and reasons. All different,” said Ainge. “I know that a couple of those individuals — or at least one of them — would do anything to get back. We have many, many players that have spent time here, left, and have asked to do all they could to get back to Boston.
“I don’t think it’s anything in the culture,” Ainge continued. “A lot of it, we know, is about how much you get paid, the opportunity you have on the court and what your opportunities to win are. Some players have different priorities and are in different phases of their career. I don’t think its that complicated.
“Some players prefer living in a different city for family reasons or to make their lives more simple. Some people choose to live in sunshine, We can only control hat we can control Not worried about what our players think because overall I think our players think very highly of the culture,” he said.
Ainge said that trade talks with the Indiana Pacers for Hayward were greatly exaggerated, and the assumption that the talks fell apart because he was asking for too much in return are not true.
“That’s not even close to fair,” he said. “I’m not defensive of that; if you don’t know what I know then you don’t know at all what happened. I prefer not to talk about what trade proposals teams make; 99 percent of all trade conversations are one team or another thinking the other team is asking too much for their player,” he said. “We intended to keep Gordon, and knew what all of the options were.
“Any trade that came along had to be a trade we wanted; not to just let Gordon go to where he wanted to play,” said Ainge. “It had to be good for the Celtics, good for the business, luxury tax, personnel… There were a few teams we did talk to and we just didn’t feel like any of them were worthwhile for us to pursue.”
Ainge isn’t shocked that Hayward received a four-year, $120 million deal from the Hornets, as other teams that were looking to sign the free agent threw similar offers Hayward’s way.
And though losing Hayward subtracts a talented player from Boston’s roster, it wasn’t a total loss for the Celtics. They were able to work out a sign-and-trade with Charlotte, and Ainge now has the largest trade exception in NBA history — $28.5 million — to work with over the next year.
“It’s gravy. We can use it to sign three players to strengthen our bench. We’re not going to do anything right now because people love their teams and everyone has gotten better in the offseason. We’ll see how the season goes and see where we are. But we’ll have the ability to improve our team at the deadline or next offseason. It gives us another vehicle to acquire players we wouldn’t have otherwise had,” he explained. “We don’t want to take on a bad contract or aging veteran players. There are always bad contracts to be had, but we’re looking to acquire good players. At the same time, we’re looking to have our young guys get a chance to play.”
While losing Hayward is a blow to the 2020-21 Celtics, and the rest of the competition in the Eastern Conference has made moves to improve, Ainge still likes how his team looks heading into the new season.
“Every year, everyone gets loaded up. Every year at the deadline, everyone gets loaded up. It rarely turns out how the commentary insists,” said Ainge. “With Kyrie and Kevin Durant coming back in Brooklyn, the East is going to be different. But I don’t really see it as the East has changed a lot. I think we’re going to be better and I’m looking forward to this year. The best way for us to improve is for Jayson, Jaylen and Marcus to continue to improve and I think they’re improving.”
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Pedro Tomás
Pedro Tomás – A native of Cuba who grew up in the New York City area. Pedro attended New York University and Fordham University in his youth and received his MA in Spanish Literature at UT. He is now a Senior Lecturer for the Department of Modern Foreign Languages and Literatures at UT. He is also an adjunct instructor of Spanish at Maryville College. Pedro was a performer at Opryland USA and a member of the cast of “The New Hee Haw TV Show” and was dance partner-director-choreographer for The Louise Mandrell Show for 28 years. He was very honored to work with the folks at Morristown Arts Council when he directed Esperanza Rising. He is also the President of HoLa Hora Latina and organizer of the HoLa Festival-Knoxville, a celebration of Hispanic Art and Culture. He has performed in the productions of The Music Man, West Side Story, Guys and Dolls and Hello, Dolly! Pedro is honored to return to UT’s Clarence Brown Theatre for his seventh production after performing in Big River, The Laramie Project, Assassins, Monty Python’s Spamalot, The Threepenny Opera and South Pacific. He is grateful for the support and love of his beloved spouse; Roger Roark, his colleagues at MFLL and the great family of the Theatre Department here at UT.
Officer Barrel
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Wichita Wingnuts - Stats
- - AA Reg Season 2018 AA Playoffs 2017 AA Reg Season 2017 AA Playoffs 2016 AA Reg Season 2016 AA Playoffs 2015 Regular 2015 AA Reg Season 2015 AA Playoffs 2014 Pre Season 2014 AA Pre Season 2014 AA Reg Season 2014 Regular 2014 AA Playoffs 2013 AA Reg Season 2013 Regular 2013 AA Playoffs 2012 Regular 2012 AA Reg Season 2012 AA Playoffs 2011 AA Reg Season 2011
- Team - SOUTH Cleburne Salina Texas Wichita CENTRAL Gary Kansas City Lincoln SC - Sioux City NORTH Fargo-Moorhead SF -Sioux Falls St. Paul Winnipeg
Statistics: Batting | Pitching | Fielding | Last 7 days
Batting Stats | Expanded Batting Stats | Sabermetric Batting Stats | Print
Chavez, M 1B .330 84 330 55 109 16 1 17 84 39 1 85 4 0 0 0 4 9
Fisher, Z C .330 51 185 31 61 12 0 9 40 10 3 32 1 0 0 0 4 4
Prigatano, R OF .316 95 339 67 107 26 2 8 61 42 12 93 4 0 34 4 7 8
Medina, M C .314 86 325 51 102 18 0 6 51 35 2 45 4 0 4 1 11 9
Stringer, C IF .307 99 398 88 122 17 3 5 44 55 6 50 3 1 18 3 6 4
x Kain, H OF .307 54 218 39 67 10 1 3 31 29 3 37 4 0 12 4 4 2
Mittelstaedt, T IF .303 98 350 83 106 23 8 9 75 83 2 84 3 0 27 6 3 15
Clevlen, B OF .302 94 361 77 109 34 1 9 78 51 7 102 11 0 4 0 6 2
x Sullivan, T OF .289 22 90 16 26 4 2 0 9 7 1 10 0 0 3 3 1 0
Morris, J OF .250 10 40 12 10 3 1 0 4 6 2 12 0 0 1 0 1 1
Goossen-Brown, J P .250 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vargas, L IF .242 99 355 48 86 11 3 4 46 23 4 83 7 0 14 7 8 20
Salgado, B OF .236 94 348 43 82 8 5 5 45 28 9 96 3 0 1 0 8 4
Phillips, W IF .188 18 48 7 9 0 0 1 4 6 1 12 0 0 0 0 1 2
Boshers, A P .000 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
x Pratt, J P .000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Boyle, A P .000 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medina, E P .000 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Harvey, S P .000 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Devine, M P .000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Totals .294 99 3396 617 997 182 27 76 572 414 53 744 44 1 118 28 64 82
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King Crimson- In The Court Of The Crimson King (1969): 30 December 2019
Welcome back to YDCS! We’ve got a big one this week to close out 2019! Today we’re taking a listen to one of the most influential albums to the development of progressive rock, King Crimson’s In The Court Of The Crimson King. King Crimson was one of the first bands to take what rock was in the 1960s, mostly simple popular music that hadn’t quite begun to splinter off into sub-genres, and transformed it into art. King Crimson added instruments that weren’t typically associated with rock music, like flutes and horns, fantastical lyrics, and unusual musical structures to create the first true prog rock album. Their work would be followed up by some of their English contemporaries like Yes and Jethro Tull on albums like Close To The Edge, Aqualung, and Thick as a Brick before gaining mainstream popularity with bands like Rush and Pink Floyd.
I’ll preface by saying that as big of a fan of prog rock as I am, I’ve never gotten around to listening to this album in particular, but when I did, I was blown away. This album has everything that I love about a good rock album. It’s consistently engaging and interesting to listen to and the musicianship and creativity are second to none. I particularly enjoy the creativity piece as this album pulls influences from jazz rock, the popular-at-the-time psychedelic rock, and more traditional blues rock to create a larger-than-life sound. The more that I listened to this album this week, the more that I wanted to listen back to it and discover something else about it. In The Court Of The Crimson King is one of those albums that you’ll find something new to like about it every time you listen, whether it’s a new horn section, symphonic piece, or shredding guitar solo. This is a quilted mélange of styles that was put together so perfectly that it inspired generations of musicians to think outside the box and push the boundaries of rock. I hope that you find as much to like about this record as I did. Enjoy the album, and welcome to the Court of The Crimson King.
21st Century Schizoid Man: Wow. That was my first thought listening to this song. Just wow. I have never heard such a cacophonous and messy but intricately perfect piece of music outside of a Frank Zappa or Captain Beefheart album. King Crimson was able to do something that Beefheart and Zappa either couldn’t do or didn’t want to do in the name of art; they brought order to chaos. Once you settle down from the introduction and get into the song you realize that every instrument fits together with the others perfectly behind a unified theme of a jazz-fusion-blues-rock song. Sure, you might have never heard something like those distorted lyrics, yelps from the guitar, or such furious drumming, but you can follow it. This is where prog started in earnest. Listening to this then going back and listening to other classics in the genre like Yes’ Close To The Edge or Genesis’ Nursery Cryme, you start to understand where all of this started; the manic panic of “21st Century Schizoid Man.” Dad’s Rating 10/10
I Talk To The Wind: After the manic energy of “21st Century Schizoid Man,” “I Talk To The Wind” is a great change of pace. I’ve said before that downtempo songs often have trouble holding my attention if they’re not musically interesting, but the moments of jazz fusion and flute overlay break the song up nicely and kept me tuned in. The flute solos are actually really stellar and remind me of a more peaceful version of a Jethro Tull flute solo. I’d also highlight the drumming on this track. It’s really quite complex and you could easily miss it because it’s so well incorporated. Dad’s Rating 8/10
Epitaph: This is a ‘proggy’ kind of sound! “Epitaph” is just a weird song and I love it! It’s almost more of an art piece than it is rock, and it goes to show the lengths that King Crimson were willing to go to push the boundaries of rock. The low horn (maybe bassoon??) portion towards the end is really unique and not something that you’ll find anywhere. “Epitaph” is a beautiful song that makes the most of unique instrumentation, powerful vocals, and pushes what we can call rock music. Dad’s Rating 7/10
Moonchild: “Moonchild” was an underwhelming one for me. I expected a lot more out of a 10-minute long song and I felt the band could have used the song for more. Maybe that’s the point of it, filling 6 minutes of a side of a record with near-silence is certainly ‘progressive,’ but it forgets the music part. Where there is music on the front half of the song it’s good! It’s everything you would expect from a King Crimson record. It’s different and makes you think about the music. “Moonchild” loses major marks for me though because only half of it showed up to the court. Dad’s Rating 4/10
The Court Of The Crimson King: “In The Court Of The Crimson King” is legendary in prog rock, specifically lyrically-focused prog. Prog is usually split into three factions: musically progressive (incorporating unusual instruments, time signatures, structures, etc.), lyrically progressive (incorporating fantastical or science fiction lyrics), or a combination of both. We definitely see elements of both on this track with a rocking flute solo and melloton section and a fantastical story about witches and kings. Musically this is a very complex song that you’ll find yourself listening to multiple times and finding something new each time; whether it’s a new drum flourish, instrument that you didn’t hear the first three times, or interesting combination of instruments. This is a great track that deserves it’s place among the prog rock greats. Dad’s Rating 9/10
Author: James M
My name is James and I'm just a music enthusiast! I listen to all genres and my favorites are classic rock, indie, and jazz. View all posts by James M
Author James MPosted on December 30, 2019 December 30, 2019 Categories 2019, Oct-Dec 2019Tags 1969, King Crimson
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ASHRAE and AiCARR Sign Agreement of Understanding
Press Releases ASHRAE, HVAC
ASHRAE and AiCARR Strengthen 50-Year Relationship with Signing of New MoU Agreement
ATLANTA (Feb. 1, 2018) – ASHRAE and the Associazione Italiana Condizionamento dell’Aria Riscaldamento Refrigerazione (AiCARR), recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), outlining the two organizations’ commitment toward the promotion of common cooling and heating related endeavors.
The agreement provides a framework for AiCARR and ASHRAE to collaboratively leverage each other’s strengths and accomplish organizational goals that best serve members, the profession and both societies at large. A new strategy will involve AiCARR and ASHRAE defining mutual services for its respective members in Italy and the U.S., through the establishment of an AiCARR-ASHRAE group.
“AiCARR and ASHRAE have worked jointly for more than 50 years, providing invaluable benefits across industries around the world,” said 2017-2018 ASHRAE President Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D. “I am pleased to sign this agreement on ASHRAE’s behalf and look forward to continuing our partnership toward the promotion and advancement of science and techniques related to HVAC&R applications, sustainability, renewable energies and environmental issues.”
As part of the agreement, ASHRAE and AiCARR will develop joint training and educational programs in Italy and the U.S. as well as new conferences to accelerate technology dissemination. The MoU additionally places special focus on strengthening the organizations’ global networks, the coordination of research programs and exploring opportunities to collaborate on technical publications and standards.
“The signing of this agreement formally demonstrates AiCARR and ASHRAE’s long-standing commitment to the achievement of a coordinated global sustainability strategy,” said AiCARR President Francesca Romana d’Ambrosio. “We look forward to our continued work together.”
The MoU was signed by Bjarne W. Olesen and Francesca Romana d’Ambrosio as part of the 2018 ASHRAE Winter Conference in Chicago on Jan. 22.
About ASHRAE
ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a global society advancing human well-being through sustainable technology for the built environment. The Society and its more than 56,000 members worldwide focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration and sustainability. Through research, standards writing, publishing, certification and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow’s built environment today. More information can be found at www.ashrae.org/news.
About AiCARR
Founded in 1960, AiCARR, Associazione Italiana Condizionamento dell’Aria Riscaldamento Refrigerazione, Milano, has always dealt with issues relating to the responsible use of energy and natural resources and the innovation of energy infrastructures, both in residential and industrial buildings. AiCARR has more than 2400 members among which there are planners, machinery builders, installers, maintenance operatives, scholars, researchers, students, government and national and international body officials. More information can be found at www.aicarr.org.
SOURCE: ASHRAE
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The Cornell Daily Sun (https://cornellsun.com/2020/09/01/new-york-state-offers-online-application-for-absentee-voting/)
Lauren Justice / The New York Times
For the upcoming Election Day, absentee ballots will now be able to be requested online.
New York State Offers Online Application for Absentee Voting
By Kathryn Stamm | September 1, 2020
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Casting a vote from home in the Empire State just became easier: On Tuesday, New York State officially unveiled an online absentee ballot request portal, streamlining the process for mail-in voting.
Not only will the measure simplify the application process, it also expands the approved excuses for voting via absentee in light of COVID-19 concerns.
In past elections, voters had to acquire a ballot by mailing an application to their county board of elections. The new portal allows voters to apply for an absentee ballot through a New York .gov website, marking the first year this option will be available. Now, email, phone and fax requests are all possible, in addition to the online and in-person options.
Students can face an array of obstacles in trying to vote on Election Day: Access to transportation to their polling location, time off from classes or work and resources about the candidates. The new website knocks down at least one of those barriers, easing an application process that previously often required access to a printer and stamps.
“As the November election approaches, we know that many voters feel vulnerable in the midst of this pandemic,” said Gov. Andrew Cuomo (D-N.Y.) on Tuesday.
On Aug. 24, Cuomo also signed an executive order intended to support the accessibility of voting in New York — which included concrete steps to better inform voters and ensure absentee ballots can be used in all elections — ahead of the Nov. 3 election.
“This election is going to be one of the most critical in modern history. It will be controversial,” Cuomo said during the signing. “You already hear the statements questioning the vote, and the accuracy of the vote, and mail-in ballots. We want to make sure that every vote is counted; every voice is heard and that it’s fair and right and accurate.”
The standards required to qualify for an absentee ballot in New York were also lowered under a state law signed on Thursday, significantly expanding the accessibility of mail-in voting. New York voters historically had to provide one of several specific excuses — such as being absent from one’s county on Election Day. This year, simply expressing COVID-19 concern is considered a valid reason. This exemption was first introduced for the New York primary election and is now extended for the general election.
October 27 is the deadline for requesting an absentee ballot in New York, seven days before the election. However, the United States Postal Service has advised that it cannot guarantee timely delivery of ballots requested fewer than 15 days before the election. Thus, voters are recommended to send in their application as early as possible because ballots will start mailing beginning on Sept. 18.
The post office recommends that voters mailing their ballots send them sooner rather than later, to allow for processing time. New York State will allow some space; ballots postmarked by Election Day Nov. 3 and received by Nov. 10 will be included in the final tallies.
This piece is part of The Cornell Daily Sun’s Election 2020 Section. Read more of The Sun’s election coverage here. The section can be reached at elections2020@cornellsun.com.
About Kathryn Stamm
Kathryn Stamm (she/her) is a member of the Class of 2022 in the College of Arts and Sciences. She serves as a news editor on the 138th Editorial Board and can be reached at kstamm@cornellsun.com.
A Cornellian’s Guide to Voting in 2020
By Amanda H. Cronin, Simran Surtani and Meghana Srivastava November 2, 2020
Whether this is your first or fifth presidential election, here’s what you need to know about voting on Nov. 3.
Cornell Votes Hopes to Mobilize Students to the Polls This Election Year
By Cait Wyman September 22, 2020
Cornell Votes is organizing to ensure that every Cornellian is registered to vote for the 2020 election.
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Lauren and Ryan’s Crystal Springs Resort Wedding
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Alissa and Paul’s Wedding at the Westin Governor Morris
Alissa and Paul were married on July 1st, with a ceremony and reception at The Westin Governor Morris in Morristown, NJ. Paul is a contractor, and Alissa is a school…
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Wolfgang Mayrhuber; former Chairman and CEO of Lufthansa passed away at age 71
in Airlines
by Crew Daily 4th December 2018, 9:23 am 803 Views
The former Chairman and CEO of the Deutsche Lufthansa AG; Wolfgang Mayrhuber passed away on last Saturday, December 1st, 2018 at the age of 71 years old. He died as he was suffering from a long time serious illness.
Carsten Spohr; Chairman of the Executive Board of the Lufthansa Group expressed his grief and sympathy on the behalf of the Lufthansa Group’s 134000 employees in the following statement.
“Wolfgang Mayrhuber has served and shared the burden of responsibilities for the company for the past 45 years. All the employees of Lufthansa thank him for his great services to the Lufthansa Group. Our sympathetic thoughts are with his family now”.
Wolfgang Mayrhuber worked for the Deutsche Lufthansa AG; the largest German airline for more than 40 years. He started his career at the airlines with being an engineer back in 1970 in Hamburg. After performing duties of the many management positions over the course of more than 20 years, he was named as the Chairman of the Executive Board of the newly founded Lufthansa Technik AG back in 1994.
In 2001 he was the member of the Group Executive Board whose responsibility was to “Passenger Services”. In 2002 he was then appointed for the position of the Deputy Chairman of the Executive Board.
From years 2003 to 2010 he served the position of the Chairman of the Executive Board of Deutsche Lufthansa AG and during that time he made a lasting impact on the airlines by successful acquisition of the SWISS, Austrian Airlines, and Brussels Airlines.
In his last years of service to the airlines, he served the position of the Chairman of the Supervisory Board from 2013 to 2017.
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US-Bangla Airlines; Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 veered off on Kathmandu runway; caught fire and at least 49 dead
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Willy T. Ribbs On Superstar Racing Experience Series Coming To CBS In 2021: ‘It’s Like A Pro Bowl’
Filed Under:CBS Sports, Only CBS, Ryan Mayer, Superstar Racing Experience, Willy T. Ribbs
(CBS Local/CBS SF)- Superstar Racing Experience made a new addition to its driver roster on Wednesday announcing that Willy T. Ribbs Jr. would be joining the series for its inaugural season in the summer of 2021. Ribbs competed across a wide variety of racing disciplines during the course of his career, finding the most success in the Trans-Am series where he picked up 17 wins.
However, he is more widely known for breaking down barriers in the sport, becoming the first Black man to qualify and race at the Indianapolis 500 in 1991 and then the first to test a Formula 1 car. His story of the challenges he faced coming up in racing now lives on Netflix in the documentary Uppity: The Willy T. Ribbs Story.
Credit: Ken Levine/Getty Images
Now, he’s adding another chapter to that story joining SRX’s all-star cast of drivers which already includes Bobby Labonte,
Helio Castroneves, Paul Tracy and Tony Kanaan. If you think his competitive fire is gone, Ribbs just won the VROC Indy Legends Charity Pro-Am last year. He says when he got the call from SRX co-founder Ray Evernham, he was immediately interested.
“I got a call from Ray Evernham a couple of months ago and he said we are going to bring back IROC only it’s going to be called SRX,” said Ribbs Jr. in an interview with CBS Local’s Ryan Mayer. “I told him I would be on with it, he told me the lineup and I was really interested when he mentioned the names that were proposed. It’s like a Pro Bowl.”
That Pro Bowl aspect with the races featuring some of the best drivers across disciplines that fans have seen makes for an atmosphere that the competitor in Ribbs just loves.
“Everybody you named are bad cats. When you get an alley full of bad cats, you got fur going everywhere. When he mentioned it, I was definitely on for it,” said Ribbs. “I think it’s going to be a great show because everybody, the names you just called off, that’s going to make for one hell of a show. And the fans, the fans are going to love it because, like I said, we’re on dirt. Two of the races are on dirt and you know what happens when you’re on dirt? You get dirty.”
He says that the trash talk has already begun in preparation for next summer. He also has a friend that’s going to help him train for those grueling races. You may know him.
“The cake is just now going in the oven. I’m getting a hold of my buddy Sugar Ray Leonard. Leonard and I have been friends for 40 years almost and he’s going to get me in the gym, get me in good shape and then I’m going to call out Uncle Bobby as in Unser,” said Ribbs smiling. “It’s going to be a classic series.”
One of the main selling points that Evernham mentioned when the series was announced is that it will be going to tracks that racers grew up racing on and that don’t get the same national shine that others may. For Ribbs, those new tracks only make for more entertaining competition.
“I do know that there are going to be some new tracks,” said Ribbs. “I think that’s great because we’ll all be starting fresh on new terrain which will make it even more competitive.”
Returning to the track is far from the only thing Ribbs has going on at the moment. The documentary, produced by Adam Carrolla and Nate Adams, is on Netflix and he’s been thrilled by the response to it.
Credit: Jamie Squire/ALLSPORT
“It was actually my piece in the documentary The Racing Life of Paul Newman, I did a lot in that film. After that was done, Adam Carrolla and Nate Adams called me and said, we’ve got a lot of feedback on just what you did and there’s a lot of interest from people to hear what happened in your career,” said Ribbs. “I told them on one condition. We tell the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth. I told them, there’s going to be some people that are butthurt. But as my grandpa used to say on the ranch, that’s what butts are for, getting hurt.”
While there have been people who may be hurt by the documentary, many more have been moved by the story and have reached out to Ribbs. He mentions that there are a few more projects still to come based on his story, so fans can keep an eye out.
But, while the response has been great, the struggle for diversity in auto racing continues. For Ribbs, the way to fix that is to have people in positions of power, with the capital to build a team, get involved.
“My career was up and down, but I was good enough to keep it up even with struggles,” said Ribbs. “But, if it wasn’t for Bill Cosby, I would have never been in Indy Car, would have never been in the Indy 500. Despite all of the things that have now happened in Bill’s career, if it wasn’t for him, I would have never been in the Indy 500. He pushed it in. It’s going to take individuals that have that kind of resource like LeBron James for example or M.J. (Michael Jordan). They don’t have to do a damn thing but if the sport is going to move forward then it’s going to take capital of color. Then it will happen.”
For now, Ribbs is preparing for the inaugural season in 2021 with his sights set on the championship. If he wins, we may also see his signature celebration too: the Muhammad Ali shuffle.
“If I win, now I’m going to need a step ladder to get up there, I used to be able to jump off the ground, I can’t do that anymore,” said Ribbs smiling. “I will do it as best I can.”
The Superstar Racing Experience comes to CBS Television Network in the summer of 2021.
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– CRAZY STUFF –
Lit Fridge Magnet
– SCARY STUFF –
Caskets, Coffins and Parts
Funeral Collectibles
Mortician Equipment
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– KOOKY STUFF –
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Dead Sled Morgue
Purses and Carrying Solutions
Beacon Article – Well-preserved hearse earns man a spot on Discovery TV show
By Dan Truttschel
What grew from a simple interest has turned into somewhat of an obsession for Waterford’s Rocky Fluegge.
And he admits it’s a bit on the odd side.
Maybe even morbid.
Rocky Fluegge makes a macabre appearance at a friend’s wedding in his 1964 hearse complete with iridescent green coffin.
Fluegge is a full-time car restorer, but that’s not anything different – the fact that he also restores hearses, however, certainly is.
“There aren’t a lot of people into it around the country,” he said. “It’s a narrow market, but the people who are into it are very passionate about it.”
The market for his work is varied, Fluegge said, from people in the funeral/ambulance field to members of the public who may just have a deeper interest in Halloween and things that border a bit on the macabre.
For Fluegge, it’s a combination of the two, which actually began as an interest in special effects and makeup, which almost led him to go to school in California to pursue that career path.
“I’ve always been a big car junkie,” he said. “I always built a lot of (hot) rods and did custom (builds). … I always kind of had that love of Halloween. I have a pretty huge collection of funeral collectibles and oddities that go along with that.
“… My love of custom cars (connected) with my love of Halloween, special effects and custom coach work. That’s kind of what drew me into it. It’s not just building, it’s a lifestyle. You find that with a lot of hearse owners and drivers.”
Taking it national
Fluegge, who said he currently owns 16 hearses, had his story move onto the national scene when a 1964 Cadillac hearse was featured on a new Discovery Channel series, “Sticker Shock.” The show featuring Fluegge’s hearse can be watched at discovery.com.
Rocky Fluegge, of Waterford, appears with his 1964 Cadillac hearse on the set of the Discovery Channel show “Sticker Shock.” The show can be seen on Discovery.com.
That didn’t come without a bit of a hiccup, however, as the vehicle was damaged in transport, and when it was returned, his insurance company determined it had to be totaled.
So now he’s redoing the restoration.
“I ended up having to buy the car back from the insurance company, and I am going to go through and rebuild it,” Fluegge said.
Even with that disappointment, the chance to be on the set of a television show was memorable, Fluegge said.
“It was really kind of a cool experience, just to be able to see some of the behind-the-scenes on how the filming is done,” he said. “I got the chance to meet a lot of other interesting car people. I’m looking forward to seeing what this show is about because there’s going to be an array of really interesting, not normal, run-of-the-mill vehicles on it.”
The oldest hearse in his personal collection is a 1934 Oldsmobile and the most current – that he drives year-round – is a 1996 Cadillac. Fluegge’s wife has caught the bug as well, and he’s in the process of restoring a 1948 Cadillac for her.
Fluegge worked for 19 years with the family business, Fluegge Optical in Waterford. But he also owned his own body shop, and in the past year, began to dedicate his efforts full time to car restorations.
“I needed to get back to doing what I do best, and that’s building stuff with my hands,” he said. “I do a little bit of everything.”
One constant hurdle that Fluegge said he runs into is finding parts, as he can’t just run down the street to the local auto parts store to find what he needs.
“They really are some amazing works of art when you can actually just pull back the camera and look at the craftsmanship in them,” he said. “… You either have the option of finding something else that you can make work to fit for it or you end up having to custom make it. They’re definitely tough to get parts for, and that’s some of the stuff you learn as time goes on.”
Classy final ride
Fluegge said it’s not unusual for a funeral home to purchase a restored vehicle because of the style and class it can add to its service.
When his time eventually comes, Fluegge has made his desires clear to family and friends.
And it better be in one sharp ride.
“When I pass away, I want my buddies all driving one of my cars to the cemetery,” he said. “If I get hauled in a mini van, I’m going to haunt everybody around. My last ride is not going to be in a prosaic vehicle, it’s going to be in one of my vintage coaches.”
He’s the first to admit that his obsession is an odd one, right down to personalized license plates like “Dust to Dust,” “Soul Taker,” “Dead Sled,” “Dirt Nap” and the like.
“It’s definitely a little bit morbid,” he said. “That’s the fun part about driving the (hearses). When you’re going down the road, you see people look over and give you the thumbs up or they’ll be freaked out and look in the other direction and pretend you’re not there.
“I’ve had the cars parked on the street, and you’ll literally watch people cross to the other side because they don’t want to walk by the car.”
It’s clearly a labor of love, albeit an unusual one.
This article was included in the November 2, 2018 issue of The Beacon
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Americas Air
Boeing-Saab T-7A Red Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer Completes Its First Inverted Flight Test
July 14, 2020 July 14, 2020 DP Staff Writer 0 Comments Boeing, Boeing T-7 Red Hawk, Saab, Trainer aircraft, U.S. Air Force (USAF), USA
The Boeing-Saab T-7A Red Hawk advanced jet trainer being developed for the U.S. Air Force has just completed its first inverted flight test, Boeing announced.
Boeing Test & Evaluation pilots Matt Giese and William Berryman are the first to take the agile trainer through a rugged series of maneuvers to test the jet’s fuel system at all angles. The tests verified the jet’s systems perform at maximum power with sustained negative g-forces.
“What we do is roll the airplane upside down,” said Dan Draeger, chief pilot, Boeing Tactical Aircraft, Boeing Test & Evaluation. “We need to make sure that things like fuel, oil and everything else feeds properly to the airplane during all maneuvers.”
“We roll to an inverted position and push to negative one-g, so it’s a little uncomfortable. Your kind of hanging in your seat straps inside the cockpit,” added Giese.
Throughout the series of more than a dozen inverted test points the aircrew proved the Saab-designed fuel system for the T-7A is efficient and reliable in the advanced jet as it prepares for a life of future training missions and beyond.
In September 2018, the U.S. Air Force awarded Boeing a $9.2 billion contract to supply T-7A Red Hawk aircraft and trainers to replacing their aging T-38 training fleet. The T-7A was designed, built and flown in just 36 months using state-of-the-art design and manufacturing techniques. The aircraft will train fighter pilots of the future with an advanced cockpit, digital fly-by-wire controls and an integrated ground-based training system.
“It’s a great training lead-in to the current fighter fleet,” said Giese as he climbed out of the cockpit after a test flight. “It could serve multiple roles as a light attack or other fighter in many missions.”
The first T-X aircraft and simulators are scheduled to arrive at Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph, Texas, in 2023. All undergraduate pilot training bases will eventually transition from the T-38 to the T-X. Those bases include Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi; Laughlin AFB, Texas; Sheppard AFB, Texas and Vance AFB, Oklahoma.
The Air Force expects to achieve initial operational capability (IOC) for the fleet by 2024 and full operational capability (FOC) by 2034.
Boeing-Saab T-7A Red Hawk (N381TX) advanced jet trainer being developed for the U.S. Air Force (USAF). Boeing Photo.
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The Digital Millennium Copyright Act Needs Revision
By Administrator on June 9, 2016 in Blog
The creation and expansion of the digital world has made copyright reform more important than ever, and Congress is finally getting around to it. Lawmakers have commissioned a whole slate of studies into how to fix what has become an outdated and largely dysfunctional system of attributing credit and ownership where it’s due in a world brimming with new ideas, tangible and intangible.
At the epicenter of the legal dilemmas surrounding copyright procedure in the virtual realm is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The DMCA was drafted and approved in 1998. It aimed to act as an anti-privacy statute by making it illegal to circumvent copy protections that were created to stop people from duplicating digital copyrighted works and then distributing them for money or as gifts. The act also made it illegal to manufacture or distribute tools or techniques for circumventing copy controls.
As the internet grew to become a cultural phenomenon that no one could truly predict, the DMCA ended up having broader effects than anticipated. Its wording allowed for game developers, music and film companies, and other media providers to maintain strict policies regarding how consumers could access and use their copyrighted works. The DMCA made it impossible in some cases for consumers to make copies of the products they purchased, even for their own use. In other cases, device owners found that they couldn’t jailbreak their smartphones and other devices in order to use them in ways that were inopportune for manufacturers, even if the owners’ alternate way of using their smartphones didn’t necessary involve stealing any new information.
The DMCA’s most problematic sections included section 1201, which defines illegal procedures that pertain to the circumvention of copy-protections, and section 512, which allows a copyright holder to send a so-called takedown notice to web sites and others believed to being infringing on copyright law. Unfortunately, both of these sections have become commonly abused by companies for purposes unrelated to copyright protection.
For example, companies have repeatedly used the DMCA to try to limit their competition. Lexmark, the maker of laser printers, tried to prevent third-party companies from selling their toner cartridges by using an authentication process that would make it impossible for a Lexmark printer to work with a third-party cartridge. When a third-party cartridge selling company called Static Control Components figured out how to make cartridges that made it through the verification process, Lexmark attempted to sue the company using the DMCA as proof of copyright violation. Apple has also used the DMCA to strong arm websites demonstrating how to jailbreak iPhones into removing the information. While in both cases the companies were ultimately thwarted, a study released earlier this year by researchers at UC Berkeley and Columbia University found that one in every three DMCA takedown notices is actually built on fairly shaky legal ground.
This has led many critics and civil liberties groups to call for the law’s reform, or at least for it to clarify its scope. Not only have bogus takedown notices abounded since the DMCA was passed, but the law has also been used as an anti-hacking law to prop up lawsuits regarding unauthorized computer access. Even auto manufacturers have used the DMCA in order to force vehicle owners to only visit authorized dealers for service and repairs. The DMCA has even been cited as one of the major laws that enabled Volkswagen to go so long without being caught cheating on its emissions tests. The researchers who ultimately caught the German automaker would have faced potential DMCA violations for looking through the vehicle’s code had the study not been government-authorized. without the DMCA, Volkswagen may have been caught much earlier.
Because the DMCA continues to hamper researchers from conducting legitimate and helpful studies, it’s imperative that US legislature adjust the law to better reflect what’s best for the American people.
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The Most Prosperous Ancient Nation You’ve Never Heard Of
The list of extinct countries includes the better known ones like the USSR (aptly dubbed “the Evil Empire” by Ronald Reagan) and Yugoslavia, as well as hundreds of largely forgotten others like Majapahit, Assyria, Babylonia, Burgundy, and the Ottoman Empire. Far more countries are long gone, in fact, than the 195 on the map today. As a history lover, I’ve never yet discovered a country whose inhabitants’ experience was devoid of interesting facts and lessons.
Take Khazaria, for example. It lasted over 300 years (650 to 965 AD) and covered more territory than the combined Scandinavian nations of our time. It spanned the eastern half of modern-day Ukraine, the steppes of the Volga-Don region of present Russia, the entire Crimean Peninsula, and the northern Caucasus. Its southern portion took in most of the shorelines of three seas: the Black, the Caspian and the Aral.
It’s my thesis that for a country to be “successful” for a considerable period—success being defined loosely here as economically prosperous, politically stable, and militarily defensible—it must possess substantial TTD. That’s not a pronounceable acronym, unfortunately, but it stands for trade, tolerance and decentralization.
Each of these three criteria for success is worth volumes of discussion but here’s the nub of it: When economic freedom and private property exist, trade flourishes. And trade is what peaceful humans do to satisfy wants and improve material well-being. Choke it off and living standards plummet. Tolerance is a sign that people appreciate the benefits derived from diversity in personal choices. An intolerant people deprive themselves of what others can offer and waste time and resources fighting instead of collaborating. Decentralization preserves the rich identities of local communities and stymies the concentration of authority with its inevitable corruption. Power dispersed is power tamed.
So a successful country is one that can boast a lot of TTD. It encourages exchange, celebrates diversity and avoids top-down, political command-and-control. Almost every “failed state” in history did just the opposite by stifling commerce; stoking racial, ethnic or nationalistic hatred; and/or installing a dictatorship.
Khazaria, to its great credit, practiced remarkable measures of trade and tolerance and enough decentralization to prevent its government from sabotaging either one. In the end, it met its demise not from internal decay but from foreign assault.
A Turkic people, the Khazars asserted their independence from a weakened Western Turkish Empire in the middle of the 7th Century. The overland routes they built connected to the famous “Silk Road,” which in turn linked Europe with Asia. Khazaria’s geographical position provided unique economic advantages its people eagerly embraced, much as a small town grows when a new interstate highway opens a few miles away. Khazaria became a bridge between East and West, which meant that not only could its people easily engage in trade with others in either direction, they also witnessed a plethora of exotic goods and travelers moving through the region.
Khazaria provided safe passage and imposed minimal taxation on traders, making the country one of the medieval world’s thriving commercial crossroads. The Arabs to the southwest highly prized Khazarian furs and clothing. The Khazars traded their own silver coins for mirrors from China. The game of chess likely originated in Khazaria, which exported it to Europe. Archeologists have found evidence that Khazarian traders journeyed as far as Sweden. A 10th-century geography book written in Persian, Hudud al-‘Alam (“The Regions of the World”) said of Khazaria, “This is a very pleasant and prosperous country with great riches.”
If you traveled across Khazaria as a trader, carrying goods to such neighboring jurisdictions as Byzantium or modern-day Iran or Russia, the provincial Khazarian governor would tax you at the exit point at the rate of 10 percent of the value of the goods. Not bad, considering you enjoyed the Khazars’ hospitality and protection along an otherwise long and dangerous journey.
By the 19th Century, scholars began using the phrase Pax Khazarica (the Peace of Khazaria) to describe the rule of the Khazars over the region and its important trade routes. Some interesting photos and sketches of Khazarian artifacts can be viewed here.
What about tolerance? From all indications, the Khazars practiced it and benefited immensely from it. In an 1835 essay, Russian historian Vasilii V. Grigoriev wrote:
The Khazar people were an unusual phenomenon for Medieval times. Surrounded by savage and nomadic tribes, they had all the advantages of the developed countries: structured government, vast and prosperous trading, and a permanent army. At the time, when great fanaticism and deep ignorance contested their dominion over Western Europe, the Khazar state was famous for its justice and tolerance. People persecuted for their faiths flocked into Khazaria from everywhere. As a glistening star it shone brightly on the gloomy horizon of Europe.
Religious and ethnic-based tyrannies claimed untold legions of lives in endless wars in the medieval era, but Khazaria developed a polyglot society of multiple faiths and peoples. Richard A. E. Mason’s article in the Winter 1995 edition of The Ukrainian Quarterly, “The Religious Beliefs of the Khazars,” reveals,
The apposition of peoples and cultures led… to a blossoming of both material and spiritual culture among the Khazars. It also formed the basis for the remarkable symbiosis of varying systems of religious belief and practice which held sway and formed so unique a characteristic of the Khazar state throughout its whole history, accompanying it right down to its tragic fall. The religious beliefs current amongst the inhabitants of the Khazar state were as many and varied as these peoples themselves.
The liberality of the Khazars was especially good news to the Jews of the time, who were routinely persecuted in Christian Europe and the Islamic Middle East. Describing Khazaria as “a beacon of hope” for Jews, Kevin Alan Brook notes:
Jews were able to flourish in Khazaria because of the tolerance of the Khazar rulers, who invited Byzantine and Persian Jewish refugees to settle in their country. Due to the influence of these refugees, the Khazars found the Jewish religion to be appealing and adopted Judaism in large numbers.
In his 1996 book, Chronicles of the Jewish People, Raymond Scheindlin opined that while Jews in the early Middle Ages were a subject people everywhere and frequently persecuted:
Khazaria was the one place in the medieval world where the Jews actually were their own masters….To the oppressed Jews of the world, the Khazars were a source of pride and hope, for their existence seemed to prove that God had not completely abandoned His people.
The tolerance of the Khazars, while notable for its day, went only so far. Like virtually every other country in world history, Khazaria was not immune to the temptations of slavery and the slave trade. With government approval, some Khazars captured neighboring Slavs and tribesmen to the north, then sold them in lucrative Muslim slave markets in Persia and the Middle East. On the issue of slavery, any objective historian must grade nations “on the curve” so to speak—or else all but a handful would flunk. Khazaria should probably get a “B” because slavery there appears to be much less commonplace than it was among its neighbors.
All in all, for a country amid what some historians consider the Dark Ages, Khazaria was an oasis of enlightened tolerance.
Evidence of decentralization exists but is less conclusive. We know this much: Scribes of the period—both local and foreign—didn’t write about the country as if life revolved around the politically powerful. Khazaria maintained a monarchy but a rather unique dual one, with a “kagan” and a “bek” dividing power at the top.
A seven-member Supreme Court in the Khazar capital of Atil was “a model of tolerance and peaceful coexistence,” according to Brock in his The Jews of Khazaria, because it was purposely composed of two Jews, two Muslims, two Christians, and one pagan. Assuring that no one faith dominated the judiciary is a form of decentralization.
Collection of taxes and customs duties were a responsibility not of the central government in Atil, but of provincial governors. Cities were led by the Khazar equivalent of elected mayors. They were known as “babaghuq,” meaning “father of the city.”
A few hundred years later, the Incas of Peru established perhaps the most centralized regime in world history. As explained in “The Incas and the Collectivist State” by Richard Ebeling, the rulers of that society possessed total, unquestioned power as they “imposed a compulsory egalitarianism in virtually all things.” Nothing of that sort ever took root in the far more liberal Khazaria.
There’s ample reason to believe that TTD—trade, tolerance and decentralization—flourished in relative abundance for three centuries in now-forgotten Khazaria.
Sadly, Khazaria’s end was brutal, sudden, and total. Determined to subjugate Constantinople, the Russian warlord Prince Sviatoslav knew he had to remove Khazaria as a geopolitical obstacle. In the 960s, he led a massive invasion that wiped the Khazar state from the map and destroyed its capital as completely as the Romans had extinguished Carthage more than a thousand years before. It was said that the destruction of Atil was so absolute that “no grape or raisin remained, no leaf on a branch.” Not until 2008 would archeologists discover where the city even was, on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea.
Long live the spirit of Khazaria!
The Jews of Khazaria by Kevin Alan Brook
“An Introduction to the History of Khazaria” by Kevin Alan Brook
Chronicles of the Jewish People by Raymond P. Scheindlin
The Khazars: A Judeo-Turkish Empire on the Steppes by Mikhail Zhirohov and David Nicolle
Lawrence W. Reed
Lawrence W. Reed is President Emeritus and Humphreys Family Senior Fellow at FEE, having served for nearly 11 years as FEE’s president (2008-2019). He is author of the 2020 book, Was Jesus a Socialist? as well as Real Heroes: Incredible True Stories of Courage, Character, and Conviction and Excuse Me, Professor: Challenging the Myths of Progressivism. Follow on LinkedIn and Twitter and Like his public figure page on Facebook. His website is www.lawrencewreed.com.
This article was originally published on FEE.org. Read the original article.
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Mazaruni prison expansion to start in 2017
Staff WriterSeptember 23, 2016
GINA, GUYANA, Friday, September 23, 2016
The solution to the overcrowding at the Georgetown Prisons, Camp Street, Georgetown, lies in the ability to expand the Mazaruni prisons, according to Minister of Public Security, Khemraj Ramjattan.
The Minister, speaking on the issue of overpopulation in the prisons, said there isn’t much the Ministry can do at this stage because more space is needed.
Minister of Public Security, Khemraj Ramjattan
“As an alternative to the creation of a new prison, we want to expand Mazaruni and the expansion for Mazaruni can only be done after the 2017 budget. The ministry has already requested, and we have managed to procure for the 2017 budget those capital expenditures,” Ramjattan explained.
Further the Minister who has responsibility for the penal system, told media operatives recently that the expansion of the Mazaruni prison will require a large amount of financial capital given the scope of work to be undertaken.
“It’s going to be massive because it’s not only creating another building or expanding an existing building. We have to find a lot more recruits, staff members and housing for the staff members. We have to find meals for them, a literal community. We might have to build a church and school for their children because families will have to go up there to live … it’s a huge task,” the minister noted.
Minister Ramjattan also said that an immediate solution to the overcrowding may be found in the manner in which the Courts deal with nonviolent offenders, especially young lawbreakers.
“Is three years for minor amounts of marijuana the right thing? Should we not amend the law to make it a six months maximum or one-year maximum so that we would not have that overpopulation, especially if it’s a young person?” the Minister questioned.
“Space can be created by ensuring that those who have been remanded and granted bail get their bail reduced, to free up some space. Remand prisoners are a big chunk of it,” the Minister stated.
If persons who committed minor offences, can have their cases heard early, and if the mandatory sentencing for possession of marijuana and cocaine could be looked at, then there would be more space, the Minister posited.
“Those are some of the strategies we are working on because we don’t have US $40-50M to put up a new prison,” the Public Security Minister explained.
In its 2015 Human Rights Report, the United States State Department stated that a total of 963 prisoners were in the Georgetown Prison, designed to hold 550 inmates.
“Overcrowding was in large part due to a back-log of pre-trial detainees, who constituted approximately 11.3 percent of the total prison population.”
Overall, the report stated that the Guyana Prison Service reported that, as of October, 2015 there were 1,944 prisoners in five facilities with a combined design capacity of 1,640.
Following prison unrests in March of this year, the Prime Minister in April led an executive ministerial delegation to meet with representatives of the Judiciary including the Chancellor of the Judiciary (acting), Carl Singh; Chief Magistrate, Ann Mc Lennan and Director of Public Prosecutions, Shalimar Ali-Hack to find ways of addressing the back-log of cases.
CATEGORIES GovernmentMinistry of Public SecurityNews
TAGS 2015 Human Rights Report20162017 BudgetAnn Mc LennanCamp StreetCarl Singh; Chief MagistrateChancellor of the Judiciary (acting)Director of Public ProsecutionsGeorgetown PrisonsGINAGuyana Prison ServiceKhemraj RamjattanMazaruni prison expansion to start in 2017Minister of Public Securitypossession of marijuanaPrime MinisterShalimar Ali-HackUnited States State Department
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Optimum Population Theory
Sundaram Ponnusamy
Malthusian Theory of Population
The Theory of Demographic Transition
Many economists developed the optimum population theory. Notable economists such as Dalton, Robbins, West and Cannan contributed to the optimum population theory in a significant manner. Prof. Sidgwick was the first one, who gave hints on the optimum population theory in his reputed book, “Principles of Political Economy”. However, the book “World Population” by Carr, Saunders popularized the concept of optimum population.
Malthusian theory of population claims that if population of a country keeps on increasing, it is going to be detrimental to the society. However, optimum population theory denies this argument. Hence, we could say that the optimum population theory is the direct result of a sharp reaction to the Malthusian theory of population.
The optimum population theory claims that population growth is beneficial if it pulls the economy towards optimum. The theory further states if population growth pushes the economy away from optimum, the increase in population is harmful to the society. Note that the theory is trying to elucidate an economically ideal size of population for a country. Hence, the theory does not say anything about why population increases and what the determinants of birth and death rates are.
What is an optimum population or an ideal population size for a country?
The optimum population is the best and the most desirable size of population, which maximizes the per capita income with given natural resources, technology and capital. Anything above the desirable size of population is harmful to the society.
The whole theory is based on the following three important concepts:
1. Under-population – anything below the optimum population or desirable size of population.
2. Over-population – anything above the optimum population or desirable size of population.
3. Optimum-population – the most desirable size of population.
Why is Under-population not Preferred?
In general, the population of a country should be in a position to utilize its natural resources optimally. If the current population of a country is not sufficient to utilize its resources effectively, it cannot produce enough goods for increasing population. Under population leads to labor shortage and hence specialization of labor or division of labor is not possible. Note that division of labor is the best production technique to utilize all resources efficiently. What matters here is whether the current population is able to utilize the available resources efficiently or optimally. If the population is able to utilize the available resources optimally, the per capita income of the country increases. Otherwise, the country is said to be underpopulated.
Effects of Over-population
Under population can be accepted to some extent, as it does not do much harm to the society. However, if a country is over populated, it is certainly harmful to the society. Over-population means more men share limited resources. The following are the most common problems of an over populated country:
The available resources are not sufficient to satisfy the people’s need. Hence, the country heavily depends on imports.
The average productivity of labor falls because of excessive population. The available resources are not sufficient to provide employment to all.
The situation of disguised unemployment is very common in an over populated country. Disguised unemployment refers to a situation in which a person is unable to get a job that is suitable to his or her qualifications.
Other non-economic issues such as famine, war and diseases prevail, which ultimately affects the economy of the country.
Some economists argue that the over-population can be utilized well by deploying more and more capital. However, this may harm the economy further by stimulating inflation.
Optimum Population
In order to understand the concept of optimum population in a better manner, let us look at the following illustration. Table 1 and figure 1 show how national income and per capita income behave as total population changes.
Table 1: Population and Per capita Income
Total Population (million)
National Income (million dollars)
Per capita Income ($)
From the table given above, we can understand that national income of the society increases as population increases. However, the per capita income initially increases, reaches maximum and then starts declining. When population is 300 million, the per capita income reaches the maximum level ($700). Hence, the optimum level of population or the most desirable size of population for the country is 300 million. Any deviation from this optimum level leads to less per capita income.
Figure 1 shows the relationship between population size and per capita income. In figure 1, the horizontal axis measures the size of population and the vertical axis measures the per capita income. AP represents the per capita income curve. OP indicates the optimum level of population.
Assumptions of the Optimum Population Theory
There are two important assumptions for the theory to hold good. They are:
i. Even though the population increases, the percentage of working population to total population remains constant.
ii. There is no change in natural resources, capital and technology. In other words, an increase in the population does not alter the available natural resources, capital and technology.
Can optimum size of population change?
The answer is ‘yes’. The optimum population is not fixed and changes as there is a change in the factors such as available capital and technology. In our example (table 1), the optimum size of population is 300 million given the natural resources, state of technology and capital. However, these factors are subject to change. If there is a technological improvement, the optimum size of population also changes accordingly. Figure 2 explains this situation in a better manner.
In figure 2, AP represents the original per capita income curve with ON size of population and EN per capita income. Suppose there is a change in natural resources and technology. With a change in natural resources and technology, the per capita income curve shifts to A1P1 and then further to A2P2. Consequently, the corresponding levels of optimum population are ON1 and ON2 respectively.
According to Dr. Dalton, the deviation of actual population from the optimum population is known as maladjustment. Dr. Dalton has designed a formula to calculate the degree of maladjustment.
The formula to calculate the maladjustment is:
M = (A-O) / O
M = Degree of maladjustment
A = Actual population
O = Optimum population
If M>O, it is a case of over-population.
If M<O, it is a case of under-population.
If M = O, the population is the optimum level.
Suppose the actual population of a country is 100 million. The optimum population is 50 million.
Then the degree of maladjustment is:
M = (100-50) / 50 = 50/50 = 1
The numerical value (1) means that the country is over-populated by 100 per cent. Note that tis formula is helpful to find only the maladjustment of deviation of actual population from the optimum population. The formula cannot find what the optimum population is.
Optimum Population Theory versus Malthusian Theory of Population
Applicable to over-populated countries only
Applicable to all countries, irrespective of their economic condition
Pessimistic in nature (worries only about the disadvantages of over-population)
Optimistic in its approach (explores both advantages and disadvantages of increasing population)
Theory states that every increase in population is bad.
The theory states that increase in population can be good or bad depending upon how the population contributes to the economy.
It talks about minimum subsistence level.
It talks about maximum per capita income.
The theory believes in the law of diminishing returns.
The theory explains how both increasing returns and decreasing returns work as population increases.
The theory is static, as it considers no changes in factors such as natural resources, technology and capital.
The theory is dynamic as it considers changes in factors such as natural resources, technology and capital.
It tries to explain the relationship between population and food supply.
It tries to explain the relationship between population and country’s wealth.
It looks at man as a consumer only.
It looks at man as both a consumer and a producer.
Criticism of the Optimum Population Theory
Even though the optimum population theory is superior to Malthusian theory of population in many aspects, the theory possesses some drawbacks as well. They are:
The very first criticism is that it is difficult to determine the optimum size of population for a country. Though we are able to find the optimum population size, it is difficult to maintain the population size at the optimum level in the long-run. In other words, the theory fails to explain how to stabilize the employment level, income and output of the country at the optimum level.
The assumption that the percentage of working population to the total population remains constant cannot be correct in reality.
The theory is concerned only about the wealth of nation. It does not explain how the wealth is distributed among the existing population.
The theory fails to explain the quality of labor force. For instance, increasing population with low quality labor force may not be helpful to increase the per capita income.
© 2013 Sundaram Ponnusamy
Brajabandhu Mahanta on July 09, 2014:
Comparative analysis of Malthusian population Theory and Concept of Optimum population helps us how population growth and the technological developments are inter related. It is true that population increases over time may be in a slower rate but it expands it s size but not that of our natural resources, although, by applying modern scientific knowledge we are able to discover more and more opportunities to utilize our resource and manpower but still we are lag behind to sustain our optimum level. Very good article...
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The uncanny valley between the peaks
eileenmaksym Uncategorized June 25, 2014 1 Minute
My husband and I just finished watching Twin Peaks via Netflix. Although I had never seen it before, I was of course familiar with the basic idea and iconic images, both having been firmly entrenched in pop culture for most of my life.
I knew it would be weird. Really weird. And it was. What struck me, though, was how it was weird.
Sure, there were tons of things that were overtly out there. The dancing, backward-talking dwarf. The giant. (One and the same.) The log lady. Bob.
What was more unsettling, though, and what I was unprepared for, was the normal stuff. Or, rather, the stuff that was just barely not normal.
The term “uncanny valley” refers to a hypothesis that when something looks almost but not quite human, we are disturbed and repulsed by it.
Certainly Twin Peaks has plenty of instances of the not-quite-human, the most notable being the Black Lodge, where even characters we’re familiar with move and speak strangely and stare off with wide unseeing eyes. But I would argue that in the case of Twin Peaks, the idea of the uncanny valley can be applied with a broader brush. The way the characters act and interact, the way the plot progresses, even the way the sets are constructed and the scenes are filmed, all of it seems intentionally designed to approach reality and not quite get there. It’s not always successful, sometimes falling into obvious absurdity (what my brother-in-law called “slapstick”) and sometimes hitting the mark of normality too well. But when the show gets it right? It’s awesome to watch. I spent a lot of time staring at the screen with my mouth open, wondering what in the ever living hell was going on, deeply unsettled yet unable to look away. Like watching a train wreck where you don’t realize until the moment of impact that both trains are made out of jello.
I’m trying to think of other shows or movies that manage to hit that nerve, and I’m drawing a blank. I imagine David Lynch’s other work might (I’ve only ever seen The Elephant Man, and that a long time ago). What do you think, dear reader? Any recommendations?
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8 thoughts on “The uncanny valley between the peaks”
Michael G. Munz says:
I’d never considered applying the uncanny valley to Twin Peaks, but you’re most certainly right!
eileenmaksym says:
It is it’s own species of weird 🙂
It’s a whole damn town!! 😉
Mary Rowen says:
If you’ve never seen Blue Velvet, I’d certainly recommend that! I loved Twin Peaks, but consider BV to be Lynch’s masterpiece. (it’s disturbing, of course, though.)
Wouldn’t have it any other way 🙂
BV is very disturbing….Eraserhead was DL’s first movie, a sereiallist art film…
The man has a very interesting mind.
I really want to see Eraserhead! I seem to remember watching the very beginning with dad when I was a kid. Pete is none too thrilled about watching it, though.
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Referral Portal
Minimally Invasive Procedures
Conditioning & Rehabilitation
Back to All Medical Library Posts
Ear Canal Ablation and Bulla Osteotomy
The canine and feline ear is comprised of the pinna (ear flap), vertical ear canal, horizontal ear canal, middle ear, and inner ear. The ear canal is mostly comprised of secretory epithelium (skin) and cartilage. The middle ear is deep to the ear drum and is surrounded by bone known as the tympanic bulla. The inner lining of the middle ear also consists of secretory epithelium.
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The total ear canal ablation (TECA) is a procedure that surgically removes the entire ear canal (both vertical and horizontal components). The goal of the TECA is to remove all diseased portions of the ear as well as any secretory epithelium in the middle ear.
When to Consider TECA
Most animals that present to DVSC for TECA are those who have had chronic infections affecting one or both ears. These patients present with clinical signs including head shaking, ear exudate, persistent scratching of the ears, malodorous ears, and pain. Conditions that may lead to these signs include otitis externa/media (ear infection), inflammatory polyps, neoplasia (cancer), trauma, and congenital abnormalities. The patients who have chronic symptoms that cannot be medically managed are potential candidates for TECA.
The most common reasons for chronic aural disease are otitis externa/media, inflammatory polyps, and neoplasia. The diagnosis of these etiologies relies on a combination of historical information, physical examination, otoscopy, biopsy, and/or diagnostic imaging (radiographs or CT). An experienced veterinary surgeon can help recommend appropriate diagnostics on a case-by-case basis.
Total Ear Canal Ablation:
(A) A T-shaped incision is made in the skin at the opening of the ear canal
Fossum: Small Animal Surgery 3rd edition
Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier
B) Sharp dissection is used to incise around the external opening of the ear canal and separate it from the base of the pinna.
(C-D) Careful blunt dissection is then used to separate the cartilaginous ear canal from the surrounding soft tissues of the head.
(D-E) The ear canal is then sharply separated from its attachment to the external acoustic meatus (opening to the middle ear).
Copyright © 2007by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier
BullaOsteotomy
(E - above) The middle ear is then further exposed and curettes are then used to scrape the inside of the bulla, removing as much secretory epithelium as possible.
(F) The incision is closed with suture material. A surgical drain may be placed depending on surgeon preference.
Vertical Ear Canal Ablation
Uncommonly, when only the vertical ear canal is affected or there is mild disease, a vertical ear canal ablation may be performed. This procedure is similar to a TECA however the horizontal ear canal is preserved. Successful outcomes with this procedure are much lower than those of the TECA.
Fossum: Small Animal Surgery 3rd edition Copyright © 2007
by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier
Intra-operative complications may include hemorrhage and nerve damage due to the ear’s close association with vascular and nervous structures. Damage to certain nerves can cause symptoms such as Horner’s syndrome, facial nerve paralysis, and deafness. Usually Horner’s syndrome and facial nerve paralysis are transient, but a small proportion of patients may have permanent neurologic dysfunction. Cats seem to be more sensitive to neurologic complications than dogs. Rarely will significant hemorrhage occur.
Post-operative, patients are kept on pain medications and activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. An E-collar (cone) is provided so the patient does not scratch at the surgical site. Incisions are monitored for any signs of dehiscence, inflammation, pain, and/or drainage. Usually incisions take about 2 weeks to heal. Sometimes cold/hot packing the surgical site may be beneficial in decreasing swelling and fluid production.
Prognosis is dependent on the etiology of aural disease. Up to 90% of patients with otitis externa/media that are treated with TECA have successful outcomes. Numerous clients have commented that removal of the diseased ear canals greatly improves the patient’s quality of life. The need for topical medications is eliminated, and the patient’s discomfort is alleviated. Inflammatory polyps are essentially cured after TECA. Prognosis with aural neoplasia is variable and depends on the type of neoplasia, duration of growth, and severity. Studies have shown that tumors found within the ear canal are best treated with a TECA. This provides the best opportunity for curing the patient of the tumor, and minimizes the risk of leaving neoplastic cells in the surgical field. An experienced veterinary surgeon can help determine prognosis on a case-by-case basis.
Author: Kim Tong, DVM
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2700 West Highway 114
4444 Trinity Mills Rd., Suite 203
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Copyright © 2021 Dallas Veterinary Surgical Center.
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20 Best Photos from President Donald Trump’s State Visit With Queen Elizabeth II
On June 3, 2019, President Donald Trump headed to Britain to kick off a three-day state visit marked by pomp, circumstance and plenty of controversy as he criticized local leaders, weighed in on Brexit and got to know Queen Elizabeth II and the royal family.
Take a look at the best photos from his time with the royals, starting with this shot of the monarch, the president and first lady Melania Trump next to Greece’s president, Prokopis Pavlopoulos, in Portsmouth, England, on June 5 at an event to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the D-Day landings. Now keep reading for more…
Pages: Page 1, Page 2, Page 3, Page 4, Page 5, Page 6, Page 7, Page 8, Page 9, Page 10, Page 11, Page 12, Page 13, Page 14, Page 15, Page 16, Page 17, Page 18, Page 19, Page 20, Page 21
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KAUVERY HOSPITAL PERFORMS INDIA’S FIRST SINGLE STAGE HYBRID CORONARY REVASCULARISATION PROCEDURE
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Chennai, October 2020.
Kauvery Hospital, Chennai’s leading multi-specialty hospital, successfully performed the India’s first single stage hybrid coronary revascularisation procedure on a 44-year-old male from Nesapakkam.
Mr. Ramesh V, had visited Kauvery Hospital with a history of heart attack, blockage in multiple arteries and limited heart function of 30%, which required immediate surgical intervention. Traditionally, blood flow in patients with multiple coronary blockage is restored by coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) through sternotomy (Opening Breast Bone) which requires longer recuperation time at the hospital and increased risk of infection, especially during a pandemic.
Speaking about performing the India’s first Hybrid revascularization procedure, Dr. R Anantharaman, Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiologist said, “Undertaking a complex procedure and enabling the patient to walk back home within a span of two to three days is a huge step in treatment and provides a lot of hope for patients with such conditions. We at Kauvery Hospitals were able to perform this with the aid of the Hybrid Cath Lab thereby minimizing the risks, as only such a facility can facilitate the procedure to be performed in a single stage both surgery and stenting at the same time.
We made a small cut (3-4 cm) on the left side of chest through which the main bypass grafting for the left coronary artery was performed. After the successful completion of bypass surgery, its functioning was checked by angiography, which was followed by angioplasty and stenting to the right coronary artery. The same procedure was subsequently performed on two more patients – Mr. Sanjay, aged 54 years and Mrs. Narmadha M, aged 70 years. All the patients were discharged within a span of two to three days.”
Speaking on the success of the case, Dr. Aravindan Selvaraj, Executive Director, Kauvery Hospital, Chennai, said, “I would like to extend my heartfelt congratulations to Dr. R Anantharaman and his team for setting a benchmark in India’s medical history by performing a minimally invasive hybrid revascularization procedure in a single stage. The Hybrid Cath Lab at Kauvery Hospital has ushered in many revolutionary procedures and helping in faster recovery for our patients. We always commit ourselves to bring in the latest technologies to provide the best possible treatment at all times. In this pandemic, it is imperative that all emergencies and regular treatment including cardiac should be immediately attended to as it can be life threatening if ignored or postponed.”
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HERO SURPASSES THE MONUMENTAL 100 MILLION CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION MILESTONE
New Delhi, January 21, 2021. Hero MotoCorp, the world’s largest manufacturer of motorcycles and scooters, today surpassed the significant...
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-71.33 (-10.18%)
Phillips 66 Bolsters the Front Lines With $3 Million Commitment to Relief Efforts
April 14, 2020, 5:00 AM ·2 min read
Phillips 66 (NYSE: PSX) announced today it will contribute $3 million to COVID-19 relief efforts across the United States and in the United Kingdom. Of this, $1 million will be directed to the Greater Houston COVID-19 Recovery Fund and $500,000 to the Houston Food Bank. The remaining funds will be distributed to frontline organizations that are responding to the pandemic within communities where Phillips 66 operates, providing essential support for first responders, food banks, health care and other critical organizations serving vulnerable populations.
"The global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has had an indelible impact on every aspect of our lives and finding ways to assist those in need is more important than ever," said Greg Garland, chairman and CEO of Phillips 66. "As the world navigates this unprecedented crisis, it’s important that we stay focused on the health and safety of our employees, our families and our communities. We are steadfastly committed to helping our neighbors by increasing access to personal protective equipment and other resources for those on the front lines who are meeting immediate needs."
The United Way of Greater Houston and the Greater Houston Community Foundation have collaborated to launch the Greater Houston COVID-19 Recovery Fund, which has received endorsements by Harris County Judge Lina Hidalgo, Fort Bend County Judge KP George and Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner. The fund supports those who have been impacted by COVID-19 and those who are facing sudden, severe financial hardships throughout the Houston area. It provides urgently-needed necessities such as food, health care, shelter and utility assistance to vulnerable individuals and families.
The Houston Food Bank is the largest hunger relief distribution agency in Houston and serves 18 southeast Texas counties. The organization is meeting the critical need resulting from COVID-19 by ensuring Houston ISD children relying on school breakfast and lunch continue to receive meals, providing quarantine food kits and distributing senior boxes.
For more information about these COVID-19 relief efforts or to donate, please visit https://www.greaterhoustonrecovery.org/ or www.houstonfoodbank.org.
For more information on how Phillips 66 is responding to COVID-19, please visit www.phillips66.com/covid19response.
About Phillips 66
Phillips 66 is a diversified energy manufacturing and logistics company. With a portfolio of Midstream, Chemicals, Refining, and Marketing and Specialties businesses, the company processes, transports, stores and markets fuels and products globally. Phillips 66 Partners, the company’s master limited partnership, is integral to the portfolio. Headquartered in Houston, the company has 14,500 employees committed to safety and operating excellence. Phillips 66 had $59 billion of assets as of Dec. 31, 2019. For more information, visit www.phillips66.com or follow us on Twitter @Phillips66Co.
Dennis Nuss (media)
dennis.h.nuss@p66.com
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Italy’s New Gov’t Facing Daunting Challenges
Italy’s Five Star Movement and the Lega party managed to form a coalition government June 1, after months of talks following parliamentary elections in early March. The government, led by Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, is the first “populist” government to lead a major European Union country.
Italy, the fourth-largest economy in Europe, is only now slowly recovering from its worst recession since World War II, and the Italian economy remains smaller than it was prior to the 2008 financial crisis, Dailysignal reported.
Unemployment remains a consistent problem. Italy’s jobless rate is 11.2%, and youth unemployment is a staggering 33.1%.
Italian banks retain high levels of bad debt, leading to worries—albeit somewhat lessened recently—of a looming Italian banking crisis.
Public discontent with the economy and concerns over the euro are palpable. While a majority of Italians continue to support staying in the eurozone, support for the euro is lower here than in Austria, France, Ireland, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, or Spain.
Italian debt was a staggeringly high 131.8% of the gross domestic product in 2017, and EU officials have already warned that the government’s spending plans, if carried out, would conflict with eurozone budget rules.
The government’s fiscal priorities will better come into focus when its budget is released in October.
Five Star has supported policies such as increased welfare payments, and it has campaigned on a promise to create a universal basic income of at least €780 (about $910) a month for people over 18 who are out of work and have an income below the poverty line, a proposal that is estimated would cost Italy tens of billions of euros every year if enacted.
Ongoing Migrant Crisis
While Italy’s economic woes are important to understanding this anti-establishment mood, the ongoing migrant crisis remains the single-most important issue in the country. Like most of the rest of Europe, Italy has been heavily affected by the ongoing migrant crisis.
The relative closure of the Balkan route (a route from Turkey to Greece, and northwards through Macedonia and the western Balkans to Austria and Germany) and a security vacuum in Libya have combined to result in tens of thousands of migrants, many from sub-Saharan Africa, voyaging across the Mediterranean and landing on Italian soil.
Since 2011, 750,000 migrants have arrived in Italy, a country of 60 million—roughly the same population as California and Florida combined.
Both Five Star and Lega campaigned on platforms that promised to address the migrant crisis and its effects on Italian society.
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Arthur Godfrey
Arthur Morton Leo Godfrey (August 31 1903 – March 16 1983) was an American radio and television broadcaster and entertainer who was sometimes introduced by his nickname, The Old Redhead. He was strongly identified with one of his sponsors, Lipton Tea. [ [http://graphic-design.tjs-labs.com/gallery-view?keyword=ARTHUR%20GODFREY Gallery of classic graphic design featuring Arthur Godfrey acting as spokesman for various products including Lipton] ]
Godfrey was born in New York City in 1903. His mother, Kathryn Morton Godfrey, was from a well-to-do New York family which disapproved of her marriage to an older Englishman, Arthur Hanbury Godfrey. The senior Godfrey was a sportswriter and considered an expert on surrey and hackney horses, but the advent of the automobile devastated the family's finances. By 1915, when Arthur was 12, the family had moved to Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey. [Emblen, Frank. [http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F50E13F93C5C0C7B8DDDAB0994DB484D81 "New Jersey Guide"] , "The New York Times", December 18, 1983. Accessed November 7, 2007. "Mr. Godfrey, who died on March 16 at the age of 79, was a native of Hasbrouck Heights."] Arthur, the eldest of five children, tried to help them survive by working before and after school, but at age 14 left home to ease the financial burden on the family. By 15 he was a civilian typist at Camp Merritt, New Jersey and enlisted in the Navy (by lying about his age) two years later.
Godfrey's father was something of a "free thinker" by the standards of the era. He didn't disdain organized religion but insisted his children explore all faiths before deciding for themselves which to embrace. Their childhood friends included Catholic, Jewish and every flavor of Protestant playmates. The senior Godfrey was friends with the Vanderbilts, but was as likely to spend his time talking with the shoeshine man or the hotdog vendor about issues of the day. In the book, "Genius in the Family" (G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1962), written about their mother by Godfrey's youngest sister, Dorothy Gene with the help of their sister, Kathy, it was reported the angriest they ever saw their father was when a man on the ferry declared the Ku Klux Klan a civic organization vital to the good of the community. They rode the ferry back and forth three times, with their father arguing with the man that the Klan was a bunch of "Blasted, bigoted fools, led 'round by the nose!"
Godfrey's mother, Kathryn, was a gifted artist and composer whose aspirations to fame were laid aside to take care of her family after her husband, Arthur or "Darl'", died. Her creativity enabled the family to get through some very hard times by playing the piano to accompany silent movies, making jams and jellies and crocheting bedspreads to sell, and even cutting off and selling her floor length hair, as it was extremely difficult for a woman of her "class" to find work without violating social mores of the time. The one household item that was never sold or turned into firewood was the piano, and she believed at least some of her children would succeed in show business. In her later years some of her compositions were performed by symphony orchestras in Canada, which earned her a mention in "Time". [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Names make news. |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890739,00.html |quote=As a surprise encore to a pop concert in Toronto, Conductor Andre Kostelanetz led the local symphony in the first playing of a spirited number, The Marine Boys March, written by an old acquaintance. On hand was the amateur composer: Mrs. Kathryn Godfrey, 76, sprightly mother of Radio-TV Impresario Arthur Godfrey. Said one Toronto critic: "An outstanding achievement." |work=Time (magazine) |date=December 7, 1953 |accessdate=2008-07-18 ] In 1957, at the age of 78, her sauciness made her a big hit with the audience when she appeared on Groucho Marx's quiz show "You Bet Your Life". She died of cancer in 1968 at a nursing home in a suburb north of Chicago.
Godfrey served in the United States Navy from 1920 to 1924 as a radio operator on naval destroyers, but returned home to care for the family after his father's death. Additional radio training came during Godfrey's service in the Coast Guard from 1927 to 1930. It was during a Coast Guard stint in Baltimore that he appeared on a local talent show and became popular enough to land his own brief weekly program.
On leaving the Coast Guard, Godfrey became a radio announcer for the Baltimore station WFBR and moved the short distance to Washington, D.C. to become a staff announcer for NBC-owned station WRC the same year and remained there until 1934. He was already an avid flyer. In 1933, Godfrey nearly died following a violent car crash outside Washington that left him hospitalized for months. During that time, he decided to listen closely to the radio and realized that the stiff, formal announcers could not connect with the average radio listener, as the announcers spoke in stentorian tones, as if giving a formal speech to a crowd and not communicating on a personal level. Godfrey vowed that when he returned to the airwaves he would affect a relaxed, informal style as if he were talking to just one person. He also used that style to do his own commercials and became a regional star.
In addition to announcing, Godfrey sang and played the ukulele. In 1934 he became a freelance entertainer, but eventually based himself on a daily show titled "Sundial" on CBS-owned station WJSV (now WWWT) in Washington. Godfrey was the station's morning disc jockey, playing records, delivering commercials (often with tongue in cheek), interviewing guests, and even reading news reports during his three-hour shift. Godfrey loved to sing, and would frequently sing random verses during the "talk" portions of his program. One surviving broadcast from 1939 has Godfrey unexpectedly turning on his microphone to harmonize with The Foursome's recording of "There'll Be Some Changes Made."
He knew President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who listened to his Washington program, and through Roosevelt's intercession, he received a commission in the U.S. Naval Reserve before World War II. Godfrey eventually moved his base to the CBS station in New York City, then known as WABC (now WCBS), and was heard on both WJSV and WABC for a time. In the autumn of 1942, he also became the announcer for Fred Allen's "Texaco Star Theater" show on the CBS network, but a personality conflict between Allen and Godfrey led to his early release from the show after only six weeks.
Godfrey became nationally known in April 1945 when, as CBS's morning-radio man in Washington, he took the microphone for a live, firsthand account of President Roosevelt's funeral procession. The entire CBS network picked up the broadcast, later preserved in the Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly record series, "I Can Hear it Now." Unlike the tight-lipped news reporters and commentators of the day, who delivered breaking stories in an earnest, businesslike manner, Arthur Godfrey's tone was sympathetic and neighborly, lending immediacy and intimacy to his words. When describing new President Harry S. Truman's car in the procession, Godfrey fervently said, in a choked voice, "God bless him, President Truman." Godfrey broke down in tears and cued the listeners back to the studio. The entire nation was moved by his emotional outburst.
Godfrey made such an impression on the air that CBS gave him his own morning time slot on the nationwide network. "Arthur Godfrey Time" was a Monday-Friday show that featured his monologues, interviews with various stars, music from his own in-house combo and regular vocalists. Godfrey's monologues and discussions were unscripted, and went wherever he chose.
In 1947, Godfrey had a surprise hit record with the novelty "Too Fat Polka (She's Too Fat For Me)" written by Ross MacLean and Arthur Richardson. The song's popularity led to the Andrews Sisters recording a version adapted to the women's point-of-view.
Godfrey's morning show was supplemented by a primetime variety show, "Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts". This variety show, a showcase for rising young performers, was a slight variation of CBS's successful "Original Amateur Hour". Some of the performers had made public appearances in their home towns and were recommended to Godfrey by friends or colleagues. These "sponsors" would accompany the performers to the broadcast and introduce them to Godfrey on the air. Two acts from the same 1948 broadcast were Wally Cox and The Chordettes. Both were big hits that night, and both were signed to recording contracts. Godfrey took special interest in The Chordettes, who sang his kind of barbershop-quartet harmony, and he soon made them part of his broadcasting and recording "family."
Performers who appeared on "Talent Scouts" included Lenny Bruce, Don Adams, Tony Bennett, Patsy Cline, Pat Boone, opera singer Marilyn Horne, Roy Clark, and Irish vocalist Carmel Quinn. Later, he promoted "Little Godfrey" Janette Davis to a management position as the show's talent coordinator. Two notable acts rejected for the show were Elvis Presley and Sonny Till & The Orioles. Following his appearances on the "Louisiana Hayride", Presley traveled to New York for an unsuccessful "Talent Scouts" audition in April 1955; after the "Talent Scouts" staff rejected The Orioles, they went on to have a hit record with "Crying in the Chapel" and kicked off the "bird group" trend of early rock 'n' roll.
Godfrey also was an avid amateur radio operator, with the station call sign K4LIB.He is a member of the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in the radio division. [cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=NAB Hall of Fame | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.nab.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards7&CONTENTID=11047&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm | work =National Association of Broadcasters | pages = | accessdate = 2008-05-03 | language = ]
In 1948, "Arthur Godfrey Time" began to be simultaneously broadcast on radio and television. The radio version ran three hours; the TV version an hour, later expanded to an hour and a half. Godfrey's skills as a commercial pitchman brought him a number of loyal sponsors, including Lipton Tea, Frigidaire, Pillsbury cake mixes and Chesterfield cigarettes.
He found that one way to enhance his pitches was to extemporize his commercials, poking fun at the sponsors (while never showing disrespect for the products themselves), the sponsors' company executives, and advertising agency types who wrote the scripted commercials that he regularly ignored. (If he read them at all, he ridiculed them.) To the surprise of the advertising agencies and sponsors, Godfrey's kidding of the commercials and products frequently enhanced the sales of those products. His popularity and ability to sell brought a windfall to CBS, accounting for a significant percentage of their corporate profits.
In 1949 "Arthur Godfrey and His Friends", a weekly variety show, began on CBS-TV in prime time. His affable personality combined warmth, heart, and occasional bits of "double entendre" repartee. They earned Godfrey adulation from fans who felt that despite his considerable wealth, he was really "one of them," his personality that of a friendly next-door-neighbor. His ability to sell products, insisting he would not promote any in which he did not personally believe, gave him a level of trust from his audience, a belief that "if Godfrey said it, it must be so." When he quit smoking after his 1953 hip surgery, he spoke out against smoking on the air and merely shrugged off Chesterfield's departure as a regular sponsor as he knew that other sponsors would easily fill the vacancy.
Eventually Godfrey added a weekend "best of" program culled from the week's "Arthur Godfrey Time", known as "Arthur Godfrey Digest". He began to veer away from interviewing stars in favor of a small group of regular performers that became known as the "Little Godfreys." Many of these artists were relatively obscure, but were given colossal national exposure, some of them former "Talent Scouts" winners including Hawaiian vocalist Haleloke, veteran Irish tenor Frank Parker, Marian Marlowe and Julius LaRosa, who was in the Navy when Godfrey, doing his annual Naval reserve duty, discovered the young singer and offered him a job upon his discharge.
LaRosa joined the cast in 1951 and became a favorite with Godfrey's immense audience, who also saw him on the prime-time weekly show "Arthur Godfrey and his Friends". Godfrey also had a regular announcer-foil on the show: Tony Marvin. Godfrey preferred his performers not to use personal managers or agents, but often had his staff represent the artists if they were doing personal appearances.
Godfrey was one of the busiest men in the entertainment industry, often presiding over several daytime and evening radio and TV shows simultaneously. (Even busier was Robert Q. Lewis, who hosted "Arthur Godfrey Time" whenever Godfrey was absent, adding to his own crowded schedule.) Both Godfrey and Lewis made commercial recordings for Columbia Records, often featuring the "Little Godfreys" in various combinations. In 1951 Godfrey also narrated a nostalgic movie documentary, "Fifty Years Before Your Eyes", produced for Warner Brothers by silent-film anthologist Robert Youngson.
On a memorable evening in 1953, disc jockey Steve Allen was a last-minute replacement for Godfrey on "Talent Scouts". When it came time to deliver the live commercial for Lipton tea and soups, Allen impulsively prepared the soup "and" the tea on camera, and poured both into a ukulele. Shaking the mixture well, he played a few damp notes while reciting the rest of the commercial, to the delight of the studio audience, the viewers, and Godfrey himself. Allen became a national celebrity and within the year he would become the first host of NBC's "Tonight" show.
In his own way, Godfrey was a social pioneer. One of the "Little Godfrey" acts were the Mariners, an integrated vocal quartet of white and black Coast Guard veterans. When the act appeared on his TV show, Southern CBS affiliates and racist Southern politicians complained of their participating in dance sequences with white women. Godfrey responded caustically, decrying the racism and refusing to remove them from the cast.
Godfrey's immense popularity and the trust placed in him by audiences was noticed not just by advertisers but by his friend U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower, who asked him to record a number of public service announcements to be played on American television in the case of nuclear war. It was thought that viewers would be reassured by Godfrey's grandfatherly tone and folksy manner. The existence of the PSA tapes was confirmed in 2004 by former CBS president Dr. Frank Stanton in an exchange with a writer with the Web site CONELRAD.
Godfrey learned to fly in the 1930s while doing radio in the Washington, D.C. area, starting out with gliders, then learning to fly airplanes. He was badly injured on his way to a flying lesson one afternoon in 1931 when a truck, coming the other way, lost its left front wheel and hit him head on. Godfrey spent months recuperating, and the injury would keep him from flying on active duty during WWII. He served as a reserve officer in the U.S. Navy in a public affairs role during the war.
Godfrey used his pervasive fame to advocate a strong anti-Communist stance and to pitch for enhanced strategic air power in the Cold War atmosphere. In addition to his advocacy for civil rights, he became a strong promoter of his middle-class fans vacationing in Hawaii and Miami Beach, Florida, formerly enclaves for the wealthy. He made a TV movie in 1953 taking the controls of an Eastern Airlines Lockheed Constellation airliner and flying to Miami, thus showing how safe airline travel had become. As a reserve officer, he used his public position to cajole the Navy into qualifying him as a Naval Aviator, and played that against the Air Force, who successfully recruited him into their reserve. At one time during the 1950s, Godfrey had flown every active aircraft in the military inventory at one time or another.
His continued unpaid shilling for Eastern Airlines earned him the undying gratitude of good friend Eddie Rickenbacker, the WWI flying ace who was the President of the airline. He was such a good friend of the airline that Rickenbacker took a retiring DC-3, fitted it out with an executive interior and DC-4 engines, and presented it to Godfrey, who then used it to commute to the studios in New York City from his huge Leesburg, Virginia farm every Sunday night. Such a "quid pro quo" would nowadays bring charges of conflict of interest, but in the context of the early 1950s, nothing was said.
The new DC-3 was so powerful (and noisy) that the Town of Leesburg ended up moving its airport. The original Leesburg airport, which Godfrey owned and referred to affectionately as "The Old Cow Pasture" on his show, was less than a mile from the center of town, and residents had come to expect rattling windows and crashing dishes every Sunday evening and Friday afternoon.
In 1960, Godfrey proposed building a new airport by selling the old field, and donating a portion of the sale to a local group. Since Godfrey funded the majority of the airport, it is now known as Leesburg Executive Airport at Godfrey Field. He also was known for flying a Navion, a smaller single-engined airplane, as well as a Lockheed Jetstar, and in later years a Beech Baron and a Beech Duke, registration number N1M.
In January 1954, Godfrey buzzed the control tower of Teterboro Airport in his Douglas DC-3. His license was suspended for six months. Godfrey claimed the windy conditions that day required him to turn immediately after takeoff, but in fact he was peeved with the tower because they wouldn't give him the runway he asked for. A similar event occurred while he flew near Chicago in 1956, though no sanctions were imposed. These incidents, in the wake of the controversies that swirled around Godfrey after his firing of Julius LaRosa, only further underscored the differences between his private and public persona.
Godfrey had been in pain since the 1931 car crash that damaged his hip. In 1953, he underwent pioneering hip replacement surgery in Boston using an early plastic artificial hip joint. The operation was successful and he returned to the show to the delight of his vast audience. CBS was so concerned about losing his audience that during his recovery, he broadcast live from his Beacon Hill estate near Leesburg, the signal carried by microwave towers built on the property.
Behind Godfrey's on-air warmth was a very controlling personality. He insisted his "Little Godfreys" attend dance and singing classes, believing all should be versatile performers regardless of whether they possessed the aptitude for those disciplines. In meetings with the cast and his staff, he could be abusive and intimidating. In spite of his ability to bring in profits, CBS executives who respected Godfrey professionally were not fond of him personally, since he often baited them on and off the air.
Godfrey's attitude was controlling prior to his hip surgery, but upon his return, he added more air time to his morning shows and became critical of a number of aspects of the broadcasts. One night, he substituted a shortened, hastily-arranged version of his Wednesday night variety show in place of the scheduled "Talent Scouts" presentation, feeling that none of the talent was up to standards. He also began casting a critical eye on others in the cast, particularly LaRosa, whose popularity continued to grow.
The LaRosa incident
Like many men of his generation, Julius LaRosa thought dance lessons to be somewhat effeminate -- and chafed when Godfrey ordered them for his entire performing crew. CBS historian Robert Metz, in "CBS: Reflections in a Bloodshot Eye", suggested that Godfrey instituted the practice because his own physical limitations made him sensitive to the need for coordination on camera. "Godfrey," Metz wrote, "was concerned about his cast in his paternalistic way."
Godfrey and LaRosa had a dispute when LaRosa missed a dance lesson due to a family emergency. He claimed he'd advised Godfrey, but was nonetheless barred from the show for a day in retaliation, via a notice placed on a cast bulletin board. At that point, LaRosa retained topnotch manager Tommy Rockwell to renegotiate his contract with Godfrey -- or, failing that, to receive an outright release. However, such talks had yet to occur.
LaRosa was also signed to Cadence Records, owned by Godfrey's musical director Archie Bleyer, who produced "Eh Cumpari", the best-selling hit of LaRosa's musical career. LaRosa admitted the record's success had made him a little cocky. But after Godfrey discovered that LaRosa hired a manager in the wake of the dance lesson reprimand, Godfrey immediately consulted with CBS President Dr. Frank Stanton, who noted that Godfrey had hired LaRosa on-air and suggested firing him the same way. Whether Stanton intended this to occur after Godfrey spoke with LaRosa and his managers about the singer's future on the show, or whether Stanton suggested Godfrey actually fire LaRosa on air with no warning, remains lost to history.
On October 19 1953, after lavishing praise on LaRosa in introducing the singer's performance of "Manhattan," Godfrey thanked him and then announced that this was LaRosa's "swan song" with the show. LaRosa, who had to be told what the phrase "swan song" meant, was dumbfounded, since he had not been informed beforehand of his departure and contract renegotiations had yet to happen. Stanton later admitted the idea may have been "a mistake." In perhaps a further illumination of the ego that Godfrey had formerly kept hidden, radio historian Gerald Nachman, in "Raised on Radio", claims that what really miffed Godfrey about his now-former protege was that LaRosa's fan mail had come to outnumber Godfrey's. [http://www.pbs.org/pioneersoftelevision/ PBS Documentary "Pioneers of Television: Variety" originally broadcasted January 9, 2008] ] . It is likely that a combination of these factors led to Godfrey's decision to discharge LaRosa. It is not likely Godfrey expected the public outcry that ensued.
In any event, the LaRosa incident opened an era of controversy that swirled around Godfrey and, little by little, dismantled his just-folks image. LaRosa was beloved enough by Godfrey's fans that they saved their harsh criticism for Godfrey himself. After a press conference was held by LaRosa and his agent, Godfrey further complicated the matter by hosting a press conference of his own where he responded that LaRosa had lost his "humility." The charge, given Godfrey's sudden baring of his own ego beneath the facade of warmth, brought more mockery from the public and press. Almost instantly, Godfrey and the phrase "no humility" became the butt of many comedians' jokes. Later, he claimed he had, with the firing, essentially given LaRosa a release from his contract that the singer requested. Godfrey, however, provided no evidence to support that contention.
The firings continue
Godfrey would fire others among his regulars, including bandleader Archie Bleyer, within days of LaRosa's public "execution." Bleyer had formed his own label, Cadence Records, which recorded LaRosa. Bleyer married one of The Chordettes, and that group also broke away from Godfrey. (Godfrey replaced them with The McGuire Sisters.). Godfrey was also angered that Bleyer had produced a spoken-word record by Godfrey's Chicago counterpart Don McNeill. McNeill hosted "The Breakfast Club", which had been Godfrey's direct competition on the NBC Blue Network and ABC since Godfrey's days at WJSV. Despite the McNeill show's far more modest following, Godfrey was unduly offended, even paranoid, at what he felt was disloyalty on Bleyer's part. Bleyer simply shrugged off the dismissal and focused on developing Cadence, which went on to even greater fame in later years with classic hit records by the Everly Brothers and Andy Williams.
Apparently Godfrey intended to teach his regulars a lesson, by dismissing them from his show and curtailing their network-television exposure. The plan backfired somewhat when they continued to perform for his substitute host, Robert Q. Lewis, who by now had his own midday show on CBS.
Occasionally, a crotchety Godfrey snapped at cast members on the air. A significant number of other "Little Godfreys," including the Mariners and Haleloke, were dismissed from 1953 to 1959, with no reasons given. Other performers, most notably Pat Boone and Patsy Cline (briefly), stepped in as "Little Godfreys."
Godfrey's problems with the media and public feuds with newspaper columnists such as Jack O'Brian and newspaperman turned CBS variety show host Ed Sullivan, were duly documented by the media, which began running critical exposé articles linking him to several female "Little Godfreys." Godfrey's anger at Sullivan stemmed from the variety show impresario's featuring of fired "Little Godfreys" on his Sunday night show, including LaRosa.
As the media turned on Godfrey, two films, "The Great Man" (1956) starring Jose Ferrer, who also directed and produced, and Elia Kazan's classic "A Face in the Crowd" (1957) starring Andy Griffith and Patricia Neal, were inspired by Godfrey's increasingly controversial career. "The Great Man", adapted from a novel by TV writer Al Morgan, centered on a tribute broadcast for Herb Fuller, a Godfrey-like figure killed in a car crash whose genial public demeanor concealed a dissolute phony. "Face" creator Budd Schulberg maintains his story was actually inspired by hearing that Will Rogers, Sr., was far from the man of the people he claimed to be. Nonetheless, certain elements of the film, including its protagonist Lonesome Rhodes (played by Andy Griffith) spoofing commercials on a Memphis TV show he hosted, were clearly Godfrey-inspired. The research by Kazan and Schulberg included attending an advertising agency meeting about Lipton Tea.
Godfrey was a frequent target for parodies. As early as 1949, comedians Bob and Ray presented an obvious parody in Arthur Sturdley (voiced by Bob Elliott) who, in plummy, folksy tones, constantly ragged his announcer Tony (Ray Goulding imitating Godfrey's announcer Tony Marvin, incessantly answering every question with "That's right, Arthur!"). Satirist Stan Freberg picked up on this inadvertent catchphrase and recorded a barbed spoof of Godfrey's show. "That's Right, Arthur" depicted the star as a rambling, self-absorbed motormouth and his longtime announcer (Tony Marvin, portrayed by voice actor Daws Butler) as a yes-man, responding "That's right, Arthur" to every vapid Godfrey pronouncement. Fearing legal problems, Freberg's label, Capitol Records, would not release it, to Freberg's frustration. The recording finally appeared on a 1990s Freberg career retrospective CD box set. Following the Julius LaRosa episode, singer-songwriter Ruth Wallis, renowned for her double-entendre songs, recorded "Dear Mr. Godfrey," a country tune that implored him to "hire me and fire me and make a star of me."
Godfrey appeared on every major magazine cover including "Life", "Look", "Time", and over a dozen "TV Guide" covers. He was also the first man to ever make the cover of "Cosmopolitan" magazine. Despite his faux pas, Godfrey still commanded a strong presence and a loyal fan base. "Talent Scouts" lasted until 1958.
Allegations of Anti-Semitism
Accusations of anti-Semitism shadowed Godfrey during the height of his career and persist even today. Eddie Fisher, in his autobiography, "Been There, Done That", discusses the rumor:
Arthur J. Singer, author of "Arthur Godfrey: The Adventures of an American Broadcaster" (2000), rejects this accusation, citing Godfrey's good personal relations with a number of Jews in the entertainment industry including his longtime announcer Tony Marvin. As for Godfrey's association with the Kenilworth, the hotel established a "No Jews" policy in the 1920s, but this was abandoned when Godfrey acquired a stake in the hotel in the early 1950s.
Later in life
In 1959, Godfrey began suffering chest pains. Closer examination by physicians revealed a mass in his chest that could possibly be lung cancer. In 1959, Godfrey left "Arthur Godfrey Time" and "Arthur Godfrey and His Friends" after revealing his illness.
Surgeons discovered cancer in one lung that spread to his aorta. One lung was removed. Yet, despite the disease's discouragingly high mortality in that era, it became clear after radiation treatments that Godfrey had beaten the substantial odds against him. He returned to the air on a prime-time special and resumed the daily "Arthur Godfrey Time" morning show -- but only on radio. He continued the show, reverting to a format featuring guest stars such as ragtime pianist Max Morath and Irish vocalist Carmel Quinn, maintaining a live combo of first-rate Manhattan musicians as he'd had since the beginning. In view of declining listenership, Godfrey and CBS agreed to end the show in April 1972. Godfrey by then was a colonel in the US Air Force Reserve and still an active pilot.
He made three movies: "4 for Texas" (1963), "The Glass Bottom Boat" (1966), and "Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows" (1968). He briefly co-hosted "Candid Camera" with creator Allen Funt, but that relationship, like so many others, ended acrimoniously; Godfrey hosted at least one broadcast "without" Funt. Godfrey also made various guest appearances, and he and Lucille Ball co-hosted the CBS special "50 Years of Television" (1978). He also made a cameo appearance in the 1979 B-movie "Angel's Revenge".
In retirement, Godfrey wanted to find ways back onto a regular TV schedule. He appeared in a 1920s-pop-style performance on the rock band Moby Grape's second album, and despite his political conservatism became a powerful environmentalist who identified with the youth culture that irreverently opposed the "establishment," as he felt he had done during his peak years. He was a master at dressage and made charity appearances at horse shows. He made commercials for the detergent Axion, only to clash with the manufacturer when he found that the product contained phosphates, implicated in water pollution.
During one appearance on "The Dick Cavett Show", Godfrey commented that the United States needed the supersonic transport "about as much as we need another bag of those clunkers from the moon." The concern that the SST contributed to noise pollution is considered to have effectively ended SST interest in the United States, leaving it to Britain and France.Fact|date=July 2008 (Cavett claims that Godfrey's statement also earned tax audits from the Richard Nixon-era Internal Revenue Service for the show's entire production staff.)
Despite an intense desire to remain in the public eye, Godfrey's presence ebbed considerably over the next ten years, notwithstanding an HBO special and an appearance on a PBS salute to the 1950s. A 1981 attempt to reconcile him with LaRosa for a TV reunion special, bringing together Godfrey and a number of the "Little Godfreys," collapsed. At an initially amicable meeting, Godfrey reasserted that LaRosa wanted out of his contract and asked why he hadn't explained that instead of insisting he was fired without warning. When LaRosa began reminding him of the dance lesson controversy, Godfrey, then in his late seventies, exploded and the meeting ended in shambles.
Godfrey was married to the former Mary Bourke from 1938 until his death in 1983. They had three children.
Emphysema, resulting from the radiation treatments for Godfrey's cancer, became a problem in the early 1980s. He died of emphysema in New York City on March 16, 1983.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Man with the Barefoot Voice |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923414,00.html |quote= [He] was born in Manhattan to a mother who was a frustrated concert singer and an improvident father who was a self-styled British aristocrat. Young Arthur dropped out of high school to support the family at odd jobs. He started in radio almost by accident, as a banjo player sponsored by a birdseed company on a station in Baltimore. |work=Time (magazine) |date=March 23, 1983 |accessdate=2008-07-18 ] [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Arthur Godfrey, Television And Radio Star, Dies At 79 |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1EF63E5D0C748DDDAA0894DB484D81 |quote=Arthur Godfrey, the ukulele-playing radio and television personality whose folksy manner won him millions of admirers in the 1940's and 50's, died yesterday at the age of 79. Mr. Godfrey, who had been mostly retired since the late 1950's, died in Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York after a ... |work=New York Times |date=March 17, 1983 |accessdate=2008-07-18 ] Godfrey was buried at Union Cemetery in Leesburg, Virginia, not far from his farm in Waterford, Virginia.
*NBAA Meritorious Service to Aviation Award (1950)
*National Aviation Hall of Fame (1987)
*Radio Hall of Fame (1988)
*Peabody Award (1971)
*Hollywood Walk of Fame (at 1551 Vine St.)
* In 2002 Godfrey was one of only three people named on both of industry publication "Talkers Magazine"'s 25 greatest radio, and 25 greatest television, talk show hosts of all time lists. [http://www.talkers.com/greatest]
*imdb name|id=0323960|name=Arthur Godfrey
* [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/G/htmlG/godfreyarth/godfreyarth.htm Museum of Broadcast Communication: Arthur Godfrey]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/Arthur_Godfrey_Time Kinescope of an episode of 'Arthur Godfrey Time' at the Internet Archive]
Black Númenóreans
Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation
Arthur Godfrey — (links) Arthur Morton Godfrey (* 31. August 1903 in New York City; † 16. März 1983 ebenda) war US amerikanischer Radio und Fernseh Moderator sowie Popmusik Sänger und Filmschauspieler … Deutsch Wikipedia
Arthur Godfrey — George Cooper Smith de France Arthur Godfrey est un acteur et scénariste américain né le 31 août 1903 à New York, New York (États Unis), décédé le 16 mars 1983 à New York (Éta … Wikipédia en Français
Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts — (also known as Talent Scouts ) was a radio and television variety show which ran on CBS from 1946 until 1958. Sponsored by Lipton Tea, it starred Arthur Godfrey, who was also hosting Arthur Godfrey and His Friends at the same time.The concept for … Wikipedia
Arthur Godfrey Peuchen — Naissance 18 avril 1859 Montréal, Québec Décès 7 décembre 1929 (à 70 ans) Toronto … Wikipédia en Français
Arthur Godfrey and His Friends — was a television variety show which ran from 1949 until 1959. At the same time that this show was on the air, Arthur Godfrey was also performing on Arthur Godfrey s Talent Scouts . He also had a morning show which was simulcast on both the CBS… … Wikipedia
Arthur Godfrey Peuchen — Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Godfrey Peuchen (April 18, 1859 ndash; December 7, 1929) was a Canadian businessman and RMS Titanic survivor. Early lifeBorn in Montreal, Quebec, Peuchen was the son of a railroad contractor; his grandfather managed the… … Wikipedia
Arthur Brown (Leichtathlet) — Arthur Godfrey Kilner Brown (* 21. Februar 1915 in Bankura, Bengalen, Indien; † 4. Februar 1995 in Sussex) war ein britischer Leichtathlet und Olympiasieger. Er studierte Englisch und Geschichte an der Universität Cambridge und arbeitete nach… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Godfrey Brown — (Arthur Godfrey Kilner Brown; * 21. Februar 1915 in Bankura, Bengalen, Indien; † 4. Februar 1995 in Sussex) war ein britischer Sprinter und Olympiasieger. Brown war ein hoch talentierter Läufer über 100 Yards und die halbe Meile. 1936 und 1938… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Godfrey — ist ein männlicher Vorname. Namensträger sind z. B. Godfrey Bloom (* 1949), britischer Politiker Godfrey Hounsfield (1919–2004), britischer Entwickler des Computertomographen Godfrey Thoma (* 1957), nauruischer Politiker Godfrey ist der… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Arthur Peuchen — Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Le Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Godfrey Peuchen (18 avril 1859 7 décembre 1929) était un militaire et homme d affaire canadien. Il était entre autres président de la Standard Chemical Company. Lors de son 14e voyage… … Wikipédia en Français
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Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
For other uses, see Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Non-status Indian.
Overseas Indians, officially known as non-resident Indians (NRIs) or persons of Indian origin (PIOs), are people of Indian birth, descent or origin who live outside the Republic of India. According to a Ministry of External Affairs report, there are 32 million NRIs and PIOs residing outside India.[1]
Flag of India
c. 36,100,340[1]
Overseas France
+20,000[1]
Languages of India
Baháʼí
Other Indo-Aryan and Dravidian peoples
1 Legal framework
1.1 Non-resident Indian (NRI)
1.2 Person of Indian origin (PIO)
1.3 Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)
2 History of emigration from India
2.1 Spread of Indic religions
2.1.1 Arabian peninsula
2.1.2 Central Asia
2.2 European colonial era
2.3 After independence
3 Demography by host country
4 Diaspora by host country
4.1 Africa
4.1.1 Madagascar
4.1.2 Mauritius
4.1.3 Réunion
4.1.5 South East Africa
4.2 Asia
4.2.4 Nepal
4.2.5 Philippines
4.2.6 Singapore
4.3 Caribbean
4.4.1 Netherlands and Suriname
4.4.2 United Kingdom
4.5.2 United States of America
4.6 Oceania
4.6.2 Fiji
4.6.3 New Zealand
4.7 West Asia
4.7.1 Armenia
4.7.2 Israel
4.7.3 Persian Gulf
5 Diaspora by state and ethnolinguistic regions of India
6 Diaspora by region
6.1 European colonial era diaspora
6.2 Other mixed Indians
7 Diaspora by religions
7.1 Indian-origin religions
7.2 Foreign-origin religions
8 Impact of Indian diaspora
8.1 Influence in India
8.1.1 Overseas Indians' Day
8.1.2 Impact on India's hard and soft power
8.2 Impact on other nations
8.2.1 Expansion of Indian soft power
8.2.2 Expansion of Indian hard power
8.2.2.1 Diaspora organisation and political lobby groups
8.2.2.2 Relations with other diasporas
8.2.3 Cultural, economic and political impact on other nations
9.1 Demand for dual citizenship in India by PIO and NRIs
9.2 Abandoned NRI wives
Legal frameworkEdit
Non-resident Indian (NRI)Edit
Strictly asserting, the term says non-resident refers only to the tax status of a citizen who, as per section 6 of the Income-tax Act of 1961, has not resided in India for a specified period for the purposes of the Income Tax Act.[6] The rates of income tax are different for persons who are "resident in India" and for NRIs. For the purposes of the Income Tax Act, "residence in India" requires stay in India of at least 182 days in a financial year or 365 days spread out over four consecutive years and at least 60 days in that year. According to the act, any Indian citizen who does not meet the criteria as a "resident of India" is a non-resident of India and is treated as NRI for paying income tax.
Person of Indian origin (PIO)Edit
A person of Indian origin (PIO)[7] means a foreign citizen (except a national of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Iran, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and/or Nepal), who:
at any time held an Indian passport, or
either of their parents/grandparents/great-grandparents were born and permanently resident in India as defined in Government of India Act, 1935 and other territories that became part of India thereafter provided neither was at any time a citizen of any of the aforesaid countries (as referred above), or
is a spouse of a citizen of India or a PIO.
Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)Edit
Main article: Overseas Citizenship of India
After multiple efforts by leaders across the Indian political spectrum, a pseudo-citizenship scheme was established, the "Overseas Citizenship of India", commonly referred to as the OCI card. The Constitution of India does not permit full dual citizenship. The OCI card is effectively a long-term visa, with restrictions on voting rights and government jobs. The card is available to certain PIOs, and while it affords holders residency and other rights, it does have restrictions, and is not considered to be any type of Indian citizenship from a constitutional perspective.[citation needed]
History of emigration from IndiaEdit
See also: Greater India and Indosphere
Spread of Indic religionsEdit
Arabian peninsulaEdit
See also: Indians in Oman and Aden Protectorate
Central AsiaEdit
Narimsimhan et al. (2018)[8] have found that there was an "Indus periphery" population living in Central Asia during the Bronze Age. They had migrated from the Indus Valley Civilisation and had settled down in BMAC settlements to trade, this is corrobated by the discovery of Indus Valley seals in Central Asia.[9]
The modern Indian merchant diaspora in Central Asia and Arabia emerged in the mid-16th century and remained active for over four centuries. Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga was the first place in the Tsardom of Russia where an Indian merchant colony was established as early as the 1610s. Russian chroniclers reported the presence of Hindu traders in Moscow and St Petersburg in the 18th century.[10]
Individuals of Indian origin have achieved a high demographic profile in metropolitan areas worldwide, including India Square (Little Bombay[11]) in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States, home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere[12] and one of at least 24 enclaves characterised as a Little India that have emerged within the New York City Metropolitan Area, with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York.[13][14][15][16]
Multani people from Multan, Shikarpur, and Mawar of both Hindu and Muslim background acted as bankers and merchants in Safavid Persia. Hindu merchants in Hamadan were massacred by Ottomans as stated by an Armenian, with the Indian merchant community plummeting due to the Ottoman and Afghan wars in Iran (1722–27).[17] In Kerman, traders of Hindu background had a caravanserai.[18] Traders of Indian background were mentioned by Jean Chardin, Jean de Thévenot, Adam Olearius and F. A. Kotov in the Safavid dynasty in Persia where they lived along with Jews and Armenians. Traders from India of Sikh and Hindu background lived in the Qajar and Zand dynasties in Persia after a clampdown by Nader Shah and the Afghan Ghilzar wars in Iran.[19]
Sarmarqandi and Bukharan traders bought Indian indigo from merchants of Hindu origin in Kandahar in 1783 according to George Forester. The tallest houses were owned by Hindus according to Elphinstone in 1815. Lumsden recorded 350 stores owned by Hindus in Kandahar. Finance, precious metals, and textiles were all dealt with by Sikhs and Hindus in Kandahar.[20]
A Hindu worked for Timur Shah Durrani in Afghanistan. Peshawar Hindus were in Kabul by 1783. Usury was the main occupation of Hindus in Kabul. Armenians and Hindus lived in Kabul according to an 1876 survey.[21] Jews and Hindus lived in Herat in the 1800s.[22] Sindhi Shikarpur Hindus, Jews, and Arabs lived in Balkh in 1886.[23] Sindhi and Punjabi were the languages used by Indians in Afghanistan. Some Afghan cities including Kabul have places of worship for Hindus and Sikhs.[24] Local citizenship has been obtained in Afghanistan by Hindu and Sikh traders.[25]
Peshawari and Shikarpuri Indian traders were involved in Central Asia. The Shikarpuri invested in grain in the Bukharan Emirate as well as Ferghana cotton/. They also engaged in legal money lending in Bukhara, which they could not legally do in Russian Turkestan.[26] Jews, Hindus, Baluch, Persians, and Arabs lived in Samargand, and Hindus and Baháʼís live in Baluchistan and Khorasan in Iran.[27]
The usurers and merchants of Hindu background from British India in Xinjiang were guaranteed by the British Consul-General.[28][29] Russian refugees, missionaries, and British-Indian merchants and usurers of Hindu background were potential targets of gangs of Kashgaris so the Consulate-General of Britain was a potential shelter.[30][31] The killings of two Hindus at the hands of Uighurs took place in the Shamba Bazaar[32] in a most brutal fashion.[33][34][35] The plundering of the valuables of slaughtered British Indian Hindus happened in Posgam on 25 March 1933, and on the previous day in Karghalik at the hands of Uighurs.[36] Killings of Hindus took place in Khotan at the hands of the Bughra Amirs.[37] Antagonism against both the British and Hindus ran high among the Muslim Turki Uyghur rebels in Xinjiang's southern area. Muslims plundered the possessions in Karghalik of Rai Sahib Dip Chand, who was the aksakal of Britain, and his fellow Hindus in 24 March 1933, and in Keryia they slaughtered British Indian Hindus.[38] Sind's Shikarpur district was the origin of the Hindu diaspora there. The slaughter of the Hindus from British India was called the "Karghalik Outrage". The Muslims had killed nine of them.[39] The forced removal of the Swedes was accompanied by the slaughter of the Hindus in Khotan by the Islamic Turkic rebels.[40] The Emirs of Khotan slaughtered the Hindus as they forced the Swedes out and declared sharia in Khotan in 16 March 1933.[41]
Southeast AsiaEdit
See also: Hinduism in Southeast Asia, Buddhism in Southeast Asia, and Chitty
A major emigration from the Indian subcontinent was to Southeast Asia. There is a possibility that the first wave of Indian migration towards Southeast Asia occurred when Emperor Ashoka invaded Kalinga and following Samudragupta's expedition towards the South.[42] This was followed by early interaction of Indian traders with South Asians and, after the mid-first millennium CE, by the emigration of members of the Brahmin social caste. This resulted in the establishment of the so-called Indianised kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The Cholas, who were known for their naval power, conquered Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. The influence of Indian culture is still strongly felt in Southeast Asia with the royal Brahmins of Thailand (Rajkru), for example.[citation needed]
Another early diaspora, of which little is known was a reported Indian "Shendu" community that was recorded when Yunnan was annexed by the Han Dynasty in the 1st century by the Chinese authorities.[43]
Indian trader's family in Bagamoyo, German East Africa, around 1906/18
European colonial eraEdit
Indian indentured laborers in Trinidad and Tobago, c. 1890-1896.
During the mid-19th century until the end of the World War I, much of the migration that occurred was of pioneering Girmitya indentured workers – mostly Bhojpuri and Awadhi-speaking people from the Bhojpur district of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to other British colonies under the Indian indenture system. The major destinations were Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, other parts of the Caribbean (e.g. Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Belize, Barbados, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia), Fiji, Réunion, Seychelles, Malay Peninsula (e.g. Malaysia and Singapore), East Africa (e.g. Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda) and South Africa.[citation needed]
Gujarati and Sindhi merchants and traders settled in the Arabian Peninsula, Aden, Oman, Bahrain, Dubai, South Africa and East African countries, most of which were ruled by the British. The Indian Rupee was the legal currency in many countries of Arabian peninsula. Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Baloch and Kashmiri Camel drivers were brought to Australia.[44][45]
After independenceEdit
Unlike internal migration, senior government leaders have historically not vocalized opinions on international emigration. As a result, it remains a political issue only in states with major emigrant populations, such as Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and to a lesser degree Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Goa. However, the phenomenon continues to be a major force in India's economic (Foreign direct investment), social and political relations with nations having significant Indian populace.[citation needed]
Demography by host countryEdit
Continent / country
Overseas Indian population
Africa 3,072,384
South Africa Indian South Africans 1,360,000 2.40%
Mauritius Indo-Mauritians 822,500 65.06%
Réunion (France) Réunionnais of Indian origin (Malbars) 273,254 31.42%
Kenya Indians in Kenya 90,000 1.13%
Tanzania Indians in Tanzania 59,000 1.02%
Uganda Indians in Uganda 28,000 0.6%
Madagascar Indians in Madagascar 13,500 0.04%
Nigeria 42,035 0.04%
Mozambique Indians in Mozambique 31,750 0.21%
Libya 1602 0.02%
Zimbabwe Indians in Zimbabwe 10,500 0.07%
Botswana Indians in Botswana 11,000 0.83%
Zambia Indians in Zambia 34,000 0.12%
Congo DR 8,025 0.01%
Seychelles Indo-Seychellois 10,020 10.48%
Ghana Ghanaian Indian 11,000 0.02%
Eritrea 303 0.005%
Côte d'Ivoire 1500 0.006%
Togo 510 0.006%
Namibia 289 0.01%
Asia 18,500,000+
Saudi Arabia Indians in Saudi Arabia 4,124,000[46][47] 23.22
Nepal Nepalese people of Indian ancestry 4,010,000[48] 14.7%
United Arab Emirates Indians in the United Arab Emirates 3,860,000[49] 42.1%
Malaysia Malaysian Indians 2,109,200[50] 7.4%
Pakistan Indians in Pakistan 16,501[51] (Indian citizens; 2015)
2,000,000[49][52][53][54][55] (post-partition migrants)
Myanmar Burmese Indians · Anglo-Indian 1,180,000[56] 2.50%
Sri Lanka Indians in Sri Lanka (Tamils) 850,000[57] 5.4%
Kuwait Indians in Kuwait 780,000[58] 22.5%
Singapore Singaporean Indians 700,028[59] 8.3%[60]
Qatar Indians in Qatar 666,000[59] 39.5%
Oman Indians in Oman 840,000[59] 16%
Thailand Indians in Thailand 465,000[4] 0.7%
Bahrain Indians in Bahrain 168,000[59] 21%
Philippines Indian settlement in the Philippines 160,000[61] 0.05%
Indonesia Indian Indonesians (Mardijkers · Tamils) 128,000[62] 0.05%
China Indians in China (Hong Kong) Mainland China: 11,214
Hong Kong: 22,444 0.00019%
Israel Indians in Israel 27,000[63] 0.4%
Armenia 22,000[64] 1.0%
Japan Indians in Japan 25,335[65] 0.03%
North Korea Indians in Korea 19,317[66] 0.02%
Maldives Indians in Maldives 11,000[67] 3.1%
Brunei Indians in Brunei 9,600[62] 5%
Bhutan 1,800[62] 0.07%
Kazakhstan 1,80[68] 0.08%
Afghanistan Indians in Afghanistan 1,270[68] 0.003%
Uzbekistan 940[68] 0.002%
Turkmenistan 600[68] 0.014%
Vietnam Indians in Vietnam 1,000[62] 0.0011%
Cambodia Indians in Cambodia 1,500[62] 0.09
Laos 125[62] 0.002%
Kyrgyzstan 10000 0.6%
Lebanon Indians in Lebanon 11,000[62] 0.27%
Yemen Indians in Yemen 9,000[69] 0.04%
Syria 1,800[62] 0.009%
Iran Indians in Iran 800[68] 0.001%
Turkey Indians in Turkey 300[70] 0.0004%
Europe 1,248,234+[71]
United Kingdom British Indians 1,051,762[72] 1.8%
Germany Indians in Germany 126,000[73] 0.1%
Italy Indians in Italy 114,000[74] 0.12%
Netherlands Indians in the Netherlands 93,000[74] 0.2%
Republic of Ireland South Asian people in Ireland 81,520[75][76] 1.9%
Portugal Indians in Portugal 58,000[74] 0.5%
France Indian diaspora in France 53,000[74] 0.1%
Russia Indians in Russia 34,000[10] 0.01%
Spain Indian community of Spain 19,000[74] 0.04%
Norway 12,698[74][77] 0.02%
Switzerland Indians in Switzerland 11,328[74] 0.01%
Austria 10,800[74] 0.5%
Poland Indians in Poland 8,052[74] 0.01%
Sweden Indians in Sweden 7,020[74] 0.01%
Belgium 6,500[74] 0.07%
Denmark 5,500[74] 0.01%
Georgia 5,000[74] 0.01%
Greece 4,000[74] 0.06%
Czech Republic 7,000[74] 0.06%
Finland Indians in Finland 7,010[78] 0.13%
Estonia 3,520[74] 0.01%
Latvia 3,408[74] 0.01%
Ukraine 3,570[74] 0.007%
Malta 1,740[74] 0.004%
Hungary 1,680[74] 0.007%
Romania 1,147[79] 0.0055%
Cyprus Indians in Cyprus 280[74] 0.24%
Croatia 220 [74] 0.002%
Belarus 208[74] 0.003%
Iceland 180[74] 0.05%
Serbia 140[74] 0.002%
Bulgaria 127[74] 0.002%
Slovakia 110[74] 0.004%
Lithuania 103[74] 0.003%
Americas 6,100,000+
United States Indian Americans 4,402,363 [80] 1.3 %
Canada Indo-Canadians 1,430,000[81] 4.02%
Trinidad and Tobago Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian 430,300[82] 35.4%
Jamaica Indo-Jamaicans 93,000[citation needed] 3.4%
Guadeloupe (France) Indians in Guadeloupe 55,000 13.6%
Cuba Indo-Caribbeans · Asian Latin Americans 34,000[citation needed] 0.3%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Indo-Vincentian 21,500[citation needed] 19.7%
Ecuador Ecuador–India relations 18,000 0.001%
Grenada Indo-Grenadians 12,000 11.7%
Martinique (France) Indo-Martiniquais 43,600 10%
Saint Lucia Indo-Saint Lucian 4,700 2.8%
Puerto Rico (United States) Asian Latin Americans • Indo-Caribbeans 4,500[citation needed] 0.1%
Guatemala Asian Latin Americans 2,300[62] 0.02%
Barbados Indians in Barbados 2,200[62] 0.8%
Mexico Indian immigration to Mexico 3,950[83] 0.004%
Saint Kitts and Nevis Indo-Caribbeans 1,100[62] 2.6%
Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands) Indo-Caribbeans 600[citation needed] 0.3%
Belize Indians in Belize 500[62] 0.2%
Antigua and Barbuda Indo-Caribbeans 300[citation needed] 0.4%
Haiti Indo-Haitians 200[84] 0.4%
Guyana Indo-Guyanese 327,000 60%
Suriname Indo-Surinamese 148,000 27.4%
Panama Indians in Panama 20,000 0.3%
Colombia Asian Latin Americans 5,000[62] 0.01%
Brazil Indian immigration to Brazil 1,900[62] 0.001%
Argentina Indians in Argentina 1,600[62] 0.001%
Venezuela Indians in Venezuela 40,000[62] 0.156%
Peru Indians in Peru 145[62] 0.0005%
Chile Indians in Chile 1,400[85] 0.004%
Uruguay Indians in Uruguay 90-100[86] 0.001%
Oceania 1,013,749 2.44%
Australia Indian Australians 453,000 1.93%
Fiji Indo-Fijians 315,198 34.42%
New Zealand Indian New Zealanders 170,020 2.69%
Papua New Guinea 1500 0.02%
Solomon Islands 20 0.003%
Vanuatu 810 0.28%
Samoa 70 0.04%
Kiribati 50 0.04%
Federated States of Micronesia 1 0.0002%
Marshall Islands 15 0.03%
Palau 15 0.07%
Tuvalu 50 0.43%
Nauru 20 0.16%
Total overseas Indian population ~30,800,000
Diaspora by host countryEdit
AfricaEdit
MadagascarEdit
Main article: Indians in Madagascar
Indians in Madagascar are descended mostly from traders who arrived in 19th century looking for better opportunities. The majority of them came from the Indian west coast state of Gujarat and were known as Karana (Muslim) and Bania (Hindu). The majority speak Gujarati, though some other Indian languages are spoken. Nowadays the younger generations speak at least three languages including French or English, Gujarati and Malagasy.[citation needed]
MauritiusEdit
Main article: Indo-Mauritian
The people are known as Indo-Mauritians, and form about 65.8% of the population. The majority of them are Hindu (73.7%) and a significant group are Muslims (26.3%). Mauritius is the only Hindu majority (48.5%) country of Africa according to the 2011 census. There are also a relatively small number of Baháʼís and Sikhs. The mother tongue of Indo-Mauritians is Creole, as well as French and English in general fields, however various Indian languages are still spoken, especially Bhojpuri, Tamil, Hindi, Marathi, Odia, Telugu, and Urdu as they are used in religious activities.
Mauritius hosts the Aapravasi Ghat, the only site of UNESCO in the world, to pay homage to the memory of indenture. The Indian Festivals of Maha Shivaratri, Diwali, Thaipusam, Ponggal, Ganesh Chaturthi and Ugadi are all National Holidays as well as the Annual Commemoration of the Arrival of Indian Indentured Labourers in Mauritius.
RéunionEdit
Main articles: Réunionnais of Indian origin and Malbars
Indians make up a quarter of Réunion's population. Most originally came as indentured workers from Tamil Nadu.[citation needed]
South AfricaEdit
Main articles: Indian South Africans and Tamil South Africans
Navanethem Pillay, an Indian South African descent who served as the U.N High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Most Asians in South Africa are descended from indentured Indian labourers who were brought by the British from India in the 19th century, mostly to work on the sugar cane plantations of what is now the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The majority are of Tamil speaking heritage along with people that speak Hindi or Bhojpuri, mostly descending from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. There are also smaller numbers of Telugu speaking communities while a minority are descended from Indian traders who migrated to South Africa at around the same time, many from Gujarat. The city of Durban has the highest number of Asians in sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi worked as a lawyer in the city in the early 1900s. South Africa has one of the highest number of people of Indian descent outside of India in the world, i.e. born in South Africa and not migrant. Most of them are fourth or fifth generation descendants. Most Indian South Africans do not speak any Indian languages, as they were 'lost' over the generations, although some do enjoy watching Indian movies and listening to Indian music.
South East AfricaEdit
Main article: Indian Diaspora in South East Africa
Sir Ben Kingsley of Indo-Kenyan descent is a notable Oscar-winning actor
Farrokh Bulsara, better known as Freddie Mercury, lead singer and co-founder of the immensely successful rock band Queen, was of Parsi descent born in Zanzibar.
Before the larger wave of migration during the British colonial era, a significant group of South Asians, especially from the west coast (Sindh, Surat, Konkan and Malabar) travelled regularly to South East Africa, especially Zanzibar. It is believed that they travelled in Arab dhows, Maratha Navy ships (under Kanhoji Angre), and possibly Chinese junks and Portuguese vessels. Some of these people settled in South-East Africa and later spread to places like present day Uganda, and Mozambique. Later they mingled with the much larger wave of South Asians who came with the British.
Indian migration to the modern countries of Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, South Africa, and Tanzania began nearly a century ago when these parts of the continent were under British and French colonial rule. Most of these migrants were of Gujarati or Punjabi origin. There are almost three million Indians living in South-East Africa. Indian-led businesses were (or are) the backbone of the economies of these countries. These ranged in the past from small rural grocery stores to sugar mills. In addition, Indian professionals, such as doctors, teachers, engineers, also played an important part in the development of these countries.
AsiaEdit
IndonesiaEdit
Main articles: Indian Indonesian and Tamil Indonesian
Sri Prakash Lohia, founder of Indorama Corporation and sixth richest person in Indonesia according to Forbes
Manoj Punjabi is an Indian Indonesian film and television producer and owner of the biggest production house in Indonesia.
The official figures, it is estimated that there are around 125,000 Indians living in Indonesia and 25,000 PIOs/NRIs living in Indonesia of which the Indian expatriate community registered with the embassy and consulate in Medan numbers around 5,000-7,000 people. Most are from Tamil descendants. There are other sources stated that there are more than 400,000 Indians in Indonesia.
Indians have been living in Indonesia for centuries, from the time of the Srivijaya and Majapahit Empire both of which were Hindu and heavily influenced by the subcontinent. Indians were later brought to Indonesia by the Dutch in the 19th century as indentured labourers to work on plantations located around Medan in Sumatra. While the majority of these came from South India, a significant number also came from the north of India. The Medan Indians included Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. They have now been in Indonesia for over four generations and hold Indonesian passports. While local statistics continue to suggest that there are some 40,000 PIOs in Sumatra, the vast majority are now completely assimilated into Indonesian society, though some elements of the Tamil, Punjabi and Odia communities still maintain their cultural traditions.
The Indian diaspora also includes several thousand Sindhi families who constitute the second wave of Indian immigrants who made Indonesia their home in the first half of the 20th century. The Sindhi community is mainly engaged in trading and commerce.
Among these communities, Tamils and to a lesser extent Sikhs were primarily engaged in agriculture while Sindhis and Punjabis mainly established themselves in textile trade and sports businesses.
The inflow of major Indian investments in Indonesia starting in the late 1970s drew a fresh wave of Indian investors and managers to this country. This group of entrepreneurs and business professionals has further expanded over the past two decades and now includes engineers, consultants, chartered accountants, bankers and other professionals.
The Indian community is very well regarded in Indonesia, is generally prosperous, and includes individuals holding senior positions in local and multinational companies.
Due to economic factors, most traders and businessmen among PIOs have over past decades moved to Jakarta from outlying areas such as Medan and Surabaya. Almost half the Indian Community in Indonesia is now Jakarta-based; it is estimated that the population of Jakarta's Indian community is about 19,000.[87] There are six main social or professional associations in Jakarta's Indian PIO/NRI community. Gandhi Seva Loka (formerly known as Bombay Merchants Association) is a charitable institution run by the Sindhi community and is engaged mainly in educational and social activities. The India Club is a social organisation of PIO/NRI professionals. An Indian Women's Association brings together PIO/NRI spouses and undertakes charitable activities. There is a Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee in Jakarta and Sindhis as well, Sikhs are associated with Gurudwara activities. The Economic Association of Indonesia and India (ECAII) brings together leading entrepreneurs from the Indian community with the objective of promoting bilateral economic relations, but it has been largely inactive. Finally, there is the Indonesian Chapter of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).
JapanEdit
Main article: Indians in Japan
Indians in Japan consist of migrants from India to Japan and their descendants. As of December 2008[update], there were 22,335 Indian nationals living in Japan.[88] Roughly 60% consist of expatriate IT professionals and their families.[89]
MalaysiaEdit
Main articles: Indian Malaysian, List of Malaysian Indians, Chitty, and Jawi Peranakan
Former World No. 1 of women's squash, Malaysia's Nicol David, is of Chindian descent.
Malaysia has one of the world's largest overseas Indian and overseas Chinese populations. Most Indians migrated to Malaysia as plantation labourers under British rule. They are a significant minority ethnic group, making up 8% or 2,410,000 as 2017 of the Malaysian population. 85% of these people are Tamil-speaking. They have retained their languages and religion – 88% of ethnic Indians in Malaysia identify as Hindus. A minority number of the population are Sikhs and Muslims.
There is also a small community of Indian origin, the Chitty, who are the descendants of Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE, and Chinese and Malay locals. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Malay, and practicing Hinduism, the Chittys number about 200,000 today.
NepalEdit
In 2006, the newly formed Nepal parliament passed the controversial citizenship act Nepal citizenship law that allowed nearly two million Indians especially those living in the Madhesh province of Nepal to acquire Nepalese citizenship and Nepalese identity via naturalisation.[90][91] The total number of Indian citizens temporarily living and working in Nepal is estimated to be somewhere between two and three million.[92] Nepal is also the seventh largest source of remittance to India, which amounted to nearly $3.5 billion in 2013/2014.[93][94]
PhilippinesEdit
Main articles: Indian settlement in the Philippines, List of India-related topics in Philippines, and Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities
Currently, there are over 150,000 people of Indian origin residing in Philippines.[95] By law, Indian Filipinos are defined as Philippine citizens of Indian descent.
India and the Philippines have historic cultural and economic ties going back over 3,000 years. Iron Age finds in the Philippines point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu in South India and what are today the Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries BCE.[96] The influence of Indian culture on Filipino cultures intensified from the 2nd through the late 14th centuries CE, impacting various fields such as language, politics, and religion.[97]
During the Seven Years' War, Indians from Chennai, and Tamil Nadu were part of the British expedition against Spanish Manila, taking the city from the Spanish East Indies government and occupying the surrounding areas until Caintâ and Morong (today in Rizal province) between 1762 and 1763. Following the end war's end, a number of Indian soldiers mutinied, settled, and married local Tagalog women. These Sepoy Indians still have descendants in the town today.[98][61]
SingaporeEdit
Main article: Indian Singaporeans
V. Sundramoorthy is a former Singapore international footballer and currently the head coach of S.League club Tampines Rovers.
Indian Singaporeans – defined as persons of South Asian paternal ancestry — form 9% of the country's citizens and permanent residents,[99] making them Singapore's third largest ethnic group. Among cities, Singapore has one of the largest overseas Indian populations.
Although contact with ancient India left a deep cultural impact on Singapore's indigenous Malay society, the mass migration of ethnic Indians to the island only began with the founding of modern Singapore by the British in 1819. Initially, the Indian population was transient, mainly comprising young men who came as workers, soldiers and convicts. By the mid-20th century, a settled community had emerged, with a more balanced gender ratio and a better spread of age groups. Tamil is one among the four official languages of Singapore alongside English, Chinese and Malay.
Singapore's Indian population is notable for its class stratification, with disproportionately large elite and lower income groups. This long-standing problem has grown more visible since the 1990s with an influx of both well-educated and unskilled migrants from India, and as part of growing income inequality in Singapore. Indians earn higher incomes than Malays, the other major minority group. Indians are also significantly more likely to hold university degrees than these groups. However, the mainly locally born Indian students in public primary and secondary schools under-perform the national average at major examinations.
Singapore Indians are linguistically and religiously diverse, with South Indians and nominal Hindus forming majorities. Indian culture has endured and evolved over almost 200 years. By the mid to late 20th century, it had become somewhat distinct from contemporary South Asian cultures, even as Indian elements became diffused within a broader Singaporean culture. Since the 1990s, new Indian immigrants have increased the size and complexity of the local Indian population. Together with modern communications like cable television and the Internet, this has connected Singapore with an emerging global Indian culture.
Prominent Indian individuals have long made a mark in Singapore as leaders of various fields in national life. Indians are also collectively well-represented, and sometimes over-represented, in areas such as politics, education, diplomacy and the law.
There is also a small community of Indian origin, the Chitty, who are the descendants of Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE, and Chinese and Malay locals. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Tamil, and practice Hinduism, the Chittys number about 2,000 today.
CaribbeanEdit
Main articles: Indo-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean American, and British Indo-Caribbean people
From 1838 to 1917, over half a million Indians from the former British Raj or British India, were brought to the British West Indies as indentured servants to address the demand for labour following the abolition of slavery. The first two ships arrived in British Guiana (now Guyana) on 5 May 1838.
The majority of the Indians living in the English-speaking Caribbean migrated from eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar, while those brought to Guadeloupe and Martinique were mostly from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. A minority emigrated from other parts of South Asia, including present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. Other Indo-Caribbean people descend from later migrants, including Indian doctors, Gujarati businessmen and migrants from Kenya and Uganda. A vague community of modern-day immigrants from India is to be found on Saint-Martin or Sint Maarten and other islands with duty-free commercial capabilities, where they are active in business.
Indo-Caribbeans are the largest ethnic group in Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. They are the second largest group in Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and other countries. There are small populations of them in Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, French Guiana, Grenada, Panama, Guatemala, St Lucia, Haiti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and the Netherlands Antilles.
The indentured Indians and their descendants have actively contributed to the evolution of their adopted lands in spite of many difficulties. Jamaica has always celebrated the arrival of the East Indians in Old Harbour Bay on 13 May. Trinidad and Tobago celebrates the arrival of East Indians on 30 May. In 2003, Martinique celebrated the 150th anniversary of Indian arrival. Guadeloupe did the same in 2004. These celebrations were not the fact of just the Indian minority but the official recognition by the French and local authorities of their integration and their wide-scale contribution in various fields from agriculture to education and politics, and to the diversification of the Creole culture. Thus the noted participation of the whole multi-ethnic population of the two islands in these events.[100]
EuropeEdit
See also: Dairy farming in Italy
Netherlands and SurinameEdit
Main articles: Indians in the Netherlands and Indo-Surinamese
There are around 120,000 people of Indian origin in the Netherlands, 90% of whom migrated from the former Dutch colony of Suriname, where their forefathers were brought as workers to farm and tend to crops in the former Dutch colonies.[citation needed]
Indo-Surinamese are nationals of Suriname of Indian or other South Asian ancestry. After the Dutch government signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers, Indians began migrating to Suriname in 1873 from what was then British India as indentured labourers, many from the modern-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and the surrounding regions. Just before and just after the independence of Suriname on 25 November 1975 many Indo-Surinamese emigrated to the Netherlands.[citation needed]
During the heyday of the British Raj/Empire, many people from India were sent to other British colonies for work. In the Dutch colony of Suriname, the Dutch were allowed by the British Raj to recruit labourers in certain parts of the North-Indian United Provinces. Today, Europe's largest Hindu temple is currently situated in The Hague.[101]
United KingdomEdit
Main articles: British Indian and Indian community of London
Madhur Jaffrey is a notable Indian-born British Indian actress, food and travel writer, and television personality.
The Indian emigrant community in the United Kingdom is now in its third generation. Indians in the UK are the largest community outside of Asia proportionally, and the second largest in terms of population, only surpassed by the United States, and closely followed by Canada. The first wave of Indians in the United Kingdom worked as manual labourers and were not respected within society. However, this has changed considerably. On the whole, third and fourth generation immigrants are proving to be very successful, especially in the fields of law, business and medicine.[citation needed]
Indian culture has been constantly referenced within the wider British culture, at first as an "exotic" influence in films like My Beautiful Laundrette, but now increasingly as a familiar feature in films like Bend It Like Beckham.
The United Kingdom Census 2011 recorded 1,451,862 people of Indian ethnicity resident in the UK (not including those who categorised themselves as of mixed ethnicity).[72] The main ethnic groups are Tamils, Odias, Marwaris, Panjabis, Gujaratis, Kannadigas, Bengalis and Anglo-Indians.[citation needed] Hindus comprise 45% of the British Indian population, Sikhs 22%, Muslims 18%, Christians nearly 5%, with the remainder made up of Jains (15,000), Parsis (Zoroastrians), and Buddhists.[citation needed]
Most Indians in the United Kingdom have settled in London, the Midlands, the North West, Yorkshire and the South East. Their presence in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and other regions is not as large. The first generation of immigrants were to be found in the east-end of London, which was traditionally the poorest area of London. However, due to gentrification, this is no longer the case.
There are 2,360,000 people currently speaking Indian languages in the United Kingdom.[102] Punjabi is now the second most widely spoken language in the United Kingdom,[103] and the most frequently spoken language among school pupils who do not have English as a first language.[citation needed]
Search terms can be confusing, because some of the indigenous people of the Americas are referred to, either legally or informally, as Indians. See for example Indian Act, Indian Register, Indian reserves.
The New York City Metropolitan Area, including Manhattan, Queens, and Nassau County in New York, and most of New Jersey, is home to by far the largest Indian population in the United States,[104] estimated at 679,173 as of 2014.[105]
CanadaEdit
Main article: Indo-Canadian
See also: Indo-Canadians in Greater Toronto
Harjit Sajjan, is an Indian Canadian politician and former Lieutenant Colonel with the Canadian Armed Forces. He is the current Minister of National Defence.
Canada's Lilly Singh, known by her YouTube username "IISuperwomanII", is a popular YouTube personality of Indian origin.[106]
According to Statistics Canada, in 2016 there were 1,541,955 people who classified themselves as being of Indian origin, including terms of "East Indian", South Asian or Indo-Canadian.[107] Unlike in India however, representation of various minority religious groups is much higher amongst the Indo-Canadian population. For instance in India, Sikhs comprise 2% and Christians 2.2% of the population of India, Hindus 80% and Muslims 14%. In 2011, Sikhs represented 35%, Hindus represented 28%, Muslims 17%, Christians 16% of the total people of Indian origin in Canada.[108]
A Punjabi community has existed in British Columbia, Canada, for over 120 years. The first known Indian settlers in Canada were Indian Army soldiers who had passed through Canada in 1897 on their way home from attending Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebration in London, England. Some are believed to have remained in British Columbia and others returned there later. Punjabi Indians were attracted to the possibilities for farming and forestry. They were mainly male Sikhs who were seeking work opportunities. Indo-Caribbeans, descendants of the Indian indentured workers who had gone to the Caribbean since 1838, made an early appearance in Canada with the arrival of the Trinidadian medical student Kenneth Mahabir and the Demerara (now Guyana) clerk M N Santoo, both in 1908.[citation needed]
The first Indian immigrants in British Columbia allegedly faced widespread racism from the local white Canadians. Race riots targeted these immigrants, as well as new Chinese immigrants. Most decided to return to India, while a few stayed behind. The Canadian government prevented these men from bringing their wives and children until 1919, another reason why many of them chose to leave. Quotas were established to prevent many Indians from moving to Canada in the early 20th century. These quotas allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when the number was increased to 300. In 1967, all quotas were scrapped. Immigration was then based on a point system, thus allowing many more Indians to enter. Since this open-door policy was adopted, Indians continue to come in large numbers, and roughly 25,000-30,000 arrive each year, which now makes Indians the second highest group immigrating to Canada each year, after the Chinese.[citation needed]
Most Indians choose to emigrate to larger urban centres like Toronto, and Vancouver, where more than 70% live. Smaller communities are also growing in Calgary, Edmonton, and Montreal. A place called Little India exists in South Vancouver and a section of Gerrard Street in Toronto as well. Indians in Vancouver live mainly in the suburb of Surrey, or nearby Abbotsford but are also found in other parts of Vancouver. The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Punjabi Sikh origin and have taken significant roles in politics and other professions, with several Supreme Court justices, three attorneys general and one provincial premier hailing from the community. Both Gurmant Grewal and his wife Nina Grewal were the first married couple in Canada to be concurrently elected as Member of Parliament in 2004. The most read newspaper in the Indian community is The Asian Star and The Punjabi Star based in Vancouver started by an immigrant from Mumbai-Shamir Doshi.[citation needed]
The Greater Toronto Area contains the second largest population of Indian descent in North America, enumerating 572,250 residents of Indian origin as of 2011, surpassed only by the 592,888 estimate by the 2011 American Community Survey[109][110] (and 659,784 in 2013[111]) for the New York City Combined Statistical Area. Note, however, that the Toronto count (but not the New York count) includes individuals of West Indian/Indo-Caribbean descent. Compared to the Vancouver area, Toronto's Indian community is much more linguistically and religiously diverse with large communities of Gujaratis, Malayalis, and Tamils, as well as more Indians who are Hindu, Sikh and Muslim than Vancouver. From Toronto, Canadian carrier Air Canada operates non-stop flights to Delhi and Mumbai.[112]
United States of AmericaEdit
Main article: Indian American
See also: Indians in the New York City metropolitan region
Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian American astronaut.
The United States has the largest Indian population in the world outside Asia. Indian immigration to North America started as early as the 1890s. Emigration to the US also started in the late 19th and early 20th century, when Sikhs arriving in Vancouver found that the fact that they were subjects of the British Empire did not mean anything in Canada itself, and they were blatantly discriminated against.[113][clarification needed]Some of these pioneers entered the US or landed in Seattle and San Francisco as the ships that carried them from Asia often stopped at these ports. Most of these immigrants were Sikhs from the Punjab region.
Asian women were restricted from immigrating, because the US government passed laws in 1917, at the behest of California and other states in the west, which had experienced a large influx of Chinese, Japanese, and Indian immigrants during and after the gold rush. As a result, many of the South Asian men in California married Mexican women. A fair number of these families settled in the Central Valley in California as farmers, and continue to this day. These early immigrants were denied voting rights, family re-unification and citizenship. In 1923 the Supreme Court of the United States, in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, ruled that people from India (at the time, British India, e.g. South Asians) were ineligible for citizenship. Bhagat Singh Thind was a Sikh from India who settled in Oregon; he had applied earlier for citizenship and was rejected there.[114] Thind became a citizen a few years later in New York.
After World War II, US immigration policy changed, after almost a half century, to allow family re-unification for people of non-white origin. In addition, Asians were allowed to become citizens and to vote. Many men who arrived before the 1940s were finally able to bring their families to the US; most of them in this earlier era settled in California and other west coast states.[citation needed]
Another wave of Indian immigrants entered the US after independence of India. A large proportion of them were Sikhs joining their family members under the new more (though not completely) colour-blind immigration laws, then Malayali immigrants from Middle East, Kerala, etc. and professionals or students that came from all over India. The Cold War created a need for engineers in the defence and aerospace industries, some of whom came from India. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, large numbers of Gujarati, Telugu, and Tamil people had settled in the US. The most recent and probably the largest wave of immigration to date occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s during the internet boom. As a result, Indians in the US are now one of the largest among the groups of immigrants with an estimated population of about 3.2 million, or ~1.0% of the US population according to American Community Survey of 2010 data.[115] The demographics of Indian Americans have accordingly changed from majority Sikh to majority Hindu, with Sikhs only comprising 10% to 20% of Indian Americans today. This is much smaller than the proportion of Sikhs amongst the Indian populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, but larger than in India. In 2018, with 25% population of all non-resident migrants in USA the Indians comprised the highest number of non-resident migrants (those without USA citizenship or greencard).[116] The US Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians.
Percent of population claiming Asian Indian ethnicity by state in 2010
In contrast to the earliest groups of Indians who entered the US workforce as taxi drivers, labourers, farmers or small business owners, the later arrivals often came as professionals or completed graduate study in the US and moved into the professions. They have become very successful financially thanks to the highly technical industries, and are thus probably the most well-off community of immigrants. They are well represented in all walks of life, but particularly so in academia, information technology and medicine.[117] There were over 4,000 PIO professors and 84,000 Indian-born students in American universities in 2007-08. The American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin has a membership of 35,000. In 2000, Fortune magazine estimated the wealth generated by Indian Silicon Valley entrepreneurs at around $250 billion.[citation needed] Many IT companies like Google, Microsoft, Adobe and IBM have CEOs of Indian origin.
The New York City Metropolitan Area, including Manhattan, Queens, and Nassau County in New York State, and most of New Jersey, is home to by far the largest Indian population in the United States,[104] estimated at 679,173 as of 2014.[105] Though the Indian diaspora in the US is largely concentrated in metropolitan areas surrounding cities such as New York City, Washington D.C., Detroit, Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, and San Francisco – almost every metropolitan area in the US has a community of Indians.
OceaniaEdit
AustraliaEdit
Main article: Indian Australian
At the 2016 Australian census, 619,164 people stated that they had Indian ancestry, of which 455,389 were born in India, with people from India making up the third largest immigrant population in the country and the second most popular country of origin for new migrants from 2016.[118][119] Before roads and road transport were developed, many Indians had come to Australia to run camel trains. They would transport goods and mail via camels in the desert. Some of the earliest Punjabi arrivals in Australia included Kareem Bux, who came as a hawker to Bendigo in 1893, Sardar Beer Singh Johal, who came in 1895 and Sardar Narain Singh Heyer, who arrived in 1898. Many Punjabis took part in the rush for gold on the Victorian fields.
Indians also entered Australia in the first half of the 20th century when both Australia and India were still British colonies. Indian Sikhs came to work on the banana plantations in Southern Queensland. Today many of them live in the town of Woolgoolga (a town lying roughly halfway between Sydney and Brisbane). Some of these Indians, the descendants of Sikh plantation workers, now own banana farms in the area. There are two Sikh temples in Woolgoolga, one of which has a museum dedicated to Sikhism. Many Britons and Anglo-Indians born in India migrated to Australia after 1947. These British citizens decided to settle in Australia in large numbers but are still counted as Indian Nationals in the census. The third wave of Indians entered the country in the 1970s and 80s after the abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973 with many Indian teachers, doctors and other professional public service occupations settling in Australia accompanied by many IT professionals.[120]
After successive military coups in Fiji of 1987 and 2000, a significant number of Fijian-Indians migrated to Australia; as such there is a large Fijian-Indian population in Australia. Fijian-Indians have significantly changed the character of the Indian community in Australia. While most earlier Indian migration was by educated professionals, the Fijian-Indian community was also largely by professionals but also brought many small business owners and entrepreneurs.
The current wave of Indian migration is that of engineers, toolmakers, Gujarati business families from East Africa and relatives of settled Indians. Starved of government funding, Australian education institutes are recruiting full fee paying overseas students. Many universities have permanent representatives stationed in India and other Asian countries. Their efforts have been rewarded with a new influx of Indian students entering Australia. The total number of student visas granted to Indian students for 2006-2007 was 34,136;[121] a significant rise from 2002-2003, when 7,603 student visas were granted to Indian students.[122] According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, 87% of Indians residing in Australia are under the age of 50, and over 83% are proficient in English.
FijiEdit
Main articles: Indians in Fiji and Girmityas
Indo-Fijians are Fijians whose ancestors came mainly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, while a small minority hailed from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Later on, a small population of Gujaratis and Punjabis emigrated to Fiji. They number 313,798 (37.6%) (2007 census) out of a total of 827,900 people living in Fiji.[123] They are mostly descended from indentured labourers, girmitiyas or girmit, brought to the islands by Fiji's British colonial rulers between 1879 and 1916 to work on Fiji's sugar cane plantations. Music has featured prominently in Indo-Fijian culture, with a distinctive genre emerging in the first decades of the 20th century that some claim influenced early jazz musicians. The Indo-Fijians have fought for equal rights, although with only limited success. Many have left Fiji in search of better living conditions and social justice and this exodus has gained pace with the series of coups starting in the late 1980s.
New ZealandEdit
Main category: New Zealand people of Indian descent
The former Governor General of New Zealand, Anand Satyanand, is of Indian descent.
Indians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on British ships. The earliest known Indians to set foot in Aotearoa New Zealand were Muslim lascars who arrived in Dec 1769 on the ship Saint Jean Baptiste captained by Frenchman Jean François Marie de Surville sailing from Pondicherry, India.[124] Their arrival marks the beginning of Indian presence in Aotearoa, in which hundreds of unnamed South Asian lascars visited Aotearoa on European ships in order to procure timber and seal skins.[124] The period of Indian settlement begins with the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand, a lascar of Bengali descent from the visiting ship City of Edinburgh who jumped ship in 1809 in the Bay of Islands to live with a Māori wife.[125] Numbers slowly increased through the 19th and 20th centuries, despite a law change in 1899 that was designed to keep out people who were not of "British birth and parentage".[126] As in many other countries, Indians in New Zealand, also called "Indo-Kiwis," dispersed throughout the country and had a high rate of small business ownership, particularly fruit and vegetable shops and convenience stores. At this stage most Indian New Zealanders originated from Gujarat and the Punjab. Changes in immigration policy in the 1980s allowed many more Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis into the country. Today, South Asians from all over the subcontinent live and work in New Zealand, with small numbers involved in both local and national politics.[127] Notable Indian New Zealanders include former Dunedin mayor Sukhi Turner, cricketers Dipak Patel and Jeetan Patel, singer Aaradhna, Minister Priyanca Radhakrishnan and former Governor General Anand Satyanand
West AsiaEdit
ArmeniaEdit
There are over 28,000 Indian citizens in Armenia, including those who are seeking permanent residence status in Armenia, as recorded in 2018. In the first half of 2018, 10,237 Indians crossed Armenia's borders, and more than 2,000 were seeking permanent residence status.[64][128]
IsraelEdit
Main articles: Indians in Israel, Bene Israel, and Bnei Menashe
The Bene Israel (Hebrew: בני ישראל, "Sons of Israel") are an ancient group of Jews who migrated in the 18th century from villages in the Konkan area to nearby Indian cities, primarily Mumbai, but also to Pune, and Ahmedabad. In the second half of the 20th century, most of them emigrated to Israel, where they now number about 85,000. The native language of the Bene Israel is Judæo-Marathi, a form of Marathi.
Another prominent community that migrated to Israel after its creation were the Jews of Cochin, in Kerala (Cochin Jews) - a community with a very long history. They are known to have been granted protection by the king of the Princely State of Cochin. The earliest Jews in this region, as per local tradition, date to as early as 379 CE. The community was a mix of native Jews (called "Black Jews"), and European Jews (called "White Jews") who had emigrated to Cochin after the successive European conquests of Cochin. The Jewish community of Cochin spoke a variant of Malayalam, called Judeo-Malayalam. The community, after the creation of Israel, saw a mass exodus from Cochin, and is presently facing extinction in India.
Still another group of Indians to arrive in Israel belong to the Bnei Menashe ("Children of Menasseh", Hebrew בני מנשה) a group of more than 10,000 people from India's North-Eastern border states of Manipur and Mizoram, who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel, and of whom about 3,700 now live in Israel (some of them in Israeli settlements on the West Bank). Linguistically, Bnei Menashe are Tibeto-Burmans and belong to the Mizo, Kuki and Chin peoples (the terms are virtually interchangeable).[129] The move to convert them to Judaism and bring them to Israel is politically controversial in both India and Israel.[130]
Persian GulfEdit
Indians command a dominant majority of the population Persian Gulf countries. After the 1970s oil boom in the Middle East, numerous Indians from Kerala emigrated, taking advantage of close historical ties with the 'Gulf' as well as the lack of ample skilled labour from nearby Africa and the Middle East. Major urban centers such as Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Doha and Manama were experiencing a development boom and thousands of Indians labored in construction industries.
This work was done on a contractual basis rather than permanently, and working age men continued to return home every few years. This has remained the dominant pattern as the countries in the Persian Gulf, especially United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait have a common policy of not naturalising non-Arabs, even if they are born there.
The Persian Gulf region has provided incomes many times over for the same type of job in India and has geographical proximity to India, and these incomes are free of taxation.[citation needed] The NRIs make up a good proportion of the working class in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). NRI population in these GCC countries is estimated to be around 20 million, of which a quarter is resident in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[131] In 2005, about 75% of the population in the UAE was of Indian descent. The majority originate from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, and Goa. Similarly, Indians are the single largest nationality in Qatar, representing around 85% of the total population as of 2014.[132] They also form majorities in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman.
Since the early-2000s, significant number of Indians have reached the region, taking up high skill jobs in business and industry. Major Indian corporations maintain solid regional presence there while some are headquartered there.
There is a huge population of NRIs in West Asia, most coming from Kerala and Hyderabad. They work as engineers, doctors, lawyers, labourers and in clerical jobs.[citation needed] Unlike in Europe and America, most of the countries in West Asia do not grant citizenship or permanent residency to these Indians, however long they might live there. They have a minority in Saudi Arabia. The NRI population tends to save and remit considerable amounts to their dependents in India. It is estimated such remittances may be over US$10 billion per annum (including remittances by formal and informal channels in 2007–2008). The relative ease with which people can travel to their home country means that many NRIs in the Gulf and West Asia maintain close links to Indian culture, with people often travelling twice or thrice a year, especially during holiday period, while some live in India for several months each year. Satellite television allows many NRIs to consume Indian media and entertainment, and there are TV soaps aimed at the NRI community in the Gulf countries. Live performances and cultural events, such as Tiarts for Goans living in UAE, occur quite often and are staged by community groups.
Diaspora by state and ethnolinguistic regions of IndiaEdit
Assemese diaspora
Bengali diaspora
Bihari diaspora
Gujarati diaspora
Kannadiga diaspora
Kashmiri diaspora
Maharashtrian diaspora
Malayali diaspora
Odia diaspora
Punjabi diaspora
Romani diaspora[133][134]
Saraiki diaspora
Sindhi diaspora
South Indian diaspora
Tamil diaspora
Telugu diaspora
Diaspora by regionEdit
European colonial era diasporaEdit
Coolies
Indian South Africans
Malaysian Indians
Girmityas
Indo-Caribbeans
Indo-Fijians
Mauritians of Indian origin
Indo-Jamaicans
Anglo-Indians
Eurasians in Singapore
Irish Indians
Luso-Indian
Macanese people
Scottish-Indian
Other mixed IndiansEdit
Chinese Indian
Diaspora by religionsEdit
Indian-origin religionsEdit
The diaspora of indic religions are:
Jain diaspora
Sikh diaspora
Buddhist diaspora
Tibetan diaspora
Hindu diaspora
Balinese Hindu diaspora
Vietnamese Balamon Cham Hindu diaspora
Bengali Hindu diaspora
Foreign-origin religionsEdit
Jews: Bnei Menashe diaspora
Impact of Indian diasporaEdit
Influence in IndiaEdit
Overseas Indians' DayEdit
Since 2003, the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Overseas Indians' Day) sponsored by Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, is celebrated in India on 9 January each year, to "mark the contributions of the Overseas Indian community in the development of India". The day commemorates the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa, and during a three-day convention held around the day, a forum for issues concerning the Indian diaspora is held and the annual Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards are bestowed.[135] As of December 2005,[136] the Indian government has introduced the "Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)" scheme to allow a limited form of dual citizenship to Indians, NRIs, and PIOs for the first time since independence in 1947. The PIO Card scheme is expected to be phased out in coming years in favour of the OCI programme.
Impact on India's hard and soft powerEdit
See also: Indian soft power
Indian diaspora has significant impact on the globalisation of economy of India, especially in the following areas:
Current top recipient of remittance, India has been ranked first for several years.
Remittances to India
Foreign-exchange reserves of India
Foreign trade of India
Exports of India
Business process outsourcing to India
H-1B visa, over 80% of all these visas are granted to Indian IT professionals
Indian origin CEOs of top global multinational companies
Largest trading partners of India
Impact on other nationsEdit
See also: Economic impact of Indian diaspora
Expansion of Indian soft powerEdit
Generations of diaspora have enhanced India's soft power through proliferation of elements of Indian culture. With expansion of Indosphere cultural influence of Greater India,[137] through transmission of Hinduism in Southeast Asia[138][139][140] and the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism[141][142] leading to Indianization of Southeast Asia through formation of non-Indian southeast Asian native Indianized kingdoms[143] which adopted sanskritized language[144] and other Indian elements[145] such as the honorific titles, naming of people, naming of places, mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of Indian architecture, martial arts, Indian music and dance, traditional Indian clothing, and Indian cuisine, a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of Indian diaspora.[146]
Expansion of Indian hard powerEdit
Diaspora organisation and political lobby groupsEdit
Global Organization for People of Indian Origin
Indian origin politicians in other nations
Overseas Citizens of India
Relations with other diasporasEdit
Political lobbying groups of Indian diaspora influence the foreign policies of other nations in India's favor. Indian diaspora's lobby groups especially collaborate well with the influential Jewish diaspora in the Western World for creating favorable outcome for India and Israel. Indian diaspora has good relations with most other diasporas, including its offshoot Bangladeshi and Pakistani diasporas, as well all other SAARC neighbors such as Afghan, Bhutanese, Burmese, Nepali. Sri Lankan, and Tibetan diasporas.[citation needed]
Cultural, economic and political impact on other nationsEdit
In Australia, Indian Australians and India were the largest source of new permanent migrants to Australia in 2017-18,[147] and Indians were the most educated migrant group in Australia with 54.6% of Indian migrants in Australia holding a bachelor's or higher educational degree, which is more than three times Australia's national average of 17.2% in 2011.[148]
In Britain, British Indians are the largest ethnic minority population in the country,[149] with the highest average hourly pay rate and the lowest poverty rate among all ethnic groups,[150][151][152] and are more likely to be employed in professional and managerial occupations than other ethnic groups.[153][154]
In Canada, Indo-Canadians are the second largest non-European ethnic group and one of the fastest growing ethnic communities in the country.[155]
In New Zealand, Indian New Zealanders are the fastest growing Kiwi ethnic group,[156] and are the second largest group of Asians in New Zealand with a population of 174,000 Indians in 2014.[156][157] Fiji Hindi is the fourth largest language in New Zealand.[157]
In the United States, Indian Americans are the third largest Asian American ethnic group behind Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans,[158][159][160] by far the richest and most educated ethnic group in the USA compared to all other ethnic groups, earning $101,591 median income per year compared to $51,000 and $56,000 for overall immigrant and native-born households in 2015,[161] with the lowest poverty rate compared to other foreign-born and U.S. born ethnic groups.[162] Overall, Indians are also more educated than other ethnic groups with an average of 32% and 40% of Indians holding a bachelor's degree and postgraduate degree respectively, compared to the 30% and 21% average of all Asians in the United States, and the 19% and 11% average of Americans overall.[163] 15.5% of all Silicon Valley startups by 2006 were founded by Indian immigrants,[164][165] and Indian migrants have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the UK, China, Taiwan and Japan combined.[166] Over 80% of all H-1B visas are granted to Indian IT professionals and 23% of all Indian business school graduates in USA take up a job in United States.[167]
IssuesEdit
Demand for dual citizenship in India by PIO and NRIsEdit
Coinciding with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Australia visit in November 2014, the Indian community in Australia had launched an online campaign, appealing to him to grant dual citizenship to overseas Indians. The petition has also sought granting Indian passports to overseas citizens of Indian heritage with full political and economic rights, granting of convenient voting rights to such dual passport-holding overseas Indians as well as overseas Indians with Indian passports (NRIs), which can be exercised either at the consulate, high commission or embassy premises in their country of residence and through postal or online facilities.[168][169]
Abandoned NRI wivesEdit
Indian wives abandoned by NRI husbands living abroad have become an issue. The National Commission for Women (NCW) received 4779 complaints in 10-year period from 2009 to 2019. The highest number of complaints (750 complaints) were received in 2018. Most complaints were received from abandoned wives in India against husbands living in the United States (1105 or 23%), Australia (378 or 7%) and Canada (326 or 7%).[170]
Persons of Indian Origin Card
Politicians of Indian descent
Indian nationality law
Indianisation
Greater India
Indosphere
Anti-Indian sentiment
Proto-Indo-Europeans
Indo-Aryan peoples
Dravidian peoples
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^ Guy, John (2014). Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, Metropolitan museum, New York: exhibition catalogues. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588395245.
^ "The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific". Britannica.
^ Kapur; Kamlesh (2010). History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 465. ISBN 978-81-207-4910-8.
^ Fussman, Gérard (2008–2009). "History of India and Greater India". La Lettre du Collège de France (4): 24–25. doi:10.4000/lettre-cdf.756. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2002), "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", 25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, pp. 59–82
^ Lavy, Paul (2003), "As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 34 (1): 21–39, doi:10.1017/S002246340300002X, retrieved 23 December 2015
^ Kulke, Hermann (2004). A history of India. Rothermund, Dietmar 1933- (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0203391268. OCLC 57054139.
^ Kulke, Hermann (2004). A history of India. Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933– (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0203391268. OCLC 57054139.
^ https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf
^ "Indians found to be Australia's most highly educated migrants - Interstaff Migration". 19 August 2016.
^ Chanda, Rupa; Ghosh, Sriparna (2013). "The Punjabi Diaspora in the UK: An Overview of Characteristics and Contributions to India" (PDF). CARIM-India Research Report. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Gilligan, Andrew (14 January 2010). "It's class, not race, that determines Britain's have-nots". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
^ UK Government. "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Average Hourly Pay" Archived 21 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
^ Platt, Lucinda (May 2011). "Inequality within ethnic groups" (PDF). JRF programme paper: Poverty and ethnicity. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
^ Beardwell, Julie; Claydon, Tim (15 June 2017). Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach. Prentice Hall/Financial Times. ISBN 9780273707639 – via Google Books.
^ UK Government, "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Employment by Occupation" Archived 20 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
^ Statistics Canada. "The East Indian Community in Canada". Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
^ a b "Exclusively Featured on NRI Online. NRI channels, Nri articles". www.nriol.com.
^ a b "New Zealand Migrants – How Many and From Where?". www.enz.org.
^ United States Census Bureau. "US demographic census". Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2006.
^ United States Census Bureau. "US demographic census". Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2006.
^ Bureau, U. S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ "Indian Immigrants in the United States". migrationpolicy.org. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ "Indians in the U.S. Fact Sheet". POewsocialtrends.org. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Saxenian, AnnaLee (1999). "Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs" (PDF). Public Policy Institute of California.
^ "The Face of Success, Part I: How the Indians Conquered Silicon Valley". Inc.com. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ Assisi, Francis C. (4 January 2007). "News & Analysis: Skilled Indian Immigrants Create Wealth for America". INDOlink. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "Report: 25% of Indian B-School Graduates get a job in Americas". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
^ "Modi Oz visit: Overseas Indians in Australia seek dual citizenship". The Indian Express. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ "It's time Indian government granted NRIs dual citizenship". Economic Times Blog. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ Over 4,700 complaints of women abandoned by NRI husbands received in last 10 years: NCW, Hindustan Times, 26 September 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian diaspora.
Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
Bureau of immigration India
Non-Resident Indians | National Portal of India
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin&oldid=1001762669"
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Terms and Conditions for Translators and Agencies
§ 1 – General
(1) All existing and future legal transactions between the NLP GmbH or under the domain name UniTranslate, Huttensteig 10, CH-8006 Zurich (referred to as NLP) and translators or the agency (referred to in the following consistently as the translator, unless the agency is explicitly named), are entirely subject to the following terms and conditions. As part of an ongoing business relationship these terms and conditions shall apply to all subsequent orders, quotes, deliveries and services even without further explicit reference to them.
§ 2 – Eligibility and Qualifications
(1) The translator affirms that he has the qualifications referred to in the contract and that any personal information given is correct.
(2) NLP has the right to demand the submission of appropriate documents from the translator to confirm this information and to store this data until his contractual obligations have been met.
§ 3 – Scope of Services
(1) NLP will issue the translator with an offer for the translation of a specific text or a number of texts. Once the translator has accepted this offer, a translation contract is established between the parties under the terms referred to in the offer.
(2) The translator shall fulfill his obligations himself. This also applies to groups of translators (agencies). He is not authorized to call upon employees or third parties to perform this service without prior permission from NLP. Should agencies be commissioned, the agency is obligated to carefully select and monitor the translator. The agency is obligated to furnish NLP on request with the name of the specific translator selected, or to entrust a particular/another translator with the translation.
(3) The translation should be carried out according to proper professional principles. The translator shall only submit carefully translated texts. He is not authorized to submit partial translations. NLP shall receive the translation in the form and time frame specified in the contract.
(4) The translator will be notified in good time as to how the translation should be carried out (intended purpose, data media to be used, number of copies etc.) as well as the information and materials needed to complete the translation. He shall translate the source text in the specified language properly and professionally and provide a translation without abridgements, additions or other changes in content. Translations shall be created in accordance with the standards of quality customary in the translation business, conveying the meaning of the source text by providing either a literal or free translation depending on the source.
(5) Should questions or uncertainties arise, the translator shall contact NLP immediately. The translator is prohibited from contacting NLP’s client directly.
(6) For quality assurance purposes NLP is authorized to check samples of the texts that the translator has submitted, but it is not obliged to check translated texts.
§ 4 – Granting of Rights
(1) By transmitting his translation, the translator declares that he is the sole author and that no third parties have any further claims to the translation than those that existed when he received the source text. Agencies shall ensure that no third-party claims to the translation exist.
(2) By transmitting his translation, the translator grants NLP exclusive rights to use his translation without restriction in terms of time, space and locality. This includes in particular the right to edit, amend, duplicate, publish or otherwise use the translation as well as all rights that the client needs to use the translation for its intended purpose.
(3) NLP is authorized to grant or transfer rights of use to third parties, particularly to its clients, and allow them to use the translation as they see fit.
(4) The translator waives his right to be named or recognized as the author of the translation.
§ 5 – Fee
(1) The translator will receive the agreed fee as laid down in the contract. This will be based on the word, line or page count, language combination, difficulty, special field of the translation or be defined as a flat rate. The fee referred to in the contract is net, plus VAT at the current rate as applicable. The fee will be settled in Swiss francs, unless a different currency has been agreed. The following definitions apply:
(2) Lines: 55 characters
(3) Pages: 30 lines
(4) The translator shall submit a proper invoice to NLP by the end of a month at the latest for services rendered and either include the applicable VAT in the invoice, or provide a reason for its exclusion. Invoices are payable on the 15th and 30th of each month, however not before receipt of the invoice.
(5) The translator is responsible for paying tax on the income from translations according to the legal provisions applicable to him.
(6) Any costs and expenditure are included in the fee. Claims for the reimbursement of costs incurred in carrying out the translation service specified in the contract will only be accepted if they are verifiable and NLP has previously agreed to them.
(7) The translator is not entitled to any advance payment. Nor is the translator authorized to invoice for partial translations.
§ 6 – Confidentiality
(1) The translator shall treat any information that he has acquired concerning NLP and/or its clients, as well as any documents and materials he has received in the course of the contract as confidential. He may not use or exploit them, nor use, exploit or pass them on to third parties. Furthermore, the translator shall delete this data immediately after fulfilling the contract. Should the translator be required to revise or amend the translation subsequently, after he has deleted this material, NLP will provide him with the necessary data.
§ 7 – Warranty Rights, Default
(1) NLP holds warranty rights against the translator.
(2) Should the translator fail to rectify the claimed defects within an appropriate period, NLP is entitled either to have the defects rectified by a third party at the translator’s expense, require a reduction in the translator’s fee, or withdraw from the contract.
(3) If a translation is not delivered or it is rejected, the translator shall be in default. The translator shall compensate NLP for any damages incurred as a result. NLP is entitled to set the translator an appropriate period of grace to revise the translation. NLP may also withdraw from the contract and claim compensation for damages should this period of grace not be met.
(4) Should circumstances arise that may prejudice a prompt delivery, the translator must contact NLP immediately.
§ 8 – Liability
(1) NLP shall only be liable for damages incurred due to deliberate breach of duty or gross negligence on the part of NLP, its legal representatives or vicarious agents. This also applies to pre-contractual breach of duty and breach of duty in regard to a sub-contract, as well as damages incurred due to defects and consequential damages. This provision does not affect NLP’s liability as outlined in the Product Liability Act, nor its liability for damages arising from injury to life, limb and health.
§ 9 – Release
(1) The translator will release NLP from all third-party claims that may be made against NLP as a result of his translation. In particular, this includes any claims due to the content of the translation service and/or other third-party intellectual property rights. This provision also releases NLP from bearing any costs incurred from legal action and legal defence as a result of such claims.
§ 10 – Final Provisions
(1) The law of the Federal State of Switzerland shall apply to the exclusion of the UN Convention on the Sale of Goods.
(2) The Place of Performance and Place of Jurisdiction for all disputes arising from the contract is Zurich.
(3) Should individual provisions of the contract in question between the parties be ineffective or impossible to implement or become ineffective or impossible to implement after the contract has been concluded, this shall not otherwise affect the validity of the contract in question.
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Homechevron_rightWorldchevron_rightQuake-ravaged Nepal...
date_range 13 Jun 2015 9:25 AM GMT
Quake-ravaged Nepal needs $6,663 mn for reconstruction: Government
Kathmandu: The cost for reconstruction of the earthquake-ravaged Nepal is approximately $6,663.1 million, according to a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) carried out by the Nepal Planning Commission on Saturday.
Reconstruction of damaged physical infrastructures has become the most difficult task to the Nepal government after two major earthquakes jolted the Himalayan Nation on April 25 and May 12, Xinhua reported.
"Nepal needs approximately $6,663.1 million for brining the country back on track," the Prime Minister's Office said in a press release on Friday following a meeting chaired by Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala, who is also the chairman of the National Planning Commission (NPC).
The commission was all set to make public the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment details in a press conference in the Nepalis Capital Kathmandu on Saturday.
Bringing the dwindling economy back on track would be a very challenging task since the economy was badly affected by the 7.9 magnitude of earthquake that claimed 9,000 lives and leaving 22, 000 people injured. Various sectors including industry, agriculture, tourism, health and education were badly hit.
Setting up a National Reconstruction fund of $2 billion, the Nepali government last month urged the international community to contribute to the fund. The government had provided $200 million as the seed money for the fund.
In view of seeking to support mobilisation of resources for Nepal's reconstruction, the Nepali government is all set to host a donors' conference on June 25 in Kathmandu.
"This is going to be a major conference seeking to support mobilization of resources for Nepal's reconstruction in the aftermath of devastating earthquake and together with its subsequent aftershocks. Our intention is to invite the traditional as well as new partners, UN agencies and other relevant organisations," Officiating Foreign Secretary Shanker Das Bairagi told Xinhua.
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Homechevron_rightWorldchevron_rightPyongyang expels BBC...
date_range 10 May 2016 12:40 PM GMT
Pyongyang expels BBC crew for 'distorted' coverage
Pyongyang: A BBC crew was expelled from North Korea after being detained over what the state’s leadership called “distorted” reporting that spoke “ill of the system”.
Correspondent Rupert Wingfield-Hayes, his producer and cameraman were held in detention over the weekend but were allowed to leave the country this morning, BBC reported.
The crew has since arrived in Beijing, with the producer Maria Byrne expressing her relief on social media.
The crew was in Pyongyang ahead of the Workers’ Party Congress, accompanying a delegation of Nobel Prize laureates who were on a research trip.
Another BBC journalist, Seoul correspondent Stephen Evans, was still in Pyongyang.
He told Radio 4’s Today programme that the crew was waiting to board a flight when Wingfield-Hayes was held back, taken to a hotel and questioned for eight hours.
Evans said Wingfield-Hayes was told to sign a “confession,” confirming his work had been inaccurate in his reporting of two incidents, including questioning the authenticity of a children’s hospital.
In his report on the hospital visit, Wingfield-Hayes said the patients looked “remarkably well”, that there was no real doctor on duty and that everything he saw looked like a “set-up.”
North Korea’s National Peace Committee secretary general, O Ryong-il said news coverage by Wingfield-Hayes “distorted facts and realities” and “spoke ill of the system and the leadership of the country.”
He said Wingfield-Hayes wrote an apology and would never be admitted into the country again.
More than 100 foreign journalists were in the capital for the North Korea’s first party congress in 36 years, though they have been prevented from covering proceedings.
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Homechevron_rightWorldchevron_rightXi says Chinese Army...
date_range 30 July 2017 2:08 PM GMT
Xi says Chinese Army can defeat 'invading enemies'
Beijing: Chinese President Xi Jinping on Sunday said the PLA has the ability to defeat all invading armies as the world's largest military paraded at an expansive training base in Inner Mongolia to mark its 90th anniversary.
Xi, who commands the strong military force of 2.3 million as chief of the Central Military Commission, said the world was not at peace. The Chinese Army must work to restore peace.
"I firmly believe that our gallant military has both confidence and ability to defeat all invading enemies," said Xi.
The 90th anniversary of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) coincides with the stand-off between Indian and Chinese soldiers at Doklam in Sikkim section of their border.
"Our military has the confidence and ability to write a new chapter in building a strong military and make new contributions towards realization of the China dream of great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and safeguarding world peace," said Xi in an address aired by the state media. The President was clad in military fatigues.
Inspecting the troops from an open-top jeep at the China's largest military base Zhurihe, Xi said the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people all take pride in the PLA.
Formations of conventional missiles, nuclear missiles and missiles for both nuclear and conventional strikes were displayed to show the country's capacity to deter, fight, restrain and win battles.
"Officers and soldiers, you must unswervingly stick to the fundamental principle and system of the Party's absolute leadership over the Army, always listen to and follow the Party's orders, and march to wherever the Party points to," said Xi in a televised address.
After the Communist Party, the PLA is the second most powerful institution in China.
"The world is not all at peace, and peace must be safeguarded," said Xi.
In 2015, Xi, who favours a lean Army, announced a reduction of 300,000 troops in the PLA. This month, an online news portal run by the PLA said the present force of 2.3 million will be whittled down to below 1 million.
The PLA was founded on August 1, 1927 by the Communists against the Kuomintang regime. The Communists eventually won the civil war, leading to the birth of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949.
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Homechevron_rightIndiachevron_rightSitaram Yechury...
date_range 19 April 2015 12:12 PM GMT
Sitaram Yechury elected as new general secretary of CPI-M
Visakhapatnam: The Communist Party of India-Marxist on Sunday elected Sitaram Yechury as the new general secretary of the party.
At the meeting of the new Central Committee (CC) on the last day of the party's 21st Congress, outgoing general secretary Prakash Karat proposed Yechury's name and S. Ramchandran Pillai seconded it. The 91-member CC unanimously approved it.
The election of 62-year-old Yechury came after Pillai, who was reportedly in the fray for the top party post, withdrew, ensuring that the party continued its tradition of electing its leader unanimously.
Prakash Karat later made the formal announcement before the media. Yechury, who termed the new task as challenging, introduced the 16-member politburo.
The four new politburo members are Mohammed Saleem, Subhashini Ali, Hannan Mollah and G. Ramakrishnan.
Subhashini Ali is the second woman in the politburo after Brinda Karat.
The politburo members are Sitaram Yechury, Prakash Karat, Brinda Karat, S. Ramchandran Pillai, Biman Basu, Manik Sarkar, Pinyarayi Vijayan, B.V. Raghavulu, K. Balakrishnan, M.A. Baby, S.K. Mishra, A.K. Padmanabhan, Mohammed Saleem, Subhashini Ali, Hannan Mollah and G. Ramakrishnan.
Earlier, the Congress elected the new CC. It approved the names finalised by the outgoing politburo on Saturday night. This was followed by the election of the new politburo and the general secretary by the CC.
Apart from 91 members, the CC has five special invitees and five permanent invitees.
Currently a member of the Rajya Sabha, Yechury has been a member of the CPI-M's Central Committee since 1984 and the politburo since 1992.
A politician, economist, writer and columnist, Yechury is known for his good communication skills and is seen by many in the party as someone who could strengthen the party, facing a crisis with a series of electoral reverses.
Born on August 12, 1952 in a Telugu family in then Madras, Yechury did his schooling mostly in Andhra Pradesh. He stood first in the CBSE higher secondary examination. He graduated from St Stephen's College, Delhi in Economics (Hons) and did M.A. in economics from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi. He discontinued his Ph.D due to his arrest during the Emergency.
Yechury, whose father S.S. Yechury was an employee in the Road Transport Corporation, was influenced by the communist movement during his student days. He joined the Student Federation of India (SFI) in 1974.
The young leader was arrested for opposing internal emergency in 1975. He was later elected the president of JNU's students union.
In 1978, he became the national joint secretary of SFI and went on to become the national president of the student's body.
In 1984, he was invited to the Central Committee of the CPI-M and the next year elected to the top decision making body of the party.
Yechury was first elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2005. He served on various parliamentary committees and was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2011.
The communist leader has been playing a key role in rallying the opposition, which has a majority in the upper house.
Yechury is the author of books like "Left Hand Drive", "What is this Hindu Rashtra", "Socialism in 21st Century", "Communalism vs Secularism" and "Ghrina Ki Rajniti" (Hindi).
Married to journalist Seema Chisti, Yechury has a daughter and two sons from his first marriage.
A sports enthusiast, he was captain of the lawn tennis team in the university. Reading, writing and listening to music are his favourite hobbies.
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Damning email revealed in class action suit against Nvidia and AMD
Nvidia and AMD have been accused of price fixing in the GPU market. The class action suit alleges that Nvidia and AMD colluded to keep prices artificially high, by releasing products at the same time and at similar prices.
Judge William Alsup of the Northern District of California read aloud an email which plaintiffs’ attorneys say contained evidence of a conspiracy to fix prices. Out of 9 million documents turned over in discovery, of particular interest was a 2002 email from Nvidia senior vice president of marketing, Dan Vivoli, to ATI’s president and chief operating officer, Dave Orton.
Vivoli wrote, in part, “I really think we should work harder together on the marketing front. As you and I have talked about, even though we are competitors, we have the common goal of making our category a well positioned, respected playing field. $5 and $8 stocks are a result of no respect.”
Judge Alsup considered the email strong evidence in the price fixing case, stating, “That’s not good for the defense. A jury would like to see this.”
Alsup indicated that he would take the class certification issue under submission at the close of arguments.
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