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Cases & Resources
About the Dog
Costs on discontinuation August 2, 2016
Hopoate v National Rugby League Limited [2016] NSWSC 1029
Legal principles
A plaintiff who discontinues proceedings must ordinarily pay the costs of the party against which the discontinued claim was brought, unless the court otherwise orders: UCPR r 42.19(2). This would mean that Mr Hopoate would pay the costs of the NRL. The rule falls short of a presumption that costs will be ordered against the discontinuing party: Fordyce v Fordham [2006] NSWCA 274; 67 NSWLR 497. However, it does create a starting point by requiring the plaintiff to pay the defendant’s costs of the proceedings unless that outcome is displaced by a discretionary decision. Ultimately, any order as to costs remains a matter in the court’s discretion and will be awarded as the court sees fit: Australiawide Airlines Ltd v Aspirion Pty Ltd [2006] NSWCA 365.
The effect of r 42.19 is that if some other order is to be made, the discontinuing party will have to show some proper justification for a different costs consequence: Bitannia Pty Ltd v Parkline Constructions Pty Ltd [2009] NSWCA 32; Australiawide Airlines Ltd v Aspirion Pty Ltd [2006] NSWCA 365.
In Re Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs; Ex parte Lai Qin (1997) 186 CLR 622 McHugh J said at 624 – 625 (citations omitted):
In most jurisdictions today, the power to order costs is a discretionary power. Ordinarily, the power is exercised after a hearing on the merits and as a general rule the successful party is entitled to his or her costs. Success in the action or on particular issues is the fact that usually controls the exercise of the discretion. A successful party is prima facie entitled to a costs order. When there has been no hearing on the merits, however, a court is necessarily deprived of the factor that usually determines whether or how it will make a costs order.
In an appropriate case, a court will make an order for costs even when there has been no hearing on the merits and the moving party no longer wishes to proceed with the action. The court cannot try a hypothetical action between the parties. To do so would burden the parties with the costs of a litigated action which by settlement or extra-curial action they had avoided. In some cases, however, the court may be able to conclude that one of the parties has acted so unreasonably that the other party should obtain the costs of the action.
Moreover, in some cases a judge may feel confident that, although both parties have acted reasonably, one party was almost certain to have succeeded if the matter had been fully tried.
If it appears that both parties have acted reasonably in commencing and defending the proceedings and the conduct of the parties continued to be reasonable until the litigation was settled or its further prosecution became futile, the proper exercise of the cost discretion will usually mean that the court will make no order as to the cost of the proceedings. This approach has been adopted in a large number of cases.
As I apprehend the present case, Mr Hopoate relies on the principle in Lai Qin to argue for a contrary order costs on three bases. First, that the proceedings were commenced reasonably; secondly, that the discontinuance of the proceedings was a consequence of having achieved practical success in relation to the claim, thereby rendering the prosecution of the proceedings futile; and thirdly, that the NRL was unreasonable in its conduct during the proceedings. I will deal with each of these submissions in turn.
It is important to note from the outset that in Australiawide Airlines Limited v Aspirion Pty Limited [2006] NSWCA 365 at [64], and Bitannia Pty Ltd v Parkline Constructions [2009] NSWCA 32 at [78], the Court of Appeal has said that McHugh J’s statements in Lai Qin are not readily applicable to a decision to be made under UCPR in r 42.19, because the starting point is different than the starting point considered in Lai Qin. Lai Qin involved different rules of court. In those cases, the Court of Appeal held that whilst the question of whether the plaintiff has acted reasonably in commencing and continuing proceedings is a relevant consideration, it is not determinative.
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Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes
N. MacQuaide, J. Dempster, G. L. Smith*
The time course and magnitude of the Ca(2+) fluxes underlying spontaneous Ca(2+) waves in single permeabilized ventricular cardiomyocytes were derived from confocal Fluo-5F fluorescence signals. Peak flux rates via the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) release channel (RyR2) and the SR Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) were not constant across a range of cellular [Ca(2+)] values. The Ca(2+) affinity (K(mf)) and maximum turnover rate (V(max)) of SERCA and the peak permeability of the RyR2-mediated Ca(2+) release pathway increased at higher cellular [Ca(2+)] loads. This information was used to create a computational model of the Ca(2+) wave, which predicted the time course and frequency dependence of Ca(2+) waves over a range of cellular Ca(2+) loads. Incubation of cardiomyocytes with the Ca(2+) calmodulin (CaM) kinase inhibitor autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (300 nM, 30 mins) significantly reduced the frequency of the Ca(2+) waves at high Ca(2+) loads. Analysis of the Ca(2+) fluxes suggests that inhibition of CaM kinase prevented the increases in SERCA V(max) and peak RyR2 release flux observed at high cellular [Ca(2+)]. These data support the view that modification of activity of SERCA and RyR2 via a CaM kinase sensitive process occurs at higher cellular Ca(2+) loads to increase the maximum frequency of spontaneous Ca(2+) waves.
https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.102293
Calcium/metabolism
Calmodulin/metabolism
Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacology
Muscle Cells/metabolism
Myocardium/metabolism
Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/metabolism
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism
10.1529/biophysj.106.102293
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel Medicine & Life Sciences
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases Medicine & Life Sciences
Cardiac Myocytes Medicine & Life Sciences
Rabbits Medicine & Life Sciences
CaMKII inhibitor AIP Medicine & Life Sciences
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases Medicine & Life Sciences
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Medicine & Life Sciences
MacQuaide, N., Dempster, J., & Smith, G. L. (2007). Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes. Biophysical Journal, 93(7), 2581-2595. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.102293
MacQuaide, N. ; Dempster, J. ; Smith, G. L. / Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes. In: Biophysical Journal. 2007 ; Vol. 93, No. 7. pp. 2581-2595.
@article{e16e2fbcbc03465797614c54a1ac5120,
title = "Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes",
abstract = "The time course and magnitude of the Ca(2+) fluxes underlying spontaneous Ca(2+) waves in single permeabilized ventricular cardiomyocytes were derived from confocal Fluo-5F fluorescence signals. Peak flux rates via the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) release channel (RyR2) and the SR Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) were not constant across a range of cellular [Ca(2+)] values. The Ca(2+) affinity (K(mf)) and maximum turnover rate (V(max)) of SERCA and the peak permeability of the RyR2-mediated Ca(2+) release pathway increased at higher cellular [Ca(2+)] loads. This information was used to create a computational model of the Ca(2+) wave, which predicted the time course and frequency dependence of Ca(2+) waves over a range of cellular Ca(2+) loads. Incubation of cardiomyocytes with the Ca(2+) calmodulin (CaM) kinase inhibitor autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (300 nM, 30 mins) significantly reduced the frequency of the Ca(2+) waves at high Ca(2+) loads. Analysis of the Ca(2+) fluxes suggests that inhibition of CaM kinase prevented the increases in SERCA V(max) and peak RyR2 release flux observed at high cellular [Ca(2+)]. These data support the view that modification of activity of SERCA and RyR2 via a CaM kinase sensitive process occurs at higher cellular Ca(2+) loads to increase the maximum frequency of spontaneous Ca(2+) waves.",
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author = "N. MacQuaide and J. Dempster and Smith, {G. L.}",
note = "Acceptance from VoR EKT 10.06.20",
doi = "10.1529/biophysj.106.102293",
MacQuaide, N, Dempster, J & Smith, GL 2007, 'Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes', Biophysical Journal, vol. 93, no. 7, pp. 2581-2595. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.102293
Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes. / MacQuaide, N.; Dempster, J.; Smith, G. L.
In: Biophysical Journal, Vol. 93, No. 7, 01.10.2007, p. 2581-2595.
T1 - Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes
AU - MacQuaide, N.
AU - Dempster, J.
AU - Smith, G. L.
N1 - Acceptance from VoR EKT 10.06.20
N2 - The time course and magnitude of the Ca(2+) fluxes underlying spontaneous Ca(2+) waves in single permeabilized ventricular cardiomyocytes were derived from confocal Fluo-5F fluorescence signals. Peak flux rates via the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) release channel (RyR2) and the SR Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) were not constant across a range of cellular [Ca(2+)] values. The Ca(2+) affinity (K(mf)) and maximum turnover rate (V(max)) of SERCA and the peak permeability of the RyR2-mediated Ca(2+) release pathway increased at higher cellular [Ca(2+)] loads. This information was used to create a computational model of the Ca(2+) wave, which predicted the time course and frequency dependence of Ca(2+) waves over a range of cellular Ca(2+) loads. Incubation of cardiomyocytes with the Ca(2+) calmodulin (CaM) kinase inhibitor autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (300 nM, 30 mins) significantly reduced the frequency of the Ca(2+) waves at high Ca(2+) loads. Analysis of the Ca(2+) fluxes suggests that inhibition of CaM kinase prevented the increases in SERCA V(max) and peak RyR2 release flux observed at high cellular [Ca(2+)]. These data support the view that modification of activity of SERCA and RyR2 via a CaM kinase sensitive process occurs at higher cellular Ca(2+) loads to increase the maximum frequency of spontaneous Ca(2+) waves.
AB - The time course and magnitude of the Ca(2+) fluxes underlying spontaneous Ca(2+) waves in single permeabilized ventricular cardiomyocytes were derived from confocal Fluo-5F fluorescence signals. Peak flux rates via the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) release channel (RyR2) and the SR Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) were not constant across a range of cellular [Ca(2+)] values. The Ca(2+) affinity (K(mf)) and maximum turnover rate (V(max)) of SERCA and the peak permeability of the RyR2-mediated Ca(2+) release pathway increased at higher cellular [Ca(2+)] loads. This information was used to create a computational model of the Ca(2+) wave, which predicted the time course and frequency dependence of Ca(2+) waves over a range of cellular Ca(2+) loads. Incubation of cardiomyocytes with the Ca(2+) calmodulin (CaM) kinase inhibitor autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (300 nM, 30 mins) significantly reduced the frequency of the Ca(2+) waves at high Ca(2+) loads. Analysis of the Ca(2+) fluxes suggests that inhibition of CaM kinase prevented the increases in SERCA V(max) and peak RyR2 release flux observed at high cellular [Ca(2+)]. These data support the view that modification of activity of SERCA and RyR2 via a CaM kinase sensitive process occurs at higher cellular Ca(2+) loads to increase the maximum frequency of spontaneous Ca(2+) waves.
KW - Animals
KW - Calcium/metabolism
KW - Calmodulin/metabolism
KW - Computer Simulation
KW - Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacology
KW - Kinetics
KW - Models, Biological
KW - Muscle Cells/metabolism
KW - Myocardium/metabolism
KW - Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
KW - Rabbits
KW - Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/metabolism
KW - Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
KW - Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism
U2 - 10.1529/biophysj.106.102293
DO - 10.1529/biophysj.106.102293
MacQuaide N, Dempster J, Smith GL. Measurement and modeling of Ca2+ waves in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes. Biophysical Journal. 2007 Oct 1;93(7):2581-2595. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.102293
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Latest NewsSteady weekend at Snetterton
Steady weekend at Snetterton
Two top five finishes at the weekend for Revive! sponsored Jordan in rounds 16, 17 and 18 of the Dunlop MSA British Touring Car Championship at Snetterton.
Returning from the summer break with his MG6 GT in eye catching chrome livery, marking the extension of the Pirtek – Jordan sponsorship deal, Andrew wanted to return to business after a challenging weekend at Croft in June.
Qualifying was one of the closest we have seen all season with a fifth of a second between first and sixth on the grid. Andrew slotted in at fourth behind the three Volkswagens of Turkington, Smith, and Plato and ahead of Neal ‘s Honda and Priaulx’s BMW.
“I’m happy with that actually, it was a really nice lap.” commented Jordan after qualifying. “We haven’t quite got the legs on the VWs. We’ve got work to do to get on the back of the BMR cars in the race, but we’ve got some ideas on where to find the time.”
Andrew needed to find his feet quickly in race one, having to defend from the mounting pressure of Priaulx and the trailing drivers for the majority of round sixteen. “I tried to stay with Jason Plato but had understeer from the start. Then I had to do all I could towards the end of the race to keep Andy Priaulx back as he had looked after his soft tyres. So I was really defensive and the result was not as good as I had hoped.”
Jordan entered round seventeen in eighth position and made rapid advances through the field until contact with Dave Newsham’s Chevrolet led to a loss of two places and stunted any further progression in race 2. “The steering was bent after contact with Newsham and it was really hard work just holding on and making the finish for seventh place,” said Jordan.
A combination of a seventh place grid start, piping hot conditions and soft tyres in far from ideal conditions meant that Andrew’s prospects for the final race at Snetterton looked bleak. Despite the odds stacked against him, he managed to muster up a fifth place finish, earning some valuable championship points. However the day had proven that there are still some improvements needed in order to attain the front running speed which is on the track which will allow Andrew to compete for more podiums.
Revive! are the UK’s experts in minor car body repairs – we repair wherever you are! So if your vehicle has minor damage, don’t worry we can fix it!
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Revive! in the community
Jordan wants podiums at Knockhill
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passionless Droning about autism
So what is this all about?
Archive for the ‘Some Jerk On The Internet’ Category
The Fairytale of a Static Rate of Autism Part 5 – The Prevalence Jackpot Versus The Prevalence Hookup, Futilely Struggling To Making Sense Out of Static, And How Journey Autism Flavors Our Path Of Moving Forward
Posted by: passionlessdrone on: April 17, 2013
In: Autism | Beautiful Complexity | Gross Over Simplification | Hilarious | Humbling Complexity | Impending Doom | Prevalence | Some Jerk On The Internet | The Fairytale | You Can Call Me Curebie
There used to be a poker room about twenty miles from my home; it sat above a run down greyhound racing track and smelled like an old shoe on the best day. But they had poker. They hosted an accumulating jackpot hand, usually worth a couple of thousand dollars, sometimes quite a lot more, which you could win if you got a royal flush in the current suit; i.e., if the suit was hearts, and you wound up with 10-J-Q-K-A hearts, you’d win the Jackpot. This could lead to some unusual cost/reward analysis scenarios.
Let’s say you sit down to play and buy in for a hundred dollars. Then, three hands later, you look at your two hole cards and you have 10-J hearts. Not really a great hand, but if the board winds up showing Q-K-A hearts somewhere in the next five cards, you win fifteen thousand dollars (or whatever the Jackpot had accumulated to). Almost everyone folds, but before you get a chance to see the next three cards for the two measly dollars you put up as a blind, an aggressive, serial over-better to your right raises to fifteen dollars. You are in a tough spot, you know the guy bets like crazy anytime he thinks he can steal a pot, but you still are losing to anyone with a queen. If you had 10-J spades, or clubs, or mixed, or (nearly) whatever else, this is easy; you dump your shitty cards. But with your two royal heart cards, you *could* win the jackpot; your odds still totally suck, even if you were getting paid off a thousand to one you still didn’t have the ‘right’ odds to make the call, but if you inhabit a place where losing fifteen dollars won’t kill you, but winning fifteen thousand would definitely be a game changer, the magnitude of the potential winnings must be part of your decision making process.
I called the raise a few times, but never hit the jackpot. Or even came close.
I keep coming back to the idea of incorporating the scale of potential outcomes when I think about the non event of the hilarious prevalence numbers that came out a while, one in fifty with ‘autism’. Nobody outside of Journey Autism fucking cared and the responses were depressingly predictable; the media and the Internet skeptics went ‘full awareness’, and found nothing of any alarm in these numbers, the Internet vaccine crazies went ‘full autism’, and assumed the numbers were solely comprised of individuals who would need 24×7 assistance for forever. It was all a big joke. Haha.
I don’t know how large the real increase in autism is (the older parental age data tells us unambiguously that some of the increase is non-imaginary), but I do know that as our best efforts at figuring this thing out has left us skipping from one in two hundred and fifty, to one in a fifty in eight short years. To my eye, this means a real increase of fifty percent (or more!) could easily be hiding in the static and we’d never know. Most everyone doesn’t seem to care, that is the way of the Prevalence Hookup, quickly embracing whatever prevalence numbers come out, coupling until a set of newer, bigger, even more ‘greater awareness’ numbers come along.
But my thoughts continue to be formed by concept of a sort of missed jackpot opportunity when I see a sense of complacency about our ever growing autism population; it isn’t that I don’t believe that diagnostic changes and the watering down of what a diagnosis means in terms of life skills aren’t affecting rates, those factors are clearly at play, but the ramifications of just “some” of the increase being real seems like a big, big, big deal to me. When your population of interest is every child, a small real increase means a lot of individual children are affected. Sure, it is, possible that older parental age is the only recent development that is affecting rates upward, with all of the rest being diagnostics, but I find little comfort in this notion. If the soft social scientists are wrong, even a little, and there is a true increase in incidence, we may come to regret the solace provided by our collective bobbleheading at the mantra of ‘greater awareness’, for it enabled us to waste a great amount of precious time.
The thing is, it doesn’t really cost us that fucking much to apply more resources to the unimportant, nagging question on the neurodevelopment of a generation of infants. In 2006, Bush signed the ‘Combating Autism Act’, a bill included a billion of dollars for ‘research, surveillance, and treatment’. That’s two hundred million a year. Last year, The Avengers, a stupid and shitty movie, made over a billion dollars. Now, I know there are other funding sources for research, surveillance, and treatment, but there were also a lot of other stupid movies.
I believe that this prioritization is the equivalent of folding 10-J hearts to a dinky four dollar raise; the knowledge we could gain from a relatively small outlay is worth a lot. We shouldn’t be worrying about the cost, we should be considering the payoff; the question we are trying to understand, “are today’s infants neurobiologically different than infants of the last generation?” has a difficult to understate payoff. We shouldn’t be embracing reasons to stop playing, we should chomping at the bit to see the next three cards. This is an easy call.
And yet, there was a collective yawn when the CDC announced 2%.
Funny enough, it was just a few years ago that the UK NHS study of adults found a prevalence of 1%, a finding which was heralded as remarkably strong evidence that autism rates are stable (at the time, 1% was the general value for US children. Oh well.). For some reason, the robustness of the NHS adult findings didn’t cause anyone to exclaim that there is a sort of epidemic-lite, what with US kids having autism as twice the rate as NHS adults. It was a classic case of doublethink; US kids have autism at 2%, England adults have autism at 1%, and autism rates are stable. (Believing that any of the numbers have validity might be closer to triplethink!)
A while ago I saw an interview with Fombonne on the SFARI site that contained the unsurprising byline: ‘Eric Fombonne says that the new CDC report does not necessarily mean that prevalence is increasing’. [Note: This was BEFORE the 2% numbers were reported!] Anyway, he made some interesting points about the messiness of the autism data showing how silly the state by state numbers are; Utah has four times the cases that Alabama does, and utilized different diagnostic methods. In the text of the interview, he reveals Utah also had very low levels of MR (~ 13% instead of ~ 28%), AND had a creepy low male to female ratio. Either there is something really weird going on in Utah, or the ‘numbers’ from Utah and Alabama are not measuring the same thing. It could also be that the numbers are measuring some of the same thing, and there are a couple of weird things going on in Utah (heh). But the bigger point should be that we shouldn’t expect to get a decent understanding of autism rates at a national level by clumping together Alabama numbers, Utah numbers, and whatever other numbers, shaking up them up, and averaging them out. Maybe the headline ought to read, ‘Pretty much somewhere between half a percent, and two percent of children might have something a psychologist, or a doctor, or both, have something called autism, the manifestations and lifelong impact of which vary considerably individually and regionally’, or maybe ‘Autism Rates: Your guess is as good as ours!’.
I don’t trust any set of numbers more than an educated stab in the dark.
[Note: for a slightly different take on ADDM numbers, you can see this interview on SFARI, where Walter Zahorodny reports that detailed analysis of NJ data indicates a likely real increase in rates. Doh!]
I began to wonder; if almost nobody really seems worried about an ‘epidemic lite’, if no almost no one is alarmed that the confidence intervals in our data could incorporate huge numbers of actual people, why am I so concerned? Is my version of the precautionary principle overly cautious? I don’t know the answer to these questions, but I think that part of the answer lies within my journey autism, watching my son’s challenges (and triumphs) unfold, and the knowledge that whatever we find about autism incidence, he will be reliant on other people for his survival for his entire life. That is the gift autism has given him; it doesn’t mean he can’t be happy, it doesn’t mean he can’t experience love, but so far, we cannot detect that autism has provided him anything other than near debilitating OCD, an imperfect sense of dangerous situations, and a lifelong requirement of the kindness and capabilities of others.
I am filled with a pervasive and soul crushing sadness at the possibility of one ‘extra’ child having the same challenges because of changes we have collectively made to the environment, and that is the heart of the semantic dance over how much of the increase is real. That is the Jackpot.
But, your mileage may vary. I know that there are some parents and people out there who have challenges as heavy as my son’s, and they don’t share my sense of panic over the issue. A lot of people credit their autism with benefits. I won’t discount their experiences. Part of the reason we don’t see eye to eye may be that we look at the same question, but see different risks, and different payoffs.
– pD
Tags: Autism, Autism Rates, Big Joke, Environmental Exposure, Incidence, Poker!, The Fairytale, The Jackpot, We are Doomed, We Are Double Doomed
Piling Up Small Changes, The Selective Skepticism Of Replacing One Fallacy With Another, And The Seductive Lure of Hubris Versus The Dispassionate Rules Of Nature
Posted by: passionlessdrone on: September 28, 2012
In: Autism | Beautiful Complexity | Developmentall Programming | Humbling Complexity | Impending Doom | Low Penetrance | Some Jerk On The Internet | The Fairytale
We keep on finding things that seem to very gently alter developmental trajectory towards (or away from) an eventual diagnosis of autism; a genetic variant here or there, an environmental exposure, or one of our very many experiments in cultural engineering. When these nudges are founded on genetic variances, they are often referred to as “low penetrance” risk factors; here is a snipet from the wiki definition for “Penetrance”
An allele with low penetrance will only sometimes produce the symptom or trait with which it has been associated at a detectable level.
I would argue, and have previously on this blog, that there isn’t a good reason that the descriptive of low penetrance should be relegated solely to genetic inputs. The ‘non-genetic’ factors we seem to have associated with autism risk, or protection, seem to inherit the same quality of a low grade impact; the risk of an autism diagnosis isn’t altered by too much, but instead, just a little.
There are a great number of examples of environmental impacts that seem to follow a low penetrance model of effect; maternal obesity, paternal age, cesarean section, maternal asthma, maternal folate ingestion [protective!], maternal use of anti-depressants (or being depressed?), low birth weight, and some perhaps some drugs given during pregnancy.
[Please, please note: I’m not “blaming the mother” here, but we do not have the luxury of invoking Bettleheim as a mechanism for avoiding evident truths. A dispassionate analysis of the data mandates we accept that the prenatal environment is critical.
If you think that some percentage of the autism ‘epidemic’ is real, you should realize that this issue is too important to be scuttled by emotional hotspots. You cannot blame yourself for things that were unknown to you during your pregnancy. If, instead, you don’t think autism rates have changed, none of the above impacts can be meaningful. Finally, if you believe that autism is more gift than disorder, then you aren’t getting blamed for anything anyways.]
Unfortunately, a mixture of subtle changes makes for a messy situation for our researchers for a few reasons; environmental studies contain a difficult to contend with set of confounders; knowing what to measure, when to measure it, and the often times necessary evil of usage of self reporting, computer models, or other proxies for exposure measurements. Making things even worse, it is biologically plausible, indeed, mandatory, that low penetrant effects operate with each other. What we will eventually need to be working on, for example, is determining the specific genetic dispositions that act in concert with a low birth weight and with gestational anti-depressant exposure to perturb neurodevelopment toward autism. That’s a tough thing to do.
Throwing this kind of disparate data into a blender at study time looks to be largely beyond our current capacities; researchers are struggling to identify single gene-environment interactions, for example, MET-C/pollutants, or the terrifying notion of RORA demythlation/endocrine disruptors interacting together. Looking at more, or a handful, as is likely necessary, is a long ways off.
I’ve been thinking about the intersection of these two things lately; our relative inability to evaluate for several, subtle, interacting forces, with the growing evidence that a great many mysterious conditions, including autism, seem to be governed by lots of small things occurring differently. I am left with the idea that are woefully unready to understand the participating factors in any particular case of autism, with similar reservations regarding our ability to know how much, if any, of the autism ‘epidemic’ is real.
A few weeks ago, there was an Op-Ed in the New York Times that speculated on the link between an in-utero environment characterized by increased inflammation and an eventual diagnosis of autism. I was largely in agreement with Moises Velasquez-Manoff on a the basic premise of his argument; especially regarding the state of the science on the immune findings in the autism realm, the use of helminths, not so much. A very widely read response by Emily Willingham accused the author of the piece of invoking a naturalist theory of the past:
Whether he means to or not, Velasquez-Manoff then echoes one of the favorite refrains of the anti-vaccine movement, that back when the world was a beautiful place of dirty, worm-infested children, clean water, 100% breastfeeding, and no television, it was a place where the immune system could do its work peacefully and with presumably Zen-like calm, weeding out the weak among us and leaving behind the strong.
I don’t think that the NYT article did anything of the sort, the author merely stated that there seem to be fewer signs of immune dysregulation and autoimmune conditions in some types of living conditions.
Then, a few weeks later, a widely publicized metadata study on organic eating came out. Again, the skeptics were ready to pummel the bruised body of the naturalistic fallacy, in this case, Stephen Novella at SBM:
Environmental claims for organic farming are complex and controversial – I will just say that such claims largely fall prey to the naturalistic and false dichotomy fallacies.
Stephen Novella’s version here is terse, but I think it is fair to say that in this context, the idea is that that if something is labeled as ‘natural’, that it then must be somehow superior to a ‘non-natural’ alternative, is a fair characterization of a naturalistic fallacy.
[The masochist could read through a few comments on that thread to see my take on the organic/non organic study; but the TL;DR version is, the study could have just as easily been titled, “Evaluations of Organic Eating Insufficiently Powered Or Designed To Know More Than The Most Primitive Endpoints, At Best”. Here is an NPR transcript where the presenter is a little more up front in that the state of the science is that health benefits have not been evaluated for.
But what I should point out here is that the studies of people were very limited. They were short-term and, like, narrowly focused. So they would look at pregnant women, for instance, and say, are pregnant women eating organic, are their children – did their children have left eczema or allergic conditions? So these are sort of narrowly focused studies. They were short-term, and there weren’t very many of them.
One of the few human studies in this metadata analysis involved a dietary intervention of one apple. What we have is a lack of evaluation, as opposed to a lack of findings, a familiar situation.]
Even so, it must be stated: The naturalistic fallacy(ies), as presented by the skeptics, and as believed by some fraction of grape-nut-eating-tarot-card-flipping people out there, is bogus. Things weren’t better way back then. Just because something is ‘natural’ doesn’t mean it is better, or without unknown consequences. Washing your hands is good, but antibiotics are also good, and work better when necessary. Breastfeeding is good, but it doesn’t keep your infant from getting cholera. Vaccines work. Modern agriculture is feeding a lot more of us than we used to be able to feed, and the hard truth be told, it is policies and habits that are leaving lots of people hungry. I don’t know if eating a organic diet is better for you or not, but I do know that I do like supermarkets.
Our history is littered with the discarded arguments of people just as smart as us using rudimentary tools to understand complicated systems, declaring a lack of effect and throwing a contemptuous look over their shoulder at the rubes who long for the hilariously outdated solutions of yesteryear. We shouldn’t be concerned with the fact that the naturalistic fallacy is intellectually bankrupt; we should be concerned with the fact that our incredibly stupid species is changing our environment with reckless abandon on the assumption that we are smart enough to understand what we are doing. If the naturalistic fallacy is bad, the perfection-of-progess fallacy is almost as bad, with bonus negative points of being invoked by people who should know better.
How many examples do we need of our previous hubris until we realize that we are just barely less dumb now than we were then?
First we thought lead was safe as a pesticide, in paint, and as a gasoline additive. Then, we figured out it was only safe for paint and gasoline; then just in gasoline. Now, we know that any amount of measurable levels of lead are associated with cognitive effects. Any individual reader of this column was very likely an adult in 2002, and at that time, the state of our knowledge didn’t tell us that any amount of lead was less safe than no amount of lead. Ten goddamn years ago, the FDA thought there was a level of lead that in the bloodstream that did not affect cognitive function in children.
We have been performing increasingly optional cesarean sections for decades before starting to figure out that they are associated with adverse health effects for the lifespan. Only within the past few years have we discovered that this procedure is associated with altered microbiomes, obesity, and asthma.
We have been so successful at distributing products with based on plastic that over 90% of every human on the planet has detectable levels of component chemicals in their bloodstream. Only now that we have insured that nearly every human has been touched, we consistently find associations with metabolic and reproductive changes.
After near thirty years, the recommendations over administering Tylenol to infants was changed. In the 1980s we saw Reyes syndrome, made the association with aspirin, failed to observe any acute differences in infants given Tylenol, and pulled the trigger on global recommendation to replace aspirin with acetaminophen. It took decades before we were clever enough realize that eliminating Reyes might not have been the only thing we did, because we were too stupid to realize that effects do not have to be immediately obvious in order to have profound outcomes.
Human bodies were forged through the crucible of evolution, thousands of generations of adaptation, to be ready to start reproducing by the teens, and we have decided to start putting that process of for a decade, or two.
All of these examples are founded of the specificity of our analytical abilities, or rather a relative lack of specificity. We weren’t clever enough to understand to look for associations, so they remained invisible to us. A question never asked is never answered. Even worse, some of these are discrete events, disturbances orders of magnitude more simplistic to analyze compared to ‘eating organic’.
A lot of the skeptical sites will utilize the idea that humans are ‘pattern seekers’, especially when it comes to people reporting temporal associations with development of autistic behaviors and vaccination. I kind of like the idea of the pattern seeking human in general; the biggest pattern we seem to be seeing is the one that tells us that our current state of knowledge gives us enough information to understand what we are doing, a type of uber-pattern.
The idea that we have a decent understanding the effect of ingesting increased pesticide residue, a finding included in the organic metadata study, is a joke. The idea that we have the faintest clue of the outcomes of replacing infection with inflammation, a practice we have embraced with great enthusiasm, is a total fucking joke. We have barely bothered to look. Do not believe anyone who tells you otherwise.
This is what bothers me so much about a casual wielding of the naturalistic fallacy; it is so frequently a feint from critical questions. The discordance with reality of the naturalist fallacy has been established. It is great how much less suffering there is now, compared to then, but let’s not rest on our laurels. Am I the only one worried about how wrong we are here, now?
I don’t know if eating less pesticide is better than eating more pesticide, and I also can’t be sure that a lifestyle characterized by increased inflammation is a risk factor for developmental differences. I do know that the rules implemented by the natural world have no care for our hubris. Those same rules have violated our once pristine knowledge so dispassionately and with such regularity that I can find no pleasure in hurling the accusation of the naturalistic fallacy at anyone. Instead, the idea fills me with a sense of honorable mention at best; we are more capable than last century, last generation, last year, but we remain at the mercy of machinations which hold no regard for such incremental progress in knowledge in the face of unprecedented changes to our environment.
Tags: Autism, Autism Rates, Developmental Programming, Environmental Exposure, Naturalistic Fallacy, We are Doomed
Additional Findings of an Altered NeuroImmune Environment In Autism with Intriguing Questions Raised – Microglia in the Cerebral Cortex in Autism
In: Autism | Beautiful Complexity | Bilbo | Brain | Developmentall Programming | Early Life Immune Activation | Fatemi | Humbling Complexity | Immunology | Microglia | Primed Phenotype | Pruning | Researchers | Some Jerk On The Internet
A study with a beautifully terse title, Microglia in the Cerebral Cortex in Autism landed in my inbox the other day. It adds to the growing literature showing perturbations in neuroimmune system in the autism population, this time by measuring the number of microglia in different parts of the brain. Here is the abstract:
We immunocytochemically identified microglia in fronto-insular (FI) and visual cortex (VC) in autopsy brains of well-phenotyped subjects with autism and matched controls, and stereologically quantified the microglial densities. Densities were determined blind to phenotype using an optical fractionator probe. In FI, individuals with autism had significantly more microglia compared to controls (p = 0.02). One such subject had a microglial density in FI within the control range and was also an outlier behaviorally with respect to other subjects with autism. In VC, microglial densities were also significantly greater in individuals with autism versus controls (p = 0.0002). Since we observed increased densities of microglia in two functionally and anatomically disparate cortical areas, we suggest that these immune cells are probably denser throughout cerebral cortex in brains of people with autism.
[Note: You don’t see p-values of .0002 too often!] This paper is at a high level largely similar to another recent paper, Microglial Activation and Increased Microglial Density Observed in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Autism (discussed on this blog, here). The authors were clever here, they intentionally used two very anatomically different, and spatially separated parts of the brain to evaluate for microglia population differences, a sort of bonus slice to learn more about the population of microglia in the brain.
The specific measurement technique in use, staining for specific antibodies, does not give us information regarding the activated/non activated state of the microglia, a determination which must be made with evaluations of morphology, though several other studies have measured this directly, and many more provide indirect evidence of a chronic state of activation of microglia. Not only did the author s report an increase in population density in the autism group, the number of microglia was also positively correlated between sites; i.e., a patient with more microglia in the visual cortex was also more likely to have more microglia in the fronto-insular.
These findings demonstrate that, at the time of death, there were significantly higher microglial densities in the subjects with autism compared to the control subjects, and that this change in microglial density is widespread throughout the cerebral cortex in autism. The microglial densities in FI and VC in the same subject were significantly correlated (both measures were available in 10 controls and 8 autistic subjects for a total of 18 subjects) with Pearson’s r2 = 0.4285, p = 0.0024 (Fig. 6). This indicates that the elevation in density is consistent between these areas, and probably throughout the cortex, in both subjects with autism and controls.
Also of interest, in the control group microglia densities tended to decrease with age, but this change was not seen in the autism population.
There is some discussion about a big problem in the autism research world, a very real and meaningful dearth of available tissue samples, this study shared five patients with Morgan, and one from Vargas. [Note: Sign up to help. Morbid but necessary.]
The authors went on to ask the exact same question I had, “How and when does the increased density of autistic microglial arrays arise, and how is it maintained?” Unfortunately, while there aren’t any good answers, I was still a little disappointed with the analysis. There is a quick rundown of a variety of neuroimmune and peripheral immune findings in autism, and some thoughts on ‘sickness behavior’ with the implicit interconnectedness of the immune state and behaviors, and some discussion on some of the many animal models of maternal immune activation in autism.
In an stroke of amazing serendipity, the authors wonder aloud towards the possibility of a type of distracted worker effect of microglia on neural networks, sort of a bank shot on the autism paradox I struggled with in my previous post when I said,
Are increased neuron number and altered white matter tracts the result of microglia not performing the expected maintenance of the brain? Are the findings from Courchesne and Wolff the opportunity costs of having a microglia activated during decisive developmental timeframes?
The authors of Microglia in the Cerebral Cortex in Autism state
In contrast, microglia can also phagocytize synapses and whole neurons, thus disrupting neural circuits. For example,when the axons of motor neurons are cut, the microglia strip them of their synapses (Blinzinger and Kreutzberg 1968; Cullheim and Thams 2007; Graeber et al. 1993). Another example of the disruption of circuitry arises from the direct phagocytosis of neurons. Neurons communicate with microglia by emitting fractalkine*, which appears to inhibit their phagocytosis by microglia. Deleting the gene for the microglial fractalkine receptor (Cx3cr1) in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease has the effect of preventing the microglial destruction and phagocytosis of layer 3 neurons that was observed in these mice in vivo with 2-photon microscopy (Furhmann* et al. 2010). In particular, Cx3cr1 knockout mice have greater numbers of dendritic spines in CA1 neurons, have decreased frequency sEPSCs and had seizure patterns which indicate that deficient fractalkine signaling* reduces microglia-mediated synaptic pruning, leading to abnormal brain development, immature connectivity, and a delay in brain circuitry in the hippocampus (Paolicelli* et al. 2011). In summary, the increased density of microglia in people with autism could be protective against other aspects of this condition, and that a possible side-effect of this protective response might involve alterations in neuronal circuitry.
Oh hell yeah. (* concepts and papers discussed on this blog, here)
Going back to the big dollar question, How and when does the increased density of autistic microglial arrays arise, and how is it maintained?”, the possibility of an ongoing infection was raised as a one option, “The increase of microglial densities in individuals with autism could be a function of neuroprotection in response to harmful microorganisms.” Vargas had a dedicated section towards a failure to find agents of the peripheral immune system that are consistent with infiltration from the peripheral immune system commonly observed during acute infection, I do not think other papers have looked for that per se, but will cede to someone with better data. (?) There was a very weird paper from Italy that pointed to a possible polyomavirus transmission from the father in the autism group, though this study was not referenced in Microglia in the Cerebral Cortex in Autism. [Note: I showed my wife this paper, and she told me, “Good job with the autism gametes.” Nice.] Could a virus cause autism, is a nice discussion on this that includes blog and personal favorites, Fatemi, Patterson, and Persico discussing the possibilities and limitations of the study. Great stuff!
While I must admit the possibility that the chronically activated microglia in autism are working on purpose, the irony gods mandate that I wonder aloud if certain segments of the autism Some-Jerk-On-The-Internet population will cling to the possibility that autism is caused by a disease in order to disavow a causative role for neuroinflammation? Those are some tough choices.
There is a discussion on the myriad of ways that microglia could directly participate in autism pathogenesis, starting the discussion off right to the point, “By contrast, there are diseases that arise from intrinsic defects in the microglia themselves which can cause stereotypic behavioral dysfunctions.” There is a short discussion of Nasu-Hakola disease, something I’d never heard of, which has evidence of an increase in cytokines as a result of genetically driven microglial deficiencies, and shows striking behavioral manifestations.
The possibility of some areas of the brain being more susceptible to alterations than others is there too, “Thus, while changes in microglial density appear to be widespread in brains of autistic individuals, some areas may be more vulnerable than others to its effects.” Considering this idea alongside the extremely heterogeneous set of symptoms assigned to autism, a curious question to ponder becomes; if neuroinflammation is a participatory process in the behavioral manifestation of autism, could some of the variability in autistic behaviors be explained by spatially specific gradients of microglial activity? Going further, considering the still largely mysterious migration of microglia into the brain during development, could the temporal origin of microglial activation in autism be a determinant in the eventual behavioral manifestations? These are tricky questions, and I don’t think that our current methodological capacities are sufficient to start thinking about forming a model for analysis.
One concept I was surprised to not receive attention was a developmental programming model, where animal studies tell us that if something happens during critical developmental timeframes, the effect can propagate into adulthood. In fact, one study, Enduring consequences of early-life infection on glial and neural cell genesis within cognitive regions of the brain (Bland et all) exposed four day old animals to e-coli, which found, among other things, “significantly more microglia in the adult DG of early-infected rats”, something seemingly of considerable salience to the current findings, especially considering the known risk factors of early infections as autism risk factors. In Bland, no external agent other than an infection during early life was necessary; this is the essence of the developmental programming model, even after the infection was long since cleared, patterns of physiology were imprinted, the animals recovered from e-coli but were changed from the experience. This my biggest issue with the possibility of an as of yet undefined, and continued evidence free pathogen or process that is causing the immune abnormalities we see in autism, it mandates we ignore existing biologically plausible models that fit well within known risk factors for autism. Why?
Another area this paper was curiously silent on is the data regarding differences in males and females in the timeframes of microglial migration into the brain, something I’d like to learn much more about soon. As an example, Sex differences in microglial colonization of the developing rat brain [yet another by blog favorite, Staci Bilbo] reported “the number and morphology of microglia throughout development is dependent upon the sex and age of the individual, as well as the brain region of interest” among other findings broadly consistent with a beautiful complexity. This is interesting fodder for a discussion concerning possibly the most persistent finding in autism, a very high male to female ratio that has a series of possible explanations [somewhat discussed on this blog, here].
So we know more, but still have only increased our knowledge incrementally. It is increasingly likely that an increased number of microglia in many areas of the brain is characteristic of autism, but the whys, hows, whens, wheres, and whoms still hold many mysteries. The more things change, the more they stay the same.
Tags: Autism, Bilbo, Developmental Programming, Immune, Inconvenient Findings, Inflammation, Interconnectedness, Microglia
Extremely Long Overdue Clinical Findings “Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis in the Intestines of Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances”, and The Swan Song Of A Tragically Overused Autism Canard
Posted by: passionlessdrone on: January 9, 2012
In: Autism | Buie | Dietary Intervention | GI | Gross Over Simplification | Intriguing | Shitbird | Some Jerk On The Internet | Specific Carbohydrate Diet | Uncategorized | You Can Call Me Curebie
My son was a ‘gut kid’. The irony is, for a while, because we were first time parents, we didn’t even know. My son was flagged for evaluation for autism around a year of age and we met with the autism center people several times between his first and third birthdays, with his official diagnosis coming just after he turned three. My wife came home from one of the early meetings convinced that his evaluators didn’t know the first thing about our son, autism, or anything else, and that in fact, they might be insane.
‘Do you know what those idiots asked me today?’
‘What?’
‘What his shits look like. My kid can’t talk and they want to ask me about his diapers!’
‘Who fucking cares?‘
We wound up caring, a lot. It turns out, this wasn’t a stupid question, it just seemed like one to us. The answer to their question was that our son was having at least four or six very messy diapers a day, his stools were never firm logs that look like they came from an spherical filter, but always, always more liquid than solid, and frequently contained chunks of identifiable food. But from our viewpoint, within the context of a child who was not speaking, hurting himself, and never looked at anyone, the idea that we should be worrying about his shit was the stupidest thing we’d ever heard.
But. When we started paying attention, starting reading, and started meeting more people with children with autism, our incredulity waned. We tried GF/CF and probiotics. We paid for lab tests to analyze the bacterial populations in his intestines. We experienced a life saving miracle with anti-fungal agents wherein my son essentially stopped hurting himself over the course of weeks after persistently banging his head dozens of times a day for six months. For nearly a year we removed all complex carbohydrates from our son’s diet, an intervention that makes GFCF feel like a Sunday afternoon after college but before kids and autism. We saw changes in our son based on how his GI tract was performing. For our son, for us, we knew that by some mechanism, what got put in his mouth, and what happened along the way was tightly coupled with how our son felt and behaved.
This is why my vision with spots of rage when I see the ideas of GI and dietary involvement with autism mocked by pseudo-skeptics so rampantly on the Internet. I cannot stand the thought of a single child continuing to suffer the way I watched my son suffer because they were told that there was no basis of GI interaction in autism. That thought hurts.
Those biases stated, we are now, finally, starting to see research indicating that in some cases of autism, there are very real, non imaginary differences in GI function.
A few months ago, Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis in the Intestines of Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances was published [full, dense, but very cool paper available online]. Here is the abstract.
Gastrointestinal disturbances are commonly reported in children with autism, complicate clinical management, and may contribute to behavioral impairment. Reports of deficiencies in disaccharidase enzymatic activity and of beneficial responses to probiotic and dietary therapies led us to survey gene expression and the mucoepithelial microbiota in intestinal biopsies from children with autism and gastrointestinal disease and children with gastrointestinal disease alone. Ileal transcripts encoding disaccharidases and hexose transporters were deficient in children with autism, indicating impairment of the primary pathway for carbohydrate digestion and transport in enterocytes. Deficient expression of these enzymes and transporters was associated with expression of the intestinal transcription factor, CDX2. Metagenomic analysis of intestinal bacteria revealed compositional dysbiosis manifest as decreases in Bacteroidetes, increases in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, and increases in Betaproteobacteria. Expression levels of disaccharidases and transporters were associated with the abundance of affected bacterial phylotypes. These results indicate a relationship between human intestinal gene expression and bacterial community structure and may provide insights into the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disturbances in children with autism.
I’ll admit it. From the outside, from the don’t-have-a-kid-with-autism-and-GI-problems perspective, that is some dense and seemingly bland stuff. Essentially children with GI distress and children with GI distress and autism were compared and it was found that there were distinctly qualitative differences regarding the GI function in the groups. This is validation of what a lot of us have been saying for a long time, that the GI problems our kids were experiencing weren’t coincidental to the autism, but somehow related.
For anyone who has been paying attention to the details of the autism-gut debate, these are dynamite findings. These observations are the death knell for the overused, oversimplified notion that the GI connection to autism was a function of some kids having autism, some kids having GI distress, and that therefore, some kids with autism also have GI distress. This research tells us that the reality is not so simple.
This study is the view from the microscope as opposed to the telescope, and took care not to study just anyone with an autism diagnosis, but those with an autism diagnosis and GI distress, problems so severe that invasive procedures to obtain tissue samples from the GI tract was warranted. This is a critically important facet of the study design in my opinion, a lot of the negative findings in this arena have been epidemiological, and cast the widest possible net, capturing everyone with autism and comparing them with a sample of everyone else. This is a great strength of the paper; for too long everyone has acknowledged the heterogeneous nature of autism, but few studies have tried to understand differences at a phenotype level. This paper is different.
As evidence of the non-random population, the autism patient group had a regression incidence of over eighty percent, and nearly as many of the children in both groups were reported to have food allergies.
The details of the findings in the paper get deep pretty fast, but at a high level there were differences found in proteins involved with the digestion of carbohydrates and changes in bacterial populations between the groups, with some differences found with regard to specific locations in the intestine. Based on these findings, the authors speculate that alterations in carbohydrate processing could result in abnormal bacterial populations by way of altered microbial food availability in parts of the gut.
Based on these findings, we propose a model whereby deficiencies in disaccharidases and hexose transporters alter the milieu of carbohydrates in the distal small intestine (ileum) and proximal large intestine (cecum), resulting in the supply of additional growth substrates for bacteria. These changes manifest in significant and specific compositional changes in the microbiota of AUT-GI children (see Figure 7A–C).
The authors discuss a potential feedback loop of effects of intestinal microbes and nutritional processing, and of the known and potential effects of altered bacterial populations.
Additionally, intestinal microbes can influence the expression of disaccharidases and transporters [59] through the influence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and butyrate (a byproduct of bacterial fermentation) on CDX2 expression and activity [60], [61], [62], [63]. In this regard, the observation that CDX2 was decreased in AUT-GI children with increased levels of Betaproteobacteria may be important.
Whatever the underlying mechanisms, reduced capacity for digestion and transport of carbohydrates can have profound effects. Within the intestine, malabsorbed carbohydrates can lead to osmotic diarrhea [64]; non-absorbed sugars may also serve as substrates for intestinal microflora that produce fatty acids and gases (methane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide), promoting additional GI symptoms such as bloating and flatulence [65].
This is very similar to the underlying theory of the Specific Carbohydrate Diet, impaired carbohydrate digestion promotes bacterial imbalances in the intestine by altered food availability, leading to gastrointestinal distress.
Because of the varied nature of the protein imbalances found and absence of the common alleles associated with such conditions, the authors report that it is unlikely that the underlying cause of the imbalances is genetically based.
In our study, 93.3% of AUT-GI children had decreased mRNA levels for at least one of the three disaccharidases (SI, MGAM, or LCT). In addition, we found decreased levels of mRNA for two important hexose transporters, SGLT1 and GLUT2. Congenital defects in these enzymes and transporters are extremely rare [40], [41], and even the common variant for adult-type hypolactasia was not responsible for reduced LCT expression in AUT-GI children in this cohort. Therefore, it is unlikely that the combined deficiency of disaccharidases (maldigestion) and transporters (malabsorption) are indicative of a primary malabsorption resulting from multiple congenital or acquired defects in each of these genes.
There are a couple of ideas presented on what might be causing the altered disaccharide transporter levels, with food composition intake, immune or hormonal irregularities, and bacterial populations and their associated fermentation byproducts listed as possible candidates. This study did not attempt to determine if any of these things were actually responsible, but an upcoming paper will also detail qualitative differences in expression of genes involved with inflammation in the autism group.
Regarding bacterial populations found, there were several differences identified by bacterial classification and location as well as some associations with onset of autistic behaviors and GI distress.
Pyrosequencing analysis of mucoepithelial bacteria revealed significant multicomponent dysbiosis in AUT-GI children, including decreased levels of Bacteroidetes, an increase in the Firmicute/Bacteroidete ratio, increased cumulative levels of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and increased levels of bacteria in the class Betaproteobacteria.
Stratification of AUT-GI children based on the timing of GI symptom development relative to autism onset revealed that the levels of Clostridiales and cumulative levels of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae were significantly higher in AUT-GI children for whom GI symptoms developed before or at the same time as the onset of autism symptoms compared to AUT-GI children for whom GI symptoms developed after the onset of autism and compared to Control-GI children. However, we cannot discern whether changes in Clostridiales occurred before the onset of autism in this subgroup. We can only conclude that increased levels of Clostridiales members in biopsies taken after the development of both GI symptoms and autism are associated with the timing of GI onset relative to autism onset in this cohort. Although the reason for this association remains unclear, this finding may suggest that the timing of GI onset relative to autism is an important variable to consider in the design of future prospective studies investigating the microbiota of children with autism.
I am in love with the appreciation of the subtlety on display at the end, it may not be sufficient to simply categorize by GI and non GI autism, but also by the temporal relationship to onset of behavioral symptoms. It makes for a messy outlook going forward, but one based on pragmatism as far as coming to valid conclusions.
As is appropriate, the authors end with an admission that we are still largely groping in the dusk about how the microbiome interacts with our tightly coupled systems, but give a variety of reasons to believe that what we do know makes system wide effects reasonable and a relationship with autism plausible.
Metabolic interactions between intestinal microflora and their hosts are only beginning to be understood. Nonetheless, there is already abundant evidence that microflora can have system-wide effects [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83] and influence immune responses, brain development and behavior [24], [25], [26], [84], [85].
It should be noted that this paper is a child of a 2010 IMFAR abstract, Intestinal Inflammation, Impaired Carbohydrate Metabolism and Transport, and Microbial Dysbiosis in Autism. If I understand correctly, another paper is being prepared regarding the findings of intestinal inflammation that will be complimentary to Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis in the Intestines of Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances. I’ll try to post something when it is published.
This study was small, with only twenty two participants, largely as a result of the difficulty in obtaining tissue specimens. While this does give us cause for caution, it is important to note that this research does not exist in a vacuum, but rather, as a much larger set of research that tell us that the relationship between GI complaints and autism is more than the inceptions of DAN doctors. Previously, Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder, performed similar biochemistry and reported broadly consistent carbohydrate digestion problems, ‘Low intestinal carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity was reported in 21 children (58.3%), although there was no abnormality found in pancreatic function.’ Several other papers analyzing fecal samples have reported altered bacterial populations, including Low relative abundances of the mucolytic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. in feces of children with autism, Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism–comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity, Fecal lactoferrin and Clostridium spp. in stools of autistic children, and Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children, among others.
If the findings from this latest paper are spurious finding based on sample size problems, a lot of other studies are coincidentally finding the same type of thing in the wrong way. Does anyone think that is likely?
I entered the autism world and online autism debate from a place of seeing with my own eyes the failures of a toddlers GI function and the difficult to overstate changes in that toddler alongside improvements in his GI health. On one of the first autism blogs on which I participated I got into a discussion (argument?) with a blogger who I came to respect very much, but has since moved on. I described the fact that my son had six or more diarrhea stools, a day, every day, for months on end, and that when we added dietary changes, probiotics, and later antifungal agents, the changes to his GI function were profound and impossible to misinterpret. He told me something along the lines that humans were susceptible to illusions and sleight of hand, and I thought, ‘as if not knowing the difference between diarrhea and a log was along the lines of figuring out where the jack of spades went!’. I couldn’t believe, could not fucking believe, someone would try to convince me that I had imagined my sons problems, and associated recovery. This wasn’t a sugar pill study where I was asked if my child acted more or less hyperactive, this was a matter of asking myself, ‘How many diarrhea diapers did I change today? Six? Or Zero?’ [Repeat once a day for 180 days.]
I doubt this is necessary, but just in case, I will go on the record to state that it is easy, very easy, to tell the difference between a condition of chronic diarrhea and normal GI function. There might not be a more simpleminded determination to make on Planet Earth or indeed, our perceptible universe. This is a situation that is susceptible to placebo effects only in the most elaborate imaginations of people who have never experienced chronic GI problems.
From that time on, with nearly zero exceptions, I have become a little less shocked, but a little more saddened by the doublethink style skepticism applied to GI distress and autism in nearly every single conversation I have ever seen on the Internet. I’ve put some time thinking toward this, why so many otherwise intelligent people house such extreme hostility on a relationship between GI function and autism. I believe that the Wakefield / MMR autism debacle is at the heart of this disconnect; his ill fated and now retracted paper that launched a thousand Internet scribbles has seemingly forever tied GI complaints and autism to bad science.
It doesn’t have to be this way. As a community, the vaccine wars and kissing cousin prevalence question has done a lot to fracture us, and very little to unite us. That is a sad statement, and nothing makes it more unfortunate than the fact that it does not have to be this way. Wakefield can be wrong about the MMR and there can still be very real differences in GI function in some cases of autism. We can respectfully disagree about how well our existing prevalence studies inform us on the incidence of autism without also needing to accept a world view where every child with autism has raging bowel problems.
We should have the intellectual honesty to admit that there is nothing inherently dangerous about acknowledging what the data tells us; GI function seems to be abnormal in a subset of children with autism, and the underlying features of that GI distress are qualitatively different than what is found in ‘normal’ children.
Tags: "Specific Carbohydrate Diet", Anti Fungals, Autism, Bacteria, bacterial populations, Carbohydrates, GI, Life Saving Miracle, Long Overdue Findings, Microbiome, Psuedo Skeptics, SCD, Unsurprising Findings
Seeing Patterns or Chasing Phantoms, or Is There A Biologically Plausible Developmental Programming Pathway Toward Impaired Synaptic Pruning In Autism?
Posted by: passionlessdrone on: December 26, 2011
In: Autism | Beautiful Complexity | Bilbo | Brain | Courchesne | Developmentall Programming | Early Life Immune Activation | Glial Priming | Humbling Complexity | Immunology | Intriguing | Microglia | Mr. Rat | Some Jerk On The Internet | Synapse
Lately I’ve found myself reading papers and knowing and owning several of the references; tragically I can’t tell if I’m reading the right research and am onto something, or I am chasing phantoms and my web of pubmed alerts and reading interests are funneling my reference list into a narrowing echo chamber of sorts. With that warning in mind, we can proceed to poking around several papers, only some of which mention autism per se. Along the way, we will see evidence supporting the possibility of a biologically plausible mechanism of developmental programming of the neuroimmune environment, a sequence of events that may lead to impaired synaptic pruning in (some cases of?) autism.
By now, everyone has seen/read/heard about one form or another of the ‘a massive asteroid is going to destroy the world’ story. One of the common survival strategies from an asteroid strike involves altering the path of the asteroid so that it misses the Earth. The thoughtful analysis of this problem allows for the physics based reality of the problem, moving an asteroid out of an extinction based trajectory involves just a little work when the asteroid is ten thousand gazillion miles away, but a lot more work when it is only a gazillion miles away. Upon careful evaluation living organisms display similar behavior, relatively minor disturbances in early life can alter the developmental trajectory, while that same disturbance later in life is unable to materially affect the organism beyond a transient effect. The accumulated evidence that early life experiences can shape the adult outcome is nearly impossible to dispute with any remaining intellectual honesty, the question is instead, is how large is the effect in autism?
This analogy adequately symbolizes one of the more beautiful and terrifying concepts I’ve come across researching autism, that of ‘developmental programming’, which I blogged some about here, but essentially is the idea that there are critical timeframes during which environmental impacts can have long term persistent effects on a wide range of outcomes. The most robustly replicated findings involve changes to metabolic profiles in response to abnormal prenatal nutritional environments, but there is also evidence of various other effects, including neurological, and reputable speculation, that autism, may in fact, be in part, a disorder of developmental programming.
Secondarily, there has long been speculation of problems in the removal of ‘excess’ synapses, i.e., ‘synaptic pruning’ in the autism population. This culling of synapses begins in fetal life continuing throughout adolescence and the repeated observations of increased head circumference during infancy as a risk factor for autism has resulted in the idea that altered synaptic pruning maybe involved in autism.
In the last month or so several rather serendipitously themed papers have been published with tantalizing clues about some of the finer grained mechanisms of synaptic pruning, the possibility of impaired synaptic pruning in the autism population, and a known risk factor for autism that models a developmental programming event sequence that may tie them together.
First off, we have Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development, (Paolicelli et all) with a very straightforward title, that has this dynamite in the abstract: (snipped for length)
These findings link microglia surveillance to synaptic maturation and suggest that deficits in microglia function may contribute to synaptic abnormalities seen in some neurodevelopmental disorders.
This paper is short, but pretty cool, and very nice from a new territory perspective. It also speaks directly towards one of the increasingly hilarious obfuscations you will sometimes see raised in online discussions about immunological findings in autism, namely, that we can’t know if the state of chronic inflammation in the CNS observed in autism is harmful or beneficial. [hint: It might not be causative, but it isn’t beneficial.]
Here’s is a snippet from the Introduction:
Time-lapse imaging has shown that microglia processes are highly motile even in the uninjured brain and that they make frequent, but transient contact with synapses. This and other observations have led to the hypothesis that microglia monitor synaptic function and are involved in synapse maturation or elimination. Moreover, neurons during this period up-regulate the expression of the chemokine fractalkine, Cx3cl1, whose receptor in the central nervous system is exclusively expressed by microglia and is essential for microglia migration. If, in fact, microglia are involved in scavenging synapses, then this activity is likely to be particularly important during synaptic maturation when synaptic turnover is highest.
Nice. A time dependent participation by microglia in the critical process of optimization of neuron numbers, a process we are still very much groping our way in the dark towards untangling. The researchers focused in on a particular molecular target, a chemical messenger of the immune system, fractalkine, and found that without fractalkine, the process of synaptic turnover was impaired.
A couple of tests were performed, first immunohistochemistry (i.e., exceedingly clever manipulation of antibodies to determine the presence or absence of proteins in very specific locations) which demonstrated that microglia were, in fact, ‘engulfing synaptic material’ in animals during periods of synaptic maturation.
Secondly, so called ‘knock out mice’ (i.e., genetically engineered mice constructed without the ability to make a specific protein, in this case, fractalkine) were used evaluate for changes in synaptic form and function based on a lack of fractalkine. Changes in dendritic spine density were observed in the knock out mice group, with much higher densities in a very specific type of neuron during the second and third postnatal week of life. The authors indicate this is a key timeframe in synaptic pruning, and state their findings are “suggesting a transient deficient synaptic pruning in Cx3cr1 knockout mice “. The effect of not having fractalkine on spine density was time dependent as shown below.
Several other measurements were taken, including synaptic firing frequencies, which also implicated an increased surface area for synapses on dendritic spines, consistent with impaired pruning. Time dependent effects on synaptic efficiency and seizure susceptibility were also found, which the led the authors to conclude that the findings were “consistent with a delay in brain circuit development at the whole animal level.”
For additional evidence of fractalkine participation in synaptic maintenance, we can look to the opposite direction, where researchers evaluating neuron loss in an Alzheimers model reported “Knockout of the microglial chemokine receptor Cx3cr1, which is critical in neuron-microglia communication, prevented neuron loss”. Taken together, the conclusion that fractalkine processing is involved with neuron maintenance is highly likely, and correspondingly, highly unlikely to be a set of spurious findings.
There’s a couple paragraphs on potential mechanisms by which fractalkine could be interacting with microglia to achieve this effect, with the authors claiming that their data and other data generally supports a model wherein microglia were not effectively recruited to appropriate locations in the brain due to a lack of fractalkine, or, a ‘transient reduction in microglia surveillance.’
The conclusion is a good layman level wrap up that speaks toward the Interconnectedness of the brain and the immune system:
In conclusion, we show that microglia engulf and eliminate synapses during development. In mice lacking Cx3cr1, a chemokine receptor expressed by microglia in the brain, microglia numbers were transiently reduced in the developing brain and synaptic pruning was delayed. Deficient synaptic pruning resulted in an excess of dendritic spines and immature synapses and was associated with a persistence of electrophysiological and pharmacological hallmarks of immature brain circuitry. Genetic variation in Cx3cr1 along with environmental pathogens that impact microglia function may contribute to susceptibility to developmental disorders associated with altered synapse number. Understanding microglia-mediated synaptic pruning is likely to lead to a better understanding of synaptic homeostasis and an appreciation of interactions between the brain and immune system
That’s all pretty cool, but there was precious little discussion of autism, except in the general sense of a ‘developmental disorder associated with altered synapse number’. [But the references do speak to autism, the first reference provided, Dendritic Spines in Fragile X Mice displays a significant relationship to autism, and it describes how another flavor of knock out mice, this time designed to mimic Fragile-X, exhibit a ‘developmental delay in the downregulation of spine turnover and in the transition from immature to mature spine subtypes.’ Go figure!]
The other reason Paolicelli is of particular interest to the autism discussion is one of the major players in this study, the microglia (i.e., the resident immune cells of the CNS), have been found to be ‘chronically activated’ in the autism brain by direct measurement in two studies (here, and here, [and by me, here]), and tons of other studies have shown indirect evidence of an ongoing state of immunological alertness in the autism brain.
Considering this is a brand new paper, I do not believe that there are any studies illuminating the results of a state of chronic activation of microglia on the process of synaptic pruning per se. I will, however, go on the record that such an effect is very, very likely, and the logical leap is microscopically small that there will be some detrimental impact to such a state. The inverse argument, a scenario wherein there could be a state of chronic microglial activation that does not interfere with microglia participation in the synaptic pruning requires logical acrobatics worthy of Cirque Du Soleil. I am open to evidence, however.
So, from Paolicelli, we know that a ‘transient reduction in microglial surveillance’ induced by a reduction in the ability to production fractalkine can result in a condition ‘consistent with a delay in brain circuit development at the whole animal level’.
Next up, we have a paper that was all over the JerkNet in the days and weeks following its release, Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism. This is a cool study, and likely a very important paper, but I must say that a lot of the online commentary exhibits an irrational exuberance towards one part of the findings. Here is part of the abstract.
Children with autism had 67% more neurons in the PFC (mean, 1.94 billion; 95% CI, 1.57-2.31) compared with control children (1.16 billion; 95% CI, 0.90-1.42; P = .002), including 79% more in DL-PFC (1.57 billion; 95% CI, 1.20-1.94 in autism cases vs 0.88 billion; 95% CI, 0.66-1.10 in controls; P = .003) and 29% more in M-PFC (0.36 billion; 95% CI, 0.33-0.40 in autism cases vs 0.28 billion; 95% CI, 0.23-0.34 in controls; P = .009). Brain weight in the autistic cases differed from normative mean weight for age by a mean of 17.6% (95% CI, 10.2%-25.0%; P = .001), while brains in controls differed by a mean of 0.2% (95% CI, -8.7% to 9.1%; P = .96). Plots of counts by weight showed autistic children had both greater total prefrontal neuron counts and brain weight for age than control children. [PFC == prefrontal cortex]
Essentially the authors used a variety of mechanisms to measure neuron number in a specific area of the brain, the prefrontal cortex, and found large variations (increases) in the autism group. The prefrontal cortex is thought to be involved in ‘planning complex coginitive behaviors’, and ‘moderating correct social behavior’, among others, so this was a smart place to look.
The implicit hype on the internet is that this firmly indicates a ‘prenatal cause’ to autism, but if you read the paper, read what Courchense has said, and read recent literature, you know that the simplicity of this as a singular prenatal cause of autism is long broad strokes, and short on appreciation of the subtlety that textures reality.
A link @ LBRB sent me to the team at The Thinking Person’s Guide To Autism, who had a very nice transcription of a talk given by Courchesne at IMFAR 2011. Here is a snipet that started my wheels turning.
What we see in autism is either an excess proliferation, producing an overabundance of neuron numbers, or the excess might be due to a reduced ability to undergo naturally occurring cell death. Or it could be both. We don’t know which and our data don’t speak to that, although our data do suggest that it’s probably both.
Finally, our evidence shows that across time, there’s a prolonged period of apoptosis, removal and remodeling of circuits. In order to get back to where neuron numbers are supposed to be, it takes a very long time for the autistic brain. In the normal developing brain, this takes just a few months. In autism, it’s a couple of decades.
[Note how well this fits within the model described by Paolicelli, i.e., “consistent with a delay in brain circuit development at the whole animal level”. ]
I would highly recommend anyone who has read this far to go read the entire post @ TPGTA sometime.
As far as synaptic pruning goes, here is the associated segment of the paper:
Apoptotic mechanisms during the third trimester and early postnatal life normally remove subplate neurons, which comprise about half the neurons produced in the second trimester. A failure of that key early developmental process could also create a pathological excess of cortical neurons. A failure of subplate apoptosis might additionally indicate abnormal development of the subplate itself. The subplate plays a critical role in the maturation of layer 4 inhibitory functioning as well as in the early stages of thalamocortical and corticocortical connectivity development.inhibitory functioning and defects of functional and structural connectivity are characteristic of autism, but the causes have remained elusive.
Nearly half of the neurons in the area studied are expected to be removed through pruning, a process that extends well after birth. That is something that you didn’t see referenced in too many places trumpeting this study as ‘proof’ that autism was caused by disturbances in the prenatal environment. I’m not coming down on the prenatal environment as a critical timeframe for autism pathogensesis, just the difficult to defend underlying notion that this is the only time the environment should be evaluated, or the idea that if something is initiated prenatally other timeframes are therefore, unimportant.
So, I’d read that microglia were actively involved in proper synaptic pruning, contingent on utilization of fractalkine, and then read that impaired synaptic apoptotic mechanisms could be participating in autism, with a consequence of an over abundance of neurons.
Then, I got myself a copy of Microglia and Memory: Modulation by Early-Life Infection, which is another study in a growing body of evidence that immune challenges early in life can have unpredictable physiological consequences. (This is another very cool paper with Staci Bilbo as an author, whom I think is seriously onto something.) This study, in particular, focused on interactions microglia and formation of memories. Here is the abstract:
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) is critical for normal hippocampus (HP)-dependent cognition, whereas high levels can disrupt memory and are implicated in neurodegeneration. However, the cellular source of IL-1ß during learning has not been shown, and little is known about the risk factors leading to cytokine dysregulation within the HP. We have reported that neonatal bacterial infection in rats leads to marked HP-dependent memory deficits in adulthood. However, deficits are only observed if unmasked by a subsequent immune challenge [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] around the time of learning. These data implicate a long-term change within the immune system that, upon activation with the “second hit,” LPS, acutely impacts the neural processes underlying memory. Indeed, inhibiting brain IL-1ß before the LPS challenge prevents memory impairment in neonatally infected (NI) rats. We aimed to determine the cellular source of IL-1ß during normal learning and thereby lend insight into the mechanism by which this cytokine is enduringly altered by early-life infection. We show for the first time that CD11b+ enriched cells are the source of IL-1ß during normal HP-dependent learning. CD11b+ cells from NI rats are functionally sensitized within the adult HP and produce exaggerated IL-1ß ex vivo compared with controls. However, an exaggerated IL-1ß response in vivo requires LPS before learning. Moreover, preventing microglial activation during learning prevents memory impairment in NI rats, even following an LPS challenge. Thus, early-life events can significantly modulate normal learning-dependent cytokine activity within the HP, via a specific, enduring impact on brain microglial function.
Briefly, the authors infected rats four days after birth with e-coli, and then challenged them with LPS in adulthood to simulate the immune system to evaluate if memory formation was affected. As further evidence of an immune mediated effect, prevention of microglial activation in adulthood was sufficient to attenuate the effect. Clearly the effect on memory formation was based on the immune system. (Note: Most of the studies I’ve read would indicate [i.e., educated guess] that a four day old rat is brain developmentally similar to the third trimester of a human fetus.) While a terrifying and beautiful expression of developmental programming in its own right, there isn’t much to speak towards synaptic pruning in this paper, except maybe, potentially, one part of their findings.
In our study, CX3CL1 did not differ by group, whereas its receptor was decreased basally in NI rats, implicating a change at the level of microglia.
This is where things get either highly coincidental, or connected. CX3CL1 is another name for fractalkine, i.e., animals that were infected in early life had decreased expression of the receptor for fractalkine compared to placebo animals, i.e., fractalkine is the same chemical messenger found to be integral in the process of synaptic pruning in Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development! From a functionality standpoint, having less receptor is very similar to having less fractalkine; as the animals in Microglial Cx3cr1 knockout prevents neuron loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease tell us.
If, if synaptic apoptotic processes are impaired in autism, perhaps this is one mechanism of action. The timeline would involve a prenatal immune challenge, which causes a persistent decrease fractalkine receptor expression, which in turn, causes a consequent impairment in synaptic pruning through interference in microglial targeting. There is near universal agreement that immune disturbances in utero are capable of altering developmental trajectory undesirably, and here, in an animal model, we have evidence that infections are capable of reducing availability of receptors of ligands known to play a critical role in synaptic pruning, the absence of which leads to conditions which are “consistent with a delay in brain circuit development at the whole animal level”.
Only time, and more research, will tell if this is a pattern, a phantom, or a little of both.
Tags: Autism, Beautiful Complexity, Bilbo, Courchesne, Developmental Programming, Early Life Immune Challenge, Microglia, Neurons, Synaptic Pruning
Developmental Programming, or If ( ( (genetics + environment) > threshold ) and timeframe == ‘critical’ ) then { infant.setPhenotype(Constants.AUTISM); }
Posted by: passionlessdrone on: July 14, 2011
In: Autism | Beautiful Complexity | Developmentall Programming | Early Life Immune Activation | Epigenetics | Genetics | Humbling Complexity | Intriguing | Some Jerk On The Internet
One of the more beautiful and terrifying concepts I’ve come across in the last year or so is the idea of ‘developmental programming’, or sometimes fetal programming, or as I imagine it will eventually be recognized, the realization of subtle change is still change, and subtle change during critical timeframes can amplify into meaningful outcomes. The underlying hypothesis is that environmental influences during early life, gestation, infancy, or even childhood, have the capacity to permanently influence physiological and behavioral state into adulthood. The available evidence implicates the potential for developmental programming to be involved with an assortment of conditions that on the whole, you’d rather not have than have, including the spectrum sized set of disorders grouped as ‘metabolic syndrome’ that incorporates several risk factors for cardiovascular disorders, obesity, type II diabetes. There is also less pronounced evidence for some autoimmune disorders, and perhaps, autism.
Here is the most concise explanation of developmental programming I’ve seen so far, from Developmental Programming of Energy Balance and Its Hypothalamic Regulation
The concepts of nutritional programming, fetal programming, fetal origins of adult disease, developmental origins of health and disease, developmental induction, and developmental programming were all conceived to explain the same phenomenon: a detrimental environment during a critical period of development has persistent effects, whereas the same environmental stimulus outside that critical period induces only reversible changes.
I am absolutely in love with the importance of time dependent effects, a sort of combo pack of why the dose doesn’t always make the poison, and the importance of understanding subtle interactions in developing systems.
The area of developmental programming that has a ton of research in the human field and animal models is the link between metabolic syndrome and a differently structured uterine and/or early postnatal environment. A nice review from 2007, Developmental programming of obesity in mammals (full paper) has this:
Converging lines of evidence from epidemiological studies and animal models now indicate that the origins of obesity and related metabolic disorders lie not only in the interaction between genes and traditional adult risk factors, such as unbalanced diet and physical inactivity, but also in the interplay between genes and the embryonic, fetal and early postnatal environment. Whilst studies in man initially focused on the relationship between low birth weight and risk of adult obesity and metabolic syndrome, evidence is also growing to suggest that increased birth weight and/or adiposity at birth can also lead to increased risk for childhood and adult obesity. Hence, there appears to be increased risk of obesity at both ends of the birth weight spectrum.
Childhood and adult obesity are amongst the cardiovascular risk factors now considered to be ‘programmed’ by early life and, perhaps counter-intuitively, babies subjected either to early life nutritional deprivation or to an early environment over-rich in nutrients appear to be at risk. Supportive evidence includes the observation of a ‘U-shaped’ curve which relates birthweight to risk of adult obesity (Curhan et al. 1996).
[Check out that example of a hormetic dose curve! Totally sweet!]
The list of papers supporting a link between abnormal gestational or birth parameters and subsequent obesity in the offspring is very, very voluminous. The satellite level high view of the research starts with Dutch mothers during a time of famine, and the observations that these children were much more likely to be obese at nineteen in Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. Later, infants in England were found to have birth weight positively correspond to adult weight in Birth weight, weight at 1 y of age, and body composition in older men: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (full paper). A study with twin pairs, Birth weight and body composition in young women: a prospective twin study had similar findings, but with the additional coolness factor of being able to detect differences between genetically identical twins who happened to be born at different weights. There are studies on infants that are born light but then ‘catch up’are consistently more likely to be obese, a review of which can be found in Rapid infancy weight gain and subsequent obesity: systematic reviews and hopeful suggestions. Startlingly, Weight Gain in the First Week of Life and Overweight in Adulthood observed that formula fed babies who gained considerable weight during the first eight days after birth were more likely to be obese as adults, similar to other findings implicating formula fed babies with adult obesity.
Therearealsoconservativelya bazillionanimalmodelsthattellusthatthestudiesin humans are accurate.
Part of me hates the deterministic nature of these findings, it’s really just an extension of the fatalism of genetic assignment, but on the other hand, the data is the data. I must admit, I am in love with the underlying evolutionary cleverness of the thrifty phenotype end of the U curve on display; a fetus or neonate that is deprived of nutrients, or perhaps, some types of nutrients, programs itself for an environment in which food is scarce, handling calories differently at a very fine grained metabolic level. From a survival standpoint this modification is most definitely the smart move; all inbound indicators are signaling to the fetus that calorie acquisition is going to be tough on the outside, and as a result, the physiology is tweaked so that baby is ready to make the absolute most of any available nutrients. If that child, however, is raised in a world with plentiful calories, if not always, beneficial calories, they tend to store fat more readily than a baby/child/adult that did not receive the same messages in utero. Neat.
Like lots of things I seem to be running into, our observations of what is happening seem to be more advanced than our understanding of how it is happening. The ideas of developmental programming have been around for a while, but we are still very much in the learning phase regarding mechanism of action, a very thorough review that I ran into can be found here: Mechanisms of developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome and related disorders. (full paper).
Another example of programming a bit closer to home to the autism world has been in the news lately, namely the replication of findings that children who grow up around farm animals, or in some cases, pets, are less likely to suffer from allergies and /or asthma than children who grow up without that exposure. These findings are also very robust, and appear to implicate similar critical developmental timeframes including the gestational environment, infancy, and toddlerhood.
Here is an example of the kind of thing in this area, Farming environment and prevalence of atopy at age 31: prospective birth cohort study in Finland
Cross-sectional studies have shown an association between the farming environment and a decreased risk of atopic sensitization, mainly related to contact with farm animals in the childhood. Objective Investigate the association of a farming environment, especially farm animal contact, during infancy, with atopic sensitization and allergic diseases at the age of 31. Methods In a prospective birth cohort study, 5509 subjects born in northern Finland in 1966 were followed up at the age of 31. Prenatal exposure to the farming environment was documented before or at birth. At age 31, information on health status and childhood exposure to pets was collected by a questionnaire and skin prick tests were performed. Results Being born to a family having farm animals decreased the risk of atopic sensitization [odds ratio (OR) 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-0.80], atopic eczema ever (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.66-0.91), doctor-diagnosed asthma ever (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.55-1.00), allergic rhinitis at age 31 (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.73-1.03) and allergic conjunctivitis (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.72-1.02) at age 31. There was a suggestion that the reduced risk of allergic sensitization was particularly evident among the subjects whose mothers worked with farm animals during pregnancy, and that the reduced risk of the above diseases by farm animal exposure was largely explained by the reduced risk of atopy. Having cats and dogs in childhood revealed similar associations as farm animals with atopic sensitization. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Contact with farm animals in early childhood reduces the risk of atopic sensitization, doctor-diagnosed asthma and allergic diseases at age 31.
That is one hell of a long running study and the findings are consistent with a wealth of similar studies across populations, including Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma, and Effect of animal contact and microbial exposures on the prevalence of atopy and asthma in urban vs rural children in India. These findings are part and parcel with the Hygiene Hypothesis, the idea that a relative reduction in ‘training’ of the immune system can lead to disturbances in normal immune system development and consequent development of autoimmune disorders. (Here’s a nice review of the evidentiary backing for the Hygiene Hypothesis) From a clinical viewpoint, there are reasons to suspect this is a biologically plausible pathway; in Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children the researchers reported an inverse relationship between the amount of endotoxin (i.e., a bacterial fingerprint that is recognized by the immune system) and the immune response, stating, “Cytokine production by leukocytes (production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12) was inversely related to the endotoxin level in the bedding, indicating a marked down-regulation of immune responses in exposed children.” We can also see immunomodulatory effects of farm or rural living in the cytokine profiles of breast milk between two populations, as reported in Immune regulatory cytokines in the milk of lactating women from farming and urban environments, which found much higher concentrations of TGF-Beta1, a critical immune modulator, in breastmilk and collustrum of ‘farm mothers’. The concentration of TGF-Beta1 in breastmilk had already been implicated in infant development of atopic disease in Transforming growth factor-beta in breast milk: a potential regulator of atopic disease at an early age.
The evidence supporting developmental programming in these instances is very problematic to overcome, clearly there are mechanisms by which the events of very early life can cause persistent changes to physiology into adulthood; be they changes ‘designed’ to be adaptive, or disturbed trajectories of usually tightly regulated systems that find inappropriate targets in an environment different than what our ancestors evolved in. I’d note that none of what is above invalidates any findings of genetic involvement with cardiovascular problems, obesity, or asthma, but it should serve as a portrait of how genetic recipes are only part of the process.
So, what about autism? This is, admittedly, where things get a bit more speculative, there isn’t the same type of epidemiological evidence in the autism arena as what we see above. Part of this discrepancy is an artifact of the fuzzy nature of autism, a bazillion different conditions each with their own personalized manifestation, a much more daunting set of variables to detangle compared with measuring BMI, triglyceride levels or asthma. Those caveats in place, there is still room to discuss some potential examples wherein early life experiences might be participating in ‘programming’ some of what we see in autism.
A nice review paper that speaks directly towards a developmental programming model that involves autism is Early life programming and neurodevelopmental disorders that includes as an author, Tom Insel, head of the National Institute of Mental Health, and generally, one of the good guys. This is part of the abstract.
Although the hypothesized mechanisms have evolved, a central notion remains: early life is a period of unique sensitivity during which experience confers enduring effects. The mechanisms for these effects remain almost as much a mystery today as they were a century ago (Insel and Cuthbert 2009). Recent studies suggest that maternal diet can program offspring growth and metabolic pathways, altering lifelong susceptibility to diabetes and obesity. If maternal psychosocial experience has similar programming effects on the developing offspring, one might expect a comparable contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders, including affective disorders, schizophrenia, autism and eating disorders. Due to their early onset, prevalence and chronicity, some of these disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, are among the highest causes of disability worldwide (World Health Organization, 2002). Consideration of the early life programming and transcriptional regulation in adult exposures supports a critical need to understand epigenetic mechanisms as a critical determinant in disease predisposition.
A concise explanation of the concept of developmental programming and the need for more finely detailed understandings of the likely epigenetic underpinnings. Also included is a discussion of things like maternal stress during gestation, childhood environmental enrichment (or more specifically, ‘de-enriched’ or otherwise, terrible situations), and prenatal infection models. Nice.
What about specifics for the autism arena? One environmental event that most everyone agrees can increase risk of an autism diagnosis is an immune challenge in the gestational period. The animal models are robust and have been replicatedacross laboratories and epidemiological data supports an association. A lot of groups have been studying the effects of maternal immune activation in animal models the past few years, what we can see are some striking parallel veins to what is observed in autism that involve the concept of developmental programming.
One paper, with a title I love, is Neonatal programming of innate immune function. Here is a snipet of the abstract from the first paper:
There is now much evidence to suggest that perinatal challenges to an animal’s immune system will result in changes in adult rat behavior, physiology, and molecular pathways following a single inflammatory event during development caused by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In particular, it is now apparent that neonatal LPS administration can influence the adult neuroimmune response to a second LPS challenge through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modifications, some of which are caused by alterations in peripheral prostaglandin synthesis. These pronounced changes are accompanied by a variety of alterations in a number of disparate aspects of endocrine physiology, with significant implications for the health and well-being of the adult animal.
Another very cool, and very dense, paper with a salient title and content by the same group is Early Life Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Reprograms Neural Anti-Inflammatory Pathways (full paper) which reports that a single early life immune challenge results in persistently altered response to immune stimulants into adulthood, with differential responses in the CNS compared to the periphery. Especially interesting in this paper is that the researchers have dug down a layer into the biochemical changes affected by early life immune challenge and found that alterations to HPA-Axis metabolites are responsible for the changes.
Tinkering around with the HPA-Axis, an entangled neuroendicrine system that touches on stress response, immune function, mood, and more can have a lot of disparate effects. It turns out, there is evidence that early life immune challenges can also modify behaviors in a way consistent with altered stress responses.
For example, the very recently published Peripheral immune challenge with viral mimic during early postnatal period robustly enhances anxiety-like behavior in young adult rats has a short, but to the point abstract:
Inflammatory factors associated with immune challenge during early brain development are now firmly implicated in the etiologies of schizophrenia, autism and mood disorders later in life. In rodent models, maternal injections of inflammagens have been used to induce behavioral, anatomical and biochemical changes in offspring that are congruent with those found in human diseases. Here, we studied whether inflammatory challenge during the early postnatal period can also elicit behavioral alterations in adults. At postnatal day 14, rats were intraperitoneally injected with a viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC). Two months later, these rats displayed remarkably robust and consistent anxiety-like behaviors as evaluated by the open field/defensive-withdrawal test. These results demonstrate that the window of vulnerability to inflammatory challenge in rodents extends into the postnatal period and offers a means to study the early sequelae of events surrounding immune challenge to the developing brain.
The methodology is very similar to what we see in a lot of animal models of early life immune activation, convince a young animals immune system that they are under microbial attack by mimicking either bacterial or viral invaders, and then measure behaviors, or physiology, later in life. This study could be seen as a complement to a much earlier (2005) paper, Early life immune challenge–effects on behavioural indices of adult rat fear and anxiety, which used a different immune stimulant (bacterial fingerprint/LPS versus viral fingerprint/Poly:IC), but which found generally consistent results.
There are more, for example, Early-Life Programming of Later-Life Brain and Behavior: A Critical Role for the Immune System (full paper), which reviews animal study evidence that early life immune challenges can have lifelong effects. Here is part of the Introduction:
Thus, the purpose of this review is to: (1) summarize the evidence that infections occurring during the perinatal period can produce effects on brain and subsequent behavior that endure throughout an organism’s life span, and (2) discuss the potential role of cytokines and glia in these long-term changes. Cytokines are produced within the brain during normal brain development, but are expressed at much higher levels during the course of an immune response. In contrast to overt neural damage, we present data indicating that increased cytokine exposure during key periods of brain development may also act as a “vulnerability” factor for later-life pathology, by sensitizing the underlying neural substrates and altering the way that the brain responds to a subsequent immune challenge in adulthood. In turn, this altered immune response has significant and enduring consequences for behavior, including social, cognitive, and affective abilities. We discuss the evidence that one mechanism responsible for enduring cytokine changes is chronic activation of brain microglia, the primary immunocompetent cells of the CNS.
Check that out! We have several papers showing, indeed, a ‘chronic activation of brain microglia’ in the autism population; one way, it seems, to achieve this, is ‘increased cytokine exposure during key periods of brain development’. (Ouch!)
Is developmental programming the mechanism by which gestational immune activation raises the risk of autism? I don’t think we can answer that question with any authority yet, but the logical jumps to arrive at that conclusion are small, and are supported by a great deal of evidence. No doubt, we’ll be learning more about this in the years to come.
Ultimately, I think what all of this means is that, as usual, there is another layer of complexity thrown into the mix. As far as autism goes, it seems likely that at least some of our children are manifesting behaviors consistent with autism as a result of things that happened to them very, very early in their life. Figuring out if this is happening, how it is happening, and to which individuals, is a daunting, very difficult task; but at least we are approaching a level of knowledge to allow for such an endeavor.
This posting focused on the bad stuff, but the inverse is just as meaningful, having a ‘normal’ gestational period as far as nutrients go, programs you towards a more healthy weight, and being born to a mother exposed to a variety of microbial agents, as the overwhelming majority of mothers were for most of human existence, programs you away from asthma. But from a broader standpoint, from a ‘every human on the planet’ view, I think we must begin to recognize that everyone is being programmed, in some ways for good, in others, for not so good. Curiosity and thoughtful analysis is our way to illuminate the beautiful and dispassionate gears that propel the machinations of nature; developmental programming is one of the cogs in the natural world, hopefully, one day, we will acquire the wisdom to refine the program for our benefit, but in the meantime, it is still exciting to witness the discovery of the inner workings.
Tags: Autism, Autoimmune, Developmental Programming, Fascinating, Metabolic Syndrome
The Interconnectedness of the Brain, Behavior, and Immunology and the Difficult to Overstate Flaccidity of The Correlation Is Not Causation Argument
Posted by: passionlessdrone on: May 12, 2011
In: Autism | Beautiful Complexity | Biological Plausibility | Brain | Gross Over Simplification | IL-6 | Immunology | Inflammation | Some Jerk On The Internet | Tnf-Alpha | Toll Like Receptors | Uncategorized | Vaccines! | Willing Disbelief
I’ve gotten into a lot of discussions online about the vaccines and autism; generally with very poor, if not nonexistent, evidence of having changed any opinions, but relatively strong evidence ( p > .001) that persisting in making my arguments can get you called ‘an antivaccine loon’, ‘idiot’, someone who engages in ‘Gish Gallop’, or the worst insult I’ve received so far, ‘anti-science’. While I am really torn on the vaccine issue, I am certain that both peripheries of this debate are at least somewhat wrong in the conclusions that they’ve drawn from the available evidence. I do believe that lots of parents have witnessed a very real change in their children post vaccination, and I also don’t believe for a single second that vaccines are the cause of an epidemic of autism. It’s a mess and I’ve been poking around the Internet almost five years into journey autism and from my eyes, it hasn’t improved any in the past half decade. This is very sad.
That being said, while I do think we need to have a rational and dispassionate discussion about what our existing vaccine studies can and cannot tell us about autism, I’m really concerned about the fact that the vaccine wars seem to have inoculated otherwise intelligent people from any semblance of intellectual curiosity regarding the immunological findings in the autism realm. That’s a problem, because there are lots of things other than vaccines that can modify the immune response, various environmental agents and cultural changes that are relatively new, and ignoring immunological findings in autism because they happen to intersect with the function of vaccination is a huge, massive, supernova sized disservice to what history will view us poorly on, refusing to perform honest evaluation due to fear and the comfort of willful ignorance.
Here, in this post, I will make the case that this lack of curiosity on immunological findings in autism is either born of a lack of understanding on how much we know about the ties between the immune system and the brain, or alternatively, originates from a deep seated desire to avoid honest interactions. This isn’t to make the case that vaccines can cause autism, or even that the immunological disturbances observed in autism are causative, but rather that an obstinate refusal to consider these as possibilities is the sign of someone who cannot, or will not accept, the biological plausibility of immunologically driven behaviors despite a constellation of evidence.
One of the things that jumps out to me why the autism population might be a subgroup of the population susceptible to changes as a result of immune dysfunction (and thus, potentially adversely affected as a result of vaccination), is the sheer volume of evidence we now have available to us indicating an altered immune response, and indeed, an ongoing state of inflammation within the brain in the autism population, and most strikingly, repeated observations of a correlation between the degree of immune dysregulation as a propensity of an inflammatory state, and the severity of autism behaviors. Again and again we’ve seen that as markers indicative of an inflammatory state increase, so too, do severity of autism behaviors. Not only that, but there are instances wherein the decrease of components known to regulate the immune response decrease, autistic behaviors are more severe. Subtle shifts in either the start or the resolution of the immune response seems to affect autistic behavior severity in the same way. I know coincidences happen all the time, but that doesn’t mean that everything is a coincidence.
We also have a large number of studies that tell us that in vitro, similar levels of stimulation with a variety of agents cause exaggerated or dysregulated production of immune markers in the autism population.
A large percentage of the time that I mention these findings, usually within discussions with an origin in vaccination, someone decides to educate me on one of the most rudimentary scientific axioms:
Correlation does not equal causation.
It must be stated, the above statement is absolutely true. Unfortunately for the people for whom this accurate, but simplistic catchphrase comprises the entirety of their argument, it completely ignores a wealth of research that tells us in very unambiguous terms that there is incontrovertible evidence that crosstalk between the immune system and central nervous system can modify behavior. The research indicating a relationship between immune dysregulation and autism does not exist in a vacuum, but rather, is only a tiny fragment of evidence, mostly accumulated within the last few years, that tells us that the paradigm of the past decades, that of the brain as a immune privileged organ without communication to the immune system, is as antiquated as refrigerator moms and a one in ten thousand prevalence.
From a common sense, why didn’t I think of that standpoint, the best example of the interaction between the brain and the immune response is the old standard, just plain old getting sick. You live in the dirty world, you pick up a pathogen, you get sick, and suddenly you get lethargic and you start to run a fever. But is it the pathogen itself that is actually making you feel like staying in bed all day?
What is being learned is that it is not necessarily the microbial invader that is causing you to get tired and feel sore, but rather, that your decreased energy levels are centrally mediated through your brain, and the triggers for your brain to start a fever include molecules our bodies use for a wide range of communications, including immune based messaging, cytokines. Some of the most common cytokines in the research to follow include IL-6, IL-1B, and TNF-Alpha; so called ‘pro-inflammatory’ cytokines. Researchers have been plugging away at just how the immune response is capable of modifying behaviors, i.e., inducing, sickness behavior for a while now, at least in terms of autism research. From 1998, we have Molecular basis of sickness behavior:
Peripheral and central injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cytokine inducer, and recombinant proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) induce sickness behavior in the form of reduced food intake and decreased social activities. Mechanisms of the behavioral effects of cytokines have been the subject of much investigation during the last 3 years. At the behavioral level, the profound depressing effects of cytokines on behavior are the expression of a highly organized motivational state. At the molecular level, sickness behavior is mediated by an inducible brain cytokine compartment that is activated by peripheral cytokines via neural afferent pathways. Centrally produced cytokines act on brain cytokine receptors that are similar to those characterized on peripheral immune and nonimmune cells, as demonstrated by pharmacologic experiments using cytokine receptor antagonists, neutralizing antibodies to specific subtypes of cytokine receptors, and gene targeting techniques. Evidence exists that different components of sickness behavior are mediated by different cytokines and that the relative importance of these cytokines is not the same in the peripheral and central cytokine compartments.
The first sentence in this abstract references a practice that is extremely common in studying the immune system, intentionally invoking a robust immune response by exposing either animals, or cells in vitro, to the components that comprise the cell wall of certain types of bacteria; lipopolysaccharide, or LPS. LPS could be considered a sort of bacterial fingerprint, a pattern that our immune systems, and the immune system of almost everything, has evolved to recognize, and correspondingly initiates an immune response.
Because this is a conversation that frequently has an origin in vaccination, essentially the act of faking an infection, it is salient to remember that the animals or cell cultures aren’t really getting sick when exposed to LPS; there is no pathology associated with whatever type of bacteria might be housed within a cell membrane containing LPS. Usually, when the body is exposed to a gram negative bacteria, and the consequent LPS exposure, there are also effects of the bacteria that interact with the organism, but by only incorporating the alert signal for a bacterial invader, we can gain insight into the effect of the immune response itself; there isn’t anything else to cause any changes. This means that similarly to LPS administration, straight administration of these pro-inflammatory cytokines are similar to the result of getting sick with a pathogen, at least as far as the immune response is concerned.
In the above instance, administration of LPS, or simply cytokines, had been shown to be capable of causing reduced food intake and ‘decreased social activities’.
Later in 1998, Central administration of rat IL-6 induces HPA activation and fever but not sickness behavior in rats (full version), was published wherein the authors report that central administration (i.e., directly into the CNS), of cytokines in isolation (IL-6) or in combination (IL-6 + IL-1B) were capable of inducing altered HPA activation, fevers, and sickness behaviors. Effects of peripheral administration of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta on feeding behavior of the rat was published a few years later, and observed that peripheral administration (i.e., not the CNS) of IL-1B could affect how much a rat ate, with sucrose ingestion being consistently altered during periods of sickness.
Jumping ahead a few years, a review paper Expression and regulation of interleukin-1 receptors in the brain. Role in cytokines-induced sickness behavior reviewed how cytokines participate in sickness behavior, Interleukin-6 and leptin mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and sickness behavior examined the interactions of IL-6 and leptin in sickness behavior, and Behavioral and physiological effects of a single injection of rat interferon-alpha on male Sprague-Dawley rats: a long-term evaluation reported “these data suggest that a single IFN-alpha exposure may elicit long-term behavioral disruptions”.
Much more recently, Sickness-related odor communication signals as determinants of social behavior in rat: a role for inflammatory processes more elegantly found that behavior was modified by LPS exposure, and that this effect was neutralized by concurrent administration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Similarly, Inhibition of peripheral TNF can block the malaise associated with CNS inflammatory diseases observed another distinct means by which interfering with the immune response could attenuate the effect of faux sickness, in part, concluding, “Thus behavioral changes induced by CNS lesions may result from peripheral expression of cytokines that can be targeted with drugs which do not need to cross the blood-brain barrier to be efficacious.” In other words, what is happening in the periphery, outside of the protective boundaries of the blood brain barrier, can none the less manipulate behaviors that are controlled by the brain.
There are tons, tons more studies like this, but the point should be clear by now; it is accepted that you can achieve some of the same behaviors the come alongside illness, such as fever and lethargy, without the presence of an actual bacteria or virus; all you need is for your brain to think that you are sick.
While it must be acknowledged that the behavioral disturbances observed in autism are a lot different than feeling the need to watch TV all day, these types of studies were among the first clues that the traditional view of the CNS as a separate entity within the gated community of the blood brain barrier needed revision.
Measuring how much sugar water a rat drank is great stuff, but the reality is that we have conservatively a gazillion studies telling us that disorders that manifest behaviorally have strong, strong ties to the immune system; and once we begin to understand the vast scope of these findings, the utter frailty of “correlation does not equal causation” becomes painfully clear to the intellectually honest observer.
The big problem I found myself with in crafting this posting was that the sheer volume of studies available really makes a complete illustration of the literature impossible; I started looking and pubmed nearly puked trying to return to me a listing of all of the things I wanted to summarize. So here is some of the best of the best; to keep things interesting, I thought I’d only include findings from 2007 or later as a mechanism to show just how nascent our understanding of the connections between the brain and the immune system really are.
Initially, we can start with a condition that nearly everyone agrees is diagnosed based on behavior, depression. It turns out, the number of findings establishing a link between immune system markers and depression is wide and deep.
Here’s a great one, Elevated macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is associated with depressive symptoms, blunted cortisol reactivity to acute stress, and lowered morning cortisol, which reports, that MIF can modify HPA axis function and is tied to depression; a particularly compelling finding considering well documented alterations in HPA axis metabolites in autism, and the fact that increased MIF has also been found in the autism population, and as levels increased, so too did autism severity.
Here is part of the abstract for Inflammation and Its Discontents: The Role of Cytokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depression (full paper)
Patients with major depression have been found to exhibit increased peripheral blood inflammatory biomarkers, including inflammatory cytokines, which have been shown to access the brain and interact with virtually every pathophysiologic domain known to be involved in depression, including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and neural plasticity. Indeed, activation of inflammatory pathways within the brain is believed to contribute to a confluence of decreased neurotrophic support and altered glutamate release/reuptake, as well as oxidative stress, leading to excitotoxicity and loss of glial elements, consistent with neuropathologic findings that characterize depressive disorders.
Somewhere along the way, researchers discovered that some anti-depressants can exert anti-inflammatory effects, for examples of these findings we could look to Fluoxetine and citalopram exhibit potent antiinflammatory activity in human and murine models of rheumatoid arthritis and inhibit toll-like receptors, or Plasma cytokine profiles in depressed patients who fail to respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy, which concludes in part, “Suppression of proinflammatory cytokines does not occur in depressed patients who fail to respond to SSRIs and is necessary for clinical recovery”.
In Investigating the inflammatory phenotype of major depression: focus on cytokines and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the authors report that, “The findings of this study provide further support for the view that major depression is associated with a pro-inflammatory phenotype which at least partially persists when patients become normothymic.” A nice review of the evidence of immunological participation in depression can be found in The concept of depression as a dysfunction of the immune system (full paper).
Moving forward, we can look to schizophrenia, we have similar findings, including Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-a in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: differences in pro- and anti-inflammatory balance, which observed an imbalanced baseline cytokine profile in the schizophrenic group; findings very similar in form with An activated set point of T-cell and monocyte inflammatory networks in recent-onset schizophrenia patients involves both pro- and anti-inflammatory forces. Similarly, the findings from Dysregulation of chemo-cytokine production in schizophrenic patients versus healthy controls, (full paper) which states, in part:
Growing evidence suggests that specific cytokines and chemokines play a role in signalling the brain to produce neurochemical, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and behavioural changes. A relationship between inflammation and schizophrenia was supported by abnormal cytokines production, abnormal concentrations of cytokines and cytokine receptors in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenia
Their findings include differentially increased and decreased production of chemokines and cytokines as a result of LPS stimulations in the case group. Of particular note, a similarly dysregulated immune profile of cytokine and chemokine generation has been found in the autism population in several studies.
We also have several trials of immunomodulatory drugs in the schizophrenic arena that further implicate the immune system in pathology, including Adjuvant aspirin therapy reduces symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, a ‘gold standard’ trial which found that, “Aspirin given as adjuvant therapy to regular antipsychotic treatment reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The reduction is more pronounced in those with the more altered immune function. Inflammation may constitute a potential new target for antipsychotic drug development”. A similar clinical trial, Celecoxib as adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial , another gold standard trial, which also had findings in the same vein, “Although both protocols significantly decreased the score of the positive, negative and general psychopathological symptoms over the trial period, the combination of risperidone and celecoxib showed a significant superiority over risperidone alone in the treatment of positive symptoms, general psychopathology symptoms as well as PANSS total scores.” [Celecoxib is a cox-2 inhibitor; i.e., anti-inflammatory, i.e., immunomodulatory]
What about bi-polar disorder? More of the same, including, The activation of monocyte and T cell networks in patients with bipolar disorder, or Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1ß in bipolar disorder, which reports, in part, “Our findings show an altered brain cytokine profile associated with the manifestation of recent manic/hypomanic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder. Although the causality remains to be established, these findings may suggest a pathophysiological role for IL-1ß in bipolar disorder.”. These studies were published in April and March, 2011, respectively.
Brain tissue from persons with bi-polar disorder also showed increased levels of excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation in Increased excitotoxicity and neuroinflammatory markers in postmortem frontal cortex from bipolar disorder patients (full version), and authors report differential cytokine profiles depending on state of mania, depression, or remission in Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.
Another disorder based solely around behavior, Tourette syndrome, has increasingly unsurprising findings. Polymorphisms of interleukin 1 gene IL1RN are associated with Tourette syndrome reports “The odds ratio for developing Tourette syndrome in individuals with the IL1RN( *)1 allele, compared with IL1RN( *)2, was 7.65.” (!!!) , and Elevated expression of MCP-1, IL-2 and PTPR-N in basal ganglia of Tourette syndrome cases is yet another example of observations of CNS based immune participation in a disorder that is diagnosed by behavior.
There are also some reviews that perform a cross talk of sorts between disorders; i.e., The mononuclear phagocyte system and its cytokine inflammatory networks in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, or Immune system to brain signaling: Neuropsychopharmacological implications, published in May 2011, which has this abstract:
There has been an explosion in our knowledge of the pathways and mechanisms by which the immune system can influence the brain and behavior. In the context of inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokines can access the central nervous system and interact with a cytokine network in the brain to influence virtually every aspect of brain function relevant to behavior including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, and neurocircuits that regulate mood, motor activity, motivation, anxiety and alarm. Behavioral consequences of these effects of the immune system on the brain include depression, anxiety, fatigue, psychomotor slowing, anorexia, cognitive dysfunction and sleep impairment; symptoms that overlap with those which characterize neuropsychiatric disorders, especially depression. Pathways that appear to be especially important in immune system effects on the brain include the cytokine signaling molecules, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B; indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and its downstream metabolites, kynurenine, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid; the neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine and glutamate; and neurocircuits involving the basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex. A series of vulnerability factors including aging and obesity as well as chronic stress also appears to interact with immune to brain signaling to exacerbate immunologic contributions to neuropsychiatric disease. The elucidation of the mechanisms by which the immune system influences behavior yields a host of targets for potential therapeutic development as well as informing strategies for the prevention of neuropsychiatric disease in at risk populations.
All of the conditions above, depression, schizophrenia, bi-polar, and tourettes are diagnosed behaviorally; it is only in the last few years that the medical dimension of these disorders were even understood to exist. None of the studies that I referenced above are more than five years old; the idea that behavioral disorders were so closely entangled with the immune system is very, very new. It should be noted that I intentionally left out disorders that also have reams of evidence of immune participation, but which are more degenerative in nature; i.e., Alzheimer’s, ALS, Parkinson’s. When discussing autism, I also left out studies involving aberrant presence of auto-antibodies, of which there are many.
One of the things that I have learned in trying to refine my thought processes during my time on the Internet is that rarely does a single study tell us much about a condition; but the converse also holds true, if we have many studies with different methodologies or measurement end points, but they all reach similar conclusions, then the likely-hood that the findings are accurate is much, much greater. All of the studies I have listed above tell us something similar; that the immune system is clearly, unmistakably playing a part in a lot of conditions classically considered neurological and diagnosed behaviorally. It isn’t enough to nitpick flaws in a single one of the studies in order for ‘correlation does not equal causation’ to make meaningful headway into the implications of these studies; instead, all of the studies above, and lots more, have to be wrong in the same way if we would like to return to a place where we can keep our heads in the sand, hoping for coincidences and bleating out catchphrases in the face of clinical findings. That isn’t going to happen. Given this reality, we should not and cannot ignore the growing evidence of immune abnormalities in the autism population, no matter how inconvenient following that trail of evidence might become.
-pD
Tags: Autism, Biological Plausibility, Cytokines, Fascinating, Immune, Immune System, Inconvenient Findings, Inflammation, Innate Immune Response, Interconnectedness, Mr. Rat, Neuroimmunology, Vaccines!
Autism Alphabet Soup – MET HGF PLAUR SERPINE
Posted by: passionlessdrone on: February 25, 2011
In: Autism | Beautiful Complexity | Brain | Genetics | Humbling Complexity | Intriguing | Low Penetrance | MET | Phenotypes | Some Jerk On The Internet | Synapse | Synthetics | The Fairytale | Uncategorized
I have decidedly mixed feelings on the genetic side of autism research; clearly genetics plays a part, but it does appear that autism has largely mirrored other complicated conditions in that what we thought we were getting when we cracked the genetic code has, for all practical purposes, failed to materialize. To what extent our genetic makeup really plays a part in autism more than any other condition that is currently mystifying us, I don’t think we can say with much certainty; unless you want to count some.
To my mind, one particularly bright spot in the gene realm is the associations of the MET-C allele and an increased risk of an autism diagnosis. At first glance, MET doesn’t seem like a big deal; lots of people have the MET-C mutation, in fact, nearly half of everyone has it. But people with autism have it just a little more frequently, an observation that has been replicated many times. But what is exciting is not only that the MET-C findings are robust, but they can also affect a lot of implicated systems in autism in biologically relevant ways. From an ideological standpoint, the fissure in the autism community about research priorities regarding genetics versus environment, the MET-C studies are a superb example of just how much useful knowledge there is by starting at the genome and working upwards, and finding once we get there that the reality involves lots more than just genes. There is something for everyone!
Getting to the big picture where we can appreciate the beautiful complexity takes a little bit of digging, but it’s worth the effort.
Every now and again you’ll see a period piece about the forties, fifties or sixties, and you’ll get a glimpse of the female operator, someone who would take a call and literally connect two parties together; the gatekeeper. The operator’s actions were binary; either she connected the lines and the call went through, or she didn’t, and nothing happened. Of course, one operator couldn’t connect you to any other phone, but participated in groupings of phones with some logical or functional structure. Ultimately, the operators were the enabler of communication, physically putting two entities into contact to perform whatever business they had with each other.
Within our bodies, tyrosine kinases are enzymes responsible transferring phosphate to proteins; a chemical exchange critical towards a great number of cellular functions, and in a sense, the tyrosine kinases act as cellular operators, helping implement a physical swap of chemicals that ultimately set in motion a great number of processes. Some very rudimentary cellular functions are initiated by the tyrosine kinases; for example, cell division, which is why mutated kinases can lead to the generation of tumors; i.e., the signaling for cell division gets turned on, and never gets turned off. Inhibiting tyrosine kinases is the mechanism of action for some drugs that target cancer.
The MET gene is responsible for creating the MET receptor tyrosine kinase. This particular receptor is involved in lots of processes that are of great interest to autism; the MET receptor is expressed heavily during embryogenesis in the brain, has immune modulating capacities, and is associated with wound healing, and is particularly implicated in repair of the gastro-intestinal track.
Kinases don’t just fire away, shuttling phosphates around any old time, they must be activated by a triggering molecule, or a ligand. There is only one known ligand for the MET receptor; hepatocyte growth factor, or HGF (also sometimes referred to as HGF/SF, or hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor). We’ll get to why we bother worrying about HGF a little later on, but it is important to keep in mind that without HGF, the functions affected by the MET-C receptor, early brain development, immune modulating, and wound repair cannot be achieved.
So what about autism, and why is it a beautiful illustration of complexity? Walking our way through the MET findings in autism is a rewarding task; it is one of the few instances I’ve seen where the glimpses of relevance gleaned from straight genetic studies have been incrementally built upon to achieve a much grander understanding of autism. This is the kind of thing that I think a lot of people who dismiss the utility of genetic studies are missing; genetics are only the first piece of the puzzle, it doesn’t only implicate genes, it tells us about the processes and the proteins disturbed in autism; and with that knowledge, we can perform targeted analysis for environmental participants.
The first clues about MET involvement with autism came in 2006, when A genetic variant that disrupts MET transcription is associated with autism (full paper) was published. The abstract is longish, but here is a snipet:
MET signaling participates in neocortical and cerebellar growth and maturation, immune function, and gastrointestinal repair, consistent with reported medical complications in some children with autism. Here, we show genetic association (P = 0.0005) of a common C allele in the promoter region of the MET gene in 204 autism families. The allelic association at this MET variant was confirmed in a replication sample of 539 autism families (P = 0.001) and in the combined sample (P = 0.000005). Multiplex families, in which more than one child has autism, exhibited the strongest allelic association (P = 0.000007).
I appreciate the pleiotropic nature of what we are seeing here, a gene that is involved with brain growth and maturation, immune function, and GI repair. The association in ‘multiplex’ (i.e., families with more than one child with autism) was very, very strong. Even still, this was a pretty short paper, and it was all genetics. Coolness factor: 3.
Neater studies were on the horizon shortly thereafter, a year later, some of the same group looked for expression of MET in post mortem brain tissue and found significantly decreased levels of MET protein in Disruption of cerebral cortex MET signaling in autism spectrum disorder.
MET protein levels were significantly decreased in ASD cases compared with control subjects. This was accompanied in ASD brains by increased messenger RNA expression for proteins involved in regulating MET signaling activity. Analyses of coexpression of MET and HGF demonstrated a positive correlation in control subjects that was disrupted in ASD cases.
This is a nice follow up; lots of times a genetic study might suggest a hit, but we really don’t even know how such a genetic change might manifest physiologically, like having a jigsaw puzzle of solid black and finding two pieces that fit together. In those instances, we can’t really go looking for different levels of the protein, so there you are. In this case, the authors found an allele worth investigating, and then went looking to see if relevant proteins were altered in the population, and in the CNS no less! Not only that, but they also looked at the initiating end of the process, the ligand, HGF, and found abnormalities. Good stuff. Unfortunately, I haven’t found myself a copy of this paper yet, but the fact that other proteins in the pathway were altered is another line of evidence that something is amiss. I’ve begun to appreciate the fact that I have spent a long time under appreciating the interconnectedness of biological systems; you aren’t going to have a disturbance in one system without altering the way upstream, and downstream processes are working; so the fact that we see other proteins, those related to MET functions, modified, makes beautiful sense. Coolness factor: 5.
Likely because of the mixed findings of skewed proteins in the MET pathway (?), the next study in line is, Genetic Evidence Implicating Multiple Genes in the MET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorder (full paper available). Here’s the abstract:
A functional promoter variant of the gene encoding the MET receptor tyrosine kinase alters SP1 and SUB1 transcription factor binding, and is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent analyses of postmortem cerebral cortex from ASD patients revealed altered expression of MET protein and three transcripts encoding proteins that regulate MET signaling, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (SERPINE1). To address potential risk conferred by multiple genes in the MET signaling pathway, we screened all exons and 5′ promoter regions for variants in the five genes encoding proteins that regulate MET expression and activity. Identified variants were genotyped in 664 families (2,712 individuals including 1,228 with ASD) and 312 unrelated controls. Replicating our initial findings, family-based association test (FBAT) analyses demonstrated that the MET promoter variant rs1858830 C allele was associated with ASD in 101 new families (P=0.033). Two other genes in the MET signaling pathway also may confer risk. A haplotype of the SERPINE1 gene exhibited significant association. In addition, the PLAUR promoter variant rs344781 T allele was associated with ASD by both FBAT (P=0.006) and case-control analyses (P=0.007). The PLAUR promoter rs344781 relative risk was 1.93 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.12−3.31) for genotype TT and 2.42 (95% CI: 1.38−4.25) for genotype CT compared to genotype CC. Gene-gene interaction analyses suggested a significant interaction between MET and PLAUR. These data further support our hypothesis that genetic susceptibility impacting multiple components of the MET signaling pathway contributes to ASD risk.
We’ve got two new genes added to the mix, PLAUR and SERPINE. The juicy part here is that the authors didn’t look for these variants at random, but performed a targeted search; they knew that the proteins encoded by these genes interact with either MET receptor function or HGF, and they also had found altered expression of these genes in the CNS study. From the Introduction:
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene encodes the activating ligand for the MET receptor. HGF is translated as an inactive precursor protein that requires cleavage for efficient binding to the MET receptor [Lokker et al 1992]. The activating cleavage of HGF is achieved most efficiently by the enzyme plasminogen activator (urokinase-type; uPA; gene symbol: PLAU) under conditions in which uPA binds to its receptor, the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR; gene symbol: PLAUR). Activating cleavage of HGF can be suppressed by the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; gene symbol: SERPINE1). Together, these proteins regulate the activity of MET receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and our recent microarray analyses of postmortem temporal lobe of individuals with ASD indicate that disrupted MET signaling may be common to ASD pathophysiology [Campbell et al 2007]. For example, we found that there is increased expression of the HGF, PLAUR and SERPINE1 transcripts in ASD in postmortem cerebral cortex. The observation of disrupted expression suggests a general dysfunction of MET signaling in the cerebral cortex of individuals with ASD.
The proteins encoded by PLAUR and SERPINE were also found increased in the expression study; a finding further supported by the genetic study here. The really grand slice here is that the SERPINE protein suppresses cleavage of HGF; essentially another way MET function can be affected, from a disturbance upstream of HGF binding. In other words, more SERPINE (possibly as a result of a ‘promoter allele’) would result in less MET receptor activation because the SERPINE interferes with the cleavage of HGF, and thus, another pathway to reduced MET activation. In a finding that seems 20/20 with hindsight, a functional promoter of the SERPINE gene was found to increase autism risk; i.e., if you have more SERPINE, you get less functional HGF, and therefore less triggering of the MET receptor. This is cool and begins a portrait of the complexity; it shows how the effect of reduced MET functionality can come from multiple drivers; the reduced MET allele, or, the promoter SERPINE allele, and what’s more, having both is an even bigger risk; the authors are describing a synergy of low penetrance genes.
From the discussion section of the paper:
Beyond genetic susceptibility, the functional integrity of the MET signaling system also is sensitive to environmental factors. This concept is supported by bioinformatics analyses that identified PLAUR, SERPINE1 and HGF as genes active in immune response regulation, sensitive to environmental exposures, and within chromosomal regions previously implicated in ASD linkage studies [Herbert et al 2006]. Moreover, a recent cell biological study shows that chemically diverse toxicants reduce the expression of MET in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, a result that is interpreted as the convergence of toxicant effects on oxidative status and the MET-regulating Fyn/c-Cbl pathway
Here are links to the Hebert paper, Autism and environmental genomics, and the Li paper, Chemically Diverse Toxicants Converge on Fyn and c-Cbl to Disrupt Precursor Cell Function. What is neat here is that we are starting to be able to see a pathway of genes, and resultant proteins, that can effect disparate systems. I believe that there is a subset of acupuncture, acupressure that relies on more knuckles than needles, and while the science on accu* based therapies isn’t very good, it does occur to me that in a sense, our lattice work of HGF-PLAUR-SERPINE proteins that participate in the MET-C process are pressure points in a delicate system, push a little bit and things will bend down the line accordingly. It also exemplifies why I am offended by highly negative attitudes on genetic studies held by people who believe in a non trivial, environmentally mediated increase in the rates of autism; we are approaching a nearly impossible to overturn reality that genes we know to be associated with autism are particularly sensitive to interference from environmental agents, and participate in immune function. That is important information. Coolness factor 8. First glimpse of beauty factor: 10.
Next up we have Dynamic gene and protein expression patterns of the autism-associated Met receptor tyrosine kinase in the developing mouse forebrain (full paper).
The establishment of appropriate neural circuitry depends upon the coordination of multiple developmental events across space and time. These events include proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival – all of which can be mediated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling through the Met receptor tyrosine kinase. We previously found a functional promoter variant of the MET gene to be associated with autism spectrum disorder, suggesting that forebrain circuits governing social and emotional function may be especially vulnerable to developmental disruptions in HGF/Met signaling. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal distribution of Met expression in the forebrain during the development of such circuits. To advance our understanding of the neurodevelopmental influences of Met activation, we employed complementary Western blotting, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to comprehensively map Met transcript and protein expression throughout perinatal and postnatal development of the mouse forebrain. Our studies reveal complex and dynamic spatiotemporal patterns of expression during this period. Spatially, Met transcript is localized primarily to specific populations of projection neurons within the neocortex and in structures of the limbic system, including the amygdala, hippocampus and septum. Met protein appears to be principally located in axon tracts. Temporally, peak expression of transcript and protein occurs during the second postnatal week. This period is characterized by extensive neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, supporting a role for the receptor in these processes. Collectively, these data suggest that Met signaling may be necessary for the appropriate wiring of forebrain circuits with particular relevance to social and emotional dimensions of behavior.
Coooooool. Here we touch on the complexity of brain formation, all the little things that need to go exactly right, and how MET might play a role in that incredibly complicated dance. Even better, a mouse model is used to gain an understanding of where and when peak expression of MET proteins occur, a period of significant changes to neural structures and the formation of synapses, the physical structures that enable thought. This is a dense paper, too dense to get deeply into blockquoting for this posting, but there are some parts that deserve notice, namely, documentation of spatially localized MET expression in brain areas associated with social behaviors and some fine grained information on the specific parts of synapse formation that utilize MET. Coolness factor: 8. Complexity Factor: 12.
Here is a paper that a lot of people that play skeptics on the Internet ought to hate, Distinct genetic risk based on association of MET in families with co-occurring autism and gastrointestinal conditions. (full paper)
In the entire 214-family sample, the MET rs1858830 C allele was associated with both autism spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal conditions. Stratification by the presence of gastrointestinal conditions revealed that the MET C allele was associated with both autism spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal conditions in 118 families containing at least 1 child with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal conditions. In contrast, there was no association of the MET polymorphism with autism spectrum disorder in the 96 families lacking a child with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal conditions. chi(2) analyses of MET rs1858830 genotypes indicated over-representation of the C allele in individuals with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal conditions compared with non-autism spectrum disorder siblings, parents, and unrelated controls.
There is a lot of caution in this paper, but the nice part is that there are biologically plausible mechanisms by which a reduction in MET could snowball into problems in the gastro-intestinal track.
In the gastrointestinal system, MET signaling modulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, and thus acts as a critical factor in intestinal wound healing. For example, activation of MET signaling via application of exogenous hepatocyte growth factor has been shown to reduce the effects of experimentally induced colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and diarrhea.
Pushing on the other end of the balloon, increasing MET signaling, has been shown to help GI problems; no less than evidence that a genetic change associated with autism has biologically plausible mechanisms by which GI problems would be more prevalent. In fact, unless our findings of MET alleles are in error, or our clinical findings of the effects of HGF are spurious, it is absolutely expected. There is also a section with the startlingly simple, and simultaneously great idea of why findings like these might be useful markers for phenotypic categorization in studies in the future; i.e., to discern the prevalence of GI problems in autism, it might, for example, make sense to design that study to take presence or absence of MET alleles into consideration. Nice. Coolness Factor: 7. Insidiousness factor: 9.
Here’s another one that found associations with MET and social behavior, and GI disturbances again. Association of MET with social and communication phenotypes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed by impairments in social interaction, communication, and behavioral flexibility. Autism is highly heritable, but it is not known whether a genetic risk factor contributes to all three core domains of the disorder or autism results from the confluence of multiple genetic risk factors for each domain. We and others reported previously association of variants in the gene encoding the MET receptor tyrosine kinase in five independent samples. We further described enriched association of the MET promoter variant rs1858830 C allele in families with co-occurring autism and gastrointestinal conditions. To test the contribution of this functional MET promoter variant to the domains of autism, we analyzed its association with quantitative scores derived from three instruments used to diagnose and describe autism phenotypes: the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and both the parent and the teacher report forms of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). In 748 individuals from 367 families, the transmission of the MET C allele from parent to child was consistently associated with both social and communication phenotypes of autism. Stratification by gastrointestinal conditions revealed a similar pattern of association with both social and communication phenotypes in 242 individuals with autism from 118 families with co-occurring gastrointestinal conditions, but a lack of association with any domain in 181 individuals from 96 families with ASD and no co-occurring gastrointestinal condition. These data indicate that the MET C allele influences at least two of the three domains of the autism triad.
Really sort of plain, but very nice to see the GI component validated in another data set. Coolness factor 5.
Then a few months ago, Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure leads to behavioral deficits and downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase, MET was released, an uber cool showcase of the autism bigfoot, the often regaled, only very rarely documented, gene/environment interaction.
Gene by environment interactions (G × E) are thought to underlie neurodevelopmental disorder, etiology, neurodegenerative disorders, including the multiple forms of autism spectrum disorder. However, there is limited biological information, indicating an interaction between specific genes and environmental components. The present study focuses on a major component of airborne pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], which negatively impacts cognitive development in children who have been exposed in utero. In our study, prenatal exposure of Cpr(lox/lox) timed-pregnant dams to B(a)P (0, 150, 300, and 600 μg/kg body weight via oral gavage) on embryonic day (E14-E17) consistent with our susceptibility-exposure paradigm was combined with the analysis of a replicated autism risk gene, the receptor tyrosine kinase, Met. The results demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in B(a)P metabolite generation in B(a)P-exposed Cpr(lox/lox) offspring. Additionally, a sustained persistence of hydroxy metabolites during the onset of synapse formation was noted, corresponding to the peak of Met expression. Prenatal B(a)P exposure also downregulated Met RNA and protein levels and dysregulated normal temporal patterns of expression during synaptogenesis. Consistent with these data, transcriptional cell-based assays demonstrated that B(a)P exposure directly reduces human MET promoter activity. Furthermore, a functional readout of in utero B(a)P exposure showed a robust reduction in novel object discrimination in B(a)P-exposed Cpr(lox/lox) offspring. These results confirm the notion that common pollutants, such as the PAH B(a)P, can have a direct negative impact on the regulated developmental expression of an autism risk gene with associated negative behavioral learning and memory outcomes.
Oh snap. A common pollutant (well, common in the last few decades anyways), is shown to interact with MET in a dose dependent fashion to reduce protein expression in the brain during embryonic development and cause ‘a robust reduction in novel object discrimination’. (Ouch) This is an example of just what we mentioned above, referenced Herbert, concerning the possibility of MET as a gene sensitive to ‘environmental exposures’. Indeed. From the discussions section:
The results from the present study demonstrate that the transcription and developmental expression patterns of a replicated ASD risk gene, MET, are highly sensitive to a common PAH pollutant. In utero exposure to B(a)P produces an oxidative milieu of B(a)P metabolites in offspring during a key postnatal period of synapse development, providing evidence that environmental exposure creates a sustained cerebral cortical burden that likely contributes to an increased oxidative load. Oxidative stressors in the form of metabolites would be expected to negatively impact gene expression (Kerzee and Ramos 2000) and, more specifically, receptor tyrosine kinase function, including Met (Li et al. 2007). These data suggest that B(a)P-induced exposure would impact the expression of key neurodevelopmental genes, including Met. Additionally, the predominance of the 3-OH and 9-OH metabolites places a sustained burden in the brain because of the potential for further oxidization to form B(a)P quinones (McCallister et al. 2008, Hood et al. 2000, Brown et al. 2007) which undergo redox cycling to generate reactive oxygen species (Kerzee and Ramos 2000, Bolton et al., 2000).
In conclusion, specific developmental events such as glutamatergic excitatory synapse formation and maturation may be particularly vulnerable to G x E effects that impact regulatory and signaling proteins involved in this process. While we do not suggest that the current study reflects specific defects related to a complex clinical condition such as the ASDs, current molecular, behavioral and functional imaging data are converging on the concept that the ASDs are a manifestation of altered local and long-distance cortical connectivity (Geschwind et al. 2007, Bill and Geschwind 2009, Geschwind and Levitt, 2007, Levitt and Campbell 2009). Also, Met and other related signaling components of this receptor tyrosine kinase pathway have been implicated in both syndromic and idiopathic disorders where the ASDs are diagnosed at a high rate. In combination with risk alleles in key genes, the in utero exposure to PAHs such as B(a)P, which results in both a reduction in absolute levels and the mistiming of peak Met expression, could drive the system toward a pathophysiological threshold that neither genetic risk nor environmental factors could produce individually. The present study focused on the neocortex, but given the highly restricted spatial and temporal expression of Met in mouse limbic circuits associated with social-emotional development and cognition (Judson et al. 2009), it is likely that perturbations occur throughout these key circuits, including in the hippocampus.
Really cool stuff; particularly the finding that developmental, in utero exposure was capable of driving abnormal protein expression well after birth. This is the best of both sides of the genetics versus environment conundrum; the kind of finding that sheds light on how environmental pollutants could be participating in increasing the number of children with autism by interacting with genetically susceptible children. But what I love about this is that it is the death knell of the fairytale of a static rate, or near static rate of autism, just having the genes or the exposure isn’t enough; instead, the interaction of alleles and timed exposure ‘could drive the system toward a pathophysiolical threshold that neither genetic risk nor environmental factors could produce individually’. I think there are some more findings coming from this group soon that might be exciting, or terrifying, depending on how you see it. (or both). Coolness factor: 99.
So what have we learned and just how cool is it?
1) The MET receptor enables some types of cellular signaling that have relevance to the autism community including synapse formation, immune modulation, and gastro intestinal function. The ligand, or trigger of the MET receptor is HGF.
2) Certain alleles of the MET gene that result in decreased expression are more common in children with autism than people without autism.
3) Consistent with findings of increased prevalence of MET alleles, MET protein expression was found to be decreased in brain tissue from people with autism. Other, related proteins, HGF, PLAUR, and SERPINE were also found to be disturbed.
4) Following up on the differential findings of SERPINE and PLAUR, genetic studies found gene to gene interactions between the MET allele and alleles involved with production of SERPINE and PLAUR. Some of the proteins in question are known to be particularly vulnerable to environmental interference.
5) Animal models tell us that MET is heavily expressed in many areas of the mammalian brain during prenatal and postnatal development, and we gain insight into the spatial and temporal expression of MET during the intricate dance of brain formation.
6) Two studies add evidence that the one function of decreased MET expression, GI disturbances, are indeed found with greater consistency within children with autism and the MET allele. This should be a relatively unsurprising finding considering what we know about MET and children with autism.
7) Finally, a portrait of genetic / environmental interactions capable of disturbing physiology and behavior in ways consistent with findings in autism is rendered using an agent that is the product of the automobile age and already associated with decreased cognitive skills for groups with the highest gestational exposure.
It should be noted that this is just a slice of the MET papers out there in the autism realm; they all shared one or more authors, I picked them because they seem to show a nice progression of knowledge, and incremental approach towards learning more. There is a lof more to learn, in particular, I think that the immune modulating effects of reduced expression would be an interesting subject, but one that will have to wait for another posting.
Tags: Autism, HGF, Interconnectedness, MET
Adventures in Expected Findings, Fascinating Complexity, Feedback Loops and Tragic Hypocrisy – ‘Mitochondrial Dysfunction In Autism’
In: Autism | Beautiful Complexity | Early Life Immune Activation | Feedback Loops | Gross Over Simplification | Humbling Complexity | Intriguing | Mitochondria | Oxidative Stress | Some Jerk On The Internet
The mitochondria discussion in the autism community reminds me a lot about the political discussion in the United States; I know it is important, but it is just so hard for me to care enough to get involved; it mandates walking the plank into an environment dripping in hypocrisy, where highly complicated problems are reduced to black and white meme friendly soundbytes, and discussions that seem a lot more like billboards on different sides of the road than people wanting to discuss anything. It started with the case of Hannah Poling, the little girl who experienced a dramatic and sudden developmental regression following her vaccinations at age 18 months, a case wherein the federal government conceded that vaccines through likely interaction with a pre-existing defect in mitochondrial function were likely the cause of her developmental trajectory and ‘autism like features’.
On some parts of the Internet, you’d think that every single child with an autism diagnosis experienced a drastic, overnight regression in development that Hannah Poling did; despite abundant, clear as the day common sense evidence that the onset of autism is gradual in the overwhelming majority of instances. For the most part, I don’t think it was a spin job. I just don’t think they get it. Although, I must admit, I do believe that there are a very small, but real, minority of parents who have witnessed similar things with their children. Hannah Poling is not unique.
On the other hand, lots of other places you could find people whose online existence is part and parcel with the notion that our real autism rates are static, that the inclusion of less severe children was burgeoning our observed rates of increases, and yet, found the intellectual dishonesty to question if Hannah Poling had autism or not, as if suddenly, in this one particular instance, a diagnostic report of having ‘features of autism’ as opposed to ‘autism’ was meaningful. As if that fucking mattered.
On the one side there is the failure to recognize any semblance of nuance, of complexity, and on the other, a startling hypocrisy and lack of curiosity.
A few weeks ago (maybe a few months ago, by the time I finally get this post published, at my rate), a paper came out that reported, among other things, children with autism were more likely to have mitochondrial dysfunction, mtDNA overreplication, and mtDNA deletions than typically developing children. That paper, of course, is Mitochondrial Disorder In Autism, a new winner in the field of simple to understand, straightforward titles. The good news is that Mitochondrial Disorder In Autism is another portrait of beautiful and humbling complexity with something to offer an open mind. Maddeningly, my real world email address received an embargo copy of the paper, which is somehow protected from copy paste operations, meaning most parts from that paper here will be manually transcribed, or more likely, paraphrased.
This is a cool paper, it sheds light on the possible participation of a widely observed phenomena in autism, increased oxidative stress, gives us additional evidence that the broader incidence of mitochondrial dysfunction is significantly very higher in the autism population, and an possible illustration of a feedback loop.
Very briefly paraphrased (damn you, embargo copy!), the authors used samples of peripheral cells of the immune system, lymphocytes, to test for mitochondrial dysfunction. This is a big step, it allowed the researchers to bypass the traditional method of muscle biopsy, which is both invasive and painful. It is reminiscent of using lymphoblastoid cells as proxies for neural cells in genetic expressions studies; the type of small, incremental data that can get lost in the headline, but has potentially broad applications.
In Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism, according to the authors, lymphocytes were considered sufficient surrogates because they are power hungry and derive a significant portion of their energy needs from oxidative phosphorylation; i.e, mitochondrial function. It was small study, ten children with autism and ten controls; I’m not clear why such a small sample was used, perhaps the laboratory time and/or dollar requirements involved with detecting mitochondrial dysfunction, even in peripheral cells, mandated that such small numbers be used. (?) Perhaps funding could not be obtained for a larger study without some preliminary results, and as is mentioned several times in the text, these findings should be replicated if and when possible.
Two types of changes to mtDNA were evaluated for, the ratio of the total number of mtDNA to nuclear DNA (i.e., ‘normal DNA’), and the presence of deletions of parts of mtDNA. These changes are a lot different than what we normally think of in genetic studies, and here’s my short story (barely longer than my understanding) of how.
Each mitochondria has a variable number of mtDNA copies, usually estimated at between 2 and 10. The understanding on what a relatively higher, or lower number of copies of mtDNA means for an organism is ongoing and nascent; for example, findings of associations with lower mtDNA levels in elderly women and cognitive decline, or finding that mtDNA copy number associate positively with fertility, both of which were published in 2010 (there are, conservatively, a brazillion other studies with a broad range of topics). Highly salient for our purposes, however, are findings cited by this article, Oxidative Stress-related Alteration of the Copy Number of Mitochondrial DNA in Human Leukocytes, which reports that cells experiencing oxidative stress had increased number of mtDNA copies. In Mitochonddrial Dysfunction in Autism the authors report an increase in the number of mtDNA copies in the autism group.
Secondarily, the authors also looked for differences in mtDNA structure, but again in this instance, not in the way that we frequently think about genetic studies; they were not looking for an A replaced G mutation that exists in every gene, in every cell, in the individual, but rather, different structural components that were indicative of damage within the copies of mtDNA. Thus, it wasn’t so much a case of a blueprint gone wrong, as much of case by case differences in mtDNA; potentially the result of exposure to reactive oxygen species during replication.
Changes in both copy number of mtDNA (increased), and structure (mostly deletions) were observed in the autism group.
Up and above changes to mtDNA, several biomarkers of direct and indirect mitochondrial dysfunction were measured, including lactacte to pyruvate ratios, (which have been observed abnormal previously in autism and speculated to be resultant from mitochondrial problems), mitochondrial consumption of oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide production, a known signal for some types of mitochondrial dysfunction. Several of the biomarker findings were indicative of problems in mitochondrial function in the autism group, including impaired oxygen consumption, increased hydrogen peroxide production, and as noted by other researchers, higher pyruvate levels, with a consequent decreased lactate to pyruvate ratio compared to controls.
These findings were described by the authors like this:
Thus, lymphocytic mitochondria in autism not only had a lower oxidative phosphorylation capacity, but also contributed to the overall increased cellular oxidative stress.
In plainer English, not only was the ability to produce energy reduced, but the propensity to create damaging byproducts, i.e., oxidative stress, i.e., ROS was increased. Talk about a double whammy! There have been a lot of studies of increased oxidative stress in the autism population, one of the first was Oxidative stress in autism: increased lipid peroxidation and reduced serum levels of ceruloplasmin and transferrin–the antioxidant proteins, with other titles including, Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism, Oxidative stress in autism, Brain Region-Specific Changes in Oxidative Stress and Neurotrophin Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and many, many others. Could mitochondrial dysfunction be the cause of increased oxidative stress in autism? Could oxidative stress by the cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism? Could both be occurring?
Oxidative stress deserves a free standing post (or a few), but at a high level refers to the creation of damaging particles, called reactive oxygen species by our bodies during the course of many biological operations; including generating energy (i.e., the function of mitochondria). The graceful management of these particles is essential for normal functioning; too little containment and there can be damage to cellular structures like cell membranes, or DNA. You can measure these types of damage, and a wide swath of studies in the autism realm have found that on average, children with autism exhibit a state of increased oxidative stress when compared to children without that diagnosis. A great variety of conditions other than autism, but which you’d still generally rather not have, are also characterized by increased oxidative stress, as are things that you can’t really help having, like getting old.
(It should be noted, however, that in an illustration of humbling complexity, we are now learning that containing free radicals by all means possible may also not necessarily be a good idea; our bodies utilize these chemicals as signals for a variety of things that aren’t immediately obvious. For example, there is preliminary evidence that too much antioxidants can cancel out, the benefits of exercise; our bodies were using the effects of exercise as a signal to build more muscle, likewise, we have evidence that oxidative stress plays a part in apotosis, or programmed cell death, and interfering with that may not be a good idea; in fact, it could, participate in carcinogenisis. There is no free lunch.)
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism speculates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction could be linked, either by increased oxidative stress leading to problems in mtDNA replication (i.e., the observed mtDNA problems are a result of aggressive attempts at repair, repair to damage induced by the presence of reactive species), or by deficiencies in the ability to remove ROS; i.e., decreased glutathione levels as observed by James. This really speaks towards the possibility of a feedback loop, something leads to an increase in oxidative stress that cannot be successfully managed, which causes mitochondrial damage, which leads to problems in mtDNA replication, which in turn, leads to dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress. Again, from the paper:
Differences in mtDNA parameters between control children and those with autism could stem from either higher oxidative stress or inadequate removal of these harmful species. The increased reactive oxygen species production observed in this exploratory study is consistent with the higher ratio of oxidized NADH to reduced glutathione in lymphoblastoid cells and mitochondria from children with ASD, supporting the concept that these cells from children with autism present higher oxidative stress. Increased reactive oxygen species production induced by mitochondrial dysfunction could elicit chronic oxidative stress that enhances mtDNA replication and possibly mtDNA repair.
Collectively, these results suggest that cumulative damage and oxidative stress over time may (through reduced capacity to generate functional mitochondria) influence the onset or severity of autism and its comorbid symptoms.
(My emphasis). More on why a little later.
There is a lengthy section of the paper regarding the limitations of the study, including a relatively small sample set, racial differences between the participants, and the possibility that the number of evaluations made could impact the strength of some associations. Detangling the arrow of causality is not possible from this paper, and likely involves different pathways in different patients. None the less, it is additional confirmation of something gone awry in the power processing centers of cells in people with autism.
This is a pretty small study, from a number of subjects perspective, and the pilot nature of the study is somewhat of a problem in trying to determine how much caution we must use when attempting to generalize the findings to a larger population. However, on the other hand, if we look towards earlier findings, some of which were linked above, the reports in Giulivi should not really be that surprising. In fact, we should have been amazed if they hadn’t observed mitochondrial problems.
We have voluminous observations of a state of increased oxidative stress in the autism population; Chauhan 2004, Zoroglu 2004, James 2004, Ming 2005, Yao 2006, James 2009, Sajdel-Sulkowska 2009, Al-Mosalem 2009, De Felice 2009, Krajcovicová-Kudlácková M 2009, El-Ansari 2010, Mostafa 2010, Youn 2010, Meguid 2010, and Sajdel-Sulkowska 2010, all are clinical trials that reported either increased levels of oxidative stress markers, decreased levels of detoxification markers, or both, in the autism group. There is no way, absolutely no way that children with autism have less oxidative stress, or the same oxidative stress than children without that diagnosis, barring some mechanism by which all of the above studies are wrong in exactly the same direction. There is just too much evidence to support an association, and as far as I know, (?) no evidence to counter balance that association. [Please note that the above studies are for biomarker based studies only, I left out several genetic studies with similar end game conclusions; i.e., alleles known to be associated with increased oxidative stress and/or mitochondrial function are also associated with an autism diagnosis.]
We also have just a large body of clinical evidence that tells us that as oxidative stress and mitochondrial function are closely linked, as oxidative stress increases, so too do problems with mitochondrial function and/or replication; Richter 1998, Beckman 1998, Lu 1999, Lee 2000, Wei 2001, Lee 2002, Liu 2003, Liu 2005, Min Shen 2008 are useful examples. Unless all of these studies, and many more, are incorrect in the same way, and the underlying physical foundations of why oxidative stress would lead to mitochondrial function are also incorrect, we must conclude that a state of increased oxidative stress, as observed repeatedly in autism, leads to a degradation of mitochondrial function.
It turns out, there also a growing body of evidence linking oxidative stress and/or mitochondrial dysfunction to other conditions with a neurological basis (Rezin 2009), such as schizophrenia, (Prabakaran 2004, Wood, 2009, Martins-de-Souza 2010, Verge 2010, Bitanihirwe 2011) or bi-polar disorder (Andreazza 2010, Clay 2010, Kato 2006, Kaikuchi 2005). Here is the abstract for Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications:
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse disease states, and may be a common pathogenic mechanism underlying many major psychiatric disorders, as the brain has comparatively greater vulnerability to oxidative damage. This review aims to examine the current evidence for the role of oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders, and its academic and clinical implications. A literature search was conducted using the Medline, Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL PLUS, BIOSIS Preview, and Cochrane databases, with a time-frame extending to September 2007. The broadest data for oxidative stress mechanisms have been derived from studies conducted in schizophrenia, where evidence is available from different areas of oxidative research, including oxidative marker assays, psychopharmacology studies, and clinical trials of antioxidants. For bipolar disorder and depression, a solid foundation for oxidative stress hypotheses has been provided by biochemical, genetic, pharmacological, preclinical therapeutic studies and one clinical trial. Oxidative pathophysiology in anxiety disorders is strongly supported by animal models, and also by human biochemical data. Pilot studies have suggested efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in cocaine dependence, while early evidence is accumulating for oxidative mechanisms in autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In conclusion, multi-dimensional data support the role of oxidative stress in diverse psychiatric disorders. These data not only suggest that oxidative mechanisms may form unifying common pathogenic pathways in psychiatric disorders, but also introduce new targets for the development of therapeutic interventions.
(my emphasis)
Given all of this, one might consider casting an extremely skeptical eye towards the argument that the observations in Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism are insufficiently powered to reach any conclusions about an association; at this point, I think it is fair to say that what should have been surprising finding would have been a lack of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism. We need to rethink some foundational ideas about the relationship between oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, other neurological disorders, and/or assume that a dozen studies are all incorrect in the same way before the small number of participants and other limitations of this study should cause us to cast too much doubt on the findings. The findings in Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism are not due to random chance.
All that being said, there are still lots of questions; the most intriguing ones I’ve seen raised in other discussions on this paper would include, Is the mitochondrial dysfunction physiologically significant? and secondly, What has caused so many children with autism to exhibit these physiological differences?
I’ll admit it, early on in my online/autism persona lifetime, I’d have viewed the first question as largely deserving of a healthy dose of (hilariously delivered) sarcasm. But the reality is that this is a more difficult question to answer than it would seem on the surface. The reasons I’ve seen posited that this might be valid sound pretty good at first glance, i.e., the brain is the most prolific user of energy in the body, and problem with energy creation there are pretty simple to equate to cognitive problems. And this might be what is happening, I don’t believe we have enough information reach any conclusions. I will note, however, with no small amount of amusement, that the online ‘skeptical’ community had no problem with this exact argument in discussing what happened to Hannah Poling, as long as it was exceptionally rare.
Specifically speaking towards the problems of physiological significance, we haven’t any direct evidence one way or the other that the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in muscle biopsy or lymphocytes is present in the CNS of people with autism, and this is an important distinction; it is known that there are large differences in mitochondrial need and function between tissue type, and it is almost always dangerous to assume that because you see something outside the privileges of the blood brain barrier, that you will see the same thing within it. Therefore, we should remember that it is possible that the brains are unaffected, while the peripheral cells are.
However, we do have some indirect evidence to suggest that there are mitochondrial function problems in the CNS in the autism population. Based on studies that have measured oxidative stress levels in the brain, specifically Brain Region-Specific Changes in Oxidative Stress and Neurotrophin Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) we have preliminary evidence that areas of the brain are affected by high levels of oxidative stress. Furthermore, we have a multitude of studies regarding an ongoing immune response in the brain in autism, and we know that the immune response can generate oxidative stress, and indeed, interact with some of the results of oxidative stress, potentially participating in a feedback loop.
In short, we know that inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function are closely linked; considering the fact that we have evidence of two of these processes being altered in the CNS in autism, barring an unforeseen mechanism by which this association is not in place in the brain, an exceedingly unlikely situation given our observations in other cognitive domains, it seems probable that some degree of mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the brain as well as the periphery. If this is sufficient to cause autism will require more studies; some evaluations correlating behavioral severity and / or multiple evaluations over time would be good starting points. as well, of course, as direct CNS evaluation.
The second question, towards relevance of these findings, the reason such a large percentage of children with autism appear to have characteristics of mitochondrial dysfunction is even more difficult to detangle. The potential of a feedback loop existing between oxidative stress and mitochondrial function was problematic enough, but it seems likely there could be other participants, for example, the immune system. There are repeated observations of an exaggerated immune response, from genetic predispositions to known toll like receptor promoters, circulating levels of endogenous factors associated with a vigorous immune response, baseline levels of cytokines and chemokines, and cytokine values resulting from direct toll like receptor activation. Is the over active inflammatory response observed in autism causing the mitochondrial dysfunction through an increase in oxidative stress? Is the increased oxidative stress causing an ongoing inflammatory response? Studies evaluating for a relationship between these parameters would help to answer these questions.
For a real world example of why such a relationship might be possible, we can take a look at a paper that landed in my inbox around the same time that Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism did, Dopaminergic neuronal injury in the adult rat brain following neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide and the silent neurotoxicity. This paper is another that shows some very difficult to predict outcomes as a response to an early life immune challenge. Here is the abstract:
Our previous studies have shown that neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal injury in the juvenile rat brain. To further examine whether neonatal LPS exposure has persisting effects in adult rats, motor behaviors were examined from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P70 and brain injury was determined in P70 rats following an intracerebral injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) in P5 Sprague–Dawley male rats. Although neonatal LPS exposure resulted in hyperactivity in locomotion and stereotyped tasks, and other disturbances of motor behaviors, the impaired motor functions were spontaneously recovered by P70. On the other hand, neonatal LPS-induced injury to the dopaminergic system such as the loss of dendrites and reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra persisted in P70 rats. Neonatal LPS exposure also resulted in sustained inflammatory responses in the P70 rat brain, as indicated by an increased number of activated microglia and elevation of interleukin-1b and interleukin-6 content in the rat brain. In addition, when challenged with methamphetamine (METH, 0.5 mg/kg) subcutaneously, rats with neonatal LPS exposure had significantly increased responses in METH-induced locomotion and stereotypy behaviors as compared to those without LPS exposure. These results indicate that although neonatal LPS-induced neurobehavioral impairment is spontaneously recoverable, the LPS exposure-induced persistent injury to the dopaminergic system and the chronic inflammation may represent the existence of silent neurotoxicity. Our data further suggest that the compromised dendritic mitochondrial function might contribute, at least partially, to the silent neurotoxicity.
Briefly, the researchers challenged the animals with an immune stimulator shortly after birth, and then went on to observe chronic microglial activation and inhibited mitochondrial function into adulthood. Behavioral problems included hyperactivity and stereotyped tasks (though these behaviors appeared to reverse in adulthood. Subsequent challenge with methamphetamine in adulthood resulted in increased locomotive and stereotyped behaviors in the treatment group.
Check that out! These animals never actually got sick, their immune system had only been fooled into thinking that it was under pathogen attack, and yet, still showed chronic activation of the neuroimmune system and impaired mitochondrial function in dendrites into adulthood! ). In a sense, it might be appropriate to say, then, that the behaviors were not a state of stasis. Talk about an inconvenient finding.
There is also the possibility that exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides, may be able to cause mitochondrial dysfunction.
Finally, during the time it took me to put this post together, several other reviews of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism landed online in places that purport to be bound by objective and dispassionate evaluation of the science of autism; Respectful Insolencence, LBRB, and Science2.0 all had posts (probably others too). [The masochists out there that go through the discussion threads will note that several of the thoughts in this posting were experimented with in responses to these threads, ideas which were largely, or entirely, ignored.] If you were to read these other reviews (I would recommend that you do), you might come away with the impression that Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism consisted of nothing more than criteria for selecting participants and limitations of the study. The calls for caution in running wild with these findings are there, and I largely agree with this sense of caution, as is the admission that this is an area that should be studied more intently, but nowhere was there any acknowledgement of the consistency between these findings and the repeated observations of increased oxidative stress in autism and the biological reality that oxidative stress is linked with mitochondria function, nowhere was there any mention of the fact that the findings were in alignment with deficiencies in detoxification pathways as observed multiple times in autism, nowhere was there anything regarding our voluminous evidence of impaired mitochondrial function in a veritable spectrum of cognitive disorders. Did the online skeptical community get a different copy of the paper that I did? Perhaps, were they unaware of the repeated reports of increased oxidative stress in autism, and the incontrovertible evidence of an association between oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction? Is there a chance that their pubmed results regarding mitochondria and disorders like schizophrenia or bi-polar disorder are different than mine?
I am afraid that this is what the vaccine wars and wrangling over the meaning of neurodiversity have done to us; the skeptical community absolutely went “all in” on the premise that the Hannah Poling concession was founded on a very, very rare biological condition. They have sunk one hundred and ten percent of their credibility behind the notion that thimerosal based studies and MMR based studies are sufficient to answer the question of if vaccines can cause autism, or if we must, features of autism. And now, with converging evidence from several directions pointing towards a confluence of mitochondria impairment and oxidative stress in autism and other neurological conditions, speaking towards the meat of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism is more than just eating crow, it is akin to blaspheming, for if diagnosable mitochondrial disorder affects a meaningful fraction of children with autism, and mitochondrial dysfunction a much larger percentage, the foundations behind the meme of the vaccine question as one that needs no further evaluations begins to fall apart. That is a legitmately scary proposition, but one that is going to have to be reckoned with sooner or later; the only difference is that the more time passes, the greater the credibility strain on the mainstream medical establishment when, eventually, it is admitted, that we need to come up with good ways to generate quality information on vaccinated and unvaccinated populations.
Similarly there is remakarble opposition in some quarters to the idea of imparied detoxificiation pathways, or indeed, a state of increased oxidative stress in some of the same places. I think the underlying reason for this is that some of these early findings were used by some DAN doctors to promote things like chelation, almost certainly the wrong treatment for the overwhelming majority of children on whom it was performed; and in a well intentioned zeal to discount some of these practioners, as well as the outrage over statements by some (i.e., ‘toxic children’), the reality of the situation; that our children are more likely to have increased oxidative stress, do have less glutiathione, became acceptable facts to bypass in the rush to hurl insults or wax poetic. We can acknowlege that children with autism have these conditions while simultaneously expressing concern, or outrage, at the notion that this makes them poisonous; but ignoring the physiological reality of our findings does nothing to help anyone. The data is the data.
This is all too bad. In fact, it is worse than too bad; there is no reason, absolutely no reason that a discussion on mitochondrial impairment must focus exclusively on the vaccine question, in fact, just the opposite. There are lots of ways to achieve an endpoint of mitochondrial dysfunction, and lots of things besides vaccines that can be problematic for people with this problem. (including, of course, actual infection!) But we have become so polarized, so reliant on hearing the same soundbyte laden diatribes, that any sense of nuance on the question immediately labels on as ‘anti vaccine’, ‘anti science’ (even worse!), or for that matter, ‘pro-vaccine’ or shill. The questions raised by Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism are important and aren’t going to go away, no matter how inconvenient the follow up findings may be.
Tags: Autism, Fascinating, Feedback Loop, Hannah Poling, Hypocrisy, Improper Focus, Inconvenient Finding, Mitochondrial Dysfunction
The Beautiful, Dispassionate, and Humbling Complexity of Environmental Enrichment, Butterfly Wings, and How the Granularity of Our Filters Control What We Think We Know
Posted by: passionlessdrone on: November 5, 2010
In: Autism | BDNF | Brain | Epigenetics | Epigenome | Intriguing | Mr. Rat | Some Jerk On The Internet
I’ve been planning to write something about the idea of environmental enrichment for a while now but other stuff kept on popping up. At a broad level, researchers are finding that the type of external stimulation an animal is raised or housed in can have dizzyingly unpredictable effects on a range of physiological and behavioral endpoints, many of which are of great interest to the autism community. This is a tough area to dance through in the autism world; the available literature has shades of refrigerator mothers, and TV based causation; yet, the underlying idea of environmental enrichment, that the external environment can affect a person in a very physical way, is something known to the autism community in concrete ways. What’s more, much of our data in the environmental enrichment realm is nothing less than compelling. It is exciting to know that we are beginning to have insight into the molecular mechanisms by which the environment can affect the body and brain, and with that insight, just maybe the wisdom to help our children and help ourselves.
From the biomarker side, a couple of neat studies would include Environmental enrichment reduces Abeta levels and amyloid deposition in transgenic mice, wherein striking reductions in amyloid proteins were found in knockout mice housed in a stimulating environment compared to those in standard housing. Or the very recently published, Complex environment experience rescues impaired neurogenesis, enhances synaptic plasticity, and attenuates neuropathology in familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 mice which hits a lot of keywords with parallels to the autism research world. There are many, many others including hits like Altered plasticity in hippocampal CA1, but not dentate gyrus, following long-term environmental enrichment, or hilariously named, soundbyte laden, Hippocampal epigenetic modification at the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene induced by an enriched environment. The lower level details of these studies and their many ancestors are beyond the scope of what I have time for now, but clearly anything that can be affecting synaptic plasticity, BDNF expression, and neurogenesis should be of interest to the autism community.
If we turn to measurements that go beyond frozen slices of tissue (but do not necessary exclude them), our data regarding behavioral differences in EE housed animals is also robust. For example, we could look at Environmental enrichment delays the onset of memory deficits and reduces neuropathological hallmarks in a mouse model of Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration, which found that EE housed mice performed significantly better at memory tasks that other mice housed in non stimulatory environments. Environmental-enrichment-related variations in behavioral, biochemical, and physiologic responses of sprague-dawley and long evans rats concludes by saying, The data support the claim that environmental enrichment may render animals more resilient to challenges. Ouch. Forgetting chronic diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s, which get a lot of attention in the EE world, even things like traumatic brain injury or lack of oxygen to the brain seem to show benefits from a stimulating environment, as we can see from studies like Environmental Enrichment Influences BDNF and NR1 Levels in the Hippocampus and Restores Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfused Rats or Empirical comparison of typical and atypical environmental enrichment paradigms on functional and histological outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury. The flip side, a ‘de-enriched’ environment has findings along the lines of what you might expect; i.e., Environmental impoverishment and aging alter object recognition, spatial learning, and dentate gyrus astrocytes. Ouch.
So what is, exactly, an enriched environment? The methods section from Environmental enrichment reduces Abeta levels and amyloid deposition in transgenic mice says this:
Animal experiments were conducted in accordance with institutional and NIH guidelines. Male offspring of transgenic breeding pairs APPswe × PS1 were separated from their mother at 3 weeks of age (after weaning), genotyped, and housed four males to a cage. Enriched environment was composed of large cages running wheels, colored tunnels, toys, and chewable material. For 1 month, mice were exposed to enriched environment every day for 3 hr and were returned to their original cages for the remaining 21 hr. After 1 month of daily enrichment, mice were introduced to the enriched environment three times a week for an additional 4 months. Mice were sacrificed at age of 6months. Following weaning, a control group of animals was maintained for 5 months in standard housing conditions.
Lets consider the implications of these findings. Reducing amyloid buildup has been a holy grail of the pharmaceutical companies for a long time now, though it is possible that this plan of attack was based on bad assumptions. Tens of millions of dollars (or hundreds of millions) have been thrown at synthetic ways to reduce or eliminate the buildup of amyloid plaque in mice, rats, and recently, people with mixed to poor results. Even if it turns out that amyloid isn’t causing Alzheimer’s, that doesn’t do anything to change the fact that these researchers were able to make very significant changes to biological systems by setting their rats up in a rat mansion with rat delivered food and a rat tennis court for a few hours a day. Despite the mixed findings as of late on the effect of brain training in order to stave off dementia, I think most of us have known someone, or Kevin Baconed one degree out to know someone who has seemingly either degenerated with a stagnant environment, or kept on trucking through old age with a more active lifestyle. Is their environment participating?
So what about autism? The most extreme and tragic parallels can be seen in studies of children from orphanages, notably in Romania, where children were raised in absolutely destitute surroundings. A recent study is entitled Stereotypies in children with a history of early institutional care with these findings:
RESULTS: At the baseline assessment prior to placement in foster care (average age of 22 months), more than 60% of children in institutional care exhibited stereotypies. Follow-up assessments at 30 months, 42 months, and 54 months indicated that being placed in families significantly reduced stereotypies, and with earlier and longer placements, reductions became larger. For children in the foster care group, but not in the care as usual group, stereotypies were significantly associated with lower outcomes on measures of language and cognition.
CONCLUSIONS: Stereotypies are prevalent in children with a history of institutional care. A foster care intervention appears to have a beneficial/moderating role on reducing stereotypies, underscoring the need for early placement in home-based care for abandoned children. Children who continue to exhibit stereotypies after foster care placement are significantly more impaired on outcomes of language and cognition than children without stereotypies and thus may be a target for further assessments or interventions.
Another study that looks specifically towards autistic like behaviors in children raised in orphanages is Early adolescent outcomes of institutionally deprived and non-deprived adoptees. III. Quasi-autism.
BACKGROUND: Some young children reared in profoundly depriving institutions have been found to show autistic-like patterns, but the developmental significance of these features is unknown.
METHODS: A randomly selected, age-stratified, sample of 144 children who had experienced an institutional upbringing in Romania and who were adopted by UK families was studied at 4, 6, and 11 years, and compared with a non-institutionalised sample of 52 domestic adoptees. Twenty-eight children, all from Romanian institutions, for whom the possibility of quasi-autism had been raised, were assessed using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) at the age of 12 years.
RESULTS: Sixteen children were found to have a quasi-autistic pattern; a rate of 9.2% in the Romanian institution-reared adoptees with an IQ of at least 50 as compared with 0% in the domestic adoptees. There were a further 12 children with some autistic-like features, but for whom the quasi-autism designation was not confirmed. The follow-up of the children showed that a quarter of the children lost their autistic-like features by 11. Disinhibited attachment and poor peer relationships were also present in over half of the children with quasi-autism.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings at age 11/12 years confirmed the reality and clinical significance of the quasi-autistic patterns seen in over 1 in 10 of the children who experienced profound institutional deprivation. Although there were important similarities with ‘ordinary’ autism, the dissimilarities suggest a different meaning.
Similarly depressing findings can be found in places like Institutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children, or Placement in foster care enhances quality of attachment among young institutionalized children. There is a gripping This American Life about a child adopted from Romania. Please be sure your head is in the right place before listening to part II, which describes a family trying to decide of their very severely autistic son should be placed in residential care. I ran into this episode on accident one day in the car when I was already feeling bleak and walked out the other end pretty fucked up for a few days; those guys are really good and the narrative can hit very close to home for some.
Calling up images from the dark(er) days of autism and Bettleheim we have an array of studies on the effect of maternal separation and subsequent physiological and behavioral effects that have parallels in autism findings. For example, here is an abstract from Behavioural and neurochemical consequences of early weaning in rodents
Among all mammalian species, pups are highly dependent on their mother not only for nutrition, but also for physical interaction. Therefore, disruption of the mother-pup interaction changes the physiology and behaviour of pups. We review how maternal separation in the early developmental period brings about changes in the behaviour and neuronal systems of the offspring of rats and mice. Early weaning in mice results in adulthood a persistent increase in anxiety-like and aggressive behaviour. The early-weaned mice also show higher hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in response to novelty stress. Neurochemically, the early-weaned male mice, but not female mice, show precocious myelination in the amygdala, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and reduced bromodeoxyuridine immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus. Because higher corticosterone levels are persistently observed up to 48 h when the mice are weaned on postnatal day 14, the exposure of the developing brain to higher corticosterone levels may be one of the effects of early weaning. These results suggest that deprivation of the mother-infant interaction during the late lactating period results in behavioural and neurochemical changes in adulthood and that these stress responses are sexually dimorphic (i.e. the male is more vulnerable to early weaning stress).
The rapidfire analysis tells us that altered HPA-Axis activity, BDNF levels, and anxiety all have parallels in autism, along with perhaps the most consistent finding in animal studies that have interest to autism, the problems of being born male and consequent risk factors from nearly everything. This is a review paper, but there are a gazillion others with titles like Maternal separation disrupts dendritic morphology of neurons in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens in male rat offspring, Short- and long-term consequences of different early environmental conditions on central immunoreactive oxytocin and arginine vasopressin levels in male rats, or Prolonged maternal separation decreases granule cell number in the dentate gyrus of 3-week-old male rats.
Though I’m pretty sure that this should be clear to everyone, just to be sure, I’m not proposing a refrigerator mother theory of autism. But the data is the data and the logical opposite of an enriched environment is also born out.
So what? Well, this reminded me of the “Rat Park” studies an Internet friend told me about, wherein researchers seemed to find that animals dosed with opiates for several weeks would voluntarily wean themselves from the drugs if moved to much larger enclosures where they had access to either drugged water or plain water. The startling thing about the Rat Park studies isn’t so much what was learned about opiate addiction, so much as the broader implications that the existing studies on drug addiction might not be studying the right thing; that instead of testing the effects on opiate availability on rodents, they were testing the effects of opiate availability on chronically depressed rodents. Following through, it occurs to me that in addition to the bazillion other problems we have moving from rodent to human with anything other than a hopeful educated guess, we must grudgingly admit that the condition the animals were housed in may be affecting a lot of findings. As if we didn’t have enough confounders already!
But more importantly, these types of findings are beautiful portraits of complexity, the dispassionate hand of nature and the dangers of thinking you understand.
There are so many instances where we have found that as we gain the ability to make more detailed observations, we learn that our existing conclusions were crude facsimiles of reality, and oftentimes, conclusions that had been formed on dangerously unsound foundations. By way of example, exposure to lead and consequent effects on neurodevelopment. At one point, lead was used as a pesticide, eventually we figured out that wasn’t such a good idea, but it should be fine in paint and gasoline. Then we removed it from paint. Then gasoline. And just a few years back, the ‘safe’ level of lead was deemed to be zero; and even the tiniest increases in lead were associated with developmental problems. Of course, this was always the reality, but it was not until we applied filters of sufficient sophistication that our observations were adequately powered to understand the reality. Are our studies of any number of factors clever enough to discern the changes we’d like to understand when we realize that subtle changes are still changes?
It gets thornier for the autism community in particular. One thing a lot of our kids aren’t very good at are “complex environmental interactions”, in fact, a lot of our kids are flat out terrible at them. After a couple of weeks/months/years of soul crushing experiences trying new things out with kid autism, some parents might start to think to themselves that a trip to the zoo, or the museum, or the movie theater or even the super market just isn’t worth it. The result, while not necessarily an abject environment can start to resemble a single square mile of ocean, indistinguishable from the sea for backwards or forwards; the real world equivalent of a DVD set on repeat play. I speak from experience, a rule in our household when one of the parents had to leave the other home for a weekend with kid autism was ‘survive, don’t thrive’. If that meant a trip to the same lake, spinning the same DVD, and a meal of the same food, but a relatively meltdown free weekend, that was OK.
We survived, but did we spite ourselves in the process? Were we reinforcing at a neurochemical level some of the causes of the very behaviors that were causing us to retreat to the middle of the ocean? We are starting to learn that this might be somewhat of a self fulfilling prophecy; taking a child who already does very poorly in new environments and run him or her through the same things over and over could be exacerbating their ability to handle new environments in a physiological way. The data is the data.
That being said, there is an upside, a big one; the flip side is that parents have a chance to make real and salient changes in their child by the least controversial methods possible; gentle but repeated exposure to new things. For some of us, this means a lot of shitty days and late night drinks to get through to the other side. That’s OK. It’s worth it. Steel yourself for a meltdown and turn off the goddamned TV, take kid autism to the zoo, or the bounce house playground, or art festival, or a ‘non-autism’ friends house. A lot of our children might need a helping hand, a gentle push, or a well meaning shove into the world, but someone has to do it, and the world isn’t going to get any less complicated while we wait. When it works out, and you have even a single new experience your child enjoys, that is an enriched environment for you, and enriched environments aren’t just for rats and kids.
Tags: Autism, BDNF, Environmental Enrichment, Hopeful, Kid Autism, Mr. Rat, Plasticity, Rat Park, Subtlety, Tragic
Non Autism
Homestar Runner (.net)
Miami Herald Dolphin Homepage
YuliyaJak: Три дня назад наблюдал материалы сети интернет, неожиданно к своему удивлению зам
Nadezhdajeowl: Этой ночью осматривал материалы инет, и вдруг к своему удивлению обнаружил красив
Karolinagoods: Всю ночь серфил контент интернет, и к своему восторгу обнаружил отличный вебсайт.
Autism Autism Rates BDNF Bilbo Blindingly Obvious BPA Cytokines Developmental Programming Environmental Enrichment Environmental Exposure Epigenetics Epigenome Fairytale Fascinating Fragile-X Genetic Expression Glial Priming Gross Over Simplification Hypothyroidism Immune Immune System Incidence Inconvenient Finding Inconvenient Findings Inflammation Innate Immune Response Interconnectedness Microglia MIND Mr. Rat Neuroimmunology Oooops Ostrich PDBE Prevalence Primed Phenotype Rates Scary Chemicals Synthetics The Fairytale The Pedastal TLR Vaccines! We are Doomed We Are Double Doomed
Autism Beautiful Complexity Bilbo Biological Plausibility Brain Developmentall Programming Early Life Immune Activation Epigenetics Epigenome Genetics Glial Priming Gross Over Simplification Humbling Complexity IL-6 Immunology Impending Doom Inflammation Intriguing LPS Microglia Mr. Rat Phenotypes Primed Phenotype Some Jerk On The Internet Synthetics The Fairytale Tnf-Alpha Toll Like Receptors Uncategorized Willing Disbelief
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Loopz is an online LYNX game that you can play at Emulator Online. This free Atari Lynx game is the United States of America region version for the USA. It has been played 390 times so far and was posted on March 23, 2018. Loopz is a single title from the many arcade games and puzzle games that we offer for this console. If you enjoyed playing this, then you can find similar games in the lynx games category. Loopz game is from the various retro games on the site, and there are more games like this, including Super Mario 64, Mario Kart 64 and Super Mario World.
Crystal Mines II Block Out Dinolympics T-Tris Tetris
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Travis Orbin
Darkest Hour / Independent
TOP > Artist > Travis Orbin
Country: United States Category: DRUMSET ARTISTS
Travis Orbin, a young Delaware native born in December 1982, has been creating quite the buzz as an up-and-coming drummer. Having already earned a reputation for being absurdly dedicated (in the very best sense of that adverb) to prolonged, eight-hour-plus practice sessions, touring gigs, and lots of studio work for nearly every genre of music, also noteworthy is his signature drum configuration which he has described as a "minimalist, quasi-open-stance kit."
The endless hours of practice aren’t without absolute purpose. Indeed, every single note that Travis chooses to compose, practice, perform and record for any given artist or band has a purpose. Some of the drum tracks he has created would make even the most devout Frank Zappa or Dream Theater fan elated, as he combines musicality with extreme technique and knowledge of theory to create truly unique, nuanced parts. These 'Orbinated' tracks (as his fans enjoy calling his commonly analytical approach to songs) are among the most difficult and interesting pieces of recorded music you’ll ever hear.
When not touring, Travis stays busy tracking for bands or artists who hire him. Though he’s often associated with progressive or metal-styled music, he has been expanding his sessions to cover many other genres. He is always booked out for months to come and he welcomes new clients from any musical background. Thus far, he has performed with and/or recorded for heavier acts such as Of Legends, Sky Eats Airplane, and Periphery, as well as Andy Gruhin, Nick Johnston, Cyclamen and Ray Riendeau (plus many more). Thankfully, for fans of Travis’s work, he fully documents and films nearly every song he records and then releases high-quality videos to share for free on YouTube. He also creates unique drum lessons for sale (promoted via YouTube as well) through his personal website. The sharing of his 100+ videos is actually how he has garnered most of his diehard fans! He also found time, recently, to be hired to transcribe all of the drum parts for Chris Adler of internationally renowned metal band Lamb Of God.
Travis is wholeheartedly thankful and proud to now be endorsed by Pearl, his long-time favorite drum company. He gets to join the rank of some of his biggest influences who are also Pearl artists, such as Virgil Donati, Mike Mangini, and Dennis Chambers. Keep an eye out for 'The Orbinator' as you’ll likely start hearing a lot more about him very soon, if you don’t see him gracing the covers of drum magazines!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvNY69ZiFaI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-EMMZzjefk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UU7QQQ22dBc
Equipment Configuration
Tour Kit
20x16 bass drum
12x8 rack tom
16x16 floor tom
14x6.5 Reference Brass Snare
Reference Metal Snares
When volume, cut, and projection are paramount in the live or recording environment, Pearl Reference Ultracast Metal Snare Drums are the key to the true sonic apex. Available in a choice of seamless milled 3mm Brass or or 2.5mm Steel with 2.5mm edge "Rings", each drum rings with a unique clarion call that brings the drummer to the forefront.
For every cymbal, there is a place; and the Pearl B1030 Series Cymbal Boom Stand's sophisticated design is a true compliment to the instrument it supports. With road proven features made to stand up to all the impact the gig can dish out, the B1030 is professional gear fit for the grandest stage.
Demon Direct Drive Bass Drum Pedal
The Demon Direct Drive is a pedal system so advanced, so well engineered that it becomes an extension of your body. Whether seeking to deliver lightning-fast blast beats or deep, rock-solid grooves, this pedal offers the adjustability to maximize your playing in any style.
The central voice of the drum kit is the snare, and Pearl's 1030 Series Snare Stand provides the most versatile platform for it available. Advancements such as Air Suspension Rubber Tips, Butterfly Nut basket adjustment, Trident Tripod base, and fully expandable basket not only put the drum where you want it, but help improve its sound as well. An absolute necessity for the professional drummer.
CLH930
To give access to closed hi-hats all around the drum kit, the CLH930 clamps a pair of cymbals with a simple spring-action clamp that allows for quick open/closed adjustment.
The world’s-only remote hi-hat stand featuring the Interchangeable Cam System, the RH2050 delivers unparalleled versatility at any location of the drum set with resistance-free ease, feel, and speed.
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We welcome inquiries from the '''media''' concerning our association, its [[clubs]] and [[tournaments]] and its [[players]]. For further information, please contact [[NASPA]] copresidents [[Chris Cree]] in Dallas, TX or [[John Chew]] in Toronto, ON. == Recent Mention == * June 8, 2016: [http://globalnews.ca/news/2749684/shediac-to-host-1st-atlantic-international-scrabble-tournament/ Global News] reports on Shediac (NB) tournament scheduled to celebrate 90th anniversary of 1st crossword game invented by local resident Edward MacDonald. * June 6, 2016: [[John Robertson]] and [[Andy Saunders]], authors of ''A's Bad As It Gets'', cited in [http://www.si.com/ Sports Illustrated] article on 1916 Philadelphia Athletics. * May 23, 2016: [http://www.abc15.com/news/spelling-bee/scrabble-champ-seeks-national-spelling-bee-win/ ABC15 Arizona] interviewed [http://event.scrabbleplayers.org/2016/nassc/build/ 2016 North American School SCRABBLE] champion Cooper Komatsu who tied for 7th place in 2016 Scripps National Spelling Bee. * May 21, 2016: [http://www.news-sentinel.com/news/local/Scrabble-players-compete-for-the-last-word-in-Fort-Wayne-regional/ News-Sentinel] and [http://www.wowo.com/fort-wayne-hosts-north-american-scrabble-qualifying-tournament/ WOWO] coverage of Fort Wayne (IN) tournament. * May 19, 2016: [http://www.wsj.com/articles/for-nigerian-scrabble-stars-short-tops-shorter-1463669734/ Wall Street Journal] interviews 2015 world champion Wellington Jighere. Features photos of [[2015 North American SCRABBLE Championship]] and [[Chris Lipe]] who is quoted along with [[Stefan Fatsis]]. ** May 23, 2016: [[Stefan Fatsis]] and Oliver Roeder respond to the article in [http://www.slate.com/articles/life/gaming/2016/05/have_nigerian_players_developed_an_amazing_new_scrabble_strategy_don_t_believe.html/ Slate]. [[Chris Lipe]], [[Jesse Day]], and [[Evans Clinchy]] are quoted. == Older Mention == * [[2016 North American School SCRABBLE Championship]] ** April 24, 2016: [http://wavenewspapers.com/culver-city-student-adds-scrabble-title-to-trophy-shelf/ Los Angeles Wave] reports on final results ** April 13, 2016: [http://patch.com/new-york/westhampton-hamptonbays/hampton-bays-students-take-talent-next-level-scrabble-tournament Westhampton-Hampton Bays Patch] reports on local students participating in the NASSC. ** April 10, 2016: [http://www.thesunchronicle.com/devices/news/local_news/gillette-hosts-north-american-school-scrabble-championship/article_17718cdc-ff72-11e5-9ec7-2beebad523ad.html The Sun Chronicle] reports on the NASSC as a local news item. * February 3, 2016: [http://newsok.com/article/5476306 The Oklahoman] interviews members of the Oklahoma City club for a lengthy feature article. * January 21, 2016: [http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/view-finders/90234-funs-the-word-at-kids-scrabble-tournament-photos Newsworks] interview John Green about the ASAP School SCRABBLE Program in Philadelphia. * January 14, 2016: [http://www.omaha.com/living/nebraska-s-top-scrabble-player-works-to-be-one-of/article_10727ec7-76b7-5bf7-a8a5-372226b554ce.html Omaha.com] reports on [[George Asaka]] and the Omaha Scrabble Club. * November 22, 2015: [http://www.kentucky.com/news/local/counties/fayette-county/article45955330.html The Lexington Herald Leader] reports on the Bluegrass Scrabble Fall Classic, interviewing [[Lindsey Dimmick]], [[Steve Bush]], [[Jeff Clark]], [[Joey Krafchick]] and others. * [[2015 North American SCRABBLE Championship]] ** August 6, 2015: [http://www.ottawasun.com/2015/08/06/ottawa-man-wins-north-american-scrabble-championship Ottawa Sun] interviews Matthew Tunnicliffe. ** August 6, 2015: [http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/kanatas-scrabble-champ-knows-his-querns-and-bantengs Ottawa Citizen] interviews Matthew Tunnicliffe, mentions [[Adam Logan]], quotes [[John Chew]]. ** August 5, 2015: [http://www.kolotv.com/home/headlines/Scrabble-Champion-Crowned-in-Reno-320843221.html KOLO-TV] reports on [[Matthew Tunnicliffe]] beating [[Jesse Day]] for the win. ** August 4, 2015: [http://www.rgj.com/story/news/2015/08/04/world-scrabble-champs-competing-now-reno/31117563/ Reno Gazette-Journal] interviews [[John Chew]] and [[Conrad Bassett-Bouchard]] * July 23, 2015: [[Chris Cree]] talks about [[Nigel Richards]] winning the French WSC on [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/23/how-a-kiwi-beat-the-french-at-their-own-game-of-scrabble.html The Daily Beast]. * May 25, 2015: [[John Chew]] interviewed by CTV News Channel about the new words in the [[Collins]] word list. * May 21, 2015: [[John Chew]] interviewed by NPR and Reuters about the new words in the [[Collins]] word list. * May 17, 2015: [[Noah Kalus]] and [[Zach Ansel]]'s win at the [[2015 North American School SCRABBLE Championship]] and subsequent appearance on Jimmy Kimmel reported on by the Times Herald-Record (of Middletown, NY), the Poughkeepsie Journal, Oneida Dispatch, Ridgefield Press, Toy News, and others. * April 21, 2015: 2014 National SCRABBLE Champion [[Conrad Bassett-Bouchard]] and others mentioned in an article entitled “Winning SCRABBLE and the Nature of Expertise” in [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/winning-scrabble-and-the-nature-of-expertise/?print=true Scientific American]. * [[2014 World SCRABBLE Championship]] ** December 9, 2014: [[2014 World SCRABBLE Championship]] runner-up [[Chris Lipe]] interviewed in [http://romesentinel.com/county/local-scrabble-player-places-second-in-world/QBqnlh!8bJmTlrrvCgSyy7qVVVG3Q/ Rome Sentinel]. ** November 24, 2014: [[2014 World SCRABBLE Championship]] runner-up [[Chris Lipe]] mentioned in [http://www.businessinsider.com/these-are-the-words-that-just-won-this-years-scrabble-world-championship-2014-11?IR=T Business Insider]. ** November 23, 2014: [[2014 World SCRABBLE Championship]] runner-up [[Chris Lipe]] mentioned in [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/11248965/Craig-Beevers-becomes-second-ever-English-world-Scrabble-champion.html The Telegraph]. ** November 23, 2014: [[2014 World SCRABBLE Championship]] runner-up [[Chris Lipe]] mentioned in [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/britain-gets-its-first-scrabble-world-champion-for-21-years-9878661.html# The Independent]. ** November 22, 2014: [[John Chew]] leads off a [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-30157695 BBC News story] about the [[2014 World SCRABBLE Championship]]. ** November 21, 2014: [[Jesse Matthews]], [[John Chew]], [[Adam Logan]] and others featured in a [http://www.aljazeera.com/video/europe/2014/11/war-words-at-scrabble-contest-20141121202349147100.html story about the 2014 World SCRABBLE Championship] on AlJazeera.com. ** November 21, 2014: [[John Chew]] quotes briefly in a [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-30139374 BBC News story] about the [[2014 World SCRABBLE Championship]]. ** November 20, 2014: [[Conrad Bassett-Bouchard]] gives SCRABBLE tips to [http://www.opb.org/news/article/national-scrabble-champ-gives-tips-for-winning/ OPB] leading up to the [[2014 World SCRABBLE Championship]]. ** November 10, 2014: [[Evan Berofsky]] featured in an article in the [http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-news/20141110/scrabble-brought-more-than-expected-to-oxford-based-competitive-player-headed-to-london-tournament Oakland Press]. * [[2014 National SCRABBLE Championship]] ** August 10, 2014: Several players interviewed in a feature article about the [[2014 National SCRABBLE Championship]] in the [http://www.buffalonews.com/city-region/buffalo/hundreds-of-word-enthusiasts-gather-in-buffalo-for-the-25th-national-scrabble-championships-20140809 Buffalo news]. ** August 8, 2014: [[Oliver Roeder]] reports on the [[Nigel Richards]] phenomenon on [http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-makes-nigel-richards-the-best-scrabble-player-on-earth/ fivethirtyeight.com]. * 2015 Changes to [[OSPD]] and [[OTCWL]] ** August 27, 2014: [[Robin Pollock Daniel]] quotes about the new words on the [http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/8ye61k/scrabble-s-updated-dictionary Colbert Report]. ** August 5, 2014: [[Chris Cree]] and [[John Chew]] help [http://mentalfloss.com/article/58236/14-fun-scrabble-facts MentalFloss] with some fun facts about our game. ** August 5, 2014: [[John Chew]] gives the Canadian perspective on the new words in the [http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/08/05/canadian-sourced-words-such-as-qajaq-and-quinzhee-some-of-powerhouse-game-changers-added-to-scrabble-dictionary National Post] ** August 5, 2014: [[Robin Pollock Daniel]] quoted at length in an article about the new words in the [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/scrabble-players-rejoice-5000-new-words-added-to-official-dictionary/article19912902/?cmpid=rss1 Globe and Mail] ** August 5, 2014: [[John Chew]] quoted in an article about the new words at [http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremygreenfield/2014/08/05/trying-to-chillax-about-my-bromance-with-scrabble-and-5000-other-new-words/ Forbes]. ** August 5, 2014: [[Chris Cree]] quoted in a [http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/05/us-usa-games-scrabble-idUSKBN0G51ML20140805 Reuters article] about the new words. ** August 5, 2014: 18-minute interview with Simi Sara on [http://www.cknw.com/the-simi-sara-show/ CKNW 980] with [[John Chew]] about the new words. ** August 5, 2014: [http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/scrabble-dictionary-5000-words-24846936 ABC News] talks about our new words. ** August 4, 2014: [[John Chew]] quoted briefly in the [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/selfie-frenemy-playable-scrabble-article-1.1891614 New York Daily News] on the new edition of [[OSPD]]. ** August 4, 2014: [[Robin Pollock Daniel]] quoted in an [http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_26273635/scrabblers-rejoice-5-000-new-words-are-way AP story] about new words coming into [[OSPD]]. ** August 4, 2014: [[Chris Cree]] and [[John Chew]] quoted by [http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/04/news/scrabble-dictionary/ CNN] ([http://mexico.cnn.com/entretenimiento/2014/08/05/diccionario-scrabble-suma-5000-palabras-incluyendo-selfie-y-hashtag Spanish translation]) on the new words. * March 16, 2014: [[John Chew]] mentioned in the Wall Street Journal article “[http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304914204579392930054227164 This Scrabble-Playing Robot Is a Sore Loser]” * [[2014 SCRABBLE Word Showdown]] ** April 22, 2014: [[John Chew]] on [http://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=328738 CTV National News] with members of the [http://torontoscrabbleclub.com Toronto SCRABBLE Club] talking about GEOCACHE. ** April 10, 2014: [[Stefan Fatsis]] quotes [[John Chew]] and [[Chris Cree]] at Slate in [http://www.slate.com/articles/life/gaming/2014/04/geocache_in_scrabble_the_word_that_won_hasbro_s_new_word_contest_is_useless.html The Word That Won Scrabble’s New-Word Contest Is Totally Useless in Scrabble] ** March 14, 2014: [[Stefan Fatsis]] writes on [http://www.slate.com/articles/life/gaming/2014/03/new_scrabble_word_should_it_be_bestie_ew_slumdog_inside_the_contest_to_add.single.html Slate.com] about the [[2014 SCRABBLE Word Showdown]] ** March 14, 2014: [[John Chew]] on [http://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=307524 CTV News Channel] talking about the [[2014 SCRABBLE Word Showdown]] ** March 13, 2014: [[John Chew]] on NPR’s [http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2014/03/13/scrabble-new-dictionary Here and Now] to talk about the [[2014 SCRABBLE Word Showdown]] * [[2010 National SCRABBLE Championship]] ** [http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2010/08/06/1560104/top-scrabble-players-gather-for.html Bellingham Herald] ** [http://www.sacbee.com/2010/08/06/2942767/top-scrabble-players-gather-for.html Sacramento Bee] ** [http://topics.dallasnews.com/article/073m0ck0i8bkw?q=ESPN Dallas News] ** [http://www.dfw.com/2010/08/04/315091/ladies-and-gentlemen-of-the-board.html DFW.com] ** [http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/palm-beach/fl-payne-national-scrabble-20100805,0,6621539.story Sun-Sentinel] ** [http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2010/aug/04/mount-pleasant-scrabble-ace-to-vie-for-3000/ Post and Courier] ** [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/080710dnmetscrabble.26c27d4.html Dallas News] == Older Press Releases == * [http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150805006883/en/Matthew-Tunnicliffe-Racks-High-Score-2015-North#.VcfJZTBViko 2015 NASC Results] * [[2014 SCRABBLE Word Showdown Announcement]] * [[2014 NSSC Hasbro Press Release]] * [[Media:20100727-nsc.pdf|2010 NSC Master Press Release (revised)]] * [[Media:20100714-nsc.pdf|2010 NSC Master Press Release (preliminary)]] * [[Media:20100702-guzman.pdf|San Francisco Man's 771-Point SCRABBLE Game a New Official Record]]
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Working at Sanova
Team Sanova
HOW TO HANDLE PUBLIC CRITICISM ABOUT YOU AND YOUR COMPANY DURING A GLOBAL PANDEMIC
By Shelley Tanner | A Note from Shelley
NEW YORK, (Apr. 21, 2020) – Shelley Tanner, SanovaWorks CEO/President
For most people, their entire world has changed overnight. We are in around week 5 of the global pandemic since its impact started rocking the inhabitants of the US. Almost all of the nations citizens are under some kind of “shelter in place” order to minimize risk of disease spread, and ultimately the toll that the impending wave of sickness, suffering and death that the COVID-19 virus would bring. Kids aren’t in school. Parents are now home-schooling while working. The degree of separation between each one of us and a COVID-19 death or critical illness is rapidly decreasing. Millions of people have lost their jobs, and for those who still have jobs, there is certainly some kind of anxiety attached to the conditions under which they are now working. Among the many professions and jobs that are considered “essential services”, are all healthcare workers. Whether they are on the frontlines or not, they are stepping into daily risk simply because of the nature of their work.
And what is the result of all of this? Anxiety. Fear. Depression. Anger. Emotions are high and many people do not know either how to deal with these new intensified feelings, nor do they have a clear understanding of the ripple effect left on the other side of them acting out of any of these particular feelings.
JAMA recently reported:
“The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, and efforts to contain it, represent a unique threat, and we must recognize the pandemic that will quickly follow it—that of mental and behavioral illness—and implement the steps needed to mitigate it.”
The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention
SanovaWorks Initial Response to COVID-19
During the initial wave of uncertainty that hit my network of friends, colleagues and peers, SanovaWorks decided to bring together panels of various healthcare practitioners to help aid the anxiety that was boiling up through opening conversations that would help guide people. To date, we have completed four panels on various important topics in which no-one received compensation. Each is given and received as an offering to the community it served.
During promotion of our webinars, our choice of topics and panelists have come under scrutiny in a private, closed social media group. Emails and messages were sent to our staff that included emotionally charged language.
How Do You Respond to Negative Feedback?
I would say that the number one response in this kind of situation is to listen and inspire dialogue. By email, we have requested dialogue with every single person who has reached out. Although many have not responded, we continue to appreciate those that have.
In addition to listening, it is important to acknowledge the other party’s opinion and feelings. Acknowledging does not mean agreeing, but it does say “I hear you, and I respect that you have this opinion and these feelings”.
You do not have to apologize for doing things you believe in, but you can apologize for any issues that have been experienced by the other party as a result. Of course we did not intend that any action would result in suffering for the other party, and an apology is appropriate for unknown ripple effects like this. Any apology you give should be one hundred percent authentic or it isn’t worth saying at all.
Above all you must be respectful and kind. This should be “table-stakes”.
How Can You Learn from Feedback?
When marketers ask their target market research questions, while tantalizing to the ego, they are not looking for glowing recommendations. They are looking for the truth. Even if you do not agree with a person’s opinion, one piece of feedback can represent the opinion of more than just that one person. I would expect that leaders are grateful that some people are willing to stand up and verbalize their thoughts, giving insight to the market that would otherwise stay hidden. When someone in your market complains to you about something, as mentioned above, listening is the best course of action.
I live my life by the following advice that was shared by a very wise person I know:
If someone insults you and it is false, you should ignore them.
If someone insults you and it is true, you should thank them.
We should always be open to hearing what the market has to say. Their insight will prove valuable to navigate some of the complex business challenges you face.
How Can You Protect Your Teams
Many of SanovaWorks employees; have spouses who have lost jobs, are isolated in other parts of the country, have suddenly become full time carers for young children and have home-school responsibilities. While they all still have their jobs, they have uncertainty in general because we cannot make promises given the uncertain nature of things, are working on all the programs we were working on before the pandemic, but now to survive as a company, we are all working on additional programs. Our previous brick and mortar office location was in New York City, so many of our employees are located in that area–the global epicenter of the pandemic.
Add the recent feedback calling into question our decisions to facilitate a webinar for a group of heath care practitioners, that we had agreed to support, it makes an already bad day, week, or month, into an even more overwhelming situation.
What you can do is keep everyone informed. Do not let the rumor-mill increase any feelings of tension. You should state your position with regards to the matter by giving them basic facts, and an open line of communication to discuss the matter further. And you should reiterate the most important facets with points such as:
We always listen to others
We do not tolerate bullying and disrespect
We should let people experience us by example and our integrity
We believe all healthcare practitioners need and are entitled to appropriate education
As I reflect on the past weeks, and months, I can say that there has never been a moment that I did not feel hopeful– and ultimately that hope is that this global crisis gives each of us the opportunity to grow as human beings, citizens, leaders, and employees.
Shelley Tanner,
CEO/President SanovaWorks
COVID 19: URGENT MEDICAL AND AESTHETIC ISSUES FOR DERMATOLOGY
By Luciana Nofal | Press
NEW YORK, (April 10, 2020) – Luciana Halliday Nofal, VP Marketing and Client Relations SanovaWorks
Polling Questions Answered by Dermatologists and Dermatology Healthcare Practitioners
Moderated by Joel L. Cohen, a panel of dermatologist and dermatology industry experts including Adam Friedman, MD, Neal Bhatia, MD, Bill Humphries (Ortho Dermatologist), Sue Ellen Cox, MD, Kavita Mariwalla, MD and Carrie Strom (Allergan) joined the COVID-19 conversation discussing the questions that are on the minds of many dermatologists and healthcare practitioners in the country. The initial broadcast attracted 1,900 registrants and nearly 800 attendees participated. More than 85% of the audience were of dermatology physicians, with the remaining participants made up of dermatology residents, fellows, nurse practitioners and physician assistants. Attendees were polled a variety of questions regarding how their practice was responding to COVID-19.
Adoption of Teledermatology
Regarding how physicians were adapting to the use of teledermatology, almost one third (30.71%) of those who answered saw no teledermatology patients in the preceding week, almost forty percent (39.98%) saw less than five per day, under ten percent (9.06%) saw more than 11 patients a day, with the remainder of respondents (21.26%) saw between five and ten patients per day in the previous week.
When asked the average time a teledermatology encounter takes (physician log on to physician log off), almost one third (31.25% said five to ten minutes, almost half (47.12%) took from eleven to twenty minutes, less than four percent (3.85%) took more than thirty minutes for the encounter, while the remaining (17.79%) took twenty-one to thirty minutes.
Urgent Dermatologic Cases
When the subject of what urgent dermatologic cases besides melanoma the participating dermatologists were seeing live in their practice, almost one third (29.41%) answered “zoster, versus concerning rash”, more than forty percent (41.18%) answered “spot checks of atypical pigmented lesions”, just over a quarter (26.47%) were seeing “invasive growing squamous cell” and under three percent (2.94%) were seeing live patients in their office for tumors around the orbit.
Patient Access to Medications
Almost one half of those who responded (47.85%) answered that they were having difficulty getting anti-malarials (HCQ, Chloroquine) for their patients that are on them, while the other half (52.15%) were not.
Return to Business for Cosmetic Practices
Almost forty percent of those polled (38.69%) were optimistic that their practice would be back to “normal” (seeing cosmetic patients full time) in July, with an almost even spread of the remainder of respondents believing their practice would be back to normal in June (16.58%), August (15.58%), September (14.57%) or October and beyond (14.57%).
Planning for the year ahead
When asked how likely participants were to register now for a conference taking place in the fall, winter or spring, the majority of those who answered, said they were likely to register now for meetings during any of those time frames, ranging from almost half of respondents (47.75%) who would be likely to register now for a fall meeting, almost two-thirds (62.64%) for a meeting in the winter, and more than three-quarters (77.78%) would register now for a meeting taking place in the Spring.
We look forward to asking more questions in the future to help the community provide the support it needs right now.
The on-demand broadcast has attracted over 500 registrants as of April 9th and is available on JDDonline.com.
Click here for access to Part I
Part II: COVID-19: Your Questions Answered
COVID-19: Your Questions Answered, part II of the webinar series, was broadcasted on April 7, 2020.
During this webinar dermatology experts and other thought leaders examined the legal and financial concerns of dermatology providers during the global coronavirus pandemic. David Goldberg, MD, JD lead a panel of experts, Joel L Cohen, MD, Jeffrey Dover, MD, Gunga Mukkavilli, CPA, and Janel Ablon, Esq. through discussions on furlough vs. layoffs; mortgage and rent relief programs; the CARES Act; and other important and current legal and financial matters for dermatologists.
A second panel of experts including Joel L Cohen, MD and Jeffrey Dover, MD, from the previous panel, joined by Elizabeth Tanzi, MD, and moderated by Adam Friedman, MD, answered questions, discussed practical tips you can use in your practice right now; and how to move forward with patient care. Part II attracted 1,300 registrants with nearly 700 attendees.
Staffing, financials, and teledermatology
Over half of those polled (53.42%) responded that since the pandemic they have had to furlough staff and almost one quarter (23.6%) hadn’t but believed they may have to in the future.
More than three-quarters of respondents (75.46%) said that their receivables in March compared to February are decreased greatly, while less than eight percent said their receivables were “about the same” (5.52%) or had “increased slightly” (2.45%). The remainder of respondents (16.56%) indicated that their receivables had decreased slightly.
With regards to financial assistance programs, almost all respondents (89.15%) said that they applied for the Paycheck Protection Program a Small Business Association loan that helps businesses keep their workforce employed during the COVID-19 crisis. In addition to this, almost one third (28.68%) had applied for the EIDL (Economic Injury Disaster Loan Emergency Advance), just under eight percent (7.75%) had applied for other Federal loans or grants, six percent (6.2%) applied for state loans or grants, and just two percent (2.33%) had found and applied for other loans or grants.
Most respondents (78.42%) were not planning on borrowing from their retirement savings, while a further almost twenty percent (18.42%) were unsure and just three percent (3.16%) indicated they were planning on borrowing from their retirement fund,
Only a very small number of those polled (8.84%) feel experienced with teledermatology and use it as a normal part of their practice, and less than five percent (4.42%) were not planning on using it at all. Almost all respondents (86.74%) had little to no experience in teledermatology. Almost sixty percent (58.01%) had started teledermatoligy since the pandemic began, a further twenty percent (21.55%) had started before the pandemic but considered themselves a beginner, and a further seven percent (7.18%) had not started but wanted to.
We hope you enjoy watching and listening to these panels of experts discuss the latest issues in dermatology and we look forward to bring you more episodes.
The on-demand broadcast of Part II will be available on April 11, 2020 on JDDonline.com.
Click here for Part II
SANOVAWORKS COVID-19 RESOURCES
NEW YORK, (Apr. 9th, 2020) – Luciana Halliday Nofal, VP Marketing and Client Relations
In response to the needs of the SanovaWorks community, our brands have developed COVID-19 resources.
On April, 1, 2020, the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology (JDD) and SanovaWorks brands launched Part I of the webinar series: COVID-19: Urgent Dermatology and Aesthetic Issues for Dermatology.
Over the course of the 2 hours, Joel L. Cohen, MD and 6 different thought leaders joined the COVID-19 conversation, discussing the pressing questions that are on the minds of many dermatologists and providers in the country. The initial broadcast attracted 1,900 registrants and nearly 800 attendees comprised of physicians, residents, fellows, nurse practitioners and physician assistants. Attendees were interested and engaged throughout the entire 2 hours with a 76% average attentiveness and 72% average interest rating.
On April 7, 2020, Part II of the webinar series was broadcasted: COVID-19: Your Questions Answered. Dermatology experts and thought leaders examined the legal and financial concerns of dermatology providers during the global coronavirus pandemic. Experts discussed furlough vs. layoffs; mortgage and rent relief programs; the CARES Act; the pros and cons of leveraging NPs or PAs for teledermatology and more. Then, hear questions answered by our panel of experts; discussed practical tips you can use in your practice right now; and how to move forward with patient care. Part II attracted 1,300 registrants with nearly 700 attendees. Attendees were engaged and interested throughout with an 82% attentiveness average and 75+% interest rating.
Next Steps in Dermatology, a resource for young dermatologists and residents, recently launched a COVID-19 News and Resource Center. Next Steps in Derm COVID-19 News & Resources Center offers a curated selection of relevant news and resources from truthworthy sources to help physicians navigate the COVID-19 pandemic.
Resources include:
COVID-19 Related Podcast Episodes
COVID-19 PubMed Articles in JAAD, JDD, etc.
Recommendations from AAD, AMA, etc.
Guidance from HIPAA, Medicare, and on Telehealth
REMOTE WORK TECHNOLOGIES INSPIRE PATIENCE, UNDERSTANDING, AND DETERMINATION
By Shelley Tanner | Diary of a Remote Company
NEW YORK, (Mar. 26, 2020) – Shelley Tanner, SanovaWorks CEO/President
The pandemic caused by the spread of the COVID – 19 has changed the way we live, they way we socialize and the way we do business. When we feel helpless in the wake of a national tragedy or a natural disaster, not unlike the way many people are feeling right now, full of anxiety and worry; we can try to offer practical help. That’s what we are doing at SanovaWorks. While many companies are struggling to “get up to speed” on a remote workforce, SanovaWorks has been 100% remote for many years.
Follow our Diary of a Remote Company posts to get some insights from Team Sanova.
When I asked the Team what insights they can share to help other companies that are transitioning to a remote workforce in response to the pandemic, Karin spoke specifically to the need for patience when dealing with technology and varying skill levels and experience. I think her advice is worth sharing.
Karin Beehler, Executive Editor
Patience and understanding – Everyone has different levels of technology skills
Their area of work may be different and require different types of technologies and knowledge of programs different from the ones you use. Just because they do not understand the program you are using doesn’t mean they are incapable of learning it and getting up to speed. For instance, we encounter many doctors who are not experts at InDesign and Adobe PDF maker and editing tools or web conference software although obviously have other expertise! They may need some tips to get them on track so be willing to share your knowledge in a kind and professional manner. Be patient and understanding about other people’s learning curve and encourage their ability or interest to learn a new program.
Where there is a will, there is a way
We can do this! It might not be perfect, and it can be frustrating when “all the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry” but determination, patience, understanding, tolerance, and persistence will pay off. Sometimes conference calls don’t work out because someone can’t log on, or there is a major update needed, or a virus, or a crash, black-screen, files lost, files not found. These are just the normal obstacles of the work from home environment, like trains not running or printer is jammed, like with an office workplace. We do what we can to avoid them, but they happen so just accept and move on, find a work-around.
As my mother says, “you may not know what you want, but you know what you don’t want.” If one tech solution doesn’t work, stick with it until you find another one that is better. There is no one-size-fits-all but there are usually work-arounds that suit most people. Don’t get frustrated and sabotage your goal, and don’t give up.
See our post on generational learning for more insights on differences in learning styles.
STATEMENT REGARDING JANUARY 6, 2021
THANK YOU ODAC SPONSORS
MAKE IT WORK: 2020-STYLE
GIVING TUESDAY AT SANOVAWORKS
TEAM SANOVA SAFELY HELPING OTHERS ON VOLUNTEER DAY 2020
A Note from Shelley
COVID -19 Resources
Diary of a Remote Company
ODAC
Skin of Color Update
(212) 213-5436 | [email protected] | 115 E. 23rd Street, Third Floor, Unit 322, New York, NY 10010
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A lesson in love
Feb. 14, 2008, midnight | By Ya Zhou | 12 years, 11 months ago
Proposal day: when they become valentines forever
Once upon a time, Saint Valentine wrote a letter to his love while in jail, signing it "Your Valentine," a tradition that has evolved into the beloved Valentine's Day. While Saint Valentine's act of love may just be a legend, the Valentine's Day of today is characterized by all things romantic: couples, candies, roses and the occasional poem. Contributing to the festive spirit, Blair teachers recount their romantic proposal experiences, teaching that while there is no one proper way to propose, some basic steps are recommended.
Clay and Unger
Photo: Adam Clay and fiancée Sarah Unger celebrate at a friend's wedding. Photo courtesy of Adam Clay.
Step one to the perfect proposal is getting acquainted. English teacher Adam Clay was introduced to his fiancée Sarah Unger by his mother and aunt. At the time, all three women were working together in the Howard County Public Schools system. Physical education teacher Heather Nelson (formerly Heather Amell) met husband Diallo Nelson at a cross-country meet around four and a half years ago, where both were coaching.
But before Amell met her husband, she played matchmaker for close friend and ninth grade lead teacher Cindy Villavicencio. Amell introduced Villavicencio to her now-husband, ex-Milwaukee Brewers pitcher John Novinsky, Jr. When the two first met in Woodbridge, Va., the pair didn't seem compatible. "She blatantly blew him off," Amell says with a smile. But a week after the first meeting, Villavicencio and Novinsky met again in Washington, D.C. This time, Novinsky bought her a rose, and "that's when he got my attention," Villavicencio recalls.
Follow the ring
Once two people establish a relationship and the idea of marriage looms in the future, the next crucial step is the ring. For each of the three teachers, a specific ring was carefully selected prior to the proposal. According to Amell, Nelson purchased the engagement ring the day he proposed. Before he went to the Macy's at Tyson's Corner with a "support" friend, Nelson did extensive research and ultimately decided on a round diamond set in white gold.
Amell and Nelson
Photo: The Nelsons pose on a seven-day cruise to the Cayman Islands in spring 2005. Photo courtesy of Heather (Amell) Nelson.
The story of Clay's ring began even farther away, in New York. His sister-in-law's uncle is a jeweler in New York City, and he made an engagement ring for Clay's brother earlier that year. Before ordering a ring from his in-law, Clay and his mother went to Columbia Mall to look at styles. "To be completely honest, I didn't know anything about rings at all," Clay admits with a sheepish grin. After he found a setting he liked — Tiffany's Lucinda, a round diamond set in platinum — he sent a request to New York City and received the ring three days later, a week before he proposed. "It was unbelievably quick," Clay says.
Novinsky, on the other hand, did his work independently. "He didn't want any help from any one," Villavicencio states matter-of-factly. After narrowing his selection to three rings, he finally settled on a "unique and different" rock, Villavicencio said. The ring, a round diamond set in white gold, has a low setting that closes around the diamond, a feature that Villavicencio loves.
With relationship and ring in hand, it's time for the entrée - popping the question.
Getting down on one knee
Villavicencio and Novinsky agreed to meet at a renowned chophouse on a Sunday night. Villavicencio expected a romantic dinner in celebration of her recent birthday, and she got one — Novinsky surprised her with a parade of gifts. He began with a card, which seemed both solemn and romantic. "As I read it, I felt like I was reading a marriage proposal, but got thrown off when he gave me my first gift," Villavicencio says.
Villavicencio and Novinsky
Photo: The Novinskys decked in wedding attire. Photo courtesy of Cindy Villavicencio
The first gift was an intricate dolphin figurine, which she originally wrote off as cheesy. Unimpressed, Villavicencio was eager to receive her second gift, a Build-a-Bear, which had become a tradition with the couple — one of Novinsky's first gifts to her had been a baseball bear.
This time, however, the bear was wearing a tuxedo and carrying roses. "May 23, 2004's teddy bear had a different look," she says. With her heart pounding, thoughts ran past her head; "Could this be a proposal?" Villavicencio remembers thinking. Novinsky motioned for her to press the button on the bear's paw. And while the bear echoed out Novinsky's pre-recorded message, "Cindy, will you marry me?" the baseball player got down on his knees and proposed alongside the bear, holding his final present — the ring. Her first reaction was shock. "My heart stopped; I was speechless — which is rare to see," she says. But she accepted and the couple wed on Oct. 22, 2005 in New York.
Star-crossed crosswords
As opposed to the receiving end, the giving end of the proposal requires a bit more work, and Clay had been preparing for this moment for weeks. One afternoon, Unger promised to play a game of Scrabble, a mutual pastime. When the couple finally sat down to play, Clay slid his ring unnoticed into the bag of letters. One letter on the board, two letters, three letters…last letter, but no ring.
Unger did not notice the ring in her tile bag and remained focused throughout the game. Clay's nerves began to dissolve. "I was hoping she would pull it out the second time," Clay jokes with slight exasperation in his voice.
Crossword proposal
Photo: A game of Scrabble becomes a life-long commitment.
After she placed the last tile down and claimed absolute victory, Clay was shocked. "I'm pretty sure there's another tile in there," he said, eagerly waiting for her reaction. At first, she brushed him off as a sore loser, but Clay stubbornly claimed that she was missing the most important tile. Finally, Unger dug into her bag and pulled out the last game piece — the sparkling ring. Clay immediately proposed and, watching his girlfriend's speechless face, was thrilled to hear her say "yes."
Power-walking down the aisle
For Amell, a common hobby also turned into great proposal material. During the summer , Amell and Nelson took some routine laps around a lake in Laurel — they would jog, then walk, then jog, then walk — but as Amell began to start jogging again, Nelson pulled her back and turned her around.
At this point in their exercise both were fairly worn out, but suddenly, Nelson got down on one knee and proposed. "I thought he was joking," Amell recalls. While a little part of her ("I would say 10 percent of me") was disappointed that she didn't have a "fairy-tale" proposal, Amell now fully appreciates his frankness.
She says that now when her husband does do sweet things, they become much more meaningful. Nelson's tendency to be more direct than "mushy mushy" is an added bonus, as it's rather compatible with Amell's views. "I'm not a romantic person. Now, I'd rather have him do the dishes," she laughs.
While Amell did not get a "fairy-tale" proposal, both she and the other teachers found happiness within their own special engagement. Clay, who is set to wed Unger this September, recommends a personal and private, surprise proposal. "I don't think it has to be elaborate," Clay says. "It's more fun if you don't tell anyone."
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Doctor Who companions
(Redirected from K-9 (Doctor Who))
The companions or assistants of the Doctor of the Doctor Who television series are people who travel with him.
The Doctor is an alien. He is a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He travels in his spaceship called the TARDIS. It allows him to go anywhere in time and space. "TARDIS" stands for Time And Relative Dimension In Space. The Doctor usually takes other people with him, who are usually called "companions" or "assistants". The Doctor and his companions travel through space and time, have a lot of adventures, and often save many people.
The character of the companion was there so that the people watching the series could identify and feel close to a character. The companions were often present-time humans. People could relate to them because they knew as much as the viewers. Because of this, the Doctor could explain things to his companions, and at the same time to the viewers.
Most of the Doctor's companions have been human. Many have been aliens or robots.
Companions are named under the Doctors they travelled with, and sorted by the order in which they appear.
1 First Doctor
1.1 Susan
1.2 Barbara Wright
1.3 Ian Chesterton
1.4 Vicki
1.5 Steven Taylor
1.6 Katarina
1.7 Sara Kingdom
1.8 Dodo Chaplet
1.9 Polly
1.10 Ben Jackson
2 Second Doctor
2.1 Jamie McCrimmon
2.2 Victoria Waterfield
2.3 Zoe Heriot
3 Third Doctor
3.1 Liz Shaw
3.2 Jo Grant
3.3 Sarah Jane Smith
4 Fourth Doctor
4.1 Harry Sullivan
4.2 Leela
4.3 K9
4.4 Romana I & II
4.5 Adric
4.6 Tegan Jovanka
4.7 Nyssa of Traken
5 Fifth Doctor
5.1 Vislor Turlough
5.2 Kamelion
5.3 Perpugilliam "Peri" Brown
6 Sixth Doctor
6.1 Melanie Bush
7 Seventh Doctor
7.1 Ace
8 Eighth Doctor
8.1 Grace Holloway
8.2 Lucie Miller
8.3 Charlotte Pollard
9 Ninth Doctor
9.1 Rose Tyler
9.2 Adam Mitchell
9.3 Jack Harkness
10 Tenth Doctor
10.1 Mickey Smith
10.2 Donna Noble
10.3 Martha Jones
10.4 Astrid Peth
10.5 Wilfred Mott
11 Eleventh Doctor
11.1 Amy Pond
11.2 Rory Williams
11.3 River Song
11.4 Craig Owens
11.5 John Riddell
11.6 Queen Nefertiti of Egypt
11.7 Clara Oswald
11.8 Paternoster Gang
12 Twelfth Doctor
13 Thirteenth Doctor
13.1 Graham O'Brien
13.2 Ryan Sinclair
13.3 Yasmin Khan
First Doctor[change | change source]
Susan[change | change source]
Susan (Carole Ann Ford) was the Doctor's granddaughter. She escaped with him from the planet Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS. From her grandfather, she has an advanced knowledge of history and science. Her first appearance was in An Unearthly Child. Her last appearance was in The Dalek Invasion of Earth. In that episode, she meets David Campbell (Peter Fraser), a young freedom fighter in the 22nd century. The Doctor locks her out of the TARDIS and forces her to stay behind with David.
Barbara Wright[change | change source]
Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) is one of the first companions of the Doctor. Barbara is a history teacher at the Coal Hill School, working with science teacher Ian Chesterton.
Her first appearance was in An Unearthly Child. Suspicious of student Susan Foreman's strange knowledge of history and science, Barbara and Ian follow her home to the TARDIS. There they meet the Doctor. With him, they begin to travel through space and time.
In The Chase, after two years of travelling with the Doctor, Barbara and Ian use a Dalek time machine to return to London.
Ian Chesterton[change | change source]
Ian Chesterton (William Russell) is one of the first companions of the Doctor. Ian is a science teacher at the Coal Hill School, working with history teacher Barbara Wright.
His first appearance was in An Unearthly Child. Suspicious of student Susan Foreman's strange knowledge of history and science, Ian and Barbara follow her home to the TARDIS. There they meet the Doctor. With him, they begin to travel through space and time.
Vicki[change | change source]
Vicki (Maureen O'Brien) first appeared in The Rescue. She was a survivor of a spaceship crash on the planet Dido in the 25th century. She is rescued by the Doctor. She travels with him, Ian, and Barbara. In The Myth Makers, Vicki meets an ancient warrior of Troy named Troilus. She decides to stay behind with him. She eventually passes into legend as Cressida. She also makes sure that the Trojan girl Katarina enters the TARDIS in her place.
Steven Taylor[change | change source]
Steven Taylor (Peter Purves) first appeared in The Chase. The Doctor and his companions, Ian, Barbara, and Vicki find Steven on the planet Mechanus, where he had crash-landed two years before. In The Savages, Steven stays behind to accept the responsibility of leading the combined society of Savages and Elders that are attempting a lasting peace.
Katarina[change | change source]
Katarina (Adrienne Hill) first appears in The Myth Makers. She is a handmaiden of the prophetess Cassandra, the princess of ancient Troy. After Vicki stays behind in Troy, Katarina takes her place. During The Daleks' Master Plan, Katarina is taken hostage by the escaped prisoner Kirksen. He demands that the Doctor take him to Kembel, a planet taken over by the Daleks. To prevent the Doctor giving in to Kirksen's demands, Katarina triggers the controls to the airlock she is being held in. That sends both her and her captor into the vacuum of space. She is the first companion in the series to die.
Sara Kingdom[change | change source]
Sara Kingdom (Jean Marsh) is a Space Security Agent in The Daleks' Master Plan. She joins the Doctor in his fight, briefly travelling in the TARDIS to several different locations in time and space. When the Doctor activates the Time Destructor, a device that accelerates time, Sara cannot be saved. She ages and dies, her remains turning to dust. Sara is sometimes counted as a companion of the First Doctor, but sometimes not.
Dodo Chaplet[change | change source]
Dorothea "Dodo" Chaplet (Jackie Lane) first appeared at the end of The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve. Dodo wanders into the TARDIS, thinking it was a real police box. In The War Machines, Dodo decides to stay in 1966 London.
Polly[change | change source]
Polly (Anneke Wills) was a companion of the First and Second Doctor. She and Ben Jackson appeared first in The War Machines. She was secretary to Professor Brett, creator of the artificial intelligence known as WOTAN. She travels with the Doctor after he regenerated into the Second Doctor. In The Faceless Ones, they return to 1966 London. Polly and Ben decide to remain behind to resume their lives without disruption
Ben Jackson[change | change source]
Ben Jackson (Michael Craze) was a companion of the First and Second Doctor. He appeared first in The War Machines as an Able Seaman serving in the Royal Navy. In The Faceless Ones, they return to 1966 London, and Polly and Ben decide to stay.
Second Doctor[change | change source]
Polly (Anneke Wills)
Ben Jackson (Michael Craze)
Jamie McCrimmon[change | change source]
James Robert "Jamie" McCrimmon (Frazer Hines) was from 18th century Scotland. He first appears in The Highlanders. He meets the Doctor, Ben and Polly after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. At the end of The War Games, the Time Lords take Jamie's and Zoe's memories away, and send each of them back to their original time and place.
Victoria Waterfield[change | change source]
Victoria Waterfield (Deborah Watling) is from Victorian England in 1866. She is the daughter of scientist Edward Waterfield (played by John Bailey). She first appears in The Evil of the Daleks. In Fury from the Deep, Victoria leaves the Doctor and Jamie and stays with a family named Harris in the 20th century.
Zoe Heriot[change | change source]
Zoe Heriot (Wendy Padbury) first appears in The Wheel in Space. She is on a space station in the 21st century. At the end of The War Games, the Time Lords take Zoe's and Jamie's memories away, and send each of them back to their original time and place.
Third Doctor[change | change source]
Liz Shaw[change | change source]
Elizabeth "Liz" Shaw (Caroline John) was a scientist and civilian member of UNIT. She first appeared in Spearhead from Space. She became a member of UNIT and met the newly regenerated Doctor. In Inferno, Liz decided to leave the Doctor and UNIT, and go back to the University of Cambridge.
Jo Grant[change | change source]
Jo Grant (Katy Manning) first appears in Terror of the Autons as a replacement assistant for the Doctor. In The Green Death, Jo falls in love with the scientist Professor Clifford Jones. She decides to marry Jones, and goes with him to the Amazon Rainforest.
Sarah Jane Smith[change | change source]
Main article: Sarah Jane Smith
Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) was a companion of the third and fourth Doctors (Jon Pertwee and Tom Baker). Sarah Jane was known for feminism and strong affection with the Doctor. He called her his best friend. She is the most popular of the companions from the old series.[source?] She has appeared in the new series twice. She also has her own spinoff series.
Fourth Doctor[change | change source]
Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen)
Harry Sullivan[change | change source]
Main article: Harry Sullivan (Doctor Who)
Harry Sullivan (Ian Marter) was a companion of the Fourth Doctor (Tom Baker). Harry was known for being UNIT's Medical Doctor. He travelled with Sarah Jane Smith as well.
Leela[change | change source]
Leela (Louise Jameson) first appeared in The Face of Evil. She was a warrior of the savage Sevateem tribe. The Sevateem tribe were the descendants of the crew of an Earth ship that crash landed on an unnamed planet in the far future. In The Invasion of Time, Leela falls in love with Andred, a Gallifreyan. Leela chooses to stay with Andred on the Doctor's home planet Gallifrey. K-9 Mark I stays with her.
K9[change | change source]
K9 (voiced by John Leeson) was a robot dog. There have been several models, K9 Mark I through Mark IV. The original K9 Mark I was given to the Doctor, but later stayed with the Doctor's companion Leela on Gallifrey. K9 Mark II stayed with Romana in E-Space. K9 Mark III and Mark IV were presents of the Doctor to Sarah Jane Smith.
Romana I & II[change | change source]
Main article: Romana (Doctor Who)
Romanadvoratrelundar is another Time Lady from Gallifrey, changing her appearance when she regenerates into Romana II.
Adric[change | change source]
Adric (Matthew Waterhouse) was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctor. He was from the planet Alzarius in the parallel universe E-Space. He came with the Doctor to our universe. Adric dies in Earthshock, when the spaceship he is on crashes into prehistoric Earth.
Tegan Jovanka[change | change source]
Main article: Tegan Jovanka
Nyssa of Traken[change | change source]
Main article: Nyssa of Traken
Fifth Doctor[change | change source]
Adric (Matthew Waterhouse)
Tegan Jovanka (Janet Fielding)
Nyssa of Traken (Sarah Sutton)
Vislor Turlough[change | change source]
Vislor Turlough (Mark Strickson) was an alien from the planet Trion. After a civil war he had been exiled to Earth, to the Brendon Public School. In Mawdryn Undead he met the Doctor and joined him. In Planet of Fire, Turlough left and returned to his home planet Trion.
Kamelion[change | change source]
Kamelion (voiced by Gerald Flood) was a shape-changing android and a companion of the Fifth Doctor. He first appears in The King's Demons, where he is controlled by the Master. The Doctor frees him and takes Kamelion with him. In Planet of Fire, Kamelion is destroyed.
Perpugilliam "Peri" Brown[change | change source]
Perpugilliam "Peri" Brown (Nicola Bryant) was a companion of the Fifth and Sixth Doctor. She first appears in Planet of Fire. After that, she travels with the Doctor. After the Doctor regenerates, Peri stays and travels with the Sixth Doctor.
Sixth Doctor[change | change source]
Peri Brown (Nicola Bryant)
Melanie Bush[change | change source]
Melanie "Mel" Bush (Bonnie Langford) was a companion of the Sixth and Seventh Doctor. She was a computer programmer from 20th century England. Mel leaves the Doctor at the end of Dragonfire, to stay on Iceworld with Sabalom Glitz.
Seventh Doctor[change | change source]
Melanie "Mel" Bush (Bonnie Langford)
Ace[change | change source]
Dorothy "Ace" McShane, (Sophie Aldred) first appears in Dragonfire, on the planet Iceworld, although Ace was from 20th century Earth. At the end of this story, Melanie Bush leaves the Doctor. He invites Ace to come with him. Ace stays the Doctor's companion until the first end of the series in 1989.
Eighth Doctor[change | change source]
Grace Holloway[change | change source]
Dr. Grace Holloway (Daphne Ashbrook) was the Doctor's companion in the 1996 television movie Doctor Who. Grace is a cardiologist from 1999 San Francisco. She accidentally kills the Seventh Doctor during an operation. Grace helps the Eighth Doctor fight the Master. In the end of the movie, the Eighth Doctor invites Grace to travel with him, but she says that she will stay on Earth.
Lucie Miller[change | change source]
Lucie Miller was the Doctor's companion in The Eighth Doctor Adventures range from Big Finish, and is among the named companions in The Night of the Doctor special episode featuring the Eighth's regeneration.
Charlotte Pollard[change | change source]
Charlotte Pollard was the Doctor's first companion in the audio series by Big Finish. She was a girl from 1900s Britain, she ran away to fly around the world, boarding the ship the R101. The Doctor saved her from the crash and she became his companion.
Ninth Doctor[change | change source]
Rose Tyler[change | change source]
Main article: Rose Tyler (Doctor Who)
Adam Mitchell[change | change source]
Adam Mitchell (Bruno Langley) was the Doctor's companion for only two episodes. In 2012, he was a young English researcher. He worked for the American billionaire Henry van Statten. In the episode "Dalek" he was at van Statten's base, and at the end he went with the Doctor in the TARDIS. In "The Long Game" he is travelling with the Doctor and Rose, but Adam behaves badly. At the end of the episode, the Doctor takes Adam home.
Jack Harkness[change | change source]
Main article: Captain Jack Harkness
Tenth Doctor[change | change source]
Rose Tyler (Billie Piper)
Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
Mickey Smith[change | change source]
Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) was Rose Tyler's boyfriend. He helped Rose and the Ninth Doctor several times. Later he travelled with the Tenth Doctor and Rose. At the end of "The Age of Steel", Mickey decided to stay in the parallel world to help fight the Cybermen. In "Journey's End", Mickey returned to this world, and at the end decided to stay here again.
Donna Noble[change | change source]
Main article: Donna Noble (Doctor Who)
Martha Jones[change | change source]
Main article: Martha Jones (Doctor Who)
Astrid Peth[change | change source]
Astrid Peth (Kylie Minogue) was the Doctor's companion during the 2007 Christmas special "Voyage of the Damned". She is from the planet Sto. Astrid is a waitress on the starship Titanic. Astrid helps the Doctor. She is killed while she saves him. After saving the Titanic, the Doctor realises that Astrid was still wearing a teleporter bracelet when she died. He tries to bring her back to life, but it does not work fully: Astrid now is a ghost-like energy being. In the end, the Doctor sends Astrid away to fly through the universe.
Wilfred Mott[change | change source]
Wilfred Mott (Bernard Cribbins) was the grandfather of Donna Noble. He first appeared in the 2007 Christmas special "Voyage of the Damned". He made his final appearance in the 2009 Christmas special "The End of Time".
Eleventh Doctor[change | change source]
Amy Pond[change | change source]
Main article: Amy Pond
Rory Williams[change | change source]
Main article: Rory Williams
Rory is often also called Rory Pond by the Doctor. Rory does not like the name. He thinks since he and Amy Pond got married, they should be Mr. and Mrs Williams. The Doctor prefers Mr. and Mrs. Pond. Rory is also known as the Last Centurion.
River Song[change | change source]
Main article: River Song (Doctor Who)
played by Alex Kingston
Daughter of Amy Pond & known as "The Child of the. T.A.R.D.I.S"[source?]
Craig Owens[change | change source]
Craig Owens (James Corden) was a man whose apartment the Doctor stayed in during The Lodger (2010). He returned in Closing Time (2011) to help the Doctor fight some cybermen hiding underneath a department store.
John Riddell[change | change source]
John Riddell was an English game hunter. The Doctor picked him up in Dinosaurs on a Spaceship (2012). He took him to a Silurian Ark ship to help stop it crashing into earth. He left after the episode and may not be considered a 'proper' companion.
Queen Nefertiti of Egypt[change | change source]
Queen Nefertiti (called 'Neffie' by the Doctor) helped the Doctor with a Silurian Ark ship that was going to crash into earth in Dinosaurs on a Spaceship (2012). After she left and went to Africa with big game hunter John Riddell.
Clara Oswald[change | change source]
Main article: Clara Oswald
Clara Oswald was a companion of the Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors. Clara was called "the impossible girl".
Paternoster Gang[change | change source]
The Paternoster Gang is a group that includes Silurian Madame Vastra (Neve McIntosh), her wife Jenny Flint (Catrin Stewart), and Sontaran commander Strax (Dan Starkey).
Twelfth Doctor[change | change source]
Clara Oswald (Jenna-Louise Coleman)
Paternoster Gang
Bill Potts (Pearl Mackie)
Nardole (Matt Lucas)
Thirteenth Doctor[change | change source]
Graham O'Brien[change | change source]
Graham O'Brien (Bradley Walsh) is a companion of the Thirteenth Doctor. He is a retired bus driver.
Ryan Sinclair[change | change source]
Ryan Sinclair (Tosin Cole) is a companion of the Thirteenth Doctor. He is also Graham's step-grandson and went to school with Yasmin Khan. Ryan has dyspraxia.
Yasmin Khan[change | change source]
Yasmin Khan (Mandip Gill) is a companion of the Thirteenth Doctor. She is a junior police officer with the Hallamshire Police.
Related pages[change | change source]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doctor Who companions.
Series and Spin-offs
Susan Foreman
Sara Kingdom
Dodo Chaplet
Victoria Waterfield
Zoe Heriot
Tegan Jovanka
Kamelion
Melanie Bush
Grace Holloway
Astrid Peth
Rory Williams
Bill Potts
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who_companions&oldid=7246287#K-9"
Doctor Who characters
Articles with unsourced statements
This page was last changed on 2 January 2021, at 11:40.
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Metastatic Tumor in the Colon from Renal Cell Carcinoma
A 74-year-old male is admitted to hospital for dyspnoea. Findings from chest x-ray, computed tomography, and colonoscopy are described; images provided.
Sunscreen Products Linked to Kidney Cancer
. . . chemicals poured into sunscreen products are equally dubious. They include:TEA, DEA, MEA (tri-, di- and mono- ethaloamines). These chemicals can cause liver and kidney cancer.
Seattle Genetics Leads the Way in Next Generation Antibody Technologies
Seattle Genetics has two proprietary ADCs in the clinic, one in late stage trials for Hodgkins Lymphoma and a second in early stage trials for non-Hodgkins Lymphoma and Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Pioneering cancer drug treatment goes on trial
A CANCER patient from Yorkshire has become the first in the world to trial a new drug experts hope will become part of a new generation of treatments against the disease.
Readers share famous encounters
Not only did Bob meet Elvis Presley, he also ended up with a bottle of the King's Vaseline Hair Tonic. Inspired by this anecdote, I asked readers to send me their accounts of encounters with the famous.
Cancer patient 'abandoned' by drug refusal
A CANCER patient last night said he felt "completely abandoned" after health chiefs refused to pay for a new drug which could prolong his life.
Targeted agents for renal cell carcinoma
Proposals to use these agents as neoadjuvant therapy have generated significant controversy, Dr. Van Poppel said.
Antibody diagnostic appears specific for clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Agent shows high preoperative sensitivity, specificity, data indicate.
Cancer Vaccine Research Is Coming To Fruition
The launch of Sanofi Pasteur MSD's Gardasil and GSK's Cervarix has propelled cancer vaccines from research obscurity to a key area of commercial and clinical interest. But can the sector capitalise on these gains and really fulfil its promise?
Imaging of advanced renal cell carcinoma
MDCT represents the diagnostic mainstay for the detection and staging of RCC. In the wake of new systemic therapies for advanced RCC, including angiogenesis inhibitor drugs, monitoring treatment response may become a new task for crosssectional imaging.
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The International Day of the Girl Child
October 11th is International Day of the Girl Child.
Written by: Ellen Young
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With this year’s theme, “My Voice, Our Equal Future,” the team at SHE wanted to promote this International Day and dig into the history and significance of October 11th.
25 years ago, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action – the global agenda for advancing the rights and empowerment of women and girls, everywhere, made waves.
On December 19, 2011, the United Nations General Assembly declared October 11 as the International Day of the Girl Child, to recognize girls’ rights and the unique challenges girls face around the world.
The International Day of the Girl Child focuses attention on the need to address the challenges girls face globally. Additionally it seeks to promote girls’ empowerment and the fulfillment of their human rights.
During a global pandemic that is setting back gender equality everywhere, we want to highlight the demands of the UN’s 2020 International Day of the Girl Child.
Live free from gender-based violence, harmful practices, and HIV and AIDS
Learn new skills towards the futures they choose
Lead as a generation of activists accelerating social change
Moving forward, the UN asks that we 1) Share stories on October 11th of inspiring young girls and young women who are leading efforts towards social change and 2) Participate in youth-led events and social media campaigns. Directly supporting young girls’ voices provides the amplification this movement needs.
Demand Inclusion
Sheree Atcheson, a multi-award leader and published author, talks with Insight Magazine about the need for inclusion, education, and a willingness to listen.
Victoria Waething
Letter From the Editor | Issue #7
Walaa Abuelmagd
Both Female and Minority = Double Discrimination
Lending a stronger voice in the workplace.
Kristin Langeland
A History of Oppression
Restricted liberty is a necessity of a pandemic and an important reminder to not take freedom for granted.
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Tammy Xu
A City of Hen-Keepers
The joys and challenges of keeping backyard chickens
By Tammy Xu
Around noon on a Saturday in February at the Southside Occupational Academy in West Englewood, the school’s hallways were filled with urbanites clutching pamphlets about raising bees and goats and ducks. The occasion was the sixth annual Urban Livestock Expo, where residents curious about urban agriculture from all over Chicago could learn from organizations such as Advocates for Urban Agriculture, Chicago Honey Co-op, and Chicagoland Chicken Enthusiasts. In the auditorium a crowd listened attentively as the manager of a beekeeping supply store explained the best ways to monitor a colony’s health during Chicago’s bitter winters, while down the hall a classroom played host to a goat and its many admirers.
But most eye-catching of all were the chickens. Plump hens nestled in a cage, chicks just days old frolicked under a heat lamp, and roosters strutted around sporting hairstyles to rival those from the eighties.
Martha Boyd, the moderator for the Chicagoland Chicken Enthusiasts Google group, estimates that around 200 personal flocks exist in Chicago. You’d be forgiven for assuming that laws exist against raising chickens in the city, but in fact Chicago has no specific prohibition on owning livestock. General ordinances regarding excessive noise and sanitation exist, as does a ban on slaughtering animals at home. (But a number of live poultry shops exist in the city—including ten on the South Side—that provide slaughtering services, according to the Chicagoland Chicken Enthusiasts website.)
Judging by the turnout at the expo, interest in keeping urban chickens is high. Attendees formed lines to pet the many breeds of chickens, hold baby chicks, and admire cartons of multicolored eggs.
At noon, audience members consisting mostly of families with grade school-age children packed a classroom to hear Kellie Burke give a lesson on chicken-keeping basics. There were questions about which breeds are best for producing lots of eggs (Leghorns), which breeds are gentlest around small children, and what to feed the animals, who are omnivores and enjoy nothing like some yogurt or fresh worms from the garden. (“If an egg carton says vegetarian-fed chickens, just know that those animals have never been outside.”)
Burke is the owner of an animal health products company, but at her home on a 2.5-acre plot an hour’s drive northwest of Chicago, she nurses her real love of keeping horses and “a nice selection of chickens.” In 2014, she started, mostly for fun, a side business called Urban Chicken Rentals. For $110 a month customers across the city and the surrounding suburbs get three hens at their egg-laying prime, a coop, and all the food and supplies that the birds require. Some chicken renters are surprised to learn that roosters are not necessary to get a steady supply of eggs, as hens produce up to an egg a day as part of their ovulation cycle.
Renting appeals to some wannabe chicken keepers as an easy, commitment-free alternative; in addition to the economic and logistical burden of keeping chickens long term, owners may also find themselves in the unwitting position of becoming a chicken ambassador to their neighbors, and sometimes to the city, says Boyd.
Boyd is the reason the Chicagoland Chicken Enthusiasts network exists. The loose network of current and prospective chicken keepers shares tips and policies on its website and listserv, which currently totals over 700 members. It formed in 2008 after Boyd helped beat back legislation on the move to the city council that would have banned urban flocks. She recognized the need for outreach to counteract the misinformation regarding urban chicken policies and practices circulating in the public, in the government, and even among chicken owners themselves. In 2010 the group launched the first “Hen-apalooza,” which became the annual Windy City Coop tour, to open up what chicken keeping looks like to the broader public.
Jenny Addison showed off her own backyard chicken setup on the coop tour in 2016. Addison, who grew up in rural Northwest Connecticut with chicken coops, rabbit hutches, and ducks in the backyard, now keeps six hens in the brightly painted backyard coop she built in Woodlawn. She prefers to hatch the chicks herself from fertilized eggs, which she gets from friends who also keep roosters, and smuggles them under one of her hens when they occasionally try to incubate their unfertilized eggs—a process referred to as “going broody.” The hen’s body temperature increases, which she uses to sit on her eggs and keep them warm.
“It’s not really great because the [unfertilized] eggs will never hatch, but she won’t stop sitting,” says Addison, “And if you let her sit for too long she’ll start to get real hungry and scrawny, because they don’t eat or drink [while incubating].” Sometimes when this happens Addison will perform an egg heist: “I get some fertile eggs and I swap them out for the infertile eggs in the middle of the night. You have to do it very stealthy. Like literally you have to go out there at night while your chicken is asleep and steal their eggs.”
For those who want to hatch their own chicks but lack the cat burglary skills of Ethan Hunt or Jenny Addison, there is always the artificial incubator. Addison owns one as well: a square Styrofoam box about two feet wide with a low-wattage heating coil and a thermometer to monitor the temperature. The work is meticulous, requiring constant vigilance to humidity and temperature for the length of the incubation period, which lasts twenty-one days—but the results are clearly rewarding: Addison estimates that she has hatched between twenty-five to thirty chicks at her home over the past four years.
One of the most important responsibilities of the chicken keeper is to provide a sturdy coop to secure against city predators, such as Peregrine falcons, red-tailed hawks, and foxes. DeeAnn Larson of Bronzeville upgraded to a converted armoire that she got for free from Craigslist after a raccoon killed a rooster and three of her hens last year. A good coop can be expensive, like the one Joe Olivier purchased secondhand for $500 after the 2016 “massacre” in his Irving Park backyard that took out two of his birds, which he blames on weasels or minks.
Keeping a coop and run clean can be hard and dirty work. Chickens get sick, carry diseases like salmonella, and extra care must be taken during the cold months when owners worry about “winterizing” their chickens—protecting the coop from drafts and keeping drinking water from freezing. It can also be a hassle to drive the half hour from Woodlawn to get to Belmont Feed and Seed, one of the few places in the city that sells chicken feed and supplies.
But most chicken keepers don’t seem to mind. Addison enjoys discovering her birds’ different personalities, opinions about people, and individual tastes. “My favorite part is getting to know them,” she says. Burke describes how her flock of hens follows her around while she gardens, hoping to get stray worms: “They’re better than TV,” she claims. “They crack you up.”
The chickens are often a hit with neighbors, bringing visits from curious grandparents and especially kids. Olivier recalls the time when he learned that a neighborhood girl had been visiting his hens every day to talk to and feed the chickens. “She kind of mentioned it in casual conversation,” Olivier laughs. “And then later we’d see her in the yard and realize, ‘Oh, I guess she’s checking on the chickens.’”
DeeAnn Larson (Tammy Xu)
Chickens are also helpful composters, eating all sorts of kitchen scraps and producing waste that turns into a rich fertilizer for the garden. But one of the best perks of having chickens, of course, is the eggs. Larson describes the excitement she felt when her chicken laid its first egg: “I was a proud mama. I did a happy dance.” Larson’s eight-year-old daughter created a little nest for the egg and carried it around for a long time.
Addison swears that she could never eat a store-bought egg again. Her chickens’ egg yolks are bright orange or dark yellow, and when she feeds them different foods like bell pepper seeds, the yolks turn a dark yellowish red. The texture is different, “not chewy, rubbery, like those mass produced, ‘buy them by the hundreds for the restaurant’ eggs.” The flavor is also more intense, and they taste—“I don’t know how else to say it.” Addison pauses. “They taste—eggy.”
In her backyard in Woodlawn, Addison hands over a freshly laid egg from its nest. Her six hens—of different breeds such as Plymouth Rocks, Chocolate Marans, and Easter Eggers—peck around for scraps at her feet. The egg is light brown and spotless and radiating warmth into the cool February air. In the eternal question of the chicken or the egg, maybe it’s not a bad idea to have both.
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Kellie Burke says:
Great article! Well done and positive thanks Tammy Xu you get us 🙂
Martha Boyd says:
April 2, 2018 at 6:49pm
Hi Tammy, Thanks so much for your detailed article! I would love to take all credit for ChiChickEns – but I just can’t. The reason the group exists — 10 years after launching with 45 people at our first workshop in 2008! — is the enthusiastic, informative, slightly-obsessed keepers of backyard chickens (and other creatures) around Chicago. Moderating ChiChickEns is a pleasure because members are knowledgeable, generous, overall NICE PEOPLE – and also a tad zany. Some of those early members provided the info and inspiration to stop the ban on backyard chickens. Nearly 90 of them have opened their yards to the public for the Windy City Coop Tour – that’s devotion! Much credit is due to my employer Angelic Organics Learning Center for sponsoring ChiChickEns and my time to work on it. We welcome donations to keep it all happening: http://www.learngrowconnect.org. THANKS AGAIN and join us for the 2018 Windy City Coop Tour on Sept 15 & 16, expanding to include “Eco-Yards” with and without chickens.
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Courtesy of the Smart Museum of Art
Smart Museum of Art exhibitions contemplate the ingredients of identity
Published on April 2, 2019
By Nicole Bond
This January, the Smart Museum of Art welcomed two new exhibitions which pose important questions about identity and inclusion. The museum’s front gallery houses “Solidary & Solitary” from the Joyner/Giuffrida Collection. It consists of mostly abstract works created by artists of the African diaspora, and serves as a meditation on what it means to be a Black artist moving in solidarity with the race while maintaining a solitary identity. The rear gallery space features “Smart to the Core: Embodying the Self,” which presents provocative ways to contemplate the self-portrait.
Some of the artists in “Solidary & Solitary” relinquish the expectation placed upon them to create works solely depicting Black life, or those that engage some type of cause. Instead, artists like Norman Lewis and Sam Gilliam—who together have eighteen abstract paintings opening the show at the front of the gallery—are free from those constrictions. Nothing about their works speaks to their being Black or non-Black, and everything about them speaks resoundingly to their skill and mastery as artists.
Other pairings and solo artists included continue the show’s non-conformist theme, but the exhibition also includes works that can be considered a detour from this artistic stance, depending on how a viewer chooses to interpret the signs. Take “Stranger #68,” where Glenn Ligon spells out the opening words of the James Baldwin essay “Stranger in the Village” on a canvas of oil-stick, coal dust, and gesso. The essay chronicles Baldwin’s time spent living in a tiny Swiss village where none of the locals had ever seen a Black man. There’s also Ligon’s unlit neon, “One Black Day,” or the two specially commissioned installations by artists Amanda Williams and Bethany Collins, both of which nod astutely to the representation of Black suffering by speaking to the nation’s historical practices of redlining and lynching.
“Solidary & Solitary” inspires honest conversation about the realities of race relations past and present, in ways where even third grade classrooms can join the conversation. (Which they do regularly, as part of the Smart Museum’s work introducing elementary school students to the museum experience.) But a few steps further into the rear gallery space, inside the “Smart to the Core: Embodying the Self” exhibition, the door is opened for a more mature conversation spanning race and ethnicity; gender and sexuality; and the places where those identities intersect or collide.
“Smart to the Core: Embodying the Self” is the museum’s first exhibition curated by the Feitler Center for Academic Inquiry. The goal is to develop exhibits alongside the University of ChicagoUofC’s undergraduate Core curriculum, which aims to examine the human condition. A brief history of the curriculum is detailed in the booklet The (Un)Common Core, published in conjunction with the exhibition.
Through this exhibition, UofC undergraduates get to experience art along with theory and texts. A few of the undergrad texts are staged inside the exhibition at a seating area, with the invitation to peruse the pages or to personalize them by adding a piece of one’s self using pencils stationed nearby. Among the core curriculum titles available are Black Skin, White Masks by Black psychiatrist and philosopher Frantz Fanon, The Second Sex by feminist existentialist author Simone de Beauvoir, and The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx.
Each piece in “Embodying the Self” functions as an unsuspecting self-portrait, a large number of which dismantle the notion of binaries by sharply bending historical gender roles and examining notions of race and class. The exhibition eloquently invites patrons to get comfortable being uncomfortable.
Some works juxtapose Western notions of femininity with historical ideas of feminism, then allow room to consider whether femininity and the feminist can, or cannot, be the same thing. There’s “Self-Portrait/Nursing,” a print from the 2004 series “Self-Portraits & Dyke” by photographer Catherine Opie, which depicts a nursing mother. The piece is positioned adjacent to the naked figure and seemingly exposed breasts of Marilyn Monroe in Japanese appropriation artist Yasumasa Morimura’s folding fan, titled “Ambiguous Beauty/Aimai-no-bi.” In reality, Morimura himself dressed up, complete with wig and prosthetic implants, as Monroe.
Conceptual artist Hank Willis Thomas uses framed canvases in “I Am A Man” to deliver what might be twenty different statements on the identities of men and women collectively. Or it could be translated as one long, punctuated sentence chronicling Black racial identity throughout American history, going as far back as the Three-Fifth’s Compromise and ending with a lofty striving for the equity that is much talked about but still not fully realized.
Influential contemporary artist Carrie Mae Weems draws out questions on the female image, power, slave narratives and cultural misappropriation while leaving space for viewers to factor in their own likenesses. In “Some Said You Were the Spitting Image of Evil,” her chromogenic color print, the glass is so crystal clear each viewer’s own reflection meets their own gaze over the sandblasted text—the piece is a self-portrait for every person who views it. The print is one of thirty-three photos from the series “From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried.” The photographs were originally taken by a nineteenth-century anthropologist in an attempt to validate a perceived inferiority of captured African peoples forced into American slavery, and were part of the Harvard University archives. In the 1990s the illustrious university threatened to sue Weems for using them in her series, but reconsidered when Weems agreed that it would be a good idea to have the conversation and all that it would entail inside of a courtroom. (Artnet News reports that a descendant of one of the slaves in the photos is currently suing Harvard for possession of the prints.)
Four digital works placed throughout the exhibition, from artists Frances Stark, Adrian Piper, Ma Quisha, and Howardena Doreen Pindell, add about an hour of video footage to the exhibition, examining gender roles, race, and the pressure to be perfect. Other works call into question ideas surrounding fatherhood, death, and Asian and indigenous narratives. Artist Ayana V. Jackson’s stunning pose in motion, “Labouring under the sign of the future,” makes space for Black femme beauty where it had been omitted in historical photographs, and is the visual image branding the exhibition.
“Smart to the Core: Embodying The Self” asks bold questions in large ways about the countless ingredients that comprise the self, and about how perceptions and expressions of the self change collectively and individually every moment. In “Solidary & Solitary,” the same expressions bypass the questions and go straight to the answers. Both exhibitions run through May 19, 2019, offering visitors a temporary opportunity to see pieces different from the Smart Museum’s permanent collection, equally as rich–if not more.
Smart Museum of Art galleries are located at 5550 South Greenwood Avenue, open Tuesdays through Sundays from 10am to 5pm and until 8pm on Thursdays. Admission is free.
Nicole Bond is the Weekly’s stage and screen editor and is on staff in the education department at Smart Museum of Art. She last wrote for the Weekly in September, reviewing the Court Theater production Radio Golf.
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Speaking Easy
A Home Bartending and Cocktail Podcast
Speaking Easy is a cocktail podcast with a twist. Co-hosts Alex and Jordan are both avid cocktail party hosts, often in the company of one another, and have had several people approach them separately about sharing some of their accumulated knowledge on cocktails and entertaining.
While imbibing one evening, Alex and Jordan had a conversation about how this had happened to both of them, and an article in the New York Times (“The Death of the Party“) assured them that the fine art of mixing drinks hosting your friends in your home was something that a) people their age wanted to hear about and b) were often confused on how to start. Not exactly a ‘call to action’ so much as an ‘invitation to party.’
Our goal is to break down the cocktails, planning, and other details needed to throw a great party, whether it’s 4 people or 40.
Now that twist–we’re most definitely not professionals. Both podcast hosts hold “real” jobs, and outside of hosting in their homes, are not actual bartenders. Alex and Jordan are enthusiasts, and approach the show from that perspective–not trying to create a whole new cocktail revolution, but rather, spreading the word about picking up a few things that have worked for them as they entertain friends.
If you watch a lot of “how-to’s” out there, you may see a professional bartender recommending a $75, hard-to-find, obscure ingredient that, yes, might create a world-class drink. We, however, are more interested in crafting an always satisfying drink, night-after-night, for your friends and family. Leave the fancy work to the professionals–we’re just trying to keep the party going.
We don’t expect to teach you to be the best bartender in the world–we’re certainly not. We’re hoping, as we say at the end of each show, that you’ll come along as we all toast “to being a better drinker.”
Cocktail Podcast Hosts & Producer
Alex Luboff
Alex has come a long was since his first cocktail (“Magic Fanta,” orange soda and orange vodka) back at Indiana University. As he’s gotten older, Alex has read up on the classic cocktails and changes them ever so slightly in the drinks he makes at home, and nerds out on cocktail history. He is thrilled to no end that Washington, D.C. is the birthplace of the Rickey. He’ll listen to your thoughts on whiskey and gin any day. When not mixing up cocktails for friends, he enjoys hiking, adventures in sandwiches, and blues music. His epitaph will read “In Search of the Perfect Lemon.”
Jordan Wicker
Jordan’s first liquor of choice was gin, but mostly because a gin and tonic is such an easy drink–both to make and to drink. Although he still regularly enjoys a dry Martini or Negroni, he is now firmly in the brown water camp. His interest in home bar tending really took off when he started “collecting” more bourbon, and wanted variety in his drinks. Although he’d certainly been drinking them prior, his first cocktail “memory” is the Manhattan he ordered at the Violet Hour in Chicago sometime around 2010. He’s got strong affinity for classic cocktails without the gimmicks.
Tyler Lloyd
Tyler is a self-professed cocktail idiot, who prefers a bourbon with a large cube of ice over a mixed drink. If you want to talk about the science behind distilling, flavoring, and aging alcohol, he will readily dive deep into the nitty-gritty biological and chemical details. What Tyler lacks in cocktail knowledge, he makes up for in his ability to edit podcasts, produce videos, and design websites. Mr. Lloyd’s tech skills help turn Alex and Jordan’s knowledge into the Speaking Easy Podcast.
Read Silent Tyler’s New Book:
© 2021 Speaking Easy
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After School Program Under Threat Amid State Budget Talks
By Parker Collins Los Angeles
UPDATED 10:31 AM ET Jun. 11, 2020 PUBLISHED 10:11 AM ET Jun. 11, 2020 PUBLISHED 10:11 AM EDT Jun. 11, 2020
LOS ANGELES – California’s state budget is about to be finalized.
LA’s BEST Afterschool Enrichment Program is a free program for elementary school students. The President and CEO of the program, Eric Gurna, says the governor has proposed a budget that could cause up to 9,000 students across Los Angeles to lose their space in a variety of after school programs
LA’s Best After School Enrichment Program is free for elementary students
Program is under threat due to Governor Newsom's proposed budget
Two generations of one family have participated in the program
California' state budget due to be finalized soon
Camilla Cortez, eight, lost her father when she was seven. Now her mom, Wendy Ruiz, takes care of her and her sisters alone.
Ruiz was also 7 years old when she lost her mom in a car accident. She was raised by one parent and was also a foster child for a time. Back in the 1990s when she was growing up in the housing projects, Ruiz was in the same program her daughter is in now.
“LA’s BEST literally gave me every good memory I have as a child,” said Ruiz.
The program is now in 200 L.A. elementary schools. For 30 years they’ve cared for children from the final school bell until 6:00 p.m.
“I have literally depended on this program for my livelihood. This program has allowed me to work my 10-hour shift,” said Ruiz.
While lawmakers negotiate and finalize the state budget, Gurna hopes to show the value of their work.
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“We can make sure to remind those legislative leaders and the governor where their hearts are and their hearts are with children just like our hearts are with children and especially the most vulnerable children,” said Gurna.
Camilla isn’t going to school nor LA’S BEST right now because of COVID-19.
“I think that if we go back to school then I’ll be happier,” said Camilla.
If you'd like to find out more about LA's BEST, visit their website.
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NHL player allegedly caught on camera calling referee homophobic slur
David Matthews
The Chicago Blackhawks have been lauded as the model NHL franchise for the last few years for their on-ice accomplishments. To put it simply, things have been less than ideal off the ice. During last night's Game 4 playoff loss to the St. Louis Blues, the off-ice piggishness met the on-ice product when forward Andrew Shaw was apparently caught by TV cameras calling a referee a homophobic slur while in the penalty box.
In the closing minutes of the third period, already down two games to one in the series, Shaw was called for interference, giving the Blues an advantage. While in the penalty box he appears to yell at a referee "fuck you, fucking faggot, fuck you."
It appears he said something similar even before getting taken to the penalty box.
Shaw did not help himself after the game at all by refusing to acknowledge what he may or may not have said, saying instead that "emotions were high."
Shaw was twice asked after the game by Chicago Tribune Blackhawks beat-writer Chris Kuc about his comments and both times did not acknowledge his homophobic language.
Kuc was then inundated with the type of responses you would expect: "freedom of speech protects him" and "he can say what he wants deal with it" being most illustrative.
Kuc summed up how people should be reacting.
Kuc's colleague at the Tribune, Chris Hine, himself a gay sportswriter, took to Twitter as well with some salient thoughts on the matter.
Hine's mentions have similarly been a disaster since last night as well.
Making this incident even more unfortunate is that two weeks ago, the team partnered with the You Can Play Project, an organization that wants to make all sports, not just professional, more inclusive to LGBTQ athletes. Part of that new partnership included an anti-homophobia video recorded by two members of the team—but not Shaw.
You Can Play has announced it is reaching out to the NHL about the incident "to assist with an appropriate response." Outsports put it thusly, saying "There needs to be zero tolerance of this, or all the You Can Play videos the league's team have done will be for nothing."
Andrew Shaw probably won't be playing hockey for a while, even if the Blackhawks can overcome a 3-1 series deficit—hopefully he'll use that time off to learn a thing or two about what is and isn't appropriate to shout at another human being.
UPDATE: Andrew Shaw has issued an apology:
I am sincerely sorry for the insensitive remarks that I made last night while in the penalty box. When I got home and saw the video, it was evident that what I did was wrong, no matter the circumstances. I apologize to many people, including the gay and lesbian community, the Chicago Blackhawks organization, Blackhawks fans and anyone else I may have offended. I know my words were hurtful and I will learn from my mistake.
David Matthews operates the Wayback Machine on Fusion.net—hop on. Got a tip? Email him: david.matthews@fusion.net
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Destinations, Asia
Vietnam Opens the Door to Gay Travelers By Dropping Same-Sex Marriage Ban
John Boudreau and Nguyen Dieu Tu Uyen, Bloomberg
- Jan 07, 2015 1:30 pm
Vietnam taking the lead in gay rights in Southeast Asia by abolishing a ban on same-sex marriage has medical doctor Thuan Nguyen planning a wedding ceremony with his boyfriend of two years.
“I am ready to have a wedding,” he said. “Many, many young people in love are optimistic about the acceptance of gay weddings.”
The revised law, while not officially recognizing same-sex marriage, places the communist country at the forefront of countries in Asia becoming more accepting of gay people. The National Assembly’s move is expected to attract more lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender travelers and boost Vietnam’s $9 billion tourism industry.
“This makes Vietnam a leader in Asia,” Jamie Gillen, a researcher of culture geography at National University of Singapore, said by phone. “Singapore just reaffirmed its ban on homosexual behaviors. Vietnam is trying to pitch itself as a tolerant and safe country.”
Abolished Fines
Vietnam’s new marriage law, which went into effect New Year’s Day, abolished regulations that “prohibit marriage between people of the same sex.”
Same-sex marriages can now take place, though the government does not recognize them or provide legal protections in cases of disputes. The government abolished fines that were imposed on homosexual weddings in 2013.
No other country in Southeast Asia has taken as big a step toward accepting same-sex marriage as Vietnam, Phil Robertson, deputy Asia director at Human Rights Watch, said by phone.
In Thailand, efforts to address same-sex laws have stalled since the ascent of the military government in May, while Cambodia, Burma and Laos have not put the issue on its legislative agenda, he said. The Philippines is considering laws to ban same-sex marriage. Indonesia and Malaysia have “entrenched discriminatory views” against homosexuals and in Brunei, “the new penal code sets out that those seeking to be involved in gay marriage could face whippings and long prison sentences,” Robertson said.
Vietnam, which looks to boost an economy that has expanded less than 7 percent annually for seven consecutive years, reduced visa requirements for seven Asian and European countries Jan. 1 to make the country more attractive to overseas tourists. Foreign visitors to Vietnam are estimated to have increased to 7.9 million last year from 7.6 million in 2013, according to government data.
“It is getting out that Vietnam is a more friendly place” toward gay people, John Goss, director of Utopia Asia, a gay resources website based in Bangkok, said by phone. “Gays in Vietnam are certainly becoming more open. It has not ruffled any feathers as it might in some other countries in Southeast Asia. It will have a positive effect on tourism.”
Vietnam is already seeing an influx of LGBT travelers from abroad, said Nguyen Anh Tuan, owner of Gay Hanoi Tours, which has seen bookings increase by as much as 50 percent in the past year.
The new law “indicates to everyone that Vietnam is opening up more and welcomes everyone,” he said. “Vietnam is changing very quickly. There are bigger gay communities and gay events.”
Tourism Impact
Twenty-nine percent of the LGBT community in the U.S. take at least five leisure trips a year, according to research by San Francisco-based Community Marketing Inc. The community generates $100 billion in tourism business in the U.S. alone and many make overseas trips, according to the company. Forty-eight percent of gay households have annual incomes of at least $75,000, it said in its 2014 tourism survey.
“Many of them have double incomes,” Goss said. “Gay travel tends to be recession-proof.”
Vietnam’s lawmakers, who initially considered recognizing same-sex marriage, believed the country wasn’t ready for it, said Luong The Huy, legal officer at the Institute for Studies of Society, Economy and Environment in Hanoi, a Vietnamese non- governmental organization that advocates for minority rights.
“They say the society in Vietnam needs some time to accept gay and lesbians in general,” he said. The revision in the law signals to the country that “same-sex marriage is not harmful to society,” Huy said.
Vietnamese Perceptions
Vietnamese perceptions of gays may also change with the December arrival of U.S. ambassador to Vietnam, Ted Osius, along with his husband, Clayton Bond, and their son, Huy said.
“He promotes a very good image of a very successful person who is gay,” Huy said. “We could get more support from civil society in Vietnam because the American ambassador is gay.”
Vietnam’s leaders allow gay organizations to be established and last year permitted a gay pride bicycle ride with rainbow flags in Hanoi, even as the government cracks down on political dissent, Robertson said. More than 150 Vietnamese dissidents are in detention, according to Human Rights Watch.
Granting gays more freedoms is a way to blunt a bad human rights record, Joerg Wischermann, a researcher at the German Institute of Global and Area Studies, said in an e-mail.
Nonetheless, Vietnam’s marriage law revision “is something extraordinary in a region in which many countries have deeply conservative societies,” he said.
Nguyen, 43, the Hanoi doctor, said gay Vietnamese want to push for the legal rights marriage confers on citizens. When a gay couple ends their relationship, or if one were to die, there is no legal framework for how to split assets, he said.
“The government doesn’t have problems with equal marriage,” Nguyen said. “It doesn’t have to do with the political system. This is determined by public opinion.”
To contact the reporters on this story: John Boudreau in Hanoi at jboudreau3@bloomberg.net; Nguyen Dieu Tu Uyen in Hanoi at uyen1@bloomberg.net. To contact the editors responsible for this story: K. Oanh Ha at oha3@bloomberg.net.
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The Only Way to Save American Democracy Now
By Richard L. Hasen
The ongoing threat. Andrew Caballero-Reynolds/Getty Images
What’s next to save American democracy?
The events of the past week have left many in this country reeling and worried seriously for the fate of democratic governance in the United States. In one of the most destructive acts in American political history, President Donald J. Trump on Wednesday exhorted his supporters, some armed, to march to the Capitol as Congress began the formal task of counting Electoral College votes to confirm the election of his opponent, Joe Biden. Trump supporters stormed the Capitol building, leading to a bloody rampage and the death of a Capitol Hill police officer and four others. Members of Congress, staff, and journalists rightly feared for their lives from this domestic terrorism, as gangs of masked Trump supporters swarmed the House and Senate chambers carrying zip-tie handcuffs intended for our nation’s leadership. The Senate chamber was desecrated, as was the office of the speaker of the House. Trump supporters smeared feces in the halls of Congress. National Guard troops were delayed as reinforcements, reportedly because the president refused to authorize them, increasing the terror and damage. And after order was restored following this unprecedented assault on the seat of American governance, eight Republican senators and 139 Republican members of Congress still voted to sustain bogus objections to the Electoral College votes from Pennsylvania and Arizona. The Trump-based objections were based upon false claims of voter fraud and election irregularities.
All of this occurred in the aftermath of the Georgia Senate elections, in which voters elected a Black preacher and a Jewish son of immigrants in runoff elections on Tuesday, flipping control of the Senate to Democrats—and after which Georgia Republicans plotted ways to make voting more difficult in future elections.
It goes without saying that Trump needs to be removed from office immediately for plotting insurrection and for acting at every turn to thwart the will of the voters, including through a likely criminal attempt to get Georgia’s secretary of state to commit voter fraud to flip the Georgia presidential election from Biden to Trump. But removing Trump is far from enough to excise the cancer on our body politic. Instead, we need bold changes to deal with the threat to democracy from an authoritarian wing of the Republican Party that appeared ready to abet Trump’s stealing of the election, as well as the separate problem that the Republican Party can continue to consistently win elections with minority support thanks to backward American election rules we have in place.
With Biden assuming office on Jan. 20 and with Democrats narrowly controlling the House and the Senate once the Georgia runoff results are official, there will be a small window in which to get things done. Democrats will need to play what professor David Pozen has called “constitutional anti-hardball,” using all the tools available in the Constitution to reverse unfair Republican political advantage and deter the party’s potential turn toward authoritarianism. Democrats will have to act fast, maybe within the first sixth months of the Biden administration, because we do not know how long Democrats will maintain majorities in these chambers.
To begin with, Democrats should do what I argued for in Slate in 2018: get rid of the filibuster for considering voting reform legislation. Right now, it takes 60 votes to get most things done in the Senate, a structure that helps perpetuate minority rule. In the Senate, small Republican states like Wyoming, with fewer than 600,000 people, can join together to thwart the voting rights of states like California, with nearly 40 million people. (In the last Congress, for instance, senators representing 13 million fewer voters commanded a 53–47 Republican Senate majority.) A filibuster exception for voting rights legislation helps to negate that anti-majoritarian advantage in the Senate.
It’s not clear whether conservatives like Sen. Joe Manchin will go along with nuking the filibuster for voting rights legislation, but perhaps Democrats could reach out to Republican moderates like Sens. Susan Collins and Lisa Murkowski to make a limited deal to do so in order to protect American democracy. At the very least, they have to try.
If Democrats can partially kill the filibuster, here’s what should be on the agenda in terms of voting reform: First, Congress should vote to make the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico (assuming its residents approve) into U.S. states. Had D.C. been a state, it would have almost certainly been easier for the District’s leaders to call up the National Guard to help put down the insurrection. More fundamentally, there is no reason that residents in these two U.S. areas should be denied full representation in the Senate. Adding additional states would help tilt the balance in the Senate, giving a better chance for the body not to reflect minoritarian Republican preferences.
Next, Congress needs to provide greater protection for voting rights. Although there will be great pressure to do so, Congress should not first try to pass H.R. 1, the massive voting reform bill containing some proposals that are very controversial and could well split the narrow coalition it would take to get things through the current Congress. Instead, focus should be pinpointed more directly on protecting the right to vote in the states. A version of the John Lewis Voting Rights Act as I envision it would restore federal preclearance of voting changes made in states with a history of racial discrimination in voting, requiring states to show that the changes would not make minority voters worse off.* It would also require states to provide easy access to online voter registration for federal elections, block the kinds of voter purges that could disenfranchise legitimate voters, and assure that all voters in federal elections have easy access to early voting, both in person and by mail.
Making these kinds of changes will help assure that elections are fairer and that results will more likely reflect the will of the people. But they won’t do enough to deal with the Trumpian wing of the Republican Party, which needs to be weakened to re-create a system in which both political parties are led by responsible actors, and where leaders cannot be held hostage to a radical minority within the Republican party.
To that end, we need structural change to help Republican moderates fend off primary challenges from Trumpians in the House and Senate. There are a number of forms such changes can take. As the Supreme Court recognized in Rucho v. Common Cause, Congress has broad power to set the rules for congressional redistricting even if states object. Congress can require districts to be drawn with bipartisan or nonpartisan commissions, which can help eliminate some of the more extreme forms of gerrymandering that lead to the election of more extreme Republican candidates. In light of the fact that moderate Republicans fear getting primaried by more extreme insurgents within the party, Congress can require the use of ranked choice voting, or other methods of voting that require winners to represent true electoral majorities.
Finally, as I argued recently in the Atlantic, we need to restructure the rules we use for translating votes for president into the final counting of Electoral College votes by Congress. We should not allow state legislatures or canvassing boards to easily overturn election results, and the threshold for debating objections to Electoral College votes in Congress needs to be raised substantially.
Solving the problem of the Republican Party’s authoritarian wing is going to require much more than redistricting and primary reform, two necessary steps, and it will require more than just congressional action. My current book project is focusing on the asymmetric spread of electoral disinformation on cable television and in social media, and how the solutions will require both new laws and private actions to rebuild and bolster social institutions. But electoral reform is an urgent and imperative part of the solution and it is one that the Democratic majority has the power to enact on its own if the political will exists.
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The Biden administration has some tough choices ahead. It is going to be coming into office in the midst of a pandemic that has become both a health crisis and an economic crisis. Climate change work is urgent. There are many other pent-up priorities that the Democratic coalition will want to tackle in that narrow window. Some will want to go broader on election reform, risking splitting a very narrow coalition, or to prioritize other emergencies. But the problems of American democracy cannot be ignored during this window.
Back in September I wrote a Slate column titled “I Have Never Been More Worried About American Democracy Than I Am Right Now.” Since then, my worry has only increased. The attack on the Capitol was not only predictable but predicted by Trump’s actions over the past five years. The scrawling of “Murder the Media” on a door in the Capitol tells you all you need to know about the anti-democratic tendencies of some of these thugs, which are visible firsthand in horrifying footage of a confrontation with police at the doorstep of the speaker’s lobby that left one insurrectionist dead.
Things are going to get much worse if the Democrats—who in two short weeks will have united control of the federal government—do not act quickly and decisively.
Update, Jan. 11, 2020: This piece has been updated to reflect that this is the author’s proposal for the substance of a John Lewis Voting Rights Act.
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Chuck Schumer Joe Biden Voting Voting Rights Nancy Pelosi Capitol Riot
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Slavs, Jews & Israel.
jaropolk
Praporshchik
Slavs, Jews & Israel. Dec 16, 2007 15:42:35 GMT -5
Post by jaropolk on Dec 16, 2007 15:42:35 GMT -5
I cant keep silent about the ungrounded, unconditional antisemitism going on in this forum.
This is for daver2, joko, alexandrus and others.
My grandfather was jewish. He was born in 1911 in a little town near Kiev-Zvenigorodka. His father was killed during the Revolution (not as participant in any meaning). When he was 13 he had to go work on a factory. (Those were the difficult years after the civil war). Often he and his friends had nothing to eat, if they were lucky, they could smoke to lessen the hunger. Later he got the chance to study and became engineer. Then he moved to Leningrad in 1938 (his work demanded it).
When the war came(22 june 1941), he was one of the first to subsribe as volunteer. But they refused him (because he was an engineer, they said he was needed more in the rear, for now. From those who left from Leningrad in the first days only 2 % survived the war).
He defended Leningrad in 1941, fought at Kursk in 1943, where he was wounded, liberated Kurland(Latvia), where one of the strongest SS forces were cut off, and fought in Ukraine in 1944, went to the far east to battle the Japanese after 9 may 1945.
He received two red stars( Орден Красной Звезды), a service-in-battle medal(За боевые заслуги) and a medal of honor( За отвагу).
After the war he got several patents on high pressure molding.
He worked very hard and could easily climb up to become factory leader, but he didnt want to hustle.
He married my grandmoter(who waited for him the hole war) and they got two children. He didnt participate in politics in any way.
He died in 1981 of bloodcancer at the age of seventy.
I dont know about Polish jews, but Soviet-Jews were not cowards, they fought just as fierce as ethnic Russians.
Last Edit: Dec 16, 2007 15:54:51 GMT -5 by jaropolk
Orao
General Leytenant
Post by Orao on Dec 16, 2007 15:43:49 GMT -5
The anitsemitism here is most worst with the Russians and Poles it seems to me...
South-Slavs have no reason to hate Jews really...
ljubos
Post by ljubos on Dec 16, 2007 16:10:08 GMT -5
I think that people connect jews with communism, nkvd, owners of big factories exploiting workers.. So i think you shouldn't take that as an attack on your grandfather, but more on that jews.
...had the South Slavic Union formed, the federation would have encompassed: Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Vojvodina, Kosovo and possibly Albania (probably united with Kosovo). It would have had a larger area than that of present-day Germany and a population of about 35 million people...
ceskybojovnik1938
Na mnozstvi nehledte - Never regard thier numbers
Post by ceskybojovnik1938 on Dec 16, 2007 16:24:57 GMT -5
...Dont take it personally mate. I dont think any member would personally attack you or your Grandfather.
I am half "Anglo-Saxon" and there is alot of hatred directed towards Anglos on this forum but its just an opinion, and as long as you or your family are not personally insulted dont take it to heart.
And about your Grandfather Jaropolk, he sounded like a trully remarkable man.
Last Edit: Dec 16, 2007 16:31:01 GMT -5 by ceskybojovnik1938
PRO SLAVIANSKY JEDNOTA!
daver2
Rzeczpospolita
Post by daver2 on Dec 16, 2007 16:31:58 GMT -5
jaropolk said:
This is for daver2
I thought I was the biggest antagonist of the "Jewish-hate" section of this forum. I've included my opinions in several posts here. That was me who always laughs when hears some bloody, funny conspiracy theories mostly related with Jewish stuff
Post by Vladimir on Dec 16, 2007 16:56:44 GMT -5
First things first, there ain't no such thing as antisemitism, because majority of modern day Jews aren't Semites at all. Neither by blood nor by culture. Only religious affinity is the thing by which you can identify a Jew i..e Judaism ( whether liberal or conservative is not very important).
Since this is Christian and Slav forum only, you must choose your loyalties - you can be either Russian/Slav and therefore Christian or a Jew. You can't be both at the same time.
As for antijudaistic and antizionistic attitudes on this forum, if we have the right to criticize one group of people, we also have the right to criticize other group of people that we feel were our wrong-doers through the past and the present. Jews included.
While I can't say whether your granddad was good or bad person, ( although I believe he was good) that's not the point of our discussion. Jews don't belong to the areas where Slavs live and are by no means part of the Slavic world!
@orao - uvuci mu se u dupe još malo, možda dobiješ ček od ADL-a.
Da si neki covjek, ko sto nisi, prva bi ti i jedina recenica bila da osudjujes antisemitizam koji je ovdje naspram najgorih Hitlerovaca, a nebi tu filozfirao i opravdavao mrznju.... tj, preseravao se.
Ti si mentalno oboleo čovek i treba da se lečiš i to u nekoj psihijatrijskoj instituciji. Priviđaju ti se nekakvi antisemitizmi, Hitleri i mržnja... možda delirium tremens?
Tebe napravio psihijatar Karadzic?
Jews don't belong to the areas where Slavs live and are by no means part of the Slavic world!.
Not exactly. In some Slavic countries they had belonged to the areas where Slavs lived. In Poland since 13th century to 1945 (1968). In Russia they still have a strong position in every aspects of its environment.
daver2 said:
Let's be realistic Dave, native Land of Jews is Israel/near east and not Poland/Europe.
As for your argument for how long they lived in Poland, well, there are Germans who lived longer in Poland but no one's saying we want them still there...
Last Edit: Dec 16, 2007 17:36:08 GMT -5 by Vladimir
You forgot that Anna Politkovskaya stayed too ;D
With that argument it was legitimate Serbs were expelled from Croatia or?
dobojlija said:
I knew you'd pull that up...
NO, it's not the same thing, simply because no one can draw the boundary between the Serbs and the Croats with 100% accuracy, since both nations are of the same ethnic and meta-ethnic origin, and were living in the same territory since the day they came to the Balkans.
That might apply to Bosnia perhaps, which truly has a mixed population of Croats and Serbs. But even there through the ages it was known anyone who is Catholic was not Serb for example.
But with most of the Croatian Serbs, especially Krajisnici no... Isn't it known they settled there with the coming of the Turks so around 1300-1400?
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Stephen Roebuck
In his time in Australia, Stephen has worked delivering Workplace Relations support directly in various roles including human resource generalist, employment relations adviser, employment relations consultant. Most recently Stephen has focussed on managing the national service delivery model at Employsure as the Head of Operations.
From Scottish decent, Stephen completed his studies at the University of Glasgow and from there lived and worked in London prior to making the move to Australian shores.
Stephen’s passions lie in understanding and helping people particularly through the journey many small business owners embark on. Having worked in various small businesses throughout his career Stephen understands the challenges faced in many facets of day to day business life. Its was this experience which led him to join Employsure, aligning with their vision of democratising access to Workplace Relations support.
Stephen’s experience within Workplace Relations has allowed him to develop his ability to interpret complex workplace legislation and understand what it’s application means for small business.
Why I want to be part of the Think Tank at SBAA
SBAAs vision broadly aligns with that of Employsure and Stephen personally; to allow small business equitable access to resources that help them grow and flourish. The Think Tank gives Stephen the perfect forum to meet with industry and knowledge leaders and work towards enacting real change.
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Articles / TULARC / PC info / 3D Graphics Accelerators FAQ /
B03 Evans & Sutherland Freedom
This item is from the PC 3D Graphics Accelerators FAQ, by Blair MacIntyre with numerous contributions by others. (v1.2).
EVANS & SUTHERLAND BRINGS 3D GRAPHICS EXPERTISE TO THE PERSONAL COMPUTER
SALT LAKE CITY, March 2, 1995 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation (NASDAQ: ESCC) today announced Freedom Graphics(tm) for the Personal Computer. Freedom Graphics is the first product to bring the 3D graphics technology of E&S to the personal computing environment.
Freedom Graphics is an implementation of the specialized features that 3D graphics applications require for smooth, fast execution. Users can produce impressive realistic images with the product's rich feature set and high-performance graphics for Windows/NT(r) applications.
The graphics card supports the OpenGL(r) software application programming interface and is designed to accelerate OpenGL in the PC environment. Freedom Graphics is a PCI bus-based card that incorporates the same technology as the Freedom Series graphics accelerators which supply high-end graphics for the world's largest workstation vendors. Ideal markets to take advantage of the extensive feature set of Freedom Graphics are CAD, Industrial Design, Simulation, Visualization, Animation, Entertainment and Game Development. Supported PC processors include MIPS(tm), Pentium(r) and Power PC(tm).
"The interest being generated by Freedom Graphics is extraordinary," said Jim Oyler, President and CEO of Evans & Sutherland. "Freedom Graphics allows a low-cost PC-based system to achieve the performance of a much more expensive workstation. This is going to be an explosive market in the very near future."
Evans & Sutherland is the only 3D graphics vendor with a product line that spans the entire computing industry from the personal computer up to multi-million dollar flight simulators and location-based entertainment systems.
"We are pleased that Evans & Sutherland has applied their knowledge and experience in high-performance real-time 3D graphics to the PC marketplace," said Tom Coull, President of Sense8 Corporation. "WorldToolKit and Freedom Graphics will offer a definitive hardware-accelerated solution for texture-mapped virtual reality applications."
Freedom Graphics' feature set includes real-time 3D graphics rendering and animation, hardware based 24-bit texture acceleration, scalable texture memory up to 16 MBytes, bi-linear and tri-linear MIP-mapping, specular highlights, fast set-up calculations, full scene antialiasing, transparency and depth cueing. The additional experience of E&S with OpenGL will also result in significant performance advantages for applications using the OpenGL library from E&S.
According to Ian Reid, Vice-President of Marketing at Advanced Visual Systems, "Freedom Graphics offers a new level of capability for the PC user and AVS/Express allows any PC developer to take immediate advantage of features such as hardware texture-mapping and transparency. It's the ideal combination."
Freedom Graphics performance under Windows/NT and OpenGL is 300,000 triangles/second. The card will list price at US$2450 with second quarter availability through OEMs and VARs. Freedom Graphics was first shown at Fall Comdex '94 in Las Vegas.
The significance of Freedom Graphics lies in its delivery of a graphics feature set at unsurpassed performance levels. Advanced features such as texture mapping are still unavailable from any other vendor for under US$10,000. Freedom Graphics also provides performance not yet seen in the 3D PC graphics market. Nearest competitors for performance provide minimal feature sets and are only available at much higher prices.
Evans & Sutherland is a leader in advanced 3D graphics and visualization systems for science, industry, education, and entertainment. The Graphics Systems Division provides graphics hardware and software solutions that are sold and supported by DEC, HP, IBM, and Sun Microsystems. Evans & Sutherland was founded in 1968 and is based in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Freedom Graphics, and Freedom Series are trademarks of Evans & Sutherland. OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. All other trade names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Freedom Graphics(tm) for the Personal Computer
High-Speed Realism from Evans & Sutherland
Evans & Sutherland pioneered the computer graphics industry over 25 years ago. Since then our graphics know-how has been engineered into everything from multi-million dollar flight simulators to high-end graphics accelerators for workstations. Now, the same technology used in those high-end workstations is available for the personal computer with Freedom Graphics. Freedom Graphics is a 3D graphics card that delivers high-performance, workstation-class 3D graphics for your Windows NT applications. Freedom Graphics is a masterful implementation of the specialized features that 3D graphics applications require for smooth, fast execution. Users will be impressed by the realistic images they can produce with the well-crafted feature set.
Freedom Graphic Advantages
* Real time 3D graphics rendering and animation
* 24 bit texture acceleration
* Perspective acceleration of colors & textures
* Bi-linear & tri-linear MIP-mapping
* Color modulation
* Fast set-up calculations
* Antialiased vectors and polygons
* High resolution support
* Programmable antialiasing filter
* Hardware window clipping
* Transparency & Depth cueing
* Hardware cursor support
* Line-slope intensity correction
Software Programming Environment
Freedom Graphics supports the OpenGL(tm) software application programming interface and was designed to accelerate OpenGL in the personal computing environment."
FROM THE SPEC SHEET:
* 3D Graphics Engine by Evans & Sutherland
* Display Memory - 4MByte of VRAM
* Z buffer Memory - 4MByte of DRAM
* Texture Memory (optional)
* 1, 4 or 16 MByte user installable SIMM 3D Resolutions (1280x1024, 1024x768, 800x600, 640x480)
* Display Colors - 8, 12, 24 bit color support
* Maximum Vertical Refresh Rates of 72Hz non-interlaced at all supported resolutions
* PCI local bus
* Physical dimensions 12.28" Length x 4.2" Height (PCI Full Length Compliant)
* CPU Support: Power PC, MIPS, Pentium
Software Support - 2D/3D Drivers
* Windows NT 3.5, OpenGL, DDI (Windows95/OpenGL when available)
Video timing supports any monitor capable of displaying the listed resolutions in non-interlaced mode. 15 pin D-shell VGA connector
The Freedom Graphics product will be initially sold through OEM's and Value-Added Resellers, who will be announced along with the product. The product will be available on the product announcement date.
Freedom Graphics is a trademark of Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation. OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics Inc. All other products are trademarks of their respective companies.
Jennifer Hughes Evans & Sutherland jhughes@dsd.es.com Phone: 1-800-367-7460 Facsimile: (801) 582-0524
prev: B02 ISC PowerGL
next: B04 Matrox Impression Plus
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Weightlifter Mirabai Chanu Wins Gold At EGAT Cup, First After Injury
Sports Home Weightlifting News Weightlifter Mirabai Chanu Wins Gold At EGAT Cup, First After Injury
Mirabai Chanu had suffered a lower back injury that had kept her out of most major events in 2018.
Edited by Akash Khanna
Saikhom Mirabai Chanu lifted 82kg in snatch and 110kg in clean and jerk to finish on top of the podium.© AFP
Mirabai Chanu won a gold medal at the EGAT Cup in Thailand
Points from the events will count in the final rankings for Tokyo 2020
She lifted 82kg in snatch and 110kg in clean and jerk to finish on top
Indian weightlifter Saikhom Mirabai Chanu won a gold medal at the EGAT Cup in Thailand, her first after recovering from a lower back injury that kept her out of action for major events in 2018. Thanks to a 192 kg effort in the 49kg category, Chanu clinched gold in the Olympic qualifying event. The points from the events will count in the final rankings for the Tokyo 2020. "This is my first international event after recovering from injury. I am feeling 100 per cent fit but since this is first one after injury, it is not the best result," Chanu said.
"But this is just four kg less than my personal best of 196kg. I am quite satisfied and happy with my performance. I had won World Championships in 2017 with 194kg," she added.
The 24-year-old Manipuri lifted 82kg in snatch and 110kg in clean and jerk to finish on top of the podium after recovering from the injury, which required extensive physiotherapy and kept her out of action for nine months.
Japan's Miyake Hiromi (183kg) claimed the silver, while the bronze went to Papua New Guinea's Loa Dika Toua (179kg). While Hiromi is the Rio Olympics bronze-medallist Dika Toua won the 53kg category silver medal in the Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast.
Chanu had missed the world championships last year, a gold level Olympic qualifier, owing to the injury which had also forced her out of the Asian Games in Jakarta.
"My next target is the Asian Championships in China, followed by the world championships, which is very crucial for me," Chanu said.
Chanu was last seen in action at the Gold Coast CWG where she won gold with an effort of 196kg.
She had then lifted 86kg in snatch and 110kg in clean and jerk, a Games record and also her personal best.
(With PTI inputs)
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· Published July 29, 2020
Chargers confirm that Tyrod Taylor will likely be Week 1 starter
By Vincent Frank
Aug 24, 2019; Carson, CA, USA; Los Angeles Chargers quarterback Tyrod Taylor (5) throws a pass against the Seattle Seahawks during the second quarter at Dignity Health Sports Park. Mandatory Credit: Robert Hanashiro-USA TODAY Sports
The Los Angeles Chargers’ decision not to add a veteran quarterback this spring after the departure of Philip Rivers in free agency surprised a lot of people.
At that point, it was assumed former Buffalo Bills Pro Bowl quarterback Tyrod Taylor would be the starter. That was complicated a bit after Los Angeles selected Justin Herbert No. 6 overall in the 2020 NFL Draft. With Chargers players and coaches reporting to training camp this week, we now have some clarification on the situation.
Chargers head coach Anthony Lynn indicates that Tyrod Taylor will likely be Week 1 starter
Anthony Lynn on QB Tyrod Taylor: "He'll probably be our Day 1 starter." #Chargers
— Gilbert Manzano (@GManzano24) July 29, 2020
This makes a lot of sense given just how far behind the learning curve Herbert is right now. As most of you already know, NFL teams did not hold in-person off-season activities this spring or summer due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Given the ramp up time before teams actually take to the field for practice during training camp, there’s no real reason to believe Herbert will be ready for Los Angeles’ Week 1 outing against the Cincinnati Bengals on Sept. 13. With no preseason games next month, that’s magnified even further.
Tyrod Taylor could be a good stop-gap starter for the Chargers
From 2015-17, the former Virginia Tech star compiled north of 10,000 total yards with 65 touchdowns compared to 16 interceptions as a member of the Bills. He earned a trip to the Pro Bowl back in 2015. At the very least, Taylor can hold down the fort until Herbert is ready.
As for the Oregon product, it remains to be seen whether he’ll see the field at all this season. It will depend heavily on what Herbert shows in practice and if the Chargers are in playoff contention towards the latter part of the campaign.
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Gerry Jackson, Assistant Director,Business Operation
Current: Burned Forests Impact Water Supplies
Burned Forests Impact Water Supplies
Asheville, NC — Healthy forests are important for clean and abundant water supplies. A recent study by USDA Forest Service (FS) scientists looks at how wildland fires including mega fires and prescribed burns affect annual river flow.
“Burned forests impact water supplies” was published in Nature Communications and is the first nation-wide study to look at fires impacts on surface freshwater resources. It was authored by the FS’s Southern Research Station (SRS) scientists Dennis W. Hallema, Ge Sun, Peter Caldwell, Steven Norman, Erika Cohen, Yongqiang Liu and Steven McNulty, and Oregon State University professor Kevin Bladon. This comprehensive study examined three decades of data regarding fires along with climate and river flow from 168 river basins in the lower 48 states.
“The impacts of wildland fires on water resources are extremely variable across the U.S.,” said Ge Sun, Hydrologist, SRS. “Our study is to assist with mitigation strategies that can be designed locally to suit local climate, watershed characteristics, and wildland fire conditions.
Recent wildland fire seasons are now longer due to recurring drought, more ignition sources and more fuels. “Our findings show that climatic variability and fire characteristics both affect river flow, and therefore regional water management strategies need to be flexible and adaptable,” said Dennis Hallema, Hydrologist, SRS. “The challenge for the near future is to determine where the increased river flow can be treated economically as a source of water, and used to reduce the impact of droughts. “Forests are key in this discussion, because they provide 50% of the water consumed in the lower 48 states,” he said.
“Large wildfires increase river flow across the U.S., and this effect can last for years after the fire, said Hallema. “River flow increased the most in drier parts of the Lower Colorado Basin, in the Pacific Northwest and in California. The large scale of this study enabled us to determine that the annual river flow changed, and in most cases increased, when a fifth of the basin or more was burned by wildland fire.”
Increases in water flow can be good and bad. “The good news is that an increase in flow can reduce water supply stress in some areas that are experiencing long term drought,” said Ge Sun, Hydrologist SRS. “The bad news is that burned forests can cause water quality problems from soil erosion and sediment during flooding immediately, or long after the fires have occurred. This is especially problematic in watersheds designed for drinking water supply down streams.”
Not all fires affected annual river flow. “In the subtropical Southeast, there was no appreciable change in river flow after prescribed burns,” said Hallema “This is because prescribed burns cover a smaller area. While severe wildfires can reduce the ability of the soil to absorb water when it rains because of the intense heat, prescribed burns are not nearly as hot by design,” he said. “We did not find evidence that prescribed burns affect flow in larger basins.”
This research was funded by the Joint Fire Science Program.
News Release Contact
Patty Matteson
phmatteson@fs.fed.us
News and Events Menu Back to Top
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Kishi Bashi – Lighght
by Kristofer Lenz
Over the course of two albums, songwriter/violinist/composer Kaoru Ishibashi has proven he isn’t afraid of big ideas. For his sophomore effort, the man behind the Kishi Bashi name could have remained content performing the same kind of breezy chamber pop that made his debut, 151a, a surprise hit in 2012. Instead of reinforcing his laurels, he pushes new boundaries on Lighght, seeking new sounds, but unfortunately missing more often than he hits.
Opening instrumental interlude “Debut – Impromptu” — which segues into “Philosophize in It! Chemicalize with It!” — shares its DNA with 151a single “Bright Whites”. Both songs are pre-certified for a Wes Anderson montage, the kind of cheery, saccharine uber-pop that, let’s say, a corporation desperate to be trendy would use in a commercial.
That’s not as damning an indictment as it might seem on the surface. It is difficult (and dangerous) to criticize an artist for too clearly representing a zeitgeist (or the popular idea of the zeitgeist). Ishibashi’s impressive violin chops were honed and proven during his years as a touring musician, and his voice is clear, high, and beautiful. “Philosophize in It! Chemicalize with It!” is an earworm, likely to delight (or haunt) a listener for days. And just as “Bright Whites” is the pop single foundation of 151a, “Philosophize in It! Chemicalize with It!” offers a pleasing entry point before Lighght veers off into increasingly perplexing and oftentimes difficult territory.
(Watch: Off the Avenue – Kishi Bashi)
151a was composed during years of downtime on tour, as Ishibashi was billed alongside acts like Sondre Lerche, of Montreal, and Regina Spektor. From this perspective, Lighght is Kishi Bashi’s first “true” album, written at a time specifically focused on the Kishi Bashi project.
A highlight of Lighght, “The Ballad of Mr. Steak” owes more than a passing nod to the Jeff Lynne-penned “Mr. Blue Sky”. Over a driving disco-inspired synth and drumming, “Mr. Steak” tells the story of the lengths taken by a man in love. It has a captivating, sweet melody, and anyone waiting to hear Ishibashi use his tenor to light up the words “Booty, booty, shakey, shake” over a disco break will not be disappointed.
“Carry on Phenomenon” sticks with the ELO vibe, offering a catchy chorus that swings confidently in the pocket, as a surprisingly funky bass line drives the melody. But after this strong three-song opening, Lighght devolves into some puzzling, esoteric post-prog navel-gazing.
(Watch: FYF Fest Interview – Kishi Bashi)
“Bittersweet Genesis for Him AND Her” is essentially a spoken-word poem over picked guitar and swirling violin. It is relatively pleasant despite invoking the most pretentious aspects of The Moody Blues’ Days of Future Passed (not a compliment). “Q&A” is a straight Beatles-era McCartney homage, sweet but unoriginal.
The four-song segment that closes the album shows Ishibashi’s composing skills at their most self-indulgent. “Hahaha Pt. 2” devolves into Pink Floyd-aping psychedelic nonsense. The seven-minute closer “In Fantasia” is interminably long and glacially paced: a whole lot of sound, very little fury, and signifying nothing.
151a had its share of exposition-heavy, prog-inspired tunes, like “Atticus, in the Desert”. The difference is that the aforementioned song was built around surprising tempo changes and catchy melodies that help forgive some of the compositional grandiosity. Lighght is heavy on the latter and light on the former.
Ishibashi is an inventive composer with a lovely voice and a knack for memorable hooks. While Lighght has its highlights, there is simply too much questionable fluff surrounding the good ideas.
Essential Tracks: “Philosophize in It! Chemicalize with It!”, “The Ballad of Mr. Steak”
Neil Young’s Top 10 Cover Songs
Album Review: Trash Talk – No Peace
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Celebrities, Hotels
Toast To The Oscars At These 3 L.A. Hotels
By Correspondent Lanee Lee
Four Seasons Hotel Los Angeles at Beverly Hills’ Culina. Credit: Four Seasons Hotels Limited
Every year, from January through March, Los Angeles buzzes during an award season where the entertainment industry gives out accolades effusively. From the Golden Globes and the Screen Actors Guild to the season-culminating Oscars, there seems to be a different award show almost every week. And, of course, with every red carpet, there are coiffeurs, ateliers, jewelers, stylists and personal trainers working overtime to ensure the stars are ready for their spotlight.
Thankfully, the red-carpet treatment isn’t reserved for celebrities. Many hotels throughout the city roll out fabulous Oscar-themed amenities and special offerings for all of us without an agent as well.
So, without further ado, the awards for the most glamorous packages go to…
Four Seasons Hotel Los Angeles at Beverly Hills
Watch this year’s Oscar-nominated movies in style at the Forbes Travel Guide Five-Star Four Seasons Hotel Los Angeles at Beverly Hills. Every weekend between February 24 and March 2, the property presents exclusive dinner and movie nights.
Consider a three-course dinner at Culina, the hotel’s chic Italian restaurant, as pre-show entertainment. Menu items to choose from include: burrata and prosciutto salad; Swiss chard flan topped with truffles; and roasted halibut. Tuck into butterscotch budino for dessert.
The movie takes place at 8 p.m. in the hotel’s plush screening room. Also, gourmet movie snacks, such as creative popcorn flavors, are available for pre-order. Since the theater only seats 30, reservations are advised.
Here is the movie lineup: February 24, The Greatest Showman (matinee at 2 p.m.); The Shape of Water; February 25, Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri; February 26, Get Out; February 27, The Post; February 28, Lady Bird; March 1, Darkest Hour; and March 2, Phantom Thread.
Spa Montage Beverly Hills. Credit: Montage Beverly Hills
Montage Beverly Hills
Located in the heart of Beverly Hills’ Golden Triangle, popular Five-Star Montage Beverly Hills commemorates award season (and the brand’s 15-year anniversary) with the Hollywood-approved Memories To Remember package.
The three-night promotion consists of daily breakfast and a modern American dinner for up to four people at celebrity chef Geoffrey Zakarian’s Forbes Travel Guide Recommended Georgie. Still, the marquee item in this $50,000 package is the one-hour photo shoot with celebrity photographer John Russo. Look your best for the camera with a hair and makeup session, too.
The Peninsula Beverly Hills. Credit: The Peninsula Hotels
The Peninsula Beverly Hills
Why should adults get to have all the glitz and glamour? At this Five-Star treat, kids can bask in the excitement, too, with the Red Carpet Kids Package. Future stars will receive a studio film shoot with costumes; a red-carpet VIP entrance with paparazzi when they arrive to their shoot location; a personal butler; a red carpet premiere of the finished film at The Paley Center; an awards ceremony; and even swag bags for all guests. Celebrity-for-a-day packages start at $8,500.
Academy Awards Beverly Hills Four Seasons Hotel Los Angeles at Beverly Hills Los Angeles Montage Beverly Hills Oscars Spa Montage Beverly Hills The Peninsula Beverly Hills
About Correspondent Lanee Lee
View all posts by Correspondent Lanee Lee
17 Hotel Gifts For Luxury Travelers
How An L.A. Hotel Became A Must-Visit Spot During The Pandemic
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FDA issues warning on ‘Benadryl Challenge,’ a rumored viral trend
Taking higher than recommended doses of the allergy medication can cause heart problems, seizures, coma or death.
The Food and Drug Administration issued a warning Thursday about the dangers of the “Benadryl Challenge,” a rumored TikTok stunt that involves ingesting high doses of the allergy medication to induce hallucinations.
“We are aware of news reports of teenagers ending up in emergency rooms or dying after participating in the ‘Benadryl Challenge’ encouraged in videos posted on the social media application TikTok,” the FDA warning says.
A spokesperson from Cook Children’s Medical Center in Fort Worth, Texas, confirmed to NBC News that in May, the hospital had treated three teens after ingesting high quantities of the medication. The patients said they got the idea from a TikTok video.
However, there has been little evidence on TikTok of a widespread challenge, and the platform disabled both the “Benadryl” and “BenadrylChallenge” hashtags in order to prevent copycats.
The FDA said in the warning that is “investigating these reports and conducting a review to determine if additional cases have been reported. We will update the public once we have completed our review or have more information to share.”
The agency also said that it has contacted TikTok and “strongly urged them to remove the videos from their platform and to be vigilant to remove additional videos that may be posted.”
Taking higher than recommended doses of diphenhydramine, sold as Benadryl, can lead to serious heart problems, seizures, coma or even death, according to the FDA. Parents should store diphenhydramine away from children, and the agency recommends locking up all medicines to prevent accidental poisonings by children and misuse by teens.
In a statement provided to NBC News, Johnson & Johnson, which makes Benadryl, said, in part, “This online ‘challenge’ is extremely concerning, dangerous and should be stopped immediately.”
“As soon as we became aware of this dangerous trend, we contacted social media platforms to have the content removed,” the statement continued. “We are continuing to monitor and work with safety teams at the various social media platforms to remove dangerous content.”
Angels’ Andrelton Simmons opts out of final 5 games
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Feds open civil rights investigation into Kansas teen killed by police during wellness check
October 18, 2020 November 4, 2020 strawberrymistscom
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Aquatic Center Construction For 2022 Commonwealth Games Remains On Schedule
Overseers of the construction on the 2022 Commonwealth Games aquatic facility say the project is still on track, despite the coronavirus pandemic. Archive photo via courtesy of Birmingham 2022
17-Year Old Aiden Hayes Blasts Lifetime Best 1:58.33 in 200m Fly
In Richmond, Aiden Hayes (above) put down 2 lifetime best 200 meter fly times on Saturday, dropping 3 seconds from his personal best going into this meet.
Kieran Smith on San Antonio Swims: “I’m as fit as I’ve ever been” (Video)
After winning the 200 free last night, Kieran Smith commented that he feels as fit as he ever has after a long fall of hard Florida training
2021 Pro Swim Series – San Antonio: Day 3 Finals Live Recap
Shaine Casas enters the men’s 100 back final as the top seed, with reigning Olympic champ Ryan Murphy ranked second.
May 17th, 2020 Britain, International, News
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Overseers of the new aquatics center to be used for the 2022 Commonwealth Games say construction on the estimated £73m (~$95m USD) facility remains on track during the coronavirus pandemic.
As we reported in 2018, the state-of-the-art facility positioned in Sandwell, a city just over 5 miles from Birmingham City Centre, is slated to house a 50m long competition pool along with a 25m diving pool, with construction having begun in February of this year.
Per Express & Star, ‘since the COVID-19 pandemic began, work has only stopped once – for 24 hours back in March – so safety measures could be put in place for workers.’
Maria Crompton, deputy leader of Sandwell Council, said this week of the construction progress, “These are unprecedented circumstances which are continuing to evolve and at this stage, it is speculative to assess the exact and final impact of COVID-19 on the project.
“However, Wates Construction Limited is continuing to make good and positive progress with work on-site and we are committed to delivering this project on time.
“Our main priority has always been the safety of our workforce and wider community and we have worked with Wates to ensure that work continues on the Aquatics Centre in line with government guidelines on COVID-19.”
“We are continuing to monitor the situation and will work closely with all our partners to achieve a successful outcome for the project.” (Express & Star)
Per The Telegraph, the city of Birmingham has the highest number of coronavirus cases in England outside of the capital, London. There have been 3,216 coronavirus cases reported in Birmingham to date.
Work is expected to be completed in spring 2022, with the swimming and diving events for the Commonwealth Games scheduled for July 27th to August 7th of that year. The building would then officially be open for public use in May of 2023.
« WADA Identifies 4 More Positive Tests in Moscow Lab Data
Shayna Jack’s CAS Hearing Date Update: “Now The Real Fight Begins” »
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REFORM Alliance Successfully Passes New Laws in Michigan to Transform State’s Probation and Parole System
Today, REFORM Alliance announced that it successfully passed new laws Michigan – SB 1048, SB 1050 and SB 1051 — that will significantly reshape the state’s probation and parole system and help thousands of people get out of the criminal justice system safely.
The new set of laws will reduce adult felony probation sentences in Michigan from five years to three years, prevent endless extensions on misdemeanor and felony probation terms (like what occurred with REFORM co-chair Meek Mill in Pennsylvania), limit jail sanctions for technical probation violations, and require parole supervision terms to be tailored to a person’s individualized risks and needs.
“It’s encouraging to watch bipartisan leaders from different states recognize the need for fair and rational legislation focused on creating second chances for those in the criminal justice system,” REFORM co-chair Michael Rubin said. “We’re incredibly thankful for Governor Whitmer for signing these bills into law and for the coalition of groups that supported us throughout this process. This is a tremendous victory for REFORM and a strong way to start 2021.”
Prior to Governor Gretchen Whitmer signing SB 1048, SB 1050, and SB 1051 into law, Michigan had the sixth highest rate of probation supervision in the country with 172,000+ adults on probation and 17,000 on parole, costing the state over $59 million per year.
Now, by passing REFORM’s bills, Michigan is on pace to decrease overall caseloads by 8.4 percent, provide 12,500+ years of life back and save taxpayers $29.6 million that could be reinvested into evidence-based anti-recidivism programs that put people on a path to success.
“This bipartisan legislation will bring meaningful change and opportunity to thousands of individuals and families across the state of Michigan,” REFORM CEO Van Jones said.“We thank Governor Whitmer for her fearless commitment and leadership to bolstering her state’s criminal justice system in a fair and balanced way. We look forward to continuing to work with her on impactful reform measures in the future.”
The victory in Michigan comes on the heels of a series of bipartisan legislative wins that REFORM has enjoyed in states across the country. In late-2020, REFORM helped pass AB 1950 in California, which is widely considered to be the most transformative probation reform bill in the United States and will decrease the state’s probation population by 33 percent, give 24,000+ life years back, and prevent 48,000+ prison admissions due to technical probation violations.
REFORM also worked on HB 77 in Louisiana, which was the first bill in the country to create a remote reporting system for people on probation. It allowed people to report to their probation officer remotely rather than being forced to leave a job, struggle to find transportation or childcare to meet with an office in-person and risk the chance of a technical probation violation. Additionally, REFORM helped pass HB 643 in Louisiana to create a pathway to reduce supervision and fines/fees for people on felony parole.
To pass SB 1048, SB 1050 and SB 1051 in Michigan in 2021, REFORM worked closely with several elected leaders and organizations across the political spectrum, including the ACLU of Michigan, the American Conservative Union, Americans for Prosperity, PEW, the Mackinack Center for Public Policy and Safe & Just Michigan.
“Michigan’s criminal justice reforms are a positive achievement during a difficult and divisive year. The legislation provides a commonsense approach to justice reform by focusing on redemption, families, and safe communities while saving millions of dollars for Michigan taxpayers,” REFORM National Policy Director Erin Haney said. “Michigan’s efforts capstone a national movement that has seen bipartisan reform victories this year in red, purple, and blue states like California and Louisiana, and can be a model for other states seeking to fix broken criminal justice systems. REFORM Alliance is proud to have helped drive these state victories, and we look forward to working with bipartisan coalitions throughout the nation to support and pass more reforms in 2021.”
2021 Lexus LC 500 Inspiration Series: Performance Luxury Takes Flight
Toys + Gaming
Save Everything! Western Digital Portable SSD HardDrives
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Accessibility Statement for Suffolk on Board / Endeavour Card
Unicard Limited is committed to ensuring digital accessibility for all. We are committed to improving the user experience for everyone, as we want as many people as possible to be able to use this website.
Measures to support accessibility
Unicard Limited takes the following measures to ensure the accessibility of https://suffolk-ssp.unicard-uk.com/ssp/:
We include accessibility as part of our mission statement.
We include accessibility throughout our internal policies.
Perform accessibility audits
Have appointed an accessibility officer.
Assign clear accessibility targets and responsibilities.
The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) defines requirements for designers and developers to improve accessibility for people with disabilities. It defines three levels of conformance: Level A, Level AA, and Level AAA.
https://suffolk-ssp.unicard-uk.com/ssp/ is partially conformant with WCAG 2.1 level AA. Partially conformant means that some parts of the content do not fully conform to the accessibility standard.
Additional accessibility considerations
Our goal is to comply with the WCAG 2.1 guidelines at level "AA", and this is the standard at which we should be judged. However, we also aim to comply with selected aspects of the higher level "AAA" compliance where possible.
We're always looking to improve the accessibility of this website. If you find any problems with this page or think we're not meeting accessibility requirements, please contact: [email protected]
The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) is responsible for enforcing the Public Sector Bodies (Websites and Mobile Applications) (No. 2) Accessibility Regulations 2018 (the "accessibility regulations").
Accessibility of https://suffolk-ssp.unicard-uk.com/ssp/ relies on the following technologies to work with the particular combination of web browser and any assistive technologies or plugins installed on your computer:
These technologies are relied upon for conformance with the accessibility standards used.
Assessment approach
Unicard Limited assessed the accessibility of https://suffolk-ssp.unicard-uk.com/ssp/ by the following approaches:
Self-evaluation
Content that's not within the scope of the accessibility statement
Content which appears outside of https://suffolk-ssp.unicard-uk.com/ssp/
Preparation of this accessibility statement
This statement was prepared on . It was last reviewed on .
This website was last tested on . The test was carried out internally by Unicard Limited.
About Endeavour
SSP Version: Build: 1,324 on Nov 20, 2020 12:39 Suffolk
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Applixir Events
Video Frame Customization
Playing Ads in game server hosted at localhost
Extended Zone Ads
Following table lists all the options available while invoking the video ad.
zoneId
Zone Id. Go to games section in the Applixir application to get your Id. Use 2050 for testing.
devId
Account ID shown on the Games panel in the Applixir application.
No but this field is mandatory when using RMS.
gameId
Use Game ID on the Games panel in the Applixir application.
No, but this field is mandatory when using RMS.
UUID of the logged in user of the game application
No, but this field is mandatory when the callback mode is MD5 and TID.
Custom data to be sent to the game server regarding the reward. This data can either be a UUID v4 or can be sent in JSON format.
This field indicates if a fallback should be used when the reward video is not available. It can take the following values:
0 – Do not use fallback ad
1 – Use fallback banner ad
If the fallback field is not included in the options, by default it is set to 0 indicating no fallback ad to be displayed.
No, default value is 0.
adStatusCb
The status callback event handler
This field can take the following values:
true: the video plays in muted mode
false: the video plays at the current system volume
vpos
Top: the player to be displayed at the top of the screen
Bottom: the player to be displayed at the bottom of the screen
Middle: the player to be displayed at the middle of the screen
vposM
This field is used to define a separate video position for mobile devices. It can take the following values:
Top: the video player to be displayed at the top of the device screen.
Bottom: the video player to be displayed at the bottom of the device screen.
Middle: the video player to be displayed at the middle of the device screen.
Vertical offset with respect to the center of the screen at which the video player should be displayed. For example, +1 offset will move up the player 1% of the screen size. Positive numbers indicate an upwards movement of the player whereas negative numbers indicate a downwards movement of the player.
htos
Horizontal offset with respect to the center of the screen at which the video player should be displayed. For example, +1 offset will move the player 1% towards the right. Positive numbers indicate a right movement of the player whereas negative numbers indicate a movement of the player towards the left.
Sets the screen size. This field can take the following values:
1. 640x480 - 640px horizontally and 480px vertically
3. max - uses all the available space in the parent
This field is only applicable for the desktop. Mobile ads will be square in portrait mode or fullscreen in landscape mode.
When no value is provided, it takes the default value of 640x480.
btnDelay
Time(in seconds) after which a close button should appear on the ad, using which the ad can be closed. The min value it can take is 11 and the max value can be 31.
No, if not explicitly defined, it takes a default value of 16 seconds.
maxAdt
Time (in seconds) for which the ad should be watched after which the status event ‘ad-watched’ should be raised. This field can take any numeric value between 31 and 120. If the video is still being watched even after maxAdt time, the event will be raised when the video is closed.
No. If maxAdt field is not used, then the entire ad must be watched before 'ad-watched' event is sent.
z2url
The game server location where the z2 window file is hosted.
No, only required in case of z2 window.
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terka acton
Tag: white gardens
The White Garden in Context
This article first appeared in the August 2014 edition of Common Knowledge, the newsletter of the Friends of Streatham Common. The illustration, taken from a contemporary postcard, shows visitors admiring the newly-opened White Garden.
‘Whoever had the inspiration to plan part of the ground solely for white flowers must have been blessed with the simplicity of genius. The Garden is unique, and offers a charming prospect to the eye.’
Writing in the Westminster Gazette just after the newly acquired and redesigned Rookery Garden opened to the public in July 1913, this commentator was impressed by the White Garden’s innovative colour palette. White gardens were becoming fashionable among the elite of the day, but the Rookery’s popular White Garden remained unique among London’s public parks until well into the twentieth century.
William Robinson, an Irish gardener who came to England in 1862, was a key influence on gardens like the Rookery. Robinson advocated ‘wild gardening’, rejecting the carpet bedding and overly formal gardening styles that had emerged from the new wealth and technological advances of the Industrial Revolution in favour of the dense planting of hardy perennials in naturalistic drifts. ‘Wild gardening’ , combined with the Arts and Craft movement’s regard for rural traditions, led to the trend for mixed herbaceous borders using hardy perennials.
Gertrude Jekyll, a friend of Robinson, was another hugely influential garden designer. A trained artist, she did much to popularize colour-themed borders. The White Garden created at Hidcote by Lawrence Johnston in the early 1900s, one of the first of many English white gardens, was influenced by both Jekyll and Thomas Mawson, author of The Art and Craft of Garden Making.
The most famous popularizer of the idea of white gardens, Vita Sackville-West, did not start to plant her ‘grey, green and white garden’ at Sissinghurst until 1949. Sackville-West gardened in the tradition of Robinson and Jekyll, and was influenced by Hidcote. Since her mother briefly owned a house in Streatham, she might even have gathered inspiration from the Rookery’s White Garden!
Unearthing the past
Thanks to the Westminster Gazette’s enthusiastic reporter, we know that the first White Garden planting scheme included roses, foxgloves, hollyhocks, phlox, pansies, violas, and sweet peas – all fashionable plants of the time. There is no complete historical record of planting in the garden, but sources show that it has changed over the years, reflecting fashion and fluctuating park budgets. At times the planting has been quite daring: in 1922 the Streatham News reported on Brugmansia plants growing in the White Garden. These tender exotics spent their winters under glass in Battersea. Another snapshot comes from a Gardener’s Chronicle article of 1927 which describes lilies, foxgloves, phloxes, campanulas, grasses, box, violas and an old apple tree – probably a remnant of the orchard that once stocked the fruitbowls of The Rookery itself.
Planting for the future
White gardens are enjoying a resurgence, and many of the plants used in today’s white gardens are modern cultivars of those chosen by the Rookery’s Edwardian gardeners. Some of the plants and ideas under consideration for the White Garden’s redesign might have struck them as novel, but – given the rapid pace of change in their own time – they would no doubt have taken it all in their stride.
Gertude Jekyll
Lawrence Johnson
Sissinghurst
Thomas Mawson
white gardens
Prolandscaper Magazine: Queen’s Drive project
From the drawing board
A New Orchard for Vale Street
Replanting the Rookery
Why make London the first National Park City?
Front gardens
Landscape Architects Network
Urban greening
© Terka Acton 2021
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Terryorisms
Take a load for free – A collection of flotsam and jetsam from trolling the World Wide Web for your browsing pleasure & edification.
Environmental Protection in the Caribbean
Lost Qurans Found January 12, 2008
Posted by tkcollier in Religion.
Tags: Islam, Quran
The Lost Archive – WSJ.com
Many Christians, too, dislike secular scholars boring into sacred texts, and dismiss challenges to certain Biblical passages. But most accept that the Bible was written by different people at different times, and that it took centuries of winnowing before the Christian canon was fixed in its current form. Muslims, by contrast, view the Quran as the literal word of God. Questioning the Quran “is like telling a Christian that Jesus was gay,” says Abdou Filali-Ansary, a Moroccan scholar.
And so the Wall Street Journal reveals how photos of ancient copies of the Quran have been quietly re-discovered in Germany and their threat to Islamofacist “Fundamentalism” doctrine.
On the night of April 24, 1944, British air force bombers hammered a former Jesuit college here housing the Bavarian Academy of Science. The 16th-century building crumpled in the inferno. Among the treasures lost, later lamented Anton Spitaler, an Arabic scholar at the academy, was a unique photo archive of ancient manuscripts of the Quran.
The 450 rolls of film had been assembled before the war for a bold venture: a study of the evolution of the Quran, the text Muslims view as the verbatim transcript of God’s word. The wartime destruction made the project “outright impossible,” Mr. Spitaler wrote in the 1970s.
Mr. Spitaler was lying. The cache of photos survived, and he was sitting on it all along. The truth is only now dribbling out to scholars — and a Quran research project buried for more than 60 years has risen from the grave.
The rolls of film, kept in cigar boxes, plastic trays and an old cookie tin, are now in a safe in Berlin. The photos of the old manuscripts will form the foundation of a computer data base that Ms. Neuwirth’s team believes will help tease out the history of Islam’s founding text. The result, says Michael Marx, the project’s research director, could be the first “critical edition” of the Quran — an attempt to divine what the original text looked like and to explore overlaps with the Bible and other Christian and Jewish literature.
A group of Tunisians has embarked on a parallel mission, but they want to keep it quiet to avoid angering fellow Muslims, says Moncef Ben Abdeljelil, a scholar involved in the venture. “Silence is sometimes best,” he says. Afghan authorities last year arrested an official involved in a vernacular translation of the Quran that was condemned as blasphemous. Its editor went into hiding.
In the early 1980s, when the archive was still thought to be lost, two German scholars traveled to Yemen to examine and help restore a cache of ancient Quran manuscripts. They, too, took pictures. When they tried to get them out of Yemen, authorities seized them, says Gerd-Rüdiger Puin, one of the scholars. German diplomats finally persuaded Yemen to release most of the photos, he says.
Mr. Puin says the manuscripts suggested to him that the Quran “didn’t just fall from heaven” but “has a history.” When he said so publicly a decade ago, it stirred rage. “Please ensure that these scholars are not given further access to the documents,” read one letter to the Yemen Times. “Allah, help us against our enemies.”
The Asia Times has caught the implications by saying
The history of the archive reads like an Islamic version of the Da Vinci Code. It is not clear why its existence was occulted for sixty years, or why it has come to light now, or when scholars will have free access to it.
What if scholars can prove beyond reasonable doubt that the Koran was not dictated by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Mohammad during the 7th century, but rather was redacted by later writers drawing on a variety of extant Christian and Jewish sources? That would be the precise equivalent of proving that the Jesus Christ of the Gospels really was a composite of several individuals, some of whom lived a century or two apart.
1. bob - April 4, 2009
the guys the quran was sent by god 2 mohammed through gabriel and turkey wos on of the the muslim capitals of the world cnturies ago so thats y its there no u haters just gotta gat a life!!#@$%#%^&*
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Cheatsheet: Why Ripple is suddenly the cryptocurrency of the moment
The price of XRP has surged 35,000 percent in one year to more than $3 per token
There’s been a resurgence in cryptocurrency interest thanks to the buzz around ICOs in 2017 and mainstream financial firms incorporating cryptocurrencies into financial products
Suman Bhattacharyya | January 04, 2018
The price of bitcoin is down and a new digital currency is surging: Ripple.
Its price hit a record high Wednesday at $3.08 — a 27 percent increase in a day and a 35,000 percent jump in a year. This year may be the year of Ripple’s rise, some say, but what it’s different from other digital currencies: it’s a token, not a currency, backed by fiat currency and whose controlling company is backed by the world’s largest financial institutions.
Since Ripple’s 2012 launch it’s raised more than $93 million, most recently closing a $55 million Series B round in 2016. Santander, SBI Holdings and Accenture Ventures are among its most prominent investors.
We break down why Ripple is the digital currency of the moment.
Ripple started as an open-source, peer-to-peer software project similar to bitcoin, but has been pitching its technology to financial institutions to use behind the scenes. “Ripple” can refer to two things: the Ripple protocol, the blockchain-based cross-currency settlement solution; and XRP, the native digital currency of the Ripple network.
Why’s everyone talking about it now?
With so much buzz around initial coin offerings in 2017 and mainstream financial firms incorporating cryptocurrencies into financial products that everyday people will be able to access — like Fidelity’s experiments with Coinbase and CME Group offering bitcoin futures — there’s been a resurgence in public blockchain and cryptocurrency interest.
Each Ripple token, XRP, was worth about $3.57 as of Thursday morning, compared to the half U.S. cent they were worth a year ago. Two weeks ago, the price surpassed $1 for the first time, according to data site CoinMarketCap.
Ripple does not allow XRP price fluctuations to influence its strategy, said Asheesh Birla, Ripple’s vp of product.
The price surge also seems in part motivated by rumors that Coinbase, the cryptocurrency exchange the and wallet with one of the cleaner names in the industry, may soon add Ripple support to its trading platform, which currently supports bitcoin, ethereum, litecoin, and bitcoin cash.
How is it different from bitcoin?
Bitcoin, like other cryptocurrencies, isn’t owned by anyone. Ripple tokens are owned by Ripple the company. XRPs are also called “tokens,” and not coins as if they were just another cryptocurrency, because they’re backed by traditional currencies like dollars or pounds.
Why do banks care?
Ripple was a first mover in the blockchain space and relatively quiet for a long time compared to its fellow vendors and consortia like Hyperledger or R3 CEV. But now it’s anything but shy about going head-to-head with Swift, the current hub at the center of the global banking.
Swift’s biggest problem is that of “nostro accounts,” basically correspondent bank accounts that eat up time and money throughout the exchange and rack up holding fees – and that’s where Ripple can provide real value to the system.
“The nostro problem is a big part of Ripple’s value proposition,” Tim Coates, managing consultant at Synechron told Tearsheet. “If we can do realtime settlements then we don’t need a whole store of nostro accounts. If not, then we always need a buffer of funds in each account and that buffer is just locked away. We shouldn’t have to put a lot of money away so we can exchange money between banks.”
Using Ripple, the currency would be converted to XRP en route and then changed again to the destination currency, a process that would take seconds. Ripple counts 100 financial institutions as customers.
“The problem today is, for example, when a client wants to move U.S. dollars to a recipient in Mexico, they have to open an account in Mexico, convert U.S. dollars into Mexican pesos and hold it in that account and pay out from that local account — it’s awfully time consuming,” Birla said.
What to watch in 2018
Ripple expects momentum in the Asian markets to push more North American partners to join. Ripple has cornered at least a third of Japanese banks; last weekend, three of Japan’s largest credit companies announced they’re using Ripple to handle payments and settlement.
“We’ve laid the groundwork of building those end points [in Asian markets], and now you can use those end points to attract the originating countries like U.S.,” said Birla. “We saw Europe start adopting it last year and you’ll see an acceleration in the U.S. side as well.”
Tanaya Macheel contributed reporting.
0 comments on “Cheatsheet: Why Ripple is suddenly the cryptocurrency of the moment”
Gemini launches crypto credit card with bitcoin awards
Gemini prepares to roll out its Gemini Credit Card which offers users a cryptocurrency rewards program.
The credit card will be launched in connection with Gemini’s recent acquisition of Blockrize.
Rimal Farrukh | January 15, 2021
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Kraken becomes the digital asset exchange to get a banking license.
The firm will launch Wyoming-based Kraken Financial.
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TechHer NG, a community that aims to demystify technology for women in Nigeria, partnered with Social Media Week Lagos to produce ‘The Digital Woman: Creating safe, aware, and empowered citizens’ at the just concluded week-long social media and technology conference.
Speaking on the need for the session, Chioma Agwuegbo, Founder of TechHer NG, said, “Technology remains the most sustainable gateway for the promotion and protection of women in our society today. We decided to show women, via our experts, the various ways technology can solve problems, to inspire them but also to equip them with the tools to do it themselves.”
Featuring a diversity of perspectives drawn from experts on advocacy, politics, business, and innovation, participants engaged with Cynthia Mbamalu, Program Manager at YIAGA Africa and member of the Strategy Team of the Not Too Young To Run Movement. She shared experiences on building the most successful youth movement on the continent in recent times, and galvanizing youth energy via social media to successfully advocate for a reduction in age for political candidacy in Nigeria.
They listened to Angel Yinkore, a psychologist from Stand To End Rape Initiative who spoke about technology being the bridge between data and the humanization of the stories of survivors. She also spoke about driving crowdfunding campaigns via digital. Angel represented Ayodeji Osowobi, the Founder of Stand To End Rape Initiative.
Ized Uanikhehi, Founder of Digiclan Africa, taught participants practical lessons on building a career as a digital marketer. Using the story of her growth and success as a lever, the digital evangelist, with over ten years as a marketer enjoined participants to embrace networking events with strategic intentions.
Bankole Oluwafemi, the only man on the panel, discussed the power of technology in forcing difficult conversations around women’s rights. He also, in honor of Safer Internet Day, gave practical tips for attendees to protect themselves online. He taught on the use of password managers, but also implored attendees to utilize sanction tools provided by social media platforms to protect themselves from trolling, cyberbullying, and other forms of abuse.
The session, which was well attended, featured a raffle draw with guests winning lots of prizes, and a question/answer session, affording the guests opportunities to interact with the experts.
The Digital Woman, which held on the 8th of February 2018, was part of the 7th edition of the larger Social Media Week conference hosted in 12 cities around the world. The theme of this years event was “Stories: With Great Influence Comes Great Responsibility”
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AustraliaNewsFinanceWA NewsBusiness
Water Corp defends bill rises
Daniel MercerThe West Australian
Wed, 6 November 2013 9:04AM
The Water Corporation has defended the State Government's decision to increase water bills this year despite WA's economic watchdog calling for a fall, saying it will protect consumers from future "price shocks".
Under a decision that came into effect on July 1, the cost to the average household for water, sewerage and drainage services increased 6 per cent, or $79.65, to $1406.85 a year.
The increase, which the Government described as modest, came even though the Economic Regulation Authority had recommended bills fall 8 per cent, or $100, just months before the decision was taken.
In an inquiry into WA water tariffs, the ERA indicated water and wastewater charges were already high enough.
It said the Water Corp's funding costs had dropped markedly compared with previous years and the windfall should be passed on to consumers in the form of lower bills.
However, Water Corp has disputed those claims, saying that cutting water bills this year would have exposed households to bigger price hikes in the future.
During an Upper House committee hearing, the State-owned utility's boss Sue Murphy said basing a tariff decision on historically low costs of funding would have been short-sighted because they were sure to go up again.
Mrs Murphy also suggested the ERA's recommendations would have slashed the corporation's profits too much and not given it an adequate return on its multibillion-dollar investments.
The State Opposition said the utility's argument appeared to be a nonsense and it said prices were increased to prop up the Government's shaky finances.
Water Minister Terry Redman backed the Water Corp's view.
"The State Government has chosen a longer-term approach to pricing, which provides for moderate price changes and avoids the potential for large price changes each year, which could be the result of ERA's pricing approach," he said.
"An example of this is that the ERA recommended a price increase of 9.5 per cent in 2012-13 and a price decrease of 8.2 per cent in 2013-14.
"It would be unreasonable to expect the community to have such large price uncertainty from year to year."
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CrimeWA News
Stolen car crash driver Steve Mason Mourish ‘traumatised’ by friend Jack Meier’s death
Shannon HamptonThe West Australian
Thu, 11 January 2018 2:07PM
Email Shannon Hampton
Teenager in court over fatal Kewdale crash
VideoSteven Mason Mourish cried as he fronted the Perth Magistrates Court on Monday.
An unlicensed drug-affected teenager was driving a stolen car at more than 80km/h over the speed limit in the seconds before he ran a red light and ploughed into a bus, killing his 16-year-old passenger, a court has been told.
Steve Mason Mourish, 19, was under the influence of cannabis and trying to speed away from police when crashed, killing his 16-year-old friend Jack Meier on April 1 last year.
As he raced down Abernethy Road in Kewdale, a 70km/h zone, he reached speeds of up to 155km/h and ran two red lights before smashing into a bus.
Camera IconJack Meier died as a result of injuries sustained in the horrific crash in Kewdale. Credit: Facebook
The bus flipped on impact, trapping its driver, Shawn Jessep, who suffered three broken ribs and a fractured spine.
Jack was rushed to Royal Perth Hospital where he died of several serious injuries to his head, abdomen and chest.
Mourish pleaded guilty to manslaughter, aggravated dangerous driving causing bodily harm, driving without authority and burglary and stealing offences.
Kewdale crash victim's mum says son was 'turning his life around'
Kewdale crash accused breaks down in court over friend's death
Defence lawyer Simon Freitag today told a Supreme Court sentencing hearing Mourish was traumatised by what he had done.
Mr Freitag said his client was wailing repeatedly at the scene and when asked by paramedics if anything was hurting, replied: “My heart hurts. I’m sorry I killed my brother”.
He said Mourish repeatedly told police he was sorry, with one officer allegedly telling him “that’s what happens when you steal a car”, which said was “one of the coldest things” he had heard said at the scene of a crash.
Mr Freitag said the teenager had a limited criminal record despite a difficult upbringing, describing his life as a “very desperate and sad one” marred by abuse and violence.
The 16-year-old was a passenger in a car that slammed into a shuttle bus.
VideoThe 16-year-old was a passenger in a car that slammed into a shuttle bus.
He added Mourish had been through 76 care placements before he was 18.
“Mr Mourish feels very isolated and unsupported in terms of his family,” he said.
“In terms of family support and a normal upbringing, he’s completely lacked those things.”
Reports found Mourish had a cognitive impairment, with testing finding he likely fell on the spectrum of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
Prosecutor David Davidson said Mourish’s offending “clearly falls into the worst category” of dangerous driving and called for a “significant and substantial” term of imprisonment.
Camera IconJack Meier was rushed to hospital but sadly could not be saved. Credit: Night News
Referring to victim impact statements, Mr Davidson said the lives of Jack’s family had been changed forever.
He said the bus driver experienced “extreme pain” after the collision and now experienced anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Mourish has also admitted his role in a burglary on a home in Cloverdale in December 2016, in which he and another juvenile stole presents from underneath a Christmas tree.
He was on bail for this offence when he caused the fatal crash.
Justice Bruno Fiannaca, who described Mourish’s offending as the “most appalling driving one could imagine” adjourned Mourish’s sentencing so that a FASD report could be completed.
Mourish was remanded in custody to appear in the Supreme Court for sentencing on March 29.
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Great SouthernNewsSport
Cricket: Hutchison stands out
CAMERON NEWBOLDAlbany Advertiser
Thu, 22 March 2012 4:51PM
Royals cricket captain Tim Hutchison was rewarded for a standout season by almost scooping the pool at the Albany Cricket Association awards night last Saturday.
Picture by Laurie Benson
After moving across from Collingwood Park last season, Hutchison revelled in his leadership role at the Lions, lifting the 2010-11 wooden spooners to a preliminary final this year.
Hutchison cleaned up in the A-grade awards, winning the ACA captains’ cricketer of the year by 11 points from Gary McGlade, while also taking out the ACA umpires’ cricketer of the year trophy by five votes, also from McGlade.
He also claimed the ACA all-rounder of the year title, scoring a staggering 1111 points to defeat Matt Clothier (827 points) and McGlade (751).
Rounding out a magnificent season for the 20-year-old, Hutchison won the prestigious Syd Harper under-21 cricketer of the year, the ACA batting aggregate with an impressive 701 runs, and the ACA batting average award after averaging 63.73 for the season.
The left-handed batsmen also improved dramatically with the ball this season, taking 22 wickets to finish fourth in the ACA bowling aggregate award while narrowly missing out on the ACA bowling average award.
Park’s strike weapon Hayden Burling won the bowling aggregate with 26 wickets, while Burling’s team mate Matt Hope (10.50) won the bowling average just ahead of Hutchison (10.68). “It was pleasing to go to a new club and do well,” Hutchison said.
“I was a lot happier than last year and I enjoyed opening (batting) a lot more.”
Hutchison will leave on April 8 for a six-month stint in England before returning home to Donnybrook.
He aims to play grade cricket in Perth next season.
cameron.newbold@albanyadvertiser.com
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Mid WestNews
Couple create fertile oasis out of Beachlands dunes
Stan MaleyGeraldton Guardian
Fri, 17 June 2016 8:00AM
Camera IconCath and Hamish Morgan with Pip the dog and their duck. Credit: Stan Maley
Beachlands in Geraldton certainly describes the soil type that residential dwellers had to face up to when they built their houses and lived on what were originally sand hills and these had been flattened out to create building blocks.
In some cases, this sand was overlaid with Meru clay which then set as hard as cement!
Gardening on this original soil was always going to be a challenge.
Hamish and Cath Morgan have lived in their Shenton street home for about four years. Their backyard is a small area facing North.
“The story of this place, however much I am unsure of the truth of it” Hamish said. “Is that this house was on the Big Bell mine site just out of Cue and when the gold mining finished, the house was dismantled, bought to Geraldton and put up here. It was probably first built in about 1890 and it still has the original pressed tin on the walls. It was on the ceiling but they sagged and have been replaced with plaster. It was basically a two-bedroom miner’s cottage.”
“The garden was pretty sandy?” I said.
“Yes, it was a sand dune, which is alkaline soil. The previous person living here had most of her plants in pots.” Cath said. “When she left she took all her pots and we were left with just sand. We put out some seaweed, straw and seasol. But we just try and plant what Julie Firth from Drylands permaculture says will grow really well here. There has been some variation in the back yard, we had veggie patches in the centre, plus a pomegranate tree and a couple of wicking beds, but as the kids got older and needed more open play area, we replaced those with a bit of lawn”
Their yard has a couple of coral gums, two Geraldton wax’s, a melaleuca tea tree in the corner and a slow growing Kalbarri banksia. Eremophilas are used as ground covers near the kids sand pit and are scattered about the edges. (There are 260 species of Eremophilas endemic to Australia.) There is one banana growing here that come from Point Moore. A carob and olive tree are two trees that were here when they arrived and Hamish built the small garden shed around them.
“Established trees are hard won in Geraldton,” Hamish commented “And we wanted to keep them.”
A neighbour has a row of grevilleas which give colour and shade to one side of the yard. Strolling around this sheltered back yard we saw volunteer plants like sunflowers, parsley and tomatoes coming up. Cath pointed out a rue plant that Julie suggested they try. On checking on the origin of this plant I found this interesting note; Rue, Ruta graveolens, is sometimes known as a Herb of Grace and it is one of the oldest medicinal plants. The leaves were reported to have been an ingredient in witches brew in the Middle Ages.
“What we are working to achieve,” Hamish said. “Is to see what plants will grow here in an arid and alkaline environment.”
And as we settled down on the steps leading down to the shed and quarters, it was clear they had gone a long way to achieve that goal.
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Peel/RockinghamNewsWA News
Warnbro man drives car group for a cause
Elisia SeeberSound Telegraph
Wed, 27 August 2014 11:36AM
Camera IconRockingham residents Katrina Fleay and son Kayden, 2, with Brad Eaton who sparked the car cruise. Credit: Sound Telegraph
Engines revved for a cause on Sunday as the region's car fanatics came together for the Saving The Girls car cruise to support a friend suffering from breast cancer.
More than 30 classic, street and Japanese cars gathered in Cockburn on Sunday morning before cruising up to Cottesloe, past Crown Perth, and back to Cockburn for a barbecue to raise money for the Cancer Council WA. Warnbro 21-year-old Brad Eaton started the S.T.G car cruises a month-and-a-half ago for his friend Katrina Fleay, who is fighting breast cancer for the second time at just 22.
"We had been talking about it for a while and I didn't want to sit around and do nothing because it (cancer) is in a lot of peoples' lives and a lot of people have it affect them," he said.
"From there, I thought, I love cars and all my friends love cars so why not combine the two together." Ms Fleay said she was 20 when she first fought off breast cancer and found out in June it had struck again.
"It has been tough but I have had lots of support from family and friends, so I'm getting there," she said.
Ms Fleay said she encouraged young women to be aware of their bodies and to have a check-up sooner rather than later.
Mr Eaton said he had raised $2005 for the Cancer Council WA from two car cruises this month.
"It is about everyone having fun as well and making people aware of what is going on.
"It is not something that should be hidden," he said.
Mr Eaton said his goal was to raise $5000.
"The more money we raise the better, every little bit helps," he said.
To donate or get involved, find the cruise group on Facebook by searching "S.T.G saving the girls CAR cruises".
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Royal FamilyWorld News
Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, in hospital with infection
Prince Philip admitted to hospital for infection
VideoThe Duke of Edinburgh was taken "as a precautionary measure".
Prince Philip has been admitted to hospital with an infection, just weeks after he stepped back from public life due to health concerns.
It has been reported the Prince is in good spirits but will miss the Queen’s Speech.
Queen Elizabeth II will fulfil her commitments to the Royal Meeting at Ascot, despite her husband’s illness.
Philip was supposed to be accompanying the Queen to the State Opening of parliament on Wednesday but his place has been taken by Prince William.
A Buckingham Palace spokesman said: “The Duke of Edinburgh was admitted to King Edward VII Hospital in London last night, as a precautionary measure, for treatment of an infection arising from a pre-existing condition.
“Prince Philip is in good spirits and is disappointed to be missing the State Opening of Parliament and Royal Ascot.
“The Prince of Wales will accompany the Queen to the State Opening.
“Her Majesty is being kept informed and will attend Royal Ascot as planned this afternoon.”
In early May, there was widespread concern about Prince Philip across the globe when the Queen’s entire staff was called to a meeting at Buckingham Palace - initially reported to being in the middle of the night.
But despite French media erroneously reporting Philip’s death, the meeting - followed by an announcement - proved to be little more than the Prince saying he was stepping back from his public duties.
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Business urges marine park network
Taelor PeluseyBusselton Dunsborough Times
Fri, 17 June 2016 2:00PM
Camera IconAustralia's South West acting chief executive Catrin Allsop, Busselton Jetty manager Sophie Teede and Dive Shed assistant manager Megan Macdonald. Credit: Taelor Pelusey
Busselton businesses have joined in a campaign urging the Federal Government to reinstate Australia’s Marine Park Network.
Busselton Jetty Underwater Observatory and Dive Shed Busselton are among more than 200 businesses from Busselton and across the broader South West to join in a push to see plans for the marine network reintroduced.
Labor put forward the plans in 2012, which would have comprised the biggest network of marine reserves in the world at the time.
However, the plans were suspended by the Abbott Government in 2013 to conduct a review six months after approval.
In the lead up to the Federal election, Labor and the Greens have both indicated their intention to reintroduce the network.
In a statement from Save Our Marine Life, Jetty manager Sophie Teede described marine sanctuaries as “critical for tourism in the South West”.
“Marine sanctuaries say to tourists, ‘there is something wonderful for you here’, and they are also a tool to protect fish populations and to ensure sustainable fishing for recreational anglers,” she said.
Australia’s South West acting chief executive Catrin Allsop said the signed statement aimed to impress on Forrest MHR Nola Marino the importance of the marine environment to local businesses and the South West economy.
The Government announced in the 2016 Budget $56 million would be allocated over four years for Commonwealth marine reserves.
Ms Marino told theTimes the Government would prepare new management plans for four regions along the Australian coast within the next 12 months and said the recommendations would be based on the Government’s review.
“This will involve two opportunities for public comments,” she said.
Save Our Marine Life South West community campaigner Tara Finch said while the inclusion of marine parks in the Budget had been welcomed, the funding was “half what is needed to save our sanctuaries”.
“Following both Labor and the Greens' commitments to fully restore Australia’s National Network of Marine Parks with adequate funding, we’re calling on the Coalition to make an election commitment to make our National Network of Marine Parks operational, without reduction in high level sanctuary protection and without further delay,” she said.
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WA NewsNewsAustralia
Out-of-control car veers into teens
Sun, 6 December 2015 12:31PM
Camera IconBlack Commodore crashed into parked car and four teens standing by road in Ballajura last night. Credit: Seven News / Night News
Four teenagers have been treated in hospital after being hit by a black Commodore in Ballajura last night.
Three of the youths have serious injuries.
Traffic officers are investigating the serious crash on Meadowview Drive around 10.45pm last night.
Police allege a 17-year-old was behind the wheel of the black Holden Commodore SS driving north along Illawarra Crescent when he lost control of the vehicle as it turned into Meadowview Drive.
The Commodore collided with a parked vehicle and four males standing on Meadowview Drive.
Three youths aged 14, 16 and 17 years of age were taken to Royal Perth Hospital with serious injuries and another youth was taken to the Joondalup Health Campus with minor injuries.
The 17-year-old male driver was not hurt in the crash.
Police would like to speak to anyone who may have seen the crash or the Holden Commodore before to the crash.
Anyone with any information is asked to call Crime Stoppers on 1800 333 000 or make a report online at www.crimestopperswa.com.au
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OpinionAFLBusiness
Fans left in cold (again) as corporates crash AFL grand final
Sean SmithThe West Australian
Sat, 30 September 2017 4:30AM
Email Sean Smith
Grand final fever hits Melbourne
VideoA record 150,000 fans were in the streets for the parade.
The AFL’s Perth-based chairman of five months, Richard Goyder, is a smart chap, a problem solver with a proven record in business.
But buying Coles in the shadow of the Global Financial Crisis 10 years ago is child’s play compared with the challenge of squeezing the competing clubs’ supporters into the MCG on grand final day.
It’s that time of the year again. As the AFL revels in the marketing bonanza around the country’s biggest annual footballing event, it must also deal with the inevitable hit to customer satisfaction as diehard fans complain they can’t get a grand final ticket.
And despite the latest burst of outrage, not much is going to change, or can change, because too much money is at stake.
Richmond and the Adelaide Crows are among the AFL’s best supported clubs, with 73,000 and 57,000 members respectively.
The MCG holds 100,000.
Camera IconTaylor Walker and Trent Cotchin test out the premiership cup. Credit: Getty Images
As much as the AFL argues that the competition for all its commercial power, remains a game of the people, it’s not an argument that holds much credibility on grand final day.
Most of those in attendance today won’t have an emotional connection to the two teams.
In many cases, they will be guests of a corporate sponsor, a member of the AFL or MCC or someone who has paid $4000 for a game package.
This year, the AFL actually added 2000 seats to each competing club’s ticket allocation, increasing the number of tickets available to members to 17,000 per club, for a total of 34,000. But a near 20,000 tickets are reserved for corporate sales and AFL invitees.
At least another 30,000 seats are set aside for MCC and AFL members, who pay for the right to access grand final tickets, as do up to 5000 Medallion Club members.
Richmond and Adelaide can also look forward to a few thousand more tickets for allocation to sponsors, staff or players’ family members.
Finally, there is the up to 10,000 tickets set aside for the other 16 AFL clubs.
They’ve become a lucrative money earner for the clubs once they’re packaged together with flights, hotel rooms and a grand final breakfast.
It leaves the AFL with little room to move as it tries to meet all expectations..
Of course, a grand final elsewhere may offer more flexibility. Major stadia in Sydney, Perth and Adelaide hold between 54,000 and 81,000 and there’s no need to account for AFL or MCC members. So more room for the competing clubs’ fans.
No, of course, it’s never going to happen.
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Shorten sidesteps unpopularity claims
Paul OsborneAAP
Fri, 13 October 2017 12:02PM
Camera IconBill Shorten says Labor's performance in the 2016 election surprised "all the experts".
Bill Shorten has sidestepped claims his personal unpopularity was a drag at the 2016 federal election, insisting Labor defied all expectations by coming close to victory.
The Seven Network has reported an internal review of the ALP's campaign found Mr Shorten hindered the opposition's success.
The report, written by 18 senior Labor members, has not been publicly released and is understood to have only been read under strict conditions by a handful of ALP national executive members in August.
Mr Shorten says the party's performance had surprised "all the experts" and he had learned valuable lessons from the campaign.
"People didn't give Labor any chance when Turnbull took over ... that's it, he will be there for a decade," Mr Shorten told reporters in Perth on Friday.
"The point is people are not interested in the personalities but interested in the action and substance. Labor put together policies for the last elections, 100 positive policies.
"We campaigned on them and got close."
Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull was reluctant to comment when asked about the ALP report.
"The important thing is that we won the election and look at how much we've done with a one-seat majority in the House of Representatives and nowhere near a majority in the Senate," he told the Seven Network.
Labor won a net 14 seats at the election, almost defeating the coalition after one term in government.
The party's campaign focused heavily on policy, while the coalition sought to take advantage of Mr Turnbull's personal popularity after ousting the unpopular Tony Abbott in September 2015.
The Australian reported last week that Labor senator Jenny McAllister briefed the national executive on the report's statistical analysis and executive members held a broad discussion about the campaign.
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Sami Whitcomb fires Perth Lynx to top of WNBL ladder
Craig O'DonoghueThe West Australian
Sun, 26 November 2017 12:34PM
Email Craig O'Donoghue
Camera IconSami Whitcomb led from the front on both ends of the court. Credit: Sharon Smith/The West Australian
The Perth Lynx have stormed to equal top of the WNBL ladder and claimed a vital series win over Townsville with an 84-79 victory in Melbourne today.
Co-captain Sami Whitcomb led her team superbly with 27 points at 64 per cent from the field. She also nailed five three-pointers and sunk two free throws in the last 30 seconds to put the game beyond Townsville’s reach.
Whitcomb’s renowned defensive work was also on show as she hauled in six rebounds and won five steals. She received strong support in attack from Courtney Williams (22 points) and Alice Kunek (18).
Kayla Standish won nine rebounds and Nat Burton fought all day against Townsville’s big bodied stars.
In a tense encounter which included technical fouls to both teams, scores were level with one quarter to play. But the Lynx went on a 9-0 run early in the quarter to give themselves a crucial buffer.
The Lynx entered the game knowing they could ill-afford to let Townsville dominate close to the basket. The Fire had averaged 40 points per game inside the paint from their last four matches.
Suzy Batkovic represented the major threat after averaging 19.5 points and 12.5 rebounds during those games.
Perth restricted the Fire to only 26 points in the paint and held Batkovic to 14 points - her lowest tally since the opening game of the season. But Batkovic remained a force under the basket with 12 rebounds.
The Perth Lynx celebrate with fans, eat and assess the win over the Canberra Capitals.
VideoThe Perth Lynx celebrate with fans, eat and assess the win over the Canberra Capitals.
Playing her first game of the season after recovering from a fractured left wrist, co-captain Toni Farnworth started on the bench but had eight minutes on-court to build her match fitness.
The Lynx have dominated teams when winning this season and entered today’s game having a smallest winning margin of 10 points. Their ability to maintain composure in a rare tight contest was vital.
Perth have now won seven consecutive games to make their 0-3 start to the season a distant memory.
They are tied on eight wins with Townsville, but league rules state that if teams are locked on the same number of wins at the end of the season, the winner of their private series will take precedence on the ladder.
Perth have an unassailable 2-0 lead in that series. Today’s clash was played in Victoria as part of the WNBL’s Cluster Round.
Sydney could draw level with Perth and Townsville on eight wins if they beat fourth placed Melbourne in the final game of the round. Sydney and Perth are locked 1-1 in their series.
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Stosur beats Jankovic to reach Miami quarters
Australian tennis ace Samantha Stosur celebrated her 26th birthday with a first top-10 scalp of the year at the lucrative Miami Open.
Stosur, who broke into the world's top 10 for the first time last week, snapped Jelena Jankovic's eight-match winning streak to book a quarter-final date on Wednesday with US Open champion Kim Clijsters.
Stosur had never previously taken a set from Jankovic, but crunched eight aces and saved two set points in the second-set tiebreaker in outclassing the Serb 6-1 7-6 (11-9) in their fourth career meeting.
The impressive fourth-round victory also reversed a 6-2 6-4 semi-final loss to the eighth-ranked Jankovic last week at Indian Wells.
Stosur's steady progression from multiple grand slam doubles champion to singles star began in Miami last year when she toppled Dinara Safina and Amelie Mauresmo en route to the quarter-finals.
Her victory over Jankovic takes her tally to five wins over current or former world No.1s.
In a marquee match featuring two of the tour’s hottest players, Stosur broke Jankovic in the second and seventh games to race through the opening set in 27 minutes.
The second set seemed headed the same way as Stosur jumped out to a 3-1 lead and grabbed another break point in the fifth game.
But Jankovic tenaciously battled back to 3-3 before sending the set to a tiebreaker.
Serving with confidence, ninth-seeded Stosur held her nerve to close out the contest on her third match point after one hour, 31 minutes.
Like she was against Jankovic before today, Stosur is none-from-three against Clijsters - and has never taken a set from the Belgian.
Clijsters was clinical in her 6-4 6-0 fourth-round defeat of fourth-seeded titleholder Victoria Azarenka 6-4 6-0, while Belgium’s other former No.1 Justine Henin trounced Russian Vera Zvonareva 6-1 6-4.
In the day's biggest upset, Frenchwoman Marion Bartoli ousted Russian top seed Svetlana Kuznetsova 6-3 6-0.
There were no such concerns for Danish second seed Caroline Wozniacki, who progressed to the last eight with a 6-2 6-2 triumph over Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.
And Venus Williams extended her winning run to 13 matches with a 1-6 7-5 6-4 success against Daniela Hantuchova.
Open to stick to schedule despite tests
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+36 30 826 4158 2021. January 17. Sunday,
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Photo of Mark Duggan at daughter’s funeral cropped to paint him as a gangster
human rights, open government, policing
(not satire – it’s the UK gutter press!)
The Mark Duggan photograph used by most of the tabloid newspapers – which supposedly shows him as a hard-faced gangster – was actually cropped from a photograph taken of him mourning his dead daughter.
The following photograph was used regularly by tabloids like the Daily Express and the Daily Mail to accompany their articles painting Mark Duggan as a tough gangster:
But what the tabloids didn’t tell you is that Mark’s grim expression in the photograph is because at the time it was taken he was at his daughter’s funeral.
Here’s the uncropped version:
That’s not a ‘tough-guy’ expression on his face.
It’s grief.
Thanks to Richard Donnelly for the heads up on this.
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Please feel free to comment.
203 thoughts on “Photo of Mark Duggan at daughter’s funeral cropped to paint him as a gangster”
Anyone notice the media obsession over the past few days on child sexual exploitation? Every newspaper, TV news & Radio has mentioned each case in great detail.
The Press & Media have no credentials for delivering the moral beacon of light.
Its a pity they forget the feelings of its victims when they sensationalize and spin, distort and destroy what’s left of truth & compassion for cynical aims.
Pingback: Photo of Mark Duggan at daughter's funeral crop...
Ginger Ninja said:
Wow even I got a little suckered by this one; what a shameful way to represent someone just for the sake of controlling dialogue and legitimising police violence.
Guy Ropes said:
Who supplied the rags with the photo. Surely the supplier maintains copyright and can demand how the photo is used. Or was it taken by the paparazzi?
does paul dacra need his head kicked in or what.
FinkFurst said:
The ‘gangster’ impression given or not given by this photo is highly subjective and so is irrelevant. Isn’t the more serious problem that the Mail and other media use words like “gangster” when they have absolutely no evidence? Duggan was never convicted of anything other than possession of cannabis and handling stolen goods. Millions of people did exactly the same in their youth, probably including most Daily Mail journalists, and perhaps you too…
yes i thought that as well
thom said:
Yeah – who of us hasn’t been arrested on murder charges twice?
arrested is not the same thing as convicted those charges were dropped.
Yeah – The police know what they’re doing, we should let them alone and trust them to do whatever is necessary. What about those Guildford Four and the Birmingham Six too? I bet they were up to no good!
BOGMAN PALMJAGUAR said:
any attempt to misrepresent the unfortunate Mr Duggan in this way is quite sickening–in the whole the grief in him is clearly visible and understood. Those in the hidden world of the persecuted like myself understand.
Boz said:
it’s just more of the ‘distraction therapy’ that they are indulging in – to say nothing of leon brittan – helps us sleep at night
what an evil thing to do.
tldk said:
Nice jacket to wear to your daughters funeral…
fuugu said:
This is incredibly sad
Pingback: Editorial Intelligence
cjmccormack said:
He looks no less threatening at all in the uncropped version. The truth is this photo, cropped or not, doesn’t prove what this man was like as a person, no photo proves that. Even if you could somehow prove that Duggan was a nasty piece of work with a photo, does that mean it was wrong to shoot him? Does it mean it was right to shoot him? Of course not. What’s the paint being made here? that the Media manipulates? Well of course they do, that’s their job!
If you want to raise a debate about Mark Duggan maybe it should be about the way in which armed Police are trained to read situations and how they make decisions about when to shoot someone and when not to? The enquiry returned a verdict of lawful killing. The system we have put in place to regulate this kind of activity has run it’s course, if people have an issue with the way that Police act they should look at themselves, who they vote for and how much interest they take in these mechanisms BEFORE something goes wrong. WE put politicians in office, WE put them in charge of training the Police and setting the rules of how they work, WE choose to take little or no interest in how this is done and then start bleating that it’s all unfair and horrible when it all goes horribly wrong.
yes put a rather different context on why he looks like that.
but it does put a rather different context on why he looks like that.
Martin S said:
There are non-sinister reasons for cropping photos. Most of the time it’s about what works best on the page – a landscape picture often fits better than a portrait one. Especially on a web page. There probably aren’t that many pictures of Duggan to choose from – that’s the reason this is so ubiquitous. I don’t think he looks particularly hard-faced here, either. Some sub or picture researcher will have looked him up on a database – and this image will be among a handful. The Guardian have also used it cropped. See here: http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jan/10/mark-duggan-inquest-jury-counselling
Go search for “Mark Duggan” on the Guardian website and see how often this cropped image turns up. This is just how newspapers work. The Guardian does have an agenda in relation to Duggan – except it’s the opposite of that of the Mail/Express.
Since when was the job of the media to manipulate, I always thought it was there to report factual news and the truth, silly me.
I walk around with my gun every day…like old Dug did
Cropping the photo is a right thing to do.. It looks like a mugshot, or a normal passport photo… much better without context, then putting him in the context of his daughter funeral…
The fact someone loves his daughter does not justify him from breaking the law
i cant see that he was breaking the law.
So whats the point here?
1. Duggan did not have a gun?
2. The media manipulates things to sell papers?
Only one of those two things would shock me.
the the propaganda unit for the met most of the time.
he dident have any drugs on him ether so i cant see why people keep saying he was breaking the law.
The only people breaking the law were the armed police and they did so according to their own reporting, because they were passed the wrong information about Duggan having a gun.
What law did they break, and what is your evidence that they did so?
So it is lawful to shoot someone on flawed information?
… and no doubt you can also manage to leave no DNA on it, and throw it 20 feet away over a fence whilst being shot in the chest, whilst holding a phone in the same hand, and without anybody seeing you do it!
You said the police broke the law… What law did they break? Alternatively, you could just admit that you’re talking out of your backside, yet again!
This is not the first time the police have killed innocent people on flawed information, I could name more than one occasion, but the one that sticks in my mind is the one where the police said they had an anonymous tip off that a certain person was in a pub and he had a gun in his bag, the police shot dead a man who came out of the pub carrying a suspicious package, which turned out to be a chair or table leg.
they also lied about duggan shooting at them. and have refused to cooperate with inquiry.
I am sure you do not follow any moral code of law yourself so I would not expect you to consider it illegal to kill someone on flawed evidence, not only on the flawed evidince in the run up to the shooting, but the evidence and legal system that found that killing an innocent person was a legal act.
Perhaps you could change your moniker to fink offensively, then we can all reply to you with the acronym.
the fact officers lied in there statements makes them guilty of crime
I have a moral code, and one aspect of it is that I don’t accuse somebody without evidence. So I will ask you again – What law did the police break, and what is your evidence that they did so?
P.S. “moral code of law” is meaningless twaddle. You’re conflating two completely different things – morality and legality – but I doubt that you can understand that.
Callum said:
Past few days?! Try the past few years. 2013 was the official “Year of the Pedophile” in the news. The pedophile is new scape goat. Gotta rally the rabble around a common enemy. It’s the first rule in the book.
…perhaps they did, but unless it can be proved in a court of law then they are innocent. Don’t you agree that everybody is innocent until proven guilty?
Actually you’re wrong, it wasn’t the officers involved in the killing who said that Duggan shot at police, it was others who made public statements. And as far as I know, no officers refused to cooperate with the inquest. If they had then they would have committed a criminal offence.
the claim an unarmed fired at them.
that to means they lied in there statement.
sorry that should read the claim an unarmed man fired at them.
Nuggy you are correct, there is evidence to prove the police wrong .
“everybody is innocent until PROVEN guilty”, who proved Mark Duggan was guilty enough to be shot?
Who from the legal profession will criticize the police and provide the evidence that proves them wrong?
See my answer above – It wasn’t the officers involved in the killing who said that Duggan shot at police, it was other officers who made public statements to the media. They later retracted the statements. That isn’t illegal. If giving a false story to the media was illegal then the House of Commons would be empty!
overburdenddonkey said:
nuggy
i always get what you mean….
You can’t convict ‘the police’ of a crime. You have to prove that a certain person committed a crime. You lot are so ignorant of the law it astonishes me!
fair enough, but why don’t you correct the argument by offering solutions, instead of digressing….
P.S. In case you hadn’t noticed, in the UK NOBODY can be guilty enough to be shot. Maybe it was murder, maybe it was manslaughter, maybe it was a genuine mistake. You don’t know. I don’t know. You are all missing the point!
I thought I just did! You have to follow the law. If you think the law should be changed then fair enough, make your argument. In this case I don’t think it should.
Pat F said:
Well obviously yes? If you have reasonable reason to believe something, even if it’s in fact false, then you can and should lawfully act on it. i.e. if I have a gun and start shooting innocent people in front of everyone, then disappear behind a pillar, throw my gun down the sewers, then take out a replica… well, at that point I’m no longer actually a threat. But if the police turn up they won’t know that, and will have reasonable reason to believe I still am a threat, and they’ll shoot me, and that will be lawful. It would obviously be moronic to prosecute officers involved in shooting me in that case as acting unlawfully.
Now obviously for the Duggan situation the reasons the police had false beliefs, flawed information, aren’t as clear cut as that. But you see how it’s entirely possible, and actually happens all the time, for the police to act on false beliefs but still be acting lawfully?
Mrs Fawkes – Actually you are on the right track with “Who from the legal profession will criticize the police and provide the evidence that proves them wrong?” Obviously it’s not the legal profession which usually collects evidence – so who is it?
You are the one that is missing the point and that is that it was proved to be a legal killing, even though as you have just said NOBODY can be guilty enough to be shot.
I think we all know the law is an ass or the truth that could be presented to prove a person’s innocence as in the case of the Guilford 4.
In this case and many like it I do think the law should be changed, unlike the immoral finkfurst.
Your point? said:
While it is obviously highly inappropriate for the press to misuse the image – it’s his daughters funeral, do journalists have no common decency?! – that doesn’t change the fact that he had a gun. A photo doesn’t make someone a ‘gangster’, having a gun does. Throwing the gun out the window when you see the police changes nothing.
So which law do you think should be changed, and what do you think it should it be changed to? I bet you can’t answer!
In the case of the Guilford 4 was hidden. ( error.)
In fact all that was proved was that a gun was found near the scene, not how it got there. There was no proof that he had it in his possession, or that he threw it anywhere, let alone through the window (which in fact was never even mentioned).
Get your facts right!
In fact the Guildford Four were never ‘proven innocent’ (if that is even conceptually possible) only that the guilty verdict was unreliable.
the above ps clarified your position, to me…nobody can be guilty enough to be shot…..so lets work from that premise….there is no instant solution to this, but one must be found…
Pat F – Spot on. Rational opinions are scarcer than hens teeth on here!
Obviously whichever law that made it legal for the police to kill an innocent man or even a guilty one for that matter, or would you and the likes of Mccormack who says people shouldn’t bleat about the police and laws unless they clue themselves up on every legal entity before they have a right to an opinion.
Why should we clue ourselves up on the legal system. there is supposed to be prosecution and defence, claims and counterclaims, the only problem is there is probably a law that could have been used against the police in this instance, but the legal profession would not put themselves out to find it, or have probably changed it by now anyway if there was such legal powers to prosecute.
That is just practicing the art of deception in terminology, something you are well familiar with.
something we can agree on.
cps i believe.
do we know for it was even his gun.
“moral code of law” is meaningless twaddle and you call yourself moral.
We would not have a need for the legal profession if we were all experts in this field, pull your claws in.
“Why should we clue ourselves up on the legal system”
Because if you can’t be bothered to find out the facts (in this case about UK laws) then you don’t have a valid opinion, as you have so perfectly proved time after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time, after time!
Wow!!!!! You are so amazingly ignorant! No, that’s totally wrong. It’s the police who collect evidence.
We do not have to know the law, to have the opinion that to shoot a man dead is wrong, all we need is a conscience, something you lack.
My moniker is guy Fawkes not mrs Fawkes, that could be misconstrued that I may possibly be connected with Guido Fawkes and his rantings, funnily enough a lot like yours.
“Since when was the job of the media to manipulate”
…since the invention of writing!
Yes I do. “moral code” and “law” are two completely different things. People have moral codes, societies have laws.
So Mrs Guy ‘what gender problem’ Fawkes – Would you say it’s wrong to shoot a man dead under ANY circumstances?
What is it with you that you refer to me as having a gender problem, Tom Pride took the name of an historical figure so have I, does he/she have a gender problem,
I’m sure there are many people that choose the names of those of the opposite sex or even idiotic names like yours.
Until you refer to me by my correct nom de plume, I refuse to answer your question.
Mrs Fawkes – I’m sorry, I was wrong to say that you are ignorant. That isn’t the point. EVERYBODY is born ignorant, but it’s what we do about our ignorance during our lives which marks us out. You could have taken a couple minutes to find out the answer to the question, but apparently you couldn’t be bothered.
You specifically asked me in a previous thread to call you by your correct title of “Mrs”!
Is Mrs Fawkes OK? Or do you prefer Mrs Guy? I don’t have anything else to go on!
I did not ask you to call me mrs, I said I did not like the name ms, I am a mrs, I did not even disclose what my gender was to you nor would I of, but bear no grudge against the person that did, only you for using it as some kind of verbal ammunition by implying I have a gender problem.
If you do not have anything else to go by try reading what is printed alongside my gravatar/avatar, or are you blind as well as thick.
Charmania said:
It is immoral to kill – thou shalt not kill.
It is right to give the benefit of the doubt.
It is right to be innocent until proven guilty.
Mark Duggan was found to be innocent at the time he was shot – he was not holding a gun.
The police officer is guilty of breaking a moral code. He shot a man dead. We allow it if there is a reason.
The reason he gave was that Mark Duggan held a gun.
The police officer did not pause long enough to see there was no gun.
In his mind he was certain there was a gun, he did not allow Mark Duggan the benefit of the doubt.
His own discriminations and beliefs caused his judgement to be wrong.
He judged Mark Duggan to be guilty of holding a gun before allowing for the fact that there was no gun.
His belief was proven to be wrong.
Therefore he had no reason to kill.
Therefore he is guilty of a crime.
If we believe he is not a liar, then we must accept he has poor judgement.
He sees what is not there.
He is deluded and needs to seek psychiatric help.
It was proven that the police officers reason was incorrect. Therefore the killing was unlawful.
Only by twisting the law and allowing the jury to discriminate towards the police officer did he go free.
Our justice system is therefore corrupt and without reason.
CJJodes said:
Legitimising police violence? Regardless of this, or any photograph taken, the fact remains that he was carrying a gun that night and was therefore a public threat. If events had transpired any differently police would have been criticised for their lack of action on or against an unlawfully armed member of the public.
which role models would you have us learn from?
It’s now a bit of a cliché to say Nelson Mandela, but it’s still true. Of those who you can read about, I would also add Fred Sanger.
…and before you ask – No, I think I’m not a good role model.
It doesn’t help if you keep moving the goalposts! Do you prefer to be called “Mrs.” or not?
You really think you have found my Achilles heel don’t you? I’m sorry to disappoint you but all it shows is that the “genius is out of the bottle” and that a woman is more than a match for you.
he was not carrying a gun that night the inquest proved it.
as we are all born ignorant as you say, why should we bother to try to remedy this?
I’m only asking what you prefer to be called! Why is that so difficult? I thought you said you preferred “Mrs.” but apparently now you don’t. Please just say simply and clearly what you prefer, and that is what I will use from now on…
No reply from you to me is necessary, so you do not have to address me at all.
If you don’t tell me your preference then I’ll call you whatever I feel like.
So Mrs Guy ‘I really don’t have gender problem’ Fawkes – Would you say it’s wrong to shoot a man dead under ANY circumstances?
Only if it’s you!
JM said:
Hmm, article looks very similar to this! Good work for sharing though! Not sure who got there first… http://marchthefury.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/that-mark-duggan-photo-theres-more-to-it-than-meets-the-eye/
OBD – If you want to remain as ignorant as the day you were born then that’s up to you. I do not. I want to continue to learn until the day I die.
There’s no smoke without fire! He shouldn’t have had a gun! His a thug!
Mrs Fawkes – You really are a nasty little piece of work, aren’t you? I have never before seen anyone say they wish another contributor would be shot dead. You have gone beyond a point of acceptability and decency and I will not forget it.
that is not what i was asking, if we are born ignorant, why bother to remedy this….?
How do you know he had a gun? Because the police said so? Do you remember the Guildford Four and the Birmingham Six, and the many other miscarriages of justice before and since?
with all the police and press smears it surprising the jury reached the verdict they did.
… then I don’t understand. Are you asking why we should bother to remedy our ignorance? If so, the answer is so we can improve our own lives and the lives of others.
Nuggy – Have you ever served on a jury?
finally! some one talking some sense!
we simply are not born ignorant, but with a hunger for knowledge for our new surroundings, the same hunger for knowledge that we had in the womb…our brains are preprogrammed with the knowledge of who we are…when we see the light of day our hunger to learn accelerates…. “If you want to remain as ignorant as the day you were born then that’s up to you.”…that supposes that i am ignorant, and you are not…i find you very difficult to communicate with….the corpus callosum rapidly hard wires to accommodate our new environment, caused by instinctive learning…..
I have served on three juries. In each case there were only 2 or 3 of the jurors who gave a sh*t about reaching a fair verdict. The rest had already decided on a verdict for no rational reason at all, or they were just bored and wanted to go home or to the pub. The fact that a man might go to jail based on their decision was completely unimportant to them.
to then i don’t understand….
why would we bother to remedy our ignorance, coz we don’t know that it will make any difference, we would simply be ignorant to that fact, we would not know it….where does the thought or concept that we can help improve our own lives, or the lives of others, come from within us and our natural expectations of the world, that we are preprogrammed to know…the answer is that we are born lovable, cooperative, sociable, and non-violent….
If you read what you wrote and what I wrote you will see that you asked if it was WRONG shoot a man dead under any circumstances, and I replied only if it’s you, because I would not want to see you shot it would be too quick I would choose something a lot slower and more painful for you.
I think I misunderstood what you meant, and to be honest I still don’t understand what you’re trying to say. We ARE all born ignorant, but I agree with you that we are born with an instinct to learn… though some more than others!
It takes a woman to talk common sense. Nobody should be allowed to shoot anybody else and that includes the police, there is enough of them and plenty of other ways to apprehend and restrain a gunman with resorting to shooting them dead. They are supposed to be marksmen anyway so surely a rubber bullet in an area that would bring down an assailant should be sufficient if absolutely necessary.
f f though some more than others!
ok now if someone is ignorant is it their fault that they are, and does calling them ignorant, remedy their ignorance, clearly not, so then what is the remedy?
the remedy is to help others find themselves 1st, then people learn easily what they want to know…….
ps I hope charmania is a woman? If not this one holds the same point of view, despite my ribbing of ff who would be an exception to the rule.
Joking aside this is a serious situation that has been repeated my times previously and laws need to be brought in to curb armed police.
my should read many.
the whole approach needs to be seriously reconsidered….when i was young, several hundred yrs ago, it was a widely held consensus that armed police, just made the whole gun problem worse, a view i still hold…
yes i have
mac said:
yea, me too, suckered by scum sector of the media. whatever and whoever the man was, and I don’t know, the scum media set out to make us hate him, and they succeeded, bastards, we just cannot trust them.
Midnight said:
First off lets start with some common sense… The guy wouldn’t be stupid enough to be carrying a gun in the car in the first place… Yeah he had a reputation as a ‘Gangsta’ but he was more like a bully to the area.. he wasn’t a nice person and i’m sure if you asked around the area or surrounding areas you would hear stories. But this is a guy that was killed because of itchy trigger finger police.. simple as that.. his reputation preceded him hence the shooting.
The worst part of this is the press have and are continually trying to make him the fall guy for all of this.. The riots were more to do with greed than anything else, I would throw the 90% range for people who were in on the riots for reasons other than the death of Mark Duggan.
CJRhodes there is no ‘fact’ that he was carrying a gun.. unless YOU were there then there are no facts just rumours and whatever you can make the public as a whole believe through your stories.
OBD – Yes, in most cases if somebody is ignorant about something then it IS their fault, though of course they may not be interested in whatever it is, in which case they they shouldn’t shoot their mouth off about it.
It’s only by recognising one’s own ignorance that one can learn. You’re right that simply calling somebody ignorant seldom helps, but pointing out somebody’s ignorance specifically and with reasoning can help… but then again for some people it doesn’t! (…and I don’t mean you).
And did you find the same lack of interest and responsibility that I did?
Mrs Fawkes – “It takes a woman to talk common sense” …and you accuse other people of being sexist!!! YOU HYPOCRITE!
Have you forgotten what I actually did write in other posts i.e.” there are not many ism taboo’s I have not broken” or been accused of breaking in the name of satire – reel your neck in.
Your view as far as I am concerned is correct.
yes i did from some members but not all.
So you think it’s OK for you to be a sexist, provided you admit it? Do you think the same about racism?
That’s why I’m seldom surprised by a ridiculous jury verdict. They happen all the time.
That’s also why a person who is guilty is well advised to seek a jury trial, because it becomes more of a lottery. If you are innocent however, avoid a jury trial like the plague!
OBD – Also you are absolutely right when you said – “then people learn easily what they want to know”. Exactly!… WHAT THEY WANT TO KNOW
It was also used by The Voice, The Guardian, the BBC, 4Ward4Ever “Deaths in Custody” campaign charity, and United Families and Friends “Deaths in Custody” charity. What’s your conspiracy theory about them?
Anthony said:
If he’s mourning at his daughter’s funeral, why is he wearing a tracksuit????
Is everyone missing the fact that he had a gun, and why did he have a gun in the first place? Clearly to kill someone in the future.
Anthony – Where did you get that ‘fact’ from? Was it from the same police who shot him?
I’m sure it does not matter what he wears to his daughter’s funeral, for all you know it may be his best and only outfit or perhaps his favourite.
i wrote…the remedy is to help others find themselves 1st, then people learn easily what they want to know…….finding themselves 1st is the need to know…..
I am sure if your judgements during jury service were anything like most of the ones you have expressed on this blogg, you were probably the one that jailed the innocent.
OBD – I know what you wrote. I think ‘finding yourself’ is meaningless cr@p. It’s not difficult, just look in the mirror and there you are! How is ‘finding yourself’ a remedy for anything? Recognising your own deficiencies, ignorance and lack of understanding is a different matter, and if you can do that then becomes perfectly clear what you should do next… START TO LEARN!
Cathy Butler said:
He should obviously have asked you first.
Then you would be wrong, as is obvious because you don’t have a clue about any of the cases! Why do you continually give silly opinions about things which you know absolutely NOTHING about? It only shows you for the mindless bigot that you are.
I think it does matter what people wear on certain occasions such as funerals, but I can see nothing wrong with what he was wearing. Maybe also it was his daughter’s favourite?
because you, i, we, all want answers….and we intuitively/instinctively know that our culture is crap….so look in other places….see this vid clip does this man have a point? http://www.selfishcapitalist.com/
servedup said:
http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/08/07/article-2023254-0D55639E00000578-342_472x619.jpg doesn’t look like a gangster in this picture either
OBD – I assume you mean Oliver James? If so yes, he has many good points. Is he right about everything? No. I’m not sure what point you’re making…
I strongly disagree with you that we ALL want answers. Many people (perhaps even most people?) do NOT want answers, except when they fit with their own bigoted ideas, and Mrs Fawkes is one of them
It only matters what people wear on certain occasions if you subscribe to institutionalized cultural bigotry.
response to..”No. I’m not sure what point you’re making”…
ok, sorry, i could not be clearer, i’ll work on being clearer….
No – Once again you are totally wrong. It is a matter of considering the feelings of the other people attending that occasion.
OBD – Thanks, that would be helpful. By the way, the “No.” referred to the previous sentence.
You mean the snobbish bigots who would be discerning about someone’s dress?
My mother would be upset if I didn’t go to my father’s funeral in sombre clothing. Are you calling my mother a snobbish bigot?
Given your replies on here she should be more concerned about how you conduct yourself on public forums than how you dress to a funeral, but hey if the cap fits she can wear it too.
Not only have you deliberately insulted my mother, you said “I would not want to see you shot it would be too quick I would choose something a lot slower and more painful for you” and then you criticise MY conduct on a public forum?????? I think you are the nastiest person I have ever seen on such a forum.
Oh Shucks, you’re too easily offended by those who offend you in defence of your offensive behaviour, but I will take your criticism on board before jettisoning it.
I doubt you even have a mother.
Can you tell me just one offensive thing I have said about you without justification, and one offensive thing you have said about me with justification?
If we were in a court of law YES, but at the moment I am concentrating on helping Columbo solve his mysteries on the off chance I may be called for jury service.
Well Mrs Guy ‘What gender problem?’ Fawkes… What a picture of your sad life you paint!
servedup
No he looks like your average rapper fan, emulating their dress.
OBD – I meant which one of the points Oliver James was talking about. Can you explain sometime?
Do you agree with me that some people in this world are not interested in finding real answers?
They don’t come much sadder but I relish every minute of it.
Do you relish saying that somebody deserves die slowly and painfully purely for something they said with honesty and justification?
P.S. If you get called for jury service, please don’t go – no defendant deserves to get you on their jury.
servedup – Please tell us all, exactly how can you tell who is a gangster and who isn’t from one photograph?
Well Mrs Fawkes, you didn’t answer – Do you think the same about racism?
On the contrary, I think they would love having me on their jury.
i’ll simply answer yes…to cover both points for now….
No, you are wrong. You are not a moral person. No moral person would say that somebody deserves die slowly and painfully.
Go on then I would grant you a quick death, lethal injection!
Are you trying to say that you didn’t mean it? Go on, try opening up a little, you might be surprised at the results. If so, there is a possibility of communication, and that is the only valid reason for being on this site.
personally I think we have over communicated with inane banter on what is in effect a sombre subject that Tom presented us with and which should be given more respect, so I will sign off on this one – catch you later.
Mrs Guy ‘Moron or monster’ Fawkes
YOU have communicated with inane banter, but I have not. I don’t know whether you are a fundamentally immoral person or just so shallow and stupid that you say anything which comes into your head. The outcome is the same. You may think that what you have written on this site is transient, but you will find out that it is not.
OBD – I’m glad you agree that some people in this world are not interested in finding real answers, and I hope we might agree about which ones! I think Mrs Guy Fawkes is clearly one such, do you?
I look forward to what you will say about Oliver James’ points. Will you do that on this thread or a different one?
no, guy fawkes is not one of those….a different thread when the post is relevant and my yes is a grey area yes, of real answers, to me real answers can only mean universal truth, so as i said i need to reflect on being clearer….and i do need a break atm…remind me at some point in the future, meanwhile i’m sure that you will continue to explore….
Since I have friends of many nationalities and sexual persuasions I will ignore your last remark, but I would add they are not as politically correct as you appear to be, they have a sense of humour.
he dosent look like a ganster to me from those photos.
Do you think I will not stand by my words serious or not, I thought you had realised by now how intransigent I can be, so am not in the least bothered that my posts are intransient.
You know when you grow up you might not take yourself so seriously.
Mrs Fawkes – You’ve changed your mind often enough, so it’s very plain that you do NOT stand by your words. On the other hand, I do. You have failed to get a single shot on target, and in every case where you think you have, I led you there! If you think I’m taking this exchange seriously then you haven’t been reading very carefully. Look again……
OBD – I have to disagree with you about Mrs Fawkes. Read what she says – can you can find a single open question that she’s asked? She seldom asks any questions at all, and those few are only to seek confirmation of what she already thinks. Her behaviour is not that of somebody who is looking for real answers.
Mrs Fawkes – I used to work with somebody who had exactly that same attitude. She thought that if people didn’t appear to take her sexist and racist jokes and comments seriously then they didn’t matter. She was wrong, and so are you.
… and “sexual persuasions”??? It’s a long time since I heard that phrase! It really gives your thinking away.
It was actually his mobile phone. And yes their was a gun found on the crime scene, But it was found no where near mark it was found behind a wall on the grass, which funny enough didn’t even have marks finger prints on. And also the police statements didnt actual add up, because the officers claimed he chucked the gun infront of them, which the medical report stated that was inpossible because the police officer shot mark in the arm, and again like i stated no finger prints was found on the gun for that to be true. So before you make silly remarks at least no details of the facts.
Who gives a shit about him anyway! One less thug on the street to be mugged by!
Are you some narrow minded repressed gay man, because you protesteth too much about issues that are not relevant to the headline topic?
So now you think I’m a repressed gay man, do you? Are there any more labels you want to attach to me from your bigoted little mind?
I bet like the homophobics of yesteryear you still actually think sexuality is a ‘persuasion’. You really do, don’t you?????
…and if I was gay, why the hell would you think I should protest about it????? It’s not a crime any more! You clearly ARE homophobic.
I have obviously hit a sore point, too near to the truth,perhaps you need a dummy to calm you.
Definition of persuasion in English:
Line breaks: per|sua¦sion
Pronunciation: /pəˈsweɪʒ(ə)n
1 [mass noun] the action or process of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something: Monica needed plenty of persuasion before she actually left
More example sentencesSynonyms
2a belief or set of beliefs, especially religious or political ones: writers of all political persuasions
2.1a group or sect holding a particular religious belief: the village had two chapels for those of the Primitive Methodist persuasion
2.2 • humorous sort, kind, or nature: half a dozen gents of British persuasion
Unless you missed it, it was the last listing for the definition of persuasion, you really do have a one track mind and are doing a lot of protesting for someone who has nothing to protest about.
Randall said:
“It wasn’t the officers involved in the killing who said that Duggan shot at police, it was other officers who made public statements to the media.”
They work for the same organisation! The whole police handling (rather like the panic shooting of a man without a gun) was a shambles.
Should we trust an organisation that handle the public like this, like idiots?
Plus FF, you seem to desperately arguing for a futile cause:
I don’t think anyone is asking for law to be changed. Just for the police to tell the truth. Or you will be asking for FURTHER RIOTS. Bigger picture. WHo would be interested in “taking police to court” haha, the masses won’t be that patient/naive!
Ha ha ha ha ha.
How old are you both, by the way? Forget gender issues, you seem to have maturity problems.. Even if I do agree with Fawkes’ views over FF’s views.
The police would basically garner far more respect fro the general public (of ALL ethnic groups, geo locations, classes) if they just
…..told the truth….
For the record I do not think the law is robust enough to deal with police issues such as this one. The first crime was possession of a firearm, correct? Unless the gun was planted, which I don’t think was proven. So going off that, MD had a firearm illegally. He didn’t deserve to die for that, however, having arrested the man the police should then not end up shooting anybody. Correct? So both parties are at a wrong for different crimes.
Proven or not, lets be fair the guy tossed a gun which was found about 100 yrds from the cab he was in.there’s a pretty good chance he was a gangster convicted or not. And there’s a good chance he’d of ended up shooting someone. At the same time u don’t want to condem a man not proven to be guilty, don’t automatically jump to his defense.
So Ms Fawkes, you’ve decided you were using the humorous definition, do you? That means you were laughing at different sexualities. Exactly like the person I described earlier as being like you!
…and if I were gay, why do you think that would be “a sore point, too near to the truth”? Do you think there’s something wrong with being gay? Your every post stinks of homophobia.
Randall – I agree with most of what you said, especially your second paragraph. Which of my views do you disagree with? Perhaps you would like to discuss them…?
Randall – You’re missing the point. Obviously they work for the same organisation, but you can’t prosecute an organisation, you can only prosecute the individual(s) and you must have evidence to do so. I agree that huge numbers of people (including me) do not trust the police. But it’s no good just complaining that they don’t tell the truth… what should we do to ensure that they DO tell the truth more often? I subscribe to some ideas, but I would like to hear yours.
The only person that thinks there is something wrong with being a homosexual is so obviously you, the way you have ranted about it, not being able to tie me to being a homophobe in a serious sense you thought a humourous sense would do, well you have certainly got me laughing.
Now take those fidgetting fingers to a more appropriate and relevant post Mr rain man and we will continue the argument there. OK.
Just to start you off those Bi-sexuals are another kettle of fish altogether, they cross boundaries and muddy the water so so speak.
Ms Fawkes – I happen to think that old homophobes such as you are disgusting. Some people might say it’s not your fault, because you were raised at a time when it was mainstream opinion. I strongly disagree with that. It’s about morality, and anyone CAN question their own morals if they want to.
If you want to dismiss defending the rights of LGBT people as a rant then that’s up to you and your sense of morality. To then also try to imply that such opinions are a result of autism just reinforces the breadth of your bigotry.
If you kept up with what is going on on the rest of the site, you will find I was referring to you as rain man as in the sense that Gay men have supposedly brought the floods. That UKip fella could be right with the gay’s floods of crocodile tears. I’m switching channels as I said go elsewhere and I will continue to argue TTFN.
Ms Fawkes. Your statement – “That UKip fella could be right with the gay’s floods of crocodile tears” pretty much sums up your morality!!!
Fink(rampant homosexual and hetrosexual basher)furst
You mean the generation your parents came from ?- the rest of my answer is further down.
P.S. Nobody on this site (or any other that I’ve seen) has referred to him as “rain man” – it’s only you. And if this site is where you get your news from, then no wonder your perception of morality and reality world is so warped!
Oh dear – what a sad spectacle! All I have to do is quote what you ACTUALLY said, whilst you have to make things up!
Guy said:
Rexfeatures.com has it, already cropped. I’ve always presumed photos can be cropped as they have to fit the page layout.
someone give this man a medal, most public services investigate themselves miserably,but you can then go to the cps if you think you have a good enough case against them.
educatedindividual said:
Reblogged this on Educated Individual and commented:
The trickery of the media in the case of Mark Duggan
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Empowering 'paytech' women to lead in challenging times
Wednesday 15 July 2020 08:31 CET | Editor: Mirela Ciobanu | Interview
The Paypers sat with Wendy Holliday, Wnet CEO, to learn means of creating financial safety, driving diversity, and pursuing career opportunities during challenging times
Wendy, you have more than 20 years in non-profit management – how does your experience tie into the payments and fintech space and Wnet’s overall activity?
Enabling women in their professional lives has been a significant theme in my career for more than two decades. As Digital Enterprise Society’s Executive Director, formerly PLM World, I served as a mentor to other women, supporting the first female board members at PLM World and starting a ‘Women at Work’ program as part of their annual conference. My background and experience championing women are ideally suited to advance Wnet’s efforts to foster gender inclusivity within the financial services and fintech industries.
On July 21, 2020, Wnet will be holding the PayTechWomenLive. Why is it important for payments professionals to join this virtual event?
Right now, payments leaders everywhere are looking for inspiration and new ways to be proactive and pave the way for positive change – despite these challenging times. In addition to being impacted by COVID-19, the industry still needs to affect change to fight systemic, unconscious bias as well as gender and racial pay gaps. Now more than ever, we need to be our own change agents and mentors.
Wnet’s PayTechWomenLive will bring together hundreds of women in payments and fintech to grow as leaders and expand our networks. This exciting, new 90-minute virtual event will feature a keynote presentation by financial services leader Sallie Krawcheck, CEO and Co-Founder of Ellevest – a fierce advocate for women’s leadership, financial health, and closing the pay gap. Plus, she brings a wealth of expertise as a Wall Street leader, the CEO at Ellevest, and the former CEO at Smith Barney, US Trust, the Citi Private Bank, Sanford C. Bernstein, among others.
The event will include interactive, live breakouts with some of the most prominent global payment leaders from Wnet’s member community, including Verrency; FIS Banking & Merchant Solutions; Mastercard; ControlScan; Discover Financial Services; Green Rhino Recruitment; Bank of America Merchant Services; and more.
What does the COVID-19 pandemic tell us about gender equality?
We need diversity now more than ever, and integrating diversity into any corporate culture is complex, even when we are truly committed to doing so. With a workforce challenged by the global pandemic, the concern is that inclusion and diversity efforts will be put on hold as businesses focus on their most fundamental needs and recovery. Yet, research has repeatedly shown that diverse teams are more innovative—stronger at anticipating shifts and enabling businesses to have a stronger competitive edge. McKinsey’s May report, Diversity wins: How inclusion matters, reinforces the business case for inclusion and diversity.
In responding to COVID-19 effects over financial organisations, what role does Wnet play in empowering women to lead?
During these times, we’ve created more ways to empower women in payments to navigate any path and find new levels of confidence, competence, and camaraderie. Wnet’s 24/7/365 online resource called ‘SocialLink’ provides access to webinars and virtual chapter meetings with a focus on how to thrive in the ‘new normal’. Some of our most popular sessions include ‘How to Navigate Change, Challenge & Uncertainty and Unleash Unprecedented Performance’, ‘How to Have Courageous Conversations About Race’. ‘COVID-19 - Global, Economic, Personal, & Professional Impacts’, and ‘Networking in a Virtual World’.
Members needing advice or access to recruiters can now tap into Wnet’s ‘Career Connections’ or use the Membership Directory to virtually expand their business networks. Our ‘Mentor for a Minute’ program includes 200+ mentors prepared to assist executives in their areas of need.
We remain focused on doing everything we can to bring women in payments and the men that advocate for them the tools to empower them to navigate their path. PayTechWomenLive will be another way to reconnect with women across the country, create new relationships, and hear from CEOs and prominent global executives on relevant topics that are affecting the payments industry, especially in light of the global pandemic.
Female students sometimes need female role models to encourage them to go for it. What was the emblematic figure of your study years and what did you learn from it?
I completely agree. I was lucky enough to have multiple strong female role models while in undergraduate and graduate work. My favourite piece of advice was, ‘If you want to get ahead – make yourself uncomfortable’. Meaning – never stop learning and try things that may seem daunting but will ultimately help you grow.
If you were to give some advice to a younger self, what advice would you give?
Network. The time to build your network is not when you need one. That is what I love about associations like Wnet. Joining Wnet is a great opportunity to meet people in your field, make a connection and be a connection.
About Wendy Holliday
Wnet CEO Wendy Holliday, M.Ed., CAE, has more than 20 years of experience in non-profit management. She brings a strategic and data-driven approach to associations with a focus on building member value. Holliday also serves as an adjunct faculty member at Kent State University’s College of Business Administration.
About Wnet
Wnet is the premier professional organisation for women in payments, providing personal enrichment no matter what stage members are in their careers. Wnet provides world-class national and regional programming, fosters networking, and promotes mentoring to help members achieve greater personal success, influence, and professional parity. Visit https://www.wnetonline.org/.
Keywords: Wendy Holliday, Wnet, diversity, gender equality, payments, fintech, banking, COVID-19, PayTechWomenLive, payments leaders
Categories: Banking & Fintech | Payments General
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OAM & OPS present ‘The Body Electric’
Dec 3, 2014 Sep 27, 2017 by The Poor Print
One knows by now that entering a student art exhibition in Oxford is a move made at one’s own peril, as there is always the risk of leaving with a lingering awe-ache inspired by the talent it hosts. Tuesday night was no deviation from the norm. Collaborating to provide us with a tasteful mix of artistic styles, the Oxford Art Movement and Oxford Photography Society are currently holding a celebration of Oxford’s talent in an impressive five-day student exhibition, ‘The Body Electric’. UV paintings, ambitious human photography, footage projection of bodies wrapped in cling film and walls curtained by poetic ornament; it is safe to say that our fellow undergrads lack no collective variety in the work they produce, and no professionalism either.
The theme – ‘The Body Electric’ – despite lacking some Christmas festivity during Oxmas, was nonetheless a stimulus that spurred some impressive interpretation. Not only were there copper anatomic sculptures and a multi-socket extension lead wired into the word ‘body’ but some artists had been led wonderfully astray into the depths of exploring the intricacies of hue on canvas, as well as the intricacies of typology.
With the perpetual dim-lighting that is Freud, the venue provided no more than a low-key limelight for the hanging tableaux – an ingenious incentive for up-close appreciation. This intimacy was limited to the walls of the gallery, enclosing a spaciousness through which one could easily still sashay, ‘free cocktail’ in hand. The effect was therefore a satisfying balance between the grandiose and the familiar.
It is needless to say that the OAM and OPS succeeded in providing a deserving group of Oxfordians with an artistic platform, including some of our very own 1st years – Dominic Hand and Sofia Crespi de Valldaura.
Indeed, Sofia herself, who was at the launch of the exhibition had her own views on the evening. She told The Poor Print that:
“although the event was well-organised and the artwork compelling, it didn’t manage to attract masses, perhaps due to the steep £6 entry (including a cocktail), or the fact that it was six hours long, which dispersed the crowd. As a church-turned-cocktail bar, Freud is the perfect venue for art-related events, but its size means that it is hard to fill. That said, atmosphere was very lively at times, and quite a few people swing-danced to the live jazz band, but at no point was it packed. Still, this did not detract from the beauty of the music/painting/poetry combination, and it was nevertheless an enjoyable celebration of student artwork. I was very glad to participate and hope similar future events have a larger turnout—it would be great to see more people supporting such initiatives.”
The installation is in place until Thursday – take a quick trip northward to pay tribute to a selected group of Oxford creators that will make your visit well worth it!
Serena Yagoub
Tags: Art Arts Artwork Christmas Exhibition Freuds Michaelmas 2014 Painting Photography Serena Yagoub
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In Dark Waters Corporate Malfeasance is No Fun
November 27, 2019 February 24, 2020 by Josh
Dark Waters (Focus Features)
Dark Waters (2019 | United States | 126 minutes | Todd Haynes)
Todd Haynes has a rich history of finding the often-ignored stories while working in the conventions of genre filmmaking. Far From Heaven adopts the look of a Douglas Sirk melodrama to explore race, class, and sexuality; a chilly holiday film bursts open with lesbian romance in Carol; Velvet Goldmine, Superstar, and I’m Not There upend the rock doc with fractured narrators, dolls, and a half dozen actors portraying Bob Dylan across the eras; Wonderstruck links the stories of two deaf children across decades in stories split into era-specific black & white silent film and sweltering 70s New York thrillers. With Dark Waters he adapts Nathaniel Rich’s profile of Rob Bilott, “The Lawyer Who Became DuPont’s Worst Nightmare” with the look and feel of a conspiratorial investigation docudrama. Here, the style matches the substance. The open with direct evidence of corporate pollution as some kids sneak through a fence for some illicit nightswimming. Their boisterous dive into the waters are shot like a horror movie and it’s only after they’re chased off by some goons in a boat spraying the surface of the waters downstream from a factory that we can infer the reason for the high security.
The rest of the movie follows Mark Ruffalo as a corporate attorney who’s recently become a partner at a big Cincinnati firm. Ruffalo doesn’t exactly disappear into the role — he’s an actor who shows his work: the squashed neutral accent, baggy midwestern suits, a sense of trying to disappear his rural past and modest law school behind a facade of due diligence. When a desperate family friend shows up in his law offices with a box of videotapes, evidence, and a crazy story he barely gives him the time of day. It isn’t until a nagging conscience sends him on a visit to the rural West Virginia where he spent some of his childhood changes his mind. There, he sees firsthand the gruesome sight of a field of dead livestock, a freezer full of mutated animal parts, a cow that conveniently turns rabid in the midst of his visit, and an entire town under the economic thrall of Dow Chemical. Although he initially imagines that questions about the environmental impact can be answered with a friendly inquiry to a colleague, the scope of the case grows wider, deeper, and contentious until it consumes him entirely, compromising his family, career, and health.
If there’s a twist on the convention, it’s perhaps the relentlessness to which this never seems fun. I don’t think Ruffalo smiles once in the film. Often, in these kinds of movies, somewhere in the dark storerooms, dusty file boxes, and meetings with victims, there’s a thrill of a discovery or an impassioned speech that lays out the wrongdoing in convincing and satisfying fashion. Here, though, in a story that spans more than a decade, it’s a Narnia-like Always Winter set in hermetic homes, stuffy holiday parties, and beige offices that just have the look of being constantly overheated contrasted with visits to the country where the ground never seems to have thawed.
The few compelling speeches are restrained and taken up by the supporting cast. Tim Robbins as the head of the law firm and Bill Camp as the suffering dairy farmer who instigates the case are particularly good. Anne Hathaway is mysteriously stuck playing an inexplicably underdeveloped wife (herself a lawyer, staying-at-home to care for the kids) whose primary function in the movie is mark the passage of time via changing era-appropriate hairstyles while concernedly cuddling children or pets in domestic settings. She and Ford v Ferrari’s Caitriona Balfe could start a worried wives club.
The years tick away via onscreen titles, aging children, and Ruffalo’s degree of deflation. The case accumulates increasingly outrageous evidence of malfeasance, an eventual courtroom victory is immediately deflated by corporate deflection and scientific delay. The story and the revelations conveyed here are striking (some people in the screening gasped audibly at some turns in the case), but even the even more pressing message of the film is just how hard it is to do this important work, how much of a toll it takes on the people who take on these challenges, and how no amount of legal success can really compensate for the damages caused by indifferent greed. Any satisfaction, such that it can exist, comes in the form of a written on-screen epilogue. It’s not exactly a thrilling way to spend your holiday moviegoing, but is nevertheless a worthwhile and well-executed watch that’ll play to the MSNBC moms and dads in the crowd. ☆☆☆
dark watersmark ruffalotodd haynes
Knives Out is the Most Fun You Can Spend with a Terrible Family this Holiday Season
Film Club: Parasite is Among the Year’s Best
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The Troubadour Hotel is in the beating heart of the city, just minutes from the historic French Quarter, famous for its jazz and architecture, Creole cuisine and local art. Within strolling distance to the Smoothie King Center and Mercedes-Benz Superdome, The Troubadour is the ideal gateway to everything New Orleans has to offer.
The Escape Game New Orleans
The Escape Game New Orleans brings epic stories to life in a one-of-a-kind experience. The games are social, immersive, challenging and of course — fun! The Escape Game is great for families, friends, couples, team building, and really anyone looking for something new and different.
233 North Peters Street, New Orleans, LA 70130
More than a stunning historical structure, this reimagined space brings an entirely new tier of entertainment and private event space to New Orleans. The Orpheum can accommodate live concerts, movie premieres, film festivals, location shoots, theatrical productions, conferences, fundraisers, private parties and many other special events.
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Mardi Gras World
Mardi Gras World is the most unique attraction in America’s most uniquely attractive city. Come see how Mardi Gras is made and get up close to Mardi Gras’ grandest floats and sculptures.
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The National WWII Museum
The National WWII Museum tells the story of the American experience in the war that changed the world—why it was fought, how it was won, and what it means today—so that all generations will understand the price of freedom and be inspired by what they learn.
945 Magazine St, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
Bourbon Street or Rue Bourbon as it is called in French is a street in the heart of New Orleans’ oldest neighborhood, the French Quarter. It extends 13 blocks from Canal to Esplanade Avenue. Known for its bars and night life, Bourbon Street’s history provides a rich insight into New Orleans’ past and provides a festive backdrop for visitors and locals alike.
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St Louis Cathedral
History, harmony, legend, and tradition preserve the mystique of this cathedral. The original church stood on this site in 1720 with the current structure being built in 1794 making this the oldest church in the United States. It is one of the most popular attractions of the French Quarters.
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Broadway In New Orleans – The Saenger Theatre reopened its doors in September 2013. The $53 million redevelopment project features an authentic restoration of the original 1927 design. The Saenger is a great place to catch any show!
1111 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70116
Harrah’s is New Orleans largest casino located at the end of historic Canal St in the heart of NOLA. Come enjoy a night out on the town with your friends and take your turn with lady luck!
8 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70130
The Smoothie King Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena located in the city’s Central Business District, adjacent to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The arena is home to the New Orleans Pelicans (NBA) as well as hosts a plethora of other concerts and events.
1501 Dave Dixon Dr, New Orleans, LA 70113
Preservation Hall was established in 1961 to preserve, perpetuate, and protect traditional New Orleans Jazz. Situated in the heart of the French Quarter at 726 St. Peter Street, Preservation Hall presents intimate, acoustic New Orleans jazz concerts nightly featuring some of New Orleans’ finest performers, showcasing a musical legacy dating back to the origins of jazz itself.
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Herbsaint
Herbsaint works closely with local farmers and fishermen, offering contemporary, seasonal French-Southern cuisine with elements of rustic Italian cooking.
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Pêche serves simply prepared contemporary dishes, rustic creations cooked on an open hearth, as well as fresh oysters and Gulf fish. The menu features sustainable local ingredients, and Chef Donald Link been recognized by the James Beard Foundation for numerous awards.
800 Magazine St, New Orleans, LA 70130
Compare Lapin
Chef Nina Compton mixes the flavors of New Orleans with those of her Caribbean roots. The restaurant’s name Compare Lapin is taken from the Creole version of the trickster character Brer Rabbit. Adding her classical French culinary training and deep experience with Italian cuisine, the result is a playful menu that has apparently been a hit among many New Orleanians, who know good food when they taste it.
535 Tchoupitoulas St, New Orleans, LA 70130
Willa Jean
It’s the perfect spot for a coffee and a breakfast pastry to-go as well as a relaxed meal with friends and family. Willa Jean, named after Chef Kelly Field’s grandmother, offers biscuits with fried chicken and sausage gravy in the morning, composed salads and avocado toast at lunch. Heartier favorites include artichoke and cheese business, New Orleans style BBQ shrimp toast, fried chicken + spicy slaw sandwich on a house-made Hawaiian roll, as well as a seasonal-driven skillet pot pie. The front bakery counter serves up daily selections of bakery treats and house-made breads.
611 O'Keefe Ave, New Orleans, LA 70113
Lucy’s Retired Surfers Bar & Restaurant
Have a fantastic time surfer-style right in between the Convention Center and the historic French Quarter at Lucy’s Retired Surfers Bar & Restaurant. We are the downtown New Orleans destination for cocktails, coastal cuisine and good fun from midday to late night! With both natives and newcomers, Lucy’s is a long-time favorite among restaurants downtown.
701 Tchoupitoulas St, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
Styled after the famous red-light district bordellos and burlesque halls of New Orleans’ Storyville era, Saints & Sinners is Tatum’s tribute to the city’s ribald, good-time reputation. Saints & Sinners uses its venue and profits to help charity organizations locally and world wide.
627 Bourbon St, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
Carousel Bar
The famous Carousel Bar & Lounge in Hotel Monteleone is a long-time favorite New Orleans hotspot. The classic New Orleans hotel bar is the city’s only revolving bar. For decades, it has lured guests in to take a spin on the 25-seat, bright, circus-clad Merry-Go-Round.
214 Royal St, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
Creole House Restaurant & Oyster Bar
Creole House Restaurant & Oyster Bar serves New Orleans classics in the perfect casual atmosphere for everyone to enjoy. It stands as the oldest existing building on Canal Street, recently updated for your dining pleasure. Creole House offers Cajun and Creole cuisine, serving up true southern classics and future New Orleans staples to dazzle your taste buds.
509 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
Brennan’s
Brennan’s Restaurant is a New Orleans restaurant tradition since 1946. Chef Slade Rushing’s innovative Creole menu borrows influences from French and Spanish ancestry with modern updates and distinct seasonal offerings. Old-world elegance inspired dining rooms, and personable, attentive service, create a unique and sophisticated experience.
Felix’s Restaurant & Oyster Bar
Back in the 1940s, Felix’s put the New Orleans Oyster Bar on the map, creating a place where oyster-lovers could ‘belly up to the bar’ and have the freshest oysters shucked right in front of them. Felix’s fast became a New Orleans institution that drew a devoted local following, and inspired generations of oyster fans.
739 Iberville St, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
Port of New Orleans — 1.3 mi
920 Port of New Orleans Pl
Ernst & Young — 0.4 mi
701 Poydras St
Tulane Medical Center — 0.2 mi
1415 Tulane Ave
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1515 Poydras St
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The New Orleans Morial Convention Center is the 5th largest convention center in the United States. With over 1.1 Million square feet of convention center and spanning more than 11 city blocks, New Orleans is home to some of the largest conventions annually in the country.
900 Convention Center Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70130
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1111 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Tag Archives: Wendy Weiser
Entries tagged with "Wendy Weiser"
Editorials: Voter suppression laws are already deciding elections | Catherine Rampell/The Washington Post
EditorialsBy admin November 14, 2014
Voter suppression efforts may have changed the outcomes of some of the closest races last week. And if the Supreme Court lets these laws stand, they will continue to distort election results going forward. The days of Jim Crow are officially over, but poll-tax equivalents are newly thriving, through restrictive voter registration and ID requirements, shorter poll hours and various other restrictions and red tape that cost Americans time and money if they wish to cast a ballot. As one study by a Harvard Law School researcher found, the price for obtaining a legally recognized voter identification card can range from $75 to $175, when you include the costs associated with documentation, travel and waiting time. (For context, the actual poll tax that the Supreme Court struck down in 1966 was just $1.50, or about $11 in today’s dollars.) Whatever the motivation behind such new laws — whether to cynically disenfranchise political enemies or to nobly slay the (largely imagined) scourge of voter fraud — their costs to voters are far from negligible.
National: Midterm Voter Suppression Election Protection Hotline Swamped | New Republic
NationalBy admin November 7, 2014
t may never be possible to calculate exactly how many eligible voters were unable to vote Tuesday due to new voter-ID laws, registration problems, and polling location misinformation. Wendy Weiser, the director of the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center, wouldn’t give an estimate of how many people were likely blocked from the polls this year, but she did say that millions of Americans were affected by new changes, particularly laws passed after the Supreme Court struck down Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act last summer. In Texas alone, the implementation of a new voter-ID law meant that 600,000 registered voters lacked the proper identification. You can get a sense, though, of the scale of voter difficulties from the Election Protection Hotline (866-OUR-VOTE). The hotline is a project of the Election Protection Coalition, led by the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. The hotline handles calls from voters who need to know if they’re registered, find their assigned polling locations, and report difficulties in their attempts to vote. Yesterday, the national hotline had taken over 16,000 calls by 8 p.m., with 3.5 hours to go until polling ended. (By comparison, the hotline received 12,857 calls all day on Election Day in 2010.)
National: Voter laws: Stumbling blocks | The Economist
According to some civil-rights groups, voting on Tuesday was a bit of a mess. Changes to voting laws in more than a dozen states caused confusion, frustration, long lines and turned-away voters. Some people arrived at the polls in Texas without a valid photo-ID, while others in North Carolina were sent packing even though the state’s voter-ID law doesn’t take effect until 2016. Thousands of voters called hotlines complaining about inaccurate voter rolls, malfunctioning machines and bewildering new rules. Some volunteers at polling stations were reportedly just as flustered as everyone else. Such complaints are unsurprising. America wins few awards for administering orderly and streamlined elections. The way citizens register and vote is “still in the dark ages in many ways,” says Wendy Weiser of the Brennan Centre for Justice, a public-policy think-tank. Most states rely on a paper-based registration system, and many close registration weeks before election day. Few allow voters to vote early, which leads to crowding and last-minute hiccups at polling stations. Polling staff tend to be untrained volunteers, and many machines are either incredibly old or new and untested. Different states also have different voter laws, with little integration of voter data, which makes it tricky when people move.
National: Voting machine, ID problems crop up in U.S. elections | Reuters
Voting machine and voter identification problems emerged in some U.S. states on Tuesday when Americans went to the polls in midterm elections that will shape the final two years of Barack Obama’s presidency. Although a full picture of the problems was not yet clear, officials and voting rights advocates reported machine failures in North Carolina and Texas, polling breakdowns in a key Florida county and an overall increase in the number of people reporting they were turned away for lack of proper identification. “It all points to problems we need to solve,” said Wendy Weiser, director of the non-partisan Brennan Center Democracy Program. In North Carolina, where a strict election law barring provisional voting outside a voter’s normal precinct was upheld last month by the U.S. Supreme Court, voting was briefly halted at one precinct after officers responded to an altercation between voters and election officials, according to the state’s Democratic Party. There were also reports of voting machines in Columbus County that were down but later fixed, said Election Protection, a non-partisan voting rights group.
National: What the voter ID court battles could mean for Election Day | CBS
NationalBy admin October 14, 2014
With three weeks left before Election Day, officials and voting rights advocates in Texas are still wrangling in court over the state’s controversial and restrictive new voting law. Any day now, the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals is expected to say whether the Texas voter ID law should be implemented on Election Day or not. The Supreme Court could step in as well. Should the appeals court — and possibly the Supreme Court — side with the law’s supporters, the law will be reinstated before the midterms, keeping more than 608,000 registered voters that don’t have the required ID from voting. If the courts side with opponents of the voter ID law and put it on hold for the time being, the law’s supporters argue it would inject “doubt where for 15 months, and three statewide elections, there had been certainty.” The Texas case is just one of several ongoing disputes over controversial voting laws that could have an impact at polling places on Nov. 4.
National: Voting rights cases may be headed back to Supreme Court | USA Today
NationalBy admin September 12, 2014
The Supreme Court’s decision last year eliminating a barrier against voting procedure changes in mostly Southern states came with a caveat: Chief Justice John Roberts warned that the Voting Rights Act still included a “permanent, nationwide ban on racial discrimination in voting.” Now federal courts from Texas to Wisconsin are on the verge of deciding whether Roberts was right — or if what remains of the 1965 law after the Supreme Court’s 2013 ruling is less able to stop states from making it harder to vote. An appeals court hearing Friday in the Wisconsin case, following a two-week trial in a Texas district court, might point the way back to the Supreme Court. Cases in North Carolina and Ohio also could be headed that way. Those states and others have made voting more difficult in recent years to combat what they claim are instances of voter fraud. Texas imposed strict new photo identification rules hours after the Supreme Court ruling. North Carolina cut back on early voting, same-day registration and provisional balloting. They were among 15 states freed in whole or in part from Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, which requires states with a history of discrimination to clear any changes with the Justice Department. The high court’s decision in Shelby County v. Holder struck down the list of states dating back a half century.
National: Kansas, Arizona Require Proof of Citizenship for Voting | Wall Street Journal
NationalBy admin August 4, 2014
Election rules in Kansas and Arizona are set to bar thousands of people in coming weeks from casting ballots in state primaries even as the federal government allows some of them to vote in congressional races. The split system is the result of a growing battle between federal officials and a handful of states over the necessity of verifying that a newly registered voter is a U.S. citizen. Kansas and Arizona say the federal registration process doesn’t rigorously check citizenship. They have established their own verification systems and are barring people who register using the federal system from voting this month for such offices as governor and local posts. In recent years, mostly Republican-controlled states have tightened voting rules, including requiring voters to produce picture identification at the polls, arguing it prevents fraud. “There is a very real problem with aliens being registered to vote,” said Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach, who said about a dozen states are likely to pass such measures in coming years. Democrats have countered that there are few examples of fraud at the polls and that such steps suppress the vote of such groups as minorities and women.
Editorials: New voter ID laws: Nothing like it ‘since Reconstruction’ | Los Angeles Times
EditorialsBy admin May 6, 2014
A federal judge recently struck down a Wisconsin law that would have required voters to present a photo ID in order to vote, one in a series of judicial rulings addressing how states can control who gets to cast a ballot. A slew of voter ID laws were passed after the 2010 election gave Republicans control of both branches of legislature in many states. Supporters say the laws prevent fraud at the polls. But studies indicate that fraud is virtually nonexistent, and that states that saw higher minority turnout were more likely to pass voter ID laws, said Wendy Weiser, director of the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center for Justice. “We haven’t seen a legislative movement like this since Reconstruction,” she said.
National: Wisconsin threw out voter ID Tuesday. It’s a fight still playing out in 12 other states. | Washington Post
NationalBy admin April 30, 2014
A federal judge struck down Wisconsin’s voter ID law Tuesday, less than a week after a Circuit Court judge found Arkansas’ voter ID law unconstitutional. At least one more court decision should come down before November, but voting rights cases and legislation are brewing in plenty of other places worth keeping an eye on this year. Here’s a guide of what to watch — and where.
A federal judge ruled in March that Arizona’s 2004 law requiring new voters who register by mail to prove documentation of U.S. citizenship was valid. The Supreme Court had invalidated part of Arizona’s law last year, after which the state joined up with Kansas, which passed its own proof-of-citizenship voter requirements last year. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia wrote that the the 1993 National Voter Registration Act had mandated that states use the federal voter registration form, so Arizona’s more complicated form — which opponents say targeted the state’s large Latino community — is not valid. Voting expert Richard Pildes told NPR at the time, “What Justice Scalia has essentially said here for a substantial majority of the court is if you want modifications to these federal forms that have been required up till now, you have to go to this commission to get those modifications.” The decision in Arizona and Kansas’ case last month requires that Election Assistance Commission to modify the federal registration form to include Kansas and Arizona’s requirements, saying that the U.S. Constitution gives states the power to regulate elections. The case is heading to the 10th Circuit of Appeals later this year.
National: GOP pushes back on Obama voting report | MSNBC
NationalBy admin January 24, 2014
A voting report released Wednesday by a bipartisan presidential panel offers a frank rebuke to Republicans working to make voting harder—especially through cuts to early voting. And the GOP is already working to limit the report’s impact. “The administration of elections is inherently a state function so I do not believe that new one-size-fits-all Washington mandates would be of assistance.” Rep. Candice Miller, a former Michigan secretary of state and the House GOP’s point person on voting issues, said in a statement. The Republican National Lawyers Association, a group of GOP election lawyers that has played a key role in advancing voting restrictions, echoed Miller’s view. The report has mostly been applauded by voting rights groups and those looking to expand access to the ballot. “The commission’s recommendations are a significant step forward,” said Wendy Weiser, director of the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center, in a statement.
National: Key fights ahead for right to vote | MSNBC
NationalBy admin January 3, 2014
Voting rights advocates are girding for a series of crucial battles that will play out over the next twelve months in Congress, in the courts, and in state legislatures. Victories could go a long way to reversing the setbacks of the last year. Defeats could help cement a new era in which voting is more difficult, especially for racial minorities, students, and the poor. Despite some scattered efforts by states to improve voting access, the right to vote took a big step backwards last year. Republican legislatures in states across the country continued to advance restrictive voting laws, while a major Supreme Court ruling, Shelby County v. Holder, badly weakened the Voting Rights Act (VRA). Wendy Weiser, who runs the Democracy program at the Brenan Center for Justice, called Shelby “the single biggest blow to voting rights in decades.”
National: States joining forces to scrub voter rolls | Associated Press
More than half of states are now working in broad alliances to scrub voter rolls of millions of questionable registrations, identifying people registered in multiple states and tens of thousands of dead voters who linger on election lists. Poll managers are looking for more states to get involved and say the efforts are necessary because outdated voter registration systems are unable to keep up with a society where people frequently move from one state to another. While many of the registration problems are innocent, some election leaders fear the current disorder within the system is inviting trouble. “It creates an environment where there could be more problems,” said Scott Gessler, the Republican secretary of state in Colorado. “It’s a precursor to potential fraud, there’s no doubt about it.” Half of all states have now joined a consortium anchored by the state of Kansas, compiling their voter registration lists at the end of every year to assess for duplicates. That program has grown rapidly since beginning in 2005 in an agreement between four Midwestern states. Meanwhile, seven states are coordinating on another project that makes those assessments more frequently with advanced algorithms _ while also checking for deceased voters.
Editorials: The entire U.S. voting process is flawed | Wendy Weiser/The Denver Post
EditorialsBy admin April 15, 2013
Can congressional Democrats and Republicans put aside partisan politics to seriously address the major issues facing our country? With the debt crisis ever looming and judicial and executive nominees languishing, there is plenty of opportunity for partisan rancor. But there is one area where politics should be — and, surprisingly, may be able to be — tossed aside: voting. In 2011 and 2012, we saw a wave of states pass restrictive laws that would have made it harder for millions of eligible Americans to vote. Citizens and voting advocates mounted a massive effort to push back and ensure everyone could have their say at the ballot box. In state after state, courtroom after courtroom, the most serious efforts to restrict the vote were rolled back and voters won. Now, there are signs of a sea change: Politicians are pulling back from efforts to rig the system before they even get signed into law.
National: Voter ID battle set to rage again | NJ.com
The national battle over voter ID laws that roiled the presidential campaign for a time then fizzled before Election Day is set to rage again in 2013. This year promises a flurry of new voter ID legislation across the country as well as reignited court battles in states where the laws were blocked last year and a Supreme Court ruling on part of the Voting Rights Act. All of the activity will bring the debate — which pits conservatives targeting potential election fraud against voting-rights groups convinced the laws are really about disenfranchising low-propensity liberal voters — to the forefront again. “There are a number of states where there’s clearly active legislative attempts to make their voter ID laws more restrictive,” said Wendy Weiser, director of the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center for Justice, which has been involved in court challenges to a handful of the voter ID laws around the country. “This is not an issue that has gone away.”
National: Effect of States’ Voter Laws Is Hard to Identify | WSJ.com
Voters in more than two dozen states next month will be asked to provide some form of identification before casting a ballot. How many Americans who would otherwise vote will be turned away or won’t turn up at all remains a hotly contested number. Some researchers have tried to count the number of voters affected, by surveying people about whether they have the required ID. This has produced a wide range of results, though, and some researchers question whether people whose IDs aren’t valid are aware of it, and whether they would rectify the situation if their state passed a tough ID law. Other researchers instead study actual effects of voter-ID laws on past turnouts. But the strictest forms of such laws—which require photographic identification and are studied most closely because they are thought likeliest to exclude the greatest number of people—took effect just before an exceptional presidential election that made it difficult to isolate their effect. As a result, such studies haven’t been able to convincingly demonstrate that these laws suppress turnout. “It’s so tricky to filter out unrelated factors, some of them unique to the election cycle, that may dissuade people from voting,” said Tim Vercellotti, a political scientist at Western New England University in Springfield, Mass.
National: Many Strict Election Laws Blocked or Delayed | Associated Press
Tough new election laws aimed at forcing voters in many states to show photo identification at polling places have been blocked or delayed, delighting opponents who claim they were among a variety of partisan attempts to keep minorities from voting. Supporters of the measures nevertheless predict they will prevail in the long run. And court battles continue in some states even as the Nov. 6 election date draws near. The stakes are high especially in swing states where a close margin is expected in the race between Democratic President Barack Obama and Republican nominee Mitt Romney, as well as in numerous congressional and local campaigns. Other battles in key states such as Florida and Ohio have been fought over reductions in the number of early voting days and new restrictions on voter registration drives.
National: State voting-law cases test Supreme Court’s politics just ahead of Election Day | USAToday
Efforts by some states that could make it tougher to register to vote or vote are heading toward the Supreme Court, providing a fresh test of the justices’ political mettle. The court agreed Monday to hear Arizona’s appeal of a lower-court ruling that blocked the state from requiring proof of citizenship when registering by mail. The case, which could affect other states including Alabama, Georgia, Kansas and Tennessee, likely will be heard in the winter and decided in the spring. More urgent is the court’s imminent decision whether to hear Ohio’s appeal of lower-court rulings that blocked the state from closing early voting centers three days before the election, while allowing military and overseas voters continued access. President Obama’s campaign is opposing the state’s case.
Pennsylvania: Voter ID Law on Trial | Epoch Times
PennsylvaniaBy admin August 3, 2012
A trial over Pennsylvania’s voter ID law will either uphold or block a new requirement that state Sen. Vincent Hughes (D-Phila./Montgomery) called “purely about partisan politics.” A ruling is expected this week. In a phone press conference on July 31, Hughes said the law “reverts us back to the days of poll taxes.” He said that if the trial allows Pennsylvania voter ID requirements to stand, “we will do our best to make sure everyone who needs one gets an ID.”
“The context of the trial is that nationally we are in the middle of the biggest national rollback of voting rights in decades,” according to Wendy Weiser, co-director of the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law. The law disproportionately affects minorities, the elderly, and poor people, according to Weiser.
National: Voter ID laws could swing states | Politico.com
NationalBy admin July 30, 2012
At least 5 million voters, predominantly young and from minority groups sympathetic to President Barack Obama, could be affected by an unprecedented flurry of new legislation by Republican governors and GOP-led legislatures to change or restrict voting rights by Election Day 2012. Supporters of these new laws — spearheaded in six swing states, as well as other less competitive ones — argue they are just trying to stop voter fraud and protect the integrity of the vote. But opponents, mainly Democrats and Obama’s campaign, which is closely monitoring the daily warfare over the new laws, believe they are trying to change the face of the electorate in a way that benefits the Republican candidate for president. Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Virginia and Wisconsin, all viewed as important states this fall, each have enacted stricter ID laws. Florida and Ohio have cut back on early voting. And a whole host of other states have passed new ID laws as well. As a result, millions of voters will find it much more difficult to vote on Election Day in November — some estimates, such as one from the Brennan Center of Justice last fall, put the number of those affected nationwide at more than 5 million. In Pennsylvania alone, the state’s Transportation Department released figures showing that more than 750,000 registered voters in the state — 9.2 percent of voters there — do not have the required forms of ID to vote in November.
Florida: Florida at the forefront as states plan fresh assault on voting rights | guardian.co.uk
FloridaBy admin July 27, 2012
Voting rights groups are struggling to hold back a tide of new laws that are likely to make it harder for millions of Americans to vote in the presidential election in November and could distort the outcome of the race for the White House. Since January 2011, 19 states have passed a total of 24 laws that create hurdles between voters and the ballot box. Some states are newly requiring people to show government-issued photo cards at polling stations. Others have whittled down early voting hours, imposed restrictions on registration of new voters, banned people with criminal records from voting or attempted to purge eligible voters from the electoral roll. The assault on voter rights is particularly acute in key swing states where the presidential race is likely to be settled. Five of the nine key battleground states identified by the Republican strategist Karl Rove have introduced laws that could suppress turnout – Florida, Iowa, New Hampshire, Ohio and Virginia. Between them, the states that have imposed restrictions account for the lion’s share of the 270 electoral college votes that Barack Obama or Mitt Romney must win to take the presidency. Sixteen of the states that have passed new voter restrictions between them hold 214 electoral votes. “We are seeing a dramatic assault on voting rights, the most significant pushback on democratic participation that we’ve seen in decades,” said Wendy Weiser of the non-partisan thinktank the Brennan Center for Justice, and the co-author of the definitive study of US voter suppression in the 2012 election cycle. “These laws could make it harder for millions of eligible American citizens to participate, particularly in swing states.”
Texas: Judges Will Rule on Voter ID | Roll Call
TexasBy admin July 13, 2012
The war over this election’s voting rules is heating up, drawing crowds this week to a closely watched federal court trial in Washington, D.C., where a three-judge panel is hearing arguments for and against a contested Texas voter ID law. “This is certainly something that is going to have broad reverberations beyond Texas,” said Wendy Weiser, who directs the Democracy Program at New York University School of Law’s Brennan Center for Justice. The center is on the legal team representing Latino and civil rights leaders who have intervened in the case. Immediately at issue is whether the Texas law discriminates against minority voters by requiring a photo ID at the polls. But the case could reverberate all the way up to the Supreme Court. Texas has also challenged the constitutionality of Section 5 of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, which requires states with a history of discrimination to obtain Justice Department approval before changing their voting rules.
National: Texas case puts voter ID laws to test | The Washington Post
Voter ID laws face a high-profile test this week as the U.S. District Court in Washington, DC hears arguments about Texas’ controversial new regulations. The case pits Texas against Attorney General Eric Holder, who has earned the ire of Republicans across the country for challenging new voting restrictions. Republicans say the Justice Department should be more concerned about fraud; the DOJ counters that these laws suppress minority turnout. Gov. Rick Perry (R) signed Texas’ voter ID law in May 2011. The state already required an ID to vote; the new law requires a photo ID. Those who don’t have a valid photo ID can apply for a new “election identification certificate.” As a state with a history of voter discrimination, Texas must get preclearance from the Department of Justice for changes in election law. The DOJ blocked Texas’ law under Section 5 of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, declaring that it would disproportionately affect Hispanic voters.
National: Foes of Voter ID Laws Find Ways to Mute Their Impact | NationalJournal.com
NationalBy admin July 9, 2012
As most legislative work around the country came to a standstill over the July 4th holiday, Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder made headlines last week when he broke with the Republican Party to veto a law that would have tightened Michigan’s current “voter ID” law, just a few months ahead of Election Day. The move is an indication that despite the intense anxiety about the wave of voter ID laws, which place new restrictions on voters before they can cast a ballot, the legislation is facing tough challenges even before being enacted. Opponents have found a variety of means to mute the impact of such legislation. Republicans backing the laws, which have passed in 11 states in the past two years alone, insist that the measures are meant to curb voter fraud and are commonsense requirements that shouldn’t prove to be too onerous for any legitimately eligible voter. But Democrats see a more sinister design in the measures — as part of a broader GOP effort to rig elections in its favor by suppressing constituencies that tend to vote Democratic: minorities, low-income voters, students, and even women. That impression was fueled recently when Republican Mike Turzai, majority leader of the Pennsylvania House, highlighted the partisan impact of the state’s new voting restrictions. “Voter ID, which is gonna allow Governor Romney to win the state of Pennsylvania, done,” Turzai said to applause at a Republican State Committee meeting.
New York: Proposed election law could simplify voter registration | Queens Chronicle
New YorkBy admin June 18, 2012
State Sen. Mike Gianaris (D-Astoria), Assemblyman Brian Kavanagh (D-Manhattan) and the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law introduced the Voter Empowerment Act of New York bill on June 7. The bill will automatically register eligible consenting citizens at designated government agencies; permit pre-registration of 16- and 17-year-olds; automatically transfer registrations of New Yorkers who move within the state; provide access to voter registration records and registration of eligible citizens online and allow people to register or change their party later in the election cycle.
National: Restrictive voting laws tied up in court | The Washington Post
NationalBy admin June 7, 2012
Stricter ID laws and other controversial voting restrictions, passed this year by several Republican-controlled legislatures, are hitting legal roadblocks that could keep many of the measures from taking effect before the November elections. Curbs on early voting, new ID requirements and last-minute efforts to rid voter lists of noncitizens have been met with vigorous opposition from the Justice Department and civil rights groups, and in some cases, the provisions have been blocked by federal or state judges. “There has been a real push-back by the courts to these widespread efforts to restrict the vote,” said Wendy Weiser, director of the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, which opposes the new laws. “If those seeking to suppress the vote won round one, round two seems to be going to the voters.”
Ohio: Republicans want to disallow ballots with errors caused by poll workers | Slate Magazine
OhioBy admin May 24, 2012
So much ink has been spilled on how vote suppression will affect the 2012 presidential election, one hesitates to write another word. Ari Berman has done terrific work uncovering the ways in which the new voting laws have aimed at suppressing the votes of elderly, minority, student, and other voters—particularly in swing states—who tend to vote for Democratic candidates. Wendy Weiser of the Brennan Center for Justice has an indispensible primer on the 22 new laws and two executive actions that will severely restrict voting in 17 states in November. These laws, often modeled on draft legislation from the American Legislative Exchange Council, a consortium of conservative state legislators, will have the effect of disenfranchising millions of voters, all in order to address a vote fraud “epidemic” that should be filed somewhere between the Loch Ness Monster and the Tooth Fairy in the annals of modern fairy tales. As Weiser notes, none of this is casual or accidental: “If you want to find another period in which this many new laws were passed restricting voting, you have to go back more than a century—to the post-Reconstruction era, when Southern states passed a host of Jim Crow voting laws and Northern states targeted immigrants and the poor.” Whether it’s onerous (and expensive) voter ID rules that will render as many as 10 percent of Americans ineligible to vote, proof of citizenship measures, restricting registration drives,cancellation of Sunday voting, or claims that voting should be a privilege as opposed to a right, efforts to discount and discredit the vote have grown bolder in recent years, despite vanishingly rare claims of actual vote fraud. The sole objective appears to be ensuring that fewer Americans vote in 2012 than voted in 2008. But as strange as the reasons to purge certain votes have been around the nation, things have grown even stranger in recent weeks in Ohio, where GOP lawmakers have gone after not only voters but the federal courts, in an effort to wiggle out of statewide voting rules.
National: Voter ID Laws Take Center Stage at House Judiciary Hearing | Main Justice
The controversial video showing a man almost fraudulently accepting a ballot as Attorney General Eric Holder got more airtime Wednesday at a House Judiciary subcommittee hearing on the Justice Department’s voting rights enforcement track record. The video, made by conservative activist James O’Keefe, prompted some committee members to question the attorney general’s handling of voting cases. Rep. Steve King (R-Iowa) said he is “shocked the attorney general hasn’t offered a meaningful response to this.” On hand for the Republican-led House Judiciary subcommittee on the Constitution hearing was former Voting Section lawyerJ. Christian Adams, who has been a vocal critic of Holder since his dramatic departure from theJustice Department in 2010. Adams was critical of Holder’s decision to partially dismiss a voter intimidation civil lawsuit against the New Black Panther Party and members — a racially charged case Adams helped initiate. But many veterans of the Civil Rights Division said the George W. Bush administration’s Voting Section took on a highly politicized agenda in choosing cases.
National: Impact of South Carolina voter ID law rejection limited | USAToday.com
The Justice Department’s rejection of South Carolina’s voter ID law probably won’t prevent other states from adopting similar measures, analysts say. “Unfortunately, I don’t think this is going to have a significant chilling effect,” said Wendy Weiser, a voter ID opponent and lawyer at the Brennan Center for Justice at the New York University law school.
The South Carolina law would have required voters to show one of five government-issued IDs — such as a drivers license or passport — before casting a ballot. Justice officials said the state didn’t show the law complied with the 1965 Voter Rights Act and didn’t justify the need for the law or prove widespread voter impersonation, which tougher ID laws are designed to prevent. South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley has promised to appeal.
Maine: Voting Rights Restored in Maine, Restricted in Mississippi | The Nation
Maine, MississippiBy admin November 10, 2011
Last night marked the first time that voters themselves could weigh in on the GOP’s war on voting. The results were mixed, as Maine voted to reinstate Election Day voter registration while Mississippi voted to mandate government-issued IDs in order to cast a ballot.
First, Maine. By an overwhelming twenty point margin, Mainers overruled the GOP governor and legislature and voted to restore Election Day registration, which had been on the books since 1973 before Republicans scrapped it this year. The Protect Maine Votes coalition gathered 70,000 signatures in less than a month, according to the Bangor Daily News, in order to place the issue on the ballot. Sixty-thousand Mainers registered on Election Day in 2008, and the convenience of same day registration helped explain why Maine consistently had one of the highest voter turnouts in the nation.
Maine: Voters restore Election Day registration | seattlepi.com
MaineBy admin November 9, 2011
A law requiring voters to enroll at least two days before an election was repealed Tuesday, restoring a four-decade policy of allowing registrations up to and including Election Day. Unofficial results showed the proposal to repeal the newly enacted requirement passed with 60 percent of the vote.
“This is a big day for the voters of Maine,” said David Farmer, spokesman for the Yes on One campaign. “They stood up for their rights to be heard. This tells us that Maine people won’t stand for people messing with their elections.”
The referendum was put on the ballot through a people’s veto initiative after the Republican-controlled Legislature passed a law in June requiring voters to register at least two business days before an election is held. That set aside a state law passed in 1973 that allows Election Day, or same-day, registrations.
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Santos criticises partner's inaction
PETER KLINGERThe West Australian
Thu, 14 April 2011 9:03AM
Santos managing director David Knox has hit out at joint venture partner ConocoPhillips, expressing his disappointment that their one-train Darwin LNG plant is not being expanded despite the presence of sufficient gas reserves.
Speaking outside the APPEA conference, Mr Knox said Santos was keen to expand the 3.2 million tonne-a-year Darwin LNG plant and pointed to his company's ownership of stakes in the Barossa-Caldita and Evans Shoal fields, which could provide the feed gas.
The Darwin LNG plant processes gas from the Bayu-Undan fields, owned by a consortium including Santos and operated by ConocoPhillips.
ConocoPhillips also operates Barossa-Caldita but late last year put its 60 per cent stake up for sale, surprising analysts who deemed the field a natural feed to underpin a Darwin LNG plant expansion.
Barossa-Caldita is about 700km north of Darwin - requiring a costly new trunkline to connect to the LNG plant - and contains an estimated 3.5 trillion cubic feet of gas, with a carbon dioxide level of more than 10 per cent. Bayu-Undan's carbon dioxide levels are about 8 per cent.
Santos was known to be frustrated with ConocoPhillips' lack of urgency but until yesterday had not publicly voiced its disappointment.
Mr Knox said while Santos was in talks with ConocoPhillips about an expansion, "there's nothing firm".
"We would like to see, working with ConocoPhillips, a way forward to expand the project," Mr Knox said. "Clearly brownfields projects, their economics really sing if you can get the gas (and) we would very much like to do that.
"It's been a disappointment to us, obviously it (Darwin LNG) has approval for 10 million tonnes (a year) and we have gas in the area."
Mr Knox said ConocoPhillips had not given a reason for its lack of interest in expanding Darwin LNG other than "they just believe there are other options within their portfolio that are more attractive".
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Celebrity GossipNewsEntertainment
Miley Cyrus visits Amsterdam cannabis bar
WENNThe West Australian
Sun, 10 November 2013 6:04PM
Controversial pop star Miley Cyrus has spent three hours with friends at a cannabis cafe during her visit to Amsterdam.
Cyrus is in the Dutch capital ahead of her performance at the MTV Europe Music Awards on Sunday and she has been enjoying the city's laidback vibe during her trip.
She headed to a popular coffee shop - where marijuana can be legally purchased - with DJ Afrojack, and the pair spent three hours inside before heading back to their hotel.
They had earlier sampled Amsterdam's famous sweet pancakes at a nearby eaterie.
The former Hannah Montana star has been a constant presence in headlines over recent months following a series of outrageous, provocative stage routines, but she seemed determined to keep her coffee shop visit low-key by heading to the Greenhouse venue situated in an out-of-the-way location in the south of the city, away from the thriving centre.
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Open that door!
SUE YEAPThe West Australian
Mon, 3 November 2014 10:55AM
Camera IconJames Spader and Megan Boone. Credit: Supplied
What's behind the door? Is Red Liz's father? Will Liz and Ressler hook up? Should Liz trust Samar? These are just some of the dozen-plus questions I have lined up ahead of my interview with The Blacklist's creator and executive producer Jon Bokenkamp and co-executive producer John Eisendrath.
Given the action-packed drama starring James Spader as an international criminal mastermind now collaborating with the FBI thrives on mystery, I know I'm unlikely to get any concrete answers or spoilers.
So let's start with what Agent Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone) has locked behind a heavy door in a secure basement that even Raymond "Red" Reddington (Spader) doesn't know about?
"It's going to be great," Bokenkamp enthuses ahead of tonight's big reveal.
"How big a revelation? I don't know, John?"
"I would say we love the fact people are really curious about it and we can't decide how long we should keep a question like that alive," Eisendrath adds.
"The audience likes it but then they're 'Ooh, when are they going to tell us'. In this case we think what's behind the door is going to be as good as the question."
In episode four viewers learnt more about Liz's psychological and genetic make-up. We also learnt earlier in the season that her partner Agent Donald Ressler (Diego Klattenhoff) had developed a prescription drug habit.
"I would say the revelations Liz talked about with (psychiatrist) Linus Creel are the core of one of the basic tentpoles of the series which is, is she or isn't she Red's daughter," Eisendrath says.
"What her perception of herself is - it's based on who she thinks her dad is.
"That is an essential part of the whole series. The question of Ressler and his addiction issues are something we are excited about introducing as an example of the deepening of the characters and once we introduce something as a characteristic I don't think it can just go away.
"He may not always be actively using but it is a part of the life of someone who is an addictive personality."
In addition to the overarching mystery of Liz and Red's relationship, essential to each episode is the story of the week where Liz and the FBI go in search of someone else on Red's blacklist. And that list has contained some sick and dangerous individuals.
"We always ask ourselves in the room 'Is this a case-of-the-week or a criminal you could find on any other show', and if it is we probably shouldn't do it," Bokenkamp says.
"That's not to say we don't sometimes do that.
"It is easier for myself at least, and I think a lot of us, to look at these blacklisters from the perspective of what is their story, what is their movie poster, are they a monster-of-the-week, is it a horror film, is it an action film, is it a love story?
"We are constantly asking ourselves 'What makes this person unique and different and dangerous: is it someone Red would know about, someone he may have an awareness of?'
"That is something we are always asking ourselves 'How are they connected to Red?'"
"Our show does exist in an alternate universe, we are not really a ripped-from-the- headlines show," Eisendrath says, adding that it was pure coincidence that last week's virus story coincided with Ebola being in the news.
Peter Fonda guest stars in tonight's episode, Alan Alda will return and we may not have seen the last of Mary-Louise Parker.
"She is Red's wife; I don't think we have finished telling the story of Red and Naomi so I think it is fairly confident she will be back at some point," Eisendrath says.
Is the young woman who owns the food truck really Red's daughter or a red herring?
"Both. In coming weeks there will be stories that involve episodes that involve that storyline," Bokenkamp says.
"Her story becomes front and centre in the next couple of episodes - it will be very exciting to see it play out."
As for the mysterious Mossad agent Samar Navabi, should Liz trust her? Should we trust her?
"I think you should be suspicious of everyone," Bokenkamp says. "All these people seem to have some sort of secret so it is certainly fair to be suspicious of her and her connections to Reddington."
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Race and Class in The Fresh Prince of Bel Air
The Fresh Prince of Bel Air (1990-96) centers on Will Smith, sent to live with his biological aunt’s family after struggling in his working class background. Although The Fresh Prince of Bel Air is best remembered for Will’s exploits, chasing girls and finding himself in various predicaments, there are episodes which deal with serious subject matter. As a sitcom centered upon a wealthy black family, it is inevitable The Fresh Prince of Bel Air would examine issues of race and class within society. The episodes listed below reflect The Fresh Prince of Bel Air‘s sincere writing quality that is usually not associated with its reputation.
4. Not with My Pig, You Don’t – Class-based Vanity
Phil and his Mother come into conflict over his embarrassment regarding their rural past.
Not with My Pig, You Don’t begins with Phil’s announcement that he will receive an Urban Spirit Award as recognition for helping “our brothers and sisters in the streets”. This leads to Will making a class-based joke about Phil’s chauffeur, which Phil denounces due to his contribution towards black working class people. Yet Will’s joke has significance once Phil’s parents arrive. Phil presents himself as a successful lawyer with elegance and taste in terms of his clothing, mansion and other accessories. Phil’s mother Hattie deconstructs by referring to him as Zeke (his childhood name) and his rural North Carolinian upbringing. Phil’s rural upbringing includes skinny dipping with his pet pig Melvin and becoming a pig racing champion, which Phil has not disclosed to the public as it is a clear contradiction of his desired image. The distinction between Phil and his parents’ attire, formal suits against casual clothing, reflects the extent in which Phil has gone to maintain an image of wealth and success.
Phil’s determination to move away from his rural background results in confrontation, once a newspaper interview goes astray. When news reporter Susan Klein believes Phil’s life story is dull, Will gives her Phil’s childhood stories. “You destroyed my image!” is Phil’s mortified response, which Hattie overhears. Hattie confronts Phil over his remarks, “that is where you are from Zeke!”. Hattie’s comment reveals Phil’s contradictory nature. Phil acts as if being highly successful and having a rich lifestyle is second nature to him, yet he has forgotten his rural upbringing which built his character. This results in Phil contemplating his thoughts regarding his image accepting his rural past. Phil realises that he “didn’t have it that hard” as his parents always loved him, thus making his rural background insignificant to his reputation.
3. The Ethnic Trip – Understanding One’s Racial History
Vivian temporary teaches Will and Carlton’s History class to advocate black culture.
The Ethnic Trip reflects difficulties in incorporating black culture into an established institution, as well as understanding one’s own culture. In this case it is Bel Air Prep, an elite private school where the majority of students are white. Throughout Will’s time at Bel Air Prep, he is insistent on his own individuality. Will expresses his individuality through wearing his jacket inside out, decorating it with badges of black icons. Will says it is his individualism that has resulted in bad grades in history, due to no black culture being taught. This strives Vivian to help Will voice his opinion at a parents-teachers meeting. The committee is apprehensive about Will’s idea, claiming that there is not enough space in their curriculum. This could be read as institutional racism, as Bel Air Prep’s need for conservatism means no criticism of America’s racial history. Yet this is soon defeated by Vivian, who offers her teaching experience to Will’s history class.
However Will conveys an arrogance over his own races’ history, feeling that he will gain good grades simply because he is black. However, Vivian’s strict teaching discipline and vast knowledge on black culture regularly corrects Will’s assumptions or generalisations. For example, although Will recognises slave songs, he cannot clarify their connection to abolitionism. It takes Vivian to make Will aware of this fact. By the end of Vivian’s tenure as Will’s history teacher, he has not fully improved as a student. Vivian confronts Will regarding his academic stagnancy, who defends himself by saying he had read Malcolm X’s autobiography three times. Vivian becomes irritated by Will’s response, stating that he is trivalising black culture by only studying specific aspects rather than its whole. This realisation not only makes Will understand his own arrogance, but also the importance of understanding one’s own racial history. The Ethnic Trip shows how race should to be understood from both sides, that of established institutions hesitant in accepting change while individuals needing to fully understand their own culture.
2. Guess Who’s Coming to Marry? – Issues Over Interracial Marriage
Will’s mother Vi is at odds with an interracial marriage.
Will’s family comes together for his Aunt Janice’s wedding, though everyone becomes surprised as Janice’s groom Frank is white. Their shock is emphasised for the audience moments before when a handsome black man walks into the Banks residence, who is taken for granted as Janice’s groom. When Frank walks in, Phil paid him cab fare assuming he is the taxi driver. Phil’s actions embodies the families’ racial preference, assuming Janice will marry a black man. As the family recovers from their shock, Janice explains that she did not reveal Frank’s racial identity in case her family will not accept their relationship. Helen, one of Janice’s older sisters, proclaims that “you can’t control who you fall in love with” advocating racial tolerance. However, Vi initially discriminates against the marriage. Vi claims that Janice will make her life difficult by marrying a white man, to the point where she may lose friends and become a social outcast due to possible racial tensions.
Vi’s discrimination goes as far as attempting to block Will from the wedding. Vi feels that she is being disrespected, as Janice is going against how they were raised, which is a sign of Vi’s prejudice. Yet Will is adamant in attending, saying that if he disobeys her prejudice, then is he truly worthy of her love? This makes Vi contemplate her views and understand her prejudice. Vi’s prejudice is shown as destructive within a family structure, causing divides. Guess Who’s Coming to Marry? breaks down the reasoning for interracial divides and shows that society can be tolerant. Vi realises that it does not matter if Janice and Frank are an interracial couple, as long as they love each other.
1. Those Were The Days – Analysing One’s Class Identity
Phil and Vivian are reunited with their activist friend Marge.
Phil and Vivian are reunited with Marge, a friend from their activist days. Marge’s presence at their home has a profound effect on everyone’s conscience regarding their class position. Marge continuously calls Geoffrey, the Banks’ butler, a “pathetic servant of capital fat cats”. This not only refers to Geoffrey’s submissive standing, but also an insult towards Phil and Vivian for their bourgeoisie lifestyle. Marge knew Phil and Vivian when they were still predominantly working class, which reflects Marge’s views that Phil and Vivian have betrayed their values. The differences in their lifestyles becomes further evident when Marge influences Will, after announcing his displease over his photography teacher’s sacking. Will’s photography teacher is dismissed after parents raised concerns regarding a planned trip to an exhibition. Marge tells Will that if he is angered by the decision, then he must act. This results in Will along with a fellow pupil staging a protest by locking themselves in a classroom. Will feels this protest is vital in demonstrating his displeasure of his teacher’s dismissal, therefore animating his views.
Will’s protest results in school suspension. While Marge believes Will’s actions is admirable, Phil and Vivian are not impressed. This causes a confrontation where Marge instigates that Phil and Vivian had lost their activists ideals, as they had become too familiar with their rich surroundings. This is fiercely contested by Phil, who reminds Marge of his civil rights activities and how they still influence him. This includes supporting working class black citizens for their civil rights, which was a primary aim for black activism. It became clear that despite Phil and Vivian’s wealth and status, they have never forgotten their activist ideals. Vivian continues the argument by saying participation in activism does not mean working outside the system. It can be working within the law by signing petitions or hosting committee meetings. This emphasises Phil and Vivian’s activist ideals, not forgetting their youthful class values despite their current bourgeoisie lifestyle.
These episodes show that The Fresh Prince of Bel Air is capable of sincerity, dealing with themes of race and class. These themes are never taken lightly, they are represented in a vivid and confronting manner. Each episode raises questions as to how race and class should be portrayed and discussed within society.
What do you think? Leave a comment.
Analysis Class Relations Racism social commentary The Fresh Prince of Bel Air
Posted on Jun 8, 2015 by
Ryan Errington
Contributing writer for The Artifice. I have a deep interest in films, television and the arts.
Edited by Joe Manduke, S.A. Takacs.
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Jun 8, 2015 Reply
Nancee
I recently had a few days off from work, and spent some of the time going down memory lane by watching one of my favorite childhood shows. I love this show.
Watching this show years later, I can now appreciate the social commentary tucked into the show’s writing. One particularly powerful episode is season 1, episode 6: Mistaken Identity.
Aaron Hatch
Fresh Prince was not just a funny show, but also had powerful commentary on issues that are relevant even today. The episode that particularly stuck with me is the one that commented on violence, and that is when Carlton caries a gun after Will got wounded by a mugger.
It’s amazing how even though this show began over twenty years ago, it was able to discuss issues that are still so prevalent in society today. Even more so, it demonstrated so many morals like family love and friendship.
The stuff with Will and Uncle Phil was always great. The episode where they’re trapped in a cave with a duffle bag full of money (you know, which happens all the time), Will’s speech about only having one roller skate and Uncle Phil giving him another one was a tear-jerker as well.
Uncle Phil was a national treasure. There, I said it.
Jul 20, 2015 Reply
Love how he plays the judge on other shows!! I think I have seen him at least twice on two different shows?!
Donny Gentry
I watched Fresh Prince on and off, mainly in reruns. And the occasions when the show addressed issues of race were incredibly effective. The episode dealing with Carlton’s first ticket for Driving While Black wasn’t subtle, but it worked very well.
My favorite character was was Uncle Phil. James Avery and the writers made his combination of middle aged conservatism and still-active pride in who he is and where he came from believable.
Jun 10, 2015 Reply
Yeah, that episode was the first time I ever heard about that (I grew up in a little Appalachian town) , so I still think of that whenever I hear about stop and frisk and the like.
I am kind of annoyed that this isn’t streaming anywhere – it’s the perfect thing to bingewatch while working on some project.
Its Elie
This show was huge to me as a kid and still makes me chuckle today, corny as it is.
It’s interesting that it doesn’t seem to be considered as lame as Full House, though maybe because it isn’t quite as everywhere as Full House.
Fresh Prince was nowhere near as formulaic or corny as Full House – outside of the Very Special Episodes (of which there aren’t really that many), it was straight up comedy most of the time, so no wonder it’s held up better.
Guajardo
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air has its faults and certainly does play into some stereotypes about African Americans.
KieranDelamont
There’s certainly something to be said for analyzing a bit of pop culture like this, but if you’re going to deal with such heavy themes, I’d say you need to deal with the fact that they are dealt with through humour, and what that might mean w/r/t what the showrunners and writers were thinking. Humour is a powerful statement in its own right and it is absent from this analysis.
The episode where Carlton buys a gun after Will gets shot was pretty powerful.
That episode was pretty powerful, and my younger naive self thought “Wow, this experience has made Carlton grow up, he’s going to be a completely different character from now on!”
HJERELL
Sometimes I want to watch an after-school special sit-com re-run at 11:30pm on a Thursday and this is it. I really love this show.
One of my favorites of the 90’s, and I still like to catch the re-runs here and there…apparently MTV took over airing it, as well as Nick at Nite. The theme song is still as catchy now as it was when it aired in prime time.
bokuseki
I really liked your article, but it makes me question why acceptance has taken this long, as class and race has always been comedic content. I’m just wondering what your opinion to tv show following the first person narrative, of a person of colour.
The Fresh Prince of Bel Air was created in the 90’s featuring a Black American and now in present day is another show called Fresh Off the Boat featuring a Chinese American. I find it interestingly that they both are “Fresh”, yet both were set in the same time period. With Eddie’s story his book is recent, but the comedic content of racial difference has always been the same. I find it interesting that it took this long for Asian Americans to be recognized as something greater than “the other token”.
The Fresh Prince is one of my favorite shows on tv. I practically watch it everynight.
sammiebear
The Fresh Prince of Bel Air was one of the best shows in tv in my opinion. Almost every episode left the audience laughing and thinking about one of the many important messages that were portrayed over the years. The Fresh Prince was able to speak to it’s audience about the importance of tolerance. This show painted a picture of a family that was the opposite of many negative stereotypes surrounding African Americans. Even now in 2015, television and films are so dominated by white people, and acts if racism are still seen and heard about. Having a show like the Fresh Prince of Bel Air remain popular is important in the building of a better future.
gloryya1602
I never saw this serie the way you are talking about it, however it is so true. Great text!
fchery
This show ddid every now in then try to engage in some subject matter regarding the families affluence and race. While I think it was mostly successful, done of the wiring really comes from a privileged white point of view that comes from the writers on staff thinking in black.
The episode guess whose coming to Marry cab be paralleled to the movie that shamed the original “Guess Who’s coming to Dinner.”
“Guess Who” and this episode tried to exasperate the idea that blacks feel equally awkward dealing with white people and have some sort of bigotry to them. This is completely inaccurate.
Black families speak about race often the information in the show would have been discussed long before the white lover comes to the door in most cases. What would have been more realistic is the anxiety of the pertain on the relationship and less the families actions towards the racially different.
Joe’s would be made and support would be given. Black cultures usually see greater white society as different from the individual; this most likely occurrs because of how many positive named white portrayals there are in media, not a virtue of black people.
A truly black interpretation of interracial dating would be more thoughtful as the minority involved would wonder if they are asking it if their friends are joking with then as they always do our is it an actual issue; possibly even grinning racism to test the white pertain and fully embracing them when they smile awkwardly our even more bravely roast themselves and/or push back witfully.
This is not to say that it would never be an issue, it has simply been overstated because while their are black faves ibn the screen it is usually a white point of view in writing the words our a need to connect in ways white audiences would expect. This is the same issue that upset the creator of “Fresh Off the Boat” with the storylines depicted on that show. The same problem arises in the black community have with at least some episodes “Blackish”. As one of my friends put it the race card episode of “Blackish” demonstrates why it is more “Whitish” in actuality.
DClarke
I think these are great examples not just of particular episodes, but of messages that were inherent through the whole run of the show. It is interesting to see them brought out explicitly. As you have shown, a close reading of The Fresh Prince uncovers many commentaries that are still relevant today
Mamagreen
A very fun show growing up. Shocked at the content now as an adult and parent.
I agree with DClarke about the messages being inherent through the whole run of the show. One of my favorite moments was in the first episode where Will is being grilled for carving his name in the desk, and the white English teacher defends him: “Where he grew up, ‘bad’ means ‘good!'”
SpectreWriter
Great article exploring the subtleties in a show like this. I liked the first episode where Phil gives his little lecture on Malcolm X but the theme song is always catchy 😀
Jul 2, 2015 Reply
Nof
I always watched this show as a kid, so I never noticed the complexity of the writing. It’s brilliant when shows work for a wide range of audience in age and in other aspects. I like how specific this article is, focusing on episodes, rather than the show as a whole.
flyeswatter
Fresh Prince is great in that it’s never subtle about its messages. There’s a lot to be said about the intersectionality of classism, especially regarding internal divides within ethnic or racial groups.
tdrumm7
The true brilliance of Fresh Prince was it’s ability to tackle almost any social issue (relevant at that time of course) within the confines of a a great comedy. The show’s ability to be hilarious one minute, and flip to serious just seconds later is second to none. One of the best shows ever.
Excellent work! It was a pleasure reading.
Munjeera
Huge fan of the show. Watched it when it first came out and watched with both my sons who are biracial and have found it to be a great conversation starter for race, class and gender. It was an unusual show that handled sensitive issues with courage. Watching it now at 47 I am impressed by Will Smith’s humility where he takes on the role of the newbie learning from people who are more successful than him. I guess he really learned how to be successful!
Aug 9, 2015 Reply
AidaA
yes yes yes. This article is great. I remember (in the UK) The Simpsons would come on and it would be followed by the Fresh Prince. When you’re younger you just watch these things and laugh, but when you revisit them years later you realise just how much it discussed issues like race and class. Amazing show
Sep 22, 2015 Reply
CarlosRodriguez
Great analysis. There are tons of other episodes that deal with these sort of heavy situation. For instance, when Will’s father comes to visit. We all know how that ended. Or when Will begins to experiment with “speed”. This show is definitely a top 10 for me.
Oct 5, 2015 Reply
nwoods92
The episode with Phil’s mom always stuck out to me as being a poignant statement on remembering where you come from.
Nov 8, 2015 Reply
scole
One of my favorite shows! A Different World does the same thing, it’s based in a college setting as well, so, me being in college, it kind of relates to each generation in a different way. Shows like this are something to really sit down and watch and learn, if you want, about these topics being brought up.
Nov 10, 2015 Reply
kmosley10
This show is always glorified for the comedian Will Smith,being able to make people laugh. However, this show gave so much light to real life situations, even the relationship with Will Smith and his father, although ironic that his upbringing was that of ruff once relocating to Bel Air, he still was able to connect to stereotypical an common situations of those in worse situations, I think that although not glorified is the main contribute to the success of the show
keyshawnBailey
The fresh prince is one of my favorite shows. I love this show so much I could literally sit in the house and just watch it all day.
Dec 3, 2015 Reply
Cmandra
What a great article The Ethnic Trip is one of the episodes which is in my memory forever. Such a profound and true portrayal. What really interested me was the way that the white students were portrayed as eager learners of the subject to the point where they knew more than Will. It was interesting how they showed white students having more knowledge but not understanding Black culture on a personal level. It really makes one think about a lot of things at once.
stefancharles
This is a great article that supports its thesis with specific, diverse examples. I like how the episode synopses were concise and on-topic! Fresh Prince was a great show that used its collective talents well. I think the show was able to effectively ground these episodes through character-driven writing and its exceptional cast. If these social issues are considered “still relevant”, it’s because they have always been.
vpano94
You make great points! It was a very interesting read.
Jan 19, 2017 Reply
authoressalicia
The 90’s sitcoms were the best, they enlightened a generation children and adults about race relations and gender discrimination. You have analyzed The Fresh Prince of Bellaire from a depth perspective.
Prove you are human, type cats in singular form below:
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Loretta Lynch’s Supporters Stage Hunger Strike Because The Haters Still Haven’t Confirmed Her As Attorney General
Danielle Young, Lifestyle Editor
Source: The Washington Post / Getty
We have no idea why Loretta Lynch is still waiting to be confirmed as the new Attorney General to replace Eric Holder. And while we’re all getting restless, Lynch’s biggest supporters (an advocacy group founded by Rev. Al Sharpton) have been extremely vocal about their patience running thin, protesting the delay. Their latest plan is to stake a hunger strike.
Dubbed “Confirm Loretta Lynch Fast,” the new tactic is designed in the mold of actions by civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi and Cesar Chavez, organizers said. The group’s executive director, Janaye Ingram, added: “We stand with Loretta Lynch and are so in support of this cause that we are willing to sacrifice our daily meals to impress upon the U.S. Senate that it’s time to call a vote.”
MUST READ: Polichicks: Loretta Lynch Emerges As The Top Choice To Replace Eric Holder As Attorney General
This hunger strike is intended to put pressure the Republican leaders to confirm Lynch as Attorney General. Lynch has officially been waiting for 157 days and the average wait time for an Attorney General nominee is 18 days. This ridiculous wait time of 157 days is the longest wait in 31 years and longer than the last five nominees combined. What the heck is the hold up? The powers that be must really be against having the first Black woman serve in this role. “If it looks like a duck and talks like a duck it’s a duck. The duck is that she’s being treated differently. That’s a standard that allows some people to call this both racist and sexist,” Dr. Barbara Williams-Skinner told reporters a few feet from Majority Leader McConnell’ s door as she joined forces with 20+ other prominent Black women to protest in Lynch’s honor.
We’re just being surface level here, but apparently, Lynch’s nomination is tangled up in an unrelated Senate fight over The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act, a human-trafficking bill, which has been bogged down by a partisan dispute over its abortion provisions. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) reiterated earlier this week that the chamber would not move on to Lynch until it resolves the dispute over that bill.
“As long as the Senate refuses to take fifteen minutes to confirm someone for Attorney General that they have already confirmed twice for U.S. Attorney,” National Action Network and its allies “will do everything in our power to draw attention to this completely unfair and unnecessary delay to vote to confirm Loretta Lynch,” Sharpton, who founded NAN, said in a statement Wednesday.
This advocacy group has more plans than just a hunger strike: they will also bombard Senate officers, write letters and launch a social media drive to being attention to their campaign to get Lynch confirmed. We’re here for this activism because obviously the unprecedented hold up is getting to be a little much.
Black Women March To Senate Leader’s Office To Protest For Loretta Lynch & We’re Like Who Run The World?!
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Loretta Lynch’s Supporters Stage Hunger Strike Because The Haters Still Haven’t Confirmed Her As Attorney General was originally published on hellobeautiful.com
Attorney General , Loretta Lynch
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Stranahan’s Original Colorado Single Malt Whiskey – Review
March 21, 2018 March 27, 2018 ~ The Casks
*Sincere thanks to Stranahan’s and Exposure PR for the sample.
The summer before last, I had the opportunity to visit Denver, CO and Stranahan’s Distillery for their first Cask Thief event. It was a great opportunity to see a bit of the area and get to know this elder statesman of American single malt whiskey a little better. Granted, Stranahan’s isn’t really all that old, having got its start in 2004, but the American single malt scene is a fairly young one, so in that regard, the distillery is an old-timer. At the aforementioned event, we had the chance to try, straight from the cask, several different, somewhat unusual barrels which painted an even more complex picture of the whiskey being made there.
Here we are a year and a half later, and with the release in late 2017 of Stranahan’s Sherry Cask expression, I figured it was as good a time as any to revisit this stalwart craft brand starting with their flagship yellow label Stranahan’s Original Colorado Single Malt Whiskey. Over the years, this whiskey has been released in batches and has had both its age and flavor profile evolve somewhat as the maturing stocks grow. Stranahan’s borrows more than a bit from beer brewing in its production, especially in the wort and wash phases which in general favor a more sanitized, filtered process versus what you regularly see in single malt Scotch production. Distillation occurs in squat, hybrid pot/column stills, while maturation happens in new American White Oak barrels that have been first toasted, then charred (at a #3 level char for those counting) by Independent Stave. Currently, the Original is made up of whiskeys ranging from two to five years old. Please note that there is a bit of variation between batches, and while I was not given the exact batch number for this sample, it’s from either #190, #191, #192, 193, or #194. I know…that doesn’t really narrow it down. In any case, they’re now on batch #202, so do with that what you will.
The Nose: A fruity sweetness and quite a bit of wood influence. Honeycrisp apples dipped in warm caramel sauce along with candied orange slices and a bit of cherry cola. Vanilla bean ice cream, cocoa powder, and a hint of lemon zest. The oak is rather prominent and a little edgy with hints of fresh sawn boards. Baking spice notes, almost gingerbread-esque, with sticky vanilla bean, warm cinnamon, faint clove, and nutmeg, along with a faint whiff of dried mint.
The Palate: Lightly oily mouthfeel, with lots of sugared sweetness initially. Toasted marshmallow, more caramel apple, vanilla syrup, and crème brûlée. The chocolate is back as well, but it’s darker now, and barely sweetened. The strong oak carries through, too with rough sawn boards, tannic and grippy. There’s continued vanilla bean, clove, and cinnamon with Tellichery peppercorns and a hint of star anise. A subtle, almost herbal grainy quality carries through to the finish.
The Finish: Burnt sugar sweetness, more marshmallow and caramel, fade first, with tannic oak, vanilla bean, cinnamon, and peppercorns lingering the longest
Thoughts: The Stranahan’s Original is still a good whiskey. It’s a young, oaky whiskey, but it manages to not seem as young as it is, and pulls off its barrel-forward flavor profile by incorporating a balanced, sweetness, and just enough hints of the raw distillate to keep things interesting. It’s not the most earth-shattering, complex whiskey in the world, but it remains straightforward and distinctive, nicely establishing the distillery’s house style. Price seems to vary pretty widely for this one, from around $45 to $65 with occasional options outside that range. I think it’s a good whiskey to explore on the low end of that scale, but on the higher end, I think I’d opt to shell out a bit more for the even more refined Diamond Peak.
Stranahan’s Original Colorado Single Malt Whiskey, +/-2017 (See above for batch # info)
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Series: Currency
How tolerance is essential to growing Lafayette’s innovation economy
by Geoff Daily
Travis Gauthier
Roxy Black, a local drag queen, advocating for Drag Queen Story Time to the City-Parish Council
Lost amid the kerfuffle around whether Lafayette’s libraries should allow drag queens to volunteer their time to read to children is how this story potentially impacts our ability to grow our innovation economy.
If you haven’t been paying attention, Lafayette’s leaders have aspired to make the city a hub of innovation since coining the term “Silicon Bayou” 20 years ago. Most recently this has manifested itself in plans for Lafayette to launch its own cryptocurrency with the goal of becoming a living lab for blockchain innovation.
Now you might be wondering, what do drag queens have to do with innovation? Did the mythical Satoshi Nakamoto create BitCoin while in drag?
Not necessarily, but the roots of this story run deeper than that.
There’s a widely recognized connection between innovation and diversity.
A recent study co-authored by Richard Warr, a professor of finance at North Carolina State University, highlights how companies that promote and pursue diversity in their workforce tend to be more innovative, bringing twice as many new products to market per year.
This research from the Harvard Business Review showed that employees at companies that embrace diversity are 45 percent more likely to report that their firm’s market share grew over the previous year and 70 percent more likely to report that the firm captured a new market.
Another way to think about this comes from innovation consultant Frans Johansson. He suggests that innovation, especially in industries like technology that are constantly changing, most often stems from unexpected discoveries. And these unexpected discoveries are a lot easier to find when you engage perspectives different than your own.
One could argue that if you think about Lafayette’s economy as one big enterprise, then we should be courting any and all ways to increase diversity in thinking.
But the impact this episode has on our aspirations to grow our innovation economy is bigger than drag queens and literacy.
Before we go all-in on fighting any culture war against diversity, we need take a step back and realize the opportunity cost we incur relative to building a culture that fosters innovation.
Being perceived as a community that’s intolerant or homophobic won’t just turn away drag queens or members of the LGBTQ community; it could also turn away anyone who participates in and supports those cultures more broadly. And that’s a segment that’s ascendant nationally, as proven by almost a million people tuning in to RuPaul’s Drag Race every week and millions more streaming the latest version of Queer Eye.
So we’re now talking about millions if not tens of millions of people who may start second guessing if Lafayette is the kind of community they want to live in. Think of it this way: If we’re going to be so vehemently against the art of drag, what other minorities might we be against?
The question then becomes: How many of these are the types of open-minded, creative people Lafayette’s trying to recruit to grow our innovation economy?
Generally speaking, tech entrepreneurs, visionaries and researchers tend to be at a minimum more tolerant of diversity and at a maximum actively engaged in supporting efforts to promote diversity. Even though Silicon Valley has been criticized for its lack of professional diversity, there’s no arguing that it has evolved in close proximity with the diverse culture of areas like Stanford University and San Francisco. And this shouldn’t be surprising given the connections between diversity and innovation.
Because the impression that this story risks creating is that our community is intolerant of people who live “alternative lifestyles” and in particular that this pushback against drag queens is really a proxy for intolerance of the LGBTQ community at large. And that comes with a cost, particularly from a big picture vantage.
So even though it’s arguable whether Lafayette is actually homophobic on the whole, when a story like this goes national it risks creating the perception that it is, which runs counter to our ambitions to grow our innovation economy.
Before we go all-in on fighting any culture war against diversity we need take a step back and realize the opportunity cost we incur relative to building a culture that fosters innovation.
Because whether you like drag queens or not, for Lafayette to become a hub for any kind of technology innovation we are better off if we’re perceived as a place that embraces diversity. Otherwise, we hinder our ability to compete for the world’s best and brightest.
Category: Business + Innovation, News + Notes
Tagged in: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Drag Queen Story Time, Innovation
Geoff Daily created FiberCorps and helped launch the Lafayette General Foundation. He now works as a launch strategist.
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Minnesota Whitecaps
Gold Medalist Brandt Joins NWHL, Whitecaps
By Dan Rice June 20th, 2018
Beginning June 1, NWHL teams can sign players. Additionally, for those players who have completed their college eligibility and want to continue their hockey careers, NWHL Free Agency provides the best opportunity to continue playing at the highest level of professional women’s hockey. Players who were not drafted by an NWHL team, or who have previously played in a different league, in Europe or otherwise, are free agents and may sign with any team that offers them a contract.
The fourth season of the NWHL will begin in October as the Metropolitan Riveters defend their Isobel Cup championship, and with the addition of a fifth team – the Minnesota Whitecaps – this will be the most competitive season yet. My colleague Nathaniel Oliver will keep THW readers up-to-date on Boston and Buffalo’s signings throughout the summer, while I post updates on Connecticut and the Riveters. Together we will collaborate to keep readers informed of all of Minnesota’s signings.
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OFFICIAL: Welcome Home Hannah!!! Olympic Gold Medalist @hannahbrandt16 signs with the @NWHL @WhitecapsHockey!! #RollCaps🌊 #ThisIsHome pic.twitter.com/0EKPcyoHPk
— Minnesota Whitecaps (@WhitecapsHockey) June 20, 2018
The Whitecaps made another splash into NWHL Free Agency on June 20 when they added a gold medalist from the 2018 USWNT, and third former University of Minnesota player in Hannah Brandt. The former Golden Gopher was the second overall selection in the inaugural NWHL Draft by the Connecticut Whale in 2015 and in 2016 her rights were traded to the Riveters for Dana Trivigno.
The 24-year-old from Maplewood, Minnesota was dominant at the NCAA level with a ridonkulous 285 points (115g-170a) over her 158 games with the Gophers and helped them win three championships; her point and assist totals are both the best in program history. Following the end of her collegiate career she was a member of the Whitecaps (2016-17) when they were an independent team before leaving to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics and now she returns home to play for the newest NWHL team alongside two former Gophers teammates in Amanda Leveille and Lee Stecklein (who also signed on June 20).
University of Minnesota co-captains Hannah Brandt and Lee Stecklein lift the National Championship trophy in 2016. (Photo: Eric Miller/Gopher Athletics)
Brandt also returns home with an Olympic gold medal around her neck (like Stecklein) and knows that this upcoming season is vital for women’s hockey. “This is going to be a huge year for women’s hockey,” Brandt told the Star-Tribune. “It’s important to capitalize on the audience we gained with the gold medal and give those fans something they can watch. This is another chance for us to grow the game.”
With Brandt and Stecklein joining the NWHL there will now be at least five members of the USWNT in the league for the upcoming season. They join Amanda Kessel (Riveters), Nicole Hensley (Beauts), and Dani Cameranesi (Beauts) who signed earlier this month.
WE JUST WON A GOLD MEDAL!!!! pic.twitter.com/cOjsBMloVz
— Hannah Brandt (@hannahbrandt16) February 22, 2018
“This is an exciting opportunity to be part of the Whitecaps’ inaugural season in the NWHL. It’s already an incredible organization and hopefully we can take it to another level,” Brandt said in the league’s press release announcing the signing. “Women’s hockey in Minnesota gets bigger every year, and I look forward to seeing the impact a women’s professional team will have. I hope to see many young girls in the stands who dream of playing pro hockey. It’s an amazing feeling to be able to inspire future generations of players.”
Amanda Leveille
Hannah Brandt
Lee Stecklein
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Codemasters Says "Racing is Everything"
Andy Chalk
Codemasters has announced that it is now focusing exclusively on racing games.
Codemasters isn't an industry heavyweight by any stretch of the imagination but it's been around since 1986, it employs 700 people and it's put out a lot of games over the years, some of which are actually pretty good. Its best-known titles tend to be racing games, like the Dirt and F1 franchises, but it's also responsible for games like Bodycount and Operation Flashpoint. But no longer!
Codemasters announced today that it is moving to a racing-only formula, beginning with the launch of a new label, Codemasters Racing, which will serve as the home for the Dirt, GRID and F1 franchises. As for non-racing games, well, there are no more non-racing games.
"Racing is the absolute razor focus for all titles currently in development and those slated for future development across the studios in Warwickshire and Birmingham," the company said. "The focus is an exclusive one, there are no other genre properties in development at this time; racing is everything."
Codemasters is confident enough in the move to full-time racing that it's actually expanding, adding another 100 employees over the course of the year. It's also launching RaceNet, a new multi-title online community that allows people to create profiles that can be used across all RaceNet-enabled games. RaceNet will support achievements, score and time comparisons and other social functions, and is set to enter beta alongside the Dirt Showdown playable demo, which comes out on May 1.
Source: Gamasutra
Airsoftslayer93
Sounds like a good move, their racing games are awesome, their other games, not so much.
draythefingerless
GRID is to me, still the best racing game i ever played. It was JUST the right balance between arcarde and simulator. althou it could of used less of those 10 minute long races near the higher tiers....multiplayer compensated for it thou.
also, good on codemasters.
if these games are great and sell well and have longevity fanbase that will support this new Racenet. I think codemasters can be successful
This sounds interesting. Codemasters consistently puts out great racing games and are a great example of the best the UK has to offer. Hopefully this means we will finally start getting news of GRID 2. The DiRT and F1 games are all good, but GRID is what I've always been interested in. I've been itching for a sequel for ages, especially since they have released 2 (soon to be 3) DiRT games and 3 F1 games since they brought out GRID!
The White Hunter
Makes sense to me, I mean the earliest exposure I had to codemasters was colin mcrae on the PS1 I think, and to my knowledge they're still cranking out top notch racing games.
Though I'll admit I do kinda like Flashpoint, it's good fun if you can get a few friends to play it with you. But it's not like I'll miss it really, something will fill the 4 player co-operative tactical shooter gap.
Nice to see a company focus on one niche instead of spreading out to try encompass whatever's popular. Especially when they've been putting out good games in that niche since at least the 90's.
Kumagawa Misogi
I don't know how accurate these numbers are but it doesn't look like codemasters titles are big sellers.
http://www.vgchartz.com/article/250063/top-10-in-sales-racing-games/
I hope this means the next F1 game is going to be decent for once. And most of all, modable.
bravetoaster
Interesting. I hope they'll decide to make a racing game one of these years that meets the high standard of being technically playable.
I probably would have enjoyed my copy of Dirt 2 if only it could actually be played on the PC.
CardinalPiggles
I'm pretty sure they never said they would never do anything other than racing games ever again. That's what it sounded like the article was getting at.
Anyway, I've never been a big fan of CodeMasters games in the past seeing as I generally suck at racing, (and OF:DR was absolutely dreadful).
Wow me in the near future CodeMasters, wow me.
Well, their racing games are pretty good. I'm glad they're focusing on something they want to do because they like it (I assume) rather than because it's the biggest honeypot in the market.
Rai^3
Well, their attempt at an FPS (Bodycount, if you didn't know) was a boring insult to the genre. I really wanted to like it, too, because Black was a blast.
80Maxwell08
So are they going to sell all of their other IPs? I doubt any of their games are worth that much but they might be worth something to someone. Even just giving them back to the original devs or selling it to them for cheap.
SL33TBL1ND
It's funny because I've never liked a Codemasters racing game.
Slayer_2
Flashpoint Dragon Rising was really good, I thought. Red River... not so much.
Come on Codemasters just make GRID 2 ffs, enough with the Dirt games.
RatRace123
So, no more Overlord?
'cause I actually liked that series.
RatRace123:
Me too though I liked the second one less. God that freaking spider puzzle.
Rad Party God
Great!, good move indeed, their racing games are simply awesome, some of the best $15 bucks I've ever spent in any game (I bought 5 of their titles in a Steam sale).
Pedro The Hutt
Kumagawa Misogi:
That would probably be because most of their titles, like the Colin McRae/DiRT and Formula 1 series largely appeal to European audiences. Because Americans (stereo)typically can't be bothered by racing if the track isn't oval or straight and/or doesn't involve generous amounts of crashing, rally and Formula 1 simply never took off in the US.
But in Europe the McRae series holds a fair bit of prestige, but of course, you don't become an all time best seller with strong sales in Europe only. But that said, popularity and quality aren't exactly the same thing. Just because no one in the US buys their games doesn't mean they're bad. It just means they don't appeal to American tastes.
Amnestic
CardinalPiggles:
(and OF:DR was absolutely dreadful).
Slayer_2:
I love how close these two posts are to each other.
As for the news, the only games from Codemasters I've played are the OF ones. I've never been a fan of racing games (occasional Mario Kart/Wipeout title as the rare exception) so...this doesn't matter much to me. No more Operation Flashpoint I suppose, but after the unbelievably obnoxious Marine 'protagonists'* they showed off in Red River...that's probably a good thing.
*I'm still not sure if they were meant to be parodies and saying "look how stupid these marines are, how over the top is this?" or if they were meant to be taken seriously as realistic representations. Either way, fuck those characters. Seriously.
Hashbrick
And on this day, Codemasters said "Checkmate" They finally figured out they only have the talent and inspiration to make racing games and when GRID 2 appears I will be happy.
thiosk
Good god I havn't played a racing title since... F-Zero? Maybe a little mario cart, but thats more a grief simulator than a racing title.
krychek57
Mmmmmmmmmmm, I do love me some Dirt 2 with my G27
Great plan Codemasters, great plan.
Amnestic:
For racing games, I'm all about NFS: Shift, and more realistic titles. And I couldn't agree more about the stupid marines in Red River, in OF:DR, your dull, lifeless marine was more interesting and relatable than the annoying token black guy drill Sargent, who had nothing better to do the entire time than to tell you how shitty you and your fireteam are. As you're taking a 10-minute long drive towards a battlefield while getting strafed by mortar fire. Now, I've never been in the marines, but I think that PROBABLY isn't how it usually goes. The only good part about that sequence was the rock music they were playing during the drive.
The problem was that they tried to take ideas from Call of Duty (and they even said this themselves). That's what killed the game for me. At the point I went on a 3 kill streak with my knife, against terrorists with AK-47's, I was kind of incredulous. Anyone who played OF:DR can tell you that getting knife kills on the AI is near impossible.
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Judge Sentences Frank Price in 2017 Gruesome Murder of Winsome Price
The Loudoun Commonwealth’s Attorney’s Office and the Loudoun County Sheriff’s Office announced today the conviction and sentencing of Frank D. Price, 50, in the 2017 murder of his then 36-year-old wife, Winsome Ann Marie Price, in Chantilly.
The Commonwealth was represented by its Counsel, Buta Biberaj and her Deputy Bruce A. Johnson. Mr. Price was represented by his Counsel, Wayne Kim and Ryan Campbell.
The Honorable Judge Stephen E. Sincavage reviewed and accepted the proposed case disposition which included Mr. Price entering a plea and being found guilty of first-degree murder. After hearing the evidence presented, Mr. Price was sentenced to life, and ordered to serve 42 years in prison. When, at the end of his sentence, if he is alive, he will be placed on supervised probation for the remainder of his natural life.
Mr. Price’s conviction stems from the incident on October 28, 2017, when the Loudoun County Sheriff’s Office responded to Winsome Ann Marie Price’s home on Gayfeather Drive in Chantilly. A family member called authorities after discovering Mrs. Price deceased inside the home; at the time, the Price’s three minor children were present in the home, but not aware of the gruesome killing having occurred.
The investigation quickly established that Mr. Price was a person of interest in the death of Mrs. Price. It was learned that he was in the hospital as a result of being involved in a serious head-on collision. The other driver, Kathy Kaso was taken to Reston Hospital with serious injuries. Ms. Kaso and her family were present at the hearing in support of the children, but did not testify.
During the sentencing hearing, Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Johnson invited the young daughters to speak to the judge. The Price’s three children have since been adopted by the Gleason family. The youngest, a son, earlier submitted a written statement; the younger daughter told the judge that the death of her mother Winsome “hurts her; and, that she forgives her father and hopes he gets to know Jesus Christ on his way;” The eldest daughter shared that she “knew something was wrong in the home” because her mom changed from cooking elaborate meals to more simpler ones; she would hear her mom crying in her room; and saw an increase in the fights between her parents. The daughter told her mom that they needed to leave their father; however, her mom wanted to grant him “one more chance. One more chance to make things right; one more chance for him to be a good father and husband.” The daughter was woken on the morning of the 28th by her younger brother who announced, “Mommy is sleeping.” When she went into the room, she saw her mother’s body, blood everywhere and could not believe that her mother was dead. A relative had been contacted by Mr. Price and told to go to the home.
“It has been a difficult 3 years – especially for the children. Due to Mr. Price’s decisions and his violence on October 28, 2017, Mr. Price made his children orphans - he brutally ended the life of Winsome, their mother, and he, their father, will most likely spend the rest of his life in prison. As shared by her daughter and by all accounts, Ms. Price was an amazing woman, a loving mother, and someone that was a treasure to her family and our community. The children’s brave and heartfelt testimony reminds us as to the devastation acts of domestic violence cause to our communities,” said Commonwealth’s Attorney Buta Biberaj.
Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Bruce Johnson stated, “Our community is grateful for the hard work and dedication of Detective Reid and the entire Sheriff’s team, the children for their strength, the families - the Gleasons and Kasos for supporting them during this difficult time and hereafter. It was an honor to have worked with them and hopefully bring some finality to the family and move them forward in their healing from this tragedy. We are committed to be there for the children and the Gleason and Kaso families.”
⇐Previous Virginia Progressive Prosecutors Call for Criminal Justice Reforms in Coming Legislative SessionsNext⇒ Statement Of Loudoun County Commonwealth’s Attorney Buta Biberaj
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Canada-U.S. naval exercise underway off Vancouver Island
Todd Coyne Senior Digital Producer, CTV News Vancouver Island
@ToddCoyne Contact
Published Monday, November 30, 2020 11:04AM PST Last Updated Monday, November 30, 2020 2:35PM PST
Sailor Christopher Albin prepares to fire the .50 calibre machine gun during a weapons practice onboard HMCS Calgary in the Pacific Ocean on December 4, 2018. (Mike Goluboff, MARPAC Imaging Services)
VICTORIA -- Several hundred Canadian navy and air force personnel are taking to the waters off Vancouver Island this week for a joint training exercise with the United States.
Exercise Trident Fury 20 got underway Monday, with events scheduled off Victoria, the southern Gulf Islands and western Vancouver Island until Dec. 13.
The exercise is designed to provide tactical warfare training for offshore threats and improve co-ordination between Canadian and American marine forces.
The events include live-fire training, ship interdiction operations, surface combat and anti-submarine warfare.
Two Canadian frigates – HMCS Regina and HMCS Calgary – and two coastal defence vessels – HMCS Nanaimo and HMCS Whitehorse – are participating in the war games alongside aircraft from Comox, Victoria and Cold Lake, Alta.
American aircraft from Naval Air Station Whidbey Island are also joining the exercise, along with a U.S Coast Guard cutter.
More than 650 Canadian navy and air force members are expected to take part in the two-week exercise, along with roughly 50 military personnel from the U.S.
“The exercise helps to strengthen the communication and coordination between coalition forces, while also helping Canadian sailors maintain the skills required to work in a task group environment during international operations,” says Royal Canadian Navy spokesperson Capt. Christopher Daniel.
Trident Fury 20 will also provide pre-deployment training for sailors aboard HMCS Calgary, which is scheduled to depart for overseas counter-terrorism operations in early 2021.
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memphis_011414
tim sutton’s new feature film MEMPHIS is having it’s US premiere at the sundance film festival this week. the film stars the incendiary singer willis earl beal and chases, in the form of a filmic essay, the ever-fleeting soul of the creative process. as some of you know we have had the great honour of working on this film and you can read more about that in an interview we did with black book magazine here.
since putting together the posters for the film, we’ve created a small teaser site to celebrate the sundance acceptance. additionally the film has since been written up in dazed & confused magazine. to say that it’s a thrill to see the film (not to mention one of our photographs) in that legendary periodical would be an understatement.
here’s wishing the whole memphis film team all the success at sundance and beyond. it’s not often enough that films as experimental and searching as this get this sort of recognition.
thanks to indiewire you can view a brand new trailer for the film below. do please immerse yourself for a moment. to paraphrase one of my favourite songs – nothing quite like the feel of something new.
lastly, if you have the means – see willis earl beal perform live. he’s touring europe in february and i can honestly say that there are very few out there of his caliber. lyrically, musically and performance-wise, he will most assuredly smash you to pieces.
blog, grafiks, news
american design awards, faces, festival, film, john cassavetes, memphis, photography, sundance, tim sutton, trailer, type, willis earl beal
big black delta photoshoot_120913
back in june when big black delta were in new york playing a series of shows, we were approached by the experimental photographer jeff brown to do a photoshoot. already huge fans of jeff’s instagram feed and his rich portrait work, we were both flattered and excited.
settling into jeff’s bushwick studio with enough loud music, alcohol and smokes to fuel several epiphanies, we watched him work his magic.
photo by camila grey
the general approach i’d discussed with him of course centered around something cosmic, yet within the realm of standard portraiture.?in order to achieve this he brought several cameras to the fore, including a canon 5D and a hasselblad?501 cm?loaded with FP 3000b instant?film. the latter make of camera was responsible for the still photographs of mankind’s first steps on the moon, so it seemed appropriate for this.
in terms of process, jeff tried a number of interesting techniques including photographing the paper that was peeled off the instant film after an exposure, and then making a negative of this. additionally he scanned the instant film in all manner of shitty ways to create a distressed quality that felt like stars, space dust and other atmospherics.
once the images were ready, he passed them along to us. we then added a little something?where necessary to bring them that bit further into the big black delta universe. it goes without saying that?the punk nature of the shoot gave the images a more raw, personal and humorous quality. we felt this was important as the same can be said for jon’s own communications with the world, as he continues to push big black delta into new territory in his own personal fashion.
at the last second jeff insisted i get into the frame for a few shots and ? well let’s just say it was a pretty sweet nebula.
5D, big black delta, bushwick, canon, hasselblad, instant, jeff brown, negative, photography, photoshoot, scan
manifold_102913
a while back i came head to head with the work of one of my design heroes, eike k?nig. i’d been asked to redesign the logo for the german band booka shade, after many years of eike having been their go-to design guy. it was frankly a terrifying prospect. whilst i was quite sure eike would probably never see the work i did, i would be immediately compared to him by both the band and their large fan base. settling down to create the logo i realized of course that you just do the best thing you can, and make sure that at the very least it’s nothing like the other guy’s work.
when matthew pusti of makeup and vanity set asked me to do the cover for the soundtrack EP to anthony scott burns‘ forthcoming sci-fi short, manifold, i sighed a similar breath of despair. why? because ash thorp had done the film’s poster and of course once again i would have to be compared to someone of considerable status in the graphics world. suffice to say here’s the poster ash had made –
turning away from it, going for several walks listening to the soundtrack and spinning the film’s ideas around in my head, i realized of course that ash had the visual concept wrapped up. particularly in terms of subtly explaining what the film was about, but not so much as to spoil the film. every idea i wrote down or got momentarily excited about felt too similar to what he was saying with his treatment.
what he didn’t have however, that of course applied in particular to the job i had to do, were the tracks on the EP that had remained unreleased up until now. these were tracks that had been written for, but not actually used in the film. in particular the track ‘yearling,’ which featured original foley work, vied for my attention every time i put the record on.
mulling over these differences i decided to take a different route, one that i’d been flirting with for a while but never really had the chance to test out – a route i like to call the ‘polish’ route. now i must stress this is a route i still haven’t fully explored, but the work i was to do on manifold?certainly gave me the impetus to do so. it is afterall a firmer step in that direction, and excitingly so.
after watching the film several times i began to feel a tingling, almost aching pain in my face. furthermore i began to think about how much value we put in the face and what it means in terms of not just our identity, but our chances in life. how being beautiful can both be a blessing and a curse, and how in many regards you can either be born with a ticket on a certain kind of ride, or a ticket on an entirely different ride. all of this based on your face and how it develops as an image to others.
i then started thinking about how technology is really quite an organic extension of the human form and mindset, and that it wouldn’t be too long before these things merge imperceptibly. in fact i’d written an essay for the IFP on this subject just a few weeks before, so to say the idea was on my mind a little was an understatement. the sense of menace one feels as we start to worry about the increasing amount that technology governs our lives, is really just a greater understanding of our own constant need for distraction from ourselves.
this is when i started to realize what i had to do for?manifold, and furthermore i knew exactly where i was going to start. skipping through the film to a very particular shot, i cut it out and began work. i had to make an image that encapsulated, for me at least, that sense of terror beneath the ever prettier face of technology, and at the same time capture that actual physical ache i felt in my own face after watching the film. as i worked i began to realize that i was also edging closer to this aforementioned ‘polish’ route.
now, by ‘polish’ route i of course mean making a film poster that uses little or none of the imagery from the film and instead offers a more emotional, impressionistic interpretation of its narrative. the eastern-european film posters that have been created in support of US films (with particular reference to poland), are a powerful lesson in creating an image that, to paraphrase jim steinman, you’ll never know the meaning of, but you’ll know how it feels. much in the same way a piece of music moves you in a fashion you cannot put into words, eastern-european posters often remove all trace of the film’s visual, its recognizable characters and its story, and delve headfirst into making an entirely original image. an image that still conveys the film’s ideas, but often in a darker and less conventional style. consequently it’s this approach that has come to feel so incredibly liberating to designers working in US and UK markets. to quote?brandon schaefer?on the subject?–?”there?s something captivating about those things that feel inseparable from a haze of abandon, existing to give hope to the creatively forlorn.”
left: philip gips, US. right: wieslaw walkuski, poland.
when i presented the final cover to matthew pusti, he said it was perfect. i know he would have let me take it even further into the horrifying abstract had i wanted to, but then we both agreed that it was as important to keep things familiar this time around. after all it wasn’t our film and we could just as easily go to poland next time.
you can buy the full manifold soundtrack here, and you can watch a trailer for the film here.
anthony scott burns, ash thorp, booka shade, brandon schaefer, eike k?nig, EP, HORT, ifp, jim steinman, makeup and vanity set, manifold, matthew pusti, music, score, soundtrack
kaleidoscope pr_101413
back in 2008 we created a rather simple and elegant flash website for the art and fashion-based PR firm, kaleidoscope consulting. aware now that their site was useless on a range of new platforms but still very much in love with the look and feel of it, they asked us to recreate the site using HTML5 and javascript. in response we proffered that we might add another dimension to the site, and began to scheme this new black + white edition you see before you.?the result is a site that’s fully iphone and ipad compliant, and features not just a kaleidoscope that can be populated with images from your webcam, but also now hand drawn sketches too.
once again we reached out to mr. doob (who’d previously worked with us on the intro to daft punk’s?tronsoundtrack.com) and asked that this time we might integrate elements of his harmony drawing engine into the site. happily he gave us carte blanche and soon we had a new kaleidoscope engine on our hands – one that caters to both the photogenic and sketchy among us.?for this newly ‘harmonized’ white side of the site, our in-house sound designer and composer gavin singleton (aka accelra) created a new piece of music that felt more suited its hand-drawn, softer tone.
lastly we rebuilt the original site’s entire ‘key’ navigated client section around a wordpress backend so that the client could now more easily and swiftly keep this information updated, along with any other site copy.
we trust you’ll enjoy navigating the site as much as we enjoyed the challenge of putting it together.
audio, blog, code, grafiks, news
accelra, consulting, daft punk, gavin singleton, harmony, ipad, iphone, kaleidoscope, mr doob, pr, soundtrack, tron, wordpress
record cover + poster exhibition_091213
we’ve created an exhibition of our ongoing record cover and poster work over at squarespace. the format of their site and the nature of their templates was immediately conducive to such a concept. immediately following the posting we received a very flattering review over at one of our favourite blogs –
“i’m a huge fan of the work of?(version) industries. from their work in?film?to?web?to?video?to?design, they do a grand job every time. they recently launched this?record covers + posters collection?and it’s amazing to see all of their print work at once. i never even realized the big black delta covers were?sewn?together?in that way or that this?makeup and vanity set poster?even existed.”
we hope you enjoy the show.
artwork, collection, exhibition, poster, record cover, squarespace, yewknee
activator_090313
the new york thrash metal band activator are releasing their debut album in two weeks. i’ve known the guitarist jared drace for some time now. his apartment is like a museum version of my formative years. packed full of vintage horror film posters, action figures, comic books, guitars and a vast alphabetized collection of records, i spent the first half hour i was there just staring at the walls. i shared my first boarding-school dormitory with an english metal guitarist who had a redwood washburn N-series N2, with humbucker pickups and a floyd-rose tremolo. this guy had me listening to extreme, van halen,?steve vai and joe satriani. my first record cover was a pencil crayon copy of satriani’s the extremist sleeve. i’ve never told jared this, but i didn’t really have to. suffice to say i lept at the chance of creating the sleeve for his band activator’s debut LP.
almost a year ago i was in london sitting in my brother’s apartment scratching a rat’s nest of unwashed hair on my head, staring at a crude biro drawing of the image you see above. just days before i’d downloaded a mastered version of the record and it was once again upon me to try and make an image that might get people more immediately into the headspace the band were in with these new songs.
the album is a fast-paced and brutal affair with lyrics that delve fiercely into the bleaker side of personal relationships. it opens with the sound of rats screeching as they run through city streets and as a new york resident myself i was immediately transported to a place i’d seen many a rat in my days – waiting for a train as we all have on those sweltering summer nights. closing my eyes and turning up the music, i then tried to think of a way to step over the still fresh vomit of ?’tough love’ clich?s i’d seen on record sleeves of this kind in the past. for one, the failed love stories on this album had such a battering of a soundtrack that i knew i had to find a way of turning the gun on the protagonist somehow. badly sketching out a train platform, i drew in the dead body of a guy, blood streaming from his corpse. next up was of course the question of who killed him and why. if you were to sympathize with the lyrics on this record you’d certainly at least joke that a girl must have killed him. you know, metaphorically speaking … and that’s when it hit me.
i scribbled in the rest of the drawing details, took a photo of the sketch and emailed it immediately to john delucca. if there’s anyone on this planet who can not only whip up an incredible pencil rendering of a scene but also style it to a level that fits my particular idiosyncrasies, it’s john.
3 days later i had a finished pencil drawing in my hands. not one change was necessary – he had nailed it. immediately i set to work on colouring it in, adding textures, type and any other specific little details that i felt would really bring the concept home. i was already smiling – listening to the music as the image slowly came to life, i knew we’d nailed it.
so what was the big idea? well, take a closer look at the image above and you’ll see that the girl hiding around the corner holding the bloody knife is merely coincidental. she’s in fact just a picture of a girl on a poster. she didn’t kill the guy. she’s not really there.
the truth in fact being that something else killed him and the question of what or why that could be is open to the listener’s imagination. one interpretation might be that it’s a more supernatural, as-yet-unseen danger stemming from the bands own obsession with horror films and comic books. another could be that the girl in the poster is?a simply a metaphorical commentary on all the album’s ‘this relationship is killing me’ lyrical content. either way the visual allegory is there and we hope it provokes more than just a passing interest in all activator have to offer. the fact is you won’t find classic thrash this rad with ease, so why not let yourself be seduced.
activator is out on september 17th and you can pre-order it digitally, on CD or on vinyl here.
activator, album, allegory, artwork, blood, extreme, floyd-rose, humbucker, joe satriani, john delucca, metal, N2, new york, rats, steve vai, thrash, van halen, vinyl, vomit, washburn
surachai_090313
i met surachai sutthisasanakul?through alessandro cortini. alessandro would always be laughing about something surachai sent him via email or ichat – usually something grotesque pulled from the murkier depths of the internet. sharing a penchant for the disgusting to the point of having a secret online forum where my friends and i post the most vile things we can find, i knew one day i had to meet this surachai.
the first thing that struck me about surachai’s music was that it didn’t immediately fall into any categorization other than the one he chose to put it in himself. it was spawned from black metal for sure, but really it was a melange of things both experimental and cinematic. moreover it marked a departure from the slightly ridiculous “second wave” of black metal?that i’d read about in the pages of UK rock rag kerrang! during my teenage years.
surachai put out two LPs before he and i had a chance to work together. both of these releases in terms of their accompanying artwork revealed once more a taste for a more refined, original and considered presentation than you’d expect from the genre. surachai himself even quipped that his sound was more ‘plagued’ metal than ‘black’. either way all my friends were impressed with the sounds he was making and whilst it still wasn’t entirely my scene, he had me convinced it was worth some serious attention.
it must have been late last year that surachai told me he wanted me to work on the artwork for his next record. given he’d already employed the likes of?bridget driessen?and?sarah sitkin?to handle such duties on his last two records, it came as a great compliment. he said the record wasn’t anywhere near done yet, and in typical fashion i told him i’m not really much use until i hear something closer to the final music. it’s always the sense that something’s close to done that allows me the chance to fully immerse myself and see what images come.
finally in march of this year i holed myself up in my studio for the weekend, put the record on loop for the umpteenth time and let loose. i remember clearly that i’d wanted to create something close to how it felt to read the end of DM thomas’s novel?the white hotel. this was a book i’d recently finished that had an ending so fiercely out of left-field that i’d found myself in tears on?the train i was riding at the time. the feeling of despair i’d been left with was quite unmanageable and combined with a photograph surachai had shown me a few weeks before of fingernail scratch marks on the wall of a concentration camp gas chamber, i felt compelled to make him something that would tear the world down. something that at the very least was as harrowing and sad.
however, as i’ve learnt over the years if you go into these things trying to force a thing like that or even start with a visual idea so incongruent from what you were actually hearing in the music and lyrics of the songs, it’s not going to work. i hold the belief that the artwork for a record must in some prevalent capacity be a visual response to the sound. it can speak to outside influences without question – doubtless you and the band will have discussed the many ideas that went into making the songs – but hopefully you’ve not been hired to simply imitate another artist or illustrate someone else’s description. hopefully your job here is to interpret what you hear visually, and in so doing create something that gives people a unique and unconscious taste of what they’re about to receive.
the lyrics to?embraced?of course painted a dark, bleak and hopeless image, but one of a resoundingly science-fiction nature. in fact once i started to really listen to them in the context of the music, all the imagery and ideas i’d had up to that point about how the record should look and feel just fell away. i was all of a sudden very clear on what i wanted to make and soon i was looking at a dark field of stars with some kind of nightmare seeping slowly and bloodily out of its shadows, ruptured amniotic sacs and all.
not wanting to make the visuals too alien and dissociative for people, the album’s inside spread was a way for me to humanize the overall story i was trying to tell. i wanted to show some kind of ‘down to earth’ response to the horrors out there in space – some kind of worship perhaps. it was then that i remembered i’d taken photographs of my friend lena marquise performing a macabre burlesque piece in the early hours of the morning at a club i used to work at. flipping through them again it wasn’t long before i was adapting them to this new world i’d created.
surachai didn’t hesitate for a moment when i sent him the final layouts. in fact i think it was just minutes after emailing him that i got a message from him on ichat saying, ‘i fucking LOVE you.’ still i can’t say i wasn’t terrified as to what he’d think. interpreting someone else’s music with a picture takes a lot of trust, and you just have to hope they really understand what they’re asking when they hire you for the job. in this case i think it’s fair to say we made a good match and i’m still incredibly honoured to this day to have been responsible for producing the artwork for such a fantastic record.
you can listen to and buy embraced here.
blog, grafiks
alessandro cortini, black metal, bridget driessen, burlesque, d m thomas, embraced, kerrang!, lena marquise, plagued metal, sarah sitkin, surachai, the white hotel
the east_060113
fans of hard working, thought provoking science fiction would do well to tune into the work of brit marling, zal batmanglij and mike cahill. collectively through their films sound of my voice and??another earth?they are pushing for a return to the lo-fi, conceptual science fiction that andrei tarkovsky and his ilk brought to our shores in the 1970s. these days watching a film that presents a challenging alternative and forward thinking perspective, in which most complex visual effect is a tattoo or another planet in the sky, you can’t help but smile. the world has fallen so hard to its knees at the shrine of multi-million dollar visual effects that we’ve had to pretend it’s the only entertaining solution we have left for fear of revealing our broken knee-caps. fortunately this new crop of angry young directors, including shane carruth, seem out to prove that we don’t need a great deal of money to take you on a hard and fast trip into the vortex of psychological imbalances our future clearly holds.
i was fortunate enough to catch an early screening of director zal batmanglij’s new film?the east in new york a couple of weeks ago. whilst zal has steered away from science-fiction for this outing, its anger for change is still achingly present and once again i raised my proverbial glass to the immense power of a relatively low-budget production and how loud it can scream when in the right hands.
of course i had an inkling that once i’d seen the film i’d end up in front of my computer carving out some visual bits and pieces just to help myself calm down. i’d come very close with?sound of my voice and another earth, and as some will have noted?could not be held back when it came to?beyond the black rainbow. so what you see here, both above and below, are a series of posters i made as the images, sounds and ideas that?the east presented to me lingered in my head.
alexander skarsg?rd, beyond the black rainbow, brit marling, design, ellen page, film, poster, the east, zal batmanglij
protomen 10 year anniversary_042513
our dear friends?the protomen are 10 years old this year – the same age as us in fact. above is the poster we created for their anniversary show in nashville this weekend. hidden in it are various artifacts dating back to when they recorded their first song, due vendetta. hard copies are of course available at the show, and likely afterwards too.
here’s to another 10 years as magnificent as the last.
grafiks, news
10, anniversary, design, due vendetta, hanzelle, makeup and vanity set, nashville, poster, protomen, show, year
gabriel bruce_040513
long-time fans of gabriel’s music, we approached him after one of his shows in new york and had a quick chat. it turns out that aside from making beautiful songs, one of his band is also directly related to john cassavetes. this could only be a good sign. cassavetes, if you didn’t know already, is a fantastic film director and a huge influence on some of us here at (v).
i digress. a few months later gabriel got in touch and asked if we wanted to put together a poster for his forthcoming album release party in london. jumping at the chance, we cut out some of the photographs we’d taken of him performing in new york, and created 5 different designs. the above image is the one he went for, and below is another edition we were fond of from the batch.
album, gabriel bruce, knights in white satin, love in arms, pale, party, poster, release, show
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VestPointe of View
If you typically make Arizona tax credit donations, this article should help you!
As we reach the end of the year, one of the questions we get the most is what Arizona charitable contribution credit donations can be made.
In August of 2018, the tax law changed, so you can no longer deduct these contributions on your federal tax return.
Even if you aren’t going to benefit from the federal deduction, you may still believe that it is worthwhile to make a contribution to an AZ tax credit charity while getting a dollar for dollar benefit on your Arizona taxes.
In addition, you have to actually owe Arizona taxes in order to get a benefit for the tax credit donations.
Please remember, that these credits are not available for grants from your donor advised fund or private foundation.
ARIZONA 2020 TAX CREDITS
Separate and apart from the federal deduction issues discussed above, a donation made after December 31, 2020 but before April 15, 2021 may be applied to either 2020 or 2021 and is considered to have been made on 12/31/20 for state purposes only. Credits are non-refundable. Unused credits carry forward for five years.
Public Schools (AZ Form 322)
A credit for contributions of up to $400 for couples filing jointly, and $200 for all other filers is available for payments of fees to an AZ public school or charter school for support of extra-curricular activities or character programs.
Private School Tuition Organizations (AZ Form 323)
A credit for contributions to a Private School Tuition Organization of up to $1,186 for couples filing jointly, and $593 for all other taxpayers. The contribution provides scholarships or grants to qualified elementary and high schools. It cannot be designated for the direct benefit of your dependent, but can benefit a relative.
Certified School Tuition Organizations (AZ Form 348)
A credit for contributions to a Certified School Tuition Organization of up to $1,179 for couples filing jointly, and $590 for all other taxpayers. This credit is only available to individuals that first donated the maximum amount allowed under the Credit for Contributions to Private School Tuition Organizations (AZ Form 323) above.
Qualifying Charitable Organizations (AZ Form 321)
A credit of up to $800 for couples filing jointly, and $400 for all other filers is available for contributions to a qualified charitable organization.
See https://azdor.gov/sites/default/files/media/CREDITS_2020_qco.pdf for a list of Qualifying Charitable Organizations for 2020.
Qualifying Foster Care Charitable Organizations (AZ Form 352)
A credit of up to $1,000 for couples filing jointly, and $500 for all other filers is available for contributions to a qualified foster care charitable organization.
See https://azdor.gov/sites/default/files/media/CREDITS_2020_qfco.pdf for a list of Qualified Foster Care Charitable Organizations for 2020.
1099 Deadline for 2020
529 Plans and Covid-19
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UFDC Home | US Federal Document Collections | Internet Archive | National Recovery Administration myUFDC Home | Help
Code of fair competition for ..
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00005312/00002
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United States -- National Recovery Administration
National Recovery Administration.
Industrial laws and legislation -- United States ( lcsh )
federal government publication ( marcgt )
serial ( sobekcm )
Description based on: Registry no.202-1-04; title from cover.
Latest issue consulted: Registry 1154-01, Code 329, Amendment 1
All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
457162809 ( OCLC )
AA00005312_00002 ( sobekcm )
US Federal Document Digital Collections
National Recovery Administration
codeoffaircompet2101194unit_0010.txt
AA00005312_00002_pdf.txt
AA00005312_00002.pdf
r C 1. No --0--l
CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION
BLOUSE AND SKIRT
AS APPROVED ON DECEMBER 30, 1933
PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT
WE DO OUR PART
1. Executive Order
2. Letter of Transmittal
8. Code
WASHINGTON: 1934
For e by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington D.CI Price 5 en
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. Price 5 cents
Approved Code No. 194
Registry No. 210-01
This publication Is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., and by district offices of the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce.
DISTRICT OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Atlanta, Ga.: 504 Post Office Building.
Birmingham, Ala.: 257 Federal Building.
Boston, Mass.: 1801 Customhouse.
Buffalo, N.Y.: Chamber of Commerce Building.
Charleston, S.C.: Chamber of Commerce Building.
Chicago, Ill.: Suite 1706, 201 North Wells Street.
Cleveland, Ohio: Chamber of Commerce.
Dallas, Tex.: Chamber of Commerce Building.
Detroit, Mich.: 2213 First National Bank Building.
Houstou, Tex.: Chamber of Commerce Building.
Indianapolis, Ind.: Chamber of Commerce Building.
Jacksonville, Fla.: Chamber of Commerce Building.
Kansas City, Mo.: 1028 Baltimore Avenue.
Los Angeles, Calif.: 1163 South Broadway.
Louisville, Ky.: 408 Federal Building.
Memphis, Tenn.: 229 Federal Building.
Minneapolis, Minn.: 213 Federal Building.
New Orleans, La.: Room 225-A, Customhouse.
New York, N.Y.: 734 Customhouse.
Norfolk, Va.: 406 East Plume Street.
Philadelphia, Pa.: 933 Commercial Trust Building.
Pittsburgh, Pa.: Chamber of Commerce Building.
Portland, Oreg.: 215 New Post Office Building.
St. Louis, Mo.: 506 Olive Street.
San Francisco, Calif.: 310 Customhouse.
Seattle, Wash.: 809 Federal Building.
BLOUSE AND SKIRT MANUFACTURING
An application having been duly made, pursuant to and in full
compliance with the provisions of Title I of the National Industrial
Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, for my approval of a Code
of Fair Competition for the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Indus-
tries, and hearings having been held thereon, and the Administrator
having rendered his report containing an analysis of the said Code
of Fair Competition together with his recommendations and findings
with respect thereto, and the Administrator having found that the
said Code of Fair Competition complies in all respects with the
pertinent provisions of Title I of said Act and that the requirements
of clauses (1) and (2) of subsection (a) of Section 3 of the said
Act have been met:
NOW, THEREFORE, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the
United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title I
of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933,
and otherwise, do approve the report and recommendations, and
adopt the findings of the Administrator, and do order that the said
code of fair competition be, and it is hereby approved, subject to
the following condition that:
(1) Pending the public hearing on a code of fair competition
for the industries engaged in the manufacture of women's neckl.ear
and scarfs and the determination by the Administrator hereinafter
referred to, the application of the Code of Fair Competition for
the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries is hereby stayed in
respect to the manufacture and sale of vestees, gilets and guimpes.
29282*-296-112-34 (605)
The Administrator after such public hearing shall determine whether
the manufacture and sale of vestees, gilets and guimpes shall be
included under the Code of Fair Competition for the Blouse and
Skirt Manufacturing Industries and such determination by him shall
be incorporated by him as a part of this Code.
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT.
Approval recommended:
HUGH S. JOHNSON,
TnE WIaTE HOUSE,
"i
*.'
4 vir
The White House.
SIR: The Public Hearing on the Code of Fair Competition for the
Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries as proposed jointly by
the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc., and the
National Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc., was conducted in
Washington on September 7, 1933. Every person who requested an
appearance was fairly heard in public in accordance with the usual
procedure. The Code has the approval of the Labor, Industrial, and
Consumer Advisory Boards of the National Recovery Administra-
tion. The Code Committee of the submitting associations, being
duly authorized by their respective associations, have also indicated
their approval of the final draft of the Code on behalf of the
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRIES
The industries as defined in the Code include the manufacture and
sale by the manufacturer, contractor, or jobber of women's, misses',
and children's blouses, blousettes, waists, vestees, tunic blouses,
gilets, and guimpes; and the manufacture and sale by the manufac-
turer, contractor, or jobber of women's and misses' skirts and
jumper skirts.
The skirt history parallels very closely with the blouse industry.
These two industries have a community of interest and their sale
and fashion activities are almost identical. These factors, together
with a mutual desire for close cooperation impelled a joint code in
the industry, resulting in possibilities of many desirable future joint
More than thirty years ago blouses and skirts were beginning to
be popular as an item of wearing apparel. Shirt waists with a suit
or skirt were practically indispensable to a wardrobe. Many stores
maintained profitable waist departments; waists were in demand
and were utilized in a variety of combinations. New York City
with hundreds of factories was the leading city in production, with
Philadelphia second, and Boston and Chicago contributing a part of
the production.
The decreasing demand for blouses and separate skirts which be-
came evident in 1921 was due mainly to the increased demand for
dresses. This brought about a decrease in the number of blouse
departments in retail stores and a consequent curtailment in wholesale
production. By 1924 important units had left the industry and
within the last year or two very few firms were left.
During the last few years, however, ensembles have come into
vogue again and there is a revival again of the manufacture of
waists and blouses. The fashion for sportswear and the depression
have both caused an increase in the manufacture of separate skirts.
The varue of production in the blouse industry in the year 1929
was approximately ten million dollars. It had increased close to
fourteen million dollars in 1931. It is reasonable to assume that the
manufacture of blouses and waists has increased still more since 1931.
A much greater increase in the production of separate skirts since
1929 is apparent. In value, the increase in the manufacture of
blouses during the period from 1929 to 1931 amounted to 63%. It
is highly probable that the upward trend in the manufacture of
separate skirts has continued since 1931.
New York and Philadelphia are again the leading blouse markets.
It is estimated that there are 100 firms in the industry, some of which
produce seasonally other items of apparel. Additional concerns, not
generally identified as blouse manufacturers, enter each season tem-
porarily into the production of blouses.
RESUME OF THE CODE
Article I sets forth certain definitions.
Article II contains the maximum hour provisions. The hours of
employees engaged in the mechanical processes of manufacture are
limited to thirty-five hours per week and to seven hours per day; all
other employees are permitted to work a maximum of forty hours
per week. The maximum hours provisions do not apply to salesmen
or executives. Overtime is allowed all employees for a specific num-
ber of weeks per year with the provision that the Code Authority
may recommend that further overtime be allowed.
Article III sets forth the minimum wage provisions. A basic
minimum of fourteen dollars per week for employees employed in
cities of over 250,000 population, and of twelve dollars per week for
employees employed in cities of 250,000 population or less, is pro-
vided. In addition to these basic minimums, separate minimums are
set up for employees engaged in the following crafts: operators,
ironers, cutters, finishers, cleaners, and examiners. Provision is also
made for the employment of apprentices and superannuated or physi-
cally or mentally handicapped persons at wage rates less than these
nnnima.
Article IV eliminates child labor and contains the labor provisions
mandatory under the Act.
Article V provides for the establishment of a Code Authority.
This body, consisting of twelve members, is charged with the re-
sponsibility of administering the Code. This Article also provides
for the establishment of a Confidential Agency to secure for and to
submit to the Code Authority information necessary for the proper
administration of the Code. A provision is also contained in this
Article requiring the Code Authority to investigate the problem of
style piracy and to make recommendations for the effective protection
of original designs.
Article VI provides that all garments manufactured or distributed
subject to the provisions of the Code shall bear a special N.R.A.
label to symbolize to purchasers that the garments are manufactured
under the conditions required by the Code. The Code Authority
is given the exclusive right in the industry to issue and furnish
such labels to the members of the industry.
Article VII provides for the elimination of certain unfair trad6
Articles VIII and IX contain the mandatory provisions referring
to monopolies and discrimination against small enterprises.
Article X is designed to clarify the jurisdiction of the Code.
LABOR PROVISIONS OF THE CODE-POSSIBLE REEMPLOYMENT
Because of the close connection between the Blouse industry and
the Dress industry and between the Skirt industry and the Suit
industry and because of the increased production and employment
in the Blouse and Skirt industries, it is not possible to tell whether
or not there is any unemployment, in these industries and if there
is, to what extent. Records show that there were 1,631 workers in
blouse factories in 1929, and 2,235 in 1931, with a possible increase
in the number employed after that. In the skirt factories the
average number of workers employed in 1929 was 539; in 1931, 729.
Based upon the estimated average 48-hour work week in the Blouse
Manufacturing Industry prior to the Recovery Program, the 35-hour
maximum work week will result in a 37% increase in the total num-
ber of workers employed in the industry.
The average annual wage of the Blouse Industry in 1929 was
$1,144 while in 1931 it had declined to $980. In the Skirt Industry
the average annual wage of 1929 was $1,461 and in 1931, $1,166.
There is of course no way to determine to what extent the scales con-
tained in the Code as recommended will bring about an increase in
pay roll.
The Administrator finds that:
(a) The Code as recommended complies in all respects with the
pertinent provisions of Title I of the Act, including, without limita-
tion, subsection (a) of Section VII and subsection (b) of Section X
thereof; and that
(b) The applicant groups impose no inequitable restrictions on
admission to membership therein and are truly representative of the
Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries; and that
(c) The Code as recommended is not designed to promote monopo-
lies or to eliminate or oppress small enterprises, and will not operate
to discriminate against them, and will tend to effectuate the policy
of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act. It is recom-
mended, therefore, that this Code be approved.
Admin istrator.
BLOUSE AND SKIRT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
To effectuate the policies of Title I of the National Industrial
Recovery Act, the following provisions are established as a Code of
Fair Competition for the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Indus-
tries, and shall be the standard of fair competition for such in-
dustries and shall be binding upon every member thereof.
ARTICLE I-DEFINITIONS
1. The term "Blouse Industry as used herein includes the manu-
facture and sale by the manufacturer, contractor, or jobber as such
terms are defined in Section 7, 8, and 9 of this Article, of women's,
misses', and children's blouses, blousettes, waists, vestees, gilets, tunic
blouses, and guimpes, when not sold as part of an ensemble or suit,
irrespective of the manner of distribution thereof, and such other
related branches of the industry as the President, after such notice
and hearing as he may prescribe, may include under the provisions
of this Code.
2. The term Skirt Industry as used herein includes the manu-
terms are defined in Sections 7, 8, and 9 of this Article, of women's
and misses' skirts and jumper skirts, when not sold as part of an
ensemble or suit, irrespective of the manner of distribution thereof,
and such other related branches of the industry as the President,
after such notice and hearing as he may prescribe, may include under
the provisions of this Code.
3. The Administrator, after such notice and hearing as he shall
prescribe, may make exemption from or modify the definitions of
the industries in order to coordinate the administration of this Code
with the administration of the code of any other industry engaged
in the manufacture and sale of women's, misses', or children s apparel.
4. The term "employee as used herein includes any one engaged
in the industries in any capacity receiving compensation for his
services, irrespective of the nature or method of payment of such
compensation.
5. The term "employer" as used herein includes all those by
whom any such employee is compensated or employed.
6. The term "member of the industry includes anyone engaged
in the industries as above defined, either as an employer or on his
own behalf.
7. The term "manufacturer" as used herein includes, without
limitation thereto, all those who manufacture garments in the indus-
tries from their own material, in a factory or establishment main-
tained and operated by them.
8. The term "jobber" as used herein includes without limitation
thereto all those for whom and/or under whose direction or orders
garments in the industries are manufactured, in whole or in part, by
contractors and/or other manufacturers, and who also act as whole-
sale distributors of such garments.
9. The term "contractor" includes without limitation thereto, all
those who manufacture garments in the industries from material pro-
vided for them by manufacturers, jobbers, or others.
10. The term "effective date as used herein shall mean and this
Code shall become effective on the first Monday after this Code shall
have been approved by the President of the United States.
11. Population for the purposes of this Code shall be determined
by reference to the latest Federal Census.
12. The terms "Act" and "Administrator" as used herein shall
mean, respectively, Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act
and the Administrator for Industrial Recovery.
ARTICLE II-HouRS OF LABOR
1. No employee .hall be permitted to work in the manual or me-
chanical processes of manufacture in excess of thirty-five (35)
hours in any one (1) week or more than seven (7) hours in any
twenty-four (24) hour period, except as hereinafter provided.
2. No employee shall be permitted to work in the manual or me-
chanical proce'-ses of manufacture for more than five (5) days in
any seven (7) day period, unless permitted by the Code Authority
under special circumstances.
3. All other employees shall not be permitted to work in excess
of forty (40) hours in any one (1) week.
4. The Code Authority, subject to review by the Administrator,
may designate the hour before which work shall not begin, and the
hour after which work shall cease, and may determine in which
localities these regulations shall apply.
5. There shall be no more than one (1) shift of employees in any
one (1) day. The Administrator, upon showing and -after such
notice and hearing as he shall prescribe, may grant such exceptions
to this provision as he may deem necessary to effect the purposes
of the Act.
6. The Code Authority may allow employees to work overtime for
sixteen (16) weeks in any one (1) year, provided that in no case
shall the number of hours of overtime worked by any one (1) em-
ployee exceed five (5) hours in any one (1) week or one (1) hour
in any one (1) day; and provided further that all overtime shall be
paid for at the rate of time and one half.
7. The Code Authority, with the approval of the Administrator,
may authorize additional weeks of overtime beyond that specifically
provided for by Section.6 of this Article, provided that in no case
shall employees engaged in the manual or mechanical processes of
manufacture be permitted to work in excess of forty (40) hours in
any one (1) week.
202822--296-112-34_-2
8. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to executives
and/or heads of departments receiving more than thirty-five dollars
($35.00) per week; nor to outside salesmen.
9. No member of the industry shall knowingly engage any em-
ployee for any time which when totaled with that already performed
with another member, or members, of the industry, exceeds the maxi-
mum permitted herein.
10. Any member of the industry who is himself engaged in the
manual or mechanical processes of manufacture shall be subject to
the provisions of this Code as to hours of labor.
ARTICLE III-1WAGES
1. Except as hereinafter provided, this Article establishes mini-
mum rates of pay which shall apply, irrespective of whether an
employee is actually compensated on a time rate, piecework, or other
basis.
2. No employee shall be paid at less than the rate of fourteen
dollars ($14) per week in cities over 250,000 population nor less than
at the rate of twelve dollars ($12.00) per week in cities or places of
250,000 population or less, except as hereinafter provided.
3. Employees performing duties of the occupations enumerated
in the following schedules shall be paid at not less than the rate
set forth for each occupation for each hour or each full week's work
of thirty-five (35) hours:
A. BLOUSE INDUSTRY SCALES
(1) In Yew York City:
Operator ------------------------------------ $0.60 per hour
Ironers--_--------------------------------- .50 per hour
Machine Cutters----- ---------------- ----- 36.00 per week
Finli s------------------------------------ 16. 00 per week
Clenners and examiners----------------------- 15.00 per week
(2) In cities over 250,000 population, accepting New York City:
Operators-------------------------.---------- $0.54 per hour.
Ironers- ______________________________________ .45 per hour.
Mnchine Cutters-------_-------------------_ 32.40 per week.
Fiuishers ----------------------------------- 14.40 per week.
linersrs and examiners----------------------- 14.00 per week.
(3) In c-fit-, or places of 250,000 population or less:
Operators -------___-------_.--------_ $0. 45 per hour.
Irners .--------------------------------------_ 40 per hour.
Machine Cutters ----------------------__ _____ 31.00 per week.
Finishers -----------------.------__-__-__-__ __ 12.00 per week.
C'len neis and examiners----------------------_ 12.00 per week.
B. SKIRT INDUSTRY SCALES
Operators --------__ --__ _..___.-___.______s.. $0. 70 per hour.
Pressers -----------------________---- .80 per hour.
Machine (utter ------------------------------- 33.00 per week.
Finishers -.-------------._. ___________.----__ 16.00 per week.
(2) Outside of New York City:
Operators _____----_. _-- ______-------_ $0.60 per hour.
Presscrs ------- ____------------------______ .68 per hour.
Machine Cutters-------------------------____ -. 00 per week.
Finislhcrs -------_______--------------__ 13. 60 per week.
4. No employee whose normal full time weekly hours for the four
(4) weeks ending on the effective date of this Code are reduced by
less than twenty percent (20%) shall have his full-time weekly
earnings reduced. Employees whose full-time weekly Ihours are
reduced by more than said twenty percent (20%c) shall have his or
her said earnings equitably adjusted. Nothing herein contained
shall relieve any member of the industry from paying the minimum
wage rates established in this Code.
5. The Code Authority, upon the adoption of this Code, shall
make a thorough study for the purpose of introducing an apprentice
system into the industries, taking into consideration the school and
other requirements of the respective States. On the basis of this
study the Code Authority shall, within sixty (60) days of the effec-
tive date of this Code, make recommendations to the Administrator
for provisions for apprentice systems which, upon approval by the
President, after such notice and hearing as he shall prescribe, shall
become a part of this Code. Pending the incorporation of such pro-
visions in this Code, no member of the industry shall employ as
learners more than ten percent (10%) of the total number of
employees employed by him in the manual or mechanical processes
of manufacture in any factory or establishment and such learners
shall be paid at not less than at the rate of eleven dollars ($11.00)
per week.
6. Employees who.N e earning capacity is limited because of age,
physical or mental handicap, may be employed on light work at a
wage below the minimum established by this Code; provided that
such employees shall be paid not less than other employees in the
same factory or establishment in proportion to the amount or char-
acter of the work done; that none of such employees be paid less
than at the rate of fourteen dollars ($14.00) per week in cities of
over 250,000 population, nor less than at the rate of twelve dollars
($12.00) per week in cities or places of 230,000 population or less;
and that the total number of such employees shall not exceed ten per-
cent (10 .) of the total number of employees engaged in the manual
or mechanical processes of manufacture in a factory or establish-
ment. of any member of the industry. Members of the industry shall
report monthly to the Code Authority the names of those employees
included in this class, and the reason justifying such employment.
The Code Authority shall report to the Administrator within three
(3) months and from time to time as to the operation of this pro-
vision, both generally and in cases of individual hardship, and the
Administrator on due showing, after such notice and hearing as he
may prescribe, may grant exceptions thereto in order to effect the
purposes of the Act.
7. Female employees performing substantially the same work as
male employees shall receive the same rate of pay as male employees.
8. All manufacturers and/or jobbers who cause their garments
to be made by contractors shall adhere to the payment of rates for
such production in an amount sufficient to enable the contractor to
pay the employees the wages and earnings provided in this Code
and in addition a reasonable payment to the contractors to cover
overhead.
ARTICLE IV-GENERAL LABOI PROVISIONS
1. No person under sixteen (16) years of age shall be employed
in the industries, nor anyone under eighteen (18) years of age at
operations or occupations hazardous in nature or detrimental to
health. The Code Authority shall submit to the Administrator
before February 1, 1934, a list of such occupations. In any state
a member of the industry shall be deemed to have complied with
this provision if lie shall have on file a certificate or permit duly
issued by the Authority in such State empowered to issue employ-
ment or age certificates or permits, showing that the employee is of
the required age.
2. Employees shall have the right to organize and bargain col-
lectively, through representatives of their own choosing, and shall be
free from the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers of
labor, or their agents, in the designation of such representatives or
in self-organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose
of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.
3. No employee and no one seeking employment shall be required
as a condition of employment to join any company union or to refrain
from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization of his
own choosing.
4. Employers shall comply with the maximum hours of labor,
minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employment approved
or prescribed by the President.
5. Within each State this Code shall not supersede any laws of
such State imposing more stringent requirements on employers, regu-
lating the age of employees, wages, hours of work, health, fire pro-
tection, or general working conditions than under this Code.
6. Employers shall not reclassify employees or duties of occupa-
tions performed by employees so as to defeat the purposes of the Act.
7. Each employer shall post in conspicuous places accessible to
employees Articles II, III, and IV of this Code.
8. No home work shall be permitted by members of the industries.
ARTICLE V-ADMINISTRATION
A Code Authority is hereby constituted to cooperate with the
Administrator in the administration of this Code.
1. Organization and Consitlution of the Code Authority.-(a) The
Code Authority shall consist of twelve (12) members. Four (4) of
these members shall be selected by the National Association of Blouse
Manufacturers, Inc. Four (4) of these shall be selected by the Na-
tional Skirt Manufacturers' Association, Inc. Two (2) of these
members shall be appointed by the Administrator on the nomination
of the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administra-
tion, and shall serve without expense to the industry. The Admin-
istrator, upon due showing and after such notice and hearing as he
may prescribe, may appoint two (2) additional voting members to
represent members of the industries who are not members of the
aforesaid associations, but who are entitled to participate in the
selection of the Code Authority. In addition thereto, the Admin-
istrator may also appoint two (2) mrneibers without vote for terms
of from six (6) months to one (1) year to represent the National
Recovery Administration. Such members appointed by the Admin-
istrator shall be given notice of and, together with the Administrator,
may sit at all meetings of the Code Authority.
(b) Each trade or industrial association directly or indirectly
participating in the selection or activities of the Code Authority
shall: (1) impose no inequitable restrictions on membership, and (2)
submit to the Administrator true copies of its articles of association,
bylaws, regulations, and any amendments, when made thereto, to-
gether with such other information as to membership, organization,
and activities as the Administrator may deem necessary to effectuate
the purposes of the Act.
(c) In order that the Code Authority shall at all times be truly
representative of the industry and in other respects comply with the
provisions of the Act, the Administrator may provide such hearings
as he may deem proper; and thereafter if he shall find that the Code
Authority is not truly representative or does not in other respects
comply with the provisions of the Act, may require an appropriate
modification in the method of selection of the Code Authority.
(d) The Code Authority shall adopt bylaws and shall furnish
to the Administrator true and correct copies of the bylaws and all
amendments thereto immediately upon their adoption, together with
true and correct copies of all rules and regulations which may be
adopted by the Code Authority and true and correct minutes of all
of its meetings, all certified by the Secretary of the Code Authority.
(e) Members of the industry who assent to this Code through-
membership in the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers,
Inc., or the National Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc., or
otherwise, shall be entitled to participate in the selection of the
Code Authority and the benefits of its activities, as herein set forth,
by complying with this Code and paying their reasonable share
of the expense of maintaining the Code Authority and its activities
on the basis of volume of business and/or such factors as may be
deemed equitable.
2. The Code Authority shall have the following further powers
and duties, subject to the right of the Administrator on review to
disapprove any action taken by the Code Authority, if he shall
find that such action is unfair to any private interest or contrary
to the public interest or the purposes of the Act:
(a) To elect officers and to assign to them such duties as it may
consider advisable, and to provide rules for its procedure and its
continuance as the administrative agency of this Code, in accord-
ance with the terms of the Act and the principles herein.
(b) To receive, investigate, and to cooperate with the Administra-
tor in the adjustment of complaints of violations of this Code and
to make recommendations in respect thereto to the proper authorities
for the prosecution of such violations.
(c) To use the National Skirt. Manufacturers Association, Inc.,
and the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc., and/or
other agencies as it deems proper for the carrying out of any of
its activities provided for herein, and to pay such associations
and/or other agencies the cost thereof, provided that such associa-
tions and,or agencies shall at all times be subject to and comply
with the provisions of this Code, and provided further, that noth-
ing herein shall relieve the Code Authority of any of its duties and
responsibilities hereunder.
(d) To obtain through a confidential agency from members of
the industry periodical reports in such form and at such times with
respect to wages, hours of labor, conditions of employment, number
of employees, and such other matters pertinent to the purposes of
this Code as the Code Authority, with the approval of the Ad-
ministrator, may require for the administration and enforcement
of this Code, and to submit reports to the Administrator in such
form and at such times as he may require in order that the Presi-
dent may be informed as to the observance or nonobservance of this
Code and to further effectuate the policies of the Act.
The Confidential Agency shall be in no way engaged in the in-
dustry nor connected with any member thereof, and all reports re-
ceived by it shall be held as secret and confidential, except that they
shall be made available to the Administrator. Such agency shall
analyze, digest, and consolidate such reports and shall disclose only
general findings based thereon.
Such general findings shall be made available to the Code Author-
ity, to the members of the National Association of Blouse Manufac-
turers, Inc., and the National Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc.,
and to any other members of the industry who are entitled to par-
ticipate in the activities of the Code Authority.
(e) To provide for the establishment and distribution of an N.R.A.
label to those members of the industry who are entitled to.participate
in the selection of the Code Authority.
(f) To coordinate the administration of this Code with such other
Codes, if any, as may be related to the industries herein, or any sub-
division thereof, with a view to promoting joint and harmonious
action upon such matters of common interest.
(g) To provide ways and means for financing the operation of
said Code Authority and to determine an equitable method of ap-
portioning in the industry the cost of administering this Code.
Money raised in any .manner shall not exceed in amount such
reasonable cost.
(h) To investigate complaints of unfair competition which arise
out of the wage differentials provided in this Code, and to make
recommendations to the Administrator for such modification of these
differentials as it deems necessary in order to eliminate unfair compe-
tition in the industry. Such recommendations, upon approval by the
Administrator after such hearing and notice as he may prescribe,
shall become a part of this Code.
(i) To initiate, consider, and make recommendations for the
modification or amendment of this Code.
3. In addition to the information required to be submitted to the
Code Authority, there shall be furnished to government agencies
such statistical information as the Administrator may deem neces-
sary for the purposes recited in Section 3 (a) of the Act.
4. The Code Authority shall make investigation into the problem
of style piracy, and make recommendations in connection therewith
to the Administrator within sixty (60) days after the effective date
ARTICLE VI-LABELS
All garments manufactured or distributed subject to the provisions
of this Code shall bear an NRA label to symbolize to purchasers of
said garments the conditions under which they were manufactured.
Under the powers vested in him by Executive Order of October 14,
1933, and under grant, of the necessary authority by the Adminis-
trator, the Code Authority shall have the exclusive right in this
industry to issue and furnish said labels to the members thereof.
Each label shall bear a registration number especially assigned to
each employer by the Code Authority and remain attached to such
garment when sold to the retail distributor. Any and all employers
may apply to the Code Authority for a permit to use such NRA
label, which permit to use the label shall be granted to them, but only
if and so long as they comply with this Code. The Code Authority
subject to approval by the Administrator, shall establish rules and
regulations and appropriate machinery for the issuance of labels
and the inspection, examination, and supervision of the practices of
employers using such labels in observing the provisions of this Code
for the purpose of ascertaining the right of said employer to the
continued use of said labels; of protecting purchasers in relying on
said labels; of insuring to each individual employer that the sym-
bolism of said label will be maintained by virtue of compliance with
the practices herein contained by all other employers using said
The charge made for such labels by the Code Authority shall at
all times be subject to supervision and orders of the Administrator
and shall be not more than an amount necessary to cover the actual
reasonable cost thereof, including actual printing, distribution, and
administration and supervision of the use thereof as hereinabove set
ARTICLE VII-TRADE PRACTICES
The following practices constitute unfair methods of competition
for members of the industry and are prohibited:
(a) False Marking or Branding.-The false marking or branding
of any product of the industry which has the tendency to mislead
or deceive customers or prospective customers, whether as to the
grade, quality, quantity, substance, character, nature, origin, size,
finish, or preparation of any product of the industries, or otherwise.
(b) Misrepresentation or False or Misleading Advertising.-The
making or causing or knowingly permitting to be made or published
any false, materially inaccurate, or deceptive statement by way of
advertisement or otherwise, whether concerning the grade, quality,
quantity, substance, character, nature, origin, size, finish, or prepara-
tion of any product of the industries, or otherwise having the tend-
ency or capacity to mislead or deceive customers or prospective
(c) Commercial Bribery.-No member of the industry shall give,
permit to be given, or directly offer to give anything of value for
the purpose of influencing or rewarding the action of any employee,
agent, or representative, of another in relation to the business of the
employer of such employee, the principal of such agent, or the rep-
resented party without the knowledge of such employer, principal,
or party. Commercial bribery provisions shall not be construed to
prohibit free and general distribution of articles commonly used for
advertising except so far as such articles are actually used for com-
mercial bribery as hereinabove defined.
(d) Interference with Contractual Relations.-Maliciously induc-
ing or attempting to induce the breach of an existing oral or writ-
ten contract between a competitor and his customer or source of
supply or interfering with or obstructing the performance of any
such contractual duties or services.
(e) Secret Rebates.-The secret payment or allowance of rebates,
refunds, extra dating, commissions, credits, or unearned discounts,
whether in the form of money or otherwise, or the secret extension
to certain purchasers of special services or privileges not openly
extended to all purchasers on like terms and conditions.
(f) Defamation.-The defaming of competitors by falsely im-
puting to them dishonorable conduct, inability to perform contracts,
questionable credit standing, or by the false disparagement of the
grade or quality of their goods.
(g) Threats of Litigation.-The publishing or circularizing of
threats of suits for infringement of patents or trade marks or
any other legal proceedings not in good faith with the tendency or
effect of harassing competitors or intimidating their customers.
(h) Espionage of Competitors.-Securing confidential informa-
tion concerning the business of a competitor by a false or mislead-
ing statement or representation, by a false impersonation of one in
authority, bribery, or by any other unfair method.
(i) Consignment Merchandise.-Selling on consignment or memo-
randum except under such regulations as may be adopted by the
Code Authority with the approval of the Administrator after such
notice and hearing as he shall prescribe.
(j) Terms.-It shall be unfair trade practice to sell merchandise
at a cash discount in excess of eight per cent (8%) ten (10) days
E.O.M. (end of month) except that merchandise shipped after the
twenty-fifth (25th) day of any month may be dated as of the first
(1st) day of the following month. Anticipation shall not be allowed
at a rate in excess of six percent (6%) per annum.
(k) Labels.-Shipping any orders with labels imprinted with the
customer's name or mark unless customer supplies same or pays the
cost thereof.
(1) Unjust Returns.-No member of the industries shall accept
for credit returned merchandise except for defects in manufacture,
delay in delivery, errors in shipment, or failure to conform to speci-
fications. No returned merchandise shall be accepted for credit if
returned after five (5) days from date of receipt by customer except
on account of failure to conform with specifications or on account of
defects in manufacture not discoverable by reasonable inspection.
No member of the industry shall accept for credit any return mer-
chandise which is not accompanied by a written statement contain-
ing the reasons for such return. Further recommendations on this
subject may be made by the Code Authority to the Administrator
and upon his approval after such notice and hearing as he shall
prescribe shall become a part of this Code.
(m) 1. Selling Be,,,w, Co.:t.-No member of the industries shall sell
any article at a price below cost calculated as hereinafter provided.
Any member of the industry may meet the price of any other mem-
ber of the industry whose cost under this provision is lower and may
sell dropped lines or distre.-s merchandise below such cost, provided
that the facts regarding such sales shall be reported immediately to
the Code Authority. The Code Authority may make recommenda-
tions to the Administrator for the adoption of a standard cost sys-
tem which upon the approval of the Administrator after such notice
and hearing as he shall prescribe shall become a part of this Code.
Thereafter cost under this Article shall be determined in accordance
with formulae enumerated in such cost system.
2. Upon the recommendation of the Code Authority, and with the
approval of the Administrator after such notice and hearing as he
may prescribe, a uniform order blank shall be used by members of
the industry and it shall be an unfair trade practice for anyone en-
gaged in the industry to sell to a purchaser without using such
uniform order blank.
3. No member of the industry shall knowingly withhold from or
insert in any quotation or invoice any statement that makes it incor-
rect in any material particular.
4. No member of the industry shall use any subterfuge to evade
5. Other Unfair Practices.-Nothing in this Code shall limit the
effect of any adjudication by the courts or holding by the Federal
Trade Commission on complaint, finding, and order that any prac-
tice or method is unfair, providing that such adjudication or holding
is not inconsistent with any provision of the Act or of this Code.
6. Further recommendations to the Code Authority on unfair
trade practices may be presented for its consideration by the Na-
tional Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc., and the National
Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc., and the Code Authority may
make proposals in connection therewith or additional recommenda-
tions for trade-practice provisions to the Administrator, which pro-
posals, after such notice and hearing as the Administrator may pre-
scribe shall, upon his approval, become part of this Code.
ARTICLE VIII-MONOPOLIES
This Code shall not be construed or applied to promote or permit
monopolies or monopolistic practices or to eliminate or oppress small
enterprises or to discriminate against them.
ARTICLE IX-MODIFICATIONS
1. This Code and all provisions thereof are expressly made subject
to the right of the President, in accordance with the provisions of
subsection (b) of Section 10 of the National Industrial Recovery
Act, from time to time to cancel or modify any order, approval
license, rule or regulation issued under Title I of said Act and
specifically, but without limitation, to the right of the President to
cancel or modify his approval of this Code or any conditions imposed
by him upon his approval thereof.
2. This Code, except as to provisions required by the Act, may be
modified on the basis of experience or changes in circumstances, such
modifications to be based upon application to the Administrator, and
such notice and hearing as he shall specify, and to become effective
on approval of the President.
ARTICLE X-GENERAL
1. Any employer who at any time or times shall manufacture any
article or articles within the provisions of this Code shall be bound
by all the provisions of this Code as to all employees engaged in
whole or in part in such manufacture. In case any employee shall
be engaged partly in such manufacture and partly in the manufac-
ture of goods of another character, this Code shall apply to such
portions of such employee's time as is applied to the manufacture of
such articles covered by this Code.
Approved Code No. 194.
Registry No. 210-01.
3 1262 08486 8446
.A.
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Approved Code No. 194 Registry No. 210-01 NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE BLOUSE AND SKIRT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AS APPROVED ON.DECEMBER 30, 1933 BY PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 'R MEMBER WE DO OUR PART 1. Executive Order 2. Letter of Transmittal 8. Code UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1934 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. ---------Price 5 cents
This publication Is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., and by district offices of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. DISTRICT OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Atlanta, Ga.: 504 Post Office Building. Birmingham, Ala.: 257 Federal Building. Boston, Mass.: 1801 Customhouse. Buffalo, N.Y.: Chamber of Commerce Building. Charleston, S.C.: Chamber of Commerce Building. Chicago, Ill.: Suite 1706, 201 North Wells Street. Cleveland, Ohio: Chamber of Commerce. Dallas, Tex.: Chamber of Commerce Building. Detroit, Mich.: 2213 First National Bank Building. Houston, Tex.: Chamber of Commerce Building. Indianapolis, Ind.: Chamber of Commerce Building. Jacksonville, Fla.: Chamber of Commerce Building. Kansas City, Mo.: 1028 Baltimore Avenue. Los Angeles, Calif.: 1163 South Broadway. Louisville, Ky.: 408 Federal Building. Memphis, Tenn.: 229 Federal Building. Minneapolis, Minn.: 213 Federal Building. New Orleans, La.: Room 225-A, Customhouse. New York, N.Y.: 734 Customhouse. Norfolk, Va.: 406 East Plume Street. Philadelphia, Pa.: 933 Commercial Trust Building. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Chamber of Commerce Building. Portland, Oreg.: 215 New Post Office Building. St. Louis, Mo.: 506 Olive Street. San Francisco, Calif.: 310 Customhouse. Seattle, Wash.: 809 Federal Building.
Approved Code No. 194 CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE BLOUSE AND SKIRT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES As Approved on December 30, 1933 BY PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT Executive Order An application having been duly made, pursuant to and in full compliance with the provisions of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933, for my approval of a Code of Fair Competition for the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries, and hearings having been held thereon, and the Administrator having rendered his report containing an analysis of the said Code of Fair Competition together with his recommendations and findings with respect thereto, and the Administrator having found that the said Code of Fair Competition complies in all respects with the pertinent provisions of Title I of said Act and that the requirements of clauses (1) and (2) of subsection (a) of Section 3 of the said Act have been met: NOW, THEREFORE, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, pursuant to the authority vested in me by Title t of the National Industrial Re::overy Act, approved June 16, 19)3, and otherwise, do approve the report and recommen ( nations, and adopt the findings of the Administrator, and do order that the said co(le of fair competition be, and it is hereby approved, subject to the following condition that: (1) Pending the public hearing on a code of fair competition for the industries engaged in the manufacture of women's neck\veai nnd scarfs and the determination by the Administrator hereinafter referred to, the application of the Code of Fair Competition for the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries is hereby stayed in respect to the manufacture and sale of vestees, gilets and guimpes. 29282-2 -96-112-34 (605)
606 The Administrator after such public hearing shall determine whether the manufacture and sale of vestees, gilets and guimpes shall be included under the Code of Fair Competition for the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries and such determination by him shall be incorporated by him as a part of this Code. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. Approval recommended: HUGH S. JOHNSON, Administrator. TmE WHITE HOUSE, December 30, 1933.
DECEMBER 21, 1933. The PRESIDENT, The Wh ite House. SIR: The Public Hearingy on* the Code of Fair Competition for the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries as proposed jointly by the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc., and the National Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc., was conducted in Washington on September 7, 1933. Every person who requested an appearance was fairly heard in public in accordance with the usual procedure. The Code has the approval of the Labor, Industrial, and Consumer Advisory Boards of the National Recovery Administration. The Code Committee of the submitting associations, being duly authorized by their respective associations, have also indicated their approval of the final draft of the Code on behalf of the industries. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRIES The industries as defined in the Code include the manufacture and sale by the manufacturer, contractor, or jobber of women's, misses', and children's blouses, blousettes, waists, vestees, tunic blouses, gilets, and guimpes; and the manufacture and sale by the manufacturer, contractor, or jobber of women's and misses' skirts and jumper skirts. The skirt history parallels very closely with the blouse industry. These two industries have a community of interest and their sale and fashion activities are almost identical. These factors, together with a mutual desire for close cooperation impelled a joint code in the industry, resulting in possibilities of many desirable future joint activities. More than thirty years ago blouses and skirts were beginning to be popular as an item of wearing apparel. Shirt waists with a suit or skirt were practically indispensable to a wardrobe. Many stores maintained profitable waist departments; waists were in demand and were utilized in a variety of combinations. New York City with hundreds of factories was the leading city in production, with Philadelphia second, and Boston and Chicago contributing a part of the production. The decreasing demand for blouses and separate skirts which became evident in 1921 was due mainly to the increased demand for dresses. This brought about a decrease in the number of blouse departments in retail stores and a consequent curtailment in wholesale production. By 1924 important units had left the industry and within the last year or two very few firms were left. During the last few years, however, ensembles have come into vogue again and there is a revival again of the manufacture of waists aid blouses. The fashion for sportswear and the depression have both caused an increase in the manufacture of separate skirts. (607)
608 The value of production in the blouse industry in the year 1929 was approximately ten million dollars. It had increased close to fourteen million dollars in 1931. It is reasonable to assume that the manufacture of blouses and waists has increased still more since 1931. A much greater increase in the production of separate skirts since 1929 is apparent. In value, the increase in the manufacture of blouses during the period from 1929 to 1931 amounted to 63%. It is highly probable that the upward trend in the manufacture of separate skirts has continued since 1931. New York and Philadelphia are again the leading blouse markets. It is estimated that there are 100 firms in the industry, some of which produce seasonally other items of apparel. Additional concerns, not generally identified as blouse manufacturers, enter each season temporarily into the production of blouses. RESUME OF THE CODE Article I sets forth certain definitions. Article II contains the maximum hour provisions. The hours of employees engaged in the mechanical processes of manufacture are limited to thirty-five hours per week and to seven hours per day; all other employees are permitted to work a maximum of forty hours per week. The maximum hours provisions do not apply to salesmen or executives. Overtime is allowed all employees for a specific number of weeks per year with the provision that the Code Authority may recommend that further overtime be allowed. Article III sets forth the minimum wage provisions. A basic minimum of fourteen dollars per week for employees employed in cities of over 250,000 population, and of twelve dollars per week for employees employed in cities of 250,000 population or less, is provided. In addition to these basic minimums, separate minimums are set up for employees engaged in the following crafts: operators, ironers, cutters, finishers, cleaners, and examiners. Provision is also made for the employment of apprentices and superannuated or physically or mentally handicapped persons at wage rates less than these minima. Article IV eliminates child labor and contains the labor provisions mandatory under the Act. Article V provides for the establishment of a Code Authority. This body, consisting of twelve members, is charged with the responsibility of administering the Code. This Article also provides for the establishment of a Confidential Agency to secure for and to submit to the Code Authority information necessary for the proper administration of the Code. A provision is also contained in this Article requiring the Code Authority to investigate the problem of style piracy and to make recommendations for the effective protection of original designs. Article VI provides that all garments manufactured or distributed subject to the provisions of the Code shall bear a special N.R.A. label to symbolize to purchasers that the garments are manufactured under the conditions required by the Code. The Code Authority is given the exclusive right in the industry to issue and furnish such labels to the members of the industry.
609 Article VII provides for the elimination of certain unfair trad6 practices. Articles VIII and IX contain the mandatory provisions referring to monopolies and discrimination against small enterprises. Article X is designed to clarify the jurisdiction of the Code. LABOR PROVISIONS OF THE CODE-POSSIBLE REEMPLOYMENT Because of the close connection between the Blouse industry and the Dress industry and between the Skirt industry and the Suit industry and because of the increased production and employment in the Blouse and Skirt industries, it is not possible to tell whether or not there is any unemployment in these induistries and if there is, to what extent. Records show that there were 1,631 workers in blouse factories in 1929, and 2,235 in 1931, with a possible increase in the number employed after that. In the skirt factories the average number of workers employed in 1929 was 539; in 1931, 729. HOURS Based upon the estimated average 48-hour work week in the Blouse Manufacturing Industry prior to the Recovery Program, the 35-hour maximum work week will result in a 37% increase in the total number of workers employed in the industry. WAGES The average annual wage of the Blouse Industry in 1929 was $1,144 while in 1931 it had declined to $980. In the Skirt Industry the average annual wage of 1929 was $1,461 and in 1931, $1,166. There is of course no way to determine to what extent the scales contained in the Code as recommended will bring about an increase in pay roll. FINDINGS The Administrator finds that: (a) The Code as recommended complies in all respects with the pertinent provisions of Title I of the Act, including, without limitation, subsection (a) of Section VII and subsection (b) of Section X thereof; and that (b) The applicant groups impose no inequitable restrictions on admission to membership therein and are truly representative of the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries; and that (c) The Code as recommended is not designed to promote monopolies or to eliminate or oppress small enterprises, and will not operate to discriminate against them, and will tend to effectuate the policy of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act. It is recoinmended, therefore, that this Code be approved. Respect fully, HUGH S. JONSON, A (liii ;n i strator.
CODE OF FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE BLOUSE AND SKIRT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES PURPOSE To effectuate the policies of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, the following provisions are established as a Code of Fair Competition for the Blouse and Skirt Manufacturing Industries, and shall be the standard of fair competition for such industries and shall be binding upon every member thereof. ARTICLE I-DEFINITIONS 1. The term " Blouse Industry " as used herein includes the manufacture and sale by the manufacturer, contractor, or jobber as such terms are defined in Section 7, 8, and 9 of this Article, of women's, misses', and children's blouses, blousettes, waists, vestees, gilets, tunic blouses, and guimpes, when not sold as part of an ensemble or suit, irrespective of the manner of distribution thereof, and such other related branches of the industry as the President, after such notice and hearing as he may prescribe, may include under the provisions of this Code. 2. The term " Skirt Industry " as used herein includes the manufacture and sale by the manufacturer, contractor, or jobber as such terms are defined in Sections 7, 8, and 9 of this Article, of women's and misses' skirts and jumper skirts, when not sold as part of an ensemble or suit, irrespective of the manner of distribution thereof, and such other related branches of the industry as the President, after such notice and hearing as he may prescribe, may include under the provisions of this Code. 3. The Administrator, after such notice and hearing as he shall prescribe, may make exemption from or modify the definitions of the industries in order to coordinate the administration of this Code with the administration of the code of any other industry engaged in the manufacture and sale of women's, misses', or children's apparel. 4. The term " employee " as used herein includes any one engaged in the industries in any capacity receiving compensation for his services, irrespective of the nature or method of payment of such compensation. 5. The term " employer " as used herein includes all those by whom any such employee is compensated or employed. 6. The term " member of the industry " includes anyone engaged in the industries as above defined, either as an employer or on his own behalf. (610)
611 7. The term " manufacturer " as used herein includes, without limitation thereto, all those who manufacture garments in the industries from their own material, in a factory or establishment maintained and operated by them. 8. The tern "jobber" as used herein includes without limitation thereto all those for whom and/or under whose direction or orders garments in the industries are manufactured, in whole or in part, by contractors and/or other manufacturers, and who also act as wholesale distribut ors of such garments. 9. The term "contractor " includes without limitation thereto, all those who manufacture garments in the industries from material provided for them by manufacturers, jobbers, or others. 10. The term " effective date " as used herein shall mean and this Code shall become effective on the first Monday after this Code shall have been approved by the President of the United States. 11. Population for the purposes of this Code shall be determined by reference to the latest Federal Census. 12. The terms "Act " and "Administrator " as used herein shall mean, respectively, Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Administrator for Industrial Recovery. AirTICLI2 II-Houns oF LABOR 1. No employee shall be permitted to work in the manual or mechanical processes of nianufactuire in excess of thirty-five (35) hours in any one (1) week or more than seven (7) hours in any twenty-four (24) hour period, except as hereinafter provided. 2. No employee shall be permitted to work inl the manual or mechanical processes of manufacture for more than five (5) days in any seven (7) day period, unless permitted by the Code Authority under special circumstances. 3. All other employees shall not be permitted to work in excess of forty (40) h( urs in a one (1) week. 4. The Code AXuthoritv, subject to review by the Administrator, may designate the hour before which work shall not begin, and the hour after which work shall cease, and may determine in which localities these regulations shall apply. 5. There shall be no more than one (1) shift of employees in any one (1) day. The Administrator, upon showing and -after such notice and hearing as he shall prescribe, may grant such exceptions to this provision as he may deem necessary to effect the purposes of the Act. 6. The Code Authority may allow employees to work overtime for sixteen (16) weeks in any one (1) year, provided that in no case shall the number of hours of overtime worked by any one (1) employee exceed five (5) hours in any one (1) week or one (1) hour in any one (1) day; and provided further that all overtime shall be paid for at the rate of time and one half. 7. The Code Authority, with the approval of the Administrator, may authorize additional weeks of overtime beyond that specifically provided for by Section .6 of this Article, provided that in no case shall employees ellgaged in the manual or mechanical processes of manufacture be permitted to work in excess of forty (40) hours in any one (1) week. 292820-296-112--31-2
612 8. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to executives and/or heads of departments receiving more than thirty-five dollars ($35.00) per week; nor to outside salesmen. 9. No member of the industry shall knowingly engage any employee for any time which when totaled with that already performed with another mneiber, or members, of the industry, exceeds the maximiiui permitted herein. 10. Any member of the industry who is himself engaged in the manual or mechanical processes of mant facture shall be subject to the provisioiis of this Code as to hours of labor. AIrrICLE III--WAGES 1. Except as hereinafter provided, this Article establishes minimum rates of pay which shall apply, irrespective of whether an employee is actually compensated on a time rate, piecework, or other basis. 2. No employee shall be paid at less than the rate of fourteen dollars ($14) per week in cities over 250,000 population nor less than at the rate of twelve dollars ($12.00) per week in cities or places of 2,50,000 population or less, except as hereinafter provided. 3. Employees performing duties of the occupations enumerated in the following schedules shall be paid at not less than the rate set forth for each occupation for each hour or each full week's work of thirty-five (35) hours: A. BLOUSE INDUSTRY SCALES (1) In Veal Ywork City: Operate rs$--------------------------------------$S. 60 per hour Ironers ---------------------------------------.50 per hour Machiiie Cutters .-----------------------------3.00 per week Vinisliers-------------------------------------16. 00 per week Cleaners a(1d examiners ------------------------15.00 per week (2) In citi o 'er 2.50,000 pop)ulatiOn, exceptbl Nec York City: Operators -------------------------------------$0.54 per hour. IO S ---------------------------------------45 per hour. Machine Cutters -------------------------------32. 40 per week. Finishers ------------------------------------14. 40 per week. (1enIcers anid examiners ------------------------14.00 per week. (3) In citirN op place,. of .250,000 population Or less: Operators---_--------------------------------$0.45 per hour. Ir'flonrls ---------------------------------------.40 per hour. Machine Utters ------------------------------31.00 per week. Fiiisle---S _-_ ----_ _------------------12. 00 per week. ea Is and examie-----------------__ 12.00 per week. B. sKIRT INDUSTRY SCALES (1) In 3 w YOrk City: Opera t ors -------_----------------_ $0.70 per hour. PIressers -------------------------------------80 per hour. MachidP (utters_ -----------------____-__-__ _33.00 per week. Fin ishers ---------------------------------------16,00 per week.
613 (2) Outside of New York City: Operatorse-t--------__ $-.6G per hour. P ressers __ _ _--______-------__---__ __ _ _ _ .8 por hour. Machine Cutters _ _ _ __ 28. 0 per week. Finisher _ _-_____-__-___-__________ 1r3. GO per w eek. 4. No employee whose normal full time weekly hours for the four (4) weeks eiiding on the effective date of this Code are reduced by less than twenty percent (20%/ c) shall have his full-time weekly earmihigs reduced. Employees whose full-time weekly hours are reduced by more than said twenty percent (201.'() shall have his or her said earnings equitably adjusted. Nothing herein contained shall relieve any member of the industry from paving the minimum wage rates established in this Code. 5. The Code Authority, upon l the adoption of this Code, shall make a thorough study for the purpose of introducing al apprentice system into the industries, taking into consideration the school and other requirements of the respective States. On the basis of this study the Code Authority shall, within sixty (60) days of the effective date of this Code, make recouieiidations to the Administrator for provisions for apprentice systems which, upon approval by the President, after such notice and hearing as lie shall prescribe, shall become a part of this Code. Pending the incorporation of such provisions in this Code, no member of the industry shall employ as learners more than ten percent (10%) of the total number of employees employed by him in the manual or mechanical processes of manufacture in any factory or establislnient aIi(l such learners shall be paid at not less than at the rate of eleven dollars ($11.00) per week. 6. Employees whose earnin1mg capacity is limited because of age, physical or mental handicap, may be employed on light work at a wage below the mininumn established by this ('ode; provided that such employees shall be paid not less than other employees in the same factory or establislmhment in proportion to the amount or character of the work done; that none of such employees be paid less than at the rate of fourteen dollars ($14.00) per week in cities of over 250,000 population, nor less thani at the rate of twelve dollars ($12.00) per week in cities or places of 250,000 population or less; and that the total number of such employees shall not exceed ten percent (10%) of the total number of employees engaged in the manual or mechanical processes of maiufacture in a factory or establishment of any member of the industry. Members of the industry shall report monthly to the Code Althority the names of those employees included in this class, and the reason justifying suCh employment. The Code Authority shall report to the Administrator within three (3) months and from time to time as to the operation of this provision, both generally and in cases of individual hardship, and the Administrator on due showing, after such notice and hearing]' as he iay prescribe, may grant exceptions thereto ili order to effect the purposes of the Act. 7. Female employees performiuing substantially the same. work as male employees shall receive the same rate of pay as male employees. 8. All manufacturers and/or jobbers who cause their garments to be made by contractors shall adhere to the paymnit of rates for
614 such production in an amount sufficient to enable the contractor to pay the employees the wages and earnings provided in this Code and in addition a reasonable payment to the contractors to cover overhead. ARTICLE I--GENERAL LABOR PROVISIONS 1. No person under sixteen (16) years of age shall be employed in the industries, nor anyone under eighteen (18) years of age at operations or occupations hazardous in nature or detrimental to health. The Code Authority shall submit to the Administrator before February 1, 1934, a list of such occupations. In any state a member of the industry shall be deemed to have complied with this provision if he shall have on file a certificate or permit duly issued by the Authority in such State empowered to issue employment or age certificates or permits, showing that the employee is of the required age. 2. Employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively, through representatives of their own choosing, and shall be free from the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers of labor, or their agents, in the designation of such representatives or in self-organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection. 3. No employee and no one seeking employment shall be required as a condition of employment to join any company union or to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization of his own choosing. 4. Employers shall comply with the maximum hours of labor, minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employment approved or prescribed by the President. 5. Within each State this Code shall not supersede any laws of such State imposing more stringent requirements on employers, regulating the age of employees, wages, hours of work, health, fire protection, or general working conditions than under this Code. 6. Employers shall not reclassify employees or duties of occupations performed by employees so as to defeat the purposes of the Act. 7. Each employer shall post in conspicuous places accessible to employees Articles II, III, and IV of this Code. 8. No home work shall be permitted by members of the industries ARTICLE --ADMINISTATION A Code Authority is hereby constituted to cooperate with the Administrator in the administration of this Code. 1. Organ;--at;on and Constitution of the Code Authority.-(a) The Code Authority shall consist of twelve (12) members. Four (4) of these members shall be selected by the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc. Four (4) of these shall be selected by the National Skirt Manufacturers' Association, Inc. Two (2) of these members shall be appointed by the Administrator on the nomination of the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration, and shall serve without expense to the industry. The Administrator. upon due showingand after such notice and hearing as he Say prescribe, may appoint two (2) additional voting members to
615 represent members of the industries who are not members of the aforesaid associations, but who are entitled to participate in the selection of the Code Authority. In addition thereto, the Administrator may also appoint two (2) members without vote for terms of from six (6) months to one (1) year to represent dhe National Recovery Ahnlinistrat Pin. Such members appointed by the Administrator shall be yiven notice of and, together with the Administrator may sit at all meetings of the Code Authority. (b) Each trade or industrial association directly or indirectly participating in the selection or activities of the Code Authority shall: (1) impose no inequitable restrictions on membership, and (2) submit to the Administrator true copies of its articles of association, bylaws, regulations, and any amendments, when made thereto, together with such other information as to membership, organization, and activities as the Administrator may deem necessary to effectuate the purposes of the Act. (c) In order that the Code Authority shall at all times be truly representative of the industry and in other respects comply with the provisions of the Act, the Administrator may provide such hearings as he may deem proper; and thereafter if lie shall find that the Code Authority is not truly representative or does not in other respects comply with the provisions of the Act, may require an appropriate modification in the method of selection of the Code Authority. (d) The Code Authority shall adopt bylaws and shall furnish to the Administrator true and correct copies of the bylaws and all amendments thereto immediately upon their adoption, together with true and correct copies of all rules and regulations which may be adopted by the Code Authority and true and correct minutes of all of its meetings, all certified by the Secretary of the Code Authority. (e) Miembrs of the industry who assent to this Code through memberships in the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc., or the National Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc., or otherwise, shall be entitled to participate in the selection of the Code Authority and the benefits of its activities, as herein set forth, by complying with this Code and paying their reasonable share of the expense of maintaining the Code Authority and its activities on the basis of volume of business and/or such factors as may be deemed equitable. 2. The Code Authority shall have the following further powers and duties, subject to the right of the Administrator on review to disapprove any action taken by the Code Authority, if he shall find that such action is unfair to any private interest or contrary to the public interest or the purposes of the Act: (a) To elect officers and to assign to them such duties as it may consider advisable, and to provide rules for its procedure and its continuance as the administrative agency of this Code, in accordance with the terms of the Act and the principles herein. (b) To receive, investigate, and to cooperate with the Adiministrator in the adjustment of complaints of violations of this Code and to make recommendat ions in respect thereto to the proper authorities for the prosecution of such violations. (c) To use the National Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc., and the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc., and/or
616 other agencies as it deems proper for the carrying out of any of its activities provided for herein, and to pay such associations and/or other agencies the cost thereof, provided that such associations and/or agencies shall at all times be subject to and comply with the provisions of this Code, and provided further, that nothing herein shall relieve the Code Authority of any of its duties and responsibilities hereunder. (d) To obtain through a confidential agency from members of the industry periodical reports in such form and at such times with respect to wages, hours of labor, conditions of employment, number of employees, and such other matters pertinent to the purposes of this Code as the Code Authority, with the approval of the Administrator, may require for the administration and enforcement of this Code, and to submit reports to the Administrator in such form and at such times as he may require in order that the President may be informed as to the observance or nonobservance of this Code and to further effectuate the policies of the Act. The Confidential Agency shall be in no way engaged in the industry nor connected with any member thereof, and all reports received by it shall be held as secret and confidential, except that they shall be made available to the Administrator. Such agency shall analyze, digest, and consolidate such reports and shall disclose only general findings based thereon. Such general findings shall be made available to the Code Authority, to the members of the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc., and the National Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc., and to any other members of the industry who are entitled to participate in the activities of the Code Authority. (e) To provide for the establishment and distribution of an N.R.A. label to those members of the industry who are entitled to.participate in the selection of the Code Authority. (f) To coordinate the administration of this Code with such other Codes, if any, as may be related to the industries herein, or any subdivision thereof, with a view to promoting joint and harmonious action upon such matters of common interest. (g) To provide ways and means for financing the operation of said Code Authority and to determine an equitable method of apportioning in the industry the cost of administering this Code. Money raised in any manner shall not exceed in amount such reasonable cost. (h) To investigate complaints of unfair competition which arise out of the wage differentials provided in this Code and to make recommendations to the Administrator for such modification of these differentials as it deems necessary in order to eliminate unfair competition in the industry. Such recommendations, upon approval by the Administrator after such hearing and notice as he may prescribe, shall become a part of this Code. (i) To initiate, consider, and make recommendations for the modification or amendment of this Code. 3. In addition to the information required to be submitted to the Code Authority, there shall be furnished to government agencies such statistical information as the Administrator may deem necessary for the purposes recited in Section 3 (a) of the Act.
617 4. The Code Authority shall make investigation into the problem of style piracy, and make recommendations in connection therewith to the Administrator within sixty (60) days after the effective date of this Code. ARTICLE VI-LABELS All garments manufactured or distributed subject to the provisions of this Code shall bear an NRA label to symbolize to purchasers of said garments the conditions under which they were manufactured. Under the powers vested in him by Executive Order of October 14, 1933, and under grant of the necessary authority by the Administrator, the Code Authority shall have the exclusive right in this industry to issue and furnish said labels to the members thereof. Each label shall bear a registration number especially assigned to each employer by the Code Authority and remain attached to such garment when sold to the retail distributor. Any and all employers may apply to the Code Authority for a permit to use such NRA label, which permit to use the label shall be granted to them, but only if and so long as they comply with this Code. The Code Authority subject to approval by the Administrator, shall establish rules and regulations and appropriate machinery for the issuance of labels and the inspection, examination, and supervision of the practices ol employers using such labels in observing the provisions of this Code for the purpose of ascertaining the right of said employer to the continued use of said labels; of protecting purchasers in relying on said labels; of insuring to each individual employer that the symbolism of said label will be maintained by virtue of compliance with the practices herein contained by all other employers using said label. The charge made for such labels by the Code Authority shall at all times be subject to supervision and orders of the Administrator and shall be not more than an amount necessary to cover the actual reasonable cost thereof, including actual printing, distribution, and administration and supervision of the use thereof as hereinabove set forth. ARTICLE VII-TRADE PRACTICES The following practices constitute unfair methods of competition for members of tfie industry and are prohibited: (a) False Marking or Branding.-The false marking or branding of any product of the industry which has the tendency to mislead or deceive customers or prospective customers, whether as to the grade, quality, quantity, substance, character, nature, origin, size, finish, or preparation of any product of the industries, or otherwise. (b) Misrepresentation or False or Misleading Advertising.-The making or causing or knowingly permitting to be made or published any false, materially inaccurate, or deceptive statement by way of advertisement or otherwise, whether concerning the grade, quality, quantity, substance, character, nature, origin, size, finish, or preparation of any product of the industries, or otherwise having the tendency or capacity to mislead or deceive customers or prospective customers.
618 (c) Commercial Bribery.-No member of the industry shall give, permit to be given, or directly offer to give anything of value for the purpose of influencing or rewarding the action of any employee, agent, or representative, of another in relation to the business of the employer of such employee, the principal of such agent, or the represented party without the knowledge of such emplyer, principal, or party. Commercial bribery provisions shall not be construed to prohibit free and general distribution of articles commonly used for advertising except so far as such articles are actually used for commercial bribery as hereinabove defined. (d) Inteirteurence with Contractual Relations.-Maliciously inducing or attempting to induce the breach of an existing oral or written contract between a competitor and his customer or source of supply or interfering with or obstructing the performance of any such contractual duties or services. (e) Secret Rebates.-The secret payment or allowance of rebates, refunds, extra dating, commissions, credits, or unearned discounts, whether in the form of money or otherwise, or the secret extension to certain purchasers of special services or privileges not openly extended to all purchasers on like terms and conditions. (f) Defamation.-The defaming of competitors by falsely imputing to them dishonorable conduct, inability to perform contracts, questionable credit standing, or by the false disparagement of the grade or quality of their goods. (g) Threats of Litigation.-The publishing or circularizing of threats of suits for infringement of patents or trade marks or any other legal proceedings not in good faith with the tendency or effect of harassing competitors or intimidating their customers. (h) Espionage of Competitors.-Securing confidential information concerning the business of a competitor by a false or misleading statement or representation by a false impersonation of one in authority, bribery, or by any other unfair method. (i) Consignment Merchandise.-Selling on consignment or memorandum except under such regulations as may be adopted by the Code Authority with the approval of the Administrator after such notice and hearing as he shall prescribe. (j) Terms.-It shall be unfair trade practice to sell merchandise at a cash discount in excess of eight per cent (8%) ten (10) days E.O.M. (end of month) except that merchandise shipped after the twenty-fifth (25th) day of any month may be dated as of the first (1st) day of the following month. Anticipation shall not be allowed at a rate in excess of six percent (6%) per annum. (k) Labels.-Shipping any orders with labels imprinted with the customer's name or mark unless customer supplies same or pays the cost thereof. (1) Unjust Ret urs.-No member of the industries shall accept for credit returned merchandise except for defects in manufacture, delay in delivery, errors in shipment, or failure to conform to specifications. No returned merchandise shall be accepted for credit if returned after five (5) days from date of receipt by customer except on account of failure to conform with specifications or on account of defects in manufacture not discoverable by reasonable inspection. No member of the industry shall accept for credit any return mer-
619 chandise which is not accompanied by a written statement containing the reasons for such return. Further recoinmeindations on this subject may be made by the Code Authority to the Administrator and upon his appro val after such notice and hearing as he shall prescribshall becoiie a part of this Code. (in) 1. Noing'Ub hel ou(I Cosf.-No member of the industries shall sell any article at a price below cost calculated as hereinafter provided. Any member of the industry may meet the price of any other member of the industry whose cost under this provision is lower and may sell dropped lines or distress merchandise below such cost, provided that the facts regarding sucuh sales shall be reported immediately to the Code Authority. The Code Authority may make reconmendations to the Administrator for the adoption of a standard cost system which upon the approval of the Administrator after such notice and hearing as he shall prescribe shall become a part of this Code. Thereafter cost under this Article shall be determined in accordance with formulae enumerated in such cost system. 2. Upon the recommendation of the Code Authority, and with the approval of the Administrator after such notice and hearing as he may prescribe, a uniform order blank shall be used by members of the industry and it shall be an unfair trade practice for anyone engaged in the industry to sell to a purchaser without using such uniform order blank. 3. No member of the industry shall knowingly withhold from or insert in any quotation or invoice any statement that makes it incorrect in any material particular. 4. No member of the industry shall use any subterfuge to evade the provisions of this Code. 5. Other Uinfair Practices.-Nothing in this Code shall limit the effect of any adjudication by the courts or holding by the Federal Trade Commission on complaint, finding, and order that any practice or method is unfair, providing that such adjudication or holding is not inconsistent with any provision of the Act or of this Code. 6. Further recommendations to the Code Authority on unfair trade practices may be presented for its consideration by the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers, Inc., and the National Skirt Manufacturers Association, Inc., and the Code Authority may make proposals in connection therewith or additional recommendations for trade-practice provisions to the Administrator, which proposals, after such notice and hearing as the Administrator may prescribe shall, upon his approval, become part of this Code. ARTICLE VIII-MONOPOLIES This Code shall not be construed or applied to promote or permit monopolies or monopolistic practices or to eliminate or oppress small enterprises or to discriminate against them. ARTICLE IX-MODIFICATIONS 1. This Code and all provisions thereof are expressly made subject to the right of the President, in accordance with the provisions of subsection (b) of Section 10 of the National Industrial Recovery
620 Act, from time to time to cancel or modify any order, approval, license, rule, or regulation issued under Title I of said Act and specifically, but without limitation, to the right of the President to cancel or modify his approval of this Code or any conditions imposed by him upon his approval thereof. 2. This Code, except as to provisions required by the Act, may be modified on the basis of experience or changes in circumstances, such modifications to be based upon application to the Administrator, and such notice and hearing as he shall specify, and to become effective on approval of the President. ARTICLE X-GENERAL 1. Any employer who at any time or times shall manufacture any article or articles within the provisions of this Code shall be bound by all the provisions of this Code as to all employees engaged in whole or in part in such manufacture. In case any employee shall be engaged partly in such manufacture and partly in the manufacture of goods of another character, this Code shall apply to such portions of such employee's time as is applied to the manufacture of such articles covered by this Code. Approved Code No. 194. Registry No. 210-01. 0
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FIVE Fitting Tributes For Phil Hughes
Phil Hughes, Australian cricketer
Ways cricket can pay tribute to the late Phillip Hughes, who tragically died yesterday.
by Grant Yardley (article) and Parasshuram Shalgar (video)
The cricketing community is in mourning after it was announced yesterday that Australian batsman Phil Hughes had passed away.
The 25-year-old passed away in hospital two days after being hit on the back of the neck while fending off a bouncer during a Sheffield Shield clash at the Sydney Cricket Ground.
Since the tragic news was announced, cricketers from across the globe have paid their respects. Australia captain Michael Clarke tearfully read out an official statement, while the England team and Sachin Tendulkar have also spoken out.
A #PutOutYourBats social media campaign has gone global, with supporters from all walks of life sharing images of their cricket bats on Twitter.
Flags flew at half-mast at grounds around the world - including at Lord's where Hughes played county cricket with Middlesex in 2009.
These are all fitting tributes to a man who passed away with so much more to give to the sport and, below, we suggest how cricket can continue to mourn this tragic loss.
1) The number 63
Cricket Australia has already advised on the use of the number 63, the amount of runs Hughes had accumulated before suffering the blow to his neck, to lead the tributes.
The organisation said: "In junior club cricket we've recommended where the retirement score is traditionally 50, this weekend the retirement score will be 63."
Two-day games in Australia will also be reduced to 63 overs each.
2) A 63-second silence
A minute's silence is the traditional way of marking a death within the sporting community.
To extend the aforementioned reference, forthcoming matches at all levels of cricket should be preceded by a silence for a period of 63 seconds.
We also believe international games, such as England's rugby match against Australia at Twickenham tomorrow, should be greeted with applause from the crowd for the entire 63rd minute of the fixture.
3) Black armbands
The wearing of a black armband as a mark of respect is a growing tradition in the world of sport.
This has been an especially powerful act in cricket since it was used by players in the Zimbabwe national team in 2003 to denounce the death of democracy in their homeland.
4) 408 references
Hughes became the 408th player to represent Australia when he made his Test debut against South Africa in February 2009. Backed by Cricket Australia, community clubs plan to paint the left-hander's Baggy Green number into the grass on their pitches.
It is thought some players will also wear this figure on the sleeve or chest of their shirts. We encourage the entire cricketing family to follow suit.
5) Multinational companies' responsibility
We believe the big corporations of the world have a social obligation to spread the message of honouring this tragedy. Google has led the way by displaying a #PutYourBatsOut image on their Australian search engine site earlier today. But why not put it on all of their web pages?
The sport's governing bodies must, of course, examine the safety measures involved in cricket. They have no choice after a tragedy like this. But it is difficult to see what more can be done to improve this aspect of the game - this was a freak incident.
More important than this is that we honour, and never forget, the contribution this man made to cricket and how it was cruelly cut short.
Internet companies like Google can facilitate this.
Finally, we must also support Sean Abbott, the bowler who delivered that bouncer. David 'Syd' Lawrence was in a similar position after he struck Phil Simmons, inflicting serious brain injuries. Simmons made a full recovery but Lawrence has since said that he may have quit the game himself had the West Indian not called him to say it wasn't his fault. Abbott does not have that opportunity.
Grant Yardley
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Read more on the same topic from Grant Yardley:
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Excellence Through Adversity
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My Undergrad experience
Life after the Awards
Sukhpreet Bansal
Structures and Systems
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Back in 2011, I applied for the Undergraduate of the Year Awards. I was a regular university student, no different to my peers. The application process really helped me to focus on understanding my strengths, achievements and, most importantly, my passion for the engineering industry.
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No Doubt Studying Economics Enhances the Growth of Public Policies
Grace Pomers
Post in Economics
Economics is the study of how the limited resources could be used by the society or in other words it is something which deals with the production, distribution, and the consumption of the various types of the goods and services.
Economics is an important part of the society because it helps the people living in the society to understand how a number of different factors work along and against with one another in order to control how the various resources such as labor and capital can be used. Along with labor and capital the other factors such as inflation, demand, supply, and interest rates can also be determined with the help of economics which helps the people to know how they pay for different goods and services.
Nowadays students are finding a great career in the field of economics and helping society with better public policies. But studying economics is not that easy and they need someone to help them with the difficult homework and assignment and solve their queries related to its concepts and methods.
Studying economics helps the student to gain knowledge which is related to the public policies and many other public affairs of the society. And when it is about our state you need to be very particular, you should gain the right knowledge and use it in the right way to make helpful public policies. The online help of the experts helps you to gain better knowledge with proper understanding and gives you a bright career in the field of economics.
Why students should study economics?
The study of economics helps us to understand the things going around us in the world. This is because economics is a discipline in which it has been tried to explain almost all the things starting from the conventional topics to the obscures one. It covers topics such as global trades, structures of industries, grain prices determination, and much more. These topics cover almost all the public issues and understanding them is worth to become one of the known economists.
The other advantages of being an economic student are that you get to know about the market and the products and services, capital, labor, and economy which help you in enhancing your career if you are willing to go in the private sector. Your goal at the end must be to maximize the profit either directly or indirectly. Its studies include such important facts which always proves helpful for the development of the society as well as the public policies.
It is always a right decision if you have chosen economics to study and there will be no regrets further as well as you get to learn so many important aspects about the world and the economic policies by which you can become a responsible citizen to debate on the right policies, become an analyst or a policymaker by which you can work on the issuing of the different public policies.
This must have made you feel excited? Economics is a very interesting and amazing subject if you learn and think beyond the limits of the books. Solve your homework and assignment based on the theories of the books but try to explore it more, try to learn from a professional. An online expert is a professional who can think out of the box and make you trained as well with his amazing answers. You can acquire different skills and make economics an easy and simple subject by the experts who personally have the best skills and knowledge to help you.
What is so amazing to learn about economic policies?
The economic policies let you learn things and answer the big important questions. Here, when we are talking about economics the biggest question is about increasing the household’s (working or middle class) living standards and income. And at the same time, it is about thinking about what could be done to increase the income of such needed households.
This is one of the other range of big questions which economics can answer related to the various policies for the betterment of the public and society. Though many among it are considered as conventional economic issues for example how to fight with the different climate change to get saved from heavy losses, criminal justice, and more.
While answering many big questions it is seen that the economists fail to solve a small question which gives a direct impact on lives and if solved they can contribute to progress in the major economic policies.
The student gets to learn really helpful things while pursuing economics to take a step towards the nation and its people to get them their right resources, living standards, and income. For economic policies, it is not just the books by which a student can get to learn but you need to combine the concepts with a wise understanding of how you can make the policies work.
What should a student do?
A student should try to give their best and make their academic results better to achieve their goals. It is important to learn from someone who has better knowledge so that they can get an idea on how to deal with the economic policies and other concepts. They should take help.
And what is better than learning from an online expert who has all the knowledge and idea to give you the best piece of information for your economics studies. With correct and informative answers you can easily enhance your skills in public policies and also the other existing issues in the society.
How Can Studying Economics Help Public Policy?
Interestingly, having a public policy plays a fundamental role in fabricating the economic, social and democratic framework of any country.
In a layman’s language, a public policy is a means by which the government safeguards the needs and addresses the issues of the public. It is an initiative taken for the masses on which the social laws are also based.
Developing a public policy in well-established economies of the world like USA would prove to be advantageous. It would escalate the overall development and transform itself into a trustworthy economy.
In a country like USA, economics plays an important role and is the only science that controls government policy.
Definition of economics
The domain of Economics is vast and it encapsulates the distribution, production and management of wealth. It also talks about the topics like finance; the way people utilize resources and respond to the incentives.
To add, economics also constitutes a strong decision-making process to determine the growth of economies. It also helps comprehend the way economies function and their agenda.
Micro-economics and Macro-economics are subjects into which the subject of Economics is widely divided.
Ways in which studying Economics helps Public Policy
Provides better understanding of the world
As a matter of fact, studying Economics is indispensable to delve deeper into the way the world functions.
It chisels our understanding about the things happening around us in this world. Interestingly, events like patterns of global trade and structure of industries can be easily comprehended with an economic insight.
Interestingly, the study of economics demarcates the societal needs.
Means to understand conventional topics
To add, other conventional topics and the financial nitty-gritty of the Roman Empire can also be understood by having an Economic context.
Trends like different baby names for American children have an economic viewpoint.
Economics plays a major role in areas like the rationale for free trade, financing of wars, designing social security, anti-poverty programs and student loans.
Helps to know the private sector
In order to know the private sector, it is important to understand topics like markets for product, labour and capital.
In these arenas, the sole motive of the person is to develop strategies to maximize profit.
Understand societal aspirations
Economics helps comprehend the ABC of the society around us. The aspirations and the financial desires of the masses can be probed into.
A person could understand how issues like job security and tax codes affect the nation.
Fundamental public policies shape the social outcomes and help understand market dynamics.
Requires thorough analysis
In addition to this, the fundamentals of an Economic policy can be better implemented by a thorough Economic analysis.
Economics also yields problem solving solutions, if a public policy goes haywire it can be amended accordingly.
Anyone from a well-reputed policy maker, an academician at a University or a citizen engaging in debate can understand the importance of policies.
Business planning, marketing, research and management must be considered while designing a public policy.
Special divisions of economics like Development Economics, Monetary Economics and Labour Economics deal with specific national issues.
A thorough insight into these fields would make policy makers curb certain evils in the bud. It would allow multi-dimensional growth along with an impeccable national framework.
Escalates living standards
A well-conceptualized and formed economic policy can raise the standard of living for many people. Issues like poverty and corruption would be wiped out from the face of the developed economies.
According to a report, in USA from 1948-1973 there had been a 3% annual increase in the income of families.
By closely analysing Economic concepts, such instances can be prevented and better initiatives can be taken for the emancipation of people.
Helps comprehend unconventional topics
Other unconventional topics like the abrupt climatic change and need to reform the criminal justice system can be studied with an economic perspective.
Combination of economics and politics
The political and administrative success of the policy is crucial and depends on the knowledgeable policy makers. Economic knowledge and political feasibility must be combined properly.
Apparently, economic models can be used useful in quantifying the trade-offs while formulating a policy.
Integrating economic evidence and evaluation into the policy ensures proper implementation.
Provides proper allocation of resources
The allocation of financial resources would go a long way in determining the success of any nation. Economics helps understand money-related concepts and the dynamics of finance.
If budgets, finances and accounts are impeccably managed, it can lead to outstanding organization and escalate the growth.
Topics like demographics and male female ratio also come under the Economic spectrum. Thus, noting down the number of people who will be benefitted from a public policy would help make good political decisions.
Changes the course of political debates
Economics helps in decision making which can change the course of political debates. Things like GDP can be talked about and efforts can be made to increase it and benefit the economy.
It is better to make policies which can respond during eventualities. For example, a sound Fiscal policy has an indelible impact on the economy.
To wrap it up, economics is the corner stone of a well-formulated public policy. It helps understand the intricacies of the political framework of the nation. Proper management of economic issues would determine the success of the public policies. The financial aspect is the basis of the policy being able to connect with the masses and influence their perspectives.
Economics truly help in the betterment of the public policies and thus of the society. If you are thinking to opt for economics then you are going on the right path.
Nancie L Beckett happens to be a prolific author with unmatched writing skills. Her tremendous knowledge in the field of Economics provides her an edge over other authors. She has passed from the University of Michigan from USA. Moreover, her additional six years of experience has helped her shine through her career. Her authorial position is highlighted by her impeccable writing samples with a critical analysis over Economic themes and concepts. Her counterparts and other professional scholars shower heap of praises over L Beckett for her writing prowess and humungous knowledge.
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Home • Blog • iPhone News • Filmic’s DoubleTake app brings simultaneous camera shooting to the iPhone 11
Filmic’s DoubleTake app brings simultaneous camera shooting to the iPhone 11
Filmic had a solid cameo at the iPhone launch event in Cupertino last September. Such an appearance is always a vote of confidence from Apple. In this particular case, the company was most interested in the ways in which the pro-focused camera app maker was planning to harness the iPhone 11 Pro’s triple-camera setup.
The feature arrives on the App Store today in the form of DoubleTake. It’s launching as an iOS exclusive tailored specifically to the imaging capabilities of the 11, 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max. In fact, it will only work on those devices specifically, owing to the multi-camera capabilities.
Pros continue to be a primary focus for the company — as evidenced by the presentation back in September. Over at the developer’s blog , you can find a wide range of works shot using the company’s Pro app, ranging from short films to music videos. With DoubleTake, the company’s broadening its capabilities by allowing shooters to grab multiple focal lengths at once with the different cameras.
The most visually compelling use here, however, is Shot/Reverse Shot, which takes video from both the rear-facing and front-facing cameras at once. Obviously there’s going to be a gulf in image quality between the front and back, but the ability to do both simultaneously opens up some pretty fascinating possibilities.
In a press release, Filmic points to the ability to shoot two actors in conversation — eliminating the need for multiple takes. That’s certainly interesting, as far as getting genuine, organic reactions, but I think what’s most promising here is what is opened up beyond such scripted takes. You can, say, shoot a two-way podcast conversation by putting an iPhone in the middle and using the Split-Screen mode.
Or there’s the Picture (PiP) window, which opens up some dynamic possibilities for webloggers, allowing them to insert themselves into what they’re shooting on the fly. For newer filmmakers not beholden to more traditional aesthetic constraints, it’s easy to see the lines blurring between these formats. Shooting on a mobile device opens up some tremendous possibilities.
In the case of something like PiP, that editing as actually happening on the fly, in real-time. You can always opt to do all of that in post-production, but there is, perhaps, something to be said for the sort of decision making that happenings with that sort of live editing — it’s kind of akin to a live TV multi camera switcher. I suspect broadcast journalists looking to pare down equipment to the bare mobile minimum will find something to like from that perspective.
DoubleTake is available starting today as a free download.
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IRON MAIDEN - Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag 12" VInyl LP Album
This is the Limited Edition Poster Bag Special Autograph Disc. The album cover can be folded open and uncovers a large poster (see photos below). Side 2 of the record has been laser-etched with utographs of IRON MAIDEN band-members.
"Infinite Dreams" is a live single released in 1989 by the British heavy metal band IRON MAIDEN. It is the only single to be released from a home video, 1988's Maiden England. The performance was recorded in Birmingham, England in November 1988 towards the end of the massive world tour to support the album "Seventh Son of a Seventh Son". It is the final single to feature Adrian Smith for an entire decade.
NWOBHM, New Wave Of British Heavy Metal
Collector's info:
This is the Limited Edition Poster Bag Special Autograph Disc
The album cover can be folded open and uncovers a large poster (see photos below)
Side 2 of the record has been laser-etched with utographs of IRON MAIDEN band-members
Recorded Live at Birmingham NEC 27 and 28 November 1988, Zomba Music Publishers
EMI 12EMPX 117A
12" Vinyl EP Gramophone Record
Album weight: 240 gram
1989 Made in England
Band Members and Musicians on: IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag Maiden England
Bruce Dickinson vocals
Bruce Dickinson (real-name: Paul Bruce Dickinson") a famous British Rock and Heavy Metal singer, who has been lead vocals in bands like "Iron Maiden", Samson, Speed, Styx and other bands. During his career he has used different aliases like "Bruce Bruce" or "Bruce Dickinson". Here is a summary of his career.
Dave Murray guitar
Dave Murray a British Guitarist known for playing in "Iron Maiden". Before joining the "Iron Maiden" band, Adrian Smith and Dave Murray played together in the "Stone Free" and "Urchin" band.
Adrian Smith guitar, backing vocals
Adrian Smith - Guitarist with the British Heavy Metal band "Iron Maiden" . Adrian Smith" started his musical career in the Urchin band and performed with "Iron Maiden" from 1980 until Today with several breaks in between.
Before joining the "Iron Maiden" band, Adrian Smith and Dave Murray played together in the "Stone Free" and "Urchin" band.
Steve Harris bass guitar, backing vocals
Steve Harris (Bass player) is founder of the British Heavy Metal (NWOBHM) "Iron Maiden" in 1975 and has been Mr "Iron Maiden" since.
Nicko McBrain drums
Nicko McBrain (real-name: Michael Henry McBrain) played drums with the French "Trust" band from 1980-1982, before joining "Iron Maiden" in 1982.
Track Listing of: IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag Maiden England
The Song/tracks on "IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag Maiden England" are
Infinite Dreams (live) (Steve Harris, Adrian Smith) 6:04
Killers (live) (Harris, Paul Di'Anno) 5:03
Still Life (live) (Harris, Dave Murray) 4:37
IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag High Resolution & Quality Photos
Front Cover Photo Of IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag
Note: The images on this page are photos of the actual album. Slight differences in color may exist due to the use of the camera's flash. Images can be zoomed in/out ( eg pinch with your fingers on a tablet or smartphone )
Photo Of The Back Cover IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag
Photo of the poster bag IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag
Close up of record's label IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag Side One:
Photo of Side One of IRON MAIDEN Infinite Dreams Autographed Disc Poster Bag
The above photo of the vinyl lp shows the laser-etched signature of the "Iron Maiden" band-members
IRON MAIDEN - Vinyl Records Discography Home Page
Page last updated:29-Oct-2020 17:54
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Hormones stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in Fontana
Secondary sex characteristics include a deepening of the voice, the growth of facial, axillary, and pubic hair, and the beginnings of the sex drive. Amenorrhoea can also be caused by physical deformities. Curr Drug Targets. One of the primary functions of insulin is to control glucose levels.
They continue until the menopause in midlife, and all women experience…. Reproductive Endocrinologist. Secondary sex characteristics include, for example, the manes of male lions[2] the bright facial and rump coloration of male mandrillsand horns in many goats and antelopes. For instance, androgens are the main male hormone, while estrogen is the key female hormone.
Charles Darwin hypothesized that sexual selectionor competition within a species for mates, can explain observed differences between sexes in many species. We reported similar findings in gynecomastia in man. This rapid increase in hormones leads to early pregnancy symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and the need to urinate more often.
Фраза, бесподобна hormones stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in Fontana
It should be noted that the age of menarche in the population hormones stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in Fontana a whole may extend from 10 to 16 years [ 18 ], and even loci with strong associations to this developmental event, such as that for LIN28B, appear to account for only a small fraction 1—2 months of the normal variation.
Endocrine system: part 1. The brake of course is conceptual and may be mediated by either the application of inhibitory signals to the pulse generator or the loss of stimulatory inputs or a combination of both. IGF-1 is an extremely critical protein induced by GH and is believed to be responsible for most of the growth properties of GH.
Insulin has other functions outside of energy metabolism which are important for the clinical setting, as abnormal responses to insulin can lead to several different pathologies.
At the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus causes the release of FSH and LH into the male system for the first time.
Female sex hormones, or sex steroids, play vital roles in sexual development, reproduction, and general health. Sex hormone levels change over time, but some of the most significant changes happen during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause.
Steroid hormones play a variety of roles within the body, including development of sexual characteristics, control of metabolism, immune function, and various other roles.
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New research suggests that adding a dosage of Metformin to an anti-psychotic drug regimen can restore menstruation. The adrenal androgen-stimulating hormone does not exist. How the above steps specifically link to T3, and T4 synthesis, release and other thyroid metabolic processes are not fully understood.
Subtype 3 is in the brain and pancreas.
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Testosterone, the hormone responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics that develop in the male during adolescence, stimulates spermatogenesis. Testosterone, the hormone responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics that develop in the male during adolescence, stimulates spermatogenesis, or the.
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The alpha male has the most developed secondary sexual characters and is the reddening of the sexual skin, and fatted rumps, but not an increase in body mass or sexual traits, decreased levels of circulating testosterone, growth hormone sections either by the Masson-Fontana technique or by Schmorl's ferricyanide. maturation of the genital organs, development of secondary sex characteristics, It was termed luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) or luteinizing is intermittent GnRH stimulation of the pituitary gonadotropes [16]. Perna F, Fontana S, Lechler RI, DePaoli AM, O'Rahilly S. Beneficial effects.
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Hormones of the endocrine system is a vast topic with numerous In females, secondary sex characteristics develop via stimulation of ERs. Primary amenorrhea is the failure of menses to occur by age 16 years, in the presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics. GnRH interacts with the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate release of FSH in the The corpus luteum then produces estrogen, progesterone, and androgens.
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Testosterone, the hormone responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics that develop in the male during adolescence, stimulates spermatogenesis. These secondary sex characteristics include a deepening of the voice, the growth of facial, axillary, and pubic hair, and the beginnings of the sex drive. The hormone that stimulates the development of masculine secondary sex characteristics is testosterone. Testosterone is a steroid hormone mainly produced in the gonads.
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hormone candidates to be linked to aggression during human development. Then genital organs, and appearance of secondary sex characters), first becoming commented later, and to higher levels of hormones that increase at puberty. flexibility in hormonal regulation during life history evolution. The secondary sex characteristics that emerge during puberty (breast development, pubic hair).
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Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age. Primary amenorrhoea is defined as an absence of secondary sexual or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 16 years of age. between gonads and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes FSH levels to be. Osteoporosis can be affected by genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and lifestyle factors. history is also important (Matkovic, Fontana, Tominac, Goel, & Chesnut, ). Estrogen and other sex hormones have been reported to stimulate and maintenance of a woman ' s secondary sex characteristics (development of.
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HomeAre Women Entrepreneurs Catching Up? It's Complicated.
Are Women Entrepreneurs Catching Up? It's Complicated.
Aspiring business owners face an unfriendly forecast: around 20% of small businesses fail in their first year and 50% don’t survive past five years. And for women entrepreneurs, gender barriers can interfere with these already dicey prospects. The Senate Committee on Small Business & Entrepreneurship lists a handful of the disproportionate challenges women continue to face: difficulty breaking into male-dominated networks, accessing mentors, securing adequate funding and more.
But alongside their plight, women are creating encouraging momentum. In the past 20 years, the growth rate for women-owned businesses has dwarfed the national average—increasing by a staggering 141% compared to 44% for all businesses. Determining how these companies perform compared to those run by men is a nuanced undertaking, but recent research suggests women entrepreneurs are just as successful as their male counterparts.
The nonprofit mentorship organization SCORE captured data on small business performance, financing and mentorship by surveying over 20,000 of its clients—male and female founders who’ve received mentorship services (SCORE acknowledges that examining only mentored businesses makes for less generalizable results). The findings are heartening: women report roughly the same entrepreneurial success, expected revenue growth and business longevity as men, all while operating on an unequal playing field.
“Women entrepreneurs are succeeding despite many obstacles and odds that are stacked against them,” says Betsy Dougert, SCORE’s director of communications.
Shouldn’t this be too obvious to write about? Who underestimates women entrepreneurs in the first place? And if they’re pacing with men, doesn’t that mean we’ve already made a heap of progress and can relax for a second?
While the progress is promising, it’s still incremental. We’re operating in a space where women are egregiously underrepresented. Studies emphasize that society views business ownership as a primarily male endeavor, inevitably amplifying women’s challenges and quieting their achievements.
Even with women founding companies at a faster pace than the national average, we’re only chipping away at the gaps. Women are still half as likelyto start businesses. Their companies account for approximately 4% of total business revenue. And when it comes to accessing capital—the lifeline for fledgling companies—women are at a big disadvantage. Whether they’re looking to secure a traditional bank loan or raise venture capital, they’re considerably less likely to get the money they need.
Add those business barriers to the mix of more universal setbacks—the wage gap, disproportionate caregiving rates, stereotypes about women’s interests and innate strengths—and it’s tough to imagine how a women-led company wouldn’t struggle.
“It also makes us wonder if some women, knowing how low their odds are, are giving up on even trying to seek financing for their businesses,” says Dougert. She adds that we might even be underestimating their potential based on a “commonly-held misconception that women are running these businesses as side hustles or hobbies.”
For Ethan Mollick, an associate professor at Wharton business school who studies gender and entrepreneurship, SCORE’s results aren’t exactly revelatory—but they’re still important. He recognizes that the “representation gap” may make it harder for society to notice and embrace women as skilled enterprisers. “If you can get past these barriers,” he says, “Women are really good at running businesses.”
The solution? Spotlighting women catching up or outperforming men despite these disparities is a start, notes Mollick. But developing an assessment that can quantify and compare the performance of men versus women entrepreneurs remains a lofty work in progress.
With a dizzying variety of factors at play, defining “success” and establishing equivalency among businesses and their founders are highly complicated projects. Women typically start different kinds of companies and wind up in different industries than men do, Mollick points out. Their companies are often smaller in both size and earnings. And they’re likely flying solo: it’s estimated that nearly 90% of women-led businesses employ no staff beyond the owner.
Given these distinctions, can we even hold men and women to the same standard of entrepreneurial success, particularly when the starting line favors one over the other? How do we ensure comparisons account for the countless variances across industries, business lifecycles, demographics and so on?
“It’s a major research push. There have been some massive, multimillion-dollar efforts to try and collect data on the long term,” says Mollick. “We have a lot of evidence piled up about this stuff and what we're trying to do is carefully pick apart the pieces.”
Unraveling the data might still be a puzzle. But a first step is recognizing that while the gender disparities in their way are substantial, women can still gain ground and launch thriving businesses—which, Mollick says, likely “involves harder work.” In the meantime, SCORE’s results are an uplifting reminder that there’s movement forward, however gradual, in creating a more accessible and welcoming space for women entrepreneurs.
Business Plans/Startup Assistance
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Course:LIBR559A/Bodo(2016)
< Course:LIBR559A
Balázs Bodó, “Pirates in the Library – An Inquiry into the Guerilla Open Access Movement” (8th Annual Workshop of the International Society for the History and Theory of Intellectual Property, Glasgow, UK: Social Science Research Network, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2816925.
In this paper Balazs Bodo explores the emergence of piracy amongst scholars and the development of the guerilla open access movement. His interest is spurred by the emergence of Sci-Hub, an online shadow library containing millions of pirated academic papers. Bodo begins by noting that despite the apparent ease of pirating textual works no major pirating networks trafficked in texts prior to 2010. Yet massive networks existed for pirating music and movies (Napster, The Pirate Bay, Popcorn Time, etc.). Bodo proposes that the rise of piracy in academic papers is the result of a growing global demand for higher education that require access to academic papers and books. But, most academic papers are held in databases controlled by western companies that charge access rates beyond the means of many universities in non-western nations.
These pressures between global demand for scholarly works and lack of access led to the creation of shadow libraries to supply demand. Bodo presents two forms these shadow libraries took. Western academics, most prominently Aaron Swartz, began posting academic works hidden behind pay walls online in an act of civil disobedience. Aaron Swartz gave voice to this movement in his 2008 Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto. The second form of shadow library was a growing network of repositories containing pirated academic papers maintained by academics outside of western nations. As pressure mounted to close down these repositories the repositories' owners began to centralize and coordinate their operations to protect their collections. This resulted in several centralized access services, most notably Sci-Hub developed by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011.
The paper concludes by noting that scholarly communications seems to have reached a stalemate on shadow libraries and piracy. Most western nations now require open access publishing for the research they fund, but it is unclear how this will play out. At the same time, it is obvious that law suits will not bring an end to the shadow libraries. Bodo notes that piracy will probably become more dispersed once again as scholars continue to rely on the methods they have always used to distribute papers such as pre-print services and sending copies of papers to colleagues. Bodo also suggests that there is a need to move the guerrilla open access movement conversation towards the appropriation of scholarly knowledge by corporations instead of calls for piracy.
This paper will be of interest to librarians working in scholarly communications and exploring the topic of open access. The paper is more of a survey of the guerrilla open access movement and does not provide new research into the activities of open access guerrillas. Bodo could also have strengthened his argument by providing specific examples of the power dynamic between western publishers and universities in non-western nations. Without a clear explanation of this power structure, Bodo is unable to offer actionable suggestions for addressing the short comings of the current publication model.
Page author: Logan Bingle
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05-25-2014, 01:19 AM ( This post was last modified: 05-25-2014, 01:22 AM by sanjay )
Here is another wonderful article.
Source: Bristol University
Summary: Modern cats diverged in skull shape from their sabre-toothed ancestors early in their evolutionary history and then followed separate evolutionary trajectories, according to new research.
Fossil skull and lower jaws of a sabre-toothed cat, Smilodon fatalis, from the La Brea tar pits of California, USA.
Credit: Image by Simon Powell, School of Earth Sciences
The study also found that the separation between modern domestic cats and big cats such as lions and tigers is also deeply rooted.
Dr Manabu Sakamoto and Dr Marcello Ruta in the School of Earth Sciences studied the skull shape of extinct sabre-toothed cats, modern (conical-toothed) cats and prehistoric 'basal' cats (ancestors of modern cats). This is the first time these three different types of cats have been analysed together in a single dataset.
The researchers quantified skull shape by taking various measurements, adjusting these measurements for size differences, then investigating the distribution of cat skulls in shape-space. By estimating ancestral positions through shape-space and time, they investigated patterns of skull shape evolution across the cat family tree.
They found an early and conspicuous divergence between the conical-toothed cats and sabre-toothed cats, with all sabre-toothed cats being more closely related to each other than they were to modern conical-toothed cats.
There was also a marked separation between modern small-medium cats (that is, the domestic cat and its close relatives, the cheetah, puma, ocelot, serval and lynx) and modern big cats (such as the lion, tiger, leopard and jaguar), with a divergence in skull shape early in their evolutionary history. This means that small-medium cats and large cats followed different evolutionary trajectories with respect to skull shape.
Dr Sakamoto said: "Our study is the first to determine the interrelationships between modern conical-toothed cats, sabre-toothed cats, and some basal cats.
"It also highlights how simple measurements can be used not only to investigate shape-space distribution, but also to successfully discriminate and identify different cat species -- this could be useful for museums who may have as yet unidentified cat specimens in their collections.
"Lastly, our results show that differences in cat skull shape have deeply rooted evolutionary histories, first between the sabre-toothed and conical-toothed cats, and then between small-medium and large cats."
Story Source:The above story is based on materials provided by Bristol University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Manabu Sakamoto, Marcello Ruta. Convergence and Divergence in the Evolution of Cat Skulls: Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Morphological Diversity. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7 (7): e39752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039752
Original Source:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/07/120711141010.htm
• epaiva, GrizzlyClaws, Sanju
The sabertooth cats were the earliest group that branched off from the Felidae family.
• Sanju
Yes, This article also suggest this. But What i found more interesting is that the medium-small size cats and big cats followed different evolutionary path with respect to skull shape.
The following 1 user Likes sanjay's post:1 user Likes sanjay's post
6/10/2015 edit note: I am adding the comparison image to the first page as a nice title picture to the topic.
10/30/2015 - I am introducing a table of contents to this:
Format: Topic (page number(s) in parenthesis)
Smilodon populator mass (1)
Large Tiger skulls of today (1)
Mass vs. Total Length (2)
Guate's Fact Sheets (2)
Large cat estimates (somewhat outdated) (3)
The megafauna of the Sunda shelf (3)
What is robusticity and density of cat? (4-5)
Javan Tiger Paws (5)
The Ngandong femur (5)
Smilodon II (5-6)
von Reichenau's giant lion (7)
How to measure long bones (7)
Homotherium crenatidens (8)
Manchuria's Mystery Mandible (10)
A new cave lion fossil (15)
Tiger geographic expansion (17)
New findings from Ural (19)
Fieryeel's new Solo river canines and new Chinese canine (23-32)
Machairodus' skull (35)
A cave lion in the flesh (nearly) (35)
Acinonyx pardinensis morphology (37)
Jaguars of old morphology (38)
Follow up of frozen cave lion cubs (38)
• epaiva, GrizzlyClaws, sanjay, Sanju
We are not sure about the vague assumption of the 250cm head+body of Panthera atrox, also we don't know it is between peg or over curve.
But based on the femur measurement, we can assure that the largest Panthera atrox specimen discovered so far is dimentionally smaller than the 480mm femur specimen or Baikal (being physically identical to the 480mm femur specimen).
As tigerluver gave the estimation of 415kg for the 480mm femur specimen, while Baikal was 386kg. But keep in mind that when they weighed Baikal, he was already 12 years old and past his prime.
In a pic where he climbed up to a tree, he was way more athletic and also looked younger and more muscular. He should definitely weigh more, maybe up to 900 pounds.
So i think Baikal should weigh around 900 pounds during his prime, same as the largest Ngandong specimen.
Ngandong tiger and Amur tiger/other modern tigers should be proportionally similar to each other.
The following 3 users Like GrizzlyClaws's post:3 users Like GrizzlyClaws's post
• Sanju, Selachimorpha11, tigerluver
06-22-2014, 12:10 PM ( This post was last modified: 10-31-2015, 06:02 AM by tigerluver )
Upon Sanjay's request, I'll start this thread. I've some spare time these days, should be fun!
I think it would be interesting to discuss the evolution and morphology of prehistoric cats.
I'll start by transferring my P. s. fossilis post here, and be back later.
(06-22-2014, 10:57 AM)'tigerluver' Wrote: Dug up an old post I wrote from yuku, I haven't worked with cave lion data in a while.
"tigerluver wrote:
This post will shortly discuss the theoretical mass tied with the large skull (GSL = 484.7 mm, theoretical CBL = 433 mm).
The Mazak et al. (2011) gave an estimate of 445 kg, and also seems to overestimate mass. The reasoning behind this is explained in Christiansen and Harris (2005), as follows:
"A data sample with many small species would introduce a size-related bias, producing unreliably high body mass estimates for large species."
Mazak et al. used the average body mass and condylobasal lengths of each specie as the database to derive the equation. Thus, from the sample size of 6 data points (n=6), 4 were representative of relatively smaller species (P. pardus, N. nebulosa, P. onca, and P. uncia) while 2 were representative of the large species (P. leo and P. tigris). Graphically, there was an uneven distribution of data points, with the smaller species being represent on one extreme and the large on another. Therefore, the data sample had too many small species relative to the amount of large species represented, and thus there was, "a size-related bias, producing unreliably high body mass estimates for large species" (Christiansen and Harris, 2005).
Mazak et al. (2011) used a species averaged database to prevent confusion between intra- and inter-specific allometry. Though, in reducing the sample size, the distribution of data became uneven, causing the size-related bias mention above.
I constructed a logarithmically scaled graph using the same database of specimens from Mazak et al. (2011), but had each individual specimen to represent a data point rather than a specie average representing a data point. This produced a plot with an even distribution of data points. The resulting equation:
log(body mass in kg) = 2.6725*log(condylobasal length in mm) - 4.4587
An implication of this equation is that skull size grows more rapidly than body mass. Furthermore, the data sample used can be more safely applied to P. spelaea as P. spelaea is a distinct species, rather than a subspecie of anomalous species in terms of relative proportions and body mass (e.g. P. t. soloensis to P. tigris), and thus one can assume P. spelaea follows the growth trend of Panthera in general. I realize the wording in this paragraph may be a bit confusing, so just ask if any further clarification is needed on the point I am making.
Finally, the equation discussed yields a theoretical body mass for the 484.7 mm skull of approximately 387 kg.
The Femur
The femur estimate you got is similar to the one I have found with regression. I assumed that P. spelaea had a build midway between tigers and lions and thus based the regression off a database of only tigers and lions. The database for the formula is based off of 6 specimens, the equation:
log(mass) = 3.6775*log(femur length) - 7.2568
The 470 mm femur would have a mass of 371 kg accordingly.
The Ulna
Finally, I will go over the ulna in this short post.
As I stated before, an ulna of 465 mm is certainly from a record breaking specimen. To predict the body mass without encounter false negative allometry, I again used a database of tigers and lions, with six specimens in total. The equation:
log(mass) = 2.8965*log(ulna length) - 5.1318
The R-squared value was .9, weaker than my other equations. This is because the tiger and lions are significantly different in ulna to body mass proportions, with the former being relatively heavier. Again, I assumed P. spelaea fossilis had a built between the tiger and the lion. The resulting estimate, 393 kg. Putting the ulna into perspective with the Ngandong tiger femur, this specimen probably had a femur of 480 mm as well, give or take. Its mass would be slightly less than the Ngandong specimen (as this specimen is classed as a member of the tiger species, c. 409 kg) again assuming it was not built like a tiger, rather midway between lions and tigers.
I am looking into evidence to help figure the built of P. spelaea. Two things support it being very lion-like in built, if not synonymous, genetic data and robusticity of the bones, which fall into the range of modern lions. Furthermore, it is likely P. spelaea was morphologically lion-like as both species lived in similar, open landscapes, calling for greater cursoriality, explaining the relatively great width of the long bones.
end post"
Another old post of mine which also discusses size estimation methods and the derivation of my Ngandong tiger estimate.
Exceptions to Isometry
I'd like to point out why the isometric approach is often times invalid. Data shows that not everything is isometric. Here is an example, based on tiger femur measurements and respective body masses:
We will estimate the mass of CN5698 (P. tigris, FL = 411 mm, actual mass = 230 kg) with the isometric method using 3 other specimens.
Estimations using isometry:
1. Specimen used for comparison measurements are FL = 408.5 mm and M = 225 kg. Applying isometry, the estimated mass is 229 kg.
I won't bother giving the total average, as that is not helpful to the point being explained. Note, the smaller the individual used for comparison, the smaller the estimated mass. This means that body mass grows at a greater rate than cubically in respect to femur length.
Now let's estimate the mass of small specimen with isometry, the specimen is labeled as CN5669 (P. tigris, FL = 341.5 mm, M = 115 kg).
3. Specimen used for comparison measurements are FL = 411 mm and M = 230 kg. Applying isometry, the estimated mass is 132 kg.
Note that now the larger specimens are giving an overestimation of mass when compared with the small specimen. Had body mass scaled to femur length cubically, this would not have been the case. Though, again, as body mass grows a greater rate than cubically in respect to femur length, larger specimens give overestimations when compared with smaller specimens.
This is where regression comes into play. The scale factor (which is the slope of line of best fit if scaled logistically) represents whether or not mass grows isometrically (cubically). Logistically scaling and graphing the data produces the scale factor of 3.6865. Using the cube law, substitute this scale factor for 3, and note how the estimates become much more accurate. What I have just explained is part of the basis for the use of linear regression rather than isometry in recent documents. It is interesting to note that within species(not genus or family, thus why Christiansen and Harris (2005) formula had scale factors of less than 3) from bears to tigers, mass to femur length seems to grow at a greater rate than cubically.
Finally, the full equation derived from the 4 specimens cited in this posted is as follows: log(body mass) = 3.6865*log(femur length) - 7.273.
Pertaining to our topic, this produces a mass of 409 kg for our largest specimen of P. t. soloensis.
Also, a little fun fact, Panthera tigris soloensis roughly translates into "solo tiger," similar to how Homo erectus soloensis mean solo man.
• GrizzlyClaws, Sanju, Selachimorpha11
What's your opinion about the comparison between Baikal and the Ngandong tiger?
• Selachimorpha11
I agree that Baikal is probably as close as the Ngandong tiger specimen as it gets. The weight discrepancy between my estimate and Baikal is only 6%, which is easily explained by deterioration with age.
• GrizzlyClaws, Selachimorpha11
Do you think that Baikal is a captive mutant or he is simply the reproduction of the Amur's gigantic genetic remain in the captivity?
If he is the later one, then it would make sense to say that the Pleistocene tiger was about the same size as the largest modern tiger.
Since the Pleistocene lion and the modern lion don't belong to the same species, then this also explains why the modern tiger can retain its size compared to its Pleistocene counterpart, while the modern lion simply cannot.
• Sanju, tigerluver
I think he's a mix of the two. His size is well out of the range of even a large modern tiger. But his freak size may in some way be connected the tiger's historic maximum, freak size.
I feel the Ngandong tiger at max sizes was probably larger than modern tigers. Out of a handful of specimens, we already have such a large find. Thus I'd be inclined to say the 409 kg specimen was likely not a freak, rather something like 300 kg modern tiger.
The Wahnsien tiger is much more similar in size to our modern tigers. I reconstructed the skull of a large molar we've discussed before (cannot remember which one), and my equations estimated a weight of about 313 kg, similar to our largest modern tigers.
Good last point. The size discrepancy between the modern lion and cave lion indicates to me that the two species could not interbreed, and thus modern lions do not have those giant genes in the mix. On the other hand, the Ngandong tiger was a tiger , and it could freely interbreed with the modern tiger we know.
It's interesting that we've found 3 specimens of P. s. fossilis that approach 400 kg. It might be safe to say these specimens probably weren't freaks either.
I feel that both the Ngandong tiger and the early cave lion probably give Smilodon populator a run for it's money in terms of size. I'll try to write might next about my thought on Smilodon.
• Ghari Sher, GrizzlyClaws, Sanju
Before the Toba eruption, the Ngandong tiger's homeland was connected with the Asian mainland.
With the geographic proximity, i think the Ngandong tigers may be able to interbreed with its Asian mainland cousins AKA the Wanhsien tigers, the direct ancestor of the modern tigers.
Maybe this could be the reason that we have some freak individuals of the Wanhsien tigers in the private collection, but also the modern genetic twin such as Baikal.
Now I'll share my thoughts of Smilodon, Smilodon populator specifically.
The largest specimen estimate for S. populator is 358 kg by Christiansen and Harris 2005 based on a humerus. I have some concerns over the estimates of this study.
Christiansen and Harris themselves cite and state that allometry is more often positive, thus bigger bone should be a proportionately heavier animal. Though, their data says otherwise. Working with the numbers I've made two observations:
1. On the species scale, the smaller big cats are much stouter than the larger ones, and thus negative allometry as species (note, not individual) size increases.
2. On the individual scale, individuals of a species relate to each other with positive allometry. Bigger animals are stouter within a species.
Now it gets messy and confusing. To try to compensate for this, I decided to limit the database to only lion and tigers on the basis that these two species are closest in size to the prehistoric giants. Using tigers and lions as the database works under the assumption that the fossil in question is in the middle ground in terms of built (tigers are significantly heavier in proportion in lengths and even width measurements in some case as tigers have thinner bones yet heavier masses). The smaller cats are simply too proportionately different in Christiansen and Harris's database (althoughg Anyonge finds positive allometry across the board, on a species and individual scale, though he did not publish his database, so further analysis is impossible). From there, I generate the log equations to estimate mass.
There is one major problem, the tiger and lion database derivation works well only in the case of bone lengths, but when applied to bone widths, everything so haywire. The reason? Tigers have thinner bones, yet are heavier, and vice versa for lions. As the database is composed of more small tigers, the allometry becomes extremely negative, to the point which I consider unreasonable.
This hindrance also extends to the Christiansen and Harris equations. The main culprit for this problem is the tiger's oddness. Its specimens lie far right, at the largest weights, yet its diameters are lower than they should be. This creates a stronger false negative allometry for the other species, thus giving lower estimates. Therefore, I feel that Christiansen and Harris's estiamte for the largest S. populator may be an underestimate.
Like we compared Baikal to the giant Ngandong specimen to validate an estimate, let's compare this Smilodon bone to some extant specimens. The parameters (in mm) of this humerus bone that I'll discuss are:
Length: 387.5
Least circumference: 155
Forget comparing this bone to a cat for now, it's way too stocky. The stockiness is probably not due to cursoriality either, as Smilodon wasn't much of a runner with its bobtail and for the fact that the relatively stout boned cursorial lions of today are not even close to this fossil humerus. Let's compare these measurements to a Grizzly humerus (in mm):
Least circumference: 146.25
The Smilodon humerus is, interestingly enough, even wider than the Grizzly bone even though it is shorter. From this, Smilodon was not built like a bear, it was built like a Smilodon.
Now the point we all love, mass. The Smilodon humerus is about 3% shorter and 6% wider than the bear humerus, leading me to believe we have a specimen which probably weighed around the bear's mass. Of course, Smilodon being built differently from a cat and a bear in terms of dimensions (e.g. the sloping back) would likely have an effect on mass. But from what we have available, the bear bone is a good reference point. So, what do you guys think?
• GrizzlyClaws, sanjay, Sanju
This is really great discussion going on. I like the information. TFS tigerluver and grizzlyclaws
How about the Duisburg specimen? Could he be a modern genetic twin of the Wanhsien tiger?
It is interesting to see so many modern incarnations of the prehistoric tigers.
Amur tigers as a whole share some similarities to Wahnsien tigers, especially the proportionately large head, which the Duisburg specimen was an extreme example of. Though, isn't it said that the indochinese tiger was the earliest of what we have left now? Maybe Amur tigers are more primitive than thought.
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john doyle shadow and light s
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‘Knucklehead’ gatherings in Lakewood, Trenton. Murphy says (most) clubs better
Event at the the Estréia restaurant in Lakewood (ABC 7 Eyewitness News)
While Gov. Phil Murphy gave good marks to some Jersey Shore clubs for improving their social distancing protocols, large gatherings are still happening around New Jersey.
Murphy has blamed large crowds at clubs and house parties for impelling the state's broader downward trend on COVID-19 hospitalizations and spread in recent weeks. Jersey currently limits indoor gatherings to 25 — down from 100 a few weeks ago — and outdoor gatherings to 500, with social distance protocols in place.
D'Jai’s in Belmar, Jenkinson's in Point Pleasant Beach and Bar A in Lake Como earned praised from Murphy at Monday's coronavirus briefing for controlling their crowds and those in line wearing masks.
"On the other side of the coin, apologies, were places like (The Headliner) in Neptune City. A line with zero masks as far as we could tell, and equally lax social distancing. Anyone here could have spread this virus before they even set foot in the bar. This has got to stop," Murphy said.
Citations were issued for violating the executive order for an event at the Estréia restaurant on River Avenue in Lakewood on Sunday night, State Police superintendent Pat Callahan said during Monday's briefing. A reporter at the briefing asked whether police waited until the event was over to hand out citations, but Callahan didn't answer that question directly.
"I believe that the enforcement is very uniform. We do rely mostly on our local and county partners. But when those incidents are reported and police respond and see large gatherings, no social distancing, indoor dining, from all the reports that we get at the ROIC that those executive order violations are issued," Callahan said.
A witness told News 12 New Jersey that “hundreds” of people were at the restaurant. People were inside despite tents being set up outside, according to ABC 7 Eyewitness News.
Lakewood police and the Ocean County Prosecutor's have not yet returned messages left Tuesday morning asking how many people were at the restaurant and how many citations were issued.
Several hundred people gathered outdoors at the Mayor Donnelly Homes public housing in Trenton on Saturday night after a barbecue, according to William Skaggs, a spokesman for Trenton mayor Reed Gusciora. Skaggs said "crowded conditions" led police to break up the crowd.
A witness to the party estimated the crowd for the The Trentonian, which was first to report the gathering, at between 200 and 500. Many of those at the party were not wearing masks and were crowded in a photo provided to the Trentonian by the witness.
At-large councilman Jerell Blakeley, sharing of the Trentonian story on his Facebook page, wrote those who went to the party should worry about “the innocent victims they could infect."
Gusciora said that he understands the weather is nice and people want to socialize but the coronavirus is still very much active.
"While the Mercer County transmission rate remains below 1 percent, it won’t stay that way unless our residents take the appropriate precautions and avoid tightly packed crowds, wear masks, and maintain social distancing whenever possible," Gusciora said in a statement. "In the meantime, we’ll continue to issue warnings and summonses at any place exceeding the governor’s occupancy limits for COVID-19, whether its backyard parties, restaurants, or even churches."
The city is already offering tests at Donnelly Homes and other high risk areas, according to the mayor.
Murphy has brought attention to large gatherings at private houses in Brick, Howell, Jackson and Middletown. He also blamed a large party of student athletes at Rutgers for causing the football program to be quarantined in July.
More from Townsquare Media News:
Don't Use Disinfecting Wipes On These Items
Source: ‘Knucklehead’ gatherings in Lakewood, Trenton. Murphy says (most) clubs better
Filed Under: Covid-19 Coronavirus in NJ, Lakewood, Mercer County, Ocean County, Trenton
Categories: Jersey Shore News, New Jersey News, News
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Wake Forest Historical Museum
Due to increased COVID-19 infections in Wake County, the museum is closed to visitors. Please check back for updates.
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Historic Images: African-American Farmers
In Oxford, a Granville County farmer repays the rehabilitation loan to help save his land. (Photograph by Arthur Rothstein; Dated October 1936.)
Photographs give an extraordinary glimpse into ordinary lives, and these historic images from the Library of Congress are an example. They capture pivotal moments in time for African American farm families living in Wake, Granville, and Person counties during the Great Depression. They are pieces of heritage not often seen.
“As we’ve heard the stories and as we’ve told them, we’ve created our own mental images of what it was like… the way our ancestors were feeling, what they were thinking, the expressions on their faces, what they were wearing, their physical surroundings, and even the aromas that permeated the air.”
Those words were written by local author Patricia A. Perry while tracing six generations of her own African American ancestors in rural Wake County, and they get straight to the heart of what’s special about these photographs.
The images are up close and personal. They peek into the daily routines of real, hardworking people. Some owned land, others farmed as tenants or sharecroppers. Some were grandparents, others were young mothers and fathers. Some were children already working to help their families stay afloat. The expressions, the clothing, the tools, the smiles–they’re all here.
This collection came about thanks to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal. The Farm Security Administration (FSA) was designed to assist people in rural areas as they worked to get out of debt, revitalize their farms, and get back in their feet.
To create a visual record of these changes in the lives of struggling farmers, photographers traveled the country and took pictures.
The resulting images document the hardships of life. The artists who snapped them include Dorothea Lange, Marion Post Wolcott, Arthur Rothstein, and Jack Delano.
Although the people in the photographs are not often named, they played a significant role in shaping our local farms and communities. As residents, farmers, and African Americans, they made a difference in our history.
Noontime chores: Mother and child feeding the chickens on a tenant farm in Granville County. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
As the father of a sharecropper family working a six-acre farm, this 69-year-old Person County man sat on his porch and said, “Land is like folks. It gets tired and needs a rest.” (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
This Granville County home was built in two parts. The right half was constructed hurriedly after a tornado in 1900 destroyed all the houses in the section. The left half was built later. The photographer noted that one of the daughters came to the doorway but the rest were hiding. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
This photograph of a farmer with his first child was taken at Hillside Farm in Person County. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
It was noon when this Granville County family watered their mules at a well across the road. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
Noontime chores included feeding the pigs on this Granville County Farm, grandchild looks on. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
This is the grandson of the farmer doing his noontime chores. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
This photograph was captioned only as the daughter of a tenant farmer, in Granville County. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
Porch of tenant house where a woman sits among household equipment in Person County. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
This Wake County farmer had constructed a makeshift carport as shelter at one side of his house. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
Two mothers (noted as related) with their children in a home on a Wake County tobacco farm. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
A young sharecropper wife with her child in a cornfield beside their house in Person County. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
The son and grandson of a Granville County farmer bringing in the mules for water near a field. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
At this farm in Granville County, a young boy was photographed helping by stringing tobacco. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
This farmer’s wife was photographed on the porch of her house near Stem in Granville County. (Photograph by Jack Delano; Dated May 1940.)
Dinner after a day of corn-shucking at the Wilkins property near Stem in Granville County. (Photograph by Marion Post Wolcott; Dated November 1939.)
A farmer and his children leaving home through the pine woods after a morning of work at the tobacco farm where they were stringing and putting up tobacco near Shoofly, Granville County. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
The sons of a local farmer go off visiting on a Saturday afternoon in Granville County. (Photograph by Dorothea Lange; Dated July 1939.)
2 comments on “Historic Images: African-American Farmers”
Susan Rivers
What a remarkable collection of photographs. I’ve seen many of the NSA images, including others by Lange, but these were new to me, and each one highly memorable. Thank you!
wakeforestmuseum
Hi Susan– we’re so very happy that you like these amazing images as much as we do! Thank you for commenting!!!
This entry was posted on February 6, 2018 by wakeforestmuseum in Wake Forest History and tagged African American history, black history, Farm Security Administration, Granville County, Library of Congress, Person County, tenant farms, Wake County, WPA.
https://wp.me/p3Kv0w-15c
To preserve and share the unique history and culture of Wake Forest – College, Town, and University.
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Home » Music » Baroque » Barthold Kujiken with Music City Baroque
Barthold Kujiken with Music City Baroque
Barthold Kujiken
March is Early Music Month, an annual campaign to promote awareness of early music throughout the North American musical community. Early Music Month is promoted and designed by Early Music America, a national organization that facilitates and encourages communication, collaboration, raising awareness, and sharing resources for those interested in historical performance and music before the 19th century.
It’s therefore timely – and no surprise – that our fair Music City has several phenomenal events coming up this month that feature live performances of music from the old repertoires, including both performances by local ensembles and rare visits from acclaimed European musicians.
Nashville’s string of March early music events begins tonight – for the full list of performances over the next two weeks see below.
Open Rehearsal with Barthold Kujiken & Music City Baroque
Tuesday, March 21 at 7 pm
Mike Curb Family Education Hall
Schermerhorn Symphony Center
This unique event, to be held in Schermerhorn Symphony Center’s beautiful Curb Education Hall, is co-hosted by Music City Baroque and the Nashville Symphony. Barthold Kujiken will lead Music City Baroque through a public rehearsal in which he will address many of the intricacies and idiosyncrasies of performing French baroque music.
“Ornamentation was not written into orchestral parts as it was in solo music, as in music for lute or harpsichord.” said Barthold when I spoke with him last week. “There are many things for the players to do that are implied, which they may not know if they are unfamiliar with the style.”
Barthold Kujiken is currently on a brief visit to the United States – last week he performed with Indianapolis Baroque, and is in Nashville this week for a few days sharing his expertise with local early music students and professionals.
Born in 1949 in Belgium, Barthold Kujiken is a pioneer in the worldwide historical performance movement. Together with his brothers Sigiswald (violin) and Wieland (cello and viol), and Gustav Leonhardt (harpsichord), he has made a significant impact on contemporary ideas and attitudes about early music performance over the last half-century or so.
Sigiswald, Barthold, & Wieland Kujiken
Barthold began playing recorder at 6 years old. He remarked that discovering Quantz’s famous treatise (On Playing the Flute, 1752) made a great impact on him, and on his resulting career as a transverse flute player (although he remarked that he still enjoys playing recorder). At 18 he miraculously acquired a baroque flute made by Godfridus Adrianus Rottenburgh made sometime between 1745-1750. “I was very fortunate to find a period instrument at such a young age – I learned a lot from playing it.” he said. “When I play too hard or blow too hard, it says ‘no, thank you’. Today there are so many people who make really good instruments, but at that time there were not.”
He studied modern flute at the Bruges Conservatory and has performed early music his entire life, although he was also engaged in avant-garde musical activities during the 1970s and early 1980s. I asked him if those experiences were similar to the experiments of Frans Brüggen, Kees Boeke, and Walter van Hauwe’s recorder trio Sour Cream – he replied that “yes it was similar, and a part of the those times…but we played music by different composers as we were in Brussels and they were in Amsterdam.”
Réunion de musiciens by François Puget (1651-1707)
Since the 1980s Barthold has concentrated on the historical repertoire. “Modern composers do not understand the old instruments.” he said. “The composers who originally wrote for them understood their unique qualities.”
In tonight’s open rehearsal, Barthold intends to concentrate on music by Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687). Lully’s music has been a specialty of his since the early 1970s. The baroque orchestra La Petite Bande – with whom he has performed extensively for some 45 years – was originally founded in 1972 to record Lully’s ballet Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.
“I am driven by curiosity.” said Barthold. “How does what we see on the page indicate what we are to play?”
“You can’t experience a city by looking at a map. The map is not the city.”
An unofficial guide to Nashville Early Music Month
(follow the links for details):
Ballet at the Schermerhorn
Friday, March 24 at 8 pm
Giancarlo Guerrero, conductor
Nashville Ballet
Paul Vasterling, artistic director
Although not a historical performance event, this special evening includes choreography to excerpts from Antonio Vivaldi’s iconic The Four Seasons featuring Nashville Symphony concertmaster Jun Iwasaki as soloist, as well as music by Copland and Prokofiev.
Music City Baroque presents Music of the French Baroque
Sunday, March 26 at 3 pm
West End United Methodist Church
Lully Suite from Roland
Muffat Sonata no. 5
Couperin Les Nations (Piemontoise)
Rameau Suite from Les Indes Galantes
Photo © Eric Richmond
The Tallis Scholars directed by Peter Phillips
Monday, March 27 at 7 pm
St. George’s Episcopal Church
The world’s finest performers of renaissance choral polyphony: don’t miss this concert. Read my review of their latest CD – a recording of Josquin masses – here.
11th Annual BACHanalia
Friday, March 31, 4 – 10 pm
More than 100 member of the Nashville musical community perform Johann Sebastian Bach’s music continuously for six hours in our annual tribute to Sebastian. This is one of the most beloved and anticipated musical events of the year in Middle Tennessee, and a fitting close to Early Music Month.
Tags: BACHanalia, Baroque, baroque flute, Barthold Kujiken, Choral, Classical Music, Early Music, Lully, Music, Music City Baroque, Nashville, Nashville Ballet, Nashville Symphony Archives 2014-2019, The Tallis Scholars
By walterbitner in Baroque, Chamber Music, Choral, Community, Music, Music City Baroque, Nashville Symphony Archives 2014-2019, Orchestral on March 21, 2017 .
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Having mold in a basement can cause a lot of different health problems from asthma to respiratory problems. Mold is also a very common allergy and can cause severe reactions. Eliminating basement moisture prevents mold from growing, and in order to solve a mold problem, it's important to find the source.
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Posted on: May 19th , 2016 | Activities
With the only living coral reef in the continental United States, Key West is often a popular option for snorkeling and diving. However, as proud citizens of the Conch Republic, we do have our favorite spots to observe marine life. Allow us to suggest some spots on and off the reef.
Florida Reef
The Florida Keys Reef Tract is the obvious first choice for divers and snorkelers alike. Around 1,400 different species of marine life inhabit the Florida Reef, from anemones, crabs, pufferfish and even barracudas. One of the easiest ways (and one of our favorites) to get to the reef is through a Fury Water Adventures tour. Fury takes you out on the catamaran to the reef, either in the morning or in the afternoon through the Reef & Ritas tour.
Fury Water Adventures, 241 Front Street, Key West, Florida 33040, phone: 855-990-0197
With its shallow water and near-shore marine life, Bahia Honda is an excellent spot for snorkelers and beginner divers. Follow the tropical fish, spy on spiny lobster and keep company with the queen conchs in this nature reserve. Yet Bahia Honda is also home to dolphins, butterflies and many wading and shore birds. After snorkeling, roam Bahia Honda’s hiking trails and have a picnic on the grounds of the state park.
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Bahia Honda State Park, 36850 Overseas Highway, Big Pine Key, Florida 33043, phone: 305-872-2353
The Vandenberg
Although an “artificial” reef, the Vandenberg is one of the most interesting reefs in Key West in its own right. Once a U.S. Air Force missile-tracking ship, the General Hoyt S. Vandenberg was intentionally shipwrecked on May 27, 2009, to help take the stress off the natural coral barrier reef and give divers another option to explore. Since its sinking, the Vandenberg has become home to a plethora of diverse marine life as well as a popular diving spot off the beaten path.
Lost Reef Adventures, 261 Margaret Street, Key West, Florida 33040, phone: 305-296-9737
Located 70 miles west of Key West, the Dry Tortugas National Park is only accessible by ferry or seaplane. While it may be a bit of a trek, the Dry Tortugas offers multiple snorkel and dive sites, such as the Windjammer shipwreck to the Texas Rock site, which is literally filled to the brim with marine life. The Texas Rock is also home to numerous deep-water sea fans and even black coral, a rare type of coral not commonly found. For a special treat, dive the Fort Jefferson Moat Wall at night for a chance to see the site’s resident octopus and various crabs, shrimp and squid.
Dry Tortugas National Park, phone: (305) 242-7700
Ferry Ticket Office – 240 Margaret Street, Key West, Florida 33040
Ferry Terminal – 100 Grinnell Street, Key West, Florida 33040
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Old aerial photos supply new knowledge on glaciers in Greenland – it has been warm or warmer than today in the not so distant past
From the University of Copenhagen comes realization that Greenland’s current warm spell is not unprecedented.
In the early 1920s and 1930s, temperatures were high, similar to that of the present, and this affected the glacial melt. At the time many glaciers underwent a melt similar or even higher than what we have seen in the last ten years.
The glaciers in southeast Greenland are retreating rapidly with the ongoing global climate change. But now research from the University of Copenhagen shows that the glaciers can recuperate within a short timeframe if temperatures are to drop. The results are based on a collection of Danish aerial photos combined with both old and modern satellite imagery as well as field work. The scientific results have created international attention and have been published as a cover story in the highly esteemed journal Nature Geoscience.
“We have managed to get an overview of the glacial evolution over a period of 80 years. This is the first time ever this has been done in a study of glaciers in Greenland. Results show that glaciers can recuperate within a short time frame if climate changes and temperatures drop, as it has in a period after the 1940s,” says PhD student and lead-author on the project Anders Bjørk, from Professor Eske Willerslev’s Centre for GeoGenetics from University of Copenhagen.
Anders Bjørk adds:
“Most of the scientific foundation, models, and theories on glaciers in Greenland and how global warming affects them are based on observations from satellites over the last ten years. Otherwise scientists have had to use previous warming events way into the past when wanting to compare today’s massive retreat.”
A fight for land between Denmark and Norway
The Danish explorer Knud Rasmussen and his seventh Thule-expedition in 1932-33 is a significant cause for the recent publication from Anders Bjørk and Dr. Kurt H. Kjær from the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen.
Results have created international attention as Greenland stands as an important region for northern latitudes are affecting the rest of the earth’s climate – including changes in glacial conditions and related sea-level rise.
Originally the many aerial photos, which have been achieved Danish National Survey and Cadastre, were used for producing new maps of the region in the early 1930s, as Denmark and Norway were fighting over the right of disposal of East Greenland, a fight without casualties which Denmark won at the International Court in Haag in the Netherlands in 1933.
Photos get a renaissanse
With help from the scientists and the Danish National Survey and Cadastre, the unique aerial photos have now gained a renaissance in a different setting where climate change and theories as “The Tipping Point” – where nature reaches a point where changes cannot be reversed are discussed.
“We have investigated no less than 132 glaciers on a 600 km coastal stretch in Southeast Greenland, both those who terminate on land and those who calve in the ocean. The historical photos have proven to be extremely valuable, and with these photos and other aerial photos recorded later during WWII and satellite imagery we are able to observe glacier change in very long historical context. In the early 1920s and 1930s, temperatures were high, similar to that of the present, and this affected the glacial melt. At the time many glaciers underwent a melt similar or even higher than what we have seen in the last ten years. When it became colder again in the 1950s and 1960s, glaciers actually started growing,” says Dr. Kurt H. Kjær and underlines:
“There should be no doubt that if the current temperature rise in Greenland continues then we will have problems with the melting of the glaciers. We are already seeing it now on the marine terminating glaciers where changes in temperature and ocean currents are influencing their stability. Another remarkable discovery we did was that the observed changes are not just local, it is happening in the entire region,” says Dr. Kjær.
Kurt H. Kjær has previously worked with his colleague Svend Funder from Center for GeoGenetics on investigating sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean. Results showed that the sea ice extent has been far from stable throughout the last 10,000 years.
Read the scientists’ newly published paper in Nature GeoScience .
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Steve P
Headline typo alert:
s/b “…not too distant past.” or perhaps “…not so distant past.”
Jenn Oates
Imagine that, the climate has changed, even within recent history. Now imagine my lack of shock that it has. Is. Will.
Mike Bromley the Canucklehead
“In the early 1920s and 1930s, temperatures were high, similar to that of the present, and this affected the glacial melt.”
Excuse the caps lock shouting:
AND WHAT, PRAY TELL, CAUSED THAT WARMING, HMM???? WHALE FARTS?
There are so many indicators of natural variability surrounding the CAGW cult, that they can’t see over them. Yet another example. Ignore history, even when you state its record! It’s enough to drive a man battybonkers.
Mark and two Cats
“it has been warm or warmer than today in the not to distant past”
…in the not TOO distant past
Faux Science Slayer
In elementary school we were taught that clever Viking real estate agents chose the name “Greenland” to lure settlers past the hard to market island of “Iceland”. But the clever Vikings did even more. They carefully planted ruins of 50 cow, stone dairy barns under todays 20 ft thick ice sheets, with distinct Minoan, Roman and Middle Age artifacts to create the APPEARANCE of a warmer past climate. Never trust real estate agents with horned helmets and dragon boats !
Seems I read the other day about Kilimanjaro’s glaciers recovering too. Or maybe it is just a snowcap?
kim2ooo
Glacier Girl
15 July 1942 two Boeing B-17 bombers were being escorted by six Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters as they flew over Greenland towards Reykjavik, Iceland.
Forty-six years since the planes had crash-landed, an astonishing 268 feet of ice had accumulated over them, and they had been carried three miles by the drifting glacier.
http://www.damninteresting.com/exhuming-the-glacier-girl/
I think we’ve got our own responder to Romm
http://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/2012/05/29/romm-caught-lying-again/
Haha we need at least one of them but he is much more professional than Romm
Centre for GeoGenetics?
Ancient DNA research has progressed from the retrieval of short fragments of DNA from bones to large-scale studies of ancient populations. Through the centre’s multidisciplinary team, novel methodologies, and the access to highly unique specimens and sampling sites, we intend to re-address some of the most highly debated scientific topics in the past decades – carefully chosen in a strong belief, that ancient DNA research can provide fundamentally new insight. Or even shift current paradigms.
Posted in case you too were wondering just what the heck “GeoGenetics” was.
Bill Tuttle
Faux Science Slayer says:
But the clever Vikings did even more. They carefully planted ruins of 50 cow, stone dairy barns under todays 20 ft thick ice sheets…
Odd how *fast* a CAGW cultist will change the subject when you bring up those recently-defrosted farms, innit?
beesaman
If this keeps up we will have to change Disraeli’s comment, “lies, damned lies and statistics.” to
Lies, damned Lies, statistics and AGW modellers forecasts….
Folk better start reading up on Leon Festinger’s theories of cognitive dissonance and have big supply of dissonance repair kits (excuses) at hand…
Faux Science Slayer says:May 30, 2012 at 10:50 am
Yes, and as of 2008 there were a total of 29 head of cattle in Greenland, up from 5 head in the year 2000.
Nowadays they rely on seasonally replanted ryegrass pastures, (and the growing season is still too short for the ryegrass to seed).
Seems to me, in spite of some charts (eg Moberg etal 2005) telling us it is warmer now in Greenland than it was in the MWP, and that it has been at least as warm there as the MWP was for about the last 140 years, somehow it still seems we are not quite able to replicate the farming practices of those earlier days?
LamontT
I’m reminded of things that geologists learned after the birth of Surtsey in 1963. That is the volcanic island that literally was born from the sea between November 1963 and June 1967 near Iceland. Entire volumes of how geology worked had to be thrown out and rethought as the scientists watched events happen that they had believed took centuries or longer happen in days and months on the forming island.
The problem is that events that happen over a very long time are apparently very hard for humans to properly appreciate and even study. Assumptions are always made about what you see now and that it must always have been this way or else it was better or worse than now. Rarely does the fact that systems can operate over long term really connect with our thought. Thus you had geologists who had never seen geology happen in fast time assume that it only happened over long years. The same applies to climate.
People look at what is now and assume that it has always been this way. Even when you tell them it hasn’t been this way always they still can’t see it. Then something like this happens that brings home for a time that events can be cyclic and what we think are unusual never before seen events are actually just something that happened before.
Rob Honeycutt
Be careful conflating regional conditions with global. Greenland is not the world.
cui bono
Yep. Quick, archive the photographs before GISS photoshops them! 🙂
PS: I think Arctic history is right up Tonyb’s street. Hopefully he can comment.
MangoChutney
@rob Honeycutt
You’re correct, Greenland is just another canary according to the cAGW crowd
J. Philip Peterson
“Greenland is not the world.” Neither is Yamal YAD061. (I put more trust in Greenland ice cores!
It was only a mater of time that air photo archives from the Danes would be found and we would see the truth of cyclical climate change. It was a bit of a bonus though to find there are pre-WWII photos available.
I wonder if the Canadians have a similar treasure trove of air imagery from their arctic areas. I know from personal experience that there are a lot of 1940’s and 1950’s vertical airphoto archives from further south in the NWT and Yukon. The Technology was extensively used then to produce the first series of acurate topographic maps of Canada’s north.
I used these photos in the 1970’s and 1980’s to map geology. They were also quite good at showing changes in snow fields and glaciers. I am pretty sure their equvalents exist further north.
Gil Dewart
Again, this fits in with the opening of the Russian Northern Sea Route Administration (“Glavsevmorput”) in the Arctic Ocean in the 1930s.
How very inconvenient.
AnonyMoose
Not a mention of whether Greenland has been cooling or warming in the last ten years.
on the one hand…they say that glaciers are very fragile and are susceptible to the slightest change
..and on the other, they say they are supposed to stay the same
Take a look at slide 5 at the following link. It shows a East Greenland land-terminating glacier Skjoldmøen on Skjoldungen Island in 1943.
http://www.nature.com/news/rediscovered-photos-reveal-greenland-s-glacier-history-1.10725
Now take a look at this position in Google Earth (or Maps):
63°28’58.67″ N 41°43’37.78″ W
This glacier has only retreated by about 300 meters in 70 years. The glacier has only one tributary and the firn area is only about 16 sq km.It is quite remarkable that so little change has occurred despite the relentless onslaught of back-radiation from man’s evil CO2.
tonyb
Cui Bono said;
—– ——- ——–
This article provides many useful bits of evidence of a warmer climate but it is depressing how quickly we forget the past.
As it happens I am currently writing part two in my series ‘Historic varations in Arctc ice’. It will cover the 1920’s/1930’s warming as well as the seven other major arctic warmings that can be traced through the holocene. There were also numerous lesser warmings, and the jury is still out as to which category the current warming falls into. A constantly changing climate-sometimes warm sometimes cold- was considered the perfectly normal state of affairs until recent decades .
Here is a short extract from the as yet unfinished and unedited ‘Historic variations in Arctic ice Part two’.covering the period in question;
“A bare decade after the loss of the Titanic through crashing into an iceberg that had drifted far to the south of the usual shipping lanes, we can readily see that the nature of the arctic had changed.
I have tied together two intriguing pieces concerning the Arctic warming from 1918-1939. The first is from British Pathe news reel- which is unfortunately silent- but has the intriguing title;
“To Prevent Repetition Titanic Disaster – Ice “Patrol” now finds & warns all vessels of location of Icebergs brought down by abnormal heat from Greenland Coast.” It dates from 1922
http://www.britishpathe.com/video/ice-patrol-aka-to-prevent-repetition-titanic-disas
This next item relates directly to the various newspaper reports of that same year commenting on the warming, of which this is a good example.
“The Arctic Ocean is warming up, icebergs are growing scarcer and in some places the seals are finding the water too hot, according to a report to the Commerce Department yesterday from Consul Ifft, at Bergen, Norway.
Reports from fishermen, seal hunters and explorers, he declared, all point to a radical change in climate conditions and hitherto unheard-of temperatures in the Arctic zone. Exploration expeditions report that scarcely any ice has been met with as far north as 81 degrees 29 minutes. Soundings to a depth of 3,100 meters showed the gulf stream still very warm.
Great masses of ice have been replaced by moraines of earth and stones, the report continued, while at many points well known glaciers have entirely disappeared. Very few seals and no white fish are found in the eastern Arctic, while vast shoals of herring and smelts, which have never before ventured so far north, are being encountered in the old seal fishing grounds.”
Note; The source report of the Washington Post article on changes in the arctic has been found in the Monthly Weather Review for November 1922.
http://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/changing-artic_monthly_wx_review.png
Use the above link-goes direct but may need to enlarge
This is the complete article from which the above reference comes
http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/050/mwr-050-11-0589a.pdf
http://www.examiner.com/x-32936-Seminole-County-Environmental-News-Examiner~y2010m3d2-Arctic-Ocean-is-warming-icebergs-growing-scarcer-reports-Washington-Post
The warming of the arctic was of as much public interest then as it is today, and became the subject of many news items, of which the Pathe news reels already referred to are a rich repository that reached millions of people through their accompaniment to the block buster films of the day.
Of considerable scientific interest are the voyages of explorers who took advantage of the melting arctic ice, and an unlikely matinee idol of the age was the respected scientific explorer Bob Bartlett who featured in numerous news reels with his ship the ‘Morrissey.
‘ Under “Bob” Bartlett, “the little Morrissey” made 20 regular voyages north, at one time reaching within 600 miles of the Pole, documenting the frozen north, its flora and fauna, and people for patrons ranging from the National Geographic Society, the Smithsonian Institution, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the American Indian, and others. Star of Pathe newsreels and David Putnam’s adventures for boys, David Goes to Greenland and David Goes to Baffin Land, which spread the name and fame of the venerable master and his schooner, Cap’n Bob and Morrissey, were as famous to the generation of the 1920s and 30s as Jacques Cousteau and Calypso were to the generation of the 1960s and 70s.’
http://www.mass.gov/dcr/stewardship/curator/Ernestina_RFEI_2012.pdf
Some of the Pathe news reels which enthralled our ancestors can be seen in this excellent series of films (some silent) These are not for the politically correct, or polar bears of a nervous disposition- Watch for the Intriguing end plate on one film which shall be referenced again shortly;
‘ In the next instalment we follow the hazardous trail of the Fury and Hecla into arctic waters where no ship has sailed for a century.’
http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/MarkHarris/Captain-Bob-Bartlett-On-the-fringe-of-the-Pole-abo
Bartlett’s serious science credentials can be seen in this short extract;
‘Similar (warming) changes have occurred throughout the Arctic in the natural vegetation, although as yet few examples have been recorded. Thus, in 1937, when approaching Disko Island in Bob Bartlett’s schooner Morrisey, I noticed that the flat tops of mountains west of Godhavn that formerly showed no green vegetation above the 2000-foot level were distinctly green from several miles away. During the summer of 1926, which I spent in Alaska, I noticed that on Seward Peninsula the vegetation was fully one month farther advanced that in 1879 when the Swedish botanist Kjellman collected there.
http://www.thearcticcircle.ca/pdf/Arctic%20Circular%20Volume%202%201949.pdf
This period of melting is generally accepted to have commenced in 1918 and lasted until at least 1939.”
Mods-sorry for the length of this post
Would that make it “precedented.” ?
Torgeir Hansson
“Never trust real estate agents with horned helmets and dragon boats!”
Now THIS is going too far. Let me be absolutely clear on the matter: Vikings DID NOT have horned helmets!!!!! The pictures you might have seen of horned helmets are from Bronze Age Denmark, and predate the Vikings by 1,000 years. Is not climate science all about accuracy? About getting time frames right? Huh? Huh?
“Horned helmets on Vikings.” Those are fighting words.
mycroft
as ever fascinating evidence……are you a Exonian by chance?
I live close to Exeter. I was at the met office archives just today and Exeter cathedral library last week looking for material for a future article so my proximity to that city is very useful. Are you from this part of the world?
The regional instrumental and ice core data clearly show that Greenland was just as warm in the 1930’s and during the Medieval Warm Period as it is today…
Greenland Sea Temperature Reconstruction
It’s also very clear that the Arctic sea ice extent is currently well above the Holocene “normal”…
Warming Island / Greenland Sea Regional Climate and Arctic Sea Ice Reconstruction
Ferdinand Engelbeen
Some more background:
I have plotted the raw GISS temperature data of all stations around Greenland’s inland ice (but need to make an update for the past years). See:
http://www.ferdinand-engelbeen.be/klimaat/greenland_temp.html
Greenland summer temperatures in the period 1930-1950 were higher than nowadays…
And from: http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm05/fm05-sessions/fm05_C41A.html
We first combined data from historical records, ground surveys, airborne laser altimetry, and field mapping of lateral moraines and trimlines. This record shows two periods of rapid thinning by about 70 meters, in the early 1950s and since 1997. Observed changes in glacier behavior during these two events are markedly different. The recent thinning, which involved several episodes of retreat followed by large thinning, resulted in a rapid retreat of the calving front toward grounding line. Thinning in the 1950s occurred during a period when the calving front was stationary with only minor annual fluctuations. Nevertheless, aerial photographs collected in the 1940s and 50s indicate that thinning extended far inland.
Also the retreat and advancing of the Illulisat/Jacobshavn glacier was described here:
http://rsl.geology.buffalo.edu/documents/csatho_j07j061.pdf
“Intermittent thinning of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland, since the Little Ice Age”
Greenland has been warmer not as warm. I’m too lazy this evening to dig up the peer reviewed research which I have posted on WUWT. Someone else may care to do so.
OK, I got some energy back but still can’t find my own earlier comment postings. But here is something even better. It’s peer reviewed and from Warmists.
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/03/12/gosh-really/
And here’s something I prepared earlier.
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/05/29/h2o-2012-conference-theme-please-send-money/#comment-996870
This post reminds me of the satellites photos of the Pacific coral attols which showed that most had held their ground in the face of rising sea levels and some had even grown. Observations are the fly in the ointment.
See Floating Island.
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/01/27/floating-islands/
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/06/02/tuvalu-and-many-other-south-pacific-islands-are-not-sinking-claims-they-are-due-to-global-warming-driven-sea-level-rise-are-opportunistic/
sunshinehours1
“Considering available station data that are continuous and begin before 1900 (Table 3), the year 2006 is not outstanding. In this longer perspective, only 2003 at Tasiilaq is outstanding in recent decades. Over the past century, years in Greenland that register as abnormally warm, 1929, 1932, 1941, 1947, and 1960 are outstanding, having temperatures warmer than observed recently. Increases in GrIS melt and runoff during this past century warm period must have been significant and were probably even larger than that of the most recent last decade (1995-2006)”
— Arctic Report Card 2007 http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/report07/essay_hanna.html
Camburn
This brings to mind the challenge of the temperatures that GCHN is trying to bring down. Iceland/Greenland of the 1940’s?
http://notalotofpeopleknowthat.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/iceland-temperature-adjustmentsghcn-still-have-not-started-investigating/
jaypan
Excellent news, as the melting Greenland glaciers have been one of AGW’s posterchild.
Let us spread the word about it.
Philip Bradley
Unfortunately, the paper itself is behind a paywall. I wanted to have a closer look at which glaciers retreated more in the 1930s period compared to the recent period.
I believe, based on other papers that recent glacial retreat in Greenland is strongly related to aspect. South facing glaciers are retreating, while north facing ones aren’t. I wanted to see the location of the glaciers that retreated more in the 1930s.
Atmospheric warming should affect different glaciers in the same area in a similar manner, and affect the same glacier in substantially the same way in different time periods. The differences found in this paper indicate that the 1930s warming was different to the recent warming.
TomRude
I recall that even Walt Meier acknowledged that greenland had been warmer at the beginning of the XX century.
steveta_uk
Unfortunately I cannot provide a reference for the following, as it is from memory.
However, I recall a few years ago I was watching a BBC report on global warming, and the reporter had travelled to Greenland to film the disappearing glaciers. And one scene made be screem at the TV due to the extraordinary stupidity of the reporter.
They showed us a bay that was ice free for the first time in living memory as the snow and ice no longer reached the water. And there in the bay were the remains of an old port – signs of buildings, and what looked like part of a jetty. And the reporter quite happily reported that nobody had known there had been a port here until global warming had exposed it!
richard verney
I consider that Greenland temperatures during the Viking seetlement period are very much underestimated. It would not surprise me if they were between 3 to 6 degC warmer than they are today. Agriculture was very primative back then. As we are discovering much of their farmland is still under glaciers. As those glaciers retreat, the Earth below is not easy to till and will not be so unless the land warms by several degrees. One must not forget that they did not have mechanical equipment (as is used today on farms) and tools were not as efficient as the cheap spade or fork that you buy today at your local garden shop. There were no fertilizers and genetically engineered seed was not as developed, no greenhouses etc and buildings were not iunsulated and could only be heated by open fire.
Greenland was colonized for several hundred years. Climate/weather is notoriously variable from year to year. One can’t engage in subsistence farming and survive for hundreds of years if one was just on the threshold of sustainable farming. The predominant feature of the climate back then must have been years of plenty which would see them survive the few unexpectedly harsh years which undoubtedly must have been encountered from time to time. This points strongly to a much warmer climate than today.
Of course, Greenland is not global. However, we know of no explanation that would explain why a small area of Greenland would be significantly warmer than it is today. What was the mechanism? Most likely the warm gulf stream was routed nearer Greenland and/or was warmer (the latter would indicate warmer global conditions) and/or jet streams were slightly different. That said, there is no reason to believe that conditions were just limited to Greenland and did not for example include the majority of Northern Europe. It is likely that the Vikings thrived because Northern Europe was warmer than it is today. Anyone who has lived even in Southern Scandinavia will know how harsh the climate is and it would not surprise me that it was more benign during the Viking period. .
Torgeir Hansson says:
Wow — who’d have suspected that the Vikings wore heirloom horned helmets?
*running for the bunker*
richard verney says:
I consider that Greenland temperatures during the Viking seetlement period are very much underestimated…One can’t engage in subsistence farming and survive for hundreds of years if one was just on the threshold of sustainable farming.
They were doing more than subsisting — they were also growing (and harvesting) enough hay to provide fodder for the inhabitants of those 50-cow barns. The growing season today is too short to allow the hay they plant to reach maturity, so they have to harvest it half-grown.
tonyb said..
Yes born and bred.Look forward to your article/post in general as i believe we can learn alot from past climatic events/ occurances
Are how are you received at the met offices with regards to past climate searches and the AGW issue?
Of course, Greenland is not global. However, we know of no explanation that would explain why a small area of Greenland would be significantly warmer than it is today. What was the mechanism?
The west Greenland settlements were all on the east side of fairly high mountains indicating that westerly foehn winds played a role in producing conditions warm enough for farming. A reduction in these winds may have played a role in the end of the settlements.
I am an insignificant flea on the backside of the giant climate elephant. Anyway, the climate elephant very rarely visits its own archives.
a reader
Another good resource for Greenland of the 1930s (and studded with pictures and maps):
National Geographic, Sept. 1934, pp. 261-304, “Flying Around the North Atlantic” by Anne Morrow Lindbergh. She and her husband crossed the icecap twice, followed the coastline, from Disko Bay area to Clavering Island, visited Dr.Lauge Koch’s research area, and literally ”redrew” the map of some areas of Greenland. I expect the photos in the magazine are only the tip of the iceberg of those taken on this fllight.
Tonyb said
Yes but with enough fleas, even the biggest elephant can be bought to it knees. as regards to vististing their own archives…”lest we look into the mirror and see what we have become, and what was before”keep up the good work
phlogiston
What has been will be again,
what has been done will be done again;
there is nothing new under the sun.
Is there anything of which one can say,
“Look! This is something new”?
It was here already, long ago;
it was here before our time.
No one remembers the former generations,
and even those yet to come
will not be remembered
by those who follow them.
Ecclesiastes 1.
Bob uk
So the temperature was similar to today but the melt was HIGHER.
Was quite hot in the US around that time.
http://i446.photobucket.com/albums/qq187/bobclive/dustbowl.jpg
Donald Le Messurier
tonyb:
You might find this article from “The Newfoundland Quarterly” of 1914 about Captain Robert Bartlett of interest. His account of being stranded in the ice and drifting along the Northern Russina coast is interesting. Here’s the link: http://collections.mun.ca/cdm4/print_doc.php?CISOROOT=/quarterly&CISOPTR=23635&DMSCALE=29.35421&DMWIDTH=750&DMHEIGHT=1013.60078278&DMMODE=document&DMTEXT=&REC=1&DMTHUMB=0&DMROTATE=0
Thanks for that gem. Conditions can change quickly in the arctic it seems as within 5 years of that report there was substantial melting. As phlogiston quotes above, there is nothing new under the sun
Phologiston..
put far better than my ramble
cptwayne
Latitude: There is soft “snout ice”, then there is hard ice. Greenland’s hard glacial ice is at around -70 to -80 deg F. Hard ice does not crack. Soft ice cracks. Hard ice takes a very long time to melt compared to soft ice. Density is different too.
Les Johnson
Jason Box, one of the authors of this paper on the 1930s glacial retreat, has stated that the glacial resurgence after the 30s was due to aerosols subsequent cooling.
Box wants to blame humans for the current retreat and the preceding surge, but he did not do his homework. Ice core studies show that there were more aerosols pre-1940 than post 1940.
This Fourth of July, Put American Pride and Patriotism on Full Display
Lumir K: Cooking Oil Powered LED Lamp
Glaciers Uncategorized
Surprise! Study says some glaciers actually shrank during the last ice age
Aerosols Uncategorized
Study: Interactions between smoke and clouds have unexpected cooling effect
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NEWSFLASH – 425 NEW HOMES HEADING FOR CRANLEIGH
Posted on March 31, 2016 by waverleyweb
WE PROMISE THIS IS NOT AN APRIL FOOL – THAT’S COMING TOMORROW!
THE FLOODGATES HAVE OPENED METAPHORICALLY BUT LETS HOPE NOT LITERALLY – IN CRANLEIGH?
WANNABEE DEVELOPERS AND SOME WAVERLEY COUNCILLORS WILL BE JUMPING FOR JOY AS THE GOVERNMENT INSPECTOR ANNOUNCES HIS DECISION.
You heard it here first that a Government Inspector has this afternoon granted the appeal by Berkeley Homes Strategic Limited for outline permission for 425 houses on land behind Cranleigh High Street on the Bonham Land, with access off Knowle Lane anD Alfold Road, off Elmbridge Road , Cranleigh.
As predicted by the Waverley Web three weeks ago the decision would be given within two weeks, it has taken the Inspector just a few days longer.
The Ccok-a-hoop developers now have six weeks to hold their breath and hope that there is no legal challenge to the Inspectors’ decision – and then a full detailed planning application will follow and so will the earthmovers!
These are developments now in the pipeline with permission tucked firmly under developers belts:
125 homes at Amlets Park, Amlets Lane, Cranleigh.
150 in Horsham Road Cranleigh behind the Hitherwood Estate. Phase 2 to follow.
19 at Cranleigh Brick and Tile Works in Knowle Lane.
425 at Berkeley Homes site above.
120 at Appeal by Threadneedle on The Hewitts Industrial Estate,
and many, many, many more, awaiting approval even development on Cranleigh’s Green Belt!
But of course – none of these cars will use the Horsham to Guildford Road – the A281…will they?
If anyone wonders why this has occurred – because Waverley Borough Council has not yet managed to produce its Daft Local Plan! Which by the way has been delayed yet again!
Posted in Waverley Borough Council | Leave a reply
When they were handing out brains, did Waverley councillors/officers, stand in the line signposted drains!
You may be aware that the first major responsibility of WBC’s new Head of Planning (Elizabeth Sims) and the new Council-Leader-Elect-In Waiting (Julia Potts) was their delegated decision to issue a negative EIA Screening Opinion to Crest last Tuesday. This enables CNS/WBC to circumvent the requirement to first provide a workable dedicated Construction Access for Brightwells so they can ‘bring forward’ the extensive Sewer Diversion, drainage and archaeological investigation works. CNS estimate 1,200 HGV movements.
In response to the elevated ladies’ misbehaviour, a Screening Direction Request was submitted to the Secretary of State on Thursday by Farnham resident Jerry Hyman.
Hence there are some exciting new acronyms for WW followers to live with : SO (Screening Opinion), SD (Screening Direction), SOR (SO Request) SDR (SD Request), NPCU (National Planning Casework Unit) and SofS (Secretary of State).
Don’t be put off by the complexity of this issue – this has serious consequences for Farnham’s future! In fact, if the council can cheat in Farnham – it can cheat in any of the other towns and villages!
Screening Rules
A Screening Request must answer the question, “Is the Project EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) development ?”.
A Council must issue a SO within 21 days (unless otherwise agreed).
A Negative Opinion means ‘it’s not EIA development’, an Positive Opinion means it is.
If a developer disagrees with a Council’s positive SO then it can request a SD from the SofS, who must give his Direction within 21 days (unless otherwise agreed).
A third party can submit a SDR to the SofS, but the SofS is not legally bound to issue a Direction.
The SofS is the ‘National Authority’, and so a SD from the SofS is determinative, i.e. it trumps a Council’s Opinion.
The Royal Deer Charade – a U-Turn for Farnham’s Traffic ?
At the end of last Thursday’s Town Council Annual Electors’ Meeting at the Bush Hotel, the Mayor Cllr Pat Frost kindly ended eight years of WBC denials about Crest’s impractical new road system.
In response to a question from Mr Hyman’s father who pressed for a demonstration of the Crest Nicholson /Surrey County Council’s fantasy ‘Paramics’ computer modelling of the Royal Deer junction, Mrs Frost surprised us by admitting that “There has been Paramics modelling done, but not of that junction”.
Well there you are then – eight years to finally tell the truth, better late than never we suppose!
As long-time Chairman of both the SCC/WBC Local (Transportation) Committee and the Farnham Traffic Task Group, Cllr Frost’s belated admission stands as firm confirmation that Crest’s 2008 Transport Assessment (TA) and Environmental Statement (ES) do not assess the likely consequences of CNS’ changes to the road network As the 2nd East Street Portfolio Holder Cllr Chris Mansell told us eleven years ago, it’s “hopeless” – they can’t model it because the system gridlocks.
The Mayor’s admission also confirms that every East Street consent has been granted unlawfully, i.e. without a complete ES.
CNS’ fraudulent assessments allowed WBC to grant consents by falsely concluding that their plans to deliberately gridlock the town would have a “negligible impact”. The S106 Agreement calls it “traffic reduction measures”. The plan is to force shoppers to either ‘Park & Stride’ or go elsewhere.
We must not allow WBC/CNS to commence any more works without having ever assessed the impacts on traffic, air quality and the local economy. We can expect WBC to try to again revert to lies and denial to sweep this under the carpet, so please be prepared to help make a sustained fuss about it.
The Waverley Leadership’s tangled web has created a situation where not only the East Street Scheme, but also the Woolmead redevelopment, the Hopfields scheme, the Air Quality Action Plan, the draft Neighbourhood Plan and WBC’s draft Local Plan are all based upon a shameful pretence which Waverley, Surrey Highways and Crest have conspired to maintain since 2005.
So many secrets, so many lies?
https://waverleyweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/secrets-and-lies.mp3
Read the full Surrey Ad article below
It is our view at WW, that this fraud proves that Waverley Borough Council is guilty of maladministration in not having sufficient supervision of standard work practices.
It is also guilty of covering up its maladministration in order to manipulate May 7th 2015 local elections and guilty of not being open and transparent as required by the Local Government Transparency Code 2015 by informing the local taxpayers of their mistakes.
Because of these transgressions the public have had no chance to ensure that the correct adjustments to their supervision and work practices have been made to prevent a future similar occurrence.
There is no longer any need to hide under the cloak of secrecy quoting sub judice. The case is closed the criminal has been found guilty and sentenced, so how about coming clean Waverley BC this is not just our view here at WW – this view is shared by many other taxpaying residents of the borough, including some who voted in the 2015 election!
It is believed Waverley Council lost £25,000, which it was unable to recover. Its insurance premiums will also increase as a result of its poor work practices. Perhaps it will come clean with the figure “Your Waverley” has actually lost of “our money”. However, don’t hold your breath! Because so far they have refused to reveal these details.
We do not know the name of the individual that changed the account details but as stated all they had to do was go to Mears office in the Council building. The ineptitude of Paul Wen – ham – I getting out and claiming my big fat pension) and the Financial incompetence of Finance Director Clark should be exposed and they must explain!
The Executive and Audit Committee members should resign. This fraud was covered up to prevent bad publicity before the local elections.
A request has been made to Grant Thornton (The Auditors) to do a Public Interest Report on the 14/15 accounts. If that is successful (some hope there!) the Council will have to hold a public meeting within 30 days to explain themselves.
Here’s a pdf of the article in the Surrey Advertiser her: fRAUD copy
This is a freedom of information request from Mr Brian Egan of the address below.
‘ALPENROSE’, 44, OAK TREE ROAD,MILFORD,GODALMING,SURREY,GU8 5JJ
25th March 2016 My Ref. BE/WBC/298
To: Gillian Carson-Jones Waverley Borough Council, The Burys, Godalming, Surrey.
Dear Madam
Re: FOI request WAV 1401828/1401837/1401846 dated 3rd, 7th & 12th Dec.2015 answered on 5th January 2016.
In light of the recent court case held in Wolverhampton Crown Court on 22nd March 2016, as a result of which Matthew Lowe was found guilty and sent back to prison for the fraud he perpetrated on WBC, and your refusal to answer my questions in the above FOI request on the grounds that it was not in the public interest and would prejudice the prevention or detection of crime, I hereby request an internal review of my FOI request.
I do not consider your statement that to disclose information about the fraud is not in the public interest because ever since the whistleblower revealed the fraud on 15th October 2015, some 18 months after the event, there has been a huge amount of public interest especially as to how it was allowed to happen in the first place, why the crime was covered up and what precautions have been taken to avoid a similar fraud occurring again.
I challenge your answers to the following questions from my original FOI request.
Q1:- I challenge your refusal on the grounds it is in the public interest and the police investigation is now closed.
Q2:- This should have been answered under the Local Government Transparency Code.
Q3, 4 & 5:- I challenge your refusal on the grounds it is in the public interest and the police investigation is now closed.
Q6:- You will by now know the extra cost of the insurance premium, please advise what this is.
Q8:- Your answer indicates that the whistleblower did not express his dissatisfaction on the Council’s cover up of the fraud. Would this be a true interpretation of your answer?
Q9:- There are no minutes available to the general public on the link provided therefore your answer is incorrect; can I have the truth please?
Q10:- If no meeting was held how were the 19 senior Members informed, by telephone, e.mail or any other means such as jungle drums?
Q11:- I accept your answer but in view of the fraud and sums of money involved the way in which the Council informed only 1/3 of Members is illegal, undemocratic, not open and transparent and fundamentally a cover up from the vast majority of Members.
Q12:- You have not answered this question but let me remind you that I asked you if Diane James, the Leader of the Opposition, was informed of the fraud. A yes or no would have been sufficient rather than the convoluted diversion you submitted.
Q13:- I challenge your refusal on the grounds it is in the public interest and the police investigation is now closed.
Q14:- There is no record of the fraud being discussed in the minutes referred to.
Q15:- The Mayor shut down questions on the grounds that there was on ongoing police enquiry, which was totally irrelevant to the question being asked. This is a matter of your own public records, I was not asking for your opinion I simply wanted you to confirm what actually happened, which you have failed to do.
B F A Egan
Well – perhaps one day we will actually extract the truth! That the Conservative controlled council buried the information long enough not to affect the way we voted. Perhaps it is time for a re-run of the May 2015 Elections!
HERE WE GO, HERE WE GO, HERE WE GO… AGAIN!
https://waverleyweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/york-city-here-we-go-wmv.mp3
The WW was at the Farnham Town Council Meeting, but instead of reporting it ourselves we have let our own resident/s have their say… Oh and if anyone wonders where we were – we were sitting near the back in a mask, and cape…looking a bit like this really
So HERE WE GO AGAIN in Farnham with the annual ritual of the Town Council Meeting for residents but no elephant in the room under the twinkling chandeliers of the Bush Hotel’s conference room?
No need for an elephant, Farnham has its own monster looming over the town and threatening to trample over the will, wishes and good sense of its protesting citizens.
We have East Street, Brightwells Development Scheme, which has loomed large for so long that some people had almost ceased to believe it was real. But after 15 weary years, the alien creature is getting off its knees and showing worrying signs of life.
After a restless crowd had listened in polite silence to a beaming Pat Frost, so happy to have been Mayor in this lovely town, and the usual procession of worthy councillors reporting on the flowers and festivals, cemeteries and allotments. Came the crunch.
Everyone knew why, just like all previous years, the room was full of undercurrents, a mumbling grumbling presence and the reason that most of the Farnham Folk had made the effort to turn out on a wet Thursday evening. They’d come to have their say about the monster.
And a new presence filled the room, knowledge of the shock revelations that very day on the Waverley Web, that excellent source of news for Waverley people, and the only way that they learn the truth about the dirty dealings going on behind closed doors.
WW says, “The shock and anger was palpable. Residents fumed, the air was combustable -and at one point we thought it would implode!”
But who was going to let that go when all around resolutions were being made to check the alibi, sift out the facts and take it to the top. Surrey Pensions Committee Chairman and Waverley and Surrey Councillor, Denise Le Gal, has a lot more questions to answer. They all know in Farnham that the scheme has been rejected over the years as an investment by reputable city institutions so what does ‘Denise the Girl’ know that wiser men than her have been unable to discover. You said it – it’s a rum business.
Another big question had to be about that doomed daft Local Plan:
“In the context of Farnham’s Neighbourhood Plan, residents were told that Waverley BC was commissioning a thorough professional report of traffic around the town conducted by Mott Macdonald in the same way that a review had been commissioned and completed in respect of the development proposed for 1800 new homes at Dunsfold Park.
As we have heard recently that the new homes allocation for Farnham in Waverley’s Local Plan is to be increased to 3000 (yes, that’s right, 3000), it obviously becomes ever more crucial that a full-scale traffic review for Farnham is completed urgently and before the Local Plan is put the Inspectorate for Examination. If this is not done it will be impossible to adjudicate on whether the 3,000 figure is sustainable. We would then be left with another failed Plan and a continuing invitation to developers to despoil green fields.
Please would a member of the Town Council’s Neighbourhood Plan team tell us what they know about the progress or otherwise of the traffic review and give assurances that they will press Waverley for completion of the LP – as a matter of urgency?” A roar of approval and an enthusiastic round of applause followed. People wanted answers but there were none.
Even Carole Cockburn lead Councillor for Farnham’s Neighbourhood Plan, was being kept in the dark by Waverley Planners. A promise was made to press for action so we will watch and wait. What choice do residents have in the face of the absolute, secretive and undemocratic power exercised by Waverley?
And finally, what must have been the highlight of the evening. An initiative from ex-Farnham Councillor, David Beaman, a councillor who always did an excellent job for the town and his electorate until he was unfairly given the heave-ho by a combination of bad luck and political manoeuvring. He put forward a resolution asking the audience to vote for their Town Council to support the Farnham Interest Group in taking legal action against WBC/CNS to stop the iniquitous use of a variation of planning permission to get round proper procedures for that Brightwells Scheme. (Full text to follow)
Residents voted resoundingly for the motion so now Iain Lynch, the Farnham Town Clerk, Ian Lynch has the task of asking Town Councillors to obey the will of the people.
Just in case anyone forgets here it is:
RESOLUTION TO BE PRESENTED AT ANNUAL MEETING OF ELECTORS OF FARNHAM TOWN COUNCIL HELD ON THURSDAY 24th MARCH 2016
Farnham Town Council (FTC) has consistently expressed its desire for an alternative development of the East Street site and has objected to a number of applications to implement and vary the present planning permission granted for this site. Members will also be aware that doubts have been cast on the legality of the existing planning permission and each application to vary the existing planning permission has been subject to close scrutiny by the Farnham Interest Group (FIG). Following the latest application to vary the planning permission (WA/2016/0268) FIG has written to WBC and every individual WBC councillor warning that the proposed variation is illegal and that if pursued legal action could follow. I therefore wish to propose that should FTC also object to the proposed application on the same grounds as FIG, electors at this meeting resolve that FTC should support a public appeal to raise funds to cover the costs of any legal action that may ensue.
Farnham is clearly not in the mood to give way to its monster, its bete noir. So watch out Waverley Council the people of Farnham are in a fighting mood!
Are the residents of Waverley waking up at last?
https://waverleyweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/wham-wake-me-up-before-you-go-go.mp3
Here at WW we get numerous comments and e-mails from residents concerned about all things Waverley.
However, for some time the contributors behind this blog were concerned – in fact, very concerned, that residents were sleepwalking through a dream that when they woke up may become their worst nightmare.
Whilst Waverley Borough Council has spent the past three years literally “fiddling” with its Daft Local Plan. Now due to its incompetent handling, leaving the borough wide open to assault from developers, the very character of its towns and villages could be about to burn.
However, we at the WWeb are heartened by the comments we have received in recent weeks. We have tried to play our part with our colleagues in the media, in a “wake-up call” by highlighting just some of the issues that are about to impact on us all. The Waverley Web is the only medium that is covering the whole of Waverley, and we believe it is right that Farnham people know what is going on in Godalming, Haslemere and in the East of the borough and the other way around. We have heard from people in the Cranleigh area, totally unaware of the 15/20 year East Street debacle in Farnham, and from people in Farnham and Godalming shocked at the pressure being put on the Cranleigh/Dunsfold/Alfold villages.
Utter disgust has been expressed at Waverley Council’s decision to spend £1m of our money on its own little dip into the development pot by joining with a developer to create a £10m industrial park on the Green Belt in Guildford Road, Cranleigh, adjoining Mansfield Park. Who will give the scheme approval – yes – you get it – Waverley Planners!
Even worse, this disreputable council’s Leader had denied it claiming it is as a scurrilous rumour! Councillor Robert Knowless – who knows more than he is willing to admit – should never have been given the luxury of being replaced – he should resign – Now!
The Waverley Web has the confidential council papers, maps and plans and can produce them – and just in case you wonder where they came from it was from “inside” the council – and not from one of your dishonourable disreputable councillors. Most of whom voted for it! There are still some decent people working “inside” Waverley – Thank God!
Here’s just a small sample of what our followers told us during our 21,000 hits in just a few months:
“My Wife told me this morning it seems that people are so concerned with what is happeneing in Waverley the coffee, cake and knitting sisterhood are talking. I had already drafted a message to you to propose a public protest to stop the lack of sustainable development.”
“Publicity would be a multiplier of the impact.”
“Any ideas – we want to fund posters, leaflets and make our voices heard.” Some route from the Pepperpot to the Council Offices….perhaps?
“Are there any kindred spirits out there?”
“Do you think the time has come for us to take a vote of no confidence in the leaders of Waverley Borough Council.” How do we do it?
“You are doing a great job WW.”
I was shocked to read about the Farnham East street Development- it is shocking and rubbish – Do you not think if ALL of us in Waverley got together – We could be more powerful? I can’t help thinking I upset you, as you are Farnham/Cranleigh – I am Alfold/Dunsfold….. If we all worked together – we could be so powerful – If we pull apart because of our own local preferences – then we are stuffed! – It is stupid – But I felt I couldn’t Object as it is so outside of my boundary – that is wrong isn’t it??
“It is only an “ask” But I can’t help feeling that by us having a Divide we are reducing our capacity to really make a difference.”
“I want all unsustainable Development to be stopped whether in Cranleigh/Ewhurst /Dunsfold – or Farnham – It’s just Farnham – have not been very nice to us here…and have not improved relations between the Towns and Villages – there is now an Us & Them and there shouldn’t be – we should all support each other against this bunch of (can’t say the word) at WBC and the Developers – who like Vultures are making the most of this
“I don’t always agree with you – But I really appreciate the information you provide and hope that you continue to do so”
“we are all too – up our own “Back-gardens” so see what is going on down the road!”
“It needs someone to sort out Waverley and the Brightwell’s applications with a mask and cape (gown optional) to enforce honesty, transparency and justice. It would be very much appreciated. It would also be nice to see the individuals at Waverley carted off to a remote island prison, I could go on !!
“One of our key concerns is the lack of Public oversight of the decision making processes used by Councillors and Council Officers. This lack of oversight combined with institutional opaqueness has led to more opportunities for incompetence and corruption to bloom.”
Posted in Waverley Borough Council | 2 Replies
Happy Birthday to the CCS -and full marks for putting the “Care”back into Cranleigh.
CRANLEIGH CIVIC SOCIETY
https://waverleyweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/happy-song-connie-talbot-with-jordan-jansen.mp3
Regular readers of the Waverley Web will have seen it has frequently used articles and photographs from the Cranleigh Civic Society Website. Along with others from the Farnham Society and other Community Groups – all of whom are doing everything in they power to protect the areas they serve and which are under threat from development like never before!
If you live in or around Cranleigh support this local group which has worked tirelessly over the past year to protect your interests join us in wishing the Cranleigh Civic Society and its members a very Happy First Anniversary and every success in everything they do on your behalf in the future!
Cranleigh Civic Society has existed for just over twelve months and it says, “what a year it has been”
Formed by a group of concerned local people it has gone on to achieve some huge successes and is now recognised by such high ranking people as Her Majesty’s Planning Inspectorate.
It was actively involved in the Berkeley Homes appeal (425 houses south of Cranleigh High Street. ) It was an official contributor; and its evidence pack highlighted flooding and sustainability issues was accepted by the Planning Inspector. It has put the spotlight on the flood risk on other development sites, and discovered biodiversity studies that had been carried out incorrectly. It was applauded by villagers when it uncovered huge sewage issues that had been either overlooked, or ignored, and has drawn the attention of decision makers to the very obvious inability of Cranleigh’s poor road infrastructure to cope.
It was involved with the Cranleigh Conservation Area Review in the High Street, has and continues to protect the Beryl Harvey allotments and conservation field, the Elmbridge Road Campaign, to name but a few. The list of its achievements is endless.
The Society was formed as a direct result of residents’ distress at the huge number of new homes that Waverley Borough Council indicated it intended to see built in and around Cranleigh. This housing is not in response to “local” housing need and is far more than its fair share of the total number Waverley claims are required across the borough.
The disproportionate number villagers say they are being told to accept is, it believes, driven by the lack of protection from Green Belt and other landscape designations such as AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty).
The CCS believes Cranleigh is seen as an easy target with its green fields ripe for picking.
NOT to provide affordable housing in response to local need, but to deliver maximum profits to developers and solve a borough- wide problem. It is recognised that “housing need” is NOT concentrated in this part of the Borough, however Waverley’s plan is to dump it here anyway!
The CCS says, Waverley is not looking anywhere else in the borough other than Cranleigh and the surrounding area to put thousands of new houses.
Since Berkeley Homes lodged its appeal, NO significant applications have been put forward to the Joint Planning Committee at Waverley. It appears that Waverley is waiting for the result of that appeal, expected on or before the 8 April, and which if granted, lets them once again, literally open the flood gates in and around Cranleigh.
The minimum number of houses planned by Waverley for Cranleigh village is 1,500, it could be many more. That’s 3,600 more residents with 3,000 more cars on the roads and a minimum of 6,000 additional traffic movements per day.
Significant developments have already been approved. Some 58 new homes on the old Swallow Tiles site, 19, Cranleigh Brick & Tile, 125 houses on Amlets Lane, and 149 houses off the Horsham Road. The Hewitts application for 120 houses is also currently at appeal. That’s 452 new houses in total, with 274 of these already on green fields.
Says the Society – Almost every week even more proposals for development on green fields are lodged and even schemes mooted on our Green Belt!
If you care about Cranleigh join the Civic Society and help it fight for transparency and fairness for our village.
Help it make a difference
Join The Cranleigh Civc Society Today
http://www.cranleighsociety.org/join-us/
You can also keep up to date with us on Facebook and Twitter:
www.facebook.com/cranleighsociety @CranleighSoc
Devious Dutchman strikes again!
Well there we are then! – The Elmbridge Village Ltd has written to Waverley backing the Knowle Park Initiative’s plans to build 265 houses on the West Cranleigh Nurseries site in Alfold Road, Cranleigh.
The Cloggie who produces salad crops to help feed the nation and who employees local people, wants to ditch food production in favour of house production – and stops at nothing to persuade the locals – including a few of his borough council mates that have called the application in to the JPC. Now he and his fellow cohorts have persuaded the organisation that runs a retirement village to back his plans to ditch the tomatoes to make a few guilders.
Sing-a-long with…Abba…Guilders,Guilders, Guilders.
https://waverleyweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/abba-money-money-money.mp3
From the Surrey Advertiser
Did the Company ask the over residents’ before they spoke up for them? NO! Some of them say they are fuming, as they were not even consulted by Elmbridge Village Ltd. Formerly Elmbridge Retirement Homes.
Would it have anything to do with the fact, as revealed by one elderly resident of EV in Elmbridge Road, that residents had been offered a path/road/accessway from their homes
…across the fields and the Cranleigh /Waters, …across the former West Cranleigh Nurseries, …across The Alfold Road, …across the Knowle Park, … across Knowle Lane …across the Snoxhall Fields and …acccording to James Puckering on behalf of Elmbridge Village Limited “a safe access into Cranleigh High Street.”Just a few little old miles away.
WWethinks the poor old souls will be in need a cuppa tea and a lie down by the time they get there!
Ye Gods – will the Flying Dutchman stop at nothing? Perhaps he will offer everyone wings next?
Will he be supplying the residents with motor scooters – we have already heard from a former Cycle Supplier that the devious Dutchman offered to buy dozens of bikes from him, if he supported his cunning development plan.
So perhaps its – get on your bikes girls and boys at the Retirement village, and peddle whilst you piddle through the winter floodwater on your two mile run to the shops! After all back home in Clog Country – they do it all the time. When the restoration begin on the next stretch of the Wey and Arun Canal- you will even have your own canal to leap over, and it will feel just like Amsterdam!
We have also heard from many other villagers over there of the coercion that is going on to get the Knowle Park Initiative “home and wet” before the earth movers get on site to build 125 Cala Homes next door to the Cloggie in Amlets Lane. According to his neighbours and the developer he is furious that his numerous offers to buy the land were turned down, and another developer got in first with permission to build 125 new houses. Getting a development of his very own would help soften the blow! Ah well-that’s life – sh** happens!
Surprise, surprise – East Street funder in place! Guess Who?
Sing-a-long with Our Cilla.
https://waverleyweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cillas-surprise-surprise-extremely-rare-full-length-song.mp3
Click here to Read article from Farnham Herald. East street pdf copy
The Waverley Web has been doing a little research to determine the identity of the funder behind the notorious Farnham East Street development, sometimes described by the locals as Farnham’s Nightmare!
Well we may be putting two and two together and making five – but WW believes Waverley Borough Council is joining forces with none other than –
Either on its own or in collaboration with “others” it is believed Surrey County Council is jumping into bed with… “YOUR WAVERLEY”/Crest Nicholson & Co and Sainsburys’ to get what some Farnham folk are calling –
‘A VERY SHABBY DEAL FOR THE TOWN’ to finally get off the ground!
Is Surrey County Council really, yes really, the only organisation prepared to join our dodgey local council in the scam of the century called East Street? Well it would appear so…and…
who better to have in the driving seat than the Chairman of Surrey County Council’s Pension Fund, Councillor Denise Le Gal, Waverley Borough Councillor for Farnham Hale and Heath End, Surrey County Councillor for Farnham North. She is also Chairman of SW Surrey Conservative Association, which in its spare time runs Waverley!
Her Deputy is Councillor Alan Young the Surrey County Councillor for Cranleigh and Ewhurst, currently turning up in Farnham saying he is – “doing a little local networking.” We bet he is! Been doing quite a bit of that lately so much so that rumour has it that Guildford Conservative Association is doing its utmost to kick him out! Not to be outwitted he is looking to take up his wife’s SCC seat as the member for the Waverley Eastern Villages, in the neighbouring Constituency. With a fine reputation for holding secret meetings with developers’ over there, coming over here to Farnham should suit him down to the ground!
As for Councillor Le Gal, as the current WBC councillor for, Farnham Hale & Heath End we have peeped into her attendance record, which is not exactly something to boast about!
From 28/09/15 to 22/03/16 – she had a 70% absence rate.
How’s that for a record of service to your electorate? How much of this time did she spend instead playing with investments in the SCC Pension Fund, as its Chairman?
In February 2014, yes two years ago, Waverley Council said the East Street scheme was fully funded and shovel ready! However, since then – all has been quiet on the Western Front! Now numerous new what it claims are, “minor revisions” to planning applications have been lodged, and there are very serious concerns about their legality (Read the Farnham Herald article above.) Farnham residents are now calling for a Judicial Review. Wow – that really would put the cat among the pigeons – or the Tom Tits – (new deputy leader Tom Martin) and his new lady in waiting – Gone to – Potts?
Perhaps the time has now come for Farnham Town Council to stand up and be counted and seek its own legal advice before it is too late. After all if it doesn’t, what exactly is it there for?
Pity really that it is full of Waverley Borough Councillors . When will the electorate of our towns and villages learn! No checks, no balances, no democracy!
However its Mayor Waverley Borough Councillor Pat the Jack Frost, has told everyone it is a matter for Waverley Borough Council and not Farnham Town Council – so in other words but out of our affairs – arrogant or what!
So there you are then – Surrey County Council knows a good deal when it sees one…doesn’t it?
Always happy to hear confirmation or a denial of this post from either Waverley BC or SCC here:
But WW is not holding its breath!
SAVED! The green, green grass of home.
That’s what The Daily Telegraph says.
Councillor Mary Foryszewski said it was another “ground hog day” where we are faced with yet another unsuitable development on a green field, which would urbanise a lovely village and upset its residents.
Councillor Mary Foryszewski who said yet another application on greenfield was another “ground hog day.”
There we were – Oh Waverley Web of little faith! – thinking that yet another Green Field in the East of the borough over there in Ewhurst was about to bite the dust – and then, would you Adam and Eve it… it was REFUSED by 16 votes to two – by Waverley’s Joint Planning committee.
After the severe drubbing it was given for approving 51 houses on a green field in the little village of Alfold just two weeks ago, it would have been a brave, a very brave, committee to have incurred the wrath of Ewhurst people too.
Sing along with Mary – a campaigner against building on green fields.
https://waverleyweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/tom-jones-green-green-grass-of-home.mp3
In the face of strong support from WBC planning officers’ led by its newly appointed Chief Planning Officer Elizabeth Sims. (Shame on you Liz, and you in your first week in your new job, and your colleagues, all determined to see another green field go under concrete – doesn’t say much for the boroughs future under your leadership does it?)
However, there were no holds barred when Miller Homes’ application to build on fields behind Backward Point, Cranleigh Road, Ewhurst, went before the committee last night!
Almost to a man and a woman, councillors came out guns a’ablazing to oppose the development. Despite officers’ advice that it was a “sustainable site” close to the village, with good transport links, and advice from Surrey County Council Highways “experts,” that the access onto the Cranleigh Road and the access road to the site behind were safe.
This was rubbished by almost everyone – including Bypass Byham (Con, Bramley,) who only a couple of weeks earlier was perfectly happy to grant 51 homes on the dangerous Loxwood Road, in Alfold adjacent to a dangerous bend where a ~Loxwood family, including two children, died! Where there is no school, no transport links, and not much of anything really!
He called the Ewhurst access, “bizarre,” and the Cranleigh HGV expert Stewart Stennett sited a dozen reasons why the access would not work. “If a refuse truck travelling from Cranleigh had to drive into that access road it could not do so without crossing to the other side of the road, which it must not do” he warned his colleagues.
Councillor Mary Foryweski (Con Cranleigh East) said the scheme was,
Unimaginative, SHE doubted whether it was viable, the density was too high on yet “another” green field, that would urbanise a lovely village. “I know some of us are getting a bit of a reputation for being anti-development, but we are not, but we are constantly faced with this type of boring development on green fields and it is becoming very – “BORING”
Councillor Carole Cockburn (Con Farnham) agreed. “Ewhurst is a beautiful village and urbanisation is the one thing this pretty village just does not need.” To build on this tranquil site would be a step too far.”
The local member Councillor Val Henry said – building on a Green Lung adjacent to the Ewhurst Recreation Ground would be wrong. The density – twice that of surrounding properties – was too high, the access unsuitable, and the roads within the development too narrow. Others echoed her concerns, and took issue with the Highway Authority’s support for the scheme. However, they were warned by Officer Sims – not to challenge the opinion of the experts!
Others claimed that a similar – but much smaller application for 13 houses on the same site had been recommended for refusal by officers, and councillors claimed the advice they were now being given was, “inconsistent.”
So…the desecration of a green field site has been avoided … but for how long? With no Daft Local Plan, a new Chief Planning Officer determined to support development on green fields, even though the application was introduced by an officer saying it was the Council’s “strongly ” preferred policy that future housing should be built on brown field sites rather than green fields, – they then proceeded to recommend approval! Why! Because WBC’s cannot demonstrate that it has a five year land supply!
Well! Get one then! – on all the brownfield sites you have that you have in Waverley Ms Sims – or you will have more than angry folk here in Farnham in the West and Cranleigh in the East to contend with!
Could it now be Ewhurst’s turn to face the bulldozers?
LET’S HOPE THEY HAVE BETTER LUCK IN EWHURST THAN THEY DID IN ALFOLD?
Following the unpopular decision by Waverley’s Joint Planning Committee to grant permission for 55 houses in Alfold just a week ago…
…read hereTen out of Ten for Trying Councillor Deanus!
TONIGHT,Tuesday, the very same committee will be considering an application by Millbrook Homes for 31 homes on a green field site behind Backward Point, Cranleigh Road, Ewhurst.
Well there you are then – if you cannot be bothered to read all the reasons why Waverley Council want another green field to be built on and why the officers’ have made a recommendation to councillors that it should be approved – here they are in a nutshell :
No objection from WBC planning “experts” because they have No Local Plan and No five year housing land supply.
No objection from Surrey County Council’s Highway Authority!
No objection from Thames Water – despite there being a very real problem at the Cranleigh Sewerage Works.
No objection from a variety of other statutory agencies.
No Objection from the Environmental Health Dept of WBC.
There is plenty of objection from the Locals almost 90 at publication of this post – including the village leaders at Ewhurst Parish Council. This is what it said…
However the bungs from the developers’ are as follows:
So there you are then … Officers’ recommendation to grant permission, backed by the highway authority – here are the people you need to write to …and quick! Otherwise another green field could bite the dust?
rosaleenegan4 on ‘Your Waverley’ ha…
Cllr Paul Follows on Don’t despair – th…
Cllr Paul Follows on ‘Your Waverley’ ha…
waverleyweb on ‘Your Waverley’ ha…
‘Your Waverley’ has won the Supermarket Sweep.
Don’t despair – there’s help out there in ‘Your Waverley.’
Subsidised school meals – v- subsidised MP’s meals?
NEWSFLASH! The Hon Angie has dumped TWITTER!
Marshals needed to aid the vaccination centres.
WaverleyWeb Monthly
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Motorola Moto X Release Date, Specs and Footage Leaked
Jul 12, 2013 18:55 EDT
The Last 24 hours have been a flurry of leaks of the much anticipated Google Flagship Motorola Moto X . Leaked roadmap from Verizon indicated the Moto X to have a release date of somewhere in August. If rumours are to be believed the date is 'August 23'.
Leaked Specs indicate that Google’s Flagship Smartphone will have a 720p OLED display ranging anywhere from 4.3 to 4.7 Inches. It is also rumoured to have NFC, Bluetooth 4.0, 802.11ac Wifi and Dual Antenna. As of yet Reports indicate that it will ship with Android 4.2.2, though it might be Android 4.2.3.
Moto X Video
Recently leaked footage shows Motorola Executive wielding the Moto X itself. For the the complete video head on to his Google Plus page. Though the video is not very clear the device in the hands of the executive is obviously the Moto X compared to the previously leaked photos of the same.
As we wait for the Official Unveiling of the Motorola Moto X, it seems that Google’s New Flagship will be provided a huge 500 million dollars worth of funds for its marketing campaign. Since Motorola has been acquired by Google Inc the Moto X has been awaited as the leading standard in next generation smart phones and early reports support the claim. Now that it has come to light that Google is dishing out upwards of 500 million dollars to market the Moto X, it raises interesting questions about the phones design, performance and price.
Rumours indicate the Moto X to be priced upward of 599 $ (Contract based price will be considerably
lower rumoured to be around $199) and to have quite a handful of new features. It appears that the Moto X will be “contextually aware”, meaning that it will be aware of its surroundings; the Moto X will know if you are in a car or walking on the road.
It also raises the interesting question whether Google is spending 500 Million dollars to Market Moto X or save a flailing company it recently acquired. This massive figure compares with the yearlong spending of Apple (333 Million) and Samsung (401 Million).
The Moto X will also be free of bloatware apps or at least have a massively reduced quantity. It will even have laser engraving and case customisation options. The specs of the Moto X are rumoured to be equivalent to Google Nexus 4, not counting the new and mysterious ‘surrounding’ sensors.
The hype around Google’s new flagship is beginning and though reports indicate nothing to the contrary it better live up to the hype.
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Google Pixel 5 Pro With Snapdragon 865, 256GB Storage, No Visible Front Camera, Spotted in Live Image Leak
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City Adopts New Framework to Keep Pedestrians and Cyclists Moving Safely
COVID-19 | July 10, 2020
The City of Mississauga is moving forward with an Active Transportation COVID-19 Recovery Framework following approval of a report that was brought to Council this week. Starting this summer, the City will introduce more short-term and long-term active transportation options for cyclists and pedestrians that allow for safe physical distancing. Residents can look forward to Quiet Streets that limit vehicle traffic, temporary road closures that provide more space for cyclists and pedestrians and 17.9 km of new separated and on-road bike lanes that will be installed by the end of the year.
“Our efforts continue to build cities for people and ensure our residents can continue to travel safely and comfortably around our city while respecting physical distancing,” said Mayor Bonnie Crombie. “It’s especially important now that we are in Stage 2 and are further reopening our economy that we provide residents with more ways to move. During this pandemic, communities like ours have seen cycling increase by as much as 60 per cent. This framework responds to those needs and will work to provide our residents with more options to travel around our City comfortably while providing relief for our busy sidewalks, multi-use trails and enhancing access to local amenities.”
Throughout the spring, the City installed temporary active transportation lanes in Wards 4, 7 and 9 to give local pedestrians and cyclists more space to practise physical distancing. The framework allows for the introduction of more short-term options in the form of temporary road closures and Quiet Streets. Temporary road closures will help reduce crowding in Mississauga hotspots, particularly on weekends. Quiet Streets, which temporarily limit vehicle traffic to local traffic only, will provide more space for cyclists, walkers and runners to safely and comfortably use the road.
“Active transportation will shape how residents move around Mississauga during recovery and beyond,” said Geoff Wright, Commissioner, Transportation and Works. “We’ll be expanding Mississauga’s cycling network long-term. By adding 17.9 km of new on-road bicycle lanes and separated bicycle lanes by the end of the year, we permanently increase the City’s on-road bicycle lane network by 30 per cent.”
Based on data from Peel Public Health and the City’s transportation planning teams, locations for the projects outlined in the framework have been selected using criteria that includes: population density, vehicle ownership per household, commute distances and potential risk of COVID-19 exposure. Locations were also chosen to help fill gaps in Mississauga’s existing cycling network.
In addition to consulting Peel Public Health, several key City strategic initiatives support the rapid expansion of the cycling network in Mississauga, including the Cycling Master Plan, the Climate Change Action Plan, the Transportation Master Plan and Vision Zero. The Mississauga Cycling Advisory Committee was also consulted in the development of the framework.
“Staff from across the organization have listened to residents and we recognize the immediate need for more options to travel safely by bike or foot, in both the long-term and the short-term,” said Helen Noehammer, Director, Infrastructure Planning and Engineering Services. “We’re reprioritizing our work plans and using relatively simple materials, available budget and existing contracts in order to accelerate this work.”
No new funding is required for the projects identified in the framework. Estimated to cost $1.3 million, budget for the projects will come from existing funding sources, with $830,000 coming from the Federal Gas Tax Reserve Fund and $470,000 coming from the Development Charges Reserve Fund.
Noehammer added, “The installation of additional cycling infrastructure will lead to operational impacts. We’re continuing to finalize what dedicated year-round maintenance of this infrastructure will look like, especially in the spring and winter.”
To stay up-to-date on COVID-19 impacts on City services, visit mississauga.ca/recovery and follow the City on Twitter @citymississauga.
Megan Schabla
Communications Co-ordinator
megan.schabla@mississauga.ca
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The Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Fund Act
S.M. 2013, c. 30
Bill 13, 3rd Session, 40th Legislature
Table of Contents Bilingual (PDF)
(Assented to December 5, 2013)
The following definitions apply in this Act.
"fish enhancement initiative" means
(a) a project or program to conserve or increase fish populations;
(b) a project or program to protect, manage or restore fish habitats;
(c) a study of fish populations or habitats;
(d) angler education programs; and
(e) the acquisition, by purchase, lease or other means, of property or an interest in property in order to protect a critical fish habitat. (« initiative de mise en valeur du poisson »)
"fund" means the Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Fund established under section 2. (« Fonds »)
"prescribed" means prescribed by regulation.
"wildlife enhancement initiative" means
(a) a project or program to conserve or increase wildlife populations;
(b) a project or program to protect, manage or restore wildlife habitats, including the construction or maintenance of infrastructure in wildlife management areas;
(c) a study of wildlife populations or habitats;
(d) hunter and trapper education programs; and
(e) the acquisition, by purchase, lease or other means, of property or an interest in property in order to protect a critical wildlife habitat. (« initiative de mise en valeur de la faune »)
Fund established
The Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Fund is hereby established for the purpose of supporting fish and wildlife enhancement initiatives and government fish hatcheries.
Control and supervision of fund
The fund is under the control and supervision of the minister. The money in the fund is to be deposited with the Minister of Finance and held in trust for the purposes of this Act in a separate account in the Consolidated Fund.
Accounts in fund
The fund contains the following separate accounts:
(a) the fish enhancement account;
(b) the wildlife enhancement account.
Payments into fund
Despite The Financial Administration Act,
(a) the following are to be paid or credited to the fish enhancement account in the fund:
(i) a prescribed amount of the fee for every fishing licence,
(ii) a prescribed amount of the fee for a prescribed licence, permit, certificate or other authorization respecting or involving fish,
(iii) a gift, donation, grant, bequest or contribution to the fisheries enhancement account,
(iv) any amounts authorized by an Act of the Legislature to be so paid and applied,
(v) interest and other income earned on the amounts paid or credited to the fisheries enhancement account; and
(b) the following are to be paid or credited to the wildlife enhancement account in the fund:
(i) a prescribed amount of the fee for every hunting and trapping licence,
(ii) a prescribed amount of the fee for a prescribed licence, permit, certificate or other authorization respecting or involving wildlife,
(iii) a prescribed amount of a royalty payable in relation to wildlife,
(iv) a gift, donation, grant, bequest or contribution to the wildlife enhancement account,
(v) any amounts authorized by an Act of the Legislature to be so paid and applied,
(vi) interest and other income earned on the amounts paid or credited to the wildlife enhancement account.
Payments from fund
Payments from the fund are to be made by the Minister of Finance on the requisition of the minister. Payments may be made from
(a) the fish enhancement account to
(i) support fish enhancement initiatives,
(ii) pay the costs of administering this Act in relation to fish enhancement initiatives, and
(iii) support the construction, operation and maintenance of government fish hatcheries; and
(b) the wildlife enhancement account to
(i) support wildlife enhancement initiatives, and
(ii) pay the costs of administering this Act in relation to wildlife enhancement initiatives.
Committee established
The Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Committee is hereby established.
The Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Committee consists of the following, all of whom are appointed by the minister:
(a) the chair;
(b) the members of the Fish Enhancement Subcommittee;
(c) the members of the Wildlife Enhancement Subcommittee.
List of nominees
The minister may request organizations that represent anglers, hunters and trappers to each provide a list of persons who may be appointed to a subcommittee.
Membership of Fish Enhancement Subcommittee
A majority of the members appointed to the Fish Enhancement Subcommittee must be nominees of organizations representing anglers. No more than nine persons may be appointed to this subcommittee.
Membership of Wildlife Enhancement Subcommittee
A majority of the members appointed to the Wildlife Enhancement Subcommittee must be nominees of organizations representing hunters or trappers. No more than nine persons may be appointed to this subcommittee.
The chair must not be a nominee of an organization representing anglers, hunters or trappers. The chair is to preside at all meetings of each subcommittee, but he or she does not have a vote on any decision by a subcommittee respecting the recommendation of enhancement initiative proposals.
A member of the Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Committee may be appointed for a term not exceeding three years.
Appointment continues
A member whose term of office expires continues to hold office until he or she is re-appointed or a successor is appointed.
Re-appointment
A member whose term of office expires may be re-appointed for one further term of three years.
Vice-chair
The members of each subcommittee must elect one of their members as vice-chair, to act if the chair is absent or unable to act.
Review of fish enhancement proposals
The Fish Enhancement Subcommittee must review all proposals for fish enhancement initiatives that seek funding from the fund and recommend initiatives for funding.
Review of wildlife enhancement proposals
The Wildlife Enhancement Subcommittee must review all proposals for wildlife enhancement initiatives that seek funding from the fund and recommend initiatives for funding.
Recommendations re proposals
The Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Committee must provide the minister with each subcommittee's funding recommendations respecting enhancement initiative proposals.
Minister to consider recommendations
The minister must take the recommendations provided by the Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Committee into account when determining the fish and wildlife enhancement initiatives that will receive funding from the fund.
Deadline for decisions
The minister must make a decision on which fish and wildlife enhancement initiatives are to receive funding from the fund no later than 60 days after the recommendations have been received from the Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Committee.
For each fiscal year, the annual report of the department over which the minister presides must include a report on the accounts and transactions of the fund and the fish and wildlife enhancement initiatives that received support from the fund.
(a) respecting the submission of proposals for fish or wildlife enhancement initiatives seeking funding from the fund;
(b) defining any word or term used but not defined in this Act;
(c) prescribing anything referred to in this Act as being prescribed;
(d) respecting any matter necessary or advisable to carry out the purposes of this Act.
This Act may be referred to as chapter F87 of the Continuing Consolidation of the Statutes of Manitoba.
This Act comes into force on a day to be fixed by proclamation.
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What's an AAAA resource record? What role do AAAA records have? Should you add one to your site?
Each device that's connected to the web has a specific identifier known as IP (Internet Protocol) address. This includes personal computers, web servers, smart phones, switches, etc. The pool of IPs, that was introduced initially, is already distributed, hence the so-called IPv4 IP addresses are gradually being replaced with IPv6 addresses. Every domain name that opens a website comes with an IP record, which is the address of the server where it's hosted. With the IPv4 system, the record is called A and it is made up of four sets of numbers from 1 to 255 divided using a dot, while within the IPv6 system it's called AAAA and it consists of 8 groups of hexadecimal numbers i.e. this sort of records use numbers from 0 to 9 and letters from A to F. An illustration of an AAAA record is 2010:0c48:43d3:2142:1012:8c3a:2475:2435 and this format works with a considerably bigger number of IPs when compared with the IPv4 format.
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By agencyfaqs! Published: 30 Aug 2005, 5:30 AM IST
Ad industry prepares to attend 4th Subhas Ghosal Foundation Lecture
Noted filmmaker Shyam Benegal will speak on the occasion, and look at the road Indian cinema has taken from traditional times to postmodernity
In its fourth year, the annual Subhas Ghosal Foundation Lecture promises to be even more informative and exciting than ever before. Speaking on the occasion will be noted filmmaker Shyam Benegal, who will throw light on ‘Communications and Culture: Tradition, Modernity and Postmodernism in Indian Cinema’.
The last three years have seen eloquent personalities such as Allen Thomas, Prannoy Roy and Gurcharan Das speak at the event.
Titoo Ahluwalia, founder trustee, Subhas Ghosal Foundation, says, “This is the first time that the session will have a speaker who started out in advertising, and is also a noted filmmaker today.”
“Shyam Benegal has an understanding of communication combined with great intellectual capability. He is the perfect man for this year’s lecture,” adds Ahluwalia.
The who’s who of the advertising and media industry such as Mike Khanna, Piyush Pandey, Amin Sayani, Sam Balsara, Ranjan Kapur and Mohammed Khan are expected to grace the event. Besides these, around 300 senior advertising and marketing executives from cities such as Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata will also attend the event.
Shyam Benegal says, “Unfortunately, I have not been able to attend the previous lectures. However, I take it as an honour to deliver the prestigious speech this year.”
Benegal will address the issue of transition in Indian cinema, and how sensibilities and points of view have changed over the years.
“I will be talking from my own experience,” explains Benegal. “Initially, we had traditional cinema brought in by the likes of Satyajit Ray. Then sensibilities changed, and we entered the ‘modern’ phase. Today, we have leapt beyond that, and are in the postmodern era, which involves a different way of thinking altogether. We will be taking a broad sweep and looking at cinema historically and how far it has come today.”
The lecture, sponsored by ‘Rajasthan Patrika’ and ITC, and supported by the Advertising Club, Mumbai, and agencyfaqs.com, will be held at the Ballroom, ITC Grand Central (Parel) on September 6 at 7 pm. The tickets are priced at Rs 750 each. For further information, Sanjeev Azad can be contacted at sanjeevazad@subhasghosalfoundation.com.
© 2005 agencyfaqs!
ITCMumbaiPiyush PandeySam BalsaraPrannoy RoyRanjan KapurNew DelhiKolkataMohammed KhanBangaloreChennaiMike KhannaTitoo AhluwaliaShyam BenegalAdvertising ClubSubhas Ghosal FoundationSanjeev AzadAmin SayaniAllen ThomasGurcharan Das‘Rajasthan Patrika’
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Gondwanamyia, a new empidoid (Diptera) genus of uncertain placement
Sinclair, B.J., Cumming, J.M., Brooks, S.E., Plant, A.R., Saigusa, T. (2016). Gondwanamyia, a new empidoid (Diptera) genus of uncertain placement, 2016(621), 137-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.621.10115
© Bradley J. Sinclair et al. A new minute-size empidoid fly genus, Gondwanamyia gen. n. and two new species (G. chilensis Cumming & Saigusa, sp. n., G. zealandica Sinclair & Brooks, sp. n.) are described, illustrated, and their distributions mapped. The family and subfamily assignments remain uncertain, but features of the female terminalia potentially suggest Trichopezinae (Brachystomatidae).
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Key Aero
Airports International
ATCA Annual
Air International Magazine
Air Traffic Management Magazine
Airports International Magazine
Sikorsky’s S-70i achieves success
BACKPAGES
An artist’s impression of an S-70i Firehawk in the colours of the LA County Fire Department.
IN DECEMBER 2017, Sikorsky delivered two S-70i Black Hawk helicopters to the Los Angeles County Fire Department and received an order for a third from the City of San Diego. All three helicopters are to be converted to Firehawk configuration for firefighting duties.
The two S-70is delivered to the LA County Fire Department will complement three earlier S-70A helicopters that have also been modified to the Firehawk configuration. The two new helicopters will be modified during 2018 by a specialised outfitter and fitted with a belly tank capable of holding 1,000 US gallons (3,785 litres) of water, extended landing gear, a single-pilot cockpit and a cabin interior optimised for medical transportation.
LA Country Fire Department’s Air and Wildlife Division Deputy Chief, Thomas Ewald said: “We are very happy to take delivery of these two new Firehawk aircraft. With the recent catastrophic wildland fires in Los Angeles and the Southern California region, the need for additional effective fire-fighting resources, such as the S-70i Firehawk, is readily apparent. These two additional aircraft will enhance our existing fleet and strengthen both our day and night aerial fire-fighting capability, ultimately improving our ability to protect the lives and property of our citizens.”
On December 13, the San Diego City Council voted to approve the purchase of a single S-70i helicopter in baseline configuration, which, like the two Los Angeles-based aircraft, will be modified to Firehawk configuration by a specialist outfitter after it is delivered in 2018.
Sikorsky President Dan Schultz said: “When configured for its aerial fire-fighting mission, the Firehawk helicopter will give the City of San Diego a state-of-the-art platform proven to fight fires from the air and perform other life-saving missions.” With the decision, the City of San Diego became the second customer for the S-70i version of the Firehawk in 2017, behind Los Angeles.
San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer said: “As wildfires continue to ravage our state, we must do everything in our power to make sure the San Diego region is as prepared as possible for the next major fire. We must continue to ensure our firefighters have the most advance tools at their disposal to keep San Diegans safe. This new Firehawk helicopter is going to take our aerial fire-fighting capabilities to the next level.”
The S-70i Firehawk features wider chord main rotor blades, uprated General Electric GE-T701D engines, a glass cockpit with a digital automatic flight control system and an integrated vehicle health management system. The helicopters are new-build aircraft from Sikorsky’s production line and customers in the United States can select a range of mission-specific preferences within the baseline configuration.
City of San Diego Fire Chief Brian Fennessy said: “The Firehawk configuration of the Black Hawk is the most capable multimission, fire-fighting helicopter available, with proven military-grade capabilities. Fires are spreading faster and getting larger. The need for aircraft to carry more water has become critical.” Nigel Pittaway
Originally published in AIR International Magazine
More about AIR International Magazine and where to buy.
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Islam in the UK
UK: ANOTHER MUSLIM CUTS OFF ANOTHER HEAD…….
Islam in the UK Muslim Criminality UK UK. Muslims in the UK
Islam 101 = diminished capacity to think straight
Teenager was still alive as boyfriend started to cut off her head with a knife before stabbing himself in the chest, court hears
Aras Hussein, 21, allegedly decapitated Reema Ramzan, 18, at his flat in Sheffield then stabbed himself in the chest
He was seen by neighbours naked and covered in blood, court hears
Hussein ‘had previously blackmailed girlfriend with sexual photographs’
By HUGO GYE
PUBLISHED: 16:00 GMT, 1 April 2014 | UPDATED: 17:31 GMT, 1 April 2014
Victim: Reema Ramzan was killed by her boyfriend Aras Hussein in June last year, a court heard
A man decapitated his teenage girlfriend while she was still alive then stabbed himself in the chest, a court heard today.
Aras Hussein, 21, had allegedly blackmailed 18-year-old Reema Ramzan by taking sexual photographs of her and threatening to share them with her family if she broke up with him.
Sheffield Crown Court was told that on June 4 last year, he killed her by cutting off her head with a knife before inflicting stab wounds on himself.
Prosecutor Graham Reeds QC outlined the case against Iraqi-born Hussein, who denies murder and actual bodily harm.
‘Bruising into tissue wounds suggest that Reema was still alive as the defendant started to remove her head,’ the lawyer said.
‘The process of decapitation would require considerable motion with corresponding considerable force which needed to be sustained until all the tissues had been cut through.
‘Force would also be needed to restrain the victim who is likely to have been struggling. Severe force would have been needed to cut through the spinal vertebrae with a knife in order to remove the head.’
Mr Reeds told the jury that Hussein was seen naked outside his flat in Sheffield with blood pouring out of his chest, and told emergency workers: ‘I don’t know why I did it.
‘She like me but I raped her. What I did was wrong. I need punishing for it.’
He also allegedly asked the paramedics: ‘Why are you helping me? I’ve murdered someone.’
The lawyer said Hussein was likely to claim he was suffering from diminished responsibility due to schizophrenia at the time of the attack.
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Follow the 2012 presidential candidacy of former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich in our selection of audio clips and coverage.
P.O. Box 550769, Atlanta, GA 30355 (678) 973-2306
http://www.newt.org/
Michigan Democrats need a new game plan
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TWEBT Tech News
Attensity Announces the Attensity Pipeline, Powering Real-Time Social Media Analytics and Engagement for the Enterprise
Posted by TWEBT Posted on July 21, 2012
Attensity, the leading provider of social analytics and engagement applications for Social CRM, today announced the general availability of the Attensity Pipeline, the world’s first real-time, semantically annotated social media data stream built to meet the demands of today’s largest enterprises. The Attensity Pipeline collects data from more than 150 million social media and online sources including the full Twitter Firehose, public Facebook and Google Plus posts, blogs, forums, and video and review sites. It uses the full power of Attensity’s patented semantic engines to transform the chaos of social chatter into actionable information for the enterprise. This new backend component enables both deep analytics and routing and response to be performed against the universe of social media conversations in seconds, as they happen.
“The Attensity Pipeline is the first social data stream purpose-built for the needs of today’s enterprise organizations, going beyond mere data sifting to code every useful entity, relationship, event, and category in a document, and making that data immediately actionable for business users,” said Catherine van Zuylen, Attensity’s vice president of product management. “Think of it as a unique barcode for every single tweet or other form of social communication. This is a sea change in architecture for real-time analytics and engagement.”
Key capabilities of the Attensity Pipeline include:
Filtering to eliminate irrelevant results and spam
Automatic identification, extraction, and tagging of the key sentiments, people, places, products, companies, events and relationships found in the data using Attensity’s patented natural language processing engines
Additional data augmentation, including geographics, demographics, and influencer metrics.
The Attensity Pipeline normalizes all data into a common JSON format to make consuming the data much simpler, allowing the Pipeline to act as a single social data feed for the entire enterprise, replacing the need for multiple feeds for various point solutions in different departments. Results from the Attensity Pipeline are currently fed to Attensity Analyze, including its Attensity Command Center component for real-time social analytics, with the capability coming soon to deliver results to companion Attensity Social CRM application, Attensity Respond. These applications in turn can also feed into other business applications such as CRM, business intelligence and data warehousing systems.
A beta version of the Attensity Pipeline has been available since January to Attensity’s global enterprise customers and strategic partners using Attensity Command Center. The Pipeline powered the Attensity Command Center used by EMC Corporation to analyze real-time social conversations among the 15,000 attendees at the EMC World 2012 conference in May. Earlier this month, EMC used the Attensity Pipeline-fueled Command Center in the company’s new Silicon Valley Executive Briefing Center during the U.S. Open golf tournament sponsored by EMC.
“EMC views social media analytics as a strategic capability for understanding and communicating with our customers,” said Keith Paul, Chief Listener at EMC. “We are excited to be the first in our industry to utilize the power of the Attensity Pipeline and Command Center for social media feedback from our customers.”
The Attensity Pipeline is available as a component of Attensity Analyze now and priced based on content volume. Contact Attensity for details.
Attensity will host a webinar led by Catherine van Zuylen on July 25 to demonstrate and discuss the Attensity Pipeline. Complimentary registration is at: http://www.attensity.com/2012/06/27/introducing-attensity-pipeline/
About Attensity™
Attensity’s social analytics and engagement solutions are the choice of the world’s leading brands for Social CRM. Attensity is the only company that gives business users the ability to analyze millions of real-time customer conversations from any online, social media or internal source, and extract the industry’s most accurate insights to drive business decisions. From its headquarters in Palo Alto, Calif., Attensity is powering the Social CRM strategies of companies such as Charles Schwab, EMC, JetBlue Airways, Lloyd’s Banking Group, Siemens, Starwood Hotels & Resorts, StubHub, Travelocity and Whirlpool. Visit www.attensity.com and follow the company at blog.attensity.com, on Twitter @Attensity, and on facebook.com/Attensity.
ViaBTC Reached Strategic Cooperation with AntSentry, a Subsidiary of Bitmain
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Tracy’s Web Technology, is a Northwest Indiana business based on Web Development and the Internet, that specializes in meeting associations’ unique Internet needs.
ViaBTC Reached Strategic Cooperation with AntSentry, a Subsidiary of Bitmain on 16th January, 2021
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tastyworks Announces Breakthrough in Brokerage Technology on 14th January, 2021
Tracy's Web Technology - © Copyright 2020
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Hospitality sector welcomes Brexit agreement | News
By Miki Mo
Miki Mo
The hospitality industry has welcomed agreement in discussions between the UK and European Union on a future trading relationship.
Following the departure of the UK from the EU earlier this year, relations have been in a transition period.
This comes to an end on December 31st, with an agreement now in place for the next phase.
The full text of the deal, which has been greeted with relief by the travel sector, can be seen here.
Commenting on the news, Gloria Guevara, WTTC chief executive, said: “The whole tourism sector will be breathing a sigh of relief that the EU and UK government have been able to agree a deal at the eleventh hour.
“It is good news for a sector which has been crippled by the Covid-19 pandemic and which feared the consequences of a no-deal Brexit.
“Thankfully, this worrying outcome has been avoided and now the sector can look ahead to 2021 with more confidence.
“But British holidaymakers could face higher health costs and added red tape.
“The devil will be in the detail of the deal – and only time will tell what the true consequences are for travellers.”
She added: “WTTC stands ready to work closely with governments and other key organisations in tourism to help implement testing and WTTC Safe Travels protocols to enable the recovery of the sector.”
The sentiments were echoed by ABTA, which represents travel agents across the UK.
An ABTA spokesperson said: “It is vital that we avoid additional uncertainty for the travel industry at a time when businesses are struggling with the impact of Covid-19.
“While there will still be changes, and businesses need to prepare for those, securing a deal will ensure that vital transport links are maintained, and provide at least some basis for the continued entry of tourism workers from the UK into the EU.
“ABTA will now be looking closely at the details to understand fully what this means for travel businesses and travellers.
“We will provide our Members with updated guidance and information in the coming days.”
ABTA said comprehensive advice for customers travelling to the European Union from January 1st could be found here.
The trade body pointed out the need for customers to take out travel insurance, rather than relying on an EHIC card, and to ensure passports have at least six months of validity.
Consumer organisation Which? said it was also standing by to help where needed.
Rocio Concha, director of policy and advocacy at Which?, said: “The news of a deal means that consumers can breathe a sigh of relief, as they will avoid the cost of a no-deal
Brexit to their pockets and their consumer rights.
“Crucially, the announcement that people will continue to benefit from zero tariffs on goods from the EU is positive for consumers, as many will be keeping a close eye on their finances heading into the new year.
“Even with a deal, people may still see fundamental changes compared to what they have been used to.
“We will be closely scrutinising the details of the deal when it is published to establish the true implications for consumers and continuing to provide advice to help people navigate this new landscape.”
Image: Pippa Fowles/Xinhua News Agency/PA Images
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Family Options: Finding the Best Interventions to End Homelessness for Families
More than 150,000 families in America experience homelessness each year.
Abt researched the most effective ways to reduce family homelessness.
Long-term housing subsidies are the best option to benefit families.
More than 150,000 families experience homelessness each year and are forced to seek emergency shelter or face life on the street. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development wanted to understand the most effective options to help these families.
The Family Options Study helped provide answers to that question. Researchers from Abt and Vanderbilt University gathered evidence about which housing and services interventions worked best for homeless families. From September 2010 through January 2012, we enrolled 2,282 families in a random assignment study in 12 communities. Our final survey, conducted three years after enrollment, measured the impact of alternative housing and service interventions on family outcomes.
The study’s results reinforced an earlier short-term outcomes study that found that providing long-term housing subsidies is the best option. We learned that providing families with priority access to long-term housing subsidies not only prevents homelessness but also reduces food insecurity, school moves for children, and intimate partner violence. The study thus provided important evidence for policy makers for future decisions about how to allocate limited resources to fight homelessness.
Journal Article: What Interventions Work Best for Families Who Experience Homelessness?
Family Options Summary Report
Family Options Full Report
Interview with Michelle Wood (2015)
Presentation: Design and Implementation of the Family Options Survey
HUD Webcast: Release of the Family Options Survey
Housing & Communities
Housing As a Platform for Well-Being
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During a period of adjustment, we're unable to ship watches to the EU. There may also be a slight delay to deliveries of straps & accessories. Apologies for any inconvenience caused.
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Monopoussoir | H39 | palladium
Limited to 19 pieces
Default Title - Sold Regular price
Click for 360° view
Believed to be limited to 19 pieces, this Roger Dubuis Hommage Monopusher integrates a range of unusual and attractive features, from its 39mm palladium case to the asymmetrical placement of its pusher. Powered by the calibre RD 50, only found in these asymmetrical monopushers, it represents the earliest brush strokes of the watchmaker.
The origin of Roger Dubuis
Roger Dubuis started his career at Longines, in the late 1950s, where he spent close to a decade in the after-sales department, repairing and caring for the brand's watches, including their prestigious chronographs. Shortly thereafter, he integrated Patek Philippe's complications department, where he has the opportunity to work on gongs, minute repeaters and perpetual calendars, among others. His time there coincided with the production of some of the manufacture's most sought-after, complicated models - from the ref. 2499 to the ref. 3448 - which Dubuis himself had the opportunity to work on.
Dubuis' enthusiasm for watchmaking was such that, when he had finished working a full day at the atelier, he would go home and work on repairing watches for private clients, auction houses and dealers around Geneva. In the '80s, he left Patek Philippe to establish his own workshop, dedicating himself fully to the restoration of pieces from the past. In 1995, following a partnership with businessman Carlos Dias, he would establish his own eponymous brand.
The first Roger Dubuis watches were acclaimed by collectors because they channelled the traditional Geneva watchmaking that Patek Philippe embodied, while having more stylistic flair. Dubuis' attempt to rival Patek Philippe themselves was obvious in some of his choices, from seeking the Geneva Seal for his movements to designing deployante buckles. In particular, the Hommage watches, as the name suggests, were designed as a homage to the great watchmakers of old, according to Mr Dubuis.
In 2003, after only eight years, Roger Dubuis himself left his eponymous brand. Though his output in the earliest days of the brand was limited, the design and quality of the pieces he produced have stood the test of time.
The Monopusher
Roger Dubuis produced a small handful of monopusher chronographs during the earliest days of the brand. While most of these integrate the pusher within the crown at 3 o'clock, a few were also produced with the pusher placed at 2 o'clock, in an asymmetrical position. The former integrates the RD Calibre 65, based on the Lemania 2310, whilst the latter is powered by the RD Calibre 50, based on the Lemania 2220 (in many ways the predecessor of the 2310).
Traditionally, it is understood that each variant of the Hommage series was limited to 28 pieces. However, these asymmetrical monopushers are believed to have been limited to 19 pieces in each variant, rather than 28, making these pieces as rare as they are attractive. This specific example is one of the first five in the series, as indicated by the number on the movement ("N.0X"). These asymmetrical monopushers are also the only early Roger Dubuis pieces housed in a 39mm case, with others usually coming in 34, 37 or 40mm.
The dial design is that of a two-register chronograph, with a cream dial and polished white gold details, including applied Roman numerals at 12 and 6 o'clock. The chronograph sub-dials are lightly recessed, lending some depth to the overall design. The feuille hands are white-gold, while the chronograph hand is blued. A tachymeter scale is printed around the periphery, executed in a classic font found throughout the dial.
The case is very distinct with its polished, stepped concave bezel and polished lugs. It’s also made of palladium - a rare white metal which resembles platinum, yet is considerably lighter, harder and more resistant to scratches. Usually found in white or rose gold, early Roger Dubuis pieces in this palladium are rather unusual, with few examples having come to market. A "PD950" hallmark is visible on the top left lug.
The three-piece construction gives the watch a bold presence on the wrist, measuring 39mm in diameter. The pusher at 2 o'clock features a flared finish, reminiscent of the design found on the Patek Philippe ref. 1463 "Tasti Tondi", another subtle hommage to the manufacture. In a continuation of this theme, this Hommage Monopusher also features a palladium deployante clasp, similar to those produced by Patek Philippe at the time.
The watch is powered by the Calibre RD 50, powered by the Lemania 2220, originally created in 1933. It is believed that this calibre was used exclusively within these asymmetrical monopushers, making these movements remarkably limited in number.
The movement bears the Seal of Geneva and was regulated by Roger Dubuis himself. At the time of production, it was only Patek Philippe movements that carried the Geneva Seal, hence why Dubuis felt that it was crucial to have the same hallmark of quality. The seal focuses on the art of decorating a movement with finesse and skill, in the style of Genevan watchmaking.
The complexity of the movement is revealed through an engraved sapphire case-back, featuring a 16 jewel, straight-line lever escapement, a monometallic balance adjusted to five positions, a self-compensating Breguet spring and a swan-neck micrometer regulator. As indicated by the "Bulletin d'Observatoire" signature on the dial, this movement was tested for accuracy at the Besançon Observatory, setting far more exacting standards than a test from the Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres (COSC).
This Roger Dubuis Monopoussoir H39 in palladium is accompanied by its original wooden box, instruction manual and Roger Dubuis service paperwork (from March 2017). It comes on one of our Stockholm straps, with its original palladium deployante buckle.
To find out more about the earliest days of the watchmaker, you can read our article on The Story of early Roger Dubuis.
Brand: Roger Dubuis
Model: Hommage Chronograph Ref. H39
Movement: mechanical manual-winding Cal. RD 50
Functions: monopusher chronograph, hours, minutes, sub-seconds
Features: display back, applied numerals, tachymeter scale
Case: 39mm palladium
Crystal: sapphire front and back
Strap: curved Stockholm strap, Roger Dubuis palladium deployante buckle
Year: c. 2000
Box & papers: original wooden box, instruction manual, Roger Dubuis service paperwork (from March 2017)
This early Roger Dubuis Hommage Monopoussoir is in excellent condition and retains all of its original features. The case is very well preserved, with only light superficial marks visible on the polished surfaces, consistent with occasional wear. It's otherwise free of any marks or grazes. The movement was last serviced in March 2017 at Roger Dubuis. It is guaranteed for authenticity and comes with a two-year warranty from A Collected Man.
All of our pre-owned watches have undergone thorough mechanical inspections, including being ultrasonically cleaned, serviced and resealed if appropriate and tested for at least four days, to ensure they meet our highest timekeeping standards. Our pre-owned and vintage watches, unless stated otherwise, are covered by a full or a limited twenty-four month warranty. For example, due to their age, some vintage watches should not be subjected to the same conditions as when they were new. Please see our Terms & Conditions for further information.
All of our new watches are covered by the warranty from the original manufacturer. Please contact us for further information.
During a period of adjustment, we are unable to ship watches to the EU. We continue to offer express delivery to all other countries.
If ordering from the UK before 1 PM, your watch will be sent the same working day. The courier will depend on the value of the watch, with all watches delivered the next working day.
If ordering from outside Europe, delivery will depend on choice of courier and destination.
Please note that pre-owned goods (in the United Kingdom) are subject to a marginal rate of VAT, which can not be reclaimed. For further information, please see here.
You can cancel your order without giving any reason, within 14 days from the day the watch has been delivered to you.
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