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Upside, The (2017)
Title: The Upside
Directed by: Neil Burger
Written by: Jon Hartmere
Based on the film “Les Intouchables” by: Éric Toledano and Olivier Nakache
Starring: Kevin Hart, Bryan Cranston, Nicole Kidman, Julianna Margulies, and Aja Naomi King
The Upside chronicles the unexpected friendship between Phillip Lacasse (Bryan Cranston), a Park Avenue billionaire left paralyzed after a paragliding accident, and ex-con Dell Scott (Kevin Hart), in need of a fresh start. Newly paroled and in desperate need of a job, Dell is frustrated by the menial opportunities available to an ex-con. After finding himself at the wrong job interview Dell uses his irreverent charisma to charm Phillip, who, despite protests from his chief-of-staff Yvonne (Nicole Kidman), offers him the home aid position.
Despite a rocky start, the two quickly realize how much they can learn from each other’s experiences. From worlds apart, Phillip and Dell form an unlikely bond, bridging their differences and gaining invaluable wisdom in the process, giving each man a renewed sense of passion for all of life’s possibilities.
Memoriam: In Memory of Aretha Franklin
Aja Naomi King
Eric Toledano
Jon Hartmere
Julianna Margulies
Olivier Nakache
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Microsoft word - schuster_mrmc.doc
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, 6, 909-920
S-Layer Proteins as Key Components of a Versatile Molecular
Construction Kit for Biomedical Nanotechnology
B. Schuster*, D. Pum, M. Sára and U.B. Sleytr Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria Abstract: Surface (S)-layer proteins and S-layer fusion proteins incorporating functional sequences, self-assemble into
monomolecular lattices on solid supports and on various lipid structures. Based on these S-layer proteins, supramolecular
assemblies can be constructed which are envisaged for label-free detection systems, as affinity matrix, as anti-allergic
immuno-therapeutics, as membrane protein-based screening devices, and as drug targeting and delivery systems.
Keywords: Crystalline surface layer proteins, artificial virus, biomimetics, bottom-up strategy, S-layer fusion protein,
microspheres-based detoxification system, nanobiotechnology.
2. GENERAL ASPECTS OF S-LAYER PROTEINS
The cross fertilization of biology, molecular biology, Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers, referred to as S- organic chemistry, material sciences, and physics has opened layers [1-3] have now been identified in hundreds of different up significant opportunities for innovation in previously species of bacteria and represent an almost universal feature unrelated fields. In this context, self-assembly is a new and of archaea (Fig. 1) [for reviews see 2, 4-10]. Since S-layers
rapidly growing scientific and engineering discipline that are composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species crosses the boundaries of numerous existing fields. Self- endowed with the ability to assemble into a monomolecular assembly can be defined as a "bottom-up" process by which lattice during all stages of cell growth and cell division, they individual molecules (ranging in size up to large polymers) can be considered as the simplest type of biological become spontaneously organized into supramolecular membranes developed in the course of evolution [for review structures. This alternative to "top-down" processing steps can lead to both, new materials and structures that are not S-layers can be associated with quite different supporting obtained by conventional techniques, and to the ultimate supramolecular structures. In most archaea, S-layers miniaturization of functional units.
represent the only wall component and can be so closely One of the great challenges for nano(bio)technology is associated with the plasma membrane that a hydrophobic the creation of supramolecular materials in which the domain of the constituent subunits is actually integrated into constituent units are highly regular molecular nanostructures.
the lipid layer [6, 8, 12]. In most Gram-positive bacteria the Thus, learning how to create complex and large supra- S-layer is attached to a rigid wall matrix involving lectin molecular structures and the elucidation of rules mediating binding between a glycan (referred to as secondary cell wall their organization into functional materials will offer a broad polymer, SCWP) covalently-attached to the peptidoglycan spectrum of new technologies.
meshwork [13]. In Gram-negative bacterial cell envelopes S-layers are linked to the lipopolysaccharide component of the It is now well-recognized that crystalline bacterial cell outer membrane. In most prokaryotic organisms S-layers surface layers (S-layers) composed of identical protein- have to be considered as non-conservative structures with the aceous subunits represent unique patterning elements and potential to fulfil a broad spectrum of functions [3, 4, 9].
scaffolding structures for nanobiotechnological applications.
Considering that S-layer carrying organisms are ubiquitous The possibility for incorporating single or multifunctional in the biosphere and even dwell under the most extreme domains to S-layer proteins by genetic engineering has led to environmental conditions, the supramolecular concept of a ultimate control and precision in the spatial distribution and dynamic closed crystalline surface layer could have the orientation of molecules and functional domains as required potential to fulfil a broad spectrum of functions. Because S- for life- and non-life science applications. Most relevant, S- layer lattices possess pores identical in size and morphology layers represent the base for very versatile self-assembly in the 2 to 8 nm range, they work as precise molecular sieves systems involving all major species of biological molecules providing sharp cut off levels for the bacterial cell [14]. As such as proteins, lipids, glycans, nucleic acids, and isoporous ultrafiltration membrane they can apparently combination of that.
provide the microorganisms with a selection advantage byfunctioning as protective coats, molecule and ion traps, andas a structure involved in cell adhesion, surface recognition *Address correspondence to this author at the Center for Nano- or antifouling [5, 11, 12, 15]. In those archaea which possess Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences S-layers as exclusive envelope component outside the Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; Tel: ++43-1-47654-2200; Fax: ++43-1-4789112; E-mail: [email protected] cytoplasmic membrane, the crystalline array acts as a frame 2006 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, Vol. 6, No. 8
Schuster et al.
Fig. (1). In (a), freeze-etching preparation of a whole cell of Bacillus sphaericus with a square S-layer lattice is shown. Bar corresponds to
200 nm. Schematic illustration of the supramolecular architecture of the three major classes of prokaryotic cell envelopes containing
crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers). (b) Cell envelope structure of gram-negative archaea with S-layers as the only component
external to the cytoplasmic membrane. (c) Cell envelope as observed in gram-positive archaea and bacteria. In bacteria the rigid wall
component is primarily composed of peptidoglycan. In archaea other wall polymers (e.g. pseudomurein) are found. (d) Cell envelope profile
of gram-negative bacteria composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane. If present, the S-layer is closely associated with
the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane. Modified after Ref. [5], Copyright (1999) with permission from Wiley-VCH.
work that determines and maintains the cell shape and Contrary to the electron microscopical preparation tech- stabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane [16, 17].
niques, scanning force microscopy allows to investigate S-layer monolayers in their native environment [26-28].
From a general point of view S-layers as the most Contact mode microscopy in liquid is most frequently used abundant of bacterial cellular proteins are important model to investigate S-layer protein monolayers at sub-nanometer systems for studying the structure, synthesis, assembly, and resolution. S-layer proteins are highly susceptible towards function of these proteinaceous components. The investi- the applied tip loading forces which shall not exceed 0.5 to 1 gation of the general principles of S-layers also have nN. Ionic content and strength of the buffer solution in the revealed considerable application potential in biotechnology, liquid cell has to be carefully adjusted in order to minimize biomimetics, and nano(bio)technology [11, 15, 18-21].
electrostatic interactions between tip and sample. Silicon 2.1. Structural Analysis of S-Layer Lattices
wafers and mica are the most commonly used substrates forscanning force microscopical investigations since these High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provide hard and very flat surfaces. In particular, silicon and scanning force microscopy (SFM) are commonly used to surfaces are most relevant for nanobiotechnological characterize S-layer protein lattices. In particular, in TEM applications. S-layer proteins recrystallize into large scale the appropriate preparation method is most important for monomolecular protein lattices on silicon, whereas S-layer investigating the ultrastructure of S-layer protein lattices at fragments or self-assembly products are preferably deposited molecular resolution (Fig. 1). Freeze-etching and freeze-
on mica. If S-layer proteins are recrystallized on flat solid drying in combination with heavy metal shadowing are the supports such as silicon wafers, lattice formation can be most straight forward approaches for obtaining information followed in real time [26]. It could be demonstrated that about the lattice type and surface structure of S-layers on crystal growth starts at several distant nucleation points and bacterial cells and S-layer cell wall fragments [1, 22]. These proceeds in-plane until a closed layer of crystalline domains studies revealed that many S-layers show a smooth outer and is formed [26]. The scanning force microscope has been also a more corrugated inner face [23, 24]. This difference is of used as a nano-tool for inducing conformational changes in particular importance when the orientation (sidedness due to S-layer proteins [29, 30]. Furthermore, the capability of attachment of the S-layer subunits via the inner or outer scanning force microscopy to resolve molecular details on surface) of S-layers on artificial substrates has to be deter- biological samples together with its force detection mined. Nevertheless, TEM of frozen hydrated specimens sensitivity has led to the development of the so-called [23-25] yields the highest resolution among all microscopical "topography and recognition mode", a method suitable for techniques. In plane, a resolution of 0.35 nm and in the third visualizing the chemical composition of a sample while dimension 0.7 nm is attainable. In three-dimensional TEM, mapping its topography [31]. It is anticipated that the tilt series of the specimen is recorded under low electron simultaneous investigation of both, topography and dose conditions (usually not more than 1 to 2 electrons per recognition, will allow to elucidate the structure-function Å2). Although quantum noise governs image formation, such relationship of a broad spectrum of biological samples in an low electron doses are mandatory in order to maintain the unsurpassed way.
three-dimensional structure of the proteins [25]. Imageprocessing methods are used to enhance the signal-to-noise 2.2. Self-assembly Properties of S-Layer Proteins
ratio in low dose micrographs.
While many archaeal S-layer proteins are covalently Negative staining is an easy preparation technique in anchored, those of bacteria are non- covalently linked to TEM. Particularly in combination with two and three dimen- each other and to the supporting cell wall component. Thus, sional image reconstruction techniques, it allows high reso- a complete solubilization of S-layers into their constituent lution studies of the ultrastructure of S-layer lattices [23-25].
subunits and release from the bacterial cell envelope can be S-Layer Proteins as Key Components
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, Vol. 6, No. 8 911
achieved by treatment with high concentrations of hydrogen- 25 mol % are charged amino acids, and S-layer proteins bond breaking agents (e. g. urea, guanidinium hydro- possess little or no sulfur-containing amino acids. Secondary chloride), by dramatic changes in the pH-value or in the salt structure predictions of S-layer proteins indicate that about concentration. Upon removal of the disrupting agent, e. g. by 40 % occur as -sheets and approximately 20 % of the amino dialysis, S-layer proteins self-assemble into two dimensional acids are organized as -helices. Most -helical segments arrays [for review see ref. 32]. Such self-assembly products are arranged in the N-terminal part. Aperiodic foldings and may have the form of flat sheets or open-ended cylinders.
-turn content may vary between 5 % and 45 %.
Depending on the particular S-layer protein species used and In order to elucidate the structure-function relationship of on the environmental conditions, monolayers or double distinct segments of S-layer proteins, N- and / or C- layers are formed.
terminally truncated forms were produced and their self- Contrary to the reassembly in solution, prior to assembly and recrystallization properties investigated [44- recrystallization on artificial supports, S-layer proteins must 46]. Another approach was seen in performing a cysteine be kept in a water soluble state. This can either be achieved scanning mutagenesis and screening the accessibility of the in the absence of bivalent cations [33] or by maintaining a single introduced cysteine residue in the soluble, self- sub-critical protein concentration for self-assembly [34]. In assembled and recrystallized S-layer proteins [34]. This addition, in the presence of S-layer-specific SCWPs, the study elucidated which amino acid positions in the primary reassembly in suspension is inhibited, whereas the recrystalli- sequence are located on the outer or inner S-layer surface of zation of soluble S-layer proteins on artificial supports is the subunits, inside the pores, or at the subunit to subunit promoted [13, 34, 35]. The formation of coherent crystalline arrays strongly depends on the S-layer protein species, the The fact that no structural model at atomic resolution of environmental conditions of the bulk phase (e. g. temperature, an S-layer protein is available until now, may be explained pH-value, ion composition and ionic strength) and, in parti- by the molecular mass of the subunits being too large for cular, on the surface properties of the substrate. For example, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, as well as by the the S-layer protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus CCM2177 intrinsic property of S-layer proteins to self-assemble into forms double layers with perfect long range order (up to two dimensional lattices, thereby hindering the formation of several micrometers in diameter) on hydrophilic silicon but isotropic three dimensional crystals as required for X-ray monolayers consisting of 200 to 500 nm sized patches on crystallography. In addition, the low solubility of S-layer proteins is a general hindrance for both methods.
In accordance with S-layer proteins recrystallized on In the case of the S-layer protein SbsC of G . solid substrates, the orientation of the protein arrays stearothermophilus ATCC 12980, water soluble N- or C- (sidedness due to the attachment via the inner or outer terminally truncated forms were used for first three dimen- surface of the S-layer subunits) at liquid interfaces and at sional crystallization studies. Crystals of the C-terminally lipid films is determined by the anisotropy in the physico- chemical surface properties of the protein lattice [for review 31-844 diffracted to a resolution of 3 Å using synchrotron radiation [47]. Native and heavy atom derivative see ref. 36]. For example, the S-layer protein SbsB of data confirmed the results that the N-terminal region is Geobacillus stearothermophilus pv72/p2 reassembles with mainly organized as -helices, whereas the middle and C- its more hydrophobic outer face at the air-water interfaces terminal part of SbsC consist of loops and ß-sheets [47].
while at lipid films with zwitterionic head groups the S-layerlattice is attached with its inner face [37]. The unambiguous The N-terminal region was found to be responsible for determination of the orientation of the S-layer is possible anchoring the S-layer subunits to the underlying rigid cell since it shows oblique lattice symmetry with a characteristic envelope layer by binding to the SCWP. The polymer chains handedness of the proteins. In addition to the formation of are covalently linked to the peptidoglycan backbone which flat S-layer lattices it has also been demonstrated that S-layer occurs most probably via phosphodiester bonds [48].
proteins are able to cover liposomes and nanocapsules Basically, two types of binding mechanisms between the N- completely [38-49]. The S-layer shows facets and numerous terminal part of S-layer proteins and SCWPs have been lattice faults in order to follow the curvature of the spheres.
described [49]. The first one, which involves so-called S- According to the observations with planar lipid films, the layer-homologous (SLH) domains and pyruvylated SCWPs charge of the lipid head groups and the polyelectrolyte [33, 40, 44, 50, 51] has been found to be widespread among determines the orientation of the S-layer protein against the prokaryotes and is considered as having been conserved in liposome and the nanocapsule, respectively [41, 42].
the course of evolution [51]. The second type of bindingmechanism has been described for G. stearothermophilus 2.3. Chemical Properties and Molecular Biology of S-
PV72/p6 and ATCC 12980 [9, 52, 53], a temperature-derived strain variant from the latter [54], and G. stearothermophilus Chemical analyses and genetic studies revealed that the NRS 2004/3a [55]. This binding mechanism involves an S-layer lattices are composed of a single homogeneous SCWP that consists of N-acetyl glucosamine, glucose and protein or glycoprotein species with a molecular mass 2,3-dideoxy-diacetamido-D-mannosamine uronic acid in the ranging from 40 to 200 kDa [5, 9, 11, 43]. Most S-layer molar ratio of 1:1:2 (see compound (1) in Fig. 2) [55, 56]
proteins are weakly acidic with isoelectric points in the range and a highly conserved N-terminal region which does not of 4 to 6 [9]. In general, S-layer proteins consist of a large possess an SLH-domain [52-55]. Concerning the first portion of hydrophobic amino acids (40 - 60 mol %), about binding mechanism, the construction of knock-out mutants Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, Vol. 6, No. 8
Fig. (2). Chemical structure of the repeating unit of the secondary cell wall polymer of G. stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a (1).
in Bacillus anthracis and Thermus thermophilus in which the parameters of a = 10.4 nm, b = 7.9 nm and a base angle of gene encoding a putative pyruvyl transferase was deleted = 81°, whereas SbpA assembles into a square lattice with a demonstrated that the addition of pyruvic acid residues to the lattice constant of 13.1 nm.
peptidoglycan-associated cell wall polymer was a necessary For generating a universal affinity matrix for binding any modification to bind SLH-domain containing proteins [50, kind of biotinylated molecule, S-layer-streptavidin fusion proteins were constructed [60, 61]. Minimum-sized core 3. A MOLECULAR CONSTRUCTION KIT BASED ON
streptavidin (118 amino acids) was either fused to N- or C- terminal positions of SbsB or to the C-terminal end ofrSbpA31-1068 [45, 61].
The biomimetic approach learning from nature how to create supramolecular, layered structures by a bottom-up The genes encoding the fusion proteins and core process is one of the most challenging scientific tasks in streptavidin were expressed independently in E. coli and nanobiotechnology. Advantage can be taken of the self- isolated from the host cells. To obtain functional hetero- assembling nature of S-layer (fusion) proteins, SCWPs and tetramers (HTs), a refolding procedure was developed by natural and/or artificial lipids and their properties in the subjecting a mixture of fusion protein with excess core compartmentalization of components in nanoscale regions, streptavidin to denaturing and renaturing conditions and production of self-assembling biomaterials, construction of isolating functional HTs by size exclusion and affinity drug-targeting and delivery systems, and development of chromatography. HTs comprising the N-terminal rSbsB- smart biosensors [18, 19, 57-59].
streptavidin formed self-assembly products in suspensionand recrystallized on liposomes and silicon wafers [61],whereas HTs based on the C-terminal rSbpA 3.1. S-Layer Fusion Proteins and their Application
vidin fusion protein showed dirigible self-assembly formation, as lattice formation of SbpA is strongly dependent on the So far, the chimaeric genes encoding several S-layer presence of calcium ions. HTs based on the rSbpA31-1068- fusion proteins have been heterologously expressed in streptavidin fusion protein recrystallized on gold surfaces Escherichia coli. S-layer fusion proteins were based on the that were optionally pre-coated with SCWP [60]. Analysis of S-layer proteins SbsB, SbsC, and SbpA (Table 1). SbsB
negatively-stained preparations of self-assembly products forms an oblique S-layer lattice with p1 symmetry and lattice formed by HTs revealed that neither the oblique S-layer Summary of Various S-Layer Fusion Proteins (Selected from Various Constructs)
S-layer fusion protein
Length of functionality
rSbsB / core streptavidin / core streptavidin major birch pollen allergen rSbpA / Strep-tag I affinity tag for streptavidin IgG-binding domain green fluorescent protein heavy chain camel antibody Mature proteins: Bacillus sphaericus CCM2177 variant A (SbpA): 1238 amino acids (aa); Geobacillus stearothermophilus pv72/p2 (SbsB): 889 aa; Bacillus stearothermophilusATCC 12980 (SbsC): 1099 aa.
S-Layer Proteins as Key Components
lattice of SbsB, nor the square lattice of SbpA had changed monoclonal antibodies that recognize free, as well as PSA due to the presence of the fusion partner. Digital image complexed with alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin. For application reconstructions of self-assembly products of HTs comprising in a PSA biosensor, VHHs recognizing free and complexed the N-terminal rSbsB-streptavidin fusion protein showed an PSA are desired. Moreover, kinetic requirements in the additional protein mass on the N-terminal SLH-domain biosensor impose a high probe density that can probably only which resulted from the fused streptavidin moiety [61]. As a be obtained with single domain VHHs.
first application approach, monolayers of HTs based on To generate a PSA-specific sensing layer for SPR rSbpA31-1068 were recrystallized on plain gold chips and on measurements, the S-layer fusion protein rSbpA those pre-coated with thiolated SbpA-specific SCWP, and PSA-N7 was recrystallized on gold chips pre-coated with the obtained affinity matrix was used to perform hybri- thiolated SCWP. The formation of the monomolecular dization experiments. In a first step, biotinylated oligo- protein lattice was confirmed by scanning force microscopy, nucleotides (30-mers) were bound to the streptavidin moiety as well as by the level of the measured SPR signal. As of the HTs, and complementary oligonucleotides were derived from response levels measured for binding of PSA to hybridized carrying no or one mismatch [60]. Evaluation of a monolayer consisting of rSbpA the hybridization experiments was performed by applying 31-1068 /cAb-PSA-N7, the molar ratio between bound PSA and the S-layer fusion protein was 0.78, which means that at least three PSA which combines the advantages of the high optical field molecules were bound per morphological unit of the square intensities of surface plasmon waves with the sensitive S-layer lattice with an area of 170 nm2. To summarize, by detection of fluorescence light emission. For hybridization using SbpA-specific SCWP as biomimetic linker to gold experiments on monolayers generated by recrystallization of chips, a sensing layer for SPR could be generated by HTs on gold chips pre-coated with thiolated SCWP, fluo- recrystallization of this S-layer fusion protein. Due to the rescently labelled oligonucleotides carrying one mismatch crystalline structure of the S-layer lattice, the fused ligands were used. The fluorescence intensity increased linearly at showed a well defined distance in the protein lattice, and the beginning of the hybridization reaction, so that the linear according to the selected fusion site in the S-layer protein, slope of the increase in the fluorescence intensity plotted they were located on the outermost surface, which should versus the concentration of the hybridizing oligonucleotides reduce diffusion limited reactions. A further advantage can led to a linear correlation [60]. In a different set of be seen in the constant and low distance of the ligands from hybridization experiments which were performed on the optically active gold layer, which is exclusively monolayers generated by direct recrystallization of HTs on determined by the thickness of the S-layer and lies in the plain gold chips, the concentration of oligonucleotides range of only 10 to 15 nm. Thus, S-layer fusion proteins carrying one mismatch was step-wise increased. The incorporating camel antibody sequences can be considered as Langmuir isotherm which indicated that oligonucleotides in key element for the development of label free detection solution were in equilibrium with those bound to the systems such as SPR, surface acoustic wave, or quartz monolayer carrying the biotinylated oligonucleotides could crystal microbalance, in which the binding event can be be established from the obtained fluorescence intensities measured directly by the mass increase without the need of [60]. The detection limit was found to be 1.57 pM on any labelled molecule.
monolayers generated by recrystallization of HTs on goldchips pre-coated with thiolated SCWP, whereas on plain The sequence encoding rSbpA31-1068 was also used as gold chips, the detection limit was determined to be at least base form for the construction of an IgG-binding fusion 8.2 pM. To conclude, the hybridization experiments protein [64]. As fusion partner, the sequence encoding the Z- indicated that a functional sensor surface could be generated domain, a synthetic analogue of the IgG-binding domain of by recrystallization of HTs on gold chips, which could find Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, was used. To numerous applications in (nano)biotechnology.
generate the S-layer fusion protein, the 5´-end of thesequence encoding two copies of the Z-domain was fused via An S-layer fusion protein comprising the C-terminally a short linker to the gene encoding rSbpA truncated form rSbpA 31-1068 and the variable region of a heterologous expression in E. coli, the S-layer fusion protein heavy chain camel antibody directed against lysozyme was was isolated from the host cells, purified by size exclusion constructed. The Camelidae is the only taxonomic family chromatography under denaturing conditions, dialysed and known to possess functional heavy chain antibodies lacking recrystallized on gold chips which were pre-coated with light chains and the first constant region. These unique thiolated SbpA-specific SCWP. As shown by scanning force antibody isotypes interact with the antigen by virtue of a microscopy, a monomolecular protein lattice with square single variable domain, termed VHH. A single VHH domain symmetry was formed. Native monolayers or monolayers has a molecular mass of only 15,000 and is the smallest cross-linked with the bifunctional imidoester dimethyl- known complete antigen binding fragment from a functional pimelimidate (DMP, compound (2)) (Fig. 3) were finally
immunoglobulin. As proof-of-principle was provided with a exploited for binding of human IgG. The amount that could fusion protein comprising a VHH directed against lysozyme be bound by the native monolayer was 2.9 x 10-5 nM or 4.35 [62], an S-layer fusion protein incorporating the sequence of ng IgG / mm2, whereas in the case of the DMP-cross-linked a variable domain of a heavy chain camel antibody (cAb- monolayer (Fig. 3) 2.8 x 10-5 nM or 4.20 ng IgG / mm2 could
PSA-N7) directed against the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) attach. These values corresponded to 65 and 67 % of the was constructed [63]. PSA is a useful marker to screen theoretical saturation capacity of a planar surface for IgG potential prostate cancer patients. The current diagnostic test (6.5 ng / mm2) with the Fab regions occurring in the systems determine the concentration of total PSA with
The major birch pollen allergen Bet v1 shares IgE epitopes with all tree pollen allergens from closely related species (e. g. alder hazel, hornbeam, beech). Because of highsequence identities among these allergens and well studied cross-reactions with B-cell epitopes, Bet v1 represents a model allergen. The gene encoding the chimaeric S-layerproteins rSbsC31-920/Bet v1 [64] and rSbpA31-1068/Bet v1 [45] carrying Bet v1 at the C-terminal end were cloned and expressed in E. coli. In a recent study, the applicability of rSbsC31-920/Bet v1 as a novel approach to design vaccines cross-linked S-layer protein rSbpA (3)
with reduced allergenicity in combination with strongimmune-modulating capacity for immunotherapy of type I allergy could be demonstrated [67]. This fusion proteinexhibited all relevant Bet v1-specific B and T cell epitopes, Fig. (3). Cross-linking of the recombinant S-layer protein rSbpA
but was significant less efficient in releasing histamine than with the homobifunctional imidoester dimethylpimelimidate (DMP; free Bet v1. In cells of birch pollen-allergic individuals, the compound (2)). The spacer arm length of DMP is 0.92 nm.
fusion protein was capable of modulating the allergen-specific Th2-dominated response into a more balanced Th1/ condensed state. As derived from these binding capacities, Th0-like phenotype accompanied by enhanced production of on average 2.7 and 2.6 IgG molecules were bound per IFN- and IL-10. To conclude, rSbsC31-920/Bet v1 could morphological unit of the square S-layer lattice consisting of find application as carrier/adjuvants to design vaccines for four identical subunits of the S-layer fusion protein. For specific immunotherapy of type 1 allergy with improved preparing biocompatible microparticles for the microspheres- efficacy and safety [67].
based detoxification system (MDS) [65] to remove auto-antibodies from patients´ sera suffering from auto-immune The nucleotide sequence encoding enhanced green disease, the S-layer fusion protein was recrystallized on fluorescent protein (EGFP), a red-shifted green fluorescent SCWP-coated, 3 m large cellulose-based microbeads (Fig.
protein (GFP)-derivative possessing a 30 times brighter 4). The MDS is an alternative approach to conventional
fluorescence intensity at 488 nm than wild-type GFP was immunoadsorption systems, in which the plasma does not fused to the 3´end of the sequence encoding the C-terminally perfuse on an adsorption column, but is recirculated into a truncated form rSbpA31-1068 [68]. The chimaeric gene filtrate compartment of a membrane module. The addition of encoding rSbpA31-1068/EGFP was expressed in E. coli, microbeads to the plasma circuit would allow the rapid whereby expression at 28°C instead of 37°C resulted in removal of the pathogenic substrates. In the case of clearly increased fluorescence intensity, indicating that the microbeads that were covered with a native monolayer, the folding process of the EGFP moiety was temperature binding capacity was 1,065 g human IgG / mg S-layer sensitive. Comparison of excitation and emission spectra of fusion protein. For DMP-treated microbeads, a binding rEGFP and rSbpA31-1068/EGFP indicated identical maxima at capacity of 870 g IgG / mg S-layer fusion protein was 488 and 507 nm, respectively. Furthermore, this fusion determined. These values corresponded to 78 or 65 % of the protein was used for recrystallization on silicon wafers theoretical saturation capacity of a planar surface for IgG covered with polyelectrolytes, as well as for coating of having the Fab regions in the condensed state. Bound IgG hollow polyelectrolyte capsules. Fluorescence spectroscopy could be eluted with glycine-HCl buffer at a pH value of 2.2 confirmed that the adsorption of rSbpA31-1068/EGFP on and the microbeads were used for further IgG-binding hollow capsules did not shift the fluorescence emission of experiments [64].
the chromophore [41]. Finally, the recrystallization of this Fig. (4). (a) Schematic drawing of the MDS, showing the primary circuit (labelled 1) containing the whole blood of the patient. The blood
cells are rejected by the plasma filter. In the second circuit (labelled 2), the plasma re-circulates together with the S-layer fusion protein-
coated microbeads, on which IgG is bound. After passing the plasma filter again, the purified plasma is combined with blood cells, and the
whole blood is re-infused into the patient. (b) Scanning electron micrograph of the cellulose-based microbeads used for recrystallization of
rSbpA31-1068/ZZ. (c) Schematic drawing showing the oriented recrystallization of the S-layer fusion protein rSbpA31-1068/ZZ on microbeads
pre-coated with SCWP and binding of IgG to the ZZ-domains. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [64], Copyright (2004) ASM.
fusion protein on liposomes and their application is exploited for covalent binding of functional macromolecules, described in the following section.
like biotinylated antibodies v i a the streptavidin – biotinbridge [40]. These immuno-S-liposomes comprise several 3.2. S-Layer Fusion Proteins on Liposomes as Model for
components with specific functions: the liposome as drug carrier, the antibody as homing device, the S-layer lattice as Biomolecular self-assembly can be used as powerful tool stabilizing structure for the liposome, as anchoring layer for for nanoscale engineering. One well known example is the the antibodies, and most probably as stealth coat for formation of liposomes, which are still very promising supra- prolonged blood circulation times (Fig. 5).
molecular structures for the application in nanobiotechno- To avoid chemical modification reactions and to prevent logy and nanobiomedicine.
diffusion of potentially toxic agents through the lipid bilayer Liposomes are colloidal, vesicular structures based on into the interior of the vesicles, S-layer fusion proteins (phospho)lipid bilayers or on tetraetherlipid monolayers [69] incorporating the sequence of core–streptavidin have been and they are widely used as delivery systems for enhancing constructed. Functional streptavidin HTs were prepared as the efficiency of various biologically active molecules and three of the four binding pockets remained accessible for for the transport of therapeutic agents to the site of disease in binding biotinylated molecules [61]. After recrystallization vivo [70, 71]. Liposomes can encapsulate water soluble of this streptavidin fusion protein on positively charged agents in their aqueous compartment and lipid soluble liposomes, the protein lattice was further functionalized by substances within the lipid bilayer itself [72]. These agents binding biotinylated peroxidase or biotinylated ferritin [61].
include small molecular drugs used in cancer chemotherapy Binding of biotinylated ligands to S-liposomes can be and genetic drugs as plasmids encoding therapeutic genes exploited for enabling receptor-mediated uptake into human [73]. Generally, liposomes release their contents by cells. A further promising application potential can be seen interaction with target cells, either by adsorption, in the development of drug targeting and delivery systems endocytosis, lipid exchange or fusion [71, 74].
based on lipid-plasmid complexes coated with functional In previous studies, wild-type SbsB has been recrystalli- HTs for transfection of human cells.
zed on positively charged liposomes composed of dipalmi- Another interesting approach can be seen in the toylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and hexadecylamine generation of a functional chimaeric rSbpA31-1068/EGFP [38-40, 75]. Such S-layer-coated liposomes (S-liposomes) fusion protein to follow the uptake of S-liposomes into with a diameter of 50–200 nm represent simple model mammalian cells [68]. Liposomes coated with a monolayer systems resembling the architecture of artificial virus of rSbpA31-1068/EGFP were incubated with HeLa cells.
envelopes (Fig. 5). For that reason, S-liposomes could reveal
Subsequently, confocal laser scanning microscopy was a broad application potential, particularly as drug delivery applied to investigate the ongoing interaction between the systems or in gene therapy [5].
fluorescently labelled cell membrane and the greenfluorescent S-liposomes. This study demonstrated that mostof the S-liposomes were internalized within 2 hours ofincubation and that the major part entered the HeLa cells byendocytosis [68]. To our knowledge, rSbpA31-1068/EGFP isthe first fusion protein that maintained the ability tofluorescence and to recrystallize into a monomolecularprotein lattice. Due to the intrinsic fluorescence, liposomescoated with rSbpA31-1068/EGFP represent a useful tool tovisualize the uptake of S-liposomes into mammalian cells.
The most interesting advantage can be seen in therecrystallization of fusion proteins incorporating EGFP incombination with HTs on the same liposome surface. In that Fig. (5). (a) Schematic drawing of (1) an S-liposome with
case, it would be possible to simultaneously investigate the entrapped functional molecules and (2) functionalized by uptake of these specially coated S-liposomes by target cells reconstituted integral proteins. S-liposomes can be used as and the functionality of transported drugs without the immobilization matrix for functional molecules (e.g. IgG) either by necessity of additional labelling procedures.
direct binding (3), by immobilization via the Fc-specific ligandprotein A (4), or biotinylated ligands can be bound to the S- 3.3. S-Layer Based Lipid Chips
liposome via the biotin–streptavidin system (5). (6) Alternatively, Biological membranes have attracted lively interest, as liposomes can be coated with genetically modified S layer proteins the advances in genome mapping revealed that incorporating functional domains. (b) Electron micrograph of a approximately one-third of all genes in an organism encode freeze-etched preparation of an S-liposome. Bar: 100 nm. Reprinted membrane proteins, such as ion channels, receptors, and with permission from Ref. [15], Copyright (2002) Wiley-VCH.
membrane-bound enzymes [76]. In addition, more than 60 % S-liposomes possess significantly enhanced stability of all consumed drugs act on membrane proteins [77].
towards thermal and mechanical stress factors [39]. For Therefore, the generation of stabilized lipid membranes with generating targeted S-liposomes, the S-layer lattice on functional membrane proteins represents a challenge to apply liposomes was cross-linked with bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) membrane proteins as key elements in drug discovery, protein-ligand screening and biosensors.
3; compound (4 )) (Fig. 6), biotinylated and
cross-linked S-layer protein SbsB (5)
Fig. (6). Cross-linking of the S-layer protein SbsB with the water-soluble, homobifunctional N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester bis(sulfosucci-
nimidyl) suberate (BS3; compound (4)). The spacer arm length of BS3 is 1.14 nm.
S-layer-supported lipid membranes (SLM) mimic the supramolecular assembly of archaeal cell envelope
structures, as they are composed of a cytoplasmic membrane
and a closely associated S-layer [36]. In this biomimetic
architecture, either a tetraetherlipid monolayer, or an
artificial phospholipid bilayer replaces the cytoplasmic
membrane and isolated bacterial S-layer proteins are
attached either on one or both sides of the lipid membrane
(Fig. 7). The most commonly used lipids to generate planar
SLMs are the phospholipid 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-
phosphatidylcholine (6), and the membrane-spanning tetra-
etherlipids Main Phospholipid (7) isolated from Thermo-
plasma acidophilum and glycerol dialkyl nonitol tetra-
Fig. (7). Schematic drawing of an S-layer covered (modified) solid
etherlipid (8) extracted and purified from Sulfolobus and
support (e.g. a gold electrode) carrying a lipid bilayer generated by Metallosphaera archaea (Fig. 8).
vesicle fusion or by the Langmuir-Blodgett-technique. Integral Electrostatic interactions between exposed carboxylic membrane proteins can be reconstituted into this SLM. Further- acid groups on the inner surface of the S-layer lattice and the more, a second S-layer lattice can be recrystallized on the top of zwitterionic lipid head groups were found to be primarily this biomimetic structure to provide an enhanced long-term stability responsible for the defined binding of the S-layer subunits.
and to act as a protective coat with pores in the nanometer range.
As two to three contact points between the lipid film and theattached S-layer protein were determined, only few lipid In reconstitution experiments, the self-assembly of the molecules were anchored to protein domains on the S-layer staphylococcal pore-forming protein -hemolysin (HL) lattice having a unit cell with a spacing of about 8 to 13 nm [86] was examined at plain and SLMs [87]. HL forms lytic [78]. The remaining scores of lipid molecules diffused freely pores when added to the lipid-exposed side of the S-layer- in the membrane between the pillars consisting of anchored supported membrane. No assembly was detected upon lipid molecules. Because of its widely retained fluid adding HL monomers to the S-layer-face of the composite characteristics, this nano-patterned lipid membrane was membrane. Therefore, it was concluded that the intrinsic termed "semifluid membrane" [79]. But most important, molecular sieving properties of the S-layer lattice did not although peptide side groups of the S-layer protein allow the formation of HL heptamers within the S-layer interpenetrated the phospholipid head group regions almost pores. Most interestingly, in SLMs the attached S-layer in its entire depth, no impact on the hydrophobic lipid alkyl lattice caused a decreased tendency to rupture in the presence chains was observed [80-83]. Thus, S-layer lattices constitute of HL, indicating an enhanced stability [87]. Even single unique supporting scaffoldings for lipid membranes [36, 56, HL pore recordings could be performed when reconstituted in S-layer supported lipid membranes [88].
Main Phospholipid isolated from Thermoplasma acidophilum (7)
glycerol dialkyl nonitol tetraetherlipid extracted and purified
from Sulfolobus and Metallosphaera archaea (8)
OH OH OH OH OH OH Fig. (8). Chemical structures of the phospholipid 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (6), the membrane-spanning tetraether-
lipids Main Phospholipid (7) isolated from Thermoplasma acidophilum, and glycerol dialkyl nonitol tetraetherlipid (8) extracted and purified
from Sulfolobus and Metallosphaera archaea.
The functionality of lipid membranes resting on S-layer surrounded by sodium buffer with incorporated valinomycin, covered filters and gold electrodes was demonstrated by the a potassium-selective ion carrier, revealed a resistance in the reconstitution of HL and membrane-active peptides [89, G-range. In contrast, for the same membrane bathed in 90]. In a first study, gramicidin A was incorporated into potassium buffer the resistance dropped almost three orders tetraetherlipid monolayers, but also in phospholipid bilayers of magnitude due to the valinomycin-mediated ion transport.
which were deposited on S-layer covered filters [89]. These These results demonstrated that the biomimetic approach of membranes revealed not only a remarkable stability, parti- copying the supramolecular architecture of archaeal cell cularly with an S-layer cover, but the most striking result envelopes opened new possibilities for exploiting functional was that high-resolution conductance measurements on lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale [92].
single gramicidin pores were feasible. In addition, for thevery first time, with filter supported lipid membranes, even 4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
single pore recordings were performed on reconstituted Basic and applied S-layer research has demonstrated that nature provides most elegant examples for nanometer sized, The functionality of lipid membranes resting on S-layer molecular self-assembly systems. There are only a few covered gold electrodes was demonstrated by the reconsti- examples in nature where proteins reveal the intrinsic capa- tution of alamethicin, gramicidin and valinomycin [90]. Due bility to self-assemble into crystalline arrays, in suspension to the formation of conductive alamethicin channels, the and on a great variety of surfaces and interfaces. Since S- membrane resistance dropped two orders of magnitude layer lattices are highly anisotropic structures with signi- whereas the capacitance was not altered. Partial inhibition of ficant differences in the topography and physicochemical the alamethicin channels with amiloride and analogues was properties of the inner and outer surface, it was most demonstrated, as increasing amounts of inhibitor gave rise to important to copy nature's solution for assembling a secreted an increased membrane resistance [90]. In addition, an SLM protein on the cell surface into lattices with defined
orientation. This biomimetic strategy is particularly essential molecular construction kit (Fig. 9). Although, a broad
to ensure that crystallization of genetically engineered S- spectrum of applications for S-layers has been developed, it layer proteins occurred in defined orientation on solid is expected that other areas will emerge particularly in areas supports (metals, polymers, silicon wafers), lipid membranes, where top-down and bottom-up strategies are commonly liposomes, and a great variety of nanoparticles [62-64].
Another line for exploiting the unique features of S- layers is directed to the use of lattices as support and
stabilizing structures for functionalized lipid films and
liposomes (Figs. 5 and 7). Again, composite, semifluid
SLMs are biomimetic structures copying the supramolecular
principle of archaeal cell envelopes or human or animal virus
envelopes optimized during biological evolution for a great
variety of functions [5, 19, 36, 92].
The numerous benefits generated by the attachment of coherent S-layer lattices on lipid vesicles and mono- orbilayer membranes already triggered innovative approachesfor membrane biosensors, high through-put screening,diagnostics, and different lab-on-a-chip designs. S-liposomesrevealed high potentials for the development of new drug- Fig. (9). Schematic drawing of an S-layer lattice (yellow
targeting, drug-delivery and transfection systems [11, 20, 38, chessboard) with regular and well orientated functional molecules 40, 41, 43, 93].
(grey knights). The S-layer lattice of SbpA provides an area of up to Moreover, S-layer self-assembly products have been 13 to 13 nm2 for each functional molecule.
demonstrated to be particularly well-suited for a geometri-cally defined covalent attachment of haptens and immuno- genic or immuno-stimulating substances [94]. Most recently, Financial support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, a remarkable immuno-modulating capacity of S-layers was projects 16295-B10 and 17170-B10), the Erwin-Schrödinger demonstrated for a fusion protein comprising an S-layer Society for Nanosciences, the FP6 EC STREP NASSAP protein from a Bacillaceae and the major birch pollen (project 13352), the Volkswagen Stiftung (project I/77710), allergen Bet v 1 [67]. It is expected that innovative and and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, USA highly specific immunogenic components with intrinsic (AFOSR, project F49620-03-1-0222) is gratefully acknow- targeting and delivery functionalities can be developed combining recombinant S-layer proteins with the supra-
molecular construction principle of virus envelopes (Fig. 6).
Another attractiveness for S-layer self-assembly systems Major birch pollen allergen is seen for non-life science applications. Current state-of-the- art methods for self-assembly of nanoparticle arrays thatgenerally involve bifunctional linkers, molecular recognition, Variable domain of a heavy chain camel or Langmuir-Blodgett techniques do not offer the control and flexibility of the S-layer system. The S-layer approach for cAb directed against the prostate-specific the first time allows adjustable lattice constants and control over template surface properties by chemical or geneticmodifications [5, 11, 15, 18] as required in molecular electronics, biocatalysis, and non-linear optics.
Enhanced green fluorescent protein Currently, there is a strong need to improve and develop Green fluorescent protein procedures for high resolution structural analysis ofmembrane proteins which can not be recrystallized to a quality suitable for X-ray analysis studies. By using S-layer fusion proteins, such target proteins could be forced into Microspheres-based detoxification system order arrays (Fig. 9) [61] accessible for structural analysis
involving established methods for image reconstruction such
as high resolution (cryo) electron microscopy, X-ray and S-layer protein of Bacillus sphaericus neutron reflectivity, and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction [81]. Intrinsic in plane distortions of lattices formed by S-layer fusion proteins can be corrected following standard S-layer protein of Geobacillus stearo- procedures [23, 95].
S-layer protein o f Geobacillus stearo- It is now evident that S-layers represent unique thermophilus ATCC 12980 patterning elements or base plates for a complex supra- S-Layer Proteins as Key Components
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Received: November 10, 2005
Revised: January 17, 2006
Source: http://homes.nano.aau.dk/fp/self-assembling/pdf-material/protein-drugdelivery.pdf
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2015 Comprehensive Formulary HeartlandPlains Health 2015 Formulary List of Covered Drugs PLEASE READ: THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS WE COVER IN THIS PLAN We have made no changes to this formulary since 10/15/15. For more recent information or other questions, please contact HeartlandPlains Health (HMO) Customer Service, at 1-866-792-0184or, for TTY users, 711, 8:00 am to 8:00 pm, Monday-Friday and 8:00 am to 8:00 pm, Monday-Sunday October 1 through February 14, or visit www.HeartlandPlainsHealth.com.
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Seminario de Metodología de la Investigación Dr. José Manuel Carrillo Hernández UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE DURANGO DIVISIÓN DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO SEMINARIO DE METODOLOGÍA DE LA ELABORADO POR: DR. JOSÉ MANUEL CARRILLO HERNÁNDEZ INVESTIGADOR DEL CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE LA U.A.D.
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lagu hits indonesia tahun 2000an
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By: ArashishoPosted on 06.08.2020 06.08.2020
TranslationA kangaroo court is often held by a group or a community to give the appearance of a fair and just trial, even though the verdict has in reality already been decided before the trial has begun. Therefore, the song is saying how the man's fate had already been decided before he 5/5(2). Sep 05, · Title: Capital Cities: Kangaroo Court (Video ) / Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below/10(21). Jun 04, · Kangaroo Court Lyrics: There’s a dark part of town / Where the girls get down / And I cannot wait for a chance to go / Wait for a chance to go / I’ve got my bad luck shoes and every excuse.
Capital cities kangaroo court skull girls
[Kangaroo Court Lyrics: There's a dark part of town / Where the girls get down / And I cannot wait for a chance to go / Wait for a chance to go / I've got my bad luck. Song: Kangaroo Court Artist: Capital Cities. Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court. takeSomeCrime. Loading Unsubscribe from takeSomeCrime?. capital cities kangaroo court zebra - Google Search. Kangaroo Court - Capital Cities Kangaroo Court, Face Paint Makeup, Capital City , .. Makeup, Cat Costumes, Halloween Costumes, Halloween Clothes, Female Makeup Halloween Ideas Voodoo Skull Priestess Witch Doctor by Keevanski. Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court (Official). stuff · Materia Gris - Kangaroo Court / Capital Cities cover Kangaroo Court, Capital City, Cities. Johnny Cash capital cities kangaroo court skull mp3 Wanted Man. Alexandra Savior — Mystery Girl. Mystery Skulls - Magic. automobiledeals.net?v=_tZzlqkIQlU. Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court. automobiledeals.net?v. In Operation Excalibur, Grayson Carlyle goes through a Kangaroo Court, but he's fully capital of The Empire after his map is stolen (losing one is a capital crime). City of Light: Ravidel Shand is tried by the senate of Palidia on charges he . until he betrayed his friend, Conan split the judge's skull and got out of there. | Sep 05, · Title: Capital Cities: Kangaroo Court (Video ) / Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below/10(21). Jun 04, · Kangaroo Court Lyrics: There’s a dark part of town / Where the girls get down / And I cannot wait for a chance to go / Wait for a chance to go / I’ve got my bad luck shoes and every excuse. Kangaroo Court This song is by Capital Cities and appears on the album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery (). There's a dark part of town Where the girls get down And I cannot wait for a chance to go Wait for a chance to go I've got my bad luck shoes and every excuse To dance these blues. TranslationA kangaroo court is often held by a group or a community to give the appearance of a fair and just trial, even though the verdict has in reality already been decided before the trial has begun. Therefore, the song is saying how the man's fate had already been decided before he 5/5(2).] Capital cities kangaroo court skull girls Official music video for Capital Cities' "Kangaroo Court" directed by Carlos Lopez Estrada, Sebu Simonian & Ryan Merchant, produced by Kim Stuckwisch & Danny Lockwood; starring Darren Criss. Music video by Capital Cities performing Kangaroo Court. (C) Lazy Hooks, LLC Under Exclusive License To Capitol Records, LLC #CapitalCities #KangarooCourt #Vevo #Alternative #LyricVideo. "Kangaroo Court" is a song by American indie pop duo Capital Cities. The song was released as a digital download in the United States on March 27, , and serves as the second single from the duo's debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery. Kangaroo Court Lyrics: There’s a dark part of town / Where the girls get down / And I cannot wait for a chance to go / Wait for a chance to go / I’ve got my bad luck shoes and every excuse. Lyrics to "Kangaroo Court" song by Capital Cities: There's a dark part of town Where the girls get down And I cannot wait for a chance to go Wait for a Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court Lyrics | automobiledeals.net Capital Cities: Kangaroo Court Based on actual court transcripts of 8 anti-war protesters on trial for conspiring to cause riots at the Democratic National. Lyrics to 'Kangaroo Court' by Capital Cities. There's a dark part of town where the girls get down / And I cannot wait for a chance to go, wait for a chance to. Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court / SúperHiperMega Trillada, pero también me gusta. Capital Cities' 'Kangaroo Court' Video Is One Big Orwellian Dance Party Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court: This video is funny and creepy and soooooo sad at the end:(Music video by Adorable performing Kangaroo Court. (C) Creation Records Limited. Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court Lyrics. There's a dark part of town where the girls get down And I cannot wait for a chance to go, wait for a chance to go I got my bad luck shoes a. Watch the video for Kangaroo Court from Capital Cities's In a Tidal Wave of Mystery for free, and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. A kangaroo court is a court that ignores recognized standards of law or justice, and often carries little or no official standing in the territory within which it resides. The term may also apply to a court held by a legitimate judicial authority who intentionally disregards the court's legal or ethical obligations. Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court (Letras y canción para escuchar) - Here's a dark part of town where the girls get down / And I cannot wait for a chance to go, wait for a chance to go / Got my bad luck shoes and every excuse to. Capital Cities is an American indie pop duo from Los Angeles, California, formed by Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian. Its debut EP was released on June 7, , with lead single “Safe And Sound.”. Letra KANGAROO COURTS (y vídeo musical): Here's a dark part of town where the girls get down / And I cannot wait for a chance to go, wait for a chance to go / Got my ballup shoes and every excuse to dance these blues away / Ain't coming home, I ain't coming home / Shut up, shut up, shut up / Sit up, sit up. Capital Cities Kangaroo Court lyrics at automobiledeals.net Lyric ZZ is proud to present to you very accurate Capital Cities Kangaroo Court Song lyrics. Check the. Check out Kangaroo Court by Capital Cities & Ryan Merchant & Sebu Simonian on Amazon Music. Stream ad-free or purchase CD's and MP3s now on automobiledeals.net Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian are the frontmen behind the breakout alt-dance group Capital Cities. The Los Angeles-based act took both the blogosphere and the shores of California by storm with "In A Tidal Wave Of Mystery," out now on Capitol Records/Lazy Hooks. Directed by Carlos López Estrada. Short film based on the original official music video for 'Kangaroo Court' with new footage. Capital Cities Expand On Their 'Kangaroo Court' Video With A Short Film, Which Means MORE DARREN CRISS flitschb 02/07/ Watch a more in-depth Zebra tale come to life in Capital Cities. There's a dark part of town where the girls get down.. And I cannot wait for a chance.. Traduction Anglais ⇨ Français Kangaroo Court – DE CAPITAL CITIES.
Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court (Behind The Scenes)
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2 Replies to “Capital cities kangaroo court skull girls”
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Home > Music Login Now
Elkie sings the hits!
I’ve always had a passion for entertaining people - I sing to high quality, pre-recorded backing music and provide all my own sound equipment. I can bring percussion for people to play along to the music and I have a roaming microphone so I can walk around singing to the whole room. I always encourage sing-alongs! My act lasts anywhere from 45 minutes up to 1 ½ hours. I can do any of the following themes, or a mixed set if preferred; § Great Gatsby; in a flapper style dress, I sing and Charleston my way through all the great tunes from the 1920s and 30s. § 1940s/wartime; I dress in a replica WAAF uniform, songs include all the old favourites such as White Cliffs of Dover & Long Way to Tipperary. § 1950s/rock n roll; I wear a vintage style swing dress, songs include classics such as Que Sera Sera and songs to tap your toes too such as Rock Around the Clock and Reet Petit! § Crooners and Swooners; swing and jazz songs from the likes of Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin & Ella Fitzgerald. § 1960s, 70s or 80s: all with relevant costumes and fun songs to sing and dance to, including bands such as Abba, The Beatles & The Bangles. § Musical and film show tunes - Oh Wouldn't it be Loverley to be Singing in the Rain! § Motown/soul - I am a big fan of this music and really enjoy performing these great hits. § Country music - yeehah! Let's have a hoe-down, songs include 9-5, Brown Eyes Blue and Achy Breaky Heart. § St Patricks Day - one of my favourite days of the year! This set includes moving songs such as Danny Boy and Molly Malone as well as lively sing alongs such as Whiskey in the Jar and Wild Rover. § Christmas - I have a range of fabulous Christmas themed dresses or even a full snowman suit! I can sing carols and/or big Christmas pop hits, I’d be delighted to share the festivities with you! I look forward to entertaining you soon! If you are looking for a band for your home or event, please check out my close harmony act The Candy Girls - www.thecandygirlsuk.com.
Name: Elkie Jeffery
London North
London South
Length of Show: 45-90 minutes
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P.C: Instagram; @skcoza
May 15, 2019 by: azia curran in Entertainment
Sthembiso Khoza Wiki: His Daughters, Girlfriend, Net Worth, Height, Age & Parents
by: azia curran
1 Celeb Facts
2 Sthembiso Khoza Daughters, Wife or Girlfriend?
3 Sthembiso Khoza Net Worth & Career Details
4 Sthembiso Khoza Wiki – Bio: Age, Height, Parents, Siblings
Last Modified On: 15th May, 2019
Sthembiso Khoza is a South African actor and TV presenter. He is best known for working on the shows like Mzanzi Ridez and Goal Diggerz. The TV personality started his acting career, playing the role of DJ Teeman in the Mzansi Magic telenovela iNkaba. In 2012, he worked as a field presenter for the Vuzu show V-Entertainment.
Here is everything about Sthembiso Khoza bio, including his age, height, parents, net worth, girlfriend, daughters, and wiki trivia.
Celeb Facts
Birth Name Sthembiso Khoza
Birthday July 1st, 1986
Birthplace KwaZulu-Natal
Nationality African
Ethnicity Black
Profession TV Personality
Parents Brother: Abdul Khoza
Dating/Boyfriend Maddy
Married/Husband No
Siblings Brother
Net Worth Under Review
Sthembiso Khoza Daughters, Wife or Girlfriend?
Khoza is a proud father of two daughters – Ayanda and Lelo. But he is still an unmarried man without a wife. Both her daughters were born to different moms. It’s possible that both of his baby mamas were his girlfriends at one point.
Sthembiso Khoza’s two daughters. P.C: Instagram; @skcoza
The Mzanzi Ridez host is, however, in a serious relationship with his new partner, who is also close to his kids. Furthermore, he and his girlfriend turned wife-to-be, Maddy, are setting relationship goals. Back in November 2018, when Khoza was hospitalized, Maddy stayed by his side during the whole hospital stay.
Sthembiiso Khoza with his wife-to-be, Maddy. P.C: Instagram; @skcoza
The news of Khoza’s sudden illness arose five months after one of his baby mamas filed a case against him for failing to pay spousal support. In June 2018, Phindi Mjonondwane, National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) of South Gauteng, confirmed his status as a wanted man after he was unable to show up on the court.
Sthembiso Khoza Net Worth & Career Details
Khoza is the host of Mzanzi Ridez – a South African version of Pimp My Ride. Regardless of the car customization and hip hop magazine show, he is best known for hosting Gold Diggerz. Initially, he gained attention from his work at Vuzu’s V-Entertainment as a field reporter. Prior to that, he worked at TransAfrica Radio.
Khoza was the designated host/presenter for two consecutive seasons (2013 and 2014) of Mzansi Magic/Mzansi Wethu dance competition show Bounce. Besides hosting and presenting gigs, he is also an amazing actor. After his acting debut in 2012 via Mzansi Magic telenovela iNkaba, he went on to secure numerous roles on movies & TV series, including 2018 blockbuster flick Baby Mamas.
Portraying the delinquent character, Shaka Khoza in the speedy telenova The Queen, Khoza amassed immense fan base. His martial arts background was a great help for the role.
As of 2019, his net worth dwells around $750 Thousand.
Sthembiso Khoza Wiki – Bio: Age, Height, Parents, Siblings
Sthembiso ‘SK’ Khoza was born on July 1, 1986, to Zulu parents in KwaZulu-Natal. His zodiac sign is Cancer, and his current age is 32. He grew a passion for martial arts from his biological father, who was a Goju-Kai Karate teacher. He has a brother named Abdul Khoza. At age 12, he successfully obtained the black belt. He is African by nationality and black by ethnicity.
Khoza graduated from the University of Johannesburg with a degree in Sports Management. He is also skilled in cricket, soccer, rugby, and karate.
Khoza has a decent height of 5 feet 9 inches.
Previous Rose Namajunas Wiki: Her Boyfriend, Net Worth, Career, Age, Height & Parents
Next Anna Paulina Bio: The Former Model Who Led The Fox News Apologize To Hillary Clinton!
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Four shot near Georgia State campus | News
Submitted by 11Alive News Staff
Thursday, February 25th, 2016, 7:03am
Topics: News
ATLANTA -- Police are investigating a quadruple shooting near the Georgia State University campus in downtown Atlanta.
Details are limited at this time but police have said that the shooting resulted from an attempted robbery.
The shooting apparently happened at the J.R. Crickets bar the corner of Forsyth and Poplar streets.
A woman told police her wallet had been stolen and that she was coming back when the shooting happened.
The entire street near the scene has been taped off and a number of police cruisers are visible in the area as police try to piece together exactly what happened.
At this point, it's unclear who started the shooting first but one of them actually attempted to get on a Georgia State University bus after being shot. Our crews at the scene have learned that's when a gun fell out of his pocket.
That's when police got involved and got all three injured persons in ambulances and taken to an area hospital.
All three suffered what police are calling non life-threatening injuries to the lower extremities.
Check back for updates.
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Business, Career, Non Fiction, Self-help
Jan 06: Design Your Own New Normal with Helene Segura
Kick 2020 chaos to the curb starting today!
If you were glad to see the back of 2020 (and who wasn’t!) what do you want to change or do differently in 2021? Today Helene Segura discusses positive ways to overcome challenges that many of us faced last year, such as lack of focus and motivation. Impatience. Fear. The dread and anxiety of uncertainty. Feeling helpless and stuck.
Helene shares a very personal story with us…a life-changing challenge that some of you may have faced, in addition to those listed above. We also provide solutions to the stresses of working at home and being attached to your work 24/7. And most importantly, how to design a New Normal that works for you.
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_HeleneSegura_010621.mp3
About Helene Segura
Bestselling author Helene Segura has written four books, including, The Inefficiency Assassin: Time Management Tactics for Working Smarter, Not Longer. She’s a featured expert in more than 200 interviews for publications such as US News and World Report, Money Magazine; and has appeared on Fox, CBS, ABC, and NBC affiliates. Helene’s been a guest numerous times on Conversations Live with Vicki St. Clair, and is a listener favorite on managing our minds, energy, and lives.
Fiction, Writers on Writing
DEC 30: Award-winning Crime Thriller Author Glen Erik Hamilton
The Van Shaw series 5th novel: A Dangerous Breed
We’re ending the year with another chance to catch listener favorite, Glen Erik Hamilton.
We discuss how Glen develops his recurring cast of characters to keep them fresh and evolving. What kind of research he did for A Dangerous Breed. And where and why Glen took creative license.
Glen also shares his perspective on the responsibilities artists have in today’s social and political culture.
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_GlenHamilton_071520.mp3
About Glen Erik Hamilton
Glen Erik Hamilton writes crime thrillers. His award-winning novels have been called “outstanding” (Publishers Weekly), “perfect mix of serious crime and caper movie” (Criminal Element), and “a must-read series” (Mystery Scene Magazine). Most of Glens’ books begin and end in Seattle, and growing up on a sailboat around local marinas and docks, provided him with a unique insider advantage to writing about the Pacific Northwest.
DEC 23: Unrestricted Access with James Rollins
#1NYT bestselling author James Rollins discusses his first-ever anthology of short stories
If you’re looking for a last minute gift, Unrestricted Access is packed full of exciting stand-alone stories, some familiar characters, and a brand new novella from James Rollins.
We discuss how James approaches writing short stories versus novellas and novels. Story locations and the mystery surrounding them. And some of the unknown stories behind the stories.
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_JamesRollins_101420.mp3
About James Rollins
James Rollins is the #1 New York Times Bestselling author of international thrillers. Unrestricted Access is his first book of new and classic short fiction, and includes Sun Dogs, a new novella. James’ books have sold more than 20 million copies throughout the world, and have been translated into more than 40 languages.
Non Fiction, Personal Development, Self-help
DEC 16: Unlock Your Radical Intuition with Kim Chestney
A Revolutionary Guide to Using Your Inner Power
Nothing stays the same forever and as we move away from the information age, Kim Chestney says we’re at the start of the intuition revolution. It’s time to own your real power by tapping into your intuition – in business and in life.
We discuss what Radical Intuition means, and the difference between instinct and intuition. How radical intuition can help support your life and personal growth. And how knowing the 4 archetypes of intuition, and identifying your primary style, can help remove blocks and open up flow.
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_KimChesney_121620.mp3
About Kim Chestney
An author, innovation leader, and the founder of Intuition Lab, Kim Chestney‘s work has been featured or supported by leading-edge organizations including SXSW Interactive, Carnegie Mellon University, and Hewlett-Packard. Kim’s new book is Radical Intuition: A Revolutionary Guide to Using Your Inner Power.
Fiction, Writers on Writing, Young Adult Fiction
DEC 09: #1 NYT Bestselling Author of Matched – Ally Condie
Celebrating a Decade of Success with New Gold Release of Matched
In what some may call dystopian times, stories with that theme seem more popular than ever. Ally Condie joins us today with a commemorative 2020 Gold edition of MATCHED – a #1 New York Times and international bestselling story, first published a decade ago.
Set in a flawed utopia, citizens in MATCHED are ruled by the Society who dictate what they eat, where they work, who they love, and even when they die. But what happens when a young girl starts questioning the rules? When she tries to decide between the rules and her heart?
We discuss how Ally Condie’s first book started a bidding war, and what it takes to write young adult fiction. How this dystopian world came to life; how it became a trilogy. And how Ally is coping with our own strange times.
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_Ally_Condie_120920.mp3
About Ally Condie
In addition to writing MATCHED, which spent a year on the New York Times bestseller list, Ally Condie is the author of two sequels, as well as the novel Summerlost, an Edgar Award finalist. She also co-authored the Darkdeep middle grade series. And The Last Voyage of Poe Blythe — also set in the world of MATCHED but with different characters.
A former English teacher, Ally has an MFA from the Vermont College of Fine Arts, and is the founder and director of the WriteOut Foundation. She lives and writes in Utah.
Non Fiction, Personal Development, Psychology
NOV 25: Slay Your Dragons with Compassion with Malcolm Stern
10 Ways to Thrive Even When It Feels Impossible
Many people struggle to find their life purpose. And with so much unrest and uncertainty in the world, some even say, why bother! But when things seem impossible, that’s when we need to dig deep, and Malcolm Stern shares 10 ways to thrive in his new book.
We discuss why he dabbled with hallucinogenics and what that did for him. How grief, after the suicide of his daughter, forced him to question everything and face his dragons head on. What he means by “breaking the spells that bind us” and why he says, with compassion, “the only heart worth having, is a broken heart…”
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_MalcolmStern_112520.mp3
About Malcolm Stern
As a psychotherapist, Malcolm Stern has worked with individuals and groups. He teaches internationally, and is the cofounder and codirector of Alternatives at St James’ Church in London. His new book is a distillation of 30 years in the therapy room, SLAY YOUR DRAGONS WITH COMPASSION – 10 Ways to thrive even if it feels impossible.
Career, Non Fiction, Personal Development
NOV 18: Mastering the Art of Public Speaking with Michael Gelb
8 Secrets to Transform Fear and Supercharge Your Career
Michael Gelb says the #1 skill you can develop to strengthen your career and boost your confidence is public speaking. But it’s also our #1 fear. In fact, 74% of Americans suffer from glossophobia, the fear of public speaking.
So how can you learn to harness that fear and make it work for you? We discuss tips and tools used by professional speakers and actors – including mind mapping, The Alexander Technique, and Standease.
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_MichaelGelb_111820.mp3
About Michael Gelb
Michael J. Gelb is a professional public speaker known for his life-changing presentations on creative leadership, genius thinking, and conscious business. He’s served as an executive leadership and presentation coach to major companies such as AT&T, DuPont, and Nike. And has authored many books including the bestselling How to Think Like Leonardo da Vinci. His latest is Mastering the Art of Public Speaking: 8 Secrets to Transform Fear and Supercharge Your Career.
Inspirational, Non Fiction, Self-help
NOV 11: Overwhelmed & Over It – Christine Arylo Has Solutions
Embrace your power to stay centered & sustained in a chaotic world
If you’re feeling stretched too thin, frazzled, and overwhelmed, Christine Arylo says “It’s not your fault … the systems we live and work in are built for burnout.”
We discuss ways to get grounded. What your feminine heart can teach you. How to reclaim your power. And most importantly, how to create and sustain a structure, rhythm, and way of working and living that supports and sustains you.
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_ChristineArylo_111120.mp3
About Christine Arylo
A transformational leadership advisor, Christine Arylo is the author of three bestselling books including Overwhelmed & Over It. She leads workshops globally and is the host of Feminine Power Time. Christine’s new book is Overwhelmed & Over It: Embrace Your Power to Stay Centered & Sustained in a Chaotic World.
Non Fiction, Social Issues
OCT 28: MIT’s Justin Reich with Failure to Disrupt
How distance learning impacts school kids
The United States continues to debate, juggle, and deal with school closures and distance learning because of COVID-19.
While learning technology can carry a high cost economically and culturally, maybe a more important question is how it impacts our kid’s education and social skills. Today Justin Reich joins us to discuss some of the issues and benefits of distance learning and technology.
http://conversationslive.net/podcastfiles/PODCAST_FINAL_JustinReich_102820.mp3
About Justin Reich
Justin Reich is Mitsui Career Development Professor of Comparative Media Studies and Director of the Teaching Systems Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He hosts the podcast TeachLab. And has written about education and technology for Education Week, The New Yorker, The Atlantic, The Washington Post, and Science. Justin Reich’s latest book is Failure to Disrupt: Why Technology Alone Can’t Transform Education.
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South Korea rolls out 5G services on phones, in race with U.S. and China
SEOUL (Reuters) – South Korea will become one of the first countries to commercially launch fifth-generation (5G) services as it rolls out on Friday the latest wireless technology with Samsung Electronics’ new 5G-enabled smartphone Galaxy S10.
People take photographs during a launching ceremony for SK Telecom’s 5G service, in Seoul, South Korea, April 3, 2019. REUTERS/Kim Hong-Ji
With one of the world’s top smartphone penetration rates, South Korea is in a race with China, the United States and Japan to market 5G, hoping the technology will spur breakthrough in fields such as smart cities and autonomous cars, and drive up its economic growth that slowed to a six-year low in 2018.
“It is meaningful that South Korean telecom companies are providing services and networks meeting South Korean customers’ high standard in speed and picture quality,” Ryu Young-sang, executive vice president at the country’s top mobile carrier SK Telecom, said on Wednesday.
A few hours after the announcement, U.S. telecoms company Verizon Communications Inc said it was launching Wednesday its 5G service on mobile phones in two cities, moving up its schedule by a week.
“For the first time ever, customers can access a commercial 5G network with the world’s first commercially available 5G-enabled smartphone,” Verizon said in a statement on Wednesday.
U.S. carriers have launched 5G services in limited areas and not on all devices as early as last year. “We launched the first mobile 5G network several months ago and we’ve followed that up with other firsts, including 1 Gig speeds last week with more cities to come soon,” said an AT&T spokesman, disputing South Korea’s first in 5G claim.
Telecoms and media company AT&T Inc has said it was the first to launch a “commercial and standards-based” 5G network in December 2018. The service was made available to mobile hotspot devices but not yet on phones on Dec. 21 in 12 cities.
5G will change the landscape of the gaming industry as it allows games streamed with minimal delay to be played on smartphones, SK Telecom’s Ryu said.
The technology can offer 20-times faster data speeds than 4G long-term evolution (LTE) networks and better support for artificial intelligence and virtual reality with low latency.
Sometimes it can offer 100-times faster speeds.
South Korean carriers have spent billions on campaigns marketing 5G and, on Wednesday, SK Telecom showed off K-pop stars and an Olympic gold medalist as its first 5G customers.
SK Telecom is working with its memory-chip making affiliate SK Hynix to build a highly digitized and connected factory powered by 5G technology, Ryu said.
The operator expects about 1 million 5G customers by end-2019. It has a total of 27 million users.
Smaller rival KT Corp is set to offer cheaper plans than its LTE service, with unlimited data and four-year installments to buy 5G devices.
Samsung was the first to unwrap a 5G phone in February when it unveiled the Galaxy S10 5G and a nearly $2,000 folding smartphone, putting the world’s top smartphone maker by volume in pole position in the 5G race, some analysts say.
Smaller local rival LG Electronics Inc plans to release its 5G smartphone in South Korea later this month.
While security concerns over 5G networks using telecom equipment made by China’s Huawei Technologies Co Ltd have marred the buildup to the release of these services, South Korean telcos have tried to shrug them off.
“I don’t think we have a security issue in South Korea,” Park Jin-hyo, head of SK Telecom’s information and communication tech research center, told reporters.
He added that the company uses advanced technology to block eavesdropping or hacking into 5G networks.
Among South Korea’s top three telecom operators, SK Telecom and KT Corp do not use Huawei equipment for 5G. Smaller carrier LG Uplus Corp uses Huawei gear.
But SK Telecom officials said it was likely there will be an open auction for network equipment makers including Huawei if South Korea needs more base stations for higher frequencies.
Reporting by Ju-min Park; Editing by Sayantani Ghosh, Himani Sarkar, Lisa Shumaker and Diane Craft
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Difference between revisions of "Mnemonics"
Erin (Talk | contribs)
(→Forgetting)
====Forgetting====
Memory Palaces must be practiced, otherwise they are prone to being forgotten. They are meant to be remembered for a specific event, such as a specific speech, but once the event has passed, the memory palace recedes, shatters, and erases itself into the depths of the mystic writing pad’s unconscious. The memory palace, then, is made to be forgotten. Vismann writes, “With one sharp and one blunt end, the stylus unites writing and erasing, those two fundamental chancery operations, in one instrument. Herein lies an analogy to the workings of memory: just as the Greek verb hypomnematizesthai equates filing and remembering, its opposite, exaleiphein, combines a practical act and a function of memory by referring both to forgetting and wiping off.” In this sense the memory palace is obliterated and becomes buried as a trace and remnant. Memory and forgetting work as though in a circuit, the production of one is almost always the production of the other, to remember one thing often causes one to forget another less relevant thing. Vismann also discusses forgetting as enabling memory, just as the afterimage or trace enables the original image, or the second gives birth to the first. Mechanical reproduction also enables the original, revealing the necessity of the copy and the negation in order to preserve the referent. There is only so much space in the human brain, therefore acquiring new information or new memories must also imply a certain amount of forgetting.
Memory Palaces must be practiced, otherwise they are prone to being forgotten. They are meant to be remembered for a specific event, such as a specific speech, but once the event has passed, the memory palace recedes, shatters, and erases itself into the depths of the mystic writing pad’s unconscious. The memory palace, then, is made to be forgotten. Vismann writes, “With one sharp and one blunt end, the stylus unites writing and erasing, those two fundamental chancery operations, in one instrument. Herein lies an analogy to the workings of memory: just as the Greek verb hypomnematizesthai equates filing and remembering, its opposite, exaleiphein, combines a practical act and a function of memory by referring both to forgetting and wiping off (Vismann 55).” In this sense the memory palace is obliterated and becomes buried as a trace and remnant. Memory and forgetting work as though in a circuit, the production of one is almost always the production of the other, to remember one thing often causes one to forget another less relevant thing. Vismann also discusses forgetting as enabling memory, just as the afterimage or trace enables the original image, or the second gives birth to the first. Mechanical reproduction also enables the original, revealing the necessity of the copy and the negation in order to preserve the referent. There is only so much space in the human brain, therefore acquiring new information or new memories must also imply a certain amount of forgetting.
==Mnemonic Expression: Writing Secrets and Speaking the Mind==
3 Method of Loci
3.1 Case Study or Trace Study of the Memory Palace
3.1.1 The Mechanization of Memory
3.1.2 Memory Palace as Afterimage and Trace
3.1.3 Memory as Archive and Crypt
3.1.4 Forgetting
Cover image from Giambattista Vico's book "The New Science. Each symbol was mean to help the reader recall all of the ideas in the book.
“A memory consists in the awareness, first, of the diminished intensity of an impression, second, of its increased ease, and third, of the connections it entertains with other impressions.” (Kittler 1999, 31)
The key understanding of the nature of memory, Giambattista Vico contends, is derived from the direct correspondence between image and idea in primitive poetic language. In the beginnings of civilization, image and idea were one. Primitive peoples possessed robust memories because of the inseparable association they made between images and ideas in their comprehension of the world. They thought metaphorically, and the metaphors that they uttered were easily mimicked and remembered because they were richly expressive, grandiose, and full of wonder at the world. The link between human imagination and the universe that the Renaisance Neoplatonists had sought to discover magically, Vico revealed to have been born histrorically in the development of human consciousness.(Verene, 101) The source of mnemonist’s method is visible in the poetic logic of Vico’s theory of the emergence of human consciousness. That theory, too, involves the relationship between places and images, which Vico labels topics and tropes. Topics were the poetic of formulae through which primitive people identified the phenomena of the world. As imaginative representations of particular aspects of realty, they provided common places or fixed points of reference amidst the flux of sense experience. (Yates, 31)
computerized memory theater
Method of Loci
The indigenous people of Australia were very familiar with the method of loci. It is believed that their ancestors sung the world into existence (Cambor, 2001). Every rock and crack of the outback has a song associated with it, and the traveler knows exactly their location by their place in the song. Since then, these songs have been transcribed to aid in the understanding of the geology of the continent. In Ancient Rome, mnemonics were used by lawyers to remember the points they wanted to make in a lawsuit. The method of remembering they used is called the method of loci. The method of loci was first formally described by Quitilian, a first century Roman rhetorician. The first documented benefit of this method is found in the book “The Art of Memory” by Francis Yates.
The most common forms of the method of loci are memory palaces, memory theaters, and memory gardens.
Engraving by Robert Fludd revealing memory attached to images
Memory Palaces are methods of loci which use an imagined architecture to structure a speech based on associations of symbols. They are a spatialized remediation of association. Before memory palaces were implemented, hieroglyphs and other forms of picture writing were already using symbols to stand in for words and ideas. Memory palaces abstract this notion of association and complicate in order to allow one to remember hundreds of ideas. While mnemonics can be written down, the memory palace is completely imagined, and therefore the process and the media is black boxed within the mind of the subject, and like Iris, it is the internalization of a message or information. It was developed out of a human lack, and the need to remember large amounts of information. When using the memory palace, one needs only to remember the symbols, after which the encoded information becomes unlocked like the chirograph which connects to its counterpart. Memory palaces were constructed out of an anxiety for memory being lost, but in reality it is always already lost.
This mode of mediation is based on location, but it itself has no location and exists as a non-space that stores imagined data. The subject that uses the memory palace becomes split and is forced to inhabit two realities as one must imagine walking through the memory palace and picking up each predetermined object while simultaneously being rooted in a physical space and delivering a live speech to an audience. The subject must navigate the memory palace like an automaton on automatic pilot but cannot get fully immersed or lost in it. Discipline of the mind and the body is necessary since the subject cannot think, but must become a machine and instrument for the reading of memory.
Hegel discusses memory in two terms, “Erinnerung” and “Gedächtnis.” Erinnerung for Hegel is recollection, memory based on learning and internalization. It therefore has a relationship to the past and to a missing Other. Gedächtnis is the forgetting of meaning in favor of memorization and technologized memory just as the technologization of speech through the act of writing is also the erasure of speech and the marking of its becoming forgotten. Gedächtnis acts as the simulacrum and mechanical reproduction of memory emptied of its original and of meaning (Ronell). Memory palaces fall under Gedächtnis, as they are a phantom crutch or prosthetic for remembering which can be easily dismantled and forgotten. It does reflect Erinnerung in that it calls to its missing Other which is the real house, but it has no relationship to the past, as the reality of the memory palace is artificially constructed. The associations within the memory palace are also artificial revealing the manipulation of memory which becomes something external that can be altered and changed. Derrida writes, “What Plato is attacking in sophistics, therefore, is not smply recourse to memory but, within such recourse, the substitution of the mnemonic device for live memory, of the prosthesis for the organ; the perversion that consists of replacing a limb by a thing, here, substituting the passive, mechanical ‘by-heart’ for the active reanimation of knowledge, for its reproduction in the present. The boundary (between inside and outside, living and nonliving) separates not only speech from writing but also memory as an unveiling (re-)producing a presence from re-memoration as the mere repetition of a monument…(Derrida 109).” Paul de Man elaborates on the contradictory nature of Gedächtnis and Erinnerung, “Memory effaces remembrance (or recollection) just as the I effaces itself. The faculty that enables thought to exist also makes its preservation impossible. The art, the techné, of writing which cannot be separated from thought and from memorization can only be preserved in the figural mode of the symbol, the very mode it has to do away with if it is to occur at all (de Man 102).”
The effacing of Erinnerung caused by Gedächtnis also speaks to the idea of an afterimage which effaces the original image. The memory palace, is an afterimage and faint impression of one’s home which it replaces. Jonathan Crary writes that the afterimage, “…allowed one to conceive of sensory perception as cut from any necessary link with an external referent. The afterimage – the presence of sensation in the absence of a stimulus – and its subsequent modulations posed a theoretical and empirical demonstration of autonomous vision, of an optical experience that was produced by and within the subject (Crary 98).” The afterimage of the memory palace is detachable, once it is created the originary house isn’t necessary to evoke it, rather it can be evoked independently by the subject. Memory palaces, while seeming to be about semiotics, have more to do with Derrida's concept of the "trace." Derrida writes, “The trace is not a presence but is rather the simulacrum of a presence that dislocates, displaces, and refers beyond itself. The trace has, properly speaking, no place, for effacement belongs to the very structure of the trace. Effacement must always be able to overtake the trace; otherwise it would not be a trace but an indestructible and monumental substance (Derrida 156).” The trace refers to that which is no longer present, leaving only the reliced remains to be read.
Memory as Archive and Crypt
Memory palaces are a static archive of files. Vismann writes, “The immobile tomes are their own tombs...The immobilization amounts to a musealization, creating a work of art out of files (Vismann 161-162).” The memory palace echoes this sentiment and acts more as a mausoleum than a museum. The frozen architecture of the memory palace is doubled by the frozen images within it, turning the palace into a crypt. The shaping of the memory palace into a petrified and dead picture reveals the artifice of constructed memory. Its static and spectral quality lends it to the space of the crypt and removes it from the space of the living. It is the dead memory that must be summoned by the speaker, called to as the missing Other, and resurrected into the present.
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critical diaries
Monday, 3 April 2017
No 42 - Animal victims in Zimbabwean literature
I’m probably always pursuing too many ideas at once, too many interests. Occasionally two independent strains of enthusiasm will intersect and spark something intriguing. I try, for example, to keep something of an eye on the literature coming out of my homeland, Zimbabwe. At the same time, colleagues here at Rhodes University and at the University of Stellenbosch have cooked up a conference, with hopefully a book of edited essays to follow, on dogs in southern African literature. We hope to fill an obvious gap in local animal-studies scholarship; I’ve alluded in previous blogs to how pervasive the presence of dogs is, yet there’s been little sustained study. The conference, taking place at Stellenbosch next fortnight, will begin to address the neglect.
So I decided to address the two interests at once, and present a paper on the presence of dogs in some recent Zimbabwean fiction which deals with the post-2000 ‘land reform’ process. Two novels in particular – Graham Lang’s Place of Birth and Ian Holding’s Unfeeling – incorporate a strong canine presence. Dogs are, in the first instance, guards and companions, especially to the white farmers’ youngsters who are protagonists in these stories. Some dogs accompany these youths as they hunt little game across their farms; other packs of dogs accompany black youths doing much the same. Above all, though, the dogs are victims of political processes and associated violence in which they have no agency. In both novels, the white farmers’ dogs are slaughtered as violent land take-overs unfold: they become ciphers, stand-ins, symbols, for all the land dispossession and racist abuse local peoples feel to be the driving dynamic of their recent history. The animals generally are also soft targets, both in the sense of being unable to defend themselves and as a vector for emotional vulnerability: killing them can strike at the heart of whites’ affection and psychological well-being. In fact, I have entitled my conference paper, “Auntie Marsha, they’ve killed the dogs” – the first post-attack cry from Holding’s traumatised young protagonist.
These novels are far from the first to include a canine element in the Rhodesia-Zimbabwe land story. In the 1970s, Laurens van der Post wrote a somewhat prescient novel of black military take-over and white flight, A Far-Off Place, and then its sequel, A Story like the Wind. The fleeing young farmer-boy protagonist, Francois, is importantly accompanied by a super-supportive dog Hintza (named after the Xhosa chieftain). Hintza is, perhaps inevitably, a Rhodesian Ridgeback.
Someone mentioned that an even earlier writer, Doris Lessing, had written a dog-related story. I’m not sure I’ve discovered the story in question, but I’ve been struck, in re-reading Lessing’s 1951 collection, This was the Old Chief’s Country, of the frequency of animal victims in them. Several are related in some detail: animal presences were seen as important to a fluid and fragmentary white community searching for an ethical centre. The examples I find illustrate perhaps three fundamental, and intricately interlocking, facets of white belonging on the land: the defended homestead; agriculture; and the wilderness.
In the first aspect, dogs feature regularly as guardians of the rural farmhouse – and suffer for it. Lessing’s story “Little Tembi” foreshadows much later white Rhodesian fiction, including the fate of the dogs in Lang and Holding. Tembi is a Shona orphan partly supported by a farming family; but the subtle abuses he suffers he avenges by stooping to theft. So the family buys two large fierce dogs. The wife, Jane, resents being
greeted on her way from house to storerooms by the growling of hostile dogs who treated everyone, black and white, as an enemy .... They bit everyone who came near the house, and Jane was afraid for her children. However, it was not more than three weeks after they were bought that they were found lying stretched in the sun, quite dead, foam at their mouths and their eyes glazing. They had been poisoned ...
Such are the hazards, Jane’s husband Willie grumbles, of living in “this damned country”. Of course, many whites continued to live there, sometimes bound by an undeniable love.
Part of that love seemed to be for the activity of agriculture itself – the second aspect. Here too Lessing was both unsparing in her depictions of grimy and fractious white domestic lives, and generously adventurous in her portrayals of black characters. Some of her Rhodesian contemporaries vilified her for it. Her portrait of a cattle driver, ‘The Long One’, in her story “The Nuisance”, is a subtle concoction of admiration and ethical doubts:
In his own line he was an artist – his line being cattle. He handled oxen with a delicate brutality that was fascinating and horrifying to watch. ...It was like watching a circus act; there was the same suspense in it: it was a matter of pride to him that he did not need to use the whip. This did not by any means imply that he wished to spare the beasts pain, not at all; he liked to feed his pride on his own skill. Alongside the double line of ponderous cattle that strained across acres of heavy clods, danced, raved and screamed the Long One, with his twelve-foot-long lash circling in black patterns over their backs; and though his threatening yells were the yells of an inspired madman, and the heavy whip could be heard clear across the farm, so that on a moonlight night when they were ploughing late it sounded like the crack and whine of a rifle, never did the dangerous metal-tipped lash so much as touch a hair of their hides. If you examined the oxen as they were outspanned, they might be exhausted, driven to staggering-point, so that my father had to remonstrate, but there was never a mark on them.
In this situation, the lines between cultural norms and compassion, between cruelty and mere utilisation, are blurry.
And thirdly, the wilderness, as threat or refuge, always looms on the edge of the domesticated fields and gardens. It can be full of its own, independent violence: in “A Sunrise on the Veld” the boy-focaliser comes upon a buck being consumed alive by ants. He doesn’t bring himself to shoot the dying animal, since “this is how life goes on, by living things dying in anguish”, and he is overwhelmed by a “swelling feeling of rage and misery and protest”. So some characters seem to express that protest by exercising a countervailing compassion upon wild animal life; others respond by being indifferent to it. This is the difference between Major Carruthers, ethical English landowner, and Van Heerden, rough Afrikaner potential employee, in the story “The Second Hut”. The shabby quarters Carruthers offers Van Heerden have been colonised by a spider, “vast and glittering, shaking gently, glaring at them with small red eyes, from the centre of the web. Van Heerden did what Major Carruthers would have died rather than do: he tore the web across with his bare hands, crushed the spider between his fingers ... ‘It will do fine’ he announced.”
The ethical split starkly represented here, symbolic of a certain racism, is captured within a single character in the story “Leopard George”. The young farmer George finds himself having to hunt down a man-eating leopard. The build-up is related with incremental delicacy, the outcome with wrenching ambivalence:
Image by Cindy Dardagan Britz
The low, ground-creeping thing showed a green glitter of eyes, and a sheen of moonlight shifted with the moving muscles in the flank. When the shape stilled and flattened itself for a spring, George lifted his rifle and fired. There was a coughing noise, and the shape stayed still. George lowered the rifle and looked at it, almost puzzled, and stood still. There lay the enemy, dead, not a couple of paces from him. Sprawled almost at his feet was the leopard, its body still tensing and convulsing in death. Anger sprang up again in George: it had all been so easy, so easy! Again he looked in wonder at his rifle; then he kicked the unresisting flesh of the leopard, first with a kind of curiosity, then brutally. Finally he smashed the butt of the rifle, again and again, in hard, thudding blows, against the head. There was no resistance, no sound, nothing.
Such killing is, in the end, utterly empty. Inflicting death on the animal, in the end, reveals nothing but the emptiness within ourselves.
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BVIFA National League results after 3rd Match Day
March 13, 2018 by Sofia Fay
By BVI Football Association
The Panthers took on the Rebels and won 3-1 on the 3rd match day of the BVIFA National League, Photo: Dean Greenaway
After a hectic match day number three of the BVIFA National League, One Love went joint top, the Rebels are still winless and the Wolues got their first points of the season as 17 goals, 11 cautions and 3 penalties were shared amongst 3 games.
The 3pm kick off over in Virgin Gorda saw Old Madrid come up against the Wolues, who, with a new look side, found themselves 3-0 inside the first 40 minutes, first through Phillip Nelson in the 11th minute and then a brace from Mark Gardner in the 33rd and 37th minutes.
Kenmore Peters pulled one back for Old Madrid in the 45th minute before Christopher Farmer and Christopher Smith put the result beyond doubt, scoring in the 60th and 82nd minutes respectively.
Nelson would then add another in the 87th minute to put the icing on the cake and make it 6-1.
Back on the A.O. Shirley Ground, the Panthers took on the Rebels and come out with all 3 points, winning 3-1, in a feisty game that saw no less than eight bookings.
All the goals came in the second half with Shannon Lawrence opening the scoring in the 53rd minute, Prevell Asson doubling the lead in the 72, Michael Baptichon pulling one back for the Rebels from the penalty spot, in the 73rd and Wayne Phillip wrapping it up for the Panthers in the 81st minute.
The final game back on Virgin Gorda saw a Carl Stewart hat trick, and a brace from Richard Morgan condemn F.C. Sea Argo to another heavy defeat, 5-1, despite staying in the game up until almost half time, when Stewart scored the first of his three (38th).
Morgan’s 11th minute penalty had been cancelled out by Janel Ferdinand, also from the spot, in the 21st minute.
Stewart would add further goals in the 49th and 77th minutes, either side of Morgan’s second in the 54th.
Upcoming games for March 18th:
VG Utd v Islanders F.C. – A.O. Shirley at 4.30pm
Sugar Boys F.C. v Old Madrid F.C. – Virgin Gorda at 3.00pm
F.C. Sea Argo v Rebels F.C. – Virgin Gorda at 5,00pm
For full results, schedules and leading scorers please visit the FA website at www.bvifootball.com or visit one of our International Stats partners:
BVIFA National League 2018 – Results, fixtures, tables and stats – Global Sports Archive
Filed Under: Football Tagged With: 2018 BVIFA National League, BVI Footbal Association
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Eandel
Home Business News Lagos targets N60.31bn IGR monthly for 2021
Lagos targets N60.31bn IGR monthly for 2021
Lagos State government, on Thursday, said it is targeting a total of N723.817bn Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) for the 2021 fiscal year, bringing the monthly figure to N60.31bn.
The State Commissioner for Economic Planning and Budget, Mr Sam Egube, disclosed this while giving the 2021 budget breakdown at a press briefing which took place at Alausa, Ikeja, saying the state had earmarked N15bn for the Rebuilding Lagos Project/Trust Fund, in the aftermath of #EndSARS destruction of Lagos in October 2020.
Egube disclosed that the total size stands at ₦1.164trn, saying it would be funded from a total revenue estimate of ₦971.028billion, comprising total Internally Generated Revenue of N723.817bn, with Capital Receipts standing at N71.811bn, while Federal Transfer is projected at N175.400bn.
“The total budget size is ₦1.164trillion and will be funded from a total revenue estimate of ₦971.028billion, comprising of the following: Total Internally Generated Revenue (TIGR): N723.817bn, Capital Receipts, N71.811bn, Federal Transfer, N175.400bn,” the commissioner stated.
It would be recalled that the budget tagged “Budget of Rekindled Hope,” was presented by the state governor, Mr Bajbajide Sanwo-Olu, on Tuesday, November 10, 2020, to the Lagos State House of Assembly for consideration and assent.
The Appropriation bill was subsequently passed on Tuesday, December 29, 2020, by the State House of Assembly and was signed into law by the governor on December 31, 2020.
The approved Y2021 Budget size is ₦1.164trn, which is made up of ₦702.935bn for Capital Expenditure and ₦460.587bn for Recurrent Expenditure, giving a 60:40 Capital to Recurrent expenditure ratio strongly in favour of Capital Expenditure.
According to the commissioner, a significant percentage of the projected TIGR of N512bn is expected to be contributed by Lagos State Internal Revenue Service (LIRS), saying this would be achieved by expanding the tax net and simplifying the tax process as well as through appropriate use of technology, among others.
“We shall achieve this by expanding the tax net by simplifying the tax process, improving our transaction taxes and the appropriate use of technology in addition to improving the work environment, training and tools of our tax administration personnel. This will improve the efficiency in operations of all revenue-generating agencies.
“We believe that there are huge revenue-generating opportunities in the state, including real estates, transportation sectors and our markets generally, etc. We will continue to use data and intelligence to unravel revenue opportunities and leakages,” Egube said.
He said the state government would continue to maintain a relatively conservative posture in its projection for Federal Transfers/Receipts compared to the annual run rate in 2020 in view of the production challenges within the oil sector by keeping its expectation at N175bn.
This was just as the commissioner disclosed that the deficit of ₦192.494bn was projected to be funded by a combination of internal and external loans.
The commissioner, while giving sectoral budget analysis, disclosed that a budgetary provision of N150.753bn was provided for the maintenance of roads and other infrastructures within the state, saying this was to emphasise the administration’s resolve towards enhancing infrastructure and human capital development.
According to him, the increase shall address the zero-pothole strategy, create link-roads within the metropolis to resolve traffic congestion and its attendant risks, adding that the provision would cater for the N15bn for The Rebuild Lagos Project/Trust Fund, N11bn for the reconstruction of Lekki-Epe Expressway from Eleko Junction to Epe T-junction (phase one) and N8.750bn for Lekki Regional Roads.
Others, he said, include: N19.500bn set aside under Project Stabilisation Fund to intervene on various projects across the state, the N10bn under State Infrastructure Intervention Fund to also intervene on Roads within Local Government and LCDAs, the N13.115bn earmarked for construction/completion of Agege Pen Cinema Flyover, Oregun Bridge Road Network, Agric Isawo Road, Bola Ahmed Tinubu Road, Igbogbo, Ijede Road and Mba Cardoso Road as well as N5.9bn to be spent on Lagos- Badagry Expressway, among others.
On Traffic Management/Transportation, Egube said a total sum of ₦72.930bn was budgeted under the Transportation family, which include the Blue and Red rail lines; Junction improvement all around the state; completion of trailer parks in the State; development of quality bus corridors, among others.
The commissioner disclosed that the sum of ₦23.502bn budgeted for Science and Technology was provisioned for building and upgrading of IT Infrastructure Statewide, e-GIS Land automation system, Single Billing system and ease of tax payment, Levies and other revenue enhancement initiatives.
“The Smart City project is targeted at deploying about 2000 intelligent cameras in strategic locations around Lagos and leverage technology to enhance security and traffic management in the State and will also enhance our revenue-generating efforts.
“This administration will in addition deliver a 3000km metro-broadband fibre infrastructure around the state through an ongoing PPP initiative.
“Furthermore, we will continue to invest in the Lagos State Resident Registration Initiative in conjunction with NIMC to gather useful resident data and information for planning purposes,” he said.
On Health, Egube said a total sum of N105.988bn (as against a total sum of N111.775bn in Y2020) was provided for the continuous upgrading/renovation of health facilities and completion of on-going healthcare infrastructure.
According to him, the affected infrastructure include the completion and equipping of the New Massey Children Hospital, General Hospitals, Ojo, Construction of Infectious Disease Research Center, Yaba, Upgrading of e-Health Platform for Health Insurance, Rehabilitation & Upgrading of General Hospital, Lagos and Construction of the Oncology Center at Gbagada.
Speaking further, Egube disclosed that a total of N33.952bn was provided for Housing and Community Amenities, saying these include N4bn for the completion of on-going housing estates and N3.4bn for new Housing projects.
“It is the intention of the government that lifting the housing sector in a big way will require significant participation of the private sector, which we intend to pursue aggressively and deliberately.
“The sum of N594million has also been provided to continue the implementation of an electronic Certificate of Occupancy and Title re-certification project, together with the issuance of e-planning approvals,” he said.
He said the state government was poised to ensure self-sustenance in staple foods and would continue to expand its food productions centres in areas of its comparative advantage, adding that it would do this through collaboration with other states and the Federal Government.
“In line with this, a sum of N11.715bn was approved. Out of which we plan to spend N2.755bn on Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Support (APPEALS), N1.349bn Lagos Wholesale Produce market, N1.7bn for Rice Value Chain, N500M for Development of Ketu Ereyun, N525M for Value Chain Empowerment and N310M for Shonghai Farms, among others,” the commissioner stated.
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Showing posts with label Belts. Show all posts
How They Save Lives -Seat Belts
Seat Belts: How They Save Lives
Do you snap in your seat belt as soon as you get in the car? Do your children have the right safety seats for their weight and age? If you've answered no, even just once, you need to read on.
It's been proven time and again, on back roads and superhighways: A seat belt can save a life in a car accident. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), more than 15,000 lives are saved each year in the United States because drivers and their passengers were wearing seat belts when they were in accidents.
Seat Belt Safety: 5-Way Protection
“Seat belts prevent occupants of the vehicle from serious injury in five ways,” says Angela Osterhuber, director of the Pennsylvania Traffic Injury Prevention Project in Media, Pa. A seat belt:
Keeps the occupants of the vehicle inside. “It’s clearly a myth that people are better off being thrown clear from the crash,” Osterhuber says. “People thrown from a vehicle are four times more likely to be killed than those who remain inside.”
Restrains the strongest parts of the body. “Restraints are designed to contact your body at its strongest parts. For an older child and adult, these parts are the hips and shoulders, which is where the seat belt should be strapped,” Osterhuber says.
Spreads out any force from the collision. “Lap-and-shoulder belts spread the force of the crash over a wide area of the body. By putting less stress on any one area, they can help you avoid serious injury,” Osterhuber says. A shoulder strap also helps keep your head and upper body away from the dashboard, steering wheel, and other hard interior parts of the automobile should you stop suddenly or be hit by another vehicle.
Helps the body to slow down. “What is it that causes injury? A quick change in speed,” Osterhuber says. “Seat belts help extend the time it takes for you to slow down in a crash.”
Protects your brain and spinal cord. A seat belt is designed to protect these two critical areas. “Head injuries may be hard to see immediately, but they can be deadly,” Osterhuber says. Likewise, spinal cord injuries can have serious consequences.
Seat Belt Safety: Buckle Up Correctly
Adjusting your seat belt properly is a must: Getting the right fit is as important as wearing it. The strap that goes across your lap should fit snugly over your hips and upper thigh area. “If the belt rides up on the stomach, it could cause serious injuries in a crash,” Osterhuber says.
Shoulder belts should rest securely across your chest and shoulders between your breasts. Don’t ever let the strap fall across your neck or face and never place the strap under your arms or behind your back. “Any one of these positions can cause serious injury,” Osterhuber says.
Seat Belt Safety: Rules for Infants and Children
Children are not small adults — they need specialized protection in a moving vehicle. “Their skeletal structure is different,” Osterhuber says. Age, height, and weight determine the safest way for a child to travel.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, here’s how to select the right option for your child:
Rear-facing child safety seat. Children under age 1 and those who weigh less than 20 pounds should sit in rear-facing, child safety seats approved by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The seats should be placed in the backseat of the car.
Forward-facing child safety seat. Children older than 1 who weigh more than 20 pounds should ride in forward-facing child safety seats. The seat should be placed in the rear of the vehicle until the child reaches the upper weight or height limit of the particular seat. Typically, a child will outgrow a safety seat around age 4 and once she reaches about 40 pounds.
Booster seat. Children age 4 and older who weigh more than 40 pounds should ride in booster seats. A child can safely progress to a seat belt when the belt fits properly across the upper thighs and chest. “This is usually at age 8 or when they are at least 4 feet 9 inches tall,” Osterhuber says.
Seat belt. When children outgrow their booster seats, they can use seat belts, but they still should sit in the back of the vehicle. “Really, all children should be riding in the backseat of the car until they are at least 13 years old,” Osterhuber says.
Seat Belt Safety: A Clear Message
The National Safety Council recently reported a drop in traffic fatalities for 2008, indicating a record low since the 1920s when it began publishing statistical reports. One reason given for the decline is the increased use of seat belts.
It takes only a few seconds to buckle up once you get in the car. Why wouldn’t you?
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Showing posts with label Health Tips for Heart. Show all posts
Women's Health Tips for Heart, Mind, and Body
Follow a Heart-Healthy Diet
There's an easy recipe if your goal is to keep away problems like heart disease and strokes.
Eat more fruits and veggies.
Choose whole grains. Try brown rice instead of white. Switch to whole wheat pasta.
Choose lean proteins like poultry, fish, beans, and legumes.
Cut down on processed foods, sugar, salt, and saturated fat.
When eating healthy, flexibility often works best, says Joyce Meng, MD, assistant professor at the Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center at UConn Health. If you like to follow a strict diet plan, go for it. If not, it's OK. "Find what works for you."
Tricia Montgomery, 52, the founder of K9 Fit Club, knows first-hand how the right diet and lifestyle can help. For her, choosing healthy foods and planning small, frequent meals works well. "I don't deny myself anything," she says. "I still have dessert -- key lime pie, yum! -- and I love frozen gummy bears, but moderation is key."
The more active you are, the better, Meng says. Exercise boosts your heart health, builds muscle and bone strength, and wards off health problems.
Aim for 2 and a half hours of moderate activity, like brisk walking or dancing, every week. If you're OK with vigorous exercise, stick to 1 hour and 15 minutes a week of things like running or playing tennis. Add a couple of days of strength training, too.
If you're busy, try short bursts of activity throughout the day. Walk often. A good target is 10,000 steps a day. Take the stairs. Park your car far away from your destination.
Montgomery exercises every day, often with her dog. By adding lunges, squats, and stairs to a walk, she turns it into a power workout. "I also am a huge Pilates fan," she says.
Visit Your Doctor
Get regular checkups. Your doctor keeps track of your medical history and can help you stay healthy. For example, if you're at risk for osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, he may want you to get more calcium and vitamin D.
Your doctor may recommend screening tests to keep an eye on your health and catch conditions early when they're easier to treat.
Keep the lines of communication open. "If you have questions, ask your doctor," Meng says. "Make sure you understand things to your satisfaction." If you're worried about a medication or procedure, talk to him about it.
Cut Down Your stress
It can take a toll on your health. You probably can't avoid it altogether, but you can find ways to ease the impact. Don't take on too much. Try to set limits with yourself and others. It's OK to say no.
To relieve stress, try:
Talking to a friend, family member, or professional counselor
Create Healthy Habits
If you make the right choices today, you can ward off problems tomorrow.
Brush your teeth twice a day and floss every day.
Don't smoke.
Limit your alcohol. Keep it to one drink a day.
If you have medication, take it exactly how your doctor prescribed it.
Improve your sleep. Aim for 8 hours. If you have trouble getting shut-eye, talk to your doctor.
Use sunscreen and stay out of the sun from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Wear your seatbelt.
Take time every day to invest in your health, Meng says.
It paid off for Montgomery. She says she overcame health problems, feels good, and has a positive outlook. "My life," she says, "is forever changed."
Share Your Reviews !
Labels: Awareness Week, Health Tips for Heart, mental health
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Transformer species in the flora of the Starobilsk grass-meadow steppe (Ukraine)
Oksana O. Kucher
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/biorc-2015-0034
alien plant species
transformer species
plant invasions
The results of an investigation of alien species that change the character, condition, form or nature of ecosystems over large areas (transformer species) in the flora of the Starobilsk grass-meadow steppe are presented. The check-list of alien plants includes over 386 species of vascular plants, of which 28 species are invasive and 6 are transformer species. In this study, the data on the first records of alien species, their distribution history, ecology, occurrence in different plant communities and degree of naturalization were compiled. The distribution maps of transformer species are provided.
A new finding of a uniquely large population of Anacamptis morio (Orchidaceae) on the Left-Bank Ukraine
Taxonomic significance of pollen morphology in Succisa and Succisella
Ophioglossaceae (Psilotopsida) in Ukraine
Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. (Ophioglossaceae) – a new species for the native flora of Ukraine
Distrubution of selected invasive plant species in the Romensko-Poltavsky Geobotanical District (Ukraine)
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ESSDA
European Same-Sex Dancing Association
ESSDA Foundation
ESSDA Constitution
ESSDA Board
ESSDA Membership
AGM Documents
SSD Competition Rules
Showdance Competition Rules
Adjudicator’s Code of Conduct
Non-European Competitions
other Dance Events
EuroGames 2016 Helsinki
EuroGames Ceremonies Gallery 1
EuroGames 2015 Stockholm
Champions & Medalists 2015
EuroGames 2012 Budapest
EuroGames 2011 Rotterdam
These Bylaws were passed by the ESSDA Board on 20th April 2009 and changed by the ESSDA Board on 29th July 2009 by implementing a motion of the AGM 2009. The bylaws are reviewed regularly in line with ESSDA Board decisions and were last updated Monday 1st July 2019
These Bylaws should be read in conjunction with the ESSDA constitution, and provide the detail by which the constitution can be put into practice.
Each Bylaw number referes to the same number in the constitution, for example B12 is a more detailed explanation of section 12 in the Constitution. The numbering system is not chronological.
B.12. CONSTITUENCY OF MEMBERSHIP
B .12.1.1.: Ordinary membership is open to: all individuals who accept, abide by and comply with the mission and goals statement of the association (Article 11 of the Constitution) and who have lived in Europe for at least three month or elect to dance for a European club or country at least for one year. ESSDA reserves the right to check this information.
B.14. ENDING OF MEMBERSHIP
B.14.1.5.: Membership of the association ends by:
– Failure to pay the annual membership fee (if there is one) within 3 months of the persons application for membership. If the AGM takes place earlier than this 3 months and the new member is present, membership must be paid at the AGM.
– Failure to pay a renewal fee of annual membership within 9 months of the renewal date.
B.15. OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERS
B.15.1. Once it is decided by the General Assembly, there is an obligation to pay an annual membership fee of:
B.15.5.a. Ten Euros for ordinary members,
B.15.5.b. Twenty Euros for extraordinary members (legal entities) with maximum 99 members,
B.15.5.c. Thirty Euros for extraordinary members with more than 99 members.
B.16. RIGHTS OF MEMBERS
B.16.2.1 Voting by proxy: Members (with voting rights) can vote in person or by proxy. Postal votes are only accepted for the Election of Board Members. An Ordinary or Honorary member present at the meeting can cast up to a maximum of 5 votes including proxy votes, votes on behalf of legal entities and their own personal vote.
Extraordinary members must take part through their delegates who must be present.
During any other voting at the AGM, members (with voting rights) can only vote in person or by proxy.
B.16.2.2 Each Extraordinary member (club, legal entity)with a membership of up to 99 has one delegate. Those with more than 99 members can appoint two delegates. Each delegate has one vote.
B.16.3 Voting rights: If there is a membership fee,only paid up members can vote at the AGM.
B.16.3.2. An extraordinary member has at least one vote through their delegate. Legal entities with more than 99 members have two votes (through two delegates). Each legal entity, club or group has to report the actual number of relevant members (As defined in 12.1.2. of the Constitution) four weeks before the next Annual General Meeting.
B.16.3.5. Representation of members and casting of votes: Each extraordinary member has the right to appoint one delegate per vote for the General Meeting. Each delegate should prove this by a written and signed official statement of the member organisation.
B.17. GENERAL MEETING
B.17.3. Any member may submit an additional agenda item, to be sent to the general secretary at least 10 days before the AGM.
B.17.3.a. The Board may direct that any agenda item may not be included in the meeting if it appears that such an item is: irrelevant to the missions and goals of the Association.
B.17.3.5. The procedure for the election of Board members:
B.17.3.5.a. The election of Board Members takes place at the AGM.
B.17.3.5.b. If ordinary or honorary members are not able to vote to elect the Board in person, postal voting forms and proxy voting forms will be available to download from the ESSDA website.
B.17.3.5.c. Members who are not currently on the Board are able to be nominated to stand for election as long as they have agreed to it. Any member who is nominated needs to be proposed and seconded (a second person to support the nomination), by paid up members before being able to stand for election (if membership fee applicable). Nominations must be received at least 4 weeks in advance of the AGM. Members cannot be nominated on the day. Details of candidates who have been nominated must be sent to the members in advance of the meeting to enable proxy and postal voting.
B.17.3.5.d. Each voting form will have the names of the members who have been nominated for the election along with the current members of the Board, who will automatically stand for re-election unless they have declined. Members with the right to vote will be asked to elect up to the maximum of seven people.
B.17.7.1. Quorum
A minimum number of 5% of the members must participate in person or through their delegate at a General Meeting (Annual and Extraordinary) in order to conclude valid decisions. In the case of changing the constitution or dissolving the association, a 25% quorum is required as defined in section 25.1 of the Constitution.
B.17.7.1.a. In the case of the election of Board Members there will be an exception to the above rule where Proxy and postal votes of ordinary and honorary members will be recognized as participating and will count towards the 5% quorum.
B.19. BOARD
B.19.3. If a Board member doesn’t accept, abide by and comply with the mission statement of the association. (look at C.10.), with the Association’s Constitution or decisions or has harmed the Association in an unreasonable way, the Board will take a vote to ask the board member to step down. The excluded board member shall have the right to appeal this decision at the following General Meeting, but must have a 2/3rds majority.
B.19.4. The board shall consist of a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 9 members. If at any point an even number of board members sit on the board then they can choose to co-opt an additional member if board voting issues arise.
B.19.7.1. The Office Bearer of the association, (the two Co-Presidents, the Treasurer and the General Secretary), are elected by office title by the new Board from among its own members within the following three weeks.
B.19.8.a. Board Elections on a rolling base: In order to enable continuity of Board decision making, at least three existing members must stay on the Board for the following year of office. This will be decided by the outgoing Board, before the election.
B.19.8.b Board members cannot serve more than two years without being re-elected.
B.19.8.c. At the AGM of every uneven year, the election must be for at least 4 Board Memebers. In even years the election must be for at least 3 Board Members.
B.19.9.5. The Treasurer can represent the association in all financial matters up to a sum of 300 Euros. Anything more than € 300 there must be agreement by a majority of the board.
B.19.10. Rules of conduct for the Board:
B.19.10.a. Board decisions are made in Board meetings, which can be personally attended and/ or organized through Information Technology conference systems e.g. skype.
B.19.10.b. Decisions can also be made through Internet votings (Email, Website…). It is a requirement that Board Members have access to Email.
B.19.10.c. Board decisions are made with an absolute majority (a minimum of more than the half members of the whole Board).
B.19.10.d. A Board meeting needs a quorum of more than the half of the Board attending the meeting in person or through conference systems in order to conclude valid decisions, otherwise the Board meeting is only entitled to make proposals.
B.19.10.e. A Board meeting is convocated through an agreed proposal made by the co-presidents. The date, city or method of meeting and agenda should be notified at least two week before, but preferably one month before the proposed date. Those who are not able to attend are invited to send comments. Convocated meetings can be postponed and/or continued within a period of two week from the original meeting date by agreement of all those Board members who agreed to attend. This has to be published to the rest of the Board on the same or next day together with the planned agenda.
B.19.10.f. Decisions by other tools for Internet voting like video conference shall only be used when all Board members can organize the access to it.
B.19.10.g. Email decision procedure of the Board:
a) Commitment:
Everybody on the Board has to commit to checking emails and responding within an agreed timeframe or indicate otherwise a period where you can’t check your emails.
b) Timeframe:
Generally a week to check and respond for every proposal made. The date of the proposal and time limit should be included in the proposal! Anyone who has not answered within the fixed period has abstained from voting.
c) Majority:
An absolute majority (more than the half of the whole Board).
d) Definition and Identification:
Any proposal that requires a vote should be named as such , and the wording clear in the body of the email. It MUST have the word “PROP” followed by the keyword in the subject of the email. The email must be high priority. General discussion and ideas should not follow this format.
e) Time for discussion:
The suggestion is to give time for discussion, gathering of information and forming or changing an opinion when possible BEFORE a proposal is made.
f) The decisions of the Board should be announced quarterly to the Membership.
g) The results of the voting and the details on all proposals are to be recorded by a member of the board for a period of 5 years.
B.21. VOTING
B.21.1. Ways of participating, Majority and Quorum: With the exception of changing the constitition or dissolving the association, this is covered by section 16 and 17 of the Bylaws.
B.24. BY-LAWS
B.24.5: is defined in section 17.3 of the Bylaws
CHANGING THE ARTICLES AND THE DISSOLUTION OF THE ASSOCIATION
B.25. CHANGING OF THE ARTICLES
B.25.1. The decision to change the Constitution or to dissolve the association can only be taken by the General Membership in a General Meeting, not in a referendum.
B.25.4 is defined in section 17 of the Bylaws.
B.27. REFERENDUM
B.27.a. A Topic that requires an immediate decision which cannot wait for the General meeting can be can be put forward for a referendum by the Board or by the membership.
B.27.b. In the case of a referendum being requested by a member and not agreed by the Board, the referendum will only be granted if it comes from a group of members representing 25 % of the membership with voting rights.
B.27.c. A referendum is carried out by a voting committee, appointed by the Board or at the Annual General Meeting, consisting of 2 persons of different nationality.
B.27.d. A referendum is carried out by publishing a motion by the the Board and asking for votes to be received by the voting committee within a specific period.
Internet voting will be used in this case. After the voting period is closed the voting committee should check membership and voting rights.
Sources for the Bylaws:
– Founding Notes ESSDA (prepared by the committee of five people for the founding meeting in London, 18th February 2007),
– Bylaws EGLSF
– Bylaws UKSSDC
Find out all about the ESSDA membership
The ESSDA Facebook Group
Competition Calendar 2018
Competition Calendar: PDF-Version
Competition Calendar: XLS-Version
Upcoming European Competitions
CANCELLED: 16. Grand Prix Düsseldorf 2021, DE
Virtual Pink Jukebox Trophy 2021
Le Rendez-Vous de Paris 2021
Eurogames Copenhagen 2021 – Dancesport Competition
Tue 17/08/2021 - Sun 22/08/2021
UK Equality Open 2021
Roma Eurogames 2019
Gay Games 2018 in Paris, France
Same-Sex Dancing Competition Rules
(c) ESSDA
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Written by BigClickRadio on February 23, 2018
The package was recorded in Liverpool on the Acolyte to Wolflight With Genesis Revisited Tour.
Steve Packett is set to release of a brand new double live album and DVD this summer.
Titled ‘The Total Experience Live In Liverpool’, the 2CD/2DVD deluxe package and stand-a-lone Blu-Ray was recorded on StevIe’s Acolyte to Wolflight With Genesis Revisited Tour in 2015 at the Liverpool Philharmonic.
“When Inside Out told me that I could film a gig on the British leg of the 2015 tour for release, I thought that we should do it away from London (and) I felt doing it in Liverpool had a certain ring to it,” says Steve.
“This is an extraordinary city and the Philharmonic Hall is an extraordinary venue. Besides, it’s not as if Liverpool is known for having any good music – there’s never been a good band from there. Ha!”
The tour celebrated the 40th anniversary of his debut solo album ‘Voyage Of The Acolyte’ and boasted two sets – one focusing on his solo career and the other containing a host of Genesis classics.
Tagged as Cool music Drum Machine Music wp themes Singer Techno
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Higher Meditation 3 features reggae star Anthony Cruz October 22nd
BigUpRadio.com proudly presents the all new weekly reggae dancehall show Higher Meditation. Dancehall singer Anthony Cruz is the special guest on this week’s show. Join your hosts Itation Sound this Wednesday, October 22nd on BigUpRadio.com .This week the ladies choice Anthony Cruz stops by for a visit. Anthony Cruz is one of the greatest singers in the dancehall arena who stays on the the charts on a regular basis. Do not miss this exclusive interview and feature with Anthony Cruz! ONE LOVE
About Anthony Cruz:
BORN ROHAN SMITH on December 17, 1974, Anthony Cruz grew up in Mandeville, Manchester. Hailing from a talented musical family – being the nephew of the celebrated singer Garnett Silk, as well as having a mother and father who were excellent singers – Cruz was convinced from a young age that he was destined to be a great singer. After graduating from Holmwood Technical High School, Cruz migrated to the United States, spending a few years in New York before moving to Miami. Find out more: here.
About Itation Sound:
Starting as a Sound System in 1998, Itation has moved forward to becoming a record label in 2007. Working mostly out of the Itation Studio in California, they have been able to collaborate with many artists who frequent the Bay Area.
Their first riddim was produced with the help of St. Croix reggae artist “Batch” and Executive Producer Daniel “Jah Mystic”. The riddim is called “Higher Meditation”, and is now out featuring other artists such as Sizzla, Jah Mason, Wayne Wonder, Anthony Cruz, and Freddie McGregor. Itation’s follow up riddim to the Higher Meditation, is called the “Show Love” riddim. It was produced with Jah Sun of More Love Productions. It has many wicked combinations, including Jah Sun’s big tune with Prezident Brown, “Show Love”. Other big artists on the riddim are, Gyptian, Norris Man & Pressure, Binghi Ghost & Luv Fyah, Lady Passion, Lutan Fyah, Natty King, Rocker T, Batch and many more. It was released in May 2008. Currently Itation is working on its next release to be released in the Summer of 2008. It was arranged by Tune In Crew from France. It features many big tunes by artists such as Sizzla, Pressure, Anthony Cruz, Jah Mason, Chezidek, Turbulence, Rocker T and Ras Matthew, just to name a few!
Right now Itation is getting ready to release a big big album with artist, Batch. The album has been recorded, mixed and produced by Danjres Will of Revolution Sounds & Royal Inity. It also will feature Batch’s song, “Righteously Striving”, from the Show Love Riddim. Be sure to check back soon to hear more about this project.
Subscribe to the HIGHER MEDITATION Podcast on:
http://www.itationrecords.com
http://www.bigupradio.com
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Tag Archives: Scholarships
4th May 2018 Daniel Livingstone Leave a comment
For this coming year, SimVis has a number of Scholarships and Fee-Waivers available for all of our postgraduate programmes:
MDes Sound for the Moving Image
MSc Medical Visualisation & Human Anatomy (with Glasgow University)
MSc Serious Games & VR
MSc Heritage Visualisation
The scholarship application deadline is the 31st of May.
Fee-waivers are available to Scottish and EU students (sadly not rUK students), and cover the academic fees for one year of full-time study. Limited numbers are still available on all masters programmes, with the final tranche of awards to be made in June after UG degree results become available.
A selection of scholarships are available – these mostly provide contributions towards the cost of fees, and include the International Welcome Scholarships, which provide a partial scholarship forinternational students.
This year we are also delighted to be able to offer the MGAlba/Learn Gaelic Scholarship to one student on the MSc Serious Games & VR programme. This scholarship covers the full cost of UK/EU fees – and is open to applicants from around the world. If awarded to an international student, the scholarship would provide a substantial award towards the international fees. The successful applicant will have an interest in the use of games to support
You can learn more about the scholarships, and application process here: GSA Scholarships
Note that all eligible applicants will be considered automatically for SFC fee-waivers, and there is no application process for these.
featuredfundingScholarships
Postgraduate study, Sound, Visualisation
Scholarships for study at The Glasgow School of Art
30th March 2017 Brian Loranger Leave a comment
The Glasgow School of Art is now accepting applications for the 2017/18 GSA Scholarships, and full details of the awards and the application process available on the GSA website.
Some of these scholarships are specifically for study at SimVis on our masters programmes in sound and visualisation – including international scholarships with awards of £2000 to support fees and living costs – and there are similar awards available for Scottish and EU students applying to the Postgraduate Welcome Scholarships.
Many thanks to local Post-Production specialists, Savalas, who have sponsored a new scholarship for students applying to our MDes Sound for the Moving Image. Savalas is Scotland’s largest audio-post facility, and was founded by 4 friends in 1998 on the back of a small bank loan and local authority grant that has become a well-established part of Scotland’s post-production community. Without the initial financial commitment and endorsement, it would have been virtually impossible for the company to secure premises and literally get out of the bedroom. Savalas hope that this Scholarship will provide a similar level of support and acknowledgment to the successful applicant.
All scholarships, including the Savalas award, are being advertised to all GSA applicants, and can be applied for till the deadline of Wednesday 31st May 2017.
Full details and application form online at the GSA website.
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ERS Saved: Judge Grants Restraining Order Against SB2077
By News Release @ 5:20 PM :: 5424 Views :: Hawaii State Government, Health Care, Labor
Court Grants ERS Temporary Restraining Order and Stays Implementation of 2016 Hawaii Laws 2nd Sp. Sess. Act 1 (S.B. 2077)
News Release from Hawaii ERS
August 23, 2016 Yesterday, the Honorable Jeannette Castagnetti, judge of the First Circuit Court of the State of Hawaii, granted the Motion for Temporary Restraining Order filed by the Board of Trustees of the Employees' Retirement System of the State of Hawaii (ERS) in Civil No. 16-1543-8 (ERS Lawsuit). The Motion for TRO sought to stay the implementation of 2016 Hawaii Laws 2nd Sp. Sess. Act 1 (Act 1) which, if implemented, could jeopardize the tax exempt status of the ERS. The TRO would prevent Act 1 from taking effect until the court could hear the ERS’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction, which was also filed today.
In granting the TRO, the court found that the ERS had successfully established that the ERS was likely to prevail on the merits of the ERS Lawsuit as Act 1 could violate the Hawaii State Constitution by giving certain state employees an improper election of either a cash severance payment or special early retirement benefits under the ERS. The United States Internal Revenue Code does not allow the State to offer employees such an election. By offering an election that includes benefits under the ERS as one of the choices, Act 1 could result in the ERS plan being disqualified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
Further, Judge Castagnetti ruled that the balance of harm supported the granting of the TRO as the results of such a disqualification could cause irreparable harm to the almost 120,000 members of the ERS as all State and county employees would lose the benefit of tax deferral that is fundamental to the ERS plan, as well as other benefits associated with a qualified plan.
Finally, Judge Castagnetti ruled that the public interest supported the issuance of a TRO as it is in the public interest to maintain the ERS’s tax-qualified status and to avoid any impairment of benefits to the ERS’s members.
Accordingly, Judge Castagnetti granted the ERS’s motion and temporarily stayed the effect of Act 1 so the ERS can seek guidance from the IRS as to the potential impact of the election offered by Act 1.
In granting the TRO, Judge Castagnetti made it clear that, as requested by ERS, the TRO would neither stay, nor have any impact on, the ongoing proposed transfer of Maui Memorial Medical Center, Kula Hospital & Clinic and Lanai Community Hospital hospitals from the Hawaii Health Systems Corporation to Kaiser Permanente Hawaii. The ERS had clearly stated that it was not seeking such relief from the court.
Thomas Williams, Executive Director for the ERS, stated “We are pleased that the court took action today and look forward to getting a response from the IRS as soon as possible. As we have maintained all along, our sole objective is to protect the State and county employees’ retirement benefits.”
PDF: Court Order
MN: Judge grants TRO to block severance law
CB: State Gets TRO Against Itself
SA: Judge grants TRO in ERS lawsuit over Maui hospitals
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