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TagBelgium
Documentary, Politics, Tallinn 2015, Venice 2015
Sobytie (The Event) – Tallinn 19 Docs
Sergei Loznitsa investigates the events that took place in Leningrad, after a failed coup d’état and marked Soviet Union's end, by creating a grainy prequel of his previous doc, Maidan.
Combat de Boxe (1927)
The impressive avant-garde debut short film by Charles Dekeukeleire
Cotillard & Dardenne Brothers
Marion Cotillard will be the lead actress of the upcoming film bu Jean-Pierre & Luc Dardenne entitled Deux Jours, Une Nuit (Two Days, One Night).
Bezúčelná Procházka (Aimless Walk, 1930)
Alexandr Hackenschmied directs the landmark of Czechoslovak avant-garde cinema and one of the most influential of its genre.
Three Windows and a Hanging (Tri Dritare dhe një Varje) – Sarajevo 20
Isa Quosja directs a slow burning drama that is dealing with one of the most delicate and tabu issues in modern post-war Kosovo.
Je vais au cinéma…
Je vais au cinéma... / I go to the cinema... Jean-Luc Godard, 3x3D
Introduction to Faces by John Cassavetes
Society must chuck its petty prejudices and false idols and if necessary start again from a new beginning where men as well as women can be kind to themselves.
Jodorowsky on filmmaking
Most directors make films with their eyes; I make films with my testicles
But the cinephile is…
But the cinephile is… a neurotic!
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Woman who ‘took laptop’ from Pelosi’s office in Capitol riot ‘planned to sell it to Russian spies’
The Latest: Homes burn as fire breaks out in Los Angeles
December 7, 2017 3oliver
VENTURA, Calif. (AP) — The Latest on Southern California wildfires (all times local):
Two homes are burning in a wildfire that has erupted in an exclusive ridge-top neighborhood in Los Angeles, the latest to hit fire-plagued Southern California.
The fire broke out before dawn Wednesday on the east side of Interstate 405 in the Sepulveda Pass and raced up steep slopes into neighborhoods at the top.
The Los Angeles Fire Department has deployed hundreds of firefighters and called in helicopters and airplanes.
Evacuations have been ordered and a wider area has been told to be ready for orders to leave.
It’s the same region of Los Angeles where hundreds of homes burned in the famous 1961 Bel Air Fire.
Mandatory evacuations have been ordered in an exclusive ridge-top neighborhood in Los Angeles as a dangerous new wildfire burns in Southern California.
The fire erupted before dawn Wednesday on the east side of Sepulveda Pass, which carries heavily traveled Interstate 405 through the Santa Monica Mountains on the city’s western side.
Helicopters are making water drops and more than 200 firefighters are battling flames close to homes.
In addition to the mandatory evacuations, Los Angeles Fire Department spokeswoman Margaret Stewart says a wider area on the east side of the pass has been advised to get ready in case of evacuation orders.
A brush fire has erupted on the east side of Los Angeles along Interstate 405 in Sepulveda Pass.
Fire Department spokesman Margaret Stewart says the fire was reported at 4:52 a.m. Wednesday and is burning uphill, driven by topography rather than winds.
Stewart says 47 firefighters are on the scene, setting up protection for homes at the top of the steep slopes. Two firefighting helicopters have been assigned.
Sepulveda Pass carries heavily traveled Interstate 405 through the Santa Monica Mountains between the western neighborhoods of Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley to the north.
The same vicious winds that made three Southern California wildfires so destructive are also making the firefight itself more difficult.
The water-dropping planes and helicopters essential to fighting massive fires have been mostly grounded because it’s too dangerous to fly in the strong gusts.
Commanders hoped to have them back in the air on Wednesday morning, but all indications are the winds will be whipping then too.
The blazes brought evacuation orders for nearly 200,000 people, destroyed nearly 200 homes and have remained mostly out control.
The largest and most destructive of the blazes, an 85-square-mile wildfire in Ventura County northwest of Los Angeles, had nearly reached the Pacific Ocean on Tuesday night after starting 30 miles inland a day earlier.
← Obama blamed for Libyan slave trade as shocking video goes viral
Jordan Klepper Destroys GOP Bill That Sells ‘Good Guy With A Gun’ Myth →
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Biodegradability of Plastics
Making Sense of Science for Policy
Food from the Oceans
Cyswllt
SAPEA
Providing scientific evidence to inform policymaking, especially at European level, is an important part of our work.
About the Scientific Advice Mechanism
In 2015, the European Commission (EC) set up a new Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM) to support the Commission with high-quality, timely and independent scientific advice for policymaking. SAM is formed by the Group of Chief Scientific Advisors (GCSA), the SAPEA consortium (Science Advice for Policy by European Academies) and a dedicated Unit staffed by the EC’s Research and Innovation and Joint Research Centre Directorates General.
About SAPEA
Academia Europaea is a member of the SAPEA consortium, together with the European academies:
Euro-CASE
SAPEA produces independent evidence review reports that are used by the Group of Chief Scientific Advisors to make policy recommendations to the EC. This transparent process ensures that the EC’s proposals for policy and legislation are well-informed.
Our work in SAPEA
The Cardiff Hub was given responsibility for most of the management and delivery of the SAPEA work on behalf of Academia Europaea, and is the lead coordinator of three projects to date:
Biodegradability of Plastics in the Open Environment
SAPEA Evidence Review process within the European Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM). Source: SAM website
We also:
oversee the work of the Cardiff University Libraries, which has responsibility for systematic reviews within SAPEA
run plagiarism checks of the SAPEA reports
coordinate the AE nominations to the working groups set up by SAPEA for the production of evidence review reports.
Founded in 1988, Academia Europaea now has more than 4000 members, including more than 70 Nobel laureates. Our members are leading scientists and scholars who collectively promote excellence in research, learning and education in all fields of scholarship. Academia Europaea operates through a network of regional knowledge hubs in Barcelona, Bergen, Cardiff, Tbilisi and Wroclaw. The Cardiff Hub opened in 2016 and is hosted by Cardiff University.
English Welsh Arabic Bulgarian Chinese (Simplified) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish
© 2021 | Academia Europaea Cardiff Knowledge Hub
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Sergio Mora responds to Marquez
By Michael Campbell
BT: Sergio, recently Raul Marquez made some comments directed at you and we wanted to give you a chance to respond. He’s making his first return to the ring since his loss to Jermain Taylor in June 2006, and has targeted you as a potential opponent. In our last interview together, you described the type of opponent you next wanted to face as a former champion, with a very recognizable name. Raul seems to fit that description perfectly, and he’s sought a fight with you both publicly and via contact by his manager to your team. He feels your lack of response and refusal to accept his challenge is unworthy of your Hispanic warrior mentality and questions “whether you are a real Mexican or not.” "Well, ESPN gave us a list of fighters from which we could choose our opponent, and Raul Marquez wasn’t on the list. We did recommend him to them before, despite his being a southpaw, and us trying to avoid the “southpaw jinx.” They gave us a list and we ended up picking Archak shark attack on May 4th."
BT: Archak TerMeliksetian is coming off of two straight losses, including one to your rival Sechew Powell in which he was nearly shut out. Is this the type of opponent you had said that you wanted to face after your last victory?
SM: Well, you know what, he is a tough hard punching guy, he’s tall, and he IS coming off of two losses to two undefeated guys, but it’s not like he got knocked out. But it’s ESPN that wanted him, we recommended other guys, and they declined them. Guys like from my hometown, Enrique Ornelas, we suggested Vargas’s last couple of opponents, and even threw Javier Castillejo’s name in there. I don’t really know the politics behind choosing an opponent for national TV. Basically they gave me a list and you know most of them were legitimate tough opponents. I ended up going with one who I think suits my style the best, and that’s Archak.
BT: Raul is scheduled to fight April 29th at Cousatta Casino in Louisiana against Miguel “Macho” Hernandez from Chicago. Is he an opponent that you were offered?
SM: He’s short, like 5’7” from Chicago, right? Yeah yeah, we got a DVD on him. You know what, we watched it for one round, and we decided to take him. Real tough dude, but ESPN declined him too.So, like I said, in the beginning I had a big say in who I got to fight and it became a big headache, so in the end I just left it up to my trainer and they ended up telling me this last week-end that it was going to be Archak. And I said, yeah, I’m familiar with Archak. But yeah, instantly we wanted Macho Hernandez, we woulda beat him up badly. He’s short, he sits down on his feet, doesn’t have one punch power, but hasn’t ever been down.
BT: But Archak now has a low ranking, it just doesn’t really seem to fit the bill with what you wanted to go after in this fight. You were looking for someone who was or had been top 10, who has a name that would be nice to add to your record.
SM: Yeah I guess so, but we did recommend Raul Marquez to them and we didn’t really pressure them, I wish we would have, but maybe next time we can.
BT: Well, now you both have fights scheduled pretty close to one another so maybe that sets something up possibly in the future.
SM: Yeah, that’ll be good for Raul to get back into the mix instead of just commentating. But Raul is a tough dude, he comes to fight. He’s one of those tough southpaws, he’s gritty. He knows the game, back in the day he went to the Olympics, so he’s experienced. But his career hasn’t really blossomed like I’m sure he wanted it to, even though he became champ. It hasn’t really amounted to anything that I want to amount to.
BT: So it’s going to be May 4th at the Aladdin in Vegas versus the Shark Attack. How’s your training going? Who’ve you been sparring with?
SM: Training is going well. I’ve been sparring with this kid, James Patterson from San Diego, he’s 5-0 as a pro, Kingsley Ikeke of course, and Jonathan Reid comes in this week. There’s always good sparring in LA.
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Arts & Culture > Film
Love Story at 50
By Ella Taylor 01/13/2021 01/13/2021
Ella Taylor reminisces about the corny moments and wide impact of the top-grossing 1970 film "Love Story."
The Plight of Gab
By Sara Black McCulloch 01/09/2021 01/11/2021
Sara Black McCulloch follows the history of radio panic leading up to Andrew Patterson’s 2020 film "The Vast of Night."
Delicate Matters: Borat & Central Asia in the Western Imagination
By Erica X Eisen 12/22/2020 12/21/2020
Erica X Eisen provides an inside look at the portrayals (and lack thereof) of Central Asia in the recent "Borat" sequel.
A Replenished Earth
By Ellen Sklarz 11/29/2020 11/23/2020
Ellen Sklarz reviews the recent climate-concerned film "Kiss the Ground" by filmmakers Rebecca and Josh Tickell.
La Llorona Reimagines Justice for Guatemala
By Alisa Bohling 10/21/2020 10/20/2020
Alisa Bohling reviews Jayro Bustamante’s horror film "La Llorona," and traces echoes of the Guatemalan Civil War.
It’s Over
By Francey Russell 08/20/2020 08/20/2020
Francey Russell inspects Amy Seimetz's "She Dies Tomorrow," hailed as the first COVID film.
Home Again Diary
By Callie Hitchcock 05/21/2020 08/24/2020
Callie Hitchcock watches the 2017 Reese Witherspoon rom-com more times than is advisable.
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← Boys: 01/18/11 schedule
Girls: Tuesday Wrapup →
Girls: Tuesday Scoreboard
Posted on January 18, 2011 by Josh Newman
Asbury Park at Henry Hudson 4 p.m.
Sydney Belicose’s 16 points and 14 rebounds led Henry Hudson past Asbury Park, 41-32.
Monsignor Donovan at Toms River North 5 p.m.
Kelly Milana went 4-for-4 from the foul line in the final minute to help Monsignor Donovan extend a two-point lead to the final margin in their 46-39 win over Toms River North.
Matawan at Raritan 5 p.m.
Lauren Postell scored seven of her team-high 17 points in the first quarter as Matawan raced to a 15-3 lead and beat Raritan, 47-27. Katie Sire led Raritan with 17 points, including eight in the second quarter.
Pinelands at Jackson Liberty 5 p.m.
April Szymczyk scored 11 of her game-high 19 points after halftime and Courtney Titus added 10 as Jackson Liberty defeated Pinelands, 58-48.
Monmouth at Colts Neck 5:15 p.m.
Kaitlyn Schullstrom scored eight of her team-high 25 points in the third quarter as Colts Neck downed Monmouth, 57-49. Monmouth’s Jazmine Davies scored 13 of her game-high 30 points in the third quarter.
Freehold at Long Branch 5:15 p.m.
Camerin Spahn scored a game-high 17 points and Erica Esdaile added 12 points to lead Freehold over Long Branch, 45-35. Sphan scored 12 points in the first half as Freehold opened leads of 19-8 after the first quarter and 28-16 at halftime. Maegan Cerruti totaled 12 points and 11 rebounds to lead Long Branch.
#5 Red Bank Catholic at #1 Neptune 5:15 p.m.
Syessence Davis scored 20 points to go along with seven steals and six assists and Chyna Golden and Shakena Richardson went for 15 and 13, respectively, as Neptune overwhelmed Red Bank Catholic in the second half on its way to a 67-41 win that gives it control of Class B North.
Manchester at Jackson Memorial 5:30 p.m.
Christa Evans scored 11 of her 13 points in the second quarter to lead Jackson Memorial past Manchester, 73-29. Hannah Missry netted a team-high 15 points, while Gabrielle Valmon added 15 of her own for Manchester.
Toms River East at Lacey 5:30 p.m.
Angela Coon scored a game-high 21 points, including 15 in the first half, and Emily Kunzman added 15 points to lead Toms River East to a 59-38 win over Lacey. Jenna Fleck and Taylor Batalla scored 14 and 13 points, respectively, for Lacey.
Freehold Township at #7 Howell 5:30 p.m.
Christina Justiniano scored a team-high 12 points, Sarah Olson added 10 and Howell held off a late Freehold Township charge to down the Patriots, 44-41, in a key Class A North contest. The Rebels are now the only unbeaten team in division play at 5-0.
Keansburg at #3 St Rose 5:30 p.m.
Samantha Clark scored 11 points and Nicole Donahue added 10 more as St. Rose downed Keansburg, 70-16.
Middletown North at Manasquan 6 p.m.
Katelynn Flaherty scored a game-high 29 points, Michaela Mabrey added 25 and Manasquan came away with a 87-42 win over Middletown North.
Brick at Brick Memorial 6 p.m.
Shaniece Hardy scored a game-high 23 points, including 15 in the first half, to lead Brick over Brick Memorial, 50-42. Kathleen Canlon added nine of her 12 points in the second half for Brick. Justine Mangiafico led Brick Memorial with 12 points.
#10 Midd. South at Marlboro 6:30 p.m.
Meghan McGuinness scored 15 of her game-high 17 points over the final three quarters to lead Middletown South past Marlboro, 47-46.
Shore at #4 Rumson-Fair Haven 6:30 p.m.
Nicole Isaacs knocked down six triples and scored all of her game-high 24 points over the first three quarters as Rumson downed Shore, 76-26. Ashley Cooper added 19 points for the Bulldogs.
About Josh Newman
Josh Newman has worked for the Press since September 2004, covering a variety of high school beats in addition to college sports and the New York Jets. A 2004 graduate of Springfield College, he is currently the beat reporter for Monmouth University.
For the latest in Shore Conference Basketball news, analysis, commentary and live updates.
Josh Newman
E-mail Josh
Sherlon Christie
Sherlon Christie is a sports reporter at the Asbury Park Press. He joined the APP in the fall of 2004. He grew up in Massachusetts, has a BA in Journalism from Northeastern University's School of Journalism. He is also the secretary of the National Association of Black Journalists.
E-mail Sherlon
Girls Basketball: SCT Finals History through 2017
Boys Basketball: SCT Finals History through 2017
Boys Basketball: 2016 NJSIAA Tournament Package
Boys Basketball: New Shore Conference coaches for the 2015-2016 season
Boys Basketball: SCT Finals History
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Sacyr Vallehermoso buys Sufi Group (ES)
Sacyr Vallehermoso Group has bought the Sufi group, the leading Spanish independent company specializing in environmental services and in the water management. The transaction implies for SyV a significant step forward in its growth strategy in the services sector and in diversifying its business structure, which already has four well-defined and consolidated business lines: construction, housing development, rental properties, and transport infrastructure concessions.
The agreement with Sufiâs shareholders, Naranjoâs family (64%) and Torreal (36%), will entail the acquisition by SyV of 100% of the company for 142 million euros. Today, the board of directors of the Sacyr Vallehermoso group has approved the terms of this transaction, which have received three favorable independent opinions.
After this acquisition, the group foresees quadrupling its 2005 versus 2004 turnover and reaching 380 million euros in the services area, obtaining ebitda margin upper than 10%.
In 2004, the Sufi group recorded turnover of 110 million euros, with EBITDA of 13 million euros. It focuses its activity on several areas of business totally complementary to those of Valoriza:
Solid urban waste (cleaning and pick-up, exploitation of treatment plants);
water management (treatment and use of sewage and muds, water supply, drainage/plumbing);
multiservices (gardening, interior cleaning, parking meters);
wind energy (projects and studies of more than 300 MW); the SyV group reaffirms its commitment to this business;
others (roads maintenance, special civil works, consulting).
The integration of Sufi will allow Valoriza to have:
a greater growth potential in the services sector;
leadership in waste treatment technology and mud purification;
national presence;
highly-qualified professional team;
significant long-term revenue portfolio (23 years on average);
a better position to provide integral environmental services to public and private customers.
Source: Grupy SyV
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gipuzkoakultura.net
Bertan > Bertan 20 Los poblados en la edad de hierro en Gipuzkoa > Versión en inglés: Everyday life
1-The first important transformations
2-The geographical setting
3-Cultural background: the late neolithic and bronze age
4-The sites
5-Spatial organisation
6-Defences: walls and fosses
7-Homes
8-Materials: stone, pottery and metal
9-Everyday life
10-The world of the dead
11-The end of an era
Printable PDF version [11,8 Mb]
126. Inside the fortified settlements and in the surrounding area, the people worked the land and tended their herds. The drawing shows a representation of the south side of the Intxur enclosure.© Fernando Hierro
For a contemporary picture of the Iron Age inhabitants of the region, we have to turn to the Greek geographer, Strabo, whose "Geography" - written between 29 BCE and 7 BCE with additions dating from 18 CE on - gives us a precise portrait of these people:
All these mountain inhabitants are sober people, generally drinking little more than water. They sleep on the ground and wear their hair long like women, although when fighting they tie a band around their heads. Their staple meat is goat; to Ares they sacrifice goats and also captives and horses; they often make hecatombs of all sorts of victims, in the Greek fashion, and as Pindarus says they "sacrifice a hundred at a time`. They practise gymnastic, hoplitic and equine combat, and train for boxing, racing, skirmishes and pitched battles. For two thirds of the year they eat only acorns, which they dry and grind down to make bread which keeps for a long time. They drink beer and when they have wine, which is in scarce supply, they drink it immediately at great family feasts. They use lard instead of oil. They eat sitting on benches built around the walls, arranged by order of age and social position; the food is passed round from hand to hand; while they drink, the men dance to the music of flutes and trumpets, jumping high in the air and falling in an attitude of genuflexion. In Bastetania the women also dance with the men, holding hands. The men dress in black, most wearing the tunics with which they sleep on their straw beds. They use wooden tumblers, like the Celts. The women wear dresses with floral decorations. In the hinterland, instead of coins, they barter with spices or small plates of trimmed silver. Murderers are thrown off precipices and parricides are led beyond the borders of their homeland or city and stoned to death. They marry in the Greek style. Like the ancient Egyptians, they set the sick down by the wayside to be cured by others who have suffered the same illness. Before Brutus' expedition, they only had small leather boats with which they made their way through the estuaries and marshes; today, however, they use vessels made of tree trunks, although their use is still rare... This is the way of life of the mountain people who inhabit the north of Iberia; the Kallaikoi, Astoures and Kantabroi, as far as the Ouaskones and the Pyréne, all of whom live in the same way". (III.3.7.).
129. Flax, documented at the Intxur settlement, was used to make fabrics of a very high quality.© Iñaki Zorrakin
128. The development of clayworking allowed numerous different vessels to be made for use in everyday life. The use of the potter's wheel was one of the great innovations of this period.© Jose Lopez
127. The occupants of these open-air settlements conducted many of their activities around the fire, by whose light, they could work on beyond sunset.© Lamia
Archaeological investigations at protohistoric fortified sites have gradually given us a clearer picture of the everyday life of these ancient inhabitants of Gipuzkoa. Important changes in arable and livestock farming, the introduction of new technologies such as ironworking and improved potting, advances in construction techniques, and increased trading relations, show that these societies were well organised and developing fast.
ARABLE FARMING
132. Peas (Pisum sativum) and broad beans (Vicia faba).© Lamia
Materials found at many settlements in continental Europe show that arable farming was one of the main activities throughout protohistory. Evidence for the practice has been found dating as far back as the Palaeolithic in caves such as Kobaederra, in Bizkaia (J.J. Ibáñez, et al, 1998) and from a later date at dolmens such as Zorroztarri in Gipuzkoa (J. Mujika, 1991). The research of the last twenty years shows that crop farming was introduced gradually into Gipuzkoa, as the inhabitants made increasingly efficient use of the land they had recently reclaimed from the forests and scrubland.
130. Iron sickle from the Intxur settlement.© Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteko Gordailu Zentroa
A large number of pieces of stone, pottery and metal have been found dating from this period on, as well as remains of different plants. These are commonly found in areas of greatest human activity, in or around and give us precise information on the way these tasks were performed.
131. Areas of cultivated land.© Fernando Hierro
Saddle querns had been used since earlier stages in the development of arable farming; they are common in Iron Age settlements and in Gipuzkoa have been found at Intxur and Basagain. Rotary querns, introduced later, have also been found in Basagain. These utensils were used to make flour from grain or acorns.
133. Ear of spelt.© Xabi Otero
Many large vessels have been found for storing produce, including grasses; these were made by hand or on a potter's wheel and sometimes occupied a specific place inside the home, where they acted as small larders. Hand-turned vessels have been found at all the sites excavated.
At the same time farm tools and other utensils were developing considerably; after the introduction of iron working, well into the first millennium BCE, many tools were manufactured in this metal and iron sickles and ploughshares have been found at the sites in Gipuzkoa.
136. Charred grains of wheat from the Intxur settlement.© Edurne Koch
But the best evidence of arable farming practices comes from the actual crops grown at the time. Large amounts of burnt grain have been found from cereals such as spelt, barley - husked and naked - and millet, as well as pulses such as peas and broad beans. These plants were combined with wild species, such as wild oats, brome grass, plantain and brambles. The grain found at Intxur came from inside dwellings dating from between 2,260±80 and 2,070±80 years ago.
135. Ploughshare from the Basagain settlement.© Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteko Gordailu Zentroa, Xabi Otero, Grafismo
In some cases, there is evidence of crop rotation and processing of the seeds. Crop rotation made for better use of the land. At Intxur cereals alternated with pulses, with sowing seasons in autumn-winter and in spring. Seeds found in one house at the same site contained many impurities while in a separate dwelling, clean grain was found. This shows that after harvesting the seeds were processed in some way. From this time on, cereal and pulse farming was to play a central role in these settlements, allowing highly nutritional harvests, which could easily be stored and eaten throughout the year. In some cases, harvests wree large enough to produce surpluses.
134. Reconstruction of an Iron Age plough.
Other plants such as flax (Linum sp.), documented at some sites, such as Intxur, was perhaps used to supplement wool for fabric-making as it was in many settlements from this period.
137. As the settlers cleared the woodland, they gradually established meadows in which their livestock could graze.© Fernando Hierro
138. Iron needles like this one found at the Basagain settlement, were essential for making garments.© Lamia
139. Sheep (Ovis aries).© Xabi Otero
Gipuzkoa contains a considerable range of terrains for livestock farming; from the Atlantic coast to the mountains of the Mediterranean watershed, there are many intermediary terrain types, with plenty of suitable spots for grazing herds all the year round.
140. Cow (Bos taurus).© Xabi Otero
The settlements discovered to date are located at medium elevations, and all are near land which is suitable for grazing cattle. As is still the case, the highest pastures are only used in the warmer months.
141. Pig (Sus domesticus).© Xabi Otero
Judging from the remains found at Basagain and many other sites near Gipuzkoa, the stock consisted mainly of sheep, goats, cows and pigs. However, although no bones have been found, other animals such as horses, donkeys, dogs and hens were probably also raised. In La Hoya, in the neighbouring province of Araba, remains of hens have been found dating from the Second Iron Age. The soil at most of these sites is very acidic, and the bones have note been preserved in good condition.
By studying pollen from the digs, we can form an idea of the type of vegetation that existed in nearby areas. Forests near inhabited areas were often felled for timber and also to clear the land for crops and pastures. Some of the cattle that grazed in the adjoining areas were moved to higher ground during the summer, a practice which is still common today. The herds were driven to mountains such as Aralar, Aizkorri or Ernio. The first archaeological evidence for this transhumance is beginning to emerge in areas such as Urbia (Ugalde, Tx.; et al, 1992-93).
143. Plants from the pastureland documented at Intxur.: Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Sweet clover (Melilotus altissima), Medicago hybrida, Red clover (Trifolium pratense), Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata)© Iñaki Zorrakin
Domestic livestock provided Iron Age people with meat, fat (possibly used for a range of purposes as well as a substitute for olive oil) and milk, but also raw materials such as wool, hides and horn with which they made fabrics and other basic items. Oxen and horses were used to plough the land and pull carts and were also ridden.
Evidence from some sites shows that the inhabitants made cheese and other dairy produce, using leather or wooden vessels and pots with perforations, as well as sieves.
142. Cows, sheep or goats and pigs were the most common species of livestock in the latter part of the prehistoric period. Remains of all of them have been found in Basagain.© Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteko Gordailu Zentroa
Sheep - common farm animals in this period - provided wool, which was probably the most frequent material for making clothes and other fabrics, as the discovery of remains of looms in houses in various settlements and occasional pieces of cloth attest.
HUNTING, FISHING AND GATHERING
144. Iron Age settlers supplemented their diets by gathering fruit, nuts and seeds. Acorns.© Lamia
Although the farm economy was developing fast, some hunting was still practised, mostly to provide supplementary sources of food. A similar trend can be seen with plants; crop farming was supplemented with the gathering of fruits and other plants for food and - in the case of bramble leaves (Rubus fruticosus) and elderberries (Sambucus nigra) for healing purposes.
No evidence of hunting has been found in Gipuzkoan settlements, but it has been documented at other nearby sites and it seems likely that such proof may come to light here in the next few years. The animals most commonly hunted were probably deer and wild boar. By this period, however, hunting played a very secondary role to the breeding of domestic animals.
The inhabitants of several Iron Age sites are know to have fished. They used bronze -and later iron - hooks, and possibly also nets; however, we have no clear evidence of this activity from the sites excavated in Gipuzkoa.
147. Large storage pots such as these ones found in the Munoaundi settlement, were used to hold much of the produce they gathered.© Edurne Koch, Xabi Otero
150. Salmon.
145. Hazelnuts.© Lamia
146. Hunting of deer and wild boar continued, but played a secondary role.© Xabi Otero
As well as practising arable farming the inhabitants of these fortified settlements continued to gather a number of wild plants from nearby areas, as they had since the dawn of Prehistory. If we turn back to the passage from Strabo, we read: " For two thirds of the year they eat only acorns, which they dry and grind down to make bread which keeps for a long time.". While we should be cautious about taking these accounts at face value, many remains of acorns have certainly been found at settlements in this area (Buruntza, Basagain). They may have been used to supplement crops of cereals and pulses: cereals were harvested in summer, whereas acorns, which provided very similar nutrients - carbohydrates, fat, proteins and fibre - were gathered in early autumn. S. Mason (1995) suggests that an average of 700 kg of acorns could be gathered per hectare in the SW. Iberian peninsula, as compared to 650 kg per ha of traditional cereals.
They also gathered hazelnuts - rich in fatty oils and vitamins, elderberries and blackberries.
148. The use of seafood has been documented from the earliest prehistoric periods.© Lamia
149. Trout.© Xabi Otero
152. The many rivers and streams in the region formed an important source of food for the settlements.© Xabi Otero
151. Blackberries.© Lamia
153. Goethite.© Lamia
155. Limonite.© Lamia
157. Malachite.© Lamia
156. Chalybite (siderite).© Lamia
Bronze working was to continue throughout the first millennium although the introduction of ironworking relegated it to a second place.
154. Metalworking relied on the existence of outcrops of mineral ore.© Lamia
Although bronze was not widely available locally, there is ample evidence that it was being worked. A variety of pieces have been unearthed, made by smelting the metal and pouring it into moulds. The people of the area probably traded with areas where bronze was available, purchasing ingots or cake for smelting as well as melting down old pieces or resorting to local resources, however poor in ore. Bronze was used to make a range of tools, and also for weapons and ornaments.
Iron working is thought to have been first introduced in the Ebro basin from the eighth century BCE; however, many of the iron utensils unearthed date from 500 BCE on, although a variety of items may have been imported before this time through trade with more technologically advanced areas.
160. Auriferous pyrite.© Lamia
159. Pyrite.© Lamia
158. Oligist.© Lamia
161. Different types of furnaces were used to achieve the temperatures required for metalworking.© Xabi Otero
Once they had acquired the technological skills required and mastered the various phases of the ironworking process, the people of these settlements began to make their own pieces, although no large deposits of ore were available at this time, and they may have had to resort to mining small deposits. The discovery of iron slag at Basagain and Munoaundi shows that iron was being worked in the region.
162. Iron sickle from Intxur.© Xabi Otero
It soon became the principal material for metal tools, with bronze generally only used to make ornamental items, such as clasps, bracelets and rings. Iron was used for farm tools (sickles and ploughshares); utensils (knives and scissors), building tools (nails and staples), and weapons.
163. Bronze accessories from Basagain.© Lamia
Several iron objects from Intxur have been carbon dated at between 2,030±80 and 2,260±80 years. Other items from the nearby village of Basagain have been similarly dated to between 2,170±80 and 2,360±120 years ago.
166. Iron nails from Basagain.© Lamia
165. Fragments of iron from Basagain.© Lamia
164. Slag from the Basagain settlement.© Lamia
167. Glass beads from Basagain.© Lamia
171. Some decorative objects were the result of trade with distant peoples.© Xabi Otero
The great strides made in arable and livestock farming, and the important technological developments of the era - the most important of which was iron working - helped increase agricultural output, and in some cases provided a surplus. These excess products were traded for other materials. We have discovered a number of items which help us trace the route of this trade. Metal weights have been found at some sites with different marks and different weights. One of the most important discoveries is a set of weights from La Hoya, in Araba, which contains parts in bronze and iron from the Celtiberian level. In Gipuzkoa a bronze weight recovered at Munoaundi has a series of marks on the top. These discoveries are proof not only of trading relations, but also of a knowledge of mathematics.
168. This glass bracelet, rebuilt from a fragment found at Basagain, gives clear evidence of long-distance trade.© Xabi Otero
Some glass pieces found at sites in Gipuzkoa - such as Intxur and Basagain - suggest that the inhabitants may have traded with other parts of Europe. These magnificent jewels give us some idea of the level of development of these late prehistoric farmers.
169. Fragment of glass bracelet, from the La Tène period, found during excavations at the Basagain settlement.© Lamia
170. Bronze clasp, found in Munoaundi and probably manufactured at the settlement or nearby.© Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteko Gordailu Zentroa
173. Cord-decorated pottery from Buruntza.© Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteko Gordailu Zentroa
172. Bronze weight from Munoaundi.© Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteko Gordailu Zentroa
174. Gold bowls from Axtroki, dating from the Hallstat period. Found in Eskoriatza.© Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteko Gordailu Zentroa
Among the items imported-sometimes from great distances-are the golden bowls found in Axtroki (Eskoriatza), dating from 850 to 500 BCE. They are hemispherical in shape and decorated with a range of geometrical motifs, similar to those excavated at digs in Central Europe.
179. Building the wall at Basagain.© Angel Benito Gastañaga
Many archaeological finds show evidence of armed conflict throughout the late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, or at least of the potential risk of war. A good example is the violent destruction of the settlement at La Hoya, in Araba, during one period of occupation.
180. Detail of the inner face of the wall at Basagain.© Lamia
Defensive walls and fosses are a feature of all the settlements excavated to date; together with the strategic locations of the settlements, generally built overlooking the surrounding land, suggest that defence played an important role in the lives of these people.
175. Iron spear ferrule found at Munoaundi.© Edurne Koch
As well as providing land for crops and pasture, the felling of the surrounding woods served a strategic purpose, offering clearer visibility of any potential attackers.
176. Iron spear ferrule found at Basagain.© Lamia
As surplus produce increased, so too did the risk of theft and looting.
178. Reconstruction of parallel defensive walls on the south side of Intxur.© Fernando Hierro
Many items have been discovered that are directly related to warfare; weapons - swords, shields and lances - are common in the protohistoric settlements themselves and also in graves. As well as the strong defensive walls and complementary fosses, the sites in Gipuzkoa, such as Basagain and Munoaundi, have also yielded iron weapons, such as spear tips.
2021 Departamento de Cultura y Euskera- Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa.
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Schoeneck Containers Comes Out Ahead with Free-Cooling System
By Mike Grennier, Chiller & Cooling Best Practices Magazine
Schoeneck Containers, Inc. (SCI) is a company that thinks a lot about its future – and how to continue to maintain a long track record of profitability and reliability while meeting a growing demand for its quality plastic containers for customers throughout North America. It’s the kind of thinking driving the decision to install a closed-loop adiabatic fluid cooler and central chiller with free-cooling capabilities at the company’s new 250,000-square-foot production facility in Delavan, Wisconsin.
Central Chiller Plant Upgrade Helps Plastics Extruder Grow
At the company’s production plant employees manufacture a complete range of engineered, high-performance polymers. At the heart of the operation are numerous extrusion lines and related equipment that operate 24 hours a day, five days per week to produce and ship as much as five million pounds of high-performance polymer pellets each month. The process of producing pellets begins when the rotating screw on each extruder accepts a carefully calibrated mix of thermoplastic materials, as well as additives, from a hopper and pushes the mixture into the extruder’s barrel.
Show Report: Chillers, Vacuum & Compressed Air at the NPE 2018 Plastics Showcase
By Rod Smith, Chiller & Cooling Best Practices Magazine
The NPE 2018 International Plastics Showcase was held at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida, May 7-11. Setting all-time records, the Show attracted 2,180 exhibitors — including Chiller & Cooling Best Practices and Compressed Air Best Practices® Magazines! Over 1,200,000 square feet of exhibition space was used, breaking the all-time NPE record. Held once every three years, NPE 2018 registered attendance was 56,000.
Flow – The Most Important Factor for Injection Molding Heat Transfer
By Al Fosco, Marketing Manager, Frigel North America
A common misconception in plastics injection molding is that coolant temperature is the one true path to achieve productivity and profitability. The reality, however, is that turbulent flow is the primary force behind efficient cooling and a key driver in the ability to achieve operational efficiencies, increase profits and consistently produce high quality products.
Process Chiller Water Treatment Basics for Plastic Injection Molding
By E. Michael Ostermeier, Technical Sales, Apex Engineering Products
One of the most important steps in the mold making process is a consistent and proper cooling cycle. This is due to the fact cooling rates can have a significant influence on the overall quality of the finished item. The cooling cycle must remain consistent throughout the entire production run to ensure all items are equal in quality.
Process Cooling Evolves to Advance Plastics Processors
By Al Fosco, Global Marketing Manager, Frigel North America
Plastics processors are looking to advanced process cooling equipment to lower operational costs, and in many cases, improve the quality of products and achieve sustainability goals. But it’s more than just a matter of finding a better mousetrap and putting systems to work. Instead, it requires a keen understanding of the processes involved, followed by the design and installation of advanced technology in combination with the right process cooling systems matched to a company’s goals.
The Process Cooling System Assessment - Linear Low-density Polyethylene Film Cooling
By Tim Dugan P.E., President, Compression Engineering Corporation
Controlled cooling is an essential part of manufacturing polyethylene stretch film. The process starts with granulated polyethylene raw product with very low strength, and develops thin, clear, strong film used in a variety of applications. It does this by melting, extrusion, “casting” and winding. See Figure 1 for a typical system diagram. “Casting” is forming and cooling at the same time. The extruded polymer is stretched and cooled on large, chrome-plated rollers with cooling water flowing inside. Thinner film is for manual use, like wrapping around food products. Thicker, stronger product is made for machine use, like automatically wrapping pallets of concrete bags.
Understanding Intelligent Process Cooling
By Frigel Corporation
Intelligent process cooling describes an approach to cooling in beverage production and packaging that moves beyond evaporative cooling towers and the use of traditional central chiller systems that rely on ammonia as a refrigerant. Unlike traditional methods, it intelligently matches process cooling systems to individual cooling loads without an evaporative process or the use of ammonia to gain verifiably better results in energy efficiency, water use, and safety.
5 Sizing Steps for Chillers in Plastic Process Cooling
By Bob Casto, Cold Shot Chillers®
No matter what your application, there is a single formula for determining the size of chiller you need. There also industry-specific, rules-of-thumb for chiller sizing. These may vary depending upon the application. These guidelines and formulas may be used for sizing chillers for plastic process cooling applications.
Plastics Machinery Shipments Continued to Rise in Q3
Market demand for plastics machinery continued to grow in the third quarter of 2014, according to statistics compiled and reported by SPI: the Plastics Industry Trade Association’s Committee on Equipment Statistics (CES).
Energy Management at Intertape Polymer Group
By Rod Smith, Chiller & Cooling Best Practices
Chiller & Cooling Best Practices interviewed Michael Jones, Corporate Energy Team Leader, from Intertape Polymer Group (IPG). Intertape Polymer Group (IPG) is a manufacturer of tapes, films, woven fabrics, and complementary packaging systems for industrial and consumer use. The company operates 10 production plants and employs approximately 1,800 people. IPG has developed a robust energy management program by using ENERGY STAR energy management tools and actively participating in the ENERGY STAR partnership. IPG is receiving ENERGY STAR recognition for the growth of its energy program and leadership as a medium-sized manufacturer.
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Materials Research (64)
Physics and Astronomy (64)
MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive (64)
Journal of Paleontology (1)
Materials Research Society (64)
The Paleontological Society (1)
Tubular compression fossils from the Ediacaran Nama group, Namibia
P. A. Cohen, A. Bradley, A. H. Knoll, J. P. Grotzinger, S. Jensen, J. Abelson, K. Hand, G. Love, J. Metz, N. McLoughlin, P. Meister, R. Shepard, M. Tice, J. P. Wilson
Journal: Journal of Paleontology / Volume 83 / Issue 1 / January 2009
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 May 2016, pp. 110-122
Abundant tubular macrofossils occur in finely laminated siltstones and shales of the 548–542 Ma Schwarzrand Subgroup, Nama Group, Namibia. The Nama tubes occur in both the Vingerbreek and Feldschuhhorn members commonly in dense populations and always in fine-grained, lower shore-face lithologies deposited below fair-weather wave base. The tubes are preserved mostly as compressed casts and molds that range in width from 0.6 to 2.1 mm; apparently incomplete specimens reach lengths up to 10 cm. All specimens show sinuous bending and occasional brittle fracture, indicating an original construction of strong but flexible organic matter. Feldschuhhorn specimens preserve fine longitudinal pleats or folds that record pliant organic walls, but the older Vingerbreek populations do not. Similarly, some specimens in the Feldschuhhorn Member display branching, while Vingerbreek tubes do not. The abundant Feldschuhhorn tubes are assigned to the widespread Ediacaran problematicum Vendotaenia antiqua; however, the distinctive Vingerbreek population remains in open nomenclature. The most abundant fossils in Nama rocks, these tubes resemble populations in Ediacaran successions from Russia, China, Spain, and elsewhere. Beyond their local importance, then, such tubes may turn out to be the most abundant record of Ediacaran life.
Photo-oxidation and the Absence of Photodarkening in Ge2Sb2Te5 Phase Change Material
Bong-Sub Lee, Ying Xiao, Stephen G. Bishop, John R. Abelson, Simone Raoux, Vaughn R. Deline, Min-Ho Kwon, Ki-Bum Kim, Byung-ki Cheong, Heng Li, P. Craig Taylor
Journal: MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 918 / 2006
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, 0918-H02-04
Ge2Sb2Te5 is under intense investigation for phase-change memory devices, including rewriteable DVDs where optical illumination is used to switch between the glassy and crystalline states. We investigate the influence of optical irradiation on amorphous phase. Many chalcogenides display photo-oxidation, photodarkening or photo-bleaching, but little has been reported on the Ge-Sb-Te system. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and secondary ion mass spectrometry, we determine that the samples have a strong tendency to photo-oxidize; if this is not accounted for, then the analysis of SE data appears to show photodarkening. Other authors recently reported photodarkening in nonstoichiometric GexSb20-xTe80 [Pamukchieva et al., Proc. SPIE 5581, 608 (2004); Pamukchieva et al., J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater 7, 1277 (2005)], but our analysis suggests that the changes were also the result of photo-oxidation. The oxide has lower value of (n, k) than Ge2Sb2Te5, and can be etched by hydrofluoric acid or water. The photo-oxidation is presumably the result of free carrier generation in the Ge2Sb2Te5. Our observation of negligible photodarkening is consistent with previous works that found less photodarkening in tellurides compared with selenides or sulfides, and that an increase in the mean coordination number, here by Ge addition, further reduces the photodarkening effect.
Measuring the Characteristic Length Scale of Medium Range Order in Amorphous Silicon Using Variable Resolution Fluctuation Electron Microscopy
L N Nittala, R D Twesten, P M Voyles, J R Abelson
Journal: Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 11 / Issue S02 / August 2005
Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005 in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 31--August 4, 2005
Investigation of the Causes and Variation of Leakage Currents in Amorphous Silicon P-I-N Diodes
Todd R. Johnson, Gautam Ganguly, George S. Wood, David E. Carlson
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, A7.7
Excess leakage currents under reverse bias (known as shunting) and spontaneous reductions of this excess leakage under increased reverse bias (known as curing) were investigated in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) based single junction p-i-n type diodes. An increase in the frequency of shunting was observed when the front contacts were switched from tin oxide to zinc oxide, most likely due to defects in the previously deposited zinc oxide coated glass was observed. Storage in the dark and light soaking up to 100 hours were both observed to independently increase the leakage current in previously leaking diodes. Models for the distribution of shunt-causing defects within a given cell area were considered. Comparing the measured frequency of shunting using cells of varying area (1 to 16 mm2) to the models' predictions indicate a distribution of point defects separated by relatively large average distances that are slightly larger for tin oxide (5-6 mm) than for zinc oxide (4 mm).
Hole Drift-Mobility Measurements in Contemporary Amorphous Silicon
S. Dinca, G. Ganguly, Z. Lu, E. A. Schiff, V. Vlahos, C. R. Wronski, Q. Yuan
We present hole drift-mobility measurements on hydrogenated amorphous silicon from several laboratories. These temperature-dependent measurements show significant variations of the hole mobility for the differing samples. Under standard conditions (displacement/field ratio of 2×10-9 cm2/V), hole mobilities reach values as large as 0.01 cm2/Vs at room-temperature; these values are improved about tenfold over drift-mobilities of materials made a decade or so ago. The improvement is due partly to narrowing of the exponential bandtail of the valence band, but there is presently little other insight into how deposition procedures affect the hole drift-mobility.
Electronic Properties of Microcrystalline Silicon investigated by Photoluminescence Spectroscopy on Films and Devices
R. Carius, T. Merdzhanova, F. Finger
Photoluminescence spectroscopy has been applied to investigate localized states in microcrystal-line silicon (μc-Si:H) films and to address the problem of the changes of the electronic properties of this material upon changes of the hydrogen dilution during film growth. By a comparison of photoluminescence and Raman spectra on device grade sample series prepared at different silane concentration in hydrogen (SC) by PE-CVD and HW-CVD a correlation between the micro-structure and the photoluminescence energy is found. It is proposed that the density of band tail states is reduced with increasing SC leading to the increase of the PL energy as well as to the increase of Voc of solar cells. The reason for the tails and their reduction is not clear but strain might play a crucial role and the amorphous hydrogenated phase might be effective for strain reduction.
Thin Film Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy and Second Harmonic Generation on Thin a-Si:H Films
I.M.P. Aarts, B. Hoex, J.J.H. Gielis, C.M. Leewis, A.H.M. Smets, R. Engeln, M. Nesládek, W.M.M. Kessels, M.C.M. van de Sanden
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, A19.8
A set of 8 rf deposited a-Si:H thin films of various thickness (4-1031nm) have been used to explore the applicability of two optical techniques, thin film cavity ringdown spectroscopy (tfCRDS) and second harmonic generation (SHG), for the measurement of small defect-related absorptions. In this paper we will give a first overview of the different aspects of these techniques, which are novel in the field of amorphous silicon materials. It is shown that tf-CRDS is capable of measuring defect-related absorptions (associated with dangling bonds) as small as 10-7 for a single measurement, without the need for elaborate calibration procedures. The results are compared with photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) for a broad spectral range (0.7 – 1.7 eV) and show good agreement. Furthermore the existence of a defect-rich surface layer with a defect density of 1.1×1012 cm-2 has been proven. The absorption spectrum of a 4 nm thin film has revealed a different spectral signature than a bulk dominated (1031 nm) film. The SHG experiments on a-Si:H films have shown that the second harmonic signal arises from the surface states and polarization dependent studies have revealed that the surface states probed have an ∞m-symmetry. From this it can be deduced that the absorbing surface states are isotropically distributed. A spectral scan suggests that the second harmonic signal, whose origin has not been unrevealed yet, has a resonance at an incident photon energy of 1.22 eV.
Laser Interference Structuring of a-GeN for the Production of Optical Diffraction Gratings
M. Mulato, A. R. Zanatta, D. Toet, I. E. Chambouleyron
In this work, we study the pulsed laser crystallization of hydrogen-free amorphous germanium-nitrogen alloys (a-GeN). We discuss the role of nitrogen during phase transitions and the possible application of the resulting structure as an optical diffraction grating. The crystallized region results of pure microcrystalline germanium (μc-Ge). An indication that Ge-N bonds have broken and nitrogen outdiffused of the film is obtained from infrared spectroscopy and confirmed by Raman spectra. A pattern of alternating a-GeN and μc-Ge lines with a period of about 4 μm acts as an optical diffraction grating due to the difference in optical properties between the two materials, and the three dimensional surface profile, caused by N2 effusion, that is formed on the sample.
Evolution of Charged Gap Statesin a- Si:H Under Light Exposure
M. Zeman, V. Nádaždy, R.A.C.M.M. van Swaaij, R. Durný, J.W. Metselaar
The charge deep-level transient spectroscopy (Q-DLTS) experiments on undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) demonstrate that during light soaking the states in the upper part of the gap disappear, while additional states around and below midgap are created. Since no direct correlation is observed in light-induced changes of the three groups of states that we identify from the Q-DLTS signal, we believe that we deal with three different types of defects. Positively charged states above midgap are related to a complex formed by a hydrogen molecule and a dangling bond. Negatively charged states below midgap are attributed to floating bonds. Various trends in the evolution of dark conductivity due to light soaking indicate that the kinetics of light-induced changes of the three gap-state components depend on their initial energy distributions and on the spectrum and intensity of light during exposure.
Polymorphous Silicon Films Produced in Large Area Reactors by PECVD at 27.12 MHz and 13.56 MHz
H. Águas, L. Raniero, L. Pereira, E. Fortunato, P. Roca i Cabarrocas, R. Martins
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, A5.13
This work refers to a study performed on polymorphous silicon (pm-Si:H) at excitation frequencies of 13.56 and 27.12 MHz in a large area PECVD reactor. The plasma was characterised by impedance probe measurements, aiming to identify the plasma conditions that lead to produce pm-Si:H films. The films produced were characterised by spectroscopic ellipsometry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy and hydrogen exodiffusion experiments, which are techniques that permit the structural characterisation of the pm-Si films and to study the possible differences between the films deposited at 13.56 and 27.12 MHz. Conductivity measurements were also performed to determine the transport properties of the films produced. The set of data obtained show that the 27.12 MHz pm-Si:H can be grown at higher rates with less hydrogen dilution and power density, being the resulting films denser, chemically more stable and with improved performances than the pm-Si:H films grown at 13.56 MHz.
Structural Evolution of Nanocrystalline Germanium Thin Films with Film Thickness and Substrate Temperature
William B. Jordan, Eric D. Carlson, Todd R. Johnson, Sigurd Wagner
The structure of germanium thin films prepared on glass by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Crystallinity, surface roughness, and grain size were measured as functions of film thickness and deposition temperature. Grain nucleation was apparent for films as thin as 10 nm. Over the thickness range studied, grain size increased with film thickness, whereas average surface roughness started to increase with film thickness, but then remained fairly constant at approximately 1 nm for a film thickness greater than 25 nm.
Microstructure and Optical Functions of Transparent Conductors and their Impact on Collection in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
G. M. Ferreira, ChiChen A., S. Ferlauto, P. I. Rovira, Ilsin An, C.R. Wronski, R. W. Collins, G. Ganguly, Joong Hwan Kwak, Koeng Su Lim
We have developed new procedures for determining the microstructure as well as the index of refraction and extinction coefficient spectra {n(E), k(E)} for textured SnO2 thin films on glass used as the top contact layers and superstrate for amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) p-i-n solar cells. These procedures combine (i) multichannel Mueller matrix spectroscopy using a dual rotating-compensator spectroscopic ellipsometer in reflection from the surface of the SnO2, a measurement that is most sensitive to microstructure and n(E), and (ii) transmission spectroscopy through a double-thick SnO2 sandwich contacted with index-matching fluid, a measurement that is most sensitive to k(E). An important optical loss in a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells is reflection from the SnO2/p-layer interface. In this paper, we characterize this optical loss through modeling the solar cell optical quantum efficiency and demonstrate the extent to which microscopic roughness at this interface can serve as an anti-reflection layer for enhanced collection.
Atomistic Character of Nanocrystalline and Mixed Phase Silicon
R. Biswas, B. C. Pan
Materials grown close to the phase boundary of amorphous and microcrystalline growth have the best electronic properties for solar cells. Systematic molecular dynamics methods have generated such nano-crystalline silicon, consisting of a mixed phase of nano-crystallites in an amorphous matrix, using an embedding method. An excess density of H resides on the surface of the nanocrystallites. The structure of this heterogeneous phase will be characterized by atomic distribution functions and structure factors. The electronic band structure of smaller models of nanocrystalline silicon reveals no midgap states and is similar to a-Si:H. There is a highly strained region surrounding the crystallites. The presence of localized strain region may increase the stability of the material.
Physicochemical Characterization of Porous Silicon Surfaces Etched in Salt Solutions of Varying Compositions and pH
Mariem Rosario-Canales, Ana R. Guadalupe, Luis F. Fonseca, Oscar Resto
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, A17.19
We prepared porous silicon (PSi) structures by standard electrochemical processes using aqueous sodium fluoride (NaF) solutions. We report the dependence of the porous structure on the variation of pH and salt concentration of the etching solution, and the applied current density. The PSi structures were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) to determine the pore size and distribution and the surface chemical composition. Results obtained from SEM show that the PSi grown has two different structures depending on the current density. Low current densities produce a uniform, high-density arrangement of pores while high current densities yield a sponge-like structural network. SIMS results indicate that the porous framework is covered with a silicon oxide layer.
Combinatorial Approach to Thin-Film Silicon Materials and Devices
Qi Wang, Leandro R. Tessler, Helio Moutinho, Bobby To, John Perkins, Daxing Han, Dave Ginley, Howard M. Branz
We apply combinatorial approaches to thin-film Si materials and device research. Our hot-wire chemical vapor deposition chamber is fitted with substrate xyz translation, a motorized shutter, and interchangable shadow masks to implement various combinatorial methods. For example, we have explored, in detail, the transition region through which thin Si changes from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon. This transition is very sensitive to deposition parameters such as hydrogen-to-silane dilution of the source gas, chamber pressure, and substrate temperature. A material library, on just a few substrates, led to a three-dimensional map of the transition as it occurs in our deposition system. This map guides our scientific studies and enables us to use several distinct transition materials in our solar-cell optimization research. We also grew thickness-graded wedge samples spanning the amorphous-to-microcrystalline Si transition. These single stripes map the temporal change of the thin silicon phase onto a single spatial dimension. Therefore, the structural, optical, and electrical properties can easily be studied through the phase transition. We have examined the nature of the phase change on the wedges with Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), ultraviolet reflectivity, and other techniques. Combinatorial techniques also accelerate our device research. In solar cells, for example, the combinatorial approach has significantly accelerated the optimization process of p-, i-, n-, and buffer layers through wide exploration of the complex space of growth parameters and layer thicknesses. Again, only a few deposition runs are needed. It has also been useful to correlate the materials properties of single layers in a device to their performance in the device. We achieve this by depositing layers that extend beyond the device dimensions to permit independent characterization of the layers. Not only has the combinatorial approach greatly increased the rate of materials and device experimentation in our laboratory, it has also been a powerful tool leading to a better understanding of structure-property relationships in thin-film Si.
Reactive Pulsed Laser Deposition of Microcrystalline Ge-based Thin Films
Matthew R. Wills, Ruth Shinar, Alan P. Constant
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was used to grow microcrystalline thin films of germanium (Ge) and Ge-carbon (Ge,C) alloys on fused quartz and silicon substrates at substrate temperatures 25°C ≤ Ts ≤ 325°C. The films were analyzed structurally with x-ray diffraction (XRD), optically, electrically with four-point probe measurements, and chemically with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD results displayed a varying degree of crystallinity, with the most crystalline films obtained at Ts > 150°C. The resistivity of the Ge films decreased with increasing temperature, displaying a significant decrease for the films deposited at Ts ≥ 230°C. The growth conditions for Ge films served as a starting point for low-temperature deposition of Ge,C alloys with up to 5% C. The effects of Ts and carbon concentration on film properties are discussed.
Adsorption and Oxidation Effects in Microcrystalline Silicon
T. Dylla, F. Finger, R. Carius
Electron spin resonance and conductivity measurements were used to study adsorption and oxidation effects on microcrystalline silicon with different structure compositions ranging from porous, highly crystalline to compact, mixed phase amorphous/crystalline. We found a correlation between active surface area and the magnitude of observed meta-stable and irreversible effects.
Development of Vertically Integrated Imaging and Particle Sensors
N. Wyrsch, C. Miazza, S. Dunand, A. Shah, N. Blanc, R. Kaufmann, L. Cavalier, G. Anelli, M. Despeisse, P. Jarron, D. Moraes, A. G. Sirvent, G. Dissertori, G. Viertel
Integrated imaging and particle sensors have been developed using thin-film on ASIC technology. For this purpose, hydrogenated amorphous silicon diodes, in various configurations, have been optimized for imaging and direct particle detection. These devices were first deposited on glass substrates and later on CMOS readout chips. With an optimization of the material properties and of the diode, a dark current of 1 pA/cm2 could be achieved on p-i-n structures at reverse bias voltage of 1 V. CMOS imagers, incorporating these optimized diodes were then fabricated and characterized. Very thick diodes (with thicknesses up to 50 μm) were also optimized and deposited on glass and on CMOS readout chips. Particle detectors in TFA technology with 12 and 30 μm a-Si:H n-i-p diodes have been fabricated and characterized using light pulse illumination. Direct detection of single low-energy beta particles has been demonstrated.
Correlation Between the Tunnelling Oxide and I-V Curves of MIS Photodiodes
H. Águas, L. Pereira, A. Goullet, R. Silva, E. Fortunato, R. Martins
In this work we present results of a study performed on MIS diodes with the following structure: substrate (glass) / Cr (2000Å) / a-Si:H n+ (400Å) / a-Si:H i (5500Å) / oxide (0-40Å) / Au (100Å) to determine the influence of the oxide passivation layer grown by different techniques on the electrical performance of MIS devices. The results achieved show that the diodes with oxides grown using hydrogen peroxide present higher rectification factor (2×106)and signal to noise (S/N) ratio (1×107 at -1V) than the diodes with oxides obtained by the evaporation of SiO2, or by the chemical deposition of SiO2 by plasma of HMDSO (hexamethyldisiloxane), but in the case of deposited oxides, the breakdown voltage is higher, 30V instead of 3-10 V for grown oxides. The ideal oxide thickness, determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry, is dependent on the method used to grow the oxide layer and is in the range between 6 and 20 Å. The reason for this variation is related to the degree of compactation of the oxide produced, which is not relevant for applications of the diodes in the range of ± 1V, but is relevant when high breakdown voltages are required.
Large-Area Pulsed Laser Deposition of Silicon Carbide Films
D. Yang, L. Xue, C. M. Mccague, P. R. Norton, C. S. Zhang
Silicon carbide (SiC) thin films are attractive for a wide range of applications ranging from microelectronic and opto-electronic devices to protective and tribological coatings. In this paper, we will demonstrate that silicon carbide films can be successfully deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique over large areas, with good uniformity in thickness, composition, and film-specific properties.
Amorphous SiC films were grown on silicon wafers of 75-mm diameter over a temperature range of 25 – 650°C using a KrF excimer laser at a wavelength 248 nm and a repetition rate of 100 Hz. The large-area uniform coverage was obtained by rastering the laser beam over the radius of a rotating SiC target of 90-mm diameter, while the substrate was rotated simultaneously. The uniformity of film composition over the 75-mm wafers was characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), while the crystallinity of films was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the films was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thickness of the coatings, and the index of refraction, n, along the wafer radii were measured optically using a spectrophotometer.
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Physics and Astronomy (6)
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union (5)
European Astronomical Society Publications Series (1)
International Astronomical Union (5)
TW Hydrae: multi-wavelength interferometry of a transition disk
J. Menu, R. van Boekel, T. Henning, M. Benisty, C. J. Chandler, H. Linz, C. Waelkens, S. M. Andrews, N. Calvet, J. M. Carpenter, S. A. Corder, A. T. Deller, C. P. Dullemond, J. S. Greaves, R. J. Harris, A. Isella, W. Kwon, J. Lazio, L. G. Mundy, L. M. Perez, L. Ricci, A. I. Sargent, S. Storm, L. Testi, D. J. Wilner
Journal: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 8 / Issue S299 / June 2013
For over a decade, the structure of the inner “hole” in the transition disk around TW Hydrae has been a subject of debate. To probe the innermost regions of the protoplanetary disk, observations at the highest possible spatial resolution are required. We present new interferometric data of TW Hya from near-infrared to millimeter wavelengths. We confront existing models of the disk structure with the complete data set and develop a new, detailed radiative-transfer model. This model is characterized by: 1) a spatial separation of the largest grains from the small disk grains; and 2) a smooth inner rim structure, rather than a sharp disk edge.
A VLT/X-Shooter study of accretion and photoevaporation in Transitional Disks
C. F. Manara, L. Testi, A. Natta, L. Ricci, M. Benisty, G. Rosotti, B. Ercolano
We present preliminary results of a detailed study of the accretion, stellar, and wind properties of transitional disks (TDs) carried out with the X-Shooter spectrograph. Combining new and archival spectra, we collected a sample of more than 20 TDs from different nearby star-forming regions. Our sample includes objects with both small (<5-15 AU) and large (>20–30 AU) known inner hole size from the literature (either from mm-observations or IR SED fitting). We check their stellar parameters (Teff, L*, AV, M*) and derive their accretion properties (Lacc, Ṁacc) in a self-consistent way, which makes use of the wide wavelength coverage of X-Shooter, and study their wind properties by mean of different forbidden emission lines analysis.
The different faces of transitional discs
M. de Juan Ovelar, M. Min, C. Dominik, C. Thalmann, P. Pinilla, M. Benisty, T. Birnstiel
Recent imaging observations of transitional discs have revealed discrepancies between the structure observed at different wavelengths. In some targets, the gap measured using sub-mm observations disappears when observed using near infrared polarimetry, suggesting that the empty region is actually filled with small particles of dust (Dong et al., 2012). Assuming the gapped structure observed in transitional discs is caused by the presence of a planet, we try to explain such discrepancies simulating observations of physical models of disc/planet systems with VLT/SPHERE-ZIMPOL, Subaru/HiCIAO, VLT/VISIR and ALMA.
The VLTi/PIONIER survey of southern TTauri disks†
Fabien Anthonioz, F. Ménard, C. Pinte, W-F. Thi, J.-B. Lebouquin, J.-P. Berger, M. Benisty, O. Absil, G. Duchène, B. Lazareff, F. Malbet, R. Millan-Gabet, W. Traub, G. Zins
Studying the inner regions of protoplanetary disks (1-10 AU) is of importance to understand the formation of planets and the accretion process feeding the forming central star. Herbig AeBe stars are bright enough to be routinely observed by Near IR interferometers. The data for the fainter T Tauri stars is much more sparse. In this contribution we present the results of our ongoing survey at the VLTI. We used the PIONIER combiner that allows the simultaneous use of 4 telescopes, yielding 6 baselines and 3 independent closure phases at once. PIONIER's integrated optics technology makes it a sensitive instrument. We have observed 22 T Tauri stars so far, the largest survey for T Tauri stars to this date.
Our results demonstrate the very significant contribution of an extended component to the interferometric signal. The extended component is different from source to source and the data, with several baselines, offer a way to improve our knowledge of the disk geometry and/or composition. These results validate an earlier study by Pinte et al. 2008 and show that the dust inner radii of T Tauri disks now appear to be in better agreement with the expected position of the dust sublimation radius, contrary to previous claims.
First images from the PIONIER/VLTI optical interferometry imaging survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars
J. Kluska, F. Malbet, J.-P. Berger, M. Benisty, B. Lazareff, J.-B. Le Bouquin, F. Baron, C. Dominik, A. Isella, A. Juhasz, S. Kraus, R. Lachaume, F. Ménard, R. Millan-Gabet, J.D. Monnier, C. Pinte, W.-F. Thi, E. Thiebaut, G. Zins
The close environment of Herbig stars starts to be revealed step by step and it appears to be quite complex. Many physical phenomena interplay: the dust sublimation causing a puffed-up inner rim, a dusty halo, a dusty wind or an inner gaseous component. To investigate more deeply these regions, getting images at the first Astronomical Unit scale is necessary. This has become possible with near infrared instruments on the VLTI. We have developed a new imaging method adapted to young stellar objects where we process separately the stellar component from the rest of the image to reveal the environment by using the spectral differences between these two components. We present the result of this method on the first imaging survey of Herbig stars carried out by PIONIER on the VLTI.
High Angular Resolution and Young Stellar Objects: Imaging the Surroundings of MWC 158 by Optical Interferometry
J. Kluska, F. Malbet, J.-P. Berger, M. Benisty, B. Lazareff, J.-B. Le Bouquin, C. Pinte
Journal: European Astronomical Society Publications Series / Volume 59 / 2013
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 March 2013, pp. 141-154
In the course of our VLTI young stellar object PIONIER imaging program, we have identified a strong visibility chromatic dependency that appeared in certain sources. This effect, rising value of visibilities with decreasing wavelengths over one base, is also present in previous published and archival AMBER data. For Herbig AeBe stars, the H band is generally located at the transition between the star and the disk predominance in flux for Herbig AeBe stars. We believe that this phenomenon is responsible for the visibility rise effect. We present a method to correct the visibilities from this effect in order to allow “gray” image reconstruction software, like Mira, to be used. In parallel we probe the interest of carrying an image reconstruction in each spectral channel and then combine them to obtain the final broadband one. As an illustration we apply these imaging methods to MWC158, a (possibly Herbig) B[e] star intensively observed with PIONIER. Finally, we compare our result with a parametric model fitted onto the data.
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