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SCOLA, LUIS
Tau Ceramica 4 Forward
Height: 2.07 Born: 30 April, 1980 Nationality: Spain
Totals 14 6 403:45 213 87/144 0/0 39/51 32 53 85 33 19 40 6 6 56 50 235
Averages 14 6 28:50 15.2 60.4% 0% 76.5% 2.3 3.8 6.1 2.4 1.4 2.9 0.4 0.4 4 3.6 16.8
15 * at Cibona VIP 33:45 18 7/8 4/4 3 3 3 1 5 1 4 3 19
16 * at Olympiacos 32:45 19 7/16 5/6 5 5 10 1 1 3 6 22
17 * vs CSKA Moscow 33:00 20 9/16 2/2 2 6 8 7 3 3 2 5 4 29
18 vs Cibona VIP 19:45 6 3/6 2 2 2 6 4 1 -2
19 * at CSKA Moscow 32:45 12 4/7 4/6 2 7 9 3 4 1 5 3 12
20 vs Olympiacos 30:00 16 8/12 3 1 4 1 1 3 2 3 2 16
6 Totals 182:00 91 38/65 0/0 15/18 12 24 36 17 5 22 5 1 24 19 96
Average 30:20 15.2 58.5% 0% 83.3% 2 4 6 2.8 0.8 3.7 0.8 0.2 4 3.2 16
7 vs Asvel Basket 23:00 15 7/12 1/2 4 2 6 2 1 4 2 14
8 at Efes Pilsen 31:45 18 8/14 2/2 3 6 9 4 1 3 1 4 4 22
9 vs Benetton Basket 30:00 15 7/8 1/3 2 4 6 3 1 2 1 4 4 19
10 at Olympiacos 24:45 12 4/6 4/6 1 3 4 2 2 3 1 5 5 14
11 vs Alba Berlin 29:00 10 4/10 2/2 1 4 5 4 2 2 3 4 14
12 at Idea Slask 16:00 9 1/2 7/8 1 3 4 2 1 1 5 5 11
13 * vs Pamesa Valencia 34:30 16 7/13 2/2 4 4 8 3 1 4 4 1 15
14 * at Asvel Basket 32:45 27 11/14 5/8 4 3 7 3 2 2 3 6 30
8 Totals 221:45 122 49/79 0/0 24/33 20 29 49 16 14 18 1 5 32 31 139
Average 27:43 15.3 62% 0% 72.7% 2.5 3.6 6.1 2 1.8 2.29 0.1 0.6 4 3.9 17.39
Index rating 43 Benetton Treviso vs. Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz 4/5/2005
Points 36 Brose Bamberg vs. Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz 2/23/2006
Offensive rebounds 7 Maccabi FOX Tel Aviv vs. Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz 4/28/2006
Defensive rebounds 10 Strasbourg vs. Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz 12/14/2005
Total rebounds 14 Strasbourg vs. Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz 12/14/2005
Assists 7 Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz vs. Rytas Vilnius 3/8/2006
Steals 4 Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz vs. Proximus Spirou Charleroi 10/25/2000
Blocks 4 Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz vs. Fraport Skyliners Frankfurt 2/2/2005
Minutes 40 Baskonia Vitoria-Gasteiz vs. Montepaschi Siena 10/23/2002
Grew up with Ferrocarril Oeste Buenos Aires (Argentina) youth teams.
Made his debut with Ferrocaril Oeste during the 1995-96 season.
Played there till the 1996-97 championship?moved to Spain for the 1997-98 season to Spain, signed by Taugres Saski Baskonia Vitoria.
Sent on loan for the 1998-99 season to Gijon Baloncesto.
Back to Taugres Saski Baskonia Vitoria for the 1999-00 season.
Selected in the 2002 NBA Draft by San Antonio Spurs (#56).
Named to the 2005-06 and 2006-07 All-Euroleague First Team.
Named to the 2004-05 All-Euroleague Second Team.
Named the 2006-07 Euroleague December MVP.
Member of the Argentinean National Team.
Won the gold medal at the 2004 Olympic Games.
.won the silver medal at the 2002 World Championship.
Won the gold medal at the 2001 Americas Championship.
Won the silver medal at the 1999 South American Championship.
Played at the 2006 World Championship.
Won the 2001-02 Spanish National Championship with Taugres Saski Baskonia Vitoria.
Won the 2002, 2004 and 2006 Spanish National Cup (King's Cup) with Taugres Saski Baskonia Vitoria.
Won the 2005 and 2006 Spanish SuperCup with Taugres Saski Baskonia Vitoria.
Played the 2003 Spanish All Star Game.
Named the 1999-00 Spanish League Rookie of the Year.
Named the 2000 South American Under-21 Championship MVP.
Named to the All-Under-21 World Championship 1st Team.
Named the 2004-05 and 2006-07 Spanish League Regular Season MVP.
Led the 2001 World Under-21 Championship in points scored (18,9 ppg).
Led the 2001 World Under-21 Championship in steals (2,4 spg.).
Has been member of the Argentinean Cadets National Team.
Won the 1995 South American Cadets Championship.
Has been member of the Argentinean Junior National Team.
Won the 1996 South American Junior Championship.
Member of the Argentinean Under-21 National Team.
Won the gold medal at the 2000 Panamerican Under-21 Championship.
Won the 2000 South American Under-22 Championship.
Won the bronze medal at the 2001 World Under-21 Championship.
Played at the 1997 World Under-21 Championship.
2000-01 Tau Ceramica 22 192 8.7 75/136 55.1 0/1 0 42/78 53.8 96 21 15 3
2001-02 Tau Ceramica 20 318 15.9 125/180 69.4 1/3 33.3 65/97 67 92 25 23 6
2002-03 Tau Ceramica 16 242 15.1 100/183 54.6 0/0 0 42/62 67.7 80 15 20 5
2003-04 Tau Ceramica 14 213 15.2 87/144 60.4 0/0 0 39/51 76.5 85 19 33 6
2004-05 Tau Ceramica 24 363 15.1 146/255 57.3 0/4 0 71/105 67.6 155 32 45 17
2006-07 Tau Ceramica 23 357 15.5 141/245 57.6 0/1 0 75/106 70.8 135 21 50 8
Totals 144 2054 14.3 814/1402 58.1 1/11 9.1 423/630 67.1 810 174 242 66
Averages 144 2054 14.3 814/1402 58.1 1/11 9.1 423/630 67.1 5.6 1.2 1.7 0.5
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Skills/Subjects: essay
For LMC 3256-F Spring 2013 – Qi Wang
South Korea of the mid-1990s was in nothing short of a political revolution, with its former President Kim Young Sam targeting corruption and formulating Korea’s long-term globalization policy of segyehwa. This policy to unify Korean interests and pivot itself to the world economic stage included an overhaul of both transnational processes and domestic structures (Kim, 198). In addition to its emerging political and economic prowess, its suddenly booming entertainment industry exposed culture as an exportable industry. In 1994, the government significantly expanded its investment in entertainment goals, leading a senior manager of conglomerate Daewoo to remark, “It is our duty and responsibility to export Korean films overseas.” This “Korean Wave” (Shim) has been enthusiastically received abroad and prominently features elements of Korea’s segyehwa policy of balancing this globalization and fierce tenacity to preserve Korea’s national identity. One particularly interesting way Korea has exported culture is via food in cinema and television. Food is a fundamental aspect of a culture, and when flavored with Korean segyehwa and presented on film, the rest of the world can more easily understand its values and perspective as an emerging world power.
Globalization of national identity
Korea has historically struggled with the push and pull of its domestic and foreign issues. While its integrity had been violated from the end of the Joseon dynasty to the economic crisis of 1997, foreign foods became more accessible through foreign militaries and subsequent deals brokered favoring foreign companies. Despite their nationalist and economic rebound in the 1960s and rapid globalization in the 1990s, they have not been able to shake the foreign influence on food. Korean consumers provide a high demand for the uncommon wheat and dairy products as well as restaurant chains like McDonalds; however, the government has advocated strongly for their return to national foods and thus cuisine to reassert their national identity and their international face (Feffer, 44). Such is the drive of film and television incarnations of Sikgaek (known in the West as Le Grand Chef and Gourmet, respectively), where the more traditional Korean character Sung-Chan is pitted against his more global-minded rival for the title of the best Korean chef.
Sung-Chan is a young man working as a mid-level cook when he joins a cooking contest with his rival. However, when some embarrassing event out of his control occurs, he quits the restaurant business and cooking altogether, retreating to a modest agricultural life. His character’s early history in both Le Grand Chef and Gourmet is not too dissimilar from Korea’s post-Joseon dynasty era. However, when his ambitious rival loses face—by acting arrogantly (Le Grand Chef), resisting her past (Le Grand Chef 2), or shunning tradition for globalization (Gourmet)—Sung-Chan is drawn into another cooking competition that embodies the current dilemma of segyehwa. While Sung-Chan prizes the traditional Korean ingredients and preparation, his rival often prepares something more suited to the tastes of prominent foreign nations, often sacrificing the dish’s Korean-ness. In Le Grand Chef, he wins because he uses the same traditional recipe his grandfather, an apprentice of the last royal chef of the Joseon dynasty, passed on to him as his “final gift.” This “final gift” is something traditionally Korean: soup (Le Grand Chef), kimchi (Le Grand Chef 2), and sauce (Gourmet). His rival, however, uses a recipe developed by combining Korean and Japanese recipes, thus corrupting the dish’s integrity, and loses the competition. That is, he effectively fails to solve the dilemma of fusion versus tradition.
Representation of foreign influence
Solving this dilemma is actually up to the panel of judges, like the international community, by deciding who wins the competition. The competition itself is meant to single out the most pure Korean chefs who also make something worthy of export—quite the allegory. By the act of eating and tasting the food prepared at the competition, the judges are representative of foreign countries, including historical enemies and allies, importing and identifying with Korean culture. This is more apparent in the Gourmet television series, where the judges are actually from many different countries. In Le Grand Chef and Le Grand Chef 2, however, the main judge is Japanese and all the others Korean, indicating Japan is a specific focus of asserting their national identity. Interestingly, this Japanese judge is more attuned to the nuances of Korean cuisine and its history, and he scolds Bong-Ju for his Japanese influenced dish.
The Japanese judge is a sympathetic one, somewhat penitent for his ancestors’ role in the occupation of Korea a century prior. His amiable character contrasts with his contempt for the dish Bong-Ju—Sung-Chan’s rival and pro-fusion chef in Le Grand Chef—prepares using a heavily Japanese-influenced recipe instead of something more Korean. This character represents the case that if Japan, a historical rival and aggressor to Korea, would import Korean culture, then Korea comes out as the victor to the cultural exchange and can influence an East Asian nation that often dissociates itself from and antagonizes the rest of Asia (Thakur and Inoguchi). Sung-Chan does win the competition, and he is regarded as the “true descendant” of the former royal chef and worthy of receiving the chef’s knife that the Japanese judge’s ancestor took to Japan during their occupation of Korea.
Food as a bastion of threatened tradition
In all the incarnations of Sikgaek, the encroachment of Japanese influence on the Korean peninsula from as far back as the Joseon Dynasty is represented as a threat to both identity and culinary tradition. The food that the royal chefs prepared for their court is depicted as the last bastion of their threatened traditions at the whim of its Japanese occupiers. The winning dish of Le Grand Chef is one that symbolized in one bowl the continuation of traditional Korean culture through its cuisine despite the Japanese occupiers. Sung-Chan’s unwavering faith and preservation of his food’s Korean integrity has foils in his rivals’ faults, varying between incarnations of Sikgaek, of violating that trust in food by fusing it with foreign cuisines. Fusion cuisine is considered dangerous as it runs the risk of undermining Korea’s recent efforts to reassert its own culture now that it is independent.
Cuisines can be difficult to control, though, preserving both local flavors and ingredients as well as protecting from fusion cuisine being misconstrued as original. This is evident in both film and TV incarnations of Sikgaek. When a uniquely Korean dish is prepared using foreign, often Japanese, ingredients, the dish is often discredited, while a Korean dish prepared using foreign techniques and presentation is often lauded. For example, the dish Sung-Chan prepares at the end of Le Grand Chef is a soup (tang) that was traditionally served to the royal court in the Joseon Dynasty. Its simple composition belies its complex representation of all the major agricultural products of Korea in a single bowl that can be enjoyed by all, regardless of nationality. Bong-Ju’s dish was also a soup, but its recipe was strongly influenced by Japanese cuisine and thus became a Japanese dish in the eyes of the judges. In effect, the identity seems to lie more in the ingredients and preparation, while the way it is presented and paired with auxiliary flavors is a sort of packaging meant for foreign consumption. Korean cuisine is thus kept true to its culture while it is packaged and ready to be exported to other cultures intact. Corruption is a common theme in both food itself and the people who judge them, who are a sort of representation of the Korean public this film is meant to educate.
Later in the Gourmet series, we see the Japanese return again as a corporate force, threatening the restaurant run by the descendants of the last royal chef with a takeover and hijacking of its cuisine. A real life comparison is Japanese restaurants selling the popular Korean food kimchi during the 1996 Olympics with the “Japanified” name kimuchi. The conflict was finally resolved by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, an international food standards body, who separated Japanese kimuchi from the traditional Korean preparation of kimchi. Japan seems more accepting of foreign influence in its food films. For example, in Japanese manga and TV series Bambino!, the titular character works in an Italian restaurant in Tokyo where Italian is even the preferred language of the kitchen. If such a setup existed in a South Korean analog, it would border on treason.
Chefs role in society
This is where we see the cultural identity of not just the food, but the chefs who prepare it. Korean royal court cuisine is the highlight of the Sikgaek series and is a cultural asset protected by the Korean government. The cuisine is further developed by the Institute of Korean Royal Cuisine, who has discretion over its professionalization and globalization such as offering certification classes and certificates on the cuisine. The former royal chefs are glorified in Sikgaek, more highly respected than would be likely in other cultures. Their lineage is also paramount to skill, as the recognition as their true successor is the goal in Le Grand Chef and is a source of drama in Gourmet. Sung-Chan’s character is much more modest and down-to-earth, as we follow him in subplots throughout Korea. His cooking is a means of communicating through food and actively preserving culture. This is foiled by his rivals using food as a means of expediting the Korean Wave by reformulating classic Korean foods for foreign appreciation. They are often in the celebrity chef role, styled after personalities popularized in the U.S. and Japan by culinary television shows. Furthermore, we more often see these characters dressed in a more stylish and foreign way compared to the more traditional Korean dress of Sung-Chan. Their often arrogant and vain personalities show the characteristic faults of globalization’s cost to the Korean segyehwa policy.
Korea’s new policies and global goals also included more active participation in the United Nations, prompting a significant human rights overhaul for women. In all these films, the role of women is often much more sidelined or even scoffed at, treated as if a woman in an apron is acceptable yet standing in a restaurant kitchen is unheard of. Women are depicted as overcoming a sort of disability by joining men in the kitchen, and Sung-Chan’s rival Jang-Eun in Le Grand Chef 2 even runs her kitchen as a celebrity chef, replacing the former film’s Bong-Ju character. In this film, like its predecessor, the theme is Korea’s globalization via food but also incorporates the contemporary issue of expanding women’s rights in Korea. As 10% more women entered Korea’s workforce in the previous 30 years, progress has been made to equal rights and social status; however, Korea’s application of international standards for human rights, including those targeting women, has been inconsistent at best (Kim, 142-146). Still, women are heroes of effort in Le Grand Chef 2, as Jang-Eun’s mother—also Sung-Chan’s adoptive mother—runs her restaurant while silently enduring her cancer. Jin-su is another important female character in all of Sikgaek that acts as a plot device and sidekick to Sung-Chan. Despite their fame, skill, competence, and endurance, women are accessorized or overshadowed by the films’ male leads in the narratives of the works cited and many other Korean films. They, like food, seem to be meant as decoration or something to be consumed by the more plot-critical characters to drive them. Women are written as supporting or foil characters whose efforts are often either helpful to or defeated by the main character. While their efforts and food they prepare are representative of their culture in a struggle with globalization, so are their own gender roles in a less flattering light.
High domestic ratings and box office success of Sikgaek indicate a close identification of the Korean audience to their premise. That is, the delicate balance of globalization and cultural preservation via segyehwa is a common enough cultural theme to not need to be explicitly delineated. They demonstrate that food and cooking connects people on a very common level, and it shows how its cuisine has survived tougher challenges than Korea’s segyehwa policies. Furthermore, fusion cuisine and adoption of foreign influences in its food is also an acceptable risk. For example, the film Antique is set around a Korean bakery and how its staff and patrons have been influenced by baked goods. However, before the massive grain exportation from the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s, Koreans had not largely developed a taste for bread at all and had no bakeries (Feffer). Since then, Koreans have adopted bread to the point that it is an acceptable setting for a film that focuses heavily on characters accepting their past and moving on. Perhaps there is not so much a particular Korean quality to these films, but rather the historical ability of Koreans to adapt to the elements, redefine the qualities of Korean culture, and move on. These films’ strong performance abroad shows the export of culture via the Korean Wave has been hugely successful in Asia and beyond. As these selected works are from just the last decade, we can expect to see further elucidation of Korean cuisine as a core element of Korean culture as it emerges into the world market.
Antique. [Korean: 서양골동양과자점 엔티크.] Dir. Kyu-dong Min. Perf. Ju Ji-hoon, Kim Jae-wook, Yoo Ah-in, and Choi Ji-ho. Soon Film Company, 2008.
Bambino. [Japanese: バンビ～ノ！.] Matsumoto, Jun. NTV, Tokyo. 2008. Television.
Feffer, John. Korean Food, Korean Identity: The Impact of Globalization on Korean Agriculture. Publication. Shorenstein APARC, 2005. Web.
Gourmet. [Korean: 식객.] Choi, Wan-kyu, and Park Hoo-jung. SBS, Seoul. 2008. Television.
Kim, Samuel S., ed. Korea’s Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Web.
Le Grand Chef. [Korean: 식객.] Dir. Yun-su Jeon. Perf. Kim Kang-woo and Lee Ha-na. ShowEast Co s, 2007.
Le Grand Chef 2: Kimchi Battle. [Korean: 식객 2: 김치 전쟁.] Dir. Dong-hoon Baek. Perf. Kim Jung-eun and Jin Goo. IROOM Pictures, 2010.
Shim, Doobo. “Korean Media Liberalization and Development.” Waxing the Korean Wave. Singapore: Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 2011. 7-9. Web.
Thakur, Ramesh, and Takashi Inoguchi. “Is Japan to Mainland Asia What Britain Is to Europe?” UNU Update. United Nations University, Jan.-Feb. 2004. Web.
Soviet influences in central-eastern European cinema
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GPA bill causes strife
Skills/Subjects: newspaper article
“I don’t like the proposal,” said Katy ISD superintendent Alton Frailey about the proposal to make a major change to how GPA is calculated throughout Texas high schools.
School administrators and students alike are polarized by the Texas Legislature’s bill requiring the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to come up with a way for all Texas high schools to standardize their GPA calculations. That way, when a Texas student applies to an in-state college, the college would better recognize the GPA (currently, it could mean different things depending on the school’s academic rigor).
Former Mane Event editor Nadine Tan said, “It’d be a pretty effective way to determine who the real high-achievers are. They’ll be the ones sitting in the AP classes, unfazed by this controversy.”
After the outcry from educators and administrators throughout Texas, Board Commissioner Raymund Paredes relented at the October 22 meeting where he formally announced his plan. They reached a compromise, and the resulting proposal would include the following: changing the maximum weighted GPA for all Pre-AP courses to 4.5 instead of 5.0, changing the term “Pre-AP” (possibly “Honors”), adding a 5.0 weighted GPA to all dual-credit courses, changing failing grades from 70 and below to 60 and below, and calculating GPA to the third decimal point.
The only classes that would use the 5.0 scale would be English, science, social studies (excluding macro-economics), math, and foreign languages. Also, students in AP and duel credit classes whose grade drops below a C- would not receive credit; however, academic-level students would earn credit down to a D-.
Though this proposal would be widely adopted by school districts, it would not require the approval of either the Commissioner of Education or State Board of Education. This leaves the proposal’s ratification up to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board and the Texas Legislature.
The proposal would not be retroactive; all students already in ninth grade or higher as of April 30, 2009 will not be affected. Despite this, current high-schoolers still have strong feelings against the deal, as junior Rachel Sellers said, “Had this proposal happened when I was a freshman, I definitely would have made different choices about what classes I took.”
Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott and the Texas Legislature both agree on a state-wide standardized GPA, leaving the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board the sole duty of determining how that may be carried out. The revised plan will be up for consideration at their next meeting January 2009.
Prominent Tech figures give advice to freshmen
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Original Research |1 February 1975
Host Failure in Treatment of Malaria with Sulfalene and Pyrimethamine
GORDON M. TRENHOLME, M.D.; ROGER L. WILLIAMS, M.D.; HENRI FRISCHER, M.D.; PAUL E. CARSON, M.D.; KARL H. RIECKMANN, M.D.
GORDON M. TRENHOLME, M.D.
ROGER L. WILLIAMS, M.D.
HENRI FRISCHER, M.D.
PAUL E. CARSON, M.D.
KARL H. RIECKMANN, M.D.
▸Requests for reprints should be addressed to Gordon M. Trenholme, M.D., Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Hospital, 1753 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612.
An individual infected with a multidrug-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum failed to respond to treatment with sulfalene and pyrimethamine. Subinoculation studies showed that parasite resistance to the drug combination was not present. Plasma levels of sulfalene and pyrimethamine in this individual were similar to those of three individuals, subinoculated from him, who were cured by the drug combination. Erythrocyte levels of sulfalene in this individual were similar to those in an individual, subinoculated from him, who was cured by the drug combination. After treatment with the drug combination, in-vitro tests showed similar antimalarial activity in the serum of this individual in comparison with the serum of an individual subinoculated from him. The failure of this individual to respond to treatment with sulfalene and pyrimethamine is attributed to an undefined host factor (or factors) that appear(s) to be present in his erythrocytes.
TRENHOLME GM, WILLIAMS RL, FRISCHER H, CARSON PE, RIECKMANN KH. Host Failure in Treatment of Malaria with Sulfalene and Pyrimethamine. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82:219–223. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-82-2-219
Published: Ann Intern Med. 1975;82(2):219-223.
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-82-2-219
Intravenous Artesunate for the Treatment of Severe and Complicated Malaria in the United States: Clinical Use Under an Investigational New Drug Protocol
Celebrating the ACP Centennial: From the Annals Archive—Malaria Treatment
Annals of Internal Medicine; 163 (7): 559
Meta-Analysis: Accuracy of Rapid Tests for Malaria in Travelers Returning from Endemic Areas
Annals of Internal Medicine; 142 (10): 836-846
Malaria-Related Deaths among U.S. Travelers, 1963–2001
Infectious Disease.
Current mechanistic insights into the role of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Biomed Pharmacother 2019;
Digital PCR: a new technology for diagnosis of parasitic infections.
Clin Microbiol Infect 2019.
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Jennifer Grubbs
Visiting Assistant Professor of Anthropology
Faculty, Social Sciences
jgrubbs@antiochcollege.edu
Dr. Jennifer Grubbs is a enviro-feminist anthropologist in the Department of Anthropology at Antioch College. Dr. Grubbs earned her doctorate from American University in Washington, D.C., in Anthropology, specializing in Race, Gender, and Social Justice, where her work examined the creative and confrontational ways in which activists co-create identities of resistance within neoliberal capitalism to dismantle ecological and species hierarchies through the spectacle of protest. She comes to Antioch College after serving as the Assistant Director of the Women’s Studies Program and Visiting Assistant Professor at East Tennessee State University. At ETSU, Dr. Grubbs developed courses through a transdisicplinary lens that addressed a range of topics including antiracist social justice, popular culture, global feminism, and speciesism. She has published her work in a variety of venues, both academic and public, including two documentary storytelling projects based in the Washington, D.C. area. Dr. Grubbs has conducted ethnographic work with environmental and animal advocacy movements based in North America, immigration-support communities in rural Virginia, and with Holocaust survivors residing in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her current research bridges feminist anthropology, environmental communication, and queer studies, both in method and application, through an examination of representations of race, gender, and sexuality as it connects to species in the U.S. Dr. Grubbs is interested in deconstructing the interconnected hierarchies that are used to naturalize and perpetuate systems of violence through a critical media lens. Her courses foster a unique experience by incorporating a range of technologies and voices that encourage critical thinking through discussion.
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Anthropology: Specialization in Race, Gender, and Social Justice, 2009 – 2015 American University, Washington, D.C.
Dissertation: Queer(ey)ing the Ecoterrorist: Neoliberal Capitalism, Political Repression as Discipline, and the Spectacle of Direct Action. Committee: Dr. Daniel O. Sayers (Chair), Dr. William Leap, Dr. Stephen Depoe
Master of Arts (M.A.) in Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, 2007 – 2009 University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
MA Thesis: “The Intersectionality of Oppression: The Inclusion of Speciesism.” Committee: Dr. Lisa Hogeland (Chair), Dr. Adrian Parr, Dr. Jane Anderson, Dr. Elizabeth Farians
Master of Arts (M.A.) in Communication, 2006 – 2008 University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
MA Thesis: “Farm Sanctuary: Creating a Space Where Theory Meets Practice.” Committee: Dr. Stephen Depoe (Chair), Dr. James Crocker-Lakness, Dr. Michael J. Woeste
Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in Communication, 2003 – 2005 University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
SCHOLARLY ACTIVITIES
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Associate Professor of Performance
Arts, Faculty
lsmith@antiochcollege.edu
112D Arts and Science Building
Louise Smith ’77 is an alumna of Antioch College. She is a writer, performer, educator and therapist. She worked for eleven years in Ping Chong and Company, touring nationally and internationally with collaborative productions that incorporated media and movement. She also appeared in works by artists Meredith Monk, Julie Taymor, and Ann Bogart. Her solo works have been seen at P.S. 122, Dixon Place, Dance Theater Workshop and La Mama in NYC, as well as the Illusion Theater in Minneapolis. Milwaukee’s Theater X, and Actor’s Theater Louisville. Since 1984, she’s written and performed sixteen solo pieces. She is the recipient of a Jerome Fellowship in Playwriting from the Playwright’s Center in Minneapolis, a Bessie Award for her work with Ping Chong and an Obie for Painted Snake in a Painted Chair by The Talking Band. Smith was also awarded an NEA Collaborative Fellowship for Interfacing Joan, her solo with Ping Chong. In 2016 she had a writing residency at the Vermont Studio Center and was granted an Ohio Arts Council Artist’s Excellence Awards in playwriting, her second from the OAC. She’s written five plays for Yellow Springs Kids Playhouse, and in 2017 created a new work with Talking Band/Ellen Maddow entitled Fat Skirt and Big Nozzle, based on the paintings of James Ensor. She holds an IMA from Antioch University in Playwriting and an M.S.Ed from University of Dayton in Community Counseling.
M.S.Ed., Community Counseling (with Licensure), University of Dayton
I.M.A., Playwriting, Antioch University
B.A., Theater, Antioch College
PERF 103: Voice and Speech
PERF 250: Rehearsal and Production
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The only scheme proven to end poverty – but too bespoke to scale?
Pilots have worked in 99 countries, but that doesn't mean it can reach billions
Scaling social impact – a checklist, and a warning
How to scale up social impact — the challenge of the 21st century
How to design for scale: lessons for ambitious new interventions
This piece is part of Apolitical’s spotlight series on scaling social impact, in partnership with the Bernard Van Leer Foundation. It also appears in our government innovation newsfeed.
The Graduation Approach is the only proven way out of extreme poverty. It started in Bangladesh in 2002, and pilots have now spread to 99 countries. But if governments are to hit the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal to eradicate all poverty by 2030, it needs to scale enormously: a billion people live in extreme poverty.
The program starts with consumption support, dealing with survival-level issues such as food security. Participants are then helped to identify a sustainable livelihood. This could be anything from pig farming to tailoring. The program helps them develop that livelihood through financial and technical training, as well as providing seed capital to get going. And the final component is in-person mentoring. The program lasts two to three years.
The idea is that this mix of interventions gives people the first foothold they need to “graduate” out of extreme poverty and keep climbing. The catch is that these interventions are complex, personalised, expensive and long-running.
That means the program runs counter to the accepted principles on how to design interventions for scale. And indeed, BRAC, the NGO that developed it, is vast, employing more than 100,000 people. Is also has huge expertise: after four decades of experience in Bangladesh, it is deeply embedded in the communities it serves.
The Graduation Approach worked in Bangladesh. But could a program like this be made to work elsewhere without BRAC in charge? And what would you need an organisation with millions of staff to provide it?
A universal solution
That’s the question that the Ford Foundation and the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) sought to answer.
They tested the Graduation Approach through pilot projects implemented by NGOs in 10 sites across eight countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Aude de Montesquiou from the World Bank helped lead these efforts. “Because we were doing these RCTs to demonstrate that the BRAC model could work elsewhere, we had to stay pretty close to the core components,” said de Montesquiou. Adaptation was limited to small changes, such as matching the food support to a country’s lean season, or suggesting careers that matched local markets.
The trials involved over 10,000 people in Ethiopia, Ghana, Honduras, India, Pakistan and Peru — a deliberately diverse range of countries. And the results, described in a paper in the magazine Science, showed that the approach could, in fact, be replicated in different contexts by different hands.
There was some variation between countries. In Honduras, for example, the impact was insignificant. “That’s where people chose to invest in chickens and the chickens died,” said de Montesquiou. “It was sad, but it’s also a proof of concept: this model works if people make a livelihood out of the opportunity.”
But where there was impact, it continued to grow after the program finished — like in Bangladesh. “The Science article included three-year results; we now have six- and seven-year results,” said de Montesquiou. “Not only are the results sustainable, but the impact actually increases over time compared to the control group.”
The pilots demonstrated that the Graduation Approach could be a universal solution to extreme poverty. But they also left many questions unanswered.
For one, the pilots did not tinker with the formula. They showed that the full package worked, but not what the relative importance of the different components was.
Nor did they look for opportunities to cut costs. Take the life coaching, which is one of the most expensive components. The pilots didn’t test whether it was necessary, or whether it could be reduced or digitised. “Can we do less of that — can we do 20% and get 80% of the results?” asked de Montesquiou.
And how would a scaled up version of the Graduation Approach warp local economies?
“Our pilots were sufficiently small that we didn’t see general equilibrium effects. As they scale up we’re very conscious of that risk,” said de Montesquiou. “After all, how many carpenters can you have?”
Eradicating extreme poverty
BRAC developed a very complete package; CGAP and the Ford Foundation showed that it it could work elsewhere.
But these pilots were small, and there are almost a billion people living in extreme poverty. The question remained: can the Graduation Approach hit that kind of scale?
The first phase of pilots did not provide much evidence in this regard. And that’s partly because the design they tested is in most cases not one that will be scaled.
When BRAC designed the program, they did a better job making it replicable than making it scalable. It’s a holistic program, with wrap-around services delivered with great attention to the individual’s needs. These aspects make it more likely to succeed in small-scale pilots, wherever they take place. But they are also expensive, labour-intensive and time-consuming — and those make it harder to scale up.
And then there’s the question of who would deliver it. The first phase of pilots was implemented by NGOs, but few NGOs could deliver the program at the scale required to hit the SDGs. That job falls to governments, and that means the program needs adaptation to their systems and structures. Nonetheless, almost a hundred countries are moulding it to their needs now, and most of their changes revolve around improving cost-effectiveness.
Fundación Capital, an international development organisation, is working with the governments of Colombia, Paraguay, Mexico, Honduras and Tanzania to make the Graduation Approach a national policy.
They identified three challenges. The first was to see what components of the Graduation Program were already available as government programs, and how they could be integrated. The second was to maintain the quality of implementation while scaling up rapidly. And the third was to reduce the cost.
Their two main innovations have been switching from in-kind asset transfers to cash transfers, and making use of technology to deliver education. These have targeted the two big expenses of the program: the seed capital and the life coaching. Respectively, those make up 50% and 35% of the program costs in Latin America.
Switching to cash transfers is a risk. It clearly involves less handholding, but it is also empowering and cheaper. “Before, it was: do you want chickens, goats, cows — take your pick from this menu of items,” said Ana Pantelic, Chief Strategy Officer at Fundación Capital. “And we said: here’s cash. Make the decision for yourself, whether you want to be a barber or a seamstress, whatever it is.”
Other governments are experimenting with cash transfers too, and there’s no concrete consensus on which works better. The answer will likely lie in greater segmentation: categorising participants according to their needs and treating them differently. “And that’s going to change based on countries, based on people’s profiles: urban or rural, age, gender, location, economic activity,” said Pantelic.
One thing that’s different for every participant is the coaching — and that’s what makes it so costly. Compared to food parcels or cash transfers, coaching is hard to standardise. It also tends to be the part governments are least equipped to provide. In Lesotho, for example, each social worker covers 2,000 households. “The coaching and the life skills component is definitely the most challenging part to scale up,” de Montesquiou admitted.
Fundación Capital see this as an opportunity to bring technology into the process. They are distributing tablets to communities and designing apps that teach participants about, for example, financial literacy and business building. Part of the challenge is designing apps for people who may be illiterate, and may have never used a digital device.
The idea is not to replace the in-person coaching, but to reduce it while maintaining the impact. It could greatly reduce costs and expand the reach of the program, and would also have the effect of standardising a high level of training in the app.
And then there are the benefits of data. GPS data can track the tablet and coach’s movements; how people use the app will help the designers refine it; nudges can be incorporated for those with phones; and integrating, for example, mobile money data with data from the app will paint a picture of how the program is changing local commerce.
The extreme poor are normally off the grid; bringing tech into the Graduation Approach can bring them into focus.
Graduation approaches
The Graduation Approach has had the collective will of some of the world’s biggest NGOs and foundations driving it, but getting it to scale worldwide is a slow, ongoing process. Some lessons have emerged.
One is that it is useful to have a neutral, global platform to share best practices. CGAP provided that service for the first wave of pilots, and now the Partnership for Economic Inclusion at the World Bank has taken the job over. It is helping governments scale their programs, while encouraging and tracking the results of their innovations.
A second point is that the program is scaling almost in spite of itself. As an expensive, bespoke package, it’s perhaps not surprising that the pilots worked so well, and worked almost everywhere they went. But maybe it could have been designed in a more scalable way to start with.
Nonetheless, almost 100 countries are now shaping the program to their needs. Technology will certainly feature. It is already changing the scale-up process at every step, providing opportunities to cut costs while expanding reach and enhancing engagement, as well as to monitor quality.
And finally, the Graduation Program demonstrates how massive scale will be achieved: through partnerships. Government will be the backbone, while specialised non-profit and private sector organisations step in for specific tasks.
This will require accommodation on all sides. Working with governments is a huge opportunity, but it introduces problems with politics, electoral cycles and annual budgets. Take Fundación Capital: in the space of just over half a year from December 2017, their partners in Honduras, Paraguay, Colombia and Mexico will all have had elections. Plans for scale-up are on ice until new governments get settled. “It’s been stressful,” said Pantelic, with some understatement.
(Picture credit: Flickr/Asian Development Bank)
Tom Graham
Show References +
CGAP Announces New Platform for Graduation Approach
http://www.cgap.org/news/cgap-announces-new-platform-graduation-approach
A Multifaceted Program Causes Lasting Progress For The Very Poor: Evidence From Six Countries
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6236/1260799
“The world is scattered with pilot projects trying to work holistically”
Scaling changes everything. How can we predict its effects?
What Burkina Faso can teach us about scaling up early childhood programs
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A Bitcoin Believer
Despite its prominence in the news during the past few years, many people still find Bitcoin confusing. Some reporters call it a stock, others call it money. But Bitcoin is actually a technology—one that is modernizing money through sophisticated encryption technology. And Jinyoung Lee Englund (BA, Comparative History of Ideas, 2006) has the difficult task of explaining it to the world.
“In CHID, I felt like I was in a community of people pursuing their passions and dreams,” Jinyoung Lee Englund says of her UW major. Media credit: Peter Waterman
Englund, director of communications and business development for the Bitcoin Foundation, is not an economist or an MBA or a computer scientist. Before joining the Bitcoin Foundation, she had not worked in the financial or tech industries. In fact she was downright puzzled when an entrepreneur friend involved with Bitcoin first introduced the concept to her in 2010. “I thought he was making it up,” she recalls. “I didn’t think what he was talking about was real.”
After more conversations with her friend over the next two years, the lightbulb turned on and Englund became excited about Bitcoin. “The clincher for me was Bitcoin’s potential in providing economic opportunity to individuals and communities traditionally locked out of financial services because they are too poor, live in very rural areas, or are considered too high risk,” she says.
It’s no surprise that the social implications of Bitcoin are what piqued Englund’s interest. At the UW she majored in comparative history of ideas (CHID), an interdisciplinary program that encourages students to delve deeply into topics of personal interest. Englund took a range of courses related to poverty and empowerment, including courses in religious studies, philosophy, international political economy, and business. “In CHID, I felt like I was in a community of people pursuing their passions and dreams,” she says.
It turns out one of my skill sets is creating order out of chaos.
Faith has also been central to Englund’s life and work. She did humanitarian work in Mexico and India with her church during high school and college, and after earning her bachelor’s degree in 2006, she made the bold decision to volunteer in Mozambique with Iris Ministries, a faith-based nonprofit. The volunteer job quickly turned into a paid position.
Mozambique was reeling from a recently ended civil war, with orphans outnumbering adults. Englund developed a project proposal for a well-drilling initiative, convincing venture capitalists to support the project. Then she established a child sponsorship program and created a database of the thousands of children the organization had provided for over the past decade. “At the time, the nonprofit had plenty of volunteers who loved children,” she says. “But what they needed was someone who was interested in writing proposals and developing systems.”
Englund returned to Seattle after two years in Mozambique, interested in learning more about public policy. She was hired as director of a Republican National Committee field office for Washington state’s 8th Congressional district just weeks before election day. Despite the steep learning curve, Englund’s office outperformed every other field office in Washington state. “It turns out one of my skill sets is creating order out of chaos,” she says with a laugh.
Jinyoung Lee Engund with children during her time in Mozambique.
Republican leadership noticed. Congresswoman Cathy McMorris Rodgers from eastern Washington, the highest-ranking Republican woman in the U.S. House of Representatives, met with Englund and was especially drawn to her real-life experience creating economic opportunities to help people overcome poverty. She invited Englund to join her leadership staff in Washington, D.C. in 2009. Over the next few years, Englund gained more political experience working on a U.S. Senate race, on the Romney/Ryan presidential transition team, and for the Heritage Foundation.
After four years in public policy, Englund wanted to understand the private sector’s role in improving lives. So when her entrepreneur friend talked to her again about Bitcoin in 2013, she jumped at the opportunity to become involved. The entrepreneur, who Englund met through her work in Mozambique, had just joined with other entrepreneurs to establish the Bitcoin Foundation, a nonprofit trade organization that supports Bitcoin’s ongoing technical development and serves as a de facto face for the technology.
As an open source protocol, Bitcoin is not owned by any one person or company, so ongoing development is sporadic. The Foundation’s members support full-time developers to secure and improve the protocol. “We just passed 100,000 transactions a day and the industry has received over $400 million dollars of venture funding in the past two years from the top venture capitalists in the world,” says Englund. “When you have that much money involved, you can’t depend on volunteers to develop the protocol, fix bugs, and scale it for mass consumer adoption.” The Foundation also addresses questions about Bitcoin, including security concerns raised by the FBI, the Treasury Department, U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security, and other government agencies.
Englund focuses on developing strategic partnerships between the Foundation and other businesses and serves as “brand ambassador” for Bitcoin. Her salary is paid in bitcoins rather than dollars. “If you want to be part of the organization, you have to show that you really believe in it,” she explains. “Anyone who does work for the Foundation gets paid in bitcoin. That’s a non-negotiable.”
Earlier this month Englund was identified as one of the Top 40 Women in Bitcoin, ranking #4 on the list—not bad for someone who was left scratching her head about Bitcoin five years ago. She credits her UW education with inspiring her to approach Bitcoin with an open mind.
“My interdisciplinary degree taught me how to do the research and how to analyze issues from a variety of perspectives,” Englund says. “When you are doing something you love, you naturally give it 110% and all that hard work pays off.”
To learn more about Bitcoin and the Bitcoin Foundation, visit bitcoinfoundation.org or follow @BTCFoundation.
Comparative History of Ideas
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Home Breast Surgery Section Visitors
Breast Surgery Section Visitors
Professor Andrew Baildam
Professor Andrew Baildam trained in surgical oncology and then additionally breast plastic and reconstructive surgery before appointment as Consultant Surgeon and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Surgical Oncology at The Christie Hospital in Manchester UK. Subsequently he was appointed to St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London as the Professor of Breast and Oncoplastic Surgery to the Queen Mary University of London. During his training he took two years in London and Manchester to research the molecular biology of breast cancer, leading to a Doctoral Thesis. With a keen interest in the care of patients with genetic breast cancer and oncoplastic breast surgery, he is hugely experienced in risk reducing surgery and breast reconstruction. He has over 180 peer reviewed publications, abstracts and chapters, and has innovated a number of approaches to breast cancer surgery. He has also held several positions including being the past
President of BASO-The Association of Cancer Surgery and the Chair of Royal College of Surgeons of England Cancer Surgery Committee. He is a member of BAPRAS, the Association of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. Of note, he set up the cross specialty breast surgery oncoplastic fellowships in the UK, leading to a better-structured oncoplastic programme for surgical trainees. He is enthusiastic and passionate both for the highest quality care for patients, and for inspiration of trainees, and has a high tertiary referral surgical practice in Manchester at the Alexandra Hospital and London at King Edward VII Hospital. He teaches and lectures widely and spends off-work time climbing mountains and enjoying music and art.
Professor Shelley Hwang
Dr Shelley Hwang is Professor of Surgical Oncology and Radiology, Chief of Breast Surgery and Vice Chair of Research for the Duke Department of Surgery and the Duke University Comprehensive Cancer Center, where she co-leads the Women’s Cancer Program. Her national leadership roles include membership on the NCI Breast Cancer Steering Committee and the NCCN Screening Guidelines Committee and she has also participated on national guidelines panels for DCIS and node-positive breast cancer. Her research focus includes breast cancer prevention, identifying less invasive treatments for early stage breast cancers including DCIS, and understanding the genetic and stromal determinants of cancer progression. Her collaborations also include studies related to immune approaches to breast cancer treatment and her team has been funded to study PVSRIPO vaccine therapy for advanced breast cancer. Dr Hwang is an experienced clinical trialist with a 20-year interest in both the biology and treatment of early stage breast cancer and she is the national PI of a cooperative group study through the ALLIANCE, the COMET study, which evaluates the role of active surveillance compared to usual care for DCIS. She is coPI on the CRUK PRECISION Grand Challenge project, an international, multicentre collaboration around reducing overtreatment in early stage breast cancer. Her group has been selected for the Precancer Atlas U01 award, one of the Moonshot initiatives.
Dr Krishna Clough
Dr Krishna B. Clough is a world-renowned surgical oncologist and plastic surgeon. He specialises in the treatment of breast cancers and all aspects of breast surgery, both oncologic and plastics. After completing his surgical training in France (Paris) and in the United States (Columbia University, New York and Emory University, Atlanta) Dr Clough joined the team at the Curie Institute in 1990, where he was appointed Chief of the Department of Breast Surgery while developing the concept of Oncoplastic Surgery. He pioneered the use of plastics techniques to incorporate wide excision of breast cancers improving aesthetic outcomes for women. He then decided to quit Curie in 2004 to create France’s first breast center – The Paris Breast Center. The Paris Breast Center has become the leading private institution in breast cancer surgery and plastic surgery in France. Dr Clough has set up Oncoplastic workshops and masterclasses throughout Europe and published more than 140 peer-reviewed papers and 13 book chapters. In 2015, he was presented the European Institute of Oncology (EIO) Umberto Veronesi Breast Cancer Award for his exceptional work in the field of cancer, and is one of a few surgeons to have been presented this.
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We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God’s good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.
-Winston Churchill, June 1940
Has anyone ever been better than Winston Churchill at giving motivational speeches? He had a way of rising to the occasion and here, the stakes had never been higher. This speech was given immediately after the British and their Allies had been run out of France by the invading Germans. Victory over the Nazis was not on the horizo n and must have seemed impossible at the time. That’s more or less what Churchill said, after all: he is not describing a plan to win. He is describing a last-ditch effort to survive when the Nazis try to conquer Britain after they finish in France, and a cry for help to the New World to save the day in that bleak scenario (Canada was, of course, already part of the Allied forces at the time, but the U.S. would not be until Pearl Harbor).
The devastating outcome of the Battle of Dunkirk gave good reason for Churchill’s pessimism. It is a fascinating historical event because it was a loss that could well have broken the Allies, but instead, it galvanized them, particularly in the way that the British survived: hundreds of civilian vessels sailed from Britain to France to help rescue over 300,000 Allied soldiers from the Nazis.
Time and time again, Christopher Nolan has proven himself to be as adept a director as Churchill was a speaker. Tonally, Nolan’s Dunkirk captures what must have been the prevailing mood on the ground, at sea, and in the air as the Battle of Dunkirk was fought. Nolan makes an inspired structural choice by intertwining three different stories over three different time periods, and as only Nolan can do, effectively explains a complex structure using only three small titlecards at the very beginning. Dunkirk is reminiscent of The Prestige in that way – in both, Nolan always provides enough cues so the viewer knows exactly where a particular scene fits into the overall timeline and story, even as he tells the story in a complex, non-linear fashion.
With Dunkirk, Nolan has outdone himself. Given how consistently great he has been throughout his career, it is incredible to think that he has gotten better, but that is clearly the case. Dunkirk is absolutely masterful filmmaking from start to finish. Above all else, Nolan’s film captures the essence of Dunkirk and gives us a true sense of the anguish of war, the desire to survive, and the fear of the unknown that soldiers must deal with constantly. In particular, I am reminded of the scenes featuring Tom Hardy’s RAF pilot, all of which inserted me into the battle and truly made me feel how claustrophobic a Spitfire’s cramped cockpit would be, and how difficult it would be to spot, identify, and track an enemy fighter, let alone shoot it down.
For the viewer, this is a vital, visceral, and draining experience. Dunkirk is a 106 minute movie that feels like it’s four hours long (which Nolan would take as a high praise, I think, if he ever read this review). From start to finish, it is tense, it is devastating, it is awful and it is brilliant. Dunkirk is filmmaking at its finest and a fitting tribute to one of the defining events of the 20th century.
This entry was posted in Kick-ass!, Movie Reviews and tagged Barry Keoghan, based on a true story, blockbusters, Chris Nolan, Cillian Murphy, Kenneth Branagh, Mark Rylance, Tom Hardy, war movies on July 21, 2017 by Sean.
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31 thoughts on “Dunkirk”
Lara/Trace July 21, 2017 at 12:32 pm
Love your review Sean! I will see it!
Katrina Morrison July 21, 2017 at 1:23 pm
Great review, my friend👍🏼 I love history. And these film makers and actors. It is an film not to be missed 😊
Jay July 21, 2017 at 1:25 pm
If Nolan’s so brilliant, why does he always insist on covering up Tom Hardy’s beautiful face?
Sean Post author July 21, 2017 at 2:23 pm
He did look and sound a lot like Bane in this one, didn’t he?
TheMumblr July 25, 2017 at 1:05 am
He sure did. I missed about half of his 10 lines but he still stole the show.
I didn’t like it as much as you did, hun. I found it slow\boring in some spots. I thought the editing between story lines was a bit confusing. There was little characterization; the only guy I felt I knew at all was Mark Rylance. And it was pretty unemotional – not something I expect from a war movie, but probably due to having little invested in characters I could hardly tell apart.
The characters did blend together a bit, especially the three dark haired soldiers that were usually hanging out together. For me, even though it was slow at parts, the tension remained, and that made it feel authentic. It definitely was an unemotional movie and felt different than most war movies in that way. I just thought it worked really, really well and I thought Nolan delivered an incredible war film that, interestingly, features almost no combat at all.
Well I don’t mind the lack of action, and I actually thought that was realistic. There’s a lot of waiting in war, it’s definitely not all glamourous. But that quietness should have been an opportunity to get to know the people we’re supposed to care for.
Liz A. July 21, 2017 at 4:28 pm
sati July 21, 2017 at 4:47 pm
Still recovering from this. A masterpiece really!
Salty Popcorn July 21, 2017 at 5:21 pm
Nice review – couldn’t agree more 🙂
In My Cluttered Attic July 21, 2017 at 6:34 pm
Loved this review, Sean. I really want to see this film and your review just wet my appetite even more to go see it.
Christy B July 21, 2017 at 7:51 pm
Oh wow I had heard the critics panned it (just saw a random FB comment saying that was the case) and so it’s good that you’ve given it a better review.
Mr. Movie July 21, 2017 at 8:02 pm
Hated this movie. It was a mess!
J. July 22, 2017 at 4:19 am
I didn’t even know Nolan was making this until seeing the trailer during Prometheus 2. I was fairly intrigued, but haven’t been inclined to go see it. Yet.
calensariel July 22, 2017 at 8:44 am
Seeing this tomorrow afternoon. Can’t wait.
Brittani July 22, 2017 at 10:00 am
Monday can’t come soon enough for me. That’s when I’ll be seeing it.
polarbears16 July 23, 2017 at 4:10 pm
I disagree and am in the minority, but great review! Truly a technical achievement.
Catherine Harpold July 25, 2017 at 9:26 am
Great review! I agree that Nolan captured the essence of the situation. If you have a minute, would you mind checking out my Dunkirk review? https://ticketsandpopcorn.wordpress.com/2017/07/25/dunkirk-2017/
Mark Walker July 26, 2017 at 9:26 am
Can’t wait to catch up with this, Sean. Nolan doing a war film is very appealing indeed.
kmSalvatore July 26, 2017 at 7:46 pm
I cAnt wait to go see this. Great review to Sean. Just started seeing commercials for the shows here
Robert Parker Teel July 27, 2017 at 4:14 pm
Visually wonderful, and I loved the Spitfire vs Messerschmitt scenes, and the Hardy’s long gliding scene, but did anyone else find this virtually emotionless? Sorry, but long stretches of it seemed like animated oil paintings.
Lloyd Marken July 30, 2017 at 6:46 am
The first great film of 2017.
Jeff the Chef August 2, 2017 at 4:47 pm
I wholeheartedly concur with your review. I would add that the film score – in and of itself, but also in the way that it intermingled with the sound editing – was boldly original and effective. Also, I loved that the viewer was left to more-or-less experience the void-of-meaning that each of the characters had to deal with: you’re generally clear about what’s happening, but you’re often not sure what is meant by it. It needs to unfold so that you can figure it out. This has to be what all of that feels like in real life (assuming that one is able to keeps ones wits while it’s happening). The event is essentially chaotic, and onto it, various leaders are trying to impose order. Especially in the wide, aerial shots, you can literally see this juxtaposition of opposites in action. Brilliant movie.
fragglerocking August 16, 2017 at 3:41 pm
Well Hubby and I saw this at the actual pictures a couple of weeks ago, (we NEVER go to the cinema!) and came away completely underwhelmed. We came home and later watched Atonement, the hopelessness and chaos of the beach at Dunkirk much better rendered in 5 minutes by Joe Wright than Nolan managed in the whole movie.
Sean Post author August 20, 2017 at 6:29 pm
That’s too bad this was underwhelming. You’re right that there is not much chaos seen on the beach. This movie could gave gone a lot of different ways but one of the things I liked was the short run time. But that did mean there wasn’t much time for desperation (or as Jay said, room for much emotion generally).
Teena in Toronto (@TeenainToronto) August 17, 2017 at 10:30 pm
Gord saw it and enjoyed it.
amaranto es September 15, 2017 at 11:06 am
We came dwelling house and later watched Atonement, the hopelessness and chaos of the beach at Dunkirk much better rendered in 5 minutes by Joe Wright than Nolan managed in the unanimous movie. I dissent and am in the nonage, but outstanding recap!
S C September 30, 2017 at 7:38 am
Yes, amazing from beginning till the end. What a fantastic film. What a brilliant review.
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All posts tagged the Elgin Marbles
Rodin and the Art of Ancient Greece @ the British Museum
In my spare time I simply haunt the British Museum. (Rodin, 1892)
Rodin and the British Museum
François Auguste René Rodin (1840 – 1917), known as Auguste Rodin, is widely seen as the godfather of modern sculpture. He visited London for the first time in 1841. On a trip to the British Museum, he discovered the so-called Elgin Marbles, the supersize Greek sculptures of men horses and mythical creatures which once lined the Parthenon in Athens – and was immediately captivated by their scale and power.
For this exhibition the Museum has had the strikingly simple and effective idea of borrowing a substantial number of Rodin’s classic works from the Rodin Museum in Paris, and placing them next to and among a generous selection of original Parthenon sculptures. Over 80 works by Rodin in marble, bronze and plaster, along with some 13 of Rodin’s sketches, are displayed alongside major pieces of ancient Greek art from the Museum collection.
Thus the exhibition includes a number of Rodin’s greatest hits, iconic sculptures which are part of the Western imaginarium, such as The Thinker, The Kiss, The Gates of Hell and the Burghers of Calais.
Years ago, when a teenager, I hitch-hiked to Paris, kipped in the Bois de Boulogne,and spent the days going on pilgrimages to all the art galleries and museums. I remember being bitterly disappointed by the Musée Rodin and that disappointment has lasted to this day. The exhibition was an opportunity to see if my largely negative image of Rodin stood up to the evidence or was just a personal prejudice.
The ancient Greeks
Between 1800 to 1812 workmen employed by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin – British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, or ‘the Sublime Porte’ as it was referred to in those days – removed about half of the surviving sculptures of the Parthenon, the vast temple to Athena in Athens, as well as sculptures from the nearby buildings Propylaea and Erechtheum. These were shipped to Britain and put on display but, even at the time, contemporaries were critical enough for Parliament to hold an enquiry into his actions. Seeing the way the wind was blowing, Elgin sold the marbles to the British Government who passed them along to the recently created British Museum where, despite vocal lobbying by the Greek government, they remain to this day.
Cavalcade from the north frieze of the Parthenon, by Phidias (around 440 BC)
Throughout the nineteenth century the art of ancient Greece, and especially the statuary, was seen as the peak of human creativity and art. Renaissance giants like Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo had attempted to recreate some of their magic in painting, but the Greeks remained the source of artistic ideas of Beauty, which were built around realism – the realistic depiction of the human and animal body, with accuracy, elegance and grace.
The Parthenon figures were carved to fill the triangular pediment at the west and east of the building, as well as to fill the metopes or square alcoves roughly above each of the 46 outer columns. There was also a set of inner columns supporting an inner wall, and above these ran a continuous frieze of figures carved in relief.
There was, in other words, a huge amount of space to be filled by more than life size carvings of gods and heroes and animals (mostly horses being ridden in battle). Hence the fact that, even though the Elgin Marbles only represent a fraction of the originals, they still fill a vast gallery at the Museum.
Because all the statues we have now are worn to a kind of perfect white, people forget that Greek sculpture was originally brightly painted, and sometimes had gold leaf applied. This is a fanciful imagining of how the Parthenon would have looked when new. At this end we can see the pediment filled with freestanding statues of gods, small in the narrow ends, growing larger in size to gesture up towards the King of the Gods at the apex. And underneath you can see a set of 14 metopes above each column, each with an individual carving of an incident from Greek myth. At the Museum the curators tried to recreate the effect of the arched pediment by placing the scattered fragments in their correct positions relative to each other, with the metope carvings placed separately. This is how Rodin saw and was overwhelmed by them.
The Parthenon gallery in the British Museum, about 1890. Photograph © The Trustees of the British Museum
What is so special about the sculptures from the Parthenon? They were thought, even by the Greeks themselves, to be the peak of their artistic achievement. The sculptor in charge of the works, Phidias, was credited with a godlike power for realism, for his ability to summon the gods from Olympus, and heroes from the Elysian Fields, and place them before the viewer.
For me the important factors are:
They are larger than life. They had to be since they were embedded 30 metres high on walls.
As a result their gestures are clear and distinct. The overall positioning of all the figures creates harmonies and rhythms which are perceivable even at a distance.
Counter-intuitively, maybe, there is a staggering amount of detail in the sculptures. Observed down at eye level in an exhibition like this (as they were never intended to be seen), you can see the amount of effort that has gone in to depicting the muscles, ligaments and veins of, for example, this wonderful horse’s head, with its flared nostrils and bulging eyes. It’s called the Selene horse’s head because it is part of a frieze depicting the moon goddess, Selene.
Selene horse’s head, East Pediment of the Parthenon, designed by Phidias (c. 435 BC)
There is therefore, to my mind, a kind of super realism about the figures. They are larger than life in both senses – the subjects are gods of heroes of legend, and the figures are all larger than life size – yet they include finely carved details which also work to ennoble, expand and aggrandise the figures. They are images of power, imaginative, political and cultural power.
Rodin in his Museum of Antiquities at Meudon on the outskirts of Paris, about 1910
Photo by Albert Harlingue. Image © Musée Rodin
By the 1880s Rodin had made his reputation as a sculpture and was gaining public commissions. He had always been fascinated by the sculpture of the ancient Greeks, still in his day held up as the absolute peak of human artistic achievement.
He had already studied Greek sculpture from books, sketches and casts available to him in Paris (he never, in fact, went to Greece). After all the Louvre in Paris has a large collection of ancient Green sculpture. Where possible Rodin collected fragments of ancient sculpture when they became available, placing them around the garden of his property in Meudon. Apparently he moved and repositioned them among the trees and bushes to create changing artistic effects.
Eventually he amassed a collection of some 6,000 fragments and he never ceased sketching and drawing them, from all angles. The result is a vast archive of sketches, drawings, half-finished carvings and completed sculptures.
Rodin’s aesthetic
But Rodin wasn’t slavishly devoted to simply making copies of ancient Greek perfection. He had a more modern aesthetic than that. He came to believe that sculptures had a life cycle of their own, an inner artistic integrity. If many had been damaged, well, that was their fate, and their current damaged state was somehow ‘true’ to their inner destiny. Thus Rodin resisted various suggestions that ancient Greek statues be ‘repaired’. You can see what he’s getting at.
Rodin liked the way that powerful expression was conveyed through the fragmented bodies of the Greek statues. He even removed the heads and limbs from his own figures to make them closer to the broken relics of the past. By doing so, he created a new genre of contemporary art – the headless, limbless torso.
This explains the prominence of process in Rodin’s own work. Many of his pieces seem to be emerging from the stone they are carved in, often with struggle. Similarly his ‘finished’ pieces often betray the work and effort required to make them.
The exhibition displays a massive male torso from the Parthenon next to a similar sized male torso by Rodin. The Parthenon one is smooth (though with pockmarks and gouges caused over time) but the Rodin one has a deliberately knobbly bobbly surface – at its core it is a realistic depiction of the male body, muscles and all, but in Rodin’s hands the sculpture also preserves the sense of effort which went into making it. The statue is not so much an image of Perfection as a symbol of the human effort to create Perfection.
Torso by Auguste Rodin
On reflection, it is this deliberate favouring of a muddy, impure, less than precise, deliberately knobbly, bulgy, imperfect surface, which I don’t like about Rodin.
You see it in individual works and in his larger compositions.
The gates of hell
In the same year he visited the British Museum, 1881, aged 41, Rodin received his first big public commission, to create the bronze gates for a new museum of the decorative arts in Paris. Inspired by Dante, Rodin decided to create a set of gates on the theme of hell (‘Abandon hope all ye that enter here’ being the motto carved above the gates of hell in Dante’s medieval poetic epic, The Divine Comedy).
To this day I remember the massive build-up given to this piece at the Musée Rodin in Paris, and then my massive disappointment on seeing it. Instead of clarity and order – the clarity and rhythm you see so perfectly achieved in the Parthenon friezes – what I was immediately struck by was what a mess it is.
The gates of hell by Auguste Rodin
I defy you to figure out what is going on here. Your eye is drawn to the three figures at the top (themselves in a demoralising, broken backed huddle) then to the figure of the Thinker beneath them and beneath him? What the devil is going on in the two panels of the doors? And what is happening on the two columns either side of the doorway? I still find it as muddy and confusing as I did forty years ago.
The exhibition has a large section devoted to the gates. Rodin worked on it for decades, even after the planned museum was abandoned and the commission rendered redundant. He continued tinkering with all the small figures, taking many of them out of the gates and blowing them up into full-scale figures.
The most famous is The Thinker and there is a huge cast of it here. For me it epitomises Rodin’s strengths and weaknesses.
The Thinker by Auguste Rodin
On the pro side it captures an archetypally human action in such a profound way that it quickly became an icon of Western art, and is probably among the half dozen most famous art images in the world (along with the Mona Lisa, Michelangelo’s David etc).
But, up close and personal, I don’t like it. It looks lumpy and unfinished. (Alas it reminded me a bit of The Thing from the Fantastic Four comics in the way the surface, though polished and shiny, is ridged and gnarled and patched with what look like strips of clay used to build up the figure, rather than the actual lineaments of cartilage and muscle.)
The Thing from the Fantastic Four
It looks unfinished in exactly the way that the Gates of Hell look unfinished to me – muddy and indistinct.
This, I’m sure, is part of Rodin’s conscious aesthetic, a muscular, sculptural style which makes a virtue of flagging up its own effort, the struggle of creation.
Aesthetic of the unfinished
Among other aspects of this, Rodin encouraged the assistants and students who often helped him to carve his figures (he ran a workshop full of assistants) to leave secondary parts of the sculpture unfinished, and even to emphasise the physicality of the work by marking secondary areas with notches created by claw hammers and chisels.
This is perfectly obvious in Rodin’s other supersonically famous work, The Kiss of 1882. The exhibition curators a) are proud to have borrowed this larger-than-lifesize plaster cast of the kiss from the Rodin Museum. And b) make the ingenious suggestion that the pose of the two lovers (actually a scene from Dante’s Inferno of two adulterous lovers about to be discovered and murdered by the cuckolded husband) is based on the pose of two female goddesses, originally on the East Pediment of the Parthenon, one of which reclines luxuriously in the lap of her companion.
The Kiss by Auguste Rodin, large version, after 1898. Plaster cast from first marble version of 1888–98 © Musée Rodin
But for me the really dominant motif is the deliberately rough unfinished nature of the rock they’re sitting on. On the plus side I suppose the proximity of the gouged and hacked rock emphasises and brings out the luxurious smooth polished surface of the lovers’ two young bodies. But I still don’t like it.
To clarify further, here are two works which are directly related. The first one is a scene from the fight between the lapiths and the centaurs, which takes up a large part of one of the friezes on the Parthenon and is thought to be an allegory of the struggle between reason and animality. Note the clarity, even the stylised nature of the pose, and the clarity of line of each of the figures.
Lapith and centaur fighting from the Parthenon
Next to it the exhibition places a sculpture titled The Centauress (1904), a figure Rodin expanded from a minor position on the gates of hell.
The Centauress by Auguste Rodin (1901-04)
I found this object particularly ugly and clumsy. The device of having the figure emerge from heavily-notched stone really doesn’t work for me at all. The way her overlong arms are merging with the pillar strikes me as some kind of horrifying physical deformity or mutation. It is not a very good depiction of either a horse’s body or a woman’s torso, and the less said about the unformed / melting head the better.
To summarise – Rodin’s attempt to assimilate the Greek influence and go beyond it to create a new ‘modern’ aesthetic of fragments which foreground the effort of their own creation has, in my opinion, very hit and miss results. Mostly miss.
His large masterpiece, The Burghers of Calais, is here – as a complete piece showing six larger-than-lifesize statues of the six men, alongside individual preparatory studies of some of the figures.
If you are a student of sculpture or a fan of Rodin this is a really thrilling opportunity to study his sketches, his inspiration, his working practices and the models which go towards creating a masterpiece. But for me, set among the light and clarity of line and design of the Greeks, they felt clumsy and hulking, their postures contrived and awkward.
The Burghers of Calais by Auguste Rodin
Unmounted youths preparing for the cavalcade, block from the north frieze of the Parthenon, about 438–432 BC, Marble © The Trustees of the British Museum
On the cusp of modernism
Rodin lived long enough to see the advent of full-blown Modernism. By 1905 Matisse and Picasso in their different ways were experiencing the influence of ‘primitive’ masks from Africa and the Pacific which were suggesting entire new ways of seeing and thinking about ‘art’.
Within a few years a new generation of sculptors would break decisively with the entire Western tradition and its indebtedness to the naturalism of the ancient Greeks – the ones that spring to mind being Jacob Epstein (b.1880), Eric Gill (b.1882), Henri Gaudier-Brzeska (b.1891) and Alberto Giacometti (b.1901).
I suppose it’s unfair to compare Rodin to what came after him, but for me this next generation of sculptors blow the world apart, open the doors to an infinity of possibilities, and are the true creators of modern sculpture.
For me, a piece like Henri Gaudier-Brzeska’s Red Stone Dancer (c.1913) is worth more than everything Rodin did put together. I like clarity of line and design as against muddiness and vagueness, crisp geometry as against random lumpiness, and energy as against languid kissing, dull thinking and the hapless, demoralised postures of the Calais Burghers.
Red Stone Dancer (c. 1913) by Henri Gaudier-Brzeska © Tate
For me the Henri Gaudier-Brzeska is sensuous but with a virile, alert, energetic sensuality, the sensuality of athletic life.
Light and airy exhibition space
By far the most striking thing about the exhibition is that the Museum has opened up the big windows at the end of the Sainsbury Gallery in order to let light flood in.
The partitions between different sections of the show do not extend to the ceiling so the effect is not of separate ‘rooms’ – rather dark and gloomy rooms as they had for, say, the Scythians exhibition – but of light flooding throughout the space, showing the Greek works, in particular, in something more like the fierce Mediterranean light of their homeland.
Installation view of Rodin and the art of ancient Greece at the British Museum
I’m afraid this isn’t a very good photo, but enough to show how the individual statues are staged at the window end of the exhibition, building up to the full cast of the Burghers of Calais in the middle distance of the shot.
The effect of this natural light, and the clean lines and clarity of the modern floor-to-ceiling windows, are wonderfully uplifting. It was relaxing to just sit on the benches conveniently placed next to them, and to enjoy the precise, geometrical architecture of the Georgian houses opposite, and the bright patio space with its carefully tended shrubs and small trees.
Rodin and the Art of Ancient Greece continues at the British Museum until 29 July 2018
Ten things you didn’t know about Rodin on the BM blog
Rodin and ancient Greece: a perfect pairing on the BM blog
Buy the Rodin and the art of ancient Greece catalogue on Amazon
Reviews of other British Museum exhibitions
Charmed lives in Greece: Ghika, Craxton, Leigh Fermor (March 2018)
Living with Gods (March 2018)
Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia (December 2017)
Places of the mind: British watercolour landscapes 1850–1950 (May 2017)
The American Dream: pop to the present (May 2017)
Sicily: culture and conquest (May 2016)
Every room in the British Museum (December 2015)
Celts: art and identity (October 2015)
Indigenous Australia (April 2015)
Defining beauty: the body in ancient Greek art (April 2015)
Vikings: Life and Legend (May 2014)
Shunga: sex and pleasure in Japanese art (December 2013)
Ice Age art: arrival of the modern mind (March 2013)
by Simon on June 24, 2018 • Permalink
Posted in Art, Exhibition, Sculpture
Tagged Alberto Giacometti, ancient Greece, art, Athens, Auguste Rodin, Dante, Eric Gill, exhibition, Fantastic Four, François Auguste René Rodin, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Jacob Epstein, lapith and centaur, Leonardo, metopes, Michelangelo, Musée Rodin, Paris, Phidias, Raphael, sculpture, Selene horse's head, The British Museum, the Burghers of Calais, The Centauress, The Divine Comedy, the Elgin Marbles, the Erechtheum, The Gates of Hell, the Inferno, The Kiss, the Louvre, the Ottoman Empire, the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Rodin Museum, The Thinker
Posted by Simon on June 24, 2018
https://astrofella.wordpress.com/2018/06/24/rodin-art-of-ancient-greece-british-museum/
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Wilmington Cross Country Teams Finish Third in Panorama Farms Invitational at University of Virginia
Copyright 2015; Wilmington University. All rights reserved. File photo by Frank Stallworth
EARLYSVILLE, Va. - - The Wilmington University cross country team competed in the Panorama Farms Invitational on the campus of the University of Virginia with both teams finishing third in each respective Non-Division I race on Saturday morning.
The men's team finish third out of four teams in the Non-Division I Men's 8K with 85 points while the women's team finished third out of three team in the Non-Division I Women's 5K with 79 points.
Junior Ken Fontal led the men's team with an 11th place finish overall, earning seven points with a time of 26:51.6. Senior Megan Ferrick led the women's team with a 12th place overall finish, earning 10 points with a time of 20:50.6.
Sophomore Andrew Milham earned 17 points for the men's team with a 28th place finish, coming in with a time of 28:32.5. Freshman Miguel Suero earned 19 points with a 30th place finish, crossing the line in 29:48.4. Senior Quinn Marvel was the fourth finisher for the Wildcats, as he earned 20 points with a 31st place finish with a time of 28:58.2.
Freshman Ryan Wilson rounded out the Wildcat scoring finishing with 22 points in 33rd place overall, crossing the line in 29:14.9.
Junior Logan Brady placed 35th overall with a time of 29:39.4 while freshman Manuel Suero finished 36th overall with a time of 29:54.6. Freshman Demetrius Patterson rounded out the Wildcat runners with a 37th finish, finishing in 30:04.6.
The Wildcats earned 85 points for third place. Northern Kentucky led the men's race with 15 points, sweeping the top five positions. Christopher Newport finished second with 54 points.
After Ferrick, freshman Tori Vickers was the second Wildcat to finish for the women's team, finishing 18th overall for 15 points in a time of 21:36.1. Junior Rachel Jones finished 22nd overall for 17 points, crossing the line in 22:11.9 while senior Bailey Brooke earned 18 points with a 24th place finish, coming in at 22:23.6. Junior Christine Czajkowski finished out the Wildcat scoring with 19 points, crossing the line in 28th overall with a time of 23:23.1.
Freshman Tara Langan placed 30th overall in a time of 24:46.6 while senior Morgan Ferrick finished 31st in 25:02.3. Freshman Cynthia Biro finished 32nd overall in 25:07.3 while Tori Crawford rounded out the Wildcats with a 33rd place finish, crossing the line in 26:52.7.
The Wildcats are back in action next weekend, as they head to Salisbury University for the Don Cathcart Invitational. The women are up first for the Wildcats, starting the day at 9:00 a.m. in Winter Place Park.
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In History by Brian Koberlein 30 July 2016 2 Comments
In the early 1970s, as the Apollo missions to the Moon were coming to a close, there were plans to explore even further into the Universe. Not simply to Mars, or even the outer solar system, but a mission to another star. It became known as Project Daedalus.
Project Daedalus was hugely ambitious. In order to reach Barnard’s star within 50 years, Daedalus would rely upon nuclear fusion rather than chemical rockets. Pellets of deuterium and helium-3 would be detonated 250 times a second, and the plasma exhaust would be directed away from the rocket by a magnetic field. As a two-stage rocket this would accelerate the ship to 12% of the speed of light.
To gather the 50,000 tonnes of fuel necessary for the journey, there were plans to harvest helium-3 from the atmosphere of Jupiter using hot air balloons. The helium-3 could also be mined from the lunar surface. Construction of the spacecraft itself would require the development of new materials capable of surviving a range of temperatures from 1,600 K to the cold of deep space. Since there would be no crew for the mission, robotic technology would need to be developed to explore the Barnard system.
Needless to say, the Daedalus mission never got off the ground. It was so ambitious that it was intended more as a proof of concept rather than a mission feasible for its time. But the project inspired later ideas for interstellar missions, and when the first human spacecraft reach the stars their success will be based in part on the efforts of wild ideas like Project Daedalus.
As we focus more practical ideas on a return to the Moon and a mission to Mars, it’s worth keeping in mind that big dreams like Daedalus can spur us to keep pushing the envelope of what is possible.
Did You Look At The Sun? So Did Galileo
Moons of Galileo
Rose of Venus
Ignorant Savages
The Long Journey
2 August 2016 Reply
Madeline Armer
I am aquarius star are my favorite in 6th grade in California in 6th grade went to yellowstone and was shown bunch of different animal’s. This was in 1963 lol star animal’s. In Alaska now beautiful
Never seen northern lights till we left California and moved to Montana
Brian Koberlein is an astrophysics professor who can't stop rambling about how awesome the Universe is.
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tv Washington Journal CSPAN February 22, 2016 7:00am-10:01am EST
geman talks about the plan.ents clean energy as always, we take your calls and you ♪ good morning. 2016., february 22, the presidential primary calendar gets busy starting this with republican caucus tomorrow in the data and the onth carolina primary saturday. as we look at the road ahead will focus on the democratic pass this morning on the washington journal and the minority voters that hillary clinton and bernie sanders are reaching out to and the messages they are taking to those communities. how do you think the campaigns are resonating in minority communities and which campaign do you think will be more
successful in attracting black, hispanic, and other groups in the primary battles ahead? special line for black voters, (202) 748-8000. hispanic voters, (202) 748-8001. all others, (202) 748-8002. you can also catch up with us on atial media on twitter c-span wj if you want to follow along. on facebook it is facebook.com/c-span. good monday morning to you. the washington post recently with a breakdown of the demographics of the democratic voters in the states coming up in the primaries ahead. here is what it had to say. black voters will take center stage in south carolina where history suggests they will make up a majority of the democrats voting on saturday. on march 1 on super tuesday, black voters are expected to be a majority in a georgia primaries and approaching a third of voters in virginia and tennessee. the washington post breakdown noting that hispanics are a
growing share of democratic voters in nevada. over 2008. a double-digit share of eligible voters in only 11 states according to a new pew research study. several of the states are large ones such as texas, california, florida, and new york where hispanic voters can swing lots of delegates. several stories about democrats reaching out to minority communities. here's one from the front page times."washington times," sanders struggles to get an amen. "usa today." clinton turns to south carolina black youth. the story noting hillary clinton has amassed a mother lode of key endorsements, most recently from south carolina congressman james
clyburn. the one thing that can reduce her margin of the -- her expected margin of victory on saturday is if younger minority voters flocked to sanders the -- the wayr right their white counterparts did in new hampshire. democratsans for the nominating battle in the future. some polls last year showed clinton with a double-digit lead in the silver state, sour -- sanders narrowed that and showed strength with latino voters. this morning, we are focusing on the role of minority voters in the democratic primary. phone lines for black voters, (202) 748-8000. hispanic voters, (202) 748-8001. .ll others, (202) 748-8002 you can start calling him now. we will be checking our facebook page, facebook.com/c-span. first calling on the line for black voters from san
antonio, texas. good morning. caller: good morning. that the black vote is going to be important in the election. i'm a bernie sanders supporter. andernie gets his word out blacks really listen to what he has to say i think he can gain support and overcome hillary. , one on our facebook page of the folks who wrote in was kevin johnson who said it is sad that most americans fail to realize that bernie is the only true friend of minority voters during the selection cycle. -- this election cycle. is that how you feel? caller: i do not think he is the only friend but i think bernie has a good message and the people really look at -- i am not against hillary but i think she is very much under the
influence of wall street and corporate america. host: do you think bernie sanders is getting that message out to minority voters? caller: i think so. the thing you notice, the more people here bernie sanders come of the more popular he gets and the more support he gets. of 2015ck in 2015, july there was an interview with nate cohen in the new york times. " bernie sanders in that interview saying, i am not well known in the african-american community despite my lifelong record. it is a real issue and i have to deal with it. that was back in the summer of last year. there are some of those that know bernie sanders were trying to get more information out about his background in the african-american community and with minority issues. here is a piece by harry joffe in the washington post from last week.
it starts by saying organizing a protest against police violence in the black community -- in the black community, a curlyhaired kid from brooklyn. "it is outside agitators like you who are screwing the city up," the cop told him. the young man was bernie sanders. in the following years sanders would lead sick ends against housing to skirmish in and get arrested while marching for equal education. now, as the campaign for president bears down on the fracture -- the fractious states beyond iowa and new england, needs to convince minority voters that black lives still matter as much as they did to him 50 years ago. harry jaffe wrote the book, why bernie sanders matters. spent a year researching sanders' life and that is the column that he wrote last week about this topic. we want to hear from viewers this morning as we focus on the
democratic primary. gary is up next on the line for all others from oregon. caller: good morning. i just want to touch a little bit on -- bernie sanders does touch the minorities heavily because of where he has been in his past history. you have to look at, is hillary clinton going to be affected by this e-mail scandal. i think bernie sanders is going to make a lot of headway wants this comes out. when you look at the two democrats, i think bernie sanders has more of a chemist -- has more of a charismatic personality. host: will is up next on our line for black voters from holland, oregon. go ahead. caller: holland, ohio. and the caller before you needs to spend a little time in the black community before he understands why we stand with
hillary. hillary has been with us a very long time. we appreciate which he has done. she has been in that fight. bernie has been in congress for a lot of years. i don't see where he has presented anything that has passed that could alter or improve our lives whatsoever. i just want to say, when it comes down to black lives matter , we have to take that into our youthion that cannot continue to obit -- continue to disobey police officers. you don't run out 30 inches away from him and hiding and expect him to be able to hold his fire not knowing who you are and what you did. we have been oppressed in this country, deeply oppressed host:.
can i go back to your comment from earlier? what are some examples of hillary clinton being in that fight that you are talking about? early 1990'sin the when she surfaced with bill, she was with us, she came into our community, she talked with us. when people like bradley were in trouble in new york city, different situations that cropped up, you would find hillary and bill in support. they did not do everything right. they are still white people bank that do not live in the black community. we do new they play important roles in standing up for our rights. there was a time we could not stand up for rights. when our people stood up we were lynched. host: as will in holland, ohio this morning on the topic of whether bernie sanders is known in black communities.
this is a quote from charlie wrangle.ie bernie is a nice guy from brooklyn who found his way to vermont, the house, and the senate but that has nothing to do with having established relationships with minority communities. and i like to emphasize, it is not his fault. a quote from new york congressman charlie wrangle. will is waiting on the line for hispanic voters. caller: good morning. i appreciate washington journal for these dialogues. it is wonderful as a democrat and a taxpayer. what i want to mention is that, both candidates have brought up the issues in this debate. they are failing to recognize how difficult it will be to legislate once they are elected. i think it is important when you're looking to secure the votes of young voters that you present a more pragmatic
approach to legislating. we all are realistic in knowing what type of key social issues will be achieved in congress. we saw the challenges president obama had. we anticipate there will be even more with the new democratic president, if a democrat is elected. if they want to secure my vote and my contemporaries votes, it is important that they talk about how they will realistically get these ideas done not just resentment of ideas. -- not just present the no ideas. host: do key issues involved -- caller: entitlement reform. that is a key issue. we are hearing social security is running out of money. putting and controls to reduce the cost with disability benefits. it is obvious that the social contract is being diluted. they need to recognize that and be realistic in their ideas on
how to tackle that. we both know we will not be able to and entitle reform, it is just in alleviating the burden on the backs of hard-working people in our communities. host: on that topic, we will be talking about the president's budget in our next statement. rover norquist of americans for tax reform will be with us. we will also revisit the president's it in our last segment of today's washington journal. we will be talking about the clean energy programs the president has proposed in his budget. we will go to damon on the line for black voters in fremont, california. caller: good morning. the reason why i am voting for sanders is because i remember when clinton was running for the second term, he went back to
-- asas so he could have lot of people keep trying to say the clintons are for black people. if you were really for black people you should be speaking out about the police unions trying to hide police officers' records. they have your public records if you did a crime they can pull up your crime anytime. when a police officer does a crime now, they hide the records. but they want to get promoted. how can you be a public servant person that works for us? we pay you. in do not pay us. how are you hiding your records from us? host: you are saying bernie sanders is the only one talking about this issue? caller: yes. if you listen to clinton -- i have been following this stuff.
my mother got mad at me because i did not vote the second time for clinton. i had to tell her the reason why . she still did not understand because i am saying, how can they be for us if they are throwing us in jail? 100 to one ratio when it came to powder cocaine and rock cocaine. rock is the baby of cocaine. host: mary ellen in new jersey on the line for all others. good morning. caller: good morning. i am a clinton supporter. i hear all of the calls. i was with the national organization years ago. bernie sanders reminds me of what we protested back then. activists, we will do this, we will run the -- no plans. i do not hear bernie sanders give one plan about anything he
will do. i heard him talk last night at the college. raising the minimum wage to $15. there is a bill on the floor for nine dollars. you have to go through that. you have to vote for that and then go to 15. hillary clinton, and i know the voter before, i have been following clinton for over 35 years. everyone has something and when they start digging into bernie sanders i'm sure he is not a clean white prints out there. she has given a plan for everything and she makes no promises. host: what is her plan specifically looking to help minority communities on this issue we are talking about this morning? caller: she has mentioned schools, minimum wage, she has mentioned police, she will deal with that. reforms in penitentiaries. the young black lives matter.
they are in jail and white kids aren't at the age of 15. i have given -- she has given more plans and bernie sanders. i don't understand -- and the young girls, i was young once. said, 30 years ago i was protesting. breaking the glass ceiling for women matters. they would not have the opportunities they have today had it not been for the women prior. it does matter. you just don't wake up one day and find yourself voting, find yourself in congress, find yourself on everything. she has talked about all of these issues. host: but go to gladys in chicago, illinois. line for black voters. caller: good morning. i am going to vote for hillary. host: why is that? caller: i'm familiar with
hillary. she has been around for a long time. i know hillary. what i don't know is about bernie sanders. i don't know him. i don't know if he's a democrat. i don't think he is a republican. i don't think he is an independent. not made it plain to me about what he is. some people say socialist. i don't know. host: you are from chicago. this is a piece in the "chicago tribune." let me read you a paragraph from this and see if this is how you feel. it says until now most african-americans, particularly the more loyal democrats have not paid much attention to the
elderly white-haired socialist. many african-americans in the south, though not necessarily all that excited about a hillary clinton presidency, have been willing to rekindle their love affair with her and bill for the good of the democratic party. is that how you feel? caller: i think so. him.t don't feel things.e do say good i don't know who he is. host: when you say you don't feel him, what do you mean? caller: i feel like he is another candidate running to be he is justecause running. -- he wants toke have the country. i just feel like that. host: robert is in battle creek
michigan. line for black voters. good morning. caller: good morning. i think we should not just sit back and automatically give our .otes to the clintons i remember back in the 1990's, bill clinton we voted for him nafta. he signed he had the three strikes you're out, he enforced that which did in turn have a lot of blacks and latinos locked up. we should not just sit up there as a coalition of people and automatically vote for a person. . am feeling the bern i'm 62 years of age. clinton and them they say something but behind closed doors -- host: gladys said she was not feeling bernie. you said you are feeling the ber
n. from the remember bern 1960's coming up. ones -- ane of the lot of corporations give money away to students that sit up and take pictures. i gave $10,000 for summary to go to college. bernie was there. while they are sitting up there trying to kick him down they need to read their history a lot more clear. host: what do you remember that bernie sanders' history. caller: i remember bernie sanders being from michigan i remember when he was up in chicago. when he got locked up. i'm number reading the papers. the battle creek inquirer news. i tried to be informed more so than other people. i guess that is why i don't fit in most socials. i was a nerd before i became a musician then.
i've been through many transformations in life. but then, i am not a person just because you say you are going to do something and then when you get in office you sign something like nafta, which helped send a lot of jobs on out of here and then you help enforce the three strikes you're out rule like bill clinton did to keep -- in order to make agreement with them he sold a lot of people out i feel. host: how do you think the candidates have responded to this crisis in flint, michigan? the minority community that has been impacted. caller: it seems to me they are just giving -- to me a lot of the black leaders just automatically signed a deal with the devil. we're going to go for hillary. . like to listen
just like in court, you listen to both sides before you make up your mind. bernie, i feel, has the right format. bernie is not -- does not have the super pac. he is not in bed with the devil. host: that is rubblehost robertn battle creek michigan. hillary clinton in an interview with bet talked about her response. [video clip] >> we need formulas that do provide the kind of investments, the kind of direct help that fixes infrastructure, public schools, that makes sure there is health care available. there is so much neglect. that is why i went to flint. that would not have happened in a rich, white community. it is a city of 100,000 that is predominantly african-american and predominately poor. they were not just treated with indifference but actual neglect
by the state government. now they need money to fix their water system. that is a perfect example of the kind of changes that we have to prioritize and i'm going to do that. i'm going to make it clear that as far as i'm concerned, my highest priority is to help lift up people who is been left behind and left out. i'm particularly concerned about kids but kids are parts of families and neighborhoods in communities. this we are spending morning post first 40 five minutes talking about the democratic primary in the role of minority voters. we will put the lines on the screen for you. some numbers on the breakdown among democrats for support for clinton and sanders according to the latest nbc news/wall street journal poll. clinton leads sanders among minorities 52% to 30%. 39%.ads among women 58% to
as well as self identified democrats 58% to 37%. here is where bernie sanders men,, among white independence, and primary voters under the age of 50. focusing on the all-important south carolina primary which is happening for democrats on saturday come here is how the numbers breakdown. mrs. clinton leads 68% to 21% among black voters there who make up more than 50% of the turnout in south carolina but to 35%d shrink to 52% among black voters who are under the age of 45. many young black voters say they support sanders. if you want to read more on that , that is in "the wall street journal." john is on the line for black voters from palm beach, florida. caller: i am an african
american. i want to say, if bernie sanders campaign is listening, he needs to go to the radio shows instead of al sharpton and all of that stuff. he needs to go to michael baisden, steve harvey, tom joyner. i guarantee you when they hear him, clinton's support will drop. i don't know who his campaign manager is that they are not aware of that. what you get black voters, particularly the ones that will vote is to go to those radio shows. those voters will run away from clinton. black folks are voting for hillary clinton because of name recognition. they are not really looking at the issues. that's why you hear a lot like lattice. i do -- a lot like gladys. i don't know bernie. he needs to get his name out to those people. host: when he goes on though shows, what does he need to say? caller: just what he is saying. that's it.
host: which is what? what do you think is is most appealing message? caller: his most appealing message is that the system is rigged against the working class. that wall street has all of these politicians bought out including hillary clinton and that the game is rigged. hillary clinton is a democrat but she is just like -- she is a politician. the corporate interests have been paid out. that is how they play the game. it does not matter. bernie sanders, by exposing her connections to wall street, she cannot take that. she is so weak on that and that's why she's trying to deflect. --ck people just have not they have not learned who bernie sanders is and they can't dig up anything.
it would have already been out. , the samen consistent person year after year for the last 35 years. black peopleter, are not flocking to bernie sanders because of his record and it is because his campaign is sowing seeds of mistrust. his campaign of innuendo is sowing seeds of mistrust. minorities can have a profound impact and effect of the outcomes but they have to participate at the ballot box first. you can follow along with conversation on twitter. or you can call in. kevin is on the line for black voters. good morning. caller: i think hillary, the clinton family and all of that are implying that black folks over them a favor. all they have done was put a lot of black folks, young people in jail. the truth of the matter is she cannot be trusted.
i have so many friends who worked for the federal say, hadt and they they tried to do what she did, they would be in jail, fired immediately. here she is walking around running for president. she cannot be trusted. people forget she is a warmonger. sent so many young americans -- regime change. that is all she talks about. thatpeople forgotten underhanded leadership at the state department that the u.s. ambassadors were killed in libya? this is so irresponsible when she knew everything that was going to happen out at the embassies there. host: are you a bernie sander supporter? caller: 100%. people need to learn their record is not the same. hillary's campaign cannot be
trusted. african-americans need to wake up. white folks need to wake up. she cannot be trusted. she is absolutely driven by wall street with all of that big pac money and she needs to get out of the way. host: we are talking -- we were talking about flint, michigan a few minutes ago. david is calling in from flint. good morning. hillarywe appreciate coming to house of prayer baptist church a couple of weeks ago. i would also like to say we in flint, michigan appreciate the whole united states. people from every state have helped us and i just wanted to say thank you for all of the help we have received in flint. andhole entire feeling family supports hillary.
my god sons, i will talk to them. we will support her. she came here. she is the only candidate, republican am a democrat, democrat who ever. who showed us love. we appreciate the clintons. she is not mr. clinton, she is hillary clinton. host: the caller before you said that the clintons think that african-americans go them something. that was him talking about flint. hillary clinton going out looking for votes. what is your take on that? caller: that is his opinion. he is supporting donald trump probably. host: he was actually supporting bernie sanders. anythingow
about bernie sanders. all the promises he is making -- i don't believe in a lot of big houses. this is real life. i think hillary clinton is our best choice. if we get a republican in there, let me tell you something. we are in trouble because they are not going to do nothing but kill our youth and do whatever they want. it will be a mess. host: let's go to james in south carolina on the line for lack voters. good morning. caller: first-time caller. i love bernie sanders. off on so sanders is many things that i don't think bernie sanders is going to be able to deliver. cannot getent obama congress to budge. i am for hillary clinton. it is not because i owed hillary -- hillary clinton -- because all the politicians think you go
them. man.a 64-year-old i have been here a long time. i hear so many things in politics. but hillary clinton is speaking the things that she has been talking about for ever since i can remember. another thing, i am definitely for changing the criminal justice system. go, tell us you what you are seeing in lakeview, south carolina. have you seen any of the candidates? caller: no. none of the candidates came to lakeview, south carolina. i am 35 miles north. int: have any ads struck you south carolina? no.er: i have just been following hillary clinton and bernie sanders. i love bernie. he is talking what the people want to hear but i don't think the congress -- everything he
wants, free this or free that -- it has to go through congress. and if congress does not accept it, he cannot deliver. i think hillary clinton is best for this country. people will hold hillary clinton responsible for the benghazi situation, responsible for her husband situation. that hillary clinton is her own person and she should have the opportunity to exercise and show us that hillary clinton is for us, for all of people. the president should be for all the people, not just some of the people. host: that is james in south carolina ahead of saturday's democratic primary, coming off republican primary in south carolina this past weekend. in washington journal, let's go let's go to chelsea,
massachusetts. good morning. go ahead. -- ir: i think it is time am all for the political revolution. i am a young latina women. he message of hillary clinton does not resonate with me. i feel like it is the same old, same old. he see what is happening with the middle class gap. the rich are getting richer. it is time that we get out and vote and put somebody in there. a lot of people say his making a lot of promises but he has a plan to back that up. let's get the money from the rich, tax them and try to help out. yet, it is distributed be wealth but you know what? you have to do what you have to do to sustain the economy. we need a political revolution. ist: one of the criticism that he is not going to be able to get any of these plans
through congress. what is your response to that? caller: my response would be that he would have a better chance than hillary clinton. he is in the middle of the aisle. he has historically been able to work with both sides to get things done. i think it is worth a chance. what do we have to lose? as opposed to putting someone who has been there before -- the same old people running this country and nobody really reflecting the needs or urgency refocusingneed to focusing on, especially the economy. hispanic voters line is (202) 748-8001. clinton and sanders continued to continue to claim the hispanic vote coming off the nevada caucuses. explaining what the disagreement is over this, the hispanic vote out there.
the bernie sanders campaign said it was hardened -- it was heartened. but what we learned today is that hillary clinton's firewall with latino voters is a mess. the clinton campaign questioned the numbers, say at one point she had won 60% of the delegates in 22 lucido -- 22 latino majority precincts. charles wrote in the new york times looks at the shares of hispanic voters in states, coming up with primaries. here are the states and their percentages of eligible hispanic voters. new mexico, 40%, texas at 28%. arizona, 22%. lord, 18%. nevada, 17%. down the line, the share of theible voters, that is
further column to the right in that chart if you want to read that column. it is in today's new york times. the headline is -- bernie sanders hits a roadblock. let's go to mark. good morning. caller: good morning. i am 60 years old. i have studied this since -- in 1975, when the elections commission was formed to stop corruption, but instead it legalized bribery. if you look, wages haven't gone up since 1975. dollars,age was two worth $40.61 in 2015 wages. whenerything was frozen the fcc was formed. something that people will find
incredible is when bill clinton in the 1990's was saying everyone deserves a home, that was a setup. the community reinvestment act, the -- to ensure loans and that was the beginning of the setup for everyone buying a home, subprime, everyone gets a loan. so they could make the derivatives back. it collapsed the economy in 2007. host: mark from north carolina. behind me on capitol hill today, returning butot the senate returns from the presidents' day holiday today. chris coons will be recognized to deliver washington's farewell annual --d the
between parties, you can go to the senate archives if you want to see who has read the washington farewell address. the new york times today on the debate over the supreme court that will be happening today when the senators return. the headline -- senators returning to square off head to square off head-to-head over replacing scalia. they will be meeting for the first time since the death of antonin scalia a, and what is expected to be a retracted fight nominee over president obama's replacement. harry reid will take the floor on monday afternoon where he is expected to chastise republicans were using the battle over the nomination to detailed -- two delegitimize president obama and undermine the government's basic nominee over president system. republicans will be more cautious in their approach. , theor mitch mcconnell
majority leader, said mr. obama should not bring a replacement nominee to capitol hill. it on monday, he is expected to contain his remarks to the subject of tributes. the senate will convene at 3:00 p.m. back to the phones. edward is waiting on the line for black voters in california. good morning. caller: give me a second, i am a new caller. the guy who just called from said not onea, he good thing about hillary clinton. the first thing she did was that you couldn't save your house in bankruptcy. hillary clinton also was fired and unethical behavior during the watergate.
her and her husband have done more damage, even citizens united. it is behind hillary clinton. refused to take down the confederate flag in arkansas. the only reason why she was in flint was because it was political. she needed the exposure. that is why nobody else did week as they thought it was patronizing. that was edward in los angeles. jim on twitter says, as a black voter, i am sad that we are willing to take the crumbs that hillary clinton is offering us while bernie sanders offers loaves for all. then -- the energy blacks latinos put into sanders and clinton is wasted. is not lack versus
brown or white or yellow. not workedanders has with minorities. dividing on this issue is a waste of energy. if you want to tweet us, follow along. gilbert is in oklahoma. good morning. caller: let me say something first. the thingness that's in south carolina got rid of the bush dynasty. importantly, with the clintons, they have a -- to be able to easily walk into a black church, a black community and they have worked on that and they know it. it is orchestrated so well until we forget why they are there. we assume they are for us.
however, i like what bernie sanders is saying but i don't see how he can get it accomplished. look at what they did to president obama. they stopped him on everything. the fact that he got something accomplished is astounding. i think of what president clinton did with three strikes and you are out. look at that. the black community in baltimore, maryland. i used to work in washington, d.c. -- it is terrible. is, i will probably vote for hillary clinton because i think with the emphasis the hind him, however, the frightening thing is that we will no longer be needed after there willon occurs be no more behind him. host: let's go to vicki in houston, texas. caller: yes, i am a black voter. i am voting for bernie sanders and the reason why is because i
believe in change. a black woman or black individual is somebody who can come up with ideas. i just believe it is time for us to wake up. you don't oh anybody anything. you may not know bernie sanders, you do not know clinton. sanders never changes. he is on point. he wants to help. what is a socialist? what i believe is that we are a country that can give health insurance to individuals. we get money taken out of our checks on a regular basis. this country is rigged. and i don't believe i've owned my vote to a woman just because she is a woman. if hillary clinton is the best thing since sliced bread, that is what everyone seems to believe. but here is what i believe.
president barack obama eight years ago, it was a setup. they put her as secretary of state so she could run. they didn't give martin o'malley a chance. i am for bernie sanders. host: our last caller in this segment. a programming note for campaign 2016 coverage today on c-span -- ted cruz is having a rally in las vegas. the republican caucus is happening tomorrow. the rally is happening at 3:00 p.m. today. his ownrump is having campaign rally in las vegas, that will be shown on c-span at 10:00 p.m. coming up next, we will be joined by grover norquist. we would talk about the proposed budget and the tax plan being put forward. later, we have karine
jean-pierre joining us to talk about the work that democrats are doing in the field to turn up reporters ahead of the primary on saturday and super tuesday on march 1. that is coming up in just a minute on the washington journal. ♪ >> tonight on the communicators, gordon smith, president and ceo of the national association of broadcasters discusses his concerns with wheelers proposals for opening the set-top box
market. monte tail. by >> i respect the fact that the chairman is looking at something. he fosters competition. and he is looking at one of the centers in the television industry. i understand why he is doing that. i suppose that, as a consumer myself, i am saying, who is the amazon, here #is it google? questions i have now is that we have negotiations with direct tv and satellite and cable, with comcast and time warner -- you name it. retransmissions negotiations are happening all the time. withoutcent of them and
difficulty at all but they are paying for the content. so if he goes to a new set-top gatekeeper,ifferent my question is, how about my copyrighted the cheerio? are they going to sell ads on that? do they have no responsibility for what they then will take from broadcasters? communicators tonight. on c-span two. >> washington journal continues. norquist is a familiar face. -- americans for tax reform he joins us to discuss the budget and we will also be talking about the tax plans that the candidates are talking about on the campaign trail. trillionint -- a $4.4 budget. up 3.4this brings taxes
trillion dollars over the next decade and it increases spending over projections 2.5 trillion dollars over the next decade. that is a bernie sanders wish list of more money for the government and more spending for the government. what's interesting is -- none of this is going to happen. the budget has gone to the hill and collectively there are two votes from the republicans and democrats. the republicans ask the democrats if they want to vote for it and traditionally, they don't. they have traditionally been two guys who have voted for an obama budget. it is an exercise in something. or to to make a point make friends happy. we saw $.25 on one gallon of gas . that would be doubling the
federal gas tax. all of that money goes to not roads. so if you want a sense of where obama thinks the democratic party is, it is not roads, more high-speed trains. it is a very interesting thing to take the thing that people do say they want from the government, roads that work, rose that are wide enough to get the traffic through and take the gas tax money away from roads and put it into something else. budget, the president says it appears to last year's bipartisan budget agreement. i want you to help work that through. it also drives down the deficit and includes smart savings from health care and immigration and includes tax reform. tax reform is something you have been advocating for. guest: yes, his definition of tax reform is to give the irs money.
since -- oversaw the failure to discipline people for going after people for political reasons. based on political purposes. i served on the committee to restructure the irs during the clinton years. and i asked the commissioner and head of the irs then, i said, none of my groups are being audited. and i was wondering if you could explain to us how you decide who to audit? oh, we have a scientific, nonpolitical way of doing it. it is a secret, you have to trust us. theust has been broken by clinton administration and by the obama administration. we shouldn't be giving more money to the irs to reward the people who are supposed to be checking. they have been targeting people politically.
host: is there a tax reform plan that is being talked about on the campaign trail that you have endorsed or you could get behind? guest: each of the republican candidates -- what's interesting is that while the democrats -- hillary clinton is being marched hard left with obama at one elbow and the vermont senator at the other elbow. and obama's governance over the last eight years, and the new tax budget drive her to the left because she can't turn to him and say, hey, this is crazy. i don't want to go where you want to go. and bernie sanders has moved her to the left. she did not want to run very left, she wanted to run the way her husband did. as a moderate. but she is so far off the moderate pass -- these two men carried her off. it is not necessarily a
political decision. side, -- sheican has agreed to the tax increases. on the republican side, what is interesting is that they yell at each other and they call each other names and low energy and this and that. taxes, i share with all the taxpayer protection pledge and we asked them to make a commitment, in writing, i won't raise taxes. we have a strong support in the house and senate that can and will stop tax increase, even the democrats. which is why obama's tax increases are dead on arrival. it on the republican side, they all dramatically reduce rates. we have an international -- international competitiveness problem. the french and chinese are at at 25%.
half of europe is below 25%. we are at 35% and we wonder why our companies can't compete? an american company that is international is worth more because belgian tax policy is less than american tax policy. they will continue as long as of rate is at 35% instead 25% or 15%. get into thato but i also want to bring in the callers. if you want to talk to grover norquist, republicans, (202) 748-8001, democrats, (202) .48-8000 we start on the line for democrats. from ohio, james you are on. james, go ahead. caller: first of all, you talk
about the tax problems with companies. one problem we have in the we pay too much money for health care. outside of the united states, these companies are not paying for health care. if our companies were not paying for health care, the ground would be level. and the other thing that happens to us in this country is that our minimum wage and their minimum wage -- our people suffer. black-white thing, it is a poor people thing. if you look at who is getting food stamps and who is getting
all of the things that you need , lookvive in this country at the red states. all, that they are more of the giveaways then in the blue states. host: grover norquist? guest: you have made several important points. health care is too expensive in the united states. as we know, obamacare promised it would reduce the cost of health care but obamacare has had a series of tax increases on health care. middley hitting the income american. something the promised -- heething he promised wouldn't do. the president of the united states promised repeatedly that no one in the united states to make less than $250,000 a year would ever pay a penny of higher tax on sales taxes, he went through the list.
it was his most repeated commitment to the american people. that is why we recommend that frome demand it in writing the politicians. president promised he wouldn't, it took him two weeks before he raised taxes on cigarettes muggers. the average income, $40,000 a year. he has gone on to put a new tax increase on gasoline, $.25 a gallon -- that hits all americans and is particularly damaging to lower income americans who spend more money and their income on gasoline. you mention the pain that people are in. have we grown? as we did policies under the reagan administration and grown as we did during the reagan administration, there would be 13 million more people
with jobs in the united states. i don't know if you can show this chart, but this chart compares what actually happened, to 21 million americans working today. had we grown at the rate that we did since the bottom of the recession, measuring apples and apples and oranges and oranges, the bottom is the obama recession. the growth that followed, 13 million more people got jobs. imagine how much more helpful it would be? there are 30 million people with zero income who would have one if we had progrowth policies with lower taxes and less regulation and less government. 13 million families. host: where is this chart from? guest: from the congressional budget office numbers. let us go to gary in sterling, virginia. good morning. caller: good morning, earlier on you were talking about
infrastructure and i have said before that we need to use satellite computer technology to design our infrastructure. ,he last time i talked to you grover norquist, you said the problem with infrastructure is unions, specifically, the davis-bacon act. let me finish. of the 100 public input sessions i have been to, i have never seen any union representation there. i have seen corporations and politicians. we are suffering around here because there is a refusal i the far right to use common sense and logic. to analyze, prioritize and subsidize and design our infrastructure. by not using satellite computer technology. satellite sure using
computer technology would be a great idea. if ask and many people ask, the government is spending all of this money at the state and local level and at the national level, why are the roads not wide enough? why do we have traffic jams? why do we have potholes in the cities? there are a couple of reasons. one of them is the davis-bacon act, a law packed in the early 1930's designed to keep african-americans out of impeding the unionized white labor at the time. they are clear about that on the floor of the house and the senate. it is not a happy chapter in american history but the law is still there. it raises the cost of building -- the federal government spends a penny on a road or a building, the whole project falls under thesenate. davis-bacon law. south africa has a similar law. for the same reason. that raises the cost of
everything that the federal soernment touches, roads and on, but maybe 30%. many states passed many davis-bacon laws under the pressure of organized labor. the good news is that west virginia has repealed their prevailing wage law. wisconsin just dramatically reduced their state davis-bacon law. they are not waiting for washington. we are focused today on who is going to be the next president last eight years, there have been a lot of changes at the state level to real progress in some states. we see states going in the wrong direction but many states are doing real reforms, if ackley would washington has not been able to do because the president vetoed the republican reforms. it on infrastructure, politicians know that people will vote for an improved gasoline tax.
they put the roads last. the governor in california didn't even include roads in his last budget. host: so you agree that there needs to be improved infrastructure spending? guest: you should take away all of the special interest requirements like davis-bacon and mineral wage so that we are not spending more than we need to to build roads. if you want to expand a road you have to look and see if it is irritate -- if there is already a road there. so a lot of those restrictions and regulations, which make it -- why should you wait years to have an epa study to have an additional lane? running a road 3/4 that never had a road before and you might want to take a look at that. so you're saying less red
tape but not more spending? guest: you shouldn't consider the dollars spent until you have spent the dollars. one of the things in wisconsin was a constitutional amendment. the democrats took a billion dollars in 10 years out of roads and spent it on other stuff. politicians have been looting the money that is supposed to go to roads and infrastructure and spending it on other stuff and then they have to raise taxes. so step 1 -- there was an effort in maryland to stop polluting the money for roads. if you promise people you will spend the gas tax on roads, don't steal it. don't spend it. are here with grover norquist for another half hour. timothy is waiting in north carolina on the line for independents. caller: good morning. i am glad i got in this morning.
like for you to let me, if you can, respond because this man has a way of steering the comments in his favor. you continue to have him on. was on one time. but grover norquist is on all the time. host: go ahead with your question. caller: i want to explain something to him. the american market is the biggest market. 25% of the world wealth and only 4% of the population. this is a very big market. if you go to new york on 34th street and you pay rent their, you are going to pay very high for that store. why? because you are in a big market. what we are doing here in clinton --der bill like the other guy said, because of the monica lewinsky thing,
when to what -- went with the free trade to make a global market. andre taking our big market competing with the small markets. america is a really big market. we have a lot of money here. and people should pay to come here to do business. people get filthy rich off the american people. they should pay for that. they shouldn't be able to keep all of that money. bush gotr bush, when in, he made it worse. he gave companies tax benefits to take the company overseas. george bush's and father, when they ran for president, he told us everything that would happen with this free trade and all of this stuff. host: you are covering a lot of ground there. a couple of things.
you talk about trade. part of that is a question about whether america is the richest country in the world but whether it is the most productive. the answer is, we largely are and we can do even better. our government handicaps .merican jobs obama has allowed no reform to be passed. at the state level, a lot of passing reform. you see doctors moved to texas because the laws are not as stupid as they are in other states. manufacturing is leaving those states. they make it easy to sue people for no reason. court reform is very important. most countries don't have court reform, it is instructive. usually when we talk about the united states and comparing it to other countries, we do things right and they do things wrong. but court law is not something we do right. our business taxes are higher than the rest of the world.
we should make them competitive. we do need to be more competitive and politicians are talking about that. but you have it backwards on bill clinton and free trade. bill clinton was supportive of free trade but when he got in trouble because of his personal lewinsky,with monica the labor unions came in and said, we will protect you but -- and that is when he flipped on issues and he was under the control of organized labor. he did come out against free trade and some of the progress that might have been made. that was political pressure. host: we have talked about the taxpayer protection pledge which candidates and elected officials promise not to raise taxes. you are certainly in favor of cutting taxes. tax cuts only help the wealthy, every time the working people get one, the wealthy raise the cost of living. guest: one of the things that
our friends on the left like to argue is that tax money is free. every tax increase is a pay cut to the american people. when the politicians raise taxes pay cut on, it is a you. when they raise taxes on your bill, whenr phone you look at the taxes on if you rent a car, travel and your car gets broken and you need to rent a car, take a look. only a fraction of that money goes to the rental car company. a lot of it goes to taxes. those taxes are destructive destructive -- taxes are destructive. every tax hike is a pay cut to the american people. down ando keep taxes create more jobs and opportunities. again, i showed the chart. if we had grown during the obama
years as well as we had grown during the reagan years, there would be 13 million americans with jobs. who don't have them today. in a country of 330 million people, that is 13 million families to our damaged because of bad economic policy. knox tax cuts. -- not tax cuts. gary in georgia is up next. i am one for doing away with the outsourcing of jobs to china and other countries. i want to see the jobs come back here but we have to give tax corporations these to come back. i want to see a flat tax, more income for people in this country. so that more people want to graduate from high school and college and they will have jobs waiting for them in america. i want to see our military be stronger to prevent the things that are happening in sanctuary
cities. there shouldn't be a thing as a century city. guest: a good set of points. we can become more competitive if we stop government from damaging existing businesses. as important, if our government and this is true if all government -- and this is true with all governments -- i am not picking on the american government, we are less destructive with liberty and job creation and opportunity but in the 50 states, you can see some governments do much better and others not as well. there is an interesting chart here which gives you some sense of the direction of the country at the state level. at the federal level, nothing is moving in a tears. level, you seee that 23 states have republican governors, house and senate. .he red states
eight yellow states have both republican house and senate but a democratic governor. seven states are completely democrat. california and six others. and then there are a number of states, four states in green because illinois, maryland, massachusetts -- they all have democratic legislation is but a republican governor. so at the state level, people are voting for elected officials taxese going to lower with less spending. in tennessee they are about to vote on making that state income tax-free. it is mostly income tax-free. they will vote in tennessee to become a no income tax state at the state level. that will make nine states without any income tax at all. and that is very helpful to growth. florida has been growing very strongly.
california has been losing people. americans leaving california to move to other state. new yorkers leaving new york. illinois people moving out of illinois. moving out of big spending states to low tax states. you see people voting with the seat. do people want more taxes or less government and be left alone? people are moving from the states with the big government approach and moving towards those states that take less of your money and push you around less when it makes decisions. uber. forward -- it has created hundreds of thousands of jobs in the united states and millions of customers are happy. had to go around organized labor and the government taxing commissions. another clinton has announced that she has an approach that the labor unions want to ban independent contractors. uber would be against the law if hillary clinton was able to impose her vision. she has declared war on the or on the newy
high-tech economy where you have airbnb. all the politicians want to do is figure out how to tax them in set of realizing it makes everybody with a house somebody who could rent part of their house to somebody for a day or a week or longer. opportunities for people to do better and when government gets in the way, we need to not let labor union rules, government laws and politicians kill uber. they want to tax internet sales across state lines. the republicans all oppose that. it would damage everybody who trades on ebay. everybody who buys or sells on craigslist. these guys are at war with internet businesses and at war with new businesses starting. and i think they really threaten what is most important. our dynamism and our
entrepreneurship. our young people want to get in the workforce but don't want to drive to work every day, a lot of work can be done with more flexibility. host: lots of calls. leonard in asian, ohio. good morning. grover norquist, i have been listening to you for several years. my first question is, without taxes, who pays the president and the elected officials? my second question is, after the civil war, resident lincoln it all of these states welfare states. you know who the states are and all the slave states. with the welfare states, tell the people how much money do the welfare states sent to washington, d.c. and what do they get back? guest: two questions. how do we pay be politicians?
i'm not arguing for no taxes. doctors aren't against cells. they are against cells that replicate quickly that threaten to kill you. i am against a government that when it gets so large, it becomes destructive of liberty. to limit the government as the constitution is designed, it makes people freer. it allows people to interact freely and to protect people from criminals. you have the army to keep the canadians on their side of the border. we need a strong national defense. we need prisons for bad guys who we want to be protected from but you don't want the government to go into things that the government ought not to be doing. governments, local governments and the federal governments do is taking money and giving money to their friends. it is instructive of the human liberty.
is instructive of the human liberty. is destructive of the human liberty. host: george is next. -- michael is next. weler: my opinion about why have the largest taxes in the world is because two of the three largest expenditures. health care and the military. there is so much in those two industries. lower taxes on the top in a globalized economy, they can invest in emerging markets. there is no capitalism and no patriotism. so how you expect them to pay for the infrastructure if you give lower taxes?
the goal is not just to lower taxes. the purpose of the taxpayer protection pledge is that unless you take tax increases off the table as all of the republicans running for president have and 95% of the republicans in the senate have made that commitment, then and only then do you have a conversation about reforming government. if taxes are an option, you never reform government. what is the new idea? raise taxes to pay for the new idea. barnicle after barnicle and all that is, it may have made cents 100 years ago or 50 years ago or 10 years ago, we keep paying for it whether it doesn't make any sense or whether it becomes destructive rather than productive. don't raise taxes. and then you can have reform in government. one thataxes is step
step two is to perform government so that it costs less and it is less intrusive in people's lives and it gives people more opportunities. it provides the things the government should do competently. tax plans of the republican candidates, your thoughts on what donald trump has talked about on the campaign trail? now as the frontrunner? guest: he came out with a 15% business tax instead of 35%. that would make the united states one of the most competitive nations in the world in terms of international competition. 4.8% state corporate tax, so is, in manyax states, 20% and then you have to compete with the rest of the world. all the republicans have gone to full expensing for business investments. some of your earlier callers who
were democrats, it is a tax that democrats who are willing to support. of the things that obama did was a small expensing for some businesses. we should have expensing for all businesses. new piece ofa equipment, you don't pay taxes on that. we want to make our workers the most productive in the world. i want us to be an emerging market. we should be the fastest-growing and not just the richest because we used to be the fastest. we want to get back to being the fastest-growing. it is not too late. obama has new piece of equipment, you don't pay taxes on that. 2%. france is at 2%, that is not where we want to be. we want to be at 4%. all the republicans go to expensing and a territorial tax system. they are all good. news is that there is a
consensus within republicans about where to go on tax reform. on the line for republicans, brick is waiting. rick is waiting. caller: we had a tax increase that sanders and clinton are still saying is unfair. overall, federal taxation is effectively progressive. withnyone can google that cpl distribution of taxes. secondly, grover, would you consider hosting a forum where unaffiliated researchers can present information directly to the public? it is hard for an individual to get that kind of thing off the ground. guest: i would be very interested in highlighting serious independent research. you are cried right. we -- you are quite right.
we do have a progressive tax. i'm a resident of massachusetts, and they have flat tax as does illinois and other states that have no income tax. host:we do have a progressive t. can you define that? guest: a flat tax is where everybody pays 2% or 4%. you think that massachusetts would have a higher state tax like maryland or d.c. or new york. in because the politicians massachusetts have to look everybody in the eye when they ant to raise taxes, i have idea and you are all paying for it, they can't divide people into different groups. number one thing this does is to divide people into different groups and then the politicians smoke them at one of politicians smoke them one
at a time. i think they should have to face us all at the same time. katie is up on the line for democrats. good morning. caller: i have a question. spoken about how u.s. corporations pay more than in other countries. corporate tax is between 35%-30 9%, but according to the government accountability office, corporations pay less than half of that rate with an 12.6%. effective of so wouldn't it save everyone they do find the tax code and make sure people are paying what is on the books, legally? guest: there are parts of the tax code that were put in, and we should eliminate those seductions.
secondly, when a company or an individual makes the decisions you can drowne, in a river with an average one foot. people tend to focus on marginal tax increase. host: bob is up next on the line independents. caller: thank you for taking my call. i have this around in my head, it is about the minimum wage. why don't they make minimum wage offan hour to give people welfare. you could make him stand on their feet and then the amount of money that the government could save on the welfare, they would give a tax break to the man who has to pay the $15 an hour? that is a win-win, both ways.
i was like to know what he thinks about it. guest: one of the challenges is that a lot of our politicians are very old. not only in the years they have been alive but in their thinking. the minimum wage is an idea that when you look at it, in the 1930's, there was significant unemployment with african-american -- there was significant unemployment, specifically with african-americans. people don't have skills the first time they show up to work. you get them through working. hillary look at clinton's entire campaign, she is running into problems with the vermont senator, partially because her approach -- she came out for a 25% tax on guns in 1993 and she still supports that. when she wasat
getting her ideas, when you attack gun owners, you are attacking guys who hunt in wyoming. we now have 13 million americans with concealed carry permits. we are looking at a situation where underneath the still waters, the country has been changing. it is different than when she started running. there are 2 million americans who are homeschooled. and hillary clinton promised teachers unions to make that more difficult. there are 3 million who are in charge or schools. -- in charter schools. when you go after gun owners, it is now 13 million people with concealed carry permits, 1.5 million joined last year and half of those were women. a third of the people with concealed carry permits are women.
hillary clinton is attacking gun without realizing that the economy has changed. going after uber, there are .housands of drivers people make a living on ebay. all of these issues have changed over time. and bringing up the minimum wage, an idea from 1930's and hillary clinton's idea of the electorate is old. these are freedom issues. they run up against old laws that don't make sense anymore. and each of these expanding freedoms has changed the nature of the electorate. -- 10 yearsto that ago when hillary clinton was a senator, there was no vape t ing.
i'm talking about behavior and questioning of liberty. .0 million people vape they quit tobacco. has less than 99% of the problems than tobacco. people feel good about it but the liberal friends want to tax it. they want to have a prohibition on it. the fda is moving towards that. so as we go forward, there are people -- a woman with a concealed carry permit who carries a gun in her purse to be a differentt is human being than somebody who never had that right. are you still a member of the nra board? guest: yes. you get elected to the nra and then you run for office. i have been elected six times to
the nra board. the interesting issue is that there are 5 million members of the nra. 12 million more people who have a gun are hunters. so the people who care about the second amendment is higher than the people in washington recognize. how big is the board? guest: 76, a small legislature. collectionteresting of people from all 50 states. and of course, there are people who are black and who hunt and to have concealed carry. it is a diverse population. host: how often do you meet? guest: three times a year, twice in washington, d.c. and once at the national convention. we meet in september and january each year. erwin has been waiting in florida on the line for democrats. caller: can you hear me? guest: i can hear you.
caller: he mentioned in the beginning that conservative been targeted by the irs but they have not been targeted. i will tell you when there was real targeting of people. in the late 1940's and 1950's, people were communists and socialists, they wanted to make america a socialist country, the would go in front of activities committee. they lost jobs and families and they were kicked out of here. they were threatened to be exposed as communists when they were socialists. use toe words that they control the republican party. one of those is grover norquist. don't think anybody
should be discriminated against by the irs for political purposes. i don't know why anyone would want to be a stalinist or a socialist or a communist. i think that is not the way to one of the great things that has happened in the last 20 or 30 years, a number of people used to live under socialist dictatorships. millions and millions of people underurdered, now not socialist dictatorships. i think that is great progress. people with funny ideas defined by the government, a lot of people think different religions have funny ideas or politics have funny ideas. the government should never discriminate against people based on their faith, their ideas. that is what the united states is all about, freedom. , you goave a good idea out and sell it in win in the free market of ideas where the sell socks or salvation or your political ideas.
we should all be able to compete on a free and open basis and say i have a great idea. people could look at it and go that is not a good idea. nobody has to buy your idea or join a religion or sign up for your political movement. but the conversation, the first amendment is big on this. you should be able to talk freely and make it clear whether it is about your faith, ideas, literature, whatever it is you want to talk about. the point of the government is .o protect a free society when government steps out of that and goes after people's second amendment rights, goes after freedom of religion, or the ability to have a job. in the 1950's only 5% of americans needed a license from the government to have a job. today it is 30%. people should not have to have licenses to become hair braid or's or beauticians or whatever. we need the government to back off and let us have more liberty, take less of our money,
run less of our lives and do the things it is supposed to do like fill the potholes confidently -- competently. host: grover norquist. we will see you again on the washington journal down the line. guest: high tax hillary.com is the list of hillary's tax increases that i should've mentioned earlier. up next on the washington journal we will be .oined by karine jean pierre we will talk about the party 16 primaries and the work both campaigns are doing in the field to turn out supporters ahead of the south carolina primary. , we will come back to the president's fiscal 2017 budget and focus on the money president obama wants to see devoted to research and development of clean energy programs and technology coming up later on "the washington
journal." ♪ >> every election cycle we are reminded how important it is for citizens to be informed. >> c-span is a home for political junkies and a way to track the government as it happens. >> a great way for us to stay informed. >> a lot of c-span fans on the hill. my colleagues will say, i saw you on c-span >>. so much more c-span does to make
sure people know what is going on inside the beltway. host: since the start of this campaign only one network has taken you on the road to the white house. from the early announcements and policy speeches to the candidates visiting diners in iowa and new hampshire and of course the campaign rallies. after the results this weekend in nevada and south carolina, the republican race has narrowed . the democratic race has sharpened. we will stay in south carolina with the big democratic primary this saturday. and then we move on to the multistate primaries and caucuses in early and mid march. this race is just getting underway. you can follow all of it on the c-span networks, online at c-span.org and on c-span radio. >> "washington journal" continues. host: karine jean pierre joins
us with five days to go until saturday's south carolina primary. strategist who has worked on three democratic presidential campaigns in three different cycles. what are the conversations that are taking place in the hillary clinton and bernie sanders camps this morning? guest: first of all, this has been a crazy unpredictable cycle on both sides of the aisle. this saturday, what happened in nevada was a huge important win for the hillary clinton campaign. they had a great ground game. nevada is the first racially diverse state of the four contests. it was 40% latino but there is a 9.1% african-american voters there. she was able to get over 70% of the african-american voters to come out and vote for her which i think is very important as we head into south carolina.
is a getight now it out the vote, really focus on what is going on in super tuesday states. what is coming up in south carolina. it was a great win for hillary .linton slowing down momentum for bernie sanders unfortunately for him. he did well with latinos. he did better than she did with latinos. he just did not get the turnout he needed. he needs a big turnout in order to do well against her. host: that is something we want to talk about. first time guest on the washington journal. karine jean pierre served as martin o'malley's political enfield director this cycle. in 2012, served as a battleground state director for president obama -- deputy battleground state director for president obama. game,ou say ground
hillary clinton did a great job with turnout, what is ground game? guest: your team that you have on the ground who is working with volunteers, really pushing people to get to the polls. it is a simple as that. core ofe a really great field operatives out there. it is like, who do you have on the ground, who is your demographic? who are the democrats were the likely voters that will go out and vote? also getting a sense of swing voters. the swing voters who will vote for you, undecided, and working that first. you have to do persuadable messaging. you have to convince folks. this is why i am running. and then you get to the get out the vote operations areas host: what is the effective way of doing that? they hear the phone calls, the knocks on the door. of those, what is the most effective? guest: i don't think one is more effective than the other.
you need to have a full field operation. i think the most important thing , you need to understand the demographic of the state. south carolina, it is -- the majority of the electorate is african-american. in the democratic primary. the clinton campaign and sanders campaign have to figure out how to we get out that core group of people of the electorate to come out and vote. what are the interesting programs you can put in? what can you do to engage folks? one of the things barack obama 2008, in south carolina they had the barbershop and beauty salon program. you went out into the barbershops and beauty salons and got to talk to the people in the african-american community which is a big deal. you have to be creative in figure out how do you really touch that base. your really building
ground game in the sense of finding out what who are the -- finding out who are the likely voters, who do you need to persuade. host: we talked about the role of minority voters in our first segment today. one caller said bernie sanders needs to get on black radio in south carolina. he is not doing a good enough job. why is that such an important him to occupy? how would you assess his campaign in that state? guest: they have spent more money in south carolina. they had been on the air, had more ads than hillary clinton. on the air a lot more than she has and has a big ground operation. african-american radio is really important in the effort in american community. one source that we get our information. i have no idea if he is doing african american radio or not but that is an important tool if you are trying to commute with working day people who are most likely going to vote.
host: we are talking with political strategist karine jean pierre. with us for about the next 40 minutes or so. we are looking ahead to the south carolina primary and looking back to nevada and the lessons from nevada for the campaigns. republicans, (202) 748-8001. democrats, (202) 748-8000. independents, (202) 748-8002. middleton is calling in. good morning. caller: good morning. i have been a democrat for 55 years. when starting out neutral we started this campaign for who is going to run for president. , notore hillary talks really coming out and telling the truth about her money she is getting from everybody, she is turning me off. i am really discouraged in the whole party.
.ven my state senators and all i don't like them anymore. they are not for me. she is not for me. you can tell she is for the big business through it all these people get up in -- you put them online and stuff. they brag about these people. i spent 55 years a democrat. host: who was the last candidate that was for you? now.r: nobody host: who in the past has been for you? /who is some of you that you trusted? rahal wrote me a personal letter. host: former congressman from west virginia. caller: now he is gone because we have republicans in their. host: karine jean pierre, the caller was talking about the lack of trust especially with
hillary clinton and her funding sources is where his concern was. how big of an issue is it for her heading into these major primaries coming up? guest: it is an issue. she needs to deal with it. especially going into the general election if she gets the nomination which i think she will especially with the delicate process as it's got -- the delicate process as a going to be. she has a really smart team around her and they are going to work through that. andave seen in polling time again she loses out to bernie sanders all the time when it comes to trust. it is an important issue. host: you have seen the field strategies from your perspective list. do bernie sanders and hillary clinton represent two different strategies of running a field operation or are they doing the same things? how many phone calls, how me offices. guest: in any field operation it is phone calls, doors knocked and being creative.
figuring out how you connect with voters. this year, technology is playing a big role. 2016, the apps have been in voter id and giving them a sense where they need to caucus and primary. just connecting with them and collecting information. technology has been an important tool. it continues to be so. 2008, obama took that data tracking and social media and revolutionized that and it has continued since then. 2016 has been technology-based as well. host: let's go to james in fort worth, texas. line for republicans. good morning. caller: i would like to ask the lady you have on the program today, what is hillary go to do for the black voters that obama has not done? apparently obama has not done much.
i think hillary is very trusted amongst the african-american community. they know her. she has 25 years of being out there. the first lady of arkansas, also she has a long- track record that i think -- the-americans president has done a lot for the african-american community and will continue to do so as he finishes up the last seven or eight months. i disagree with that point. i think there is a relationship there, and understanding, a reputation that she has with the community that people respect. she is going to have to work for it, most definitely. host: what is that built on? what are the examples she points to on the campaign trail and says this is where this relationship came from? guest: i think it is basically
senator inrk as u.s. really focusing on what she did for the community in new york when it came to african-americans. her support behind bill clinton when he was president. you have seen her go out getting unfortunatelyrom the young people who were killed in illinois and also in florida. clearly she is resonating with folks. they see her as someone who can help fix the criminal justice system and move that forward. host: so the headlines from some of the newspapers in south carolina ahead and saturday possible try merry -- saturday possible primary. sanders holds a rally in
greenville ahead of saturday's primary as clinton campaign host events in north charleston. we are talking about the democratic primary coming up. taking questions and comments with democratic strategist karine jean pierre. kathleen is in california. good morning. caller: thank you for taking my call. martin luther king talked about two america's, black america and white america. we are still two america's. the question is -- lack of americans have been voting democrat consistently for 60 years. what do we have to show for it? we all must than one half of 1% ,f the wealth in the country which is what we owned 150 years ago. democrats want to make 12 million illegals legal. that adversely impacts economically black america. why would it be to black
america's interest to have 12 million illegals legal? , you say obama has done something for black america. i don't see it. i know gays got gay marriage. act andgot the dreamers driver's licenses. toma made an executive order give 5 million illegals legal status. jewish americans get israeli protection. tell me exactly what do black americans get? t. host: before you jump in, more on your background. served as the regional political director for the white house office of political affairs. served in the obama administration, not just on those campaigns. guest: on the question of the 11 million new americans that are
here, i think it is important to bring them into the fold. it is important to bring them out of the shadows. it does help the economy as a whole. it helps everyone. i think it is really important. this is why this election is tremendously important when you have someone on the republican side who is talking about building a wall, getting rid of all the 11 million people who other --and saying making other vile comments. you.'t convince it sounds like you have pretty much made up your decision on what has happened in the last eight years and where we are. clearly the history of african-american voters in the united states. it is important to go out and vote. at the end of the day it is important to exercise our right to vote. we have two candidates in the race. it is not just senator clinton -- secretary clinton. we have senator sanders.
if you are on the other side you have an option as well. it is important to get out there. host: what does the obama administration think its legacy is going to be specifically with the black community 20 years from now? guest: i think that the president and the administration has tried very hard to really bring back the black community in different ways whether it is helping small businesses, getting them on their feet and making sure there is representational that level. also bringing and services that help the community that is in need. host: from the washington post, looking at demographics ahead of the primaries that are coming up, black voters will take center stage in south carolina were history suggests they will make up a majority of democrats voting on saturday. for super tuesday, black voters are excited to be a majority in
the georgia primary and approaching a third of voters in virginia and tennessee. tennessee. line for republicans. philip, good morning. caller: thanks for taking my call. i know there are millions and millions of people on government assistance in our country. the you think that these people that are on any type of government assistance should get a drugs screen every month if they are getting government assistance? i believe if we did do this a lot of people would not get government assistance anymore because a lot of them are on drugs and that we get our country out of deficit i believe and keep a lot of the money that should be given back to our country. what do you think? host: as you are answering, talk about how this issue is playing in the democratic primaries as something the candidates are talking to. guest: they are talking about
criminal justice reform which is really important in the community of african-americans as we go into south carolina. people are talking about the economy and worried about jobs and taking care of their families for sure. that has been addressed by both candidates. inequality has been a major talking point for both sides, both candidates. that has been something that is really important and talk about. robert, line for democrats. good morning. karine.good morning, guest: good morning. caller: i would like to ask a question. if bernie sanders does not win and hillary clinton wins the nomination, doesn't that mean wall street wins again? guest: i don't believe that is
true, robert. i don't think so. host: is that the image hillary clinton as the fight? guest: it is the image she has to fight. when she first started out, her messaging was different in the sense that it was much more moderate, more general election speak and bernie sanders, one of the things that he did, he talked to the base, the liberal progressive base. he also had 30 years of experience of being that independent speaking against the establishment. what ended up happening is, by him really being on message for the last couple of months and sticking through it, you saw him rise and you saw what happened in iowa and new hampshire. leftas been forced to her and has been talking much more about the issues that the base , otherbout, big banks
progressive liberal issues that are out there. it is something she needs to deal with anything she has. her messaging has been great especially after the very last debate where she hit sanders hard for being -- calling him a single issue candidate. i think she is getting there. i think she has a message that is starting to coalesce and i think it is going to resonate as she moves forward. i believe she is going to win south carolina and super tuesday states. a couple of southern states that i think she will do well. host: what is the must win for bernie sanders looking at the calendar? iest: i think south carolina think she is going to win but i think will be interesting for him will be to see how close he gets to her. there is something there to look at the numbers. that will be interesting to see. you have oklahoma. that was a state hillary won
last time. vermont, massachusetts our states that he is doing well in. there are states out there that he will probably do well in. i do not know if it is enough. he would have to do so well because it is going to be about the delegates. democrats have to get 2383 delegates. hillary has about 500 to. bernie has about 70. at this point it is going to be about the delegate game and he would have to blow it out of the water in states in order to catch up to her. -- to me, thato is what is to watch. --t: the 502 number includes exley what a superdelegate is an respond to boring file clerk on twitter.
isn't the primary essentially rigged? guest: the superdelegates are small percentage of the overall delegate number. a little over super -- a little over 700 superdelegates. they are unpledged delegates because the delegates they are getting in the states are pledged. these are unpledged delegates and they can decide if they want to stay with one person or move over in 2008. hillary clinton won the popular vote. over one million people came out to vote for her in the primary. was008, obama, his team very smart and they knew about the delegates and they played that game very well. it was phenomenal to watch. superdelegates, also pledged party leaders and elected officials. he is going to have to do well in these primaries.
it is a small percentage of the overall. up on59 delegates saturday at the south carolina primary. and then we get into super tuesday were georgia, massachusetts, minnesota, vermont, virginia, and wyoming all vote. four days later on saturday, it goes to kentucky, kansas, brassica louisiana for the democrats. maine is having its republican primary as well. the calendar getting very busy in the road ahead. we are looking down the road on the democratic path in this segment with karine jean pierre, a democratic strategist. greg is in arizona, line for independents. good morning. caller: good morning. all i want to say is, the reallycans seem to be dealing with illegal immigrants and the problems of that. the democrats are not really
addressing that. i just want to say, i have "illegalth several immigrants." good people, hard workers. that is all i want to say. just really good people. that is my overall experience. host: do you know who you are going to be voting for any election? caller: i'm still deciding. libertarian but right now i am thinking about sanders. i am an immigrant. my parents came from haiti. we came over about 30 or so years ago. so that resonates with me, new americans. both clinton and sanders has been really pushed to talk
about new americans, the 11 million we keep talking about. they have to because just like we just talked about in nevada, 40% of that population were latino hispanics. we are about to go into texas and other states across the border in the primary. you have to talk about that issue. , -- youalk immigration have to talk about immigration and i think they both have. it is an important issue in the democratic party. it should be and it is going to be in the forefront. host: where are the lines that separate sanders and clinton on that issue? guest: they go back and forth on it. one person did not vote for a bill in 2007. i actually don't know the specifics and details of that but i know they tend to go back-and-forth on that issue. i wanted to say in march we will
and 56% of those delegates will be out there. 56%6% of the delegates -- of the delegates in march alone. host: by march toward a second -- by march 22, 56%. guest: this is why everyone keeps talking about super tuesday in march. the delegate race, the 56% that you have. host: let's go to linda. stanley, new york. good morning. caller: good morning. who areaised children finally in their 40's are moving up into the middle class. now you have sanders that wants to take what they have worked for and spread it out around the country. this is a guy who has leeched off of taxpayers for 40 years. now he wants to take from my
kids who have worked hard and just give it to everybody else. the worst thing that's going to happen is if one of those democrats gets into office. thank you. host: if you were advising the sanders campaign, what is the response? guest: that is the critique they have gotten. a lot of their issues are impossible. impossible to do -- if he does become president, both chambers are republican as we know. it would be really impossible to get done. i think if i were them i would work on, what would it cost to do these different things that he wants to do. how much would it cost the american people to subside the angst around what you are proposing is impossible? really lay out how do you perceive to get this done. he has been on message and it has been great.
it has resonated with progressives, independents. there is going to be the question of, he looks to betinue, he has to really able to talk through that as well. host: we said you work for the o'malley campaign. understood in getting back out in the campaign trail? \ guest: not at all. in the general election i will be a good democrat and help out whoever is the nominee. host: what are you doing now? guest: right now i have a 20 month old that i was away from for about nine months. i teach at columbia university, campaign management so i am continuing to do that. so just take it easy, enjoy my life. it is pretty difficult to teach campaign management because in order to get the experience i say to my students all of time, you have to do it. in turn, do whatever you need to
and work on a campaign and get the basics. in my class it is basically talking about messaging and polling. kind of the fundamental components of the campaign and what you need in raising money. it is very much the basics. host: can one get a bachelors and campaign management these days? guest: you may be able to get some sort of masters. i think after 2008 there has been an influx of folks having interest in campaign management. american politics as a whole. host: karine jean pierre. paul has been waiting from international falls, minnesota. line for democrats good morning. inler: paul bennett international falls. i want to say one thing. i am proud that you are working for the democratic party and i will vote democrat, which everyone gets it.
the officials that give all the we shouldillary -- see who wins the popular vote. the: are you talking about superdelegates who should not advertise who they are supporting? caller: they should not advertise until the people vote and they can support whichever one they want. the thing of it is, i pray to to -- they say they want take our country back. this president has done a wonderful job. i am so proud of him. i hope we get another democrat to carry on what he has done. i think bernie sanders, if you really listen to him, you will find out he says if he cannot take a revolution with him he cannot do what he wants. i really love this party and i thank you for your time. host: does that superdelegates system need to be revamped after
all the criticism it received? especially after bernie sander'' big win in new hampshire. guest: that is a really good question. you can argue both sides and say, it is time that we revisit. but it is time we revisit a lot of things in american politics. maybe it is time to revisit the superdelegate program. you can argue both. i'm curious to see how it all turns out. sanders has an uphill climb. pennsylvaniaurg, is up next on the line for republicans. alicia, good morning. caller: good morning. i have a question that has been bugging me for a year. evening and i did not want to go to bed. was flicking the tv and i came
across the history channel or discovery channel. it was a documentary about bill clinton. horrifiedusted and when i heard what they said about him contacting the drug cartel in south america to bring them up to keep control of the black people. you, as a black woman and a black person, how can you tell me you can vote for somebody that is related to that person that was in the white house with that person? how can you vote for that person? host: do you want to jump in here with the history she's talking about? guest: that is unclear to me. i'm not sure what she was talking about. i have not said who i am voting for. a goodi would be
democrat and help in the general election. i go back to say, this is the opportunity to pick your candidate and make sure they get a win. i cannot speak to what the caller was talking about. host: headlines looking ahead to south carolina. here is one from "usa today." clinton turns the south carolina black youth. let's go down to south carolina. billy is waiting, line for independents. caller: i would like to know something. --hillary has the american the african-americans who understand her and if black lies matter how can she support -- black lives matter, how can she --port land parenthood support planned parenthood? guest: i do not know if that is
true. i do not think that is true. i think the hillary clinton campaign is doing what they need to do. i think supporting planned parenthood does not affect her .ote with african-americans if anything planned parenthood has done a great job in helping -- women thats are in need across the board. i do not agree with that statement at all. i think she is doing what she needs to do. you read the article that has her focusing on the black youth. that will be important. that is a tough core of people to get involved. youth in general. we know she will have the 50 and older crowd in the african-american community because they have a history with her. they know the clintons. they know her. that is going to be a slamdunk for her i think. the black youth will be a challenge. host: you mentioned technology
being a key part of the process of putting together a good ground game three at politico had a story about bernie sanders, army of coders. inside the do-it-yourself volunteer tech movement helping to drive the insurgent campaign. the story notes that 2016 could go down as the year of the app and no one has been able bigger beneficiary than sanders. legions of code savvy unpaid helpers. assess that aspect of the sanders campaign. guest: you very much see that. in that same article they talk about bernie sanders.org that has 2 million unique viewers. that is amazing. probably over -- in that story he has over 1000 techies who are giving up time for free. average?t is an
guest: certainly not 2 million. i'm trying to think what would be the average. i don't know what the average would be but 2 million is a high number. that is an impressive number. on the donor side he actually has 2 million grassroots donors as well. he only accepts no more than $1000 and he has this amazing base of grassroots money coming in. the tech world has been tremendously great for him. ec it in his campaign. in these different apps that have come out in support of sanders. it remains to be seen if that helps them or will hurt him. they are all doing it independently of each other. there is a lot of interesting, tech savvy folks out there who are putting together some great apps on behalf of bernie sanders on their own dime. host: in terms of return on investment, how much should the campaigns be moving their budgets toward these apps that
out?oming are these really driving up the numbers or is it the old-school knock on a door and have a conversation? guest: it is great way to help capture everything and move things faster. we are just talking about the technology like data-driven components. there is a social media component as well. in 2008, twitter had just started and no one was really using that. now it has exploded. the social media facebook. .napchat all of these interesting social media components that go into the data-driven piece as well. when it comes to technology, silicon valley and having access to that, money is power so you need to have the money in order to get the technology. looking at 2008 and what obama 2012, if youdid in you would want to
put money towards that because it has been successful. host: let's go out to california . line for democrats. mary lou is waiting. caller: good morning. country.t a socialist republicans want sanders to win because they can beat him. he is not a democrat. as far as the immigrants hired by corporation companies. hard work and the backbreaking work is not done by americans. they don't want to do backbreaking work. they came with visas and a lot of them from around the world are here with visas and the largest population is not latinos, it is asians that are here. people do not know all of this information and they blame everything on the poor latinos that work so hard.
they love this country and help this country and the economy a lot and people need to get educated and no the facts -- and know the facts. we are not a socialist country. that is what i wanted to say. is the socialist label going to play if bernie sanders does become the presidential nominee for democrats in the general election? ,uest: interestingly for him being a socialist has helped him because he is getting a core group of people who are independents who don't normally vote or are not as engaged. notoup of people who are engaged normally who are now looking at bernie sanders and are very excited. that has been tremendous for him. if he makes it to the general elections, will that hurt him, most definitely.
host: howard, line for republicans. good morning. caller: i cannot see how anybody could vote for hillary clinton. if you look into her past, first of all, about the five black that supposedly killed a snitch. they boiled his hands. he would not admit he was a snitch and they shot him in the head. and only one of them got six months in jail and she was on the defense. about the rape case with the 12-year-old girl and about her daughter and her husband being on the big hedge funds. she is so corrupt it is
pathetic. host: karine jean pierre come are you familiar with those cases? guest: i'm not unfortunately. morning.da, good caller: good morning. i want to post something i have not heard anyone call in and say. i'm trying to figure out, why would lack people be interested in hillary or brace -- why would black people be interested in hillary or bernie sanders? you have two old people. if the democratic party cannot throw somebody out there that is young, vibrant, possibly a black female -- look at what you are presented with. i am so disappointed in the young people. my hope is they would come up with -- we want someone to come hillary and bernie
and half the republicans have garbage on their backs and they play us like a fiddle. guys -- i doow you not know what is wrong with everybody. guest: linda makes a really good point. i think the democratic party needs to have -- needs to build a base that is diverse and we do not have that. when you have republicans who have a more diverse cycle of candidates i think that resonates. therek there is something . we need to do a better job as a invest money in young people and make sure they get out there and become -- and want to represent their community and elevate them. she mexico point. host: karine jean pierre -- she makes a good point. host: karine jean pierre.
appreciate your time. guest: thank you for having me. host: up next we will be joined .y ben gain in -- ben gehman that is coming up next in just a minute on the washington journal. ♪ >> tonight on the communicators, gordon smith, president and ceo of the national association of broadcasters discusses his concerns with ftc chair tom wheeler's proposals.
he is joined by communications daily associate editor monty taylor. >> i respect the fact that the chairman is looking at something. chairman wheeler, to his great credit, he is fostering competition. he is looking at one of the real cost centers in the pay television industry so i understand why he is doing that. myself,e as a consumer taking off my broadcaster had, i am saying, who is the new gatekeeper. google? the question i have is, right now we have tough negotiations with direct tv and satellite or dish or with comcast and cable. you name it. retransmission consent negotiations are happening all the time. 9.9% of them and with no difficulty at all but they are
paying for the content so if it goes to a new set-top rocks with a different gatekeeper my question, putting my broadcast hat back on, how about my copyrighted material? they can sell ads on that. do they have no responsibility for what they will take from broadcasters for nothing? >> watch the communicators tonight at eight eastern on c-span2. >> washington journal continues. host: each week we take a look at how your money is at work in a different government program. this week we are looking at the nearly $8 billion that president put in his fiscal 2017 budget for clean energy efforts. to do that we are joined by ben geman of the national journal. before we get into dollar amounts, what is the administration classified under that term clean energy program?
what is clean energy versus dirty energy? that --orms of energy right now the most salient feature is the either reduce the amount of carbon dioxide or remove them entirely. things like wind energy, solar energy, fossil energy in a much cleaner way. somehow capturing the carbon dioxide that comes out. there is a lot of optimism but still a ways to go on energy storage. there is research into the way, because ther -- wind does not always blow and the sun does not always shine there is a way to capture that energy but to do it in a large-scale way there is a --
host: how does the president perceive making those breakthroughs? billion if it.8 5 would go to the department of energy. from there it spreads across several departments. a big chunk of it would be for the office of science, the office that funds basic r&d. other offices within the energy department do things that are closer to deployment in the real world side. energy efficiency and renewable energy would get a chunk of that money. an office that does r&d, maybe with more of a focus on the development side so they work specifically with private sector partners on issues like solar power and clean manufacturing. whole range of things. it would go to the office of fossil energy, the office that does a whole bunch of things including looking at ways to try and use coal and oil and fossil
fuels in a way that does not release so much carbon dioxide into the area. host: is it a big jump compared to previous budgets? guest: the stimulus gave a lot of money to the energy department. if you look at the graph of energy department spending on r&d and clean energy you will see a spike up around the time the stimulus passed and it came back down. this would be a jump up for the energy department for sure. specifically for these offices we are talking about. host: from that stimulus spending, some criticism at that time. so in was the program that became the poster child for the concern about how the department of energy was using that stimulus money. how does this -- how likely is this big jump to get through congress? the solar company in california that wanted to manufacture -- it was
manufacturing these sophisticated solar panels so that was a country that was trying to be a real player into that market. the loan guarantee program which started under the bush administration but not -- but did not really get rolling until the obama administration, that funds projects that you would consider to be the deployment side. it has funded a lot of projects like wind energy farms that are producing electricity or solar power plants that are producing electricity. that is different than the r&d focus in this budget we have been talking about. host: is there some of it because of that that there were lessons learned that the energy department is starting further back in the process on the research side? guest: they have always had a strong research role. looking at this administration trying to bump it up but you have always had these things going on. you can think of the lifecycle of technology. the pure research side, and then you have this effort once you
have a promising technology, getting it out there into real-world deployment. the area between what you have something proven at the lab scale, how does it get all the way that big jump into stuff people actually are using. the energy department has been doing both. the loan guarantee program is more on the deployment side. i think a lot of the genesis for the effort to increase clean energy on the research and develop inside in this budget, a lot of it comes from the president's climate change agenda. this is under the heading of mission innovation. it will not all go to the energy department but a big chunk of it would. request i billion think almost 6 billion would go to the energy department. the stems from an agreement administration made with a series of international partners in the context of the paris climate change agreements. they want to collectively double the amount of clean energy research and development within five years worldwide.
the reason for that is interesting. on the one hand there are a lot of existing technologies that can lower the carbon footprint of energy use. think of the distinction from coal-fired power, renewables gets you much lower still. at the same time there is a view that to really get the steep dramatic reductions in carbon dioxide that would be necessary to stave off dangerous effects of climate change, while the world is getting tour that path and a lot more can be done, some big breakthroughs are going to still be needed in areas such as energy storage. one thing that was interesting coming at a paris was the public-private symbiosis. you had a lot of superrich people, bill gates, george soros, richard branson, jeff bezos. they announced something at the exact same time called the breakthrough energy coalition.
they are saying the government will do much more of the r&d side but we want -- what we want to do with all of our wealth, we want to health -- to help companies bridge that gap. you have the government scaling up their research and develop it and you have private sector investors trying to bring it across integrator commercialization. host: ben geman covers all of these issues for the national journal and has been doing it for well over a decade covering energy issues in washington. if you have comments or questions come in now is the time to call in. republicans, (202) 748-8001. democrats, (202) 748-8000. .ndependents, (202) 748-8002 we will start with john in west chester, pennsylvania. line for independents. caller: good morning. the calling relative to money available for different
programs. it started with bush the younger when he started the war in iraq. in 2006, stopped collecting the 34% corporate tax that was needed to pay for the war. $13e acts have added about trillion to our debt. i don't hear any of the candidates talking about reinstating the 34% corporate tax. do you know why they don't understand that is the biggest part of our problem? host: corporate tax may be another topic for a whole other show. in terms of how the president pays for these $8 billion in new money, 6 million for the energy -- 6 billion for the energy department, where does this budget say the money is going to come from?
guest: one thing in the budget that would allow funding for clean energy to be expanded even more than that 7.7 billion request for mission innovation, the white house has proposed levying a roughly $10 per barrel tax on oil production. i think it is 10 and a quarter. the goal of that spending is to do something that is related to mission innovation but a little different. what that would do is try and address transportation. thet of the are anti-at energy department is focused on that but with the president is -- as to do is devote memory serves it was over $30 billion in year from this taxi is proposing to work increased transit options for consumers, increased light rail, high-speed rail. also more electric vehicle charging stations. helping state and local theirments do transportation planning. that is recognition of a difficult problem within the sphere of climate change which is, we have a lot of good
substitute for coal. question is, how quickly can they be deployed and can they be deployed in a way that will not be too much of a lurch in transition for consumers. these are all very difficult questions. at a foundational level we know how to turn the lights on without using coal. the question is -- we cannot do it overnight but how quickly connect trajectory move? ringing oil out of the transportation system is proving much trickier. often times has its own environmental problems with the existing generation of it and some of these nextwave more ,limate friendly biofuels overall those have been developed at a pace that is way slower than anybody had hoped a decade or five or six years ago. what the president is trying to do is tackle this question of how can we move the
transportation system toward using less oil. he has ramped up fuel efficiency standards. said, a lot of challenges remain. electric vehicles remain a tiny portion of new vehicle sales. , this tax onnow oil production is immediately going nowhere on capitol hill. it was soundly rejected. it was more interesting for what it says about the tougher problem -- how tough a problem giving oil out of the system is. as far as a general pump up in spending for clean energy research i believe there is perhaps more bipartisan cooperation than people think. think about the spectrum of energy technology from the research side to the real world scale. if you look at where the most controversy is it is over programs that use the power of the federal government via tax policy or other things to
directly shove the market in a direction or intervene in the market. host: picking winners and losers. guest: should there be a these kinds of direct loans going to these companies? there is more agreement on basic r&d in general it's a good thing. the color alluded to controversy about what should be increased in federal spending at all. people will be talking about the need to rein in spending. as far as the threshold at the conceptual level, there is a concept rule believe that r&d is good. it tends to break down a little bit. can your guest explain what a renewable energy credit is and how they work?
guest: that gets to tax policy. if you're developing wind or solar projects, there is a perk to what our tax credit you can get. they played around with the structure recently. the government recognizes that it's useful to have the stick allergies more pleura paraded into the market. technologieshese has been plummeting in recent years. there is some question on how long these credits should remain. a huge energy bill got passed at the 11th hour and it wasn't designed as an energy bill. there was something really substantial. on theved the television export of crude oil and that was a big priority for republicans.
what democrats got out of the deal was a longer extension of these green energy tax credits. they were extended for five years. that is going to be a big driver of continuing this push of technology into the marketplace. in 2015, if you look at new electricity generating capacity, the majority of it came from renewables. it's on the upswing. otis is in houston, texas. to the good morning question i have is considering of this president record on winners and losers, good morning. host: what's the question?
you've got to listen to your phone. give us a call back. good morning. caller: hello. it good morning. on wars without fossil fuel? can we carry on wars with clean energy? comment that fossil fuel will always be part of the system? caller: if you keep on it carrying on wars. they don't attempt to conserve fuel. they are vehicles that go less than three miles an hour on purpose. all kinds of things. the military justifies their huge expense. would disagreei with the color a little bit. if you look at agencies that are involved in clean energy efforts, the energy department
we are talkingt about. that is the biggest focus, but the military recognizes and this goes back to the bush administration it, energy thirst of the military in the theater of war and also domestically is gigantic. there have been a lot of efforts to use cleaner fuels. in the u.s. have tried to move toward more renewables. the collar hits on something important. how do we power planes and tanks? in the theater of war remains a big challenge. are some doing more on
this than others? force and navy have a green fleet initiative. on the domestic side with the bases, they are trying to use greener types of fuels. it gets to the fact that you've got a lot of controversy about whether there should be picking winners and losers, whether private companies should get direct money from the government to do their thing in the commercial marketplace. toprr alexander is the appropriator in the energy committee. he have a lot of problems with wind power. i don't think he would disagree that research is important. host: buffalo, new york is up next. wondering, you
said it's hard to come up with cleaner fuels and whatnot. we already have people who do it themselves. a man in ohio made a car that ran on water. that's one example of a clean fuel that nobody wants to use. wondering i you make it sound like it's a difficult thing. the color makes a great point. i'm not saying there are not ways to you -- use less fuel in the transportation system. there is a lot of effort in the energy department to develop various alternative fuels. contrast with the the most carbon heavy fuel in , weelectric power sector have substitutes for colder being deployed at a greater scale.
the biggest example now is natural gas. now i think it's 35 or 37%. you see a rise in natural gas. differentpeople with alternative fuels for vehicles. penetration market of true substitutes for using oil in our transportation system is lagging behind that of coal in electricity. host: are you with us? we will go to kingston, new york. it good morning. caller: thank you for c-span. it's great to be on the air and thank you for this topic. i want to discuss a few things.
economic development has created job growth in america more than any industry. we are reducing carbon. i am all in favor of the tax credits to produce more fuels that will benefit our society and our communities. for many years, republicans have blocked the energy bills. changet that and help our society. it is creating more jobs. it's very helpful. the republicans are out there to protect the oil interest. see americaant to transform to energy independence. guest: there are real partisan
differences on energy. it does break on partisan line. you have real regional differences as well. in states where there is a lot of wind power, republicans are quite supportive. andk grassley is from iowa he is the father of the wind energy tax credit and a longtime supporter of it. that said, republicans and democrats differ on what the role the federal government should be in changing the energy arc it. -- market. where that is most announced is not necessarily in the energy department. you look at how energy policy works, it can be confusing. the energy department is one piece of policy. arguably, it's not the most important.
if you look at what the interior department does, they decide where oil companies canon cannot drill and what the regulations look like. that brings me to the environmental protection agency. through their regulations on anything from emissions from oil they have climate change regulations and others on traditional pollutants such as the smog forming compounds. the epa under obama has been much more aggressive. those regulations are one of the things that have been driving this transformation in our electric power system. around,bring it back you've got the biggest partisan disputes over the environmental protection agency regulations. almost all republicans say the
epa should not impose carbon dioxide regulations and almost every democrat says they should be. we have the supreme court weighing in as well. guest: should be higher or lower? it's a more fundamental question of should the regulations exist at all. it's been a heck of a couple of weeks. policy are climate these epa regulations that require the electric power sector, it's been happening already. this keeps pushing it. there is a 32% cut. it's enough to keep those in missions going down and getting them to fall further than they already would have. filed lawsuits
against it as did a number of private industries. the supreme court just days before skill leah did something extraordinary. even before the case was heard at the appellate court level, the supreme court voted 5-4 along the lebron conservative line to freeze those regulations. they put a hold on them. they said this is going to end up before us anyway. they are probably going to take this up and this means that the fate of these regulations will be in limbo well past the end of the obama administration and that means you've got every presidential candidate. the stakes ofised this upcoming election even
higher. host: and now there's an opening on supreme court as well. we've got about 15 minutes left with ben gemen. caller: i'm glad you touched on -- research the defense sector is going on. i know there is investment in solar and hydrogen power. think storage does not get out as often. it's more of the general american public you about that that there might be more support for that and more bipartisan support for that. i think all of the defense branches have research arms. they are all in vesting. they could send
forces into different areas. they can operate deeper in the field. i'm glad you mentioned that. it's not all the energy department. the caller talked about some of the risks in the field. i am not an expert in battlefields. i know that fuel convoys are big, slow moving things out in the theater of war. thatnk it gets to the fact on some level, research can be seen as subtraction. they have made their presence known in the real world deployment. one example would be different kinds of efficiency in lighting and the energy department for years researched better batteries.
volt can be traced back to that. -- not all the cleanest energies. celebration of the domestic energy boom increased by hydraulic fracturing. low discussion about what we have been able to get from this big increase in natural gas production. some of the research was contributed by the energy department. getting back to the point, r&d does have real world affects in the way people use and consume energy. host: for these down the line projects and the game changing projects, is there a lab at the department of energy where this is taking place? it is spread around.
it was authorized during the bush administration. for long time, there was the defense research agency. it got funded for the first time during the obama administration. you had the chance to mirror that. moon.e shooting for the it's high risk, high reward. it's the advantage research project for energy. that is one of the areas that has gotten a lot of attention. here.ased i'm not 100% sure. but it's doing is it's not a lab. it is funding research all over the place. universities and private labs and so forth. the idea is the same. it would research breakthrough
or high risk, high reward technology. to improve these next generation biofuels and storage technologies. that's where you see the most ambitious research. host: it has a $500 million budget. see, you cann part of it as an ambitious of the department. order to not make it so subject to the vagaries of appropriations, they want to introduce a mandatory funding stream for it. i think what they are trying to
do to the budget is have some oil and gas production revenue steered into that agency going forward. require year-to-year appropriations. we've been talking about the 2017 budget. we've got about 10 minutes left. we are on the line for republicans. are you there? caller: i'm here. my question is not really regarding -- i am in favor of clean energy. my question is the $10 on a gallon of -- barrel of oil tax. , why do we not cut out the subsidies? we all know how wealthy the oil companies are.
they all get subsidies that we pay for. we are being double taxed. that's going to come through the pump to me. i don't get that. i am all for clean energy research. wequestion to you is why are going for attacks on that? guest: that is a debate that continues to happen. this oil taxes not going anywhere. it was more of a political statement. right now, the question of subsidies is an interesting one. it's a word that used a lot in a political warfare. -- --mpanies do like the
there been long-standing efforts by this white house to remove some of these tax credits. high, theseare types of technologies are inappropriate. has type of tax treatment see largely helping them to this domestic production increase we have seen over the last five or six years. that is influenced our security posture and a lot of ways. imports have come down greatly. it's a tricky question. our consumers getting a terrible deal?
adon't want to weigh in with value judgment. it's not a simple question. host: good morning. caller: how are you? , research and development is paid by the taxpayers. we pay up front. then these companies come in and they take the product to market. us very high prices. we are partners in the process -- production. that is unfair. on top of that, they take the product globally. biggest market for these companies. they'll no longer just american
companies, they are global companies. this is where the price gouging it comes in. we are willing to pay for our medication and clean energy and all of that. they should not out price the average citizen. we should get a break. we shouldn't be paying the highest price for these products. it they take them globally anyway and they make billions of dollars. guest: i take the point that that is a sticky point around any federal money injected into r&d or tax credits. on some level, you've got the question.
the benefits are going to private companies. with energy technology and some of the clean energy technology, you see some benefit for the consumer. there are more efficient building materials. there are more efficient window materials and things of that nature. those technologies benefit not only our planet from lowering emissions. it will help the consumer. it's this question that can be difficult. should there be efforts to help consumers with this cost? creditses there are tax
for energy efficient homes and buildings and renewable energy projects. a lot of states are trying to use their tax codes to help homeowners improve the efficiency of their buildings. it's a great point. ultimately, these are companies using these technologies to help them survive and thrive in the marketplace. there is a social good in so far as the government saying we have private industry. we have a public health goal. we have a planetary goal of lowering our carbon dioxide emissions. if helping the greater use and deployment of greener technology that benefits consumers.
that depends on the specific technology we are talking about. host: good morning. good morning. i have been listening to this comment all morning. when the socialists started this 1970's, aleze in the gore came along. this never did happen. they found out they could not get us on a nuclear freeze or on global warming. they came up with climate change. the climate changes four times a year and always has. i just don't understand. the american people don't leave it to begin with and the polls show.
3% of the people worry about climate change. epa,u do away with the that would be good in my opinion. the only thing we need to regulate is particular matter in the atmosphere. most people don't understand where oxygen comes from. it comes from the life. i want you to jump in on the science. thet: the scientific -- vast overwhelming majority of scientists believe that the earth is warming and that climate change is happening and since the mid-20th century human activity has driven it. a big political debate about that.
said, in 2015, it was by far the hottest year on record. most of the hottest years on record have come to century. the warming trend is clear. i think the colors point on concerns, pulling on this is fascinating and there's a big split. if you ask the public what their priorities are, they sort of rank priorities for the coming year for congress and the white house. the things at the top of the list are the things you would imagine it. security.y, national local warming shows up far down the list. take the point that it's not a top public concern. polling shows something that is
in conflict with that. when you do pull the public on supporting cutting carbon emissions, there is generally support for that. there is a duality there. that, welso mention on look at what's happening in the electricity sector and say it's all because of regulation. there are a lot of reasons why we are seeing this transformation. of natural gas. we can get more of it out of the ground relatively cheaply than anybody ever thought. epave also have a lot of regulations that don't have that much to do with climate change directly, but are pushing power companies to using less coal. it's not just the climate change rules.
is an interesting paper that i read. what they said is these regulations, they are the backstop. reason theever trends were to reverse themselves, this would keep things on that trajectory. he is a great person to follow on twitter or in -- twitter. we appreciate you coming i the show. that is our show for today. he will see you back here tomorrow morning at 7:00. have a great monday.
>> more of road to the white house coverage ahead of the nevada caucus. ted cruz holds a rally in las vegas at 3:00. we will take your calls and comments. donald trump who won the south carolina primary saturday is leading in nevada and he will hold a rally also in las vegas. that will be tonight at 10:00 eastern. marco rubio has depth and endorsement from a senate colleague. said marco came from humble beginnings and worked hard to get where he is today. he will ensure that each and everyone of us can do the same thing. hepo
<div class="tv-ttl"><a href="http://www.washingtonjournal.org/">Washington Journal</a><div>CSPAN February 22, 2016 7:00am-10:01am EST</div></div>
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Tag: Laos
The Plain of Jars by Nick Lombardi Jr. Review
A grieving mother who lost her son to the Vietnam War learns years later that the ashes given to her by the military may not belong to her son after all, leading her to a journey of discovery that will leave her and readers shocked in author Nick Lombardi Jr.’s novel “The Plain of Jars”.
I received a free copy of this book in exchange for a fair and honest review. All opinions are my own.
The Synopsis
2014 Dayton Literary Peace Prize entry!
What would you do if you found that the bones and ashes you were given by the Air Force were not the remains of your loved one? Dorothy Kozeny, a 64-year-old widow from a small town in Ohio, after getting no answers from the relevant authorities, decides the only thing to do is to go to Laos herself to search for the truth concerning her son’s fate. In 1990, accompanied by a trusted Laotian called Kampeng, Dorothy travels deep into the mountains of rural Laos, attempting to trace her son’s path through inhospitable terrain, an unforgettable trek that provides her with a rewarding, often humorous, and at times frustrating, cross-cultural experience. All clues lead her to a mysterious figure, an alleged CIA operative left over from the war, living in a remote and hostile area deep in the jungle. The second part of the book traces the life of this enigmatic character hiding in Laos, the two main characters linked through Dorothy’s son.
This was a powerful and emotional story that focused on the pain and loss families feel for loved ones lost to war, the horrors many soldiers witness and are forced to become a part of during war, the injustices committed during the Vietnam War, and the struggle to let go of violence and hatred to lead a more peaceful and happy life.
While the story did a great job of showcasing both the more modern day struggle of a mother looking for her long thought dead son and the past of the son’s journey through a hellish war, his attempt to escape it, and those who ruthlessly fought to stop him, the true heart of this novel was the backdrop of Laos and the Plain of Jars themselves.
Those unfamiliar with the history of this area and site should know that during the Vietnam war, more bombs were dropped by the U.S. Military on the Plain of Jars in Laos than in the entirety of WWII, and over 80 million of these bombs remain a constant danger to the people there as they failed to detonate at the time and remain hidden in the area. This story highlighted the struggle of the people of Laos and the horrors they and the soldiers in the country bore witness to during this war. The savagery in which soldiers and operatives were trained to become monsters, and the struggle to use peace and non-violence to combat that savagery, took a major portion of this book and readers will instantly connect with the characters as a result of this particular piece of the story.
This was a gut-wrenching, heartbreaking, impactful and engaging read that fans will not want to miss. Author Nick Lombardi Jr. does it again with this memorable story that captures the era and history of this devastating war, and brings to life the unpleasant truths of the loss and pain it caused on both sides. In the end however, what truly stood out amongst all of this horror and heartbreak was the love and passion for which a mother fought to either find her son or at least get the truth of his passing out for the world to see. A mother’s love can be felt in every chapter of Dorothy’s tale, and makes her son Andrew’s backstory all the more powerful. If you haven’t yet, be sure to grab your copy of Nick Lombardi Jr.’s novel “The Plain of Jars” today!
Justice gone by nick lombardi jr review
interview with author nick lombardi jr
I’m happy to share this link from my friends at BetterHelp for anyone looking for the best online therapy sites. Be sure to click the link to find out for yourselves.
https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/therapy/what-are-the-best-online-therapy-sites/
Author Nick Lombardi Jr. has spent over half his life in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, and he speaks five languages. An event in California in 2011 in which a homeless man was beaten to death lead Nick to write his newest novel, Justice Gone. Nick now lives in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Online: Facebook, Author Website
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17434365-the-plain-of-jars?ac=1&from_search=true
Author authoranthonyavinablogPosted on July 5, 2019 July 7, 2019 Categories reviewsTags anthony avina, anthonyavina, author, author anthony avina, author blog, authoranthonyavina, authors, book, book blog, book blog review, book blogger, book bloggers, book chat, book news, Book Promotion, book recommendations, book review, book review blog, book thoughts, book writing, bookaholic, bookblogger, booklife, booklover, booknerd, booknerdigans, bookreactions, bookreview, bookreviews, books, bookworm, historical fiction, historical thriller, Justice Gone, Laos, military, N Lombardi Jr, Plain of Jars, psychological thriller, review, reviewed, reviewing, reviewing books, reviews, thriller book, Vietnam War, warLeave a comment on The Plain of Jars by Nick Lombardi Jr. Review
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Go Beyond System Functional Testing To Ensure Safety
Testing alone is insufficient to ensure safety in critical systems. Other technical approaches and software development process management approaches must also be used to assure sufficient software integrity.
Consequences:
Relying upon just system functional testing to achieve safety can be expected to eventually lead to an unsafe situation in a widely released product. Even if system functional testing is completely representative of situations that will happen in practice, such testing normally won’t be long enough to see all of the infrequent events that will occur with a much larger fleet of vehicles deployed for a much longer period of time.
Accepted Practices:
Specifically identify and follow a process to design in safety rather than attempting to test it in after the product has already been built. The MISRA Guidelines describe an example of an automotive-specific process.
Include defined activities beyond hiring smart designers and performing extensive functional testing. While details might vary depending upon the project, as an example, an acceptable set of practices for critical software by the late 1990s would have included the following (assuming that MISRA Safety Integrity Level 3 were an appropriate categorization of the functions): precisely written functional specifications, use of a restricted language subset (e.g., MISRA C), a way of ensuring compilers produced correct code, configuration management, change management, automated build processes, automated configuration audits, unit testing to a defined level of coverage, stress testing, static analysis, a written safety case, deadlock analysis, justification/demonstration of test coverage, safety training of personnel, and availability of written documentation for assessment of safety (auditability of the process). (The required level of care today is, if anything, even more rigorous for such systems.)
There is a saying about quality: “You can’t test in quality; you have to design it in from the start.” It is well known that the same is true of safety.
Assuring safety requires more than just using capable designers and performing extensive testing (although those two factors are important). Even the best designers – like all humans – are imperfect, and even the most extensive system-level functional testing cannot hope to find everything that can go wrong in a large deployed fleet such as an automobile. It should be apparent than everyone can make a mistake, even careful designers. But beyond that, system level functional testing (e.g., driving a car around in a variety of circumstances) cannot be expected to find all the defects in software, because there are just too many situations that can occur to experience them all in testing. This is especially true if a combination of events that causes a software failure just happens to be one that the testers didn’t think of putting into the test plan. (Test plans have bugs and gaps too.) Therefore, it has long been recognized that creating safe software requires more than just trying hard to get the design right and trying really hard to test well.
Accepted practices require a holistic approach to safety, including executing a well-defined process, having a written plan to achieve safety, using techniques to ensuring safety such as fault tree analysis, and auditing the process to ensure all required steps are being performed.
An accepted way of ensuring that safety has been considered appropriately is to have a written document that argues why a system is safe (sometimes called a safety case or safety argument). The safety case should give quantitative arguments as to why safety is inherent in the system. An argument that says “we tested for X hours” would be insufficient – unless it also said “and that covered 99.999% of all anticipated operating scenarios as well as thoroughly exercising every line of code” or some other type of argument that testing was thorough. After all, running a car in circles around a track is not the same level of testing as a cross-country drive over mountains. Or one that goes to Alaska in the winter and Death Valley in the summer. Or one that does so with 1000 cars to catch situations in which things inside one of those many cars just happen to line up in just the wrong way to cause a system failure. But even with the significant level of testing done by automotive companies, the safety case must also include things such as the level of peer reviews conducted, whether fault tree analysis revealed single points of failure, and so on. In other words, it’s inadequate to say “we tried really hard” or “we are really smart” or “we spent a whole lot of time testing.” It is essential to also justify that broad coverage was achieved using a variety of relevant techniques.
Beatty, in a paper aimed at educating embedded system practitioners, explains that code inspections and testing aren’t sufficient to detect many common types of errors in complex embedded systems (Beatty 2003, pg. 36). He identifies five areas that require special attention: stack overflows, race conditions, deadlocks, timing problems, and reentrancy conditions. He states that “All of these issues are prevalent in systems that employ multitasking real-time designs.”
Lists of techniques that could be applied to ensure safety beyond just testing have been well known for many years, with a relatively comprehensive example being IEC 61508 Part 7.
Even if you could test everything (which you can’t), dealing with low-probability faults that can be expected to affect a huge deployed fleet of automobiles just takes too long. “It is impossible to gain confidence about a system reliability of 100,000 years by testing,” (written in reference specifically to drive-by-wire automobiles and their requirement for a mean-time-to-failure of 1 billion hours) (Kopetz 2004, p. 32, emphasis per original)
Butler and Finelli wrote the classical academic reference on this point, stating that attaining software needed for safety critical applications will “inevitably lead to a need for testing beyond what is practical” because the testing time must be longer than the acceptable catastrophic software failure rate. (Butler 1993, p. 3, paper entitled “The infeasibility of quantifying the reliability of life-critical real-time software.”))
Knutson gives an overview of software safety practices, and makes it clear that testing isn’t enough to create a safe system: “Even if we are wary of these dangerous assumptions, we still have to recognize the limitations inherent in testing as a means of bringing quality to a system. First of all, testing cannot prove correctness. In other words, testing can show the existence of a defect, but not the absence of faults. The only way to prove correctness via testing would be to hit all possible states, which as we’ve stated previously, is fundamentally intractable.” (Knutson 2000, pg. 34). Knutson suggests peer reviews as a technique beyond testing that will help.
NASA says that “You can’t test everything. Exhaustive testing cannot be done except for the most trivial of systems.” (NASA 2004, p. 77).
Kendall presents a case study for an electronic throttle control (with mechanical fail-safes) using a two-CPU approach (a “sub Processor” and a “Main Processor”). The automotive supplier elected to follow the IEC 1508 draft standard (a draft of the IEC 61508 standard), also borrowing elements from the MISRA software guidelines. Steps that were performed include: preliminary hazard analysis with mapping to MISRA SILs, review of standards and procedures to ensure they were up to date with accepted practices; on-site audits of development processes; FMEA by an independent agency; FTA by an independent agency; Markov modeling (a technique for analyzing failure probabilities); independent documentation review; mathematical proofs of correctness; and safety validation testing. (Kendall 1996) Important points from this paper relevant to this case include: “it is well accepted that software cannot be shown to be suitable for [its] intended use by testing alone” (id. pg. 6); “Software robustness must be demonstrated by ensuring the process used to develop it is appropriate, and that this process is rigorously followed.” (id., pg. 6); “safety validation must consider the effect of the vehicle under as many failure conditions as is possible to generate.” (id., p. 7).
Roger Rivett from Rover Group wrote a paper in 1997 based on a collaborative government-sponsored research effort that specifically addresses how automotive manufacturers should proceed to ensure the safety of vehicles. He makes an important point that rigorous use of good software practice is required in addition to testing (Rivett 1997, pg. 3). He has four specific conclusions for achieving a level of “good practice” for safety: use a quality management system, use a safety integrity level approach; be compliant with a sector standard (e.g., MISRA Software Guidelines), and use a third party assessment to ensure that high-integrity levels have been achieved. (Rivett 1997, pg. 10).
MISRA Development Guidelines, section 3.6.1, provides a set of points that make it clear that testing is necessary, but not sufficient, to establish safety (MISRA Guidelines, pg. 49):
MISRA Testing Guidance (MISRA Software Guidelines, p. 49)
This last point of the MISRA Guidelines is key – testing can discover if something is unsafe, but testing alone cannot prove that a system is safe.
"Testing on its own is not adequate for assessing safety-related software." (MISRA report 2 pg. iv) In particular, system-level testing (such as at the vehicle level), cannot hope to uncover all the possible faults or exceptional situations can will result in mishaps.
Beatty, Where testing fails, Embedded Systems Programming, Aug 2003, pp. 36-41.
Butler et al., The infeasibility of quantifying the reliability of life-critical real-time software, IEEE Trans. Software Engineering, Jan 1993, pp. 3-12.
IEC 61508, Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-related Systems (E/E/PE, or E/E/PES), International Electrotechnical Commission, 1998. Part 7.
Kendall, “The safety assurance of the AJV8 electronic throttle,” IEE Colloquium on the Electrical System of the Jaguar XK8, Oct 18, 1996, pp. 2/1-2/8.
Knutson, C. & Carmichael, S., Safety First: avoiding software mishaps, Embedded Systems Programming, November 2000, pp. 28-40.
Kopetz, H., On the fault hypothesis for a safety-critical real-time system, ASWSD 2004, LNCS 4147, pp. 31-42, 2006.
MISRA, (MISRA C), Guideline for the use of the C Language in Vehicle Based Software, April 1998.
MISRA, Development Guidelines for Vehicle Based Software, November 1994 (PDF version 1.1, January 2001).
MISRA, Report 2: Integrity, February 1995.
NASA-GB-8719.13, NASA Software Safety Guidebook, NASA Technical Standard, March 31, 2004.
Rivett, "Emerging Software Best Practice and how to be Compliant", Proceedings of the 6th International EAEC Congress July 1997.
Posted by Phil Koopman at Monday, September 29, 2014 0 comments
Labels: Essays, safety, testing
Fail-Safe Mechanisms Must Be Tested
Some systems base their safety arguments on the presence of “fail-safe” behaviors. In other words, if a failure occurs, the argument is that the system will respond in a safe way, such as by shutting down in a safe manner. If you have fail-safe mechanisms, you need to test them with a full range of faults within the intended fault model to make sure they work properly.
Failing to specifically test for mitigation of single points of failure means that there is no way to be sure that the mitigation really works, putting safety of the system into doubt.
As an example, if a hardware watchdog timer is not turned on, it won’t reset the system, but there might be no way to tell whether the watchdog timer is on or not (or set to the wrong value, or otherwise used improperly) without specifically testing whether the watchdog works or not. Thus, you can’t take credit for having a watchdog timer unless you have actually tested that it works for each fault that matters (or, if there are many such faults, argue that you have attained sufficient coverage with the tests that are run).
Each and every fail-safe mechanism and fault management mechanism must be tested, preferably on a fully integrated system. Such tests may be difficult to perform in normal functional testing and may require intentional fault injection from the outside of the system (e.g., breaking a sensor) or fault injection at test points inside the system (e.g., intentionally killing a task using special test support infrastructure).
Fault injection is the process of intentionally inducing a hardware or software fault and determining its effect upon the system.
Fault management mechanisms, and especially fail-safe mechanisms, are often the key points upon which an argument as to the safety of a system rests. As an example, a safety case based on a watchdog timer detecting task failures requires that the watchdog timer actually work. While it is of course important to make sure that the system has been designed properly, there is no substitute for testing whether the watchdog timer is actually turned on during system test. (To revisit a point on system testing made elsewhere in my postings – system testing is not sufficient to ensure safety, but thorough system testing is certainly an important thing to do.) It is similarly important to specifically test every fault mode that must be handled by the system to ensure fault handling is done correctly.
Some examples of fault tests that should be performed include: killing each task independently to ensure that the death of any task is caught by the watchdog (and, by extension, cannot cause an unsafe system state); overloading the system to ensure that it behaves safely in an unanticipated CPU overload situation; checking that diagnostic fail-safes detect the faults they are supposed to and react by putting the system into a safe state; disabling sensors; disabling actuators; and others.
Another perspective on this topic is that ensuring safety usually involves arguing that all single points of failure have been mitigated to make the system safe. To demonstrate that the reasoning is accurate, a system must have corresponding failures injected to make sure that the mitigation approaches actually work, since the system’s safety case rests upon that assumption. This might include intentionally corrupting bits in memory, corrupting computations that take place, corrupting stack contents, and so on.
It is important to note that ordinary system functional testing tends to do a poor job at exercising fault mitigation mechanisms. As an example, if a particular task is never supposed to die, and testing has been thorough, then that task won’t die during normal functional testing (if it did, the system would be defective!). The point of detecting task death is to handle situations you missed in testing. But that means the mechanism to detect task death and perform a restart hasn’t been tested by normal system-level functional tests. Therefore, testing fail-safe mechanisms requires special techniques that intentionally introduce faults into the system to activate those fail-safes.
Safety critical systems are deemed safe only if they can withstand the occurrence of any single point fault. But, there is no way to know if they will really do that unless testing includes actually injecting representative single point faults to see if the system will respond in a safe manner. You can’t know if a system is safe if you don’t actually test its safety capabilities, and doing so requires fault injection. For example, if you expect a watchdog to detect failed tasks, you need to kill each and every task in turn to see if the watchdog really works. Arlat correctly states that “physical fault injection will always be needed to test the actual implementation of a fault tolerant system” (Arlat 1990, pg. 180)
The need to actually test fail-safe mechanisms to see if they really work should be readily apparent to any engineer. Pullum discusses this topic by suggesting the use of fault injection (intentionally causing faults as a testing technique) in the context of “verification of integration of fault and error processing mechanisms” for creating dependable systems (Pullum 2001, pg. 93).
“Fault injection is important to evaluating the dependability of computer systems. … It is particularly hard to recreate a failure scenario for a large complex system.” (Hsueh et al., 1997 pg. 75, speaking about the need for fault injection as part of testing a system). Mariani refers to the IEC 61508 safety standard and concludes that “fault-injection will be mandatory for soft error sensitivity verification” for safety critical systems (Mariani03, pg. 60). “A fault-tolerant computer system’s dependability must be validated to ensure that its redundancy has been correctly implemented and the system will provide the desired level of reliable service. Fault injection – the deliberate insertion of faults into an operational system to determine its response – offers an effective solution to this problem.” (Clark 1995, pg. 47).
Fault injection must include all possible single-point faults, not just faults that can be conveniently injected via the pins or connectors of a component. Rimen et al. compared internal vs. external fault injection, and found that that only 9%-12% of bit flip faults that occur inside a microcontroller could be tested via external pin fault injection (Rimen et al. 1994, p. 76). In 1994, Karlsson reported on the effectiveness of using a radioactive isotope to inject faults into a microcontroller (Karlsson 1994). Later fault injection work by Karlsson’s research group was performed on automotive brake-by-wire applications, sponsored by Volvo (Aidemark 2002), clearly demonstrating the applicability of fault injection as a relevant technique for safety critical automotive systems. And other similar work found defects in a safety critical automotive network protocol. (Ademaj 2003)
A test specifically on an engine control program using fault injection caused “permanently locking the engine’s throttle at full speed.” (Vinter 2001).
There are numerous other scholarly works in this area. An early example is Bossen (1981). Some others include: Arlat et al. (1989), Barton et al. (1990), Benso et al. (1999), Han (1995), and Kanawati (1995). As a more recent example, Baumeister et al. performed fault injection on an automotive braking controller via irradiating it and measuring the errors, finding that unprotected SRAM and unprotected microcontroller paths were both sensitive to upsets (Baumeister 2012, pg. 5)
MISRA Software Guidelines take it for granted that fault management capabilities will be tested (e.g., MISRA Software Guidelines 3.4.8.3 pg. 44, MISRA Report 4 p. v) “Fault injection test” is recommended by ISO 26262-6 (pg. 23) for software integration, noting that “This includes injection of arbitrary faults in order to test safety mechanisms (e.g., by corrupting software or hardware components).”
By the late 1990s fault injection tools had become quite sophisticated, and were capable of injecting faults while a system was running at full speed even if source code was not available (e.g., Carreira 1998).
An example of a testing approach along these lines is E-GAS (E-GAS), which includes numerous tests based on auto manufacturer experience to ensure that various faults will be handled safely.
It is important to note that while mitigation techniques such as watchdog timers are a good practice if implemented properly, they are not sufficient to guarantee safety in the face of random errors. For example, Gunneflo presents experimental evidence indicating that watchdog effectiveness is less than perfect, and depends heavily on the particular software being run. Gunneflo recommends: “To accurately estimate coverage and latency for watch-dog mechanisms in a specific system, fault injection experiments must be carried out with the final implementation of the system using the real software.” (Gunneflo 1989, pg. 347). In other words, even if you have a watchdog timer, you need to perform fault injection to understand whether there are holes in your fault tolerance approach.
Ademaj et al., Evaluation of fault handling of the time-triggered architecture with bus and star topology, DSN 2003.
Aidemark, Experimental evaluation of time-redundant execution for a brake-by-wire application, DSN 2002.
Arlat et al., Fault Injection for Dependability Validation of Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems, FTCS, 1989.
Arlat et al., Fault Injection for Dependability Validation: a methodology and some applications, IEEE Trans. SW Eng., 16(2), pp. 166-182 Feb. 1990.
Barton et al., Fault injection experiments using FIAT, IEEE Trans. Computers, pp. 575-592, April 1990.
Baumeister et al., Evaluation of chip-level irradiation effects in a 32-bit safety microcontroller for automotive braking applications, IEEE Workshop on Silicon Errors in Logic – System Effects, 2012.
Benso et al., Fault injection for embedded microprocessor-bases systems, J. Universal Computer Science, 5(10), pp. 693-711, 1999.
Bossen & Hsiao, ED/FI: a technique for improving computer system RAS, FTCS, 1981.
Carreira et al., Xception: a technique for the experimental evaluation of dependability in modern computers, IEEE Trans. Software Engineering, Feb. 1998, pp. 125-136.
Clark, J. et al. Fault Injection: a method for validating computer-system dependability, IEEE Computer, June 1995, pp., 47-56
EGAS, Standardized E-Gas monitoring concept for engine management systems of gasoline and diesel engines version 4.0, Work Group EGAS, Jan. 30, 2007.
Gunneflo et al., Evaluation of error detection schemes using fault injection by heavy-ion radiation, Fault Tolerant Computing Symposium, 1989, pp. 340-347.
Han et al., DOCTOR: An integrated software fault injection environment for distributed real-time systems, International Computer and Dependability Symposium, 1995, pp. 204-213.
Hsueh, M. et al., Fault injection techniques and tools, IEEE Computer, April 1997, pp. 75-82.
ISO 26262, Road vehicles – Functional Safety, International Standard, First Edition, Nov 15, 2011, ISO, part 6.
Kanawati et al., FERRARI: a flexible software-based fault and error injection system, IEEE Trans. Computers, 44(2), Feb. 1995, pp. 248-260.
Mariani, Soft errors on digital computers, Fault injection techniques and tools for embedded systems reliability evaluation, 2003, pp. 49-60.
MISRA, Report 4: Software in Control Systems, February 1995.
Pullum, L., Software Fault Tolerance Techniques and Implementation, Artech House, 2001.
Rimen et al., On microprocessor error behavior modeling, Fault Tolerant Computing Symposium, 1994, pp. 76-85.
Vinter, J., Aidemark, J., Folkesson, P. & Karlsson, J., Reducing critical failures for control algorithms using executable assertions and best effort recovery, International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2001, pp. 347-356.
Posted by Phil Koopman at Thursday, September 11, 2014 0 comments
Labels: Essays, safety, testing, watchdog timer
Peer Reviews and Critical Software
Every line of critical embedded software should be peer reviewed via a process that includes a physical face-to-face meeting and that produces an auditable peer review report.
Failing to perform peer reviews can reasonably be expected to increase the defect rate in software for several reasons. All real-world projects have limited time and resources, so by skipping or skimping on peer reviews developers have missed an easy chance to eliminate defects. With inadequate reviews, developers are spread thin chasing down bugs found during testing. Additionally, peer reviews can find defects that are impractical to find in most types of testing, especially in cases of fault management or handling unexpected/infrequent operating scenarios.
Every line of code must be reviewed by at least one independent, technically skilled person. That review must include actually reading the entirety of the code rather than just looking at selected portions.
Peer reviews must be documented so that it is possible to audit the fact that they took place and the effectiveness of the reviews. At a minimum this includes recording the name of the reviewer(s), the code reviewed, the date of the review, and the number of defects found. If no auditable documentation of software quality is available for incorporated components (e.g., safety certification or peer review reports), then new peer reviews must be performed on that third-party code.
Acceptable safety critical system software processes normally require a formal meeting-based review rather than a remote review, e-mail review, or other casual checking mechanism.
Peer reviews involve having an independent person – other than the author – look at source code and other design documents. The main purposes of the review are to ensure that code conforms to style guidelines and to find defects missed by the author of the code. Running a static analysis tool is not a substitute for a peer review, and neither is an in-person discussion that solely discusses the output of a static analysis tool. A proper peer review requires having an independent person (or, strongly preferable, a small group of independent reviewers) read the code in its entirety to ensure quality. The everyday analogy to a peer review is having someone else proof-read something you’ve written. It is nearly impossible to see all our own mistakes whether we are writing software or writing English prose.
It is well known that more formal reviews provide more efficient and effective results, with the gold standard being what is known as a Fagan Style Inspection (a “code inspection”) that involves a pre-review, a formal meeting with defined roles, a written review report, and follow up actions. Regardless of the type of review, accepted practice is to record the results of reviews and audit them to make sure every single line of code has been reviewed when written, and re-reviewed when a module has been modified.
General code inspection process.
Source: http://helmi.home.pages.at/idimt2000/idimt2000.html
MISRA requires a “structure program review” for SIL 2 and above. (MISRA Report 2 p. ix). MISRA specifically lists “Fagan Inspection” as a type of review (MISRA Software Guidelines p. 12), and devotes two appendices of a report on verification and validation to “walkthroughs,” listing structured walkthroughs, code inspections, Fagan inspections, and peer reviews (MISRA Report 6 pp. 132-136). MISRA points out that walkthroughs (their general term for peer reviews) “are acknowledged to be an effective process for identifying errors in programs – indeed they can be more effective than computer-based testing for certain types of error.”
MISRA also points out that fixing a bug may make things worse instead of better, and says that code reviews and analysis should be used to validate bug fixes. (MISRA Report 5 p. 135)
494. Peer reviews are somewhat labor intensive, and might account for 10% of the effort on a project. However, it is common for good peer reviews to find 50% or more of the defects in a code base, and thus finding defects via peer review is much cheaper than finding them via testing. Ineffective reviews can be diagnosed by the fact that they find far fewer defects. Acceptable peer reviews normally find defects that would be missed by testing, especially in parts of the code that are difficult to test thoroughly (for example, exception and failure management code).
McConnell devotes Chapter 24 to a discussion of reviews and inspections (McConnell 1993). Boehm & Basili summarized best practices for reducing software defects, and included the following point relevant to peer reviews: “Peer reviews catch 60 percent of the defects.” (Boehm 2001, pg. 137).
Ganssle lists four steps that should be the first steps taken to improve software quality. They are: “1. Buy and use a version control system; 2. Institute a Firmware Standards Manual; 3. Start a program of Code Inspection; 4. Create a quiet environment conducive to thinking.” #3 is his term for peer reviews, indicating his recommendation for formal code inspections. He also says that he knows companies that have made all these changes to their software process in a single day. (Ganssle 2000, p. 13). (Ganssle’s #2 item is coding style, discussed in Section 8.6. ).
MISRA Software Guidelines list the following as techniques on a one-picture overview of the software lifecycle: “Walkthrough, Fagan Inspection, Code Inspection, Peer Review, Argument, etc.” (MISRA Guidelines 1994, pg. 20) indicating the importance of formal peer reviews in a safety critical software lifecycle. Integrity Level 2 (which is only somewhat safety critical) and higher integrity levels require a “structured program review” (pg. 29). That document also gives these rules: “3.5.2.2 Before dynamic testing begins the code should be reviewed in accordance with the software verification plan to ensure that it does conform to the design specification” (pg. 56) and “3.5.2.3 Code reviews and/or walkthroughs should be used to identify any inconsistencies with the specifications” (pg. 56) and “4.3.4.3 The communication of information regarding errors to design and development personnel should be as clear as possible. For example, errors found during reviews should be fully recorded at the point of detection.”
MISRA C rule 116 states: “All libraries used in production code shall be written to comply with the provisions of this document, and shall have been subject to appropriate validation” (MISRA C pg. 55). Within the context of embedded systems, an operating system such as OSEK would be expected to count as a “library” in that it is code included in the system that is relied upon for safety, and thus should have been subject to appropriate validation, which would be expected to include peer reviews. If there is no evidence of peer review or safety certification, the system designer should perform peer reviews on the OS code (which is an excellent reason to use a safety certified OS!)
Fagan-style inspections are a formal version of a “peer review,” which involves multiple software developers looking at software and other design artifacts to find defects. Fagan-style inspections originated at IBM (Fagan 1976). A later paper presented updated techniques, concluding that “inspections increase productivity and improve final program quality. Furthermore, improvements in process control and project management are enabled by inspections.” (Fagan 1986). It is widely recognized that Fagan-style inspections are a best practice, and that some sort of effective peer review technique is an accepted practice.
Fagan-style Formal Inspections are recommended by the FAA (FAA 2000, p. J-23). IEC 61503-3 highly recommends performing some sort of design review on all software at all SILs, and recommends Fagan inspections at SIL4. (p. 91).
Boehm, B. & Basili, V., Software Defect Reduction Top 10 List, IEEE Computer, pp. 135-137, Jan. 2001.
FAA, System Safety Handbook, Appendix J: Software Safety, Federal Aviation Administration, Dec. 2000
Fagan, M., "Advances in software inspections," IEEE Trans. Software Engineering, SE-12, July 1986, pp. 744-751.
Fagan, M., "Design and code inspections to reduce errors in program development," IBM Systems Journal, 15(3), 1976, pp. 182-211.
Ganssle, J., The Art of Designing Embedded Systems, Newnes, 2000.
McConnell, Code Complete, Microsoft Press, 1993.
MISRA, Report 5: Software Metrics, February 1995.
MISRA, Report 6: Verification and Validation, February 1995.
Labels: Essays, peer reviews
Go Beyond System Functional Testing To Ensure Safe...
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BigBlueButton Foundation
July 12, 2010 by BigBlueButton Team
As many of you know, almost all successful open source projects have an independent foundation overseeing its growth. Good examples are the Sakai Foundation, Eclipse Foundation, and Mozilla Foundation.
In a similar manner, for the BigBlueButton project, we are planning to setup an independent not-for-profit company (a foundation) to accelerate the growth and adoption of the BigBlueButton.
The plans to create a foundation have been in the works for a few months, but given the recent activity in the market, we wanted to let our community know our intent.
While we can’t use the term “Foundation” here in Canada, BigBlueButton Inc. will be a membership based organization that will elect a board of directors, which, in turn, will elect an Executive Director. BigBlueButton Inc. will hold the license for the source code, the trademark for “BigBlueButton”, and represent the members as it carries out its mission, currently drafted as follows:
BigBlueButton Inc. is a vendor-neutral, non-profit company, whose mission is to double the value of remote students’ academic experiences and reduce the cost of institutions responsible for delivering these experiences by 50%.
BigBlueButton Inc. accomplishes its mission by becoming a keystone of a business ecosystem that provides strategic advantages to its members. The goal is to help remote students succeed academically and academic institutions and businesses succeed commercially worldwide.
If you are interested in knowing giving feedback or participating in the foundation, don’t hesitate to contact me at ffdixon at bigbluebutton dot org.
Get updates about BigBlueButton right to your inbox.
Tags: BigBlueButton, foundation
BigBlueButton
Developer Group
© 2019 BigBlueButton.
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Articles by BCR
Interaction with Big Cats Leads ...
Interaction with Big Cats Leads to Illegal Trafficking
Thailand’s Tiger Temple was founded in 1994 as a forest temple and sanctuary for wild animals. The temple rescued it’s first tiger in 1999, an orphaned cub that had been found in a local village. The cub died soon after its arrival. According to reports 8 cubs in need of rescue were brought to the temple a few years later. By January 2016 the temple housed more than 150 tigers.
Somewhere along the way the temple evolved from a rescue center to a breeding facility focused on profiting from the exploitation of their collection by charging tourists for photo ops.
The temple’s operations violated the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) international treaty on wildlife to which Thailand is a signatory, which bans commercial breeding of protected wild animals such as tigers for their parts or derivatives. In addition the temple did not possess a license required for breeding as determined by the Thai Wild Animals Reservation and Protection Act of 1992. Yet for years the temple continued to breed tigers for profit.
On the surface it appeared as the though the temple was solely profiting from tourists paying entrance fees to walk among the tigers and take selfies with the big cats. This practice in and of itself that results in tigers being bred for an unnatural life in captivity with no benefit to conserving the species in the wild. However, something much darker was taking place behind closed doors.
Following years of prodding from a coalition of international animal welfare organizations authorities in Thailand launched a crackdown on the Tiger Temple in June of this year. The ITC is comprised of 45 NGO’s (non-governmental organizations), including Big Cat Rescue, focused on ending the exploitation of captive big cats which has a direct impact on their wild counterparts.
Along with 137 live tigers, authorities seized the bodies of 40 tiger cubs in a freezer, 30 cubs preserved in jars and approximately 1,000 amulets made from tiger skin. These preserved cubs and trinkets were on their way to fuel the black market trade of this protected species.
Thailand’s Tiger Temple is just one of hundreds of similar interaction/farming operations. According to the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), there are more than 200 such centers across Asia ranging in size from tiny to huge. These centers, spread across China, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand, jointly house between 7,000-8,000 captive tigers. That’s thousands more than the estimated 3,900 tigers left in the wild, which occupy only about 7% of their historic range.
In addition the U.S. is reported to have more than 5,000 tigers living in captivity across the country. Many of these tigers will most likely end up being sold illegally to feed the demand for tiger parts, furs, and products.
The wild tiger population has declined more than 95% over the last 100 years. 2016 has also marked a significant upsurge in tiger poaching and trade. In India more tigers have been killed in the first five months of 2016 than in the whole year of 2015.
What is being done abroad?
Following the dramatic findings at Thailand’s Tiger Temple animal welfare groups across the globe are urging governments throughout Asia to put an end to tiger farming. The ITC continues to urge countries with tiger farms to end the breeding of tigers for commercial purposes and phase out existing tiger farms.
The dwindling population of wild tigers is threatened by the trade for nearly all of their body parts – from skin and bones, to teeth and claws. These products including tiger skin rugs and tiger bone wine are considered luxury items that elevates one status. Trade in captive tiger parts and products stimulates demand for tiger products, be it from wild or captive tigers, and undermines enforcement efforts by making it difficult to know whether seized tiger products come from wild or captive tigers.
In September Big Cat Rescue will join several other animal welfare leaders at the 17th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES in Johannesburg, South Africa. During the 12-day conference the coalition will attend meetings regarding the protection and conservation of several cat species including tigers as well as lobby attendees to support a ban on tiger farming.
In an effort to educate and solicit as many attendees as possible the coalition will man an information booth throughout the event. Additionally the coalition will be hosting a social gathering where presenters will speak in support of phasing out tiger farms.
What is being done here in the U.S.?
In April, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) tightened regulations in the trade of tigers, requiring all facilities that want to transfer tigers across state lines be registered, making it easier to detect illegal wildlife trafficking.
USFWS also rescinded the generic tiger loophole. The loophole allowed private owners to breed tigers whose lineage could not be traced back to the wild with no regulation while accredited facilities participating in the Species Survival Plan were heavily regulated and required permitting prior to breeding pure bred tigers in an effort to conserve the species.
Big Cat Rescue has been pressuring the USFWS since 2007 to rescind this loophole and in August of 2011 the generic tiger issue was published to the Federal Register for public comment and received over 15,000 comments in support of our request to ban the breeding of non purebred tigers. Still more needs to be done, including banning public contact with tigers for photo ops.
Back in 2012, a coalition of animal advocacy and conservation organizations including Big Cat Rescue, The Humane Society of the United States, World Wildlife Fund, Detroit Zoological Society, International Fund for Animal Welfare, Born Free USA, Fund for Animals and Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries petitioned the USDA to amend the Animal Welfare Act.
The change in rules would prohibit the public from coming into direct contact with dangerous animals, including big cats, bears and non-human primates, regardless of their age, as well as request that young animals aren’t separated from their mothers before a species-appropriate age.
Finally the USDA has taken a small but positive step forward with the prohibition of the public handling of big cat cubs including tigers, lions, jaguars, leopards, and cheetahs under the age of four weeks.
You can help end the exploitation of captive big cats and the abuse they endure as well as ensure the survival of these incredible species in the wild by taking action at BigCatAct.com
Jamie Veronica
President of Big Cat Rescue
A permanent sanctuary for big cats &
rehabilitation center for native FL bobcats
Carole Baskin on the Guilt of Her Past
In 1996, at four weeks of age, Auroara was the 3rd tiger to come ...
Tiger Skin and Tiger Bones Openly Traded on eBay in 2012
Tiger Skin and Tiger Bones Openly Traded on eBay in 2012 These tiger ...
BCR May 2, 2012
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California Bill to Protect Wild Mountain Lions Passes
Earlier this month we asked for your help to urge California Governor Jerry Brown ...
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5 Former NBA Players Who Need Their Jerseys Retired Immediately
Zach Buckley@@ZachBuckleyNBATwitter LogoNational NBA Featured ColumnistAugust 22, 2018
Fernando Medina/Getty Images
When it comes to handling jersey retirements, NBA teams are left to their own devices.
While most commonly used to honor all-time greats, there are a number of different purposes a jersey retirement can serve. Some have honored legendary broadcasters, owners, executives and coaches. The Orlando Magic raised a No. 6 for their fans. Michael Jordan and Dan Marino both have jerseys hanging above the Miami Heat's home floor. The Atlanta Hawks raised a ceremonial jersey for former mayor Kasim Reed.
Good luck figuring out the criteria that binds them all together.
We'll focus on the most obvious one here—former players who produced at historic levels. They must be retired and can't have a jersey hanging from any NBA arena. Other than that, it's fair game to decide the five players most deserving of a jersey retirement.
Elise Amendola/Associated Press
The question with retiring Ray Allen's jersey isn't whether he deserves it, but rather which one most belongs in the rafters.
He played more games with the Milwaukee Bucks (494) than he did with any other team, and he made his first three All-Star appearances there. He produced his best numbers with the then-Seattle SuperSonics, averaging 24.6 points and 4.2 assists over four-plus seasons. He posted a brilliant 47.2/40.9/91.4 shooting slash over five campaigns with the Boston Celtics, helping them to capture the 2007-08 title.
And while his shortest tenure came with the Miami Heat, he delivered his signature moment in South Beach. His miraculous game-tying triple in the closing seconds of Game 6 of the 2013 NBA Finals proved nothing short of a championship-saver.
The fact he isn't synonymous with a single organization perhaps explains why he enjoyed Hall of Fame enshrinement before a jersey retirement. But that might mean his threads deserve to be honored inside multiple arenas.
"I'd imagine Milwaukee eventually puts his jersey up, and I think there's an outside shot Miami does, if only for The Shot in 2013 against the Spurs," NBA.com's David Aldridge wrote. "And while the C's are running out of numbers, there's no doubting Allen's impact on the 2008 title team and the 2010 Finals team."
Allen remains the Association's all-time leader in threes (2,973), and he's a top-25 career scorer (24,505 points, 24th). If those numbers don't demand a jersey retirement, good luck finding any that do.
Ann Heisenfelt/Associated Press
Kevin Garnett dominated the NBA in impossible fashion.
He was the first preps-to-pros leaper in nearly two decades, paving a path for young phenoms behind him. He entered as a small forward and eventually shifted all the way to center, evolving both the frontcourt positions and the sport itself as a mobile, athletic and skilled big man. He made the Minnesota Timberwolves relevant, carrying a franchise that topped out at 29 wins before his arrival to the conference finals.
As a testament to his transformative versatility, he walked away as the NBA's only player ever to top 25,000 points, 14,000 rebounds, 5,000 assists, 2,000 blocks and 1,500 steals.
"There's the Hall of Fame and then there's a table at the Hall of Fame, and Kevin Garnett is at the table," then-Celtics head coach Doc Rivers said in 2012, per SB Nation's Paul Flannery. "There's very few people who get to sit at the table."
Garnett sits atop virtually every career counting category in Minnesota's franchise history. He paced the 2008 champion Celtics in win shares (12.9) and still sits No. 1 on the organization's all-time defensive box plus/minus rankings (3.5).
How does he not have at least one jersey hanging by this point? It's complicated.
Paul Pierce has said the Celtics will "without a doubt" retire Garnett's No. 5 at some point, per ESPN.com's Chris Forsberg. As for the Timberwolves, owner Glen Taylor has said "the door is open" if Garnett wants, per 1500 ESPN's Derek Wetmore, but the interest hasn't been reciprocated yet.
Grant Hill can't make the longevity argument for the Detroit Pistons to retire his duds, as he spent only six seasons in the Motor City. But shifting the conversation from quantity to quality makes this a no-brainer.
"I'll put my six years up there up against anybody else's six years," Hill said in 2016, per MLive.com's Eric Woodyard.
Because foot, ankle and knee injuries knocked Hill's career off course, casual NBA fans may have forgotten how formidable he was in his prime. Pistons diehards remember, though.
He grabbed co-Rookie of the Year honors out of the gate (with Jason Kidd) after averaging 19.9 points, 6.4 rebounds, 5.0 assists and 1.8 steals as a freshman. Only one rookie has ever matched that line: Michael Jordan.
Hill kept climbing from there. He was an All-NBA second-teamer the following season and always had an All-NBA roster spot over his final five years in Detroit. His six-year averages there landed at 21.6 points on 47.6 percent shooting, 7.9 rebounds, 6.3 assists and 1.6 steals. He averaged at least 20 points, six assists and six rebounds four different times, tying him for the fourth-most such seasons in league history.
Plus, it isn't as though he only had a cup of coffee in Detroit. He played 435 games for the Pistons, or only 47 fewer than Chauncey Billups, who had his jersey retired in 2016.
David J. Phillip/Associated Press
Tracy McGrady was ruthless.
Another high-school-to-NBA jumper, he wasn't put into a featured role until his fourth season. In his sixth season, he secured his first scoring title. He had the point-producing ability of a dynamic wing scorer, but he could also operate as a jumbo-sized playmaker at 6'8" and 210 pounds.
"The guy that always gave me the most problems was Tracy McGrady," Kobe Bryant said in 2013, via Dan Duangdao of Lakers Nation. "He had all the skills and all the athleticism, but he was 6'8" and he was very tough to figure out."
Speaking of tough figure out, it's hard to say which of McGrady's jerseys should be taken out of circulation.
While he played only four seasons for the Orlando Magic, he hit his statistical peak in Disney's home. He claimed both of his scoring titles there and walked away with per-game averages of 28.1 points, 7.0 rebounds and 5.2 assists. Only four players—each a perennial All-Star—has averaged a 28/7/5 line during the 2000s.
He played five-plus seasons with the Houston Rockets, but his body betrayed him late in his tenure. Still, he averaged at least 24 points, five rebounds and four assists during each of his first three years in Space City. Plus, he provided a career's worth of memorable moments there: 13 points in 35 seconds, demolishing Shawn Bradley, the improbable 22-game winning streak.
There are arguments to be made for either spot, but luckily, we don't have to make that call. We just know at least one of McGrady's jerseys should be hanging somewhere.
JOHN FROSCHAUER/Associated Press
Conjure up a mental image of the Sonics, and there's a great chance Gary Payton is involved somehow.
Maybe it's the trademark hard-nosed defense that earned him the nickname "The Glove." Or a perfectly placed lob pass to Shawn Kemp. Or Payton digging into the bag of tricks that helped him average 20-plus points seven different times.
His fingerprints are littered across the franchise's record books. He's the high man in a number of categories including games (999), minutes (36,858), assists (7,384), steals (2,107) and win shares (123.8).
It's worth noting all of these numbers came with a team that no longer has the same city or name. That's the reason Payton hasn't celebrated a jersey retirement yet.
"I will not go to Oklahoma and retire my jersey there," Payton said at a Seattle awards ceremony in 2017, per Matt Calkins of the Seattle Times. "You guys were the ones with me every day."
Payton eventually headed elsewhere, but not until he had invested 12-plus seasons with the organization. He made a Finals run with the 2003-04 Los Angeles Lakers and then captured a ring with the 2005-06 Heat.
But he'll always be associated with the Sonics, who drafted him second overall in 1990 and watched him become a Defensive Player of the Year, a nine-time All-Star and ultimately a Hall of Famer. If the Association makes it back to Seattle at some point, retiring Payton's No. 20 will be one of the first orders of business.
Unless otherwise indicated, all stats are from Basketball Reference or NBA.com.
Zach Buckley covers the NBA for Bleacher Report. Follow him on Twitter: @ZachBuckleyNBA.
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Early Lutherans and the Greek Church
October 3, 2017 October 18, 2017 · Fr. John W. Fenton
Editor’s Note: This article is part of an October 2017 series of posts on the Reformation and Protestantism written by O&H authors and guest writers marking the 500th anniversary of the nailing of Martin Luther’s 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. Articles are written by Orthodox Christians and discuss not just the Reformation as a historical event but also the spiritual heritage that descended from it.
In the earliest days of the Reformation, Martin Luther and other Protestant Reformers appealed to the Orthodox Church in support of claims against the Church of Rome. These appeals were indirect, intended to bolster their arguments that Roman innovations deviated from the faith of the Apostles. The Lutherans, in particular, saw themselves as not breaking from or forming a new “denomination,” but as the rightful heirs of the Western patrimony and, therefore, the continuation of the Western Church.
For this reason, within the first generation of the Reformation, conversations by leading Lutherans (the largest Protestant group) were initiated with the Patriarch of Constantinople. Since their liturgical, doctrinal, and moral propositions and practices were the least radical, the initial Lutheran presumption was that there was doctrinal agreement with the Orthodox, and that any differences could be easily clarified. As history shows, that presumption was presumptuous; but it did, at least, begin a conversation which has continued in recent times.
The history of this dialogue begins less than 100 years after the last serious attempted reunion of the churches of Constantinople and Rome in the Council of Florence (1438-1445). In 1517, Martin Luther publicly called for the reform in the Western churches of various moral, ecclesiastical, and doctrinal aberrations and deviations. Initially, he focused on pastoral abuses connected, in particular, with the Sacrament of Penance and living the life of repentance. When he posted his 95 propositions for debate, he expected the support of the Roman pontiff because he understood that he was offering no innovations, merely correctives.
To what extent this rather young and recent professor at a start-up university knew of the Council of Florence is unknown. But one can safely surmise that, as a doctor of theology, he knew of its existence and perhaps had read or heard of some of its acts. In either case, over time, Luther and his learned colleagues would, early on and in significant instances, reference “The Greek Church,” as they called it, to support their arguments.
In fact, only two years after the posting of his 95 Theses, after a famous debate in Leipzig with Johann Eck, Luther “wrote that he vigorously defended the Orthodox Church against Eck’s slanderous remarks that the Greek Church had lost the Christian faith after the fall of the Byzantine Empire.” (Mastrantonis, 10 n.1) Later that same year, he also pointed to the Orthodox Church to support his claims against papal supremacy, purgatory, the reception of only the Body of Christ in the Eucharist, the prohibition against celebrating Divine Liturgies (Masses) with no one present, and the notion of the Eucharistic sacrifice as propitiatory (rather than a sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving).
These appeals to the “Greek Church” were repeated not only by Luther but also by his colleagues, and some made their way into the Book of Concord, to which every Lutheran pastor and parish must formally pledge allegiance. The aim of these appeals was to indicate that the “Evangelical party” (as they were first known) was doing nothing new, and that Rome itself had departed from the faith once delivered. While Luther, in particular, and most of his colleagues never had or developed direct contact with the Orthodox bishops or theologians, they certainly knew of them, at least through the Greek patristic writings, and the early Lutherans assumed and expected that the Eastern churches had retained, without abuse or deviation, the ancient Christian faith.
Given these appeals to the Greek Church, attempts by the nascent Lutherans to contact the Orthodox Church would not seem unlikely. If that happened is increasingly unknown, despite the oft-repeated story that Philipp Melanchthon, Luther’s “right-hand man,” worked with Orthodox Deacon Demetrios Mysos to translate the Augsburg Confession into Greek. What is certain is that there is no record of correspondence, and scant, if any, knowledge of the Protestants by the various Orthodox patriarchs until 30 years after Luther’s death.
In the 1570s, when the Lutherans were consolidating their teachings, leading Lutheran theologians wrote to the Patriarch of Constantinople, sending him a copy of the Augsburg Confession (the primary and constitutive document of Lutheranism). This endeavor was led by Jacob Andreae, one of the leading Lutheran scholars, a theology professor and chancellor at the leading Lutheran university in Tübingen, and the author of several anti-Calvinist statements which culminated in the Book of Concord.
In addition to his university colleagues, Andreae was assisted by Stephen Gerlach, their hand-picked chaplain to the German embassy in Constantinople. These Lutheran leaders “had some knowledge of the Orthodox Church, although they had no knowledge of contemporary Orthodoxy because of… the fall of the Byzantine Empire” in 1453. (Mastrantonis, 9-10) Nevertheless, they initiated a conversation with the patriarch because they believed that the Orthodox Church remained true to the Ecumenical Councils while eschewing the innovations of the Roman church.
The correspondence was conducted by a small group of Lutheran theologians and the learned Patriarch Jeremias, who wrote his replies after consulting several advisers. It followed the outline of the articles of faith and practice found in the Augsburg Confession. The letters consisted of three official exchanges (and a number of ancillary letters), which were pointed but cordial and polite. Common ground was easily found included the doctrine of Christ, evil as caused by humans, ancestral sin and its transmission, the perpetual virginity of Mary, the efficacy of baptism, the abuses of papal primacy and supremacy, the allowance of married clergy, and communion in both species. (For a more detailed list of similarities and differences in the correspondence, see Mastrantonis, 20-24.) These, and other lesser points of agreements, were quickly dispensed by both sides in favor of focusing on disputed issues.
As the dialogue progressed, two underlying themes became evident. First, the Orthodox accepted many more of the Roman teachings and practices than the Lutherans expected; for example, the number and nature of the sacraments, intercessions to the saints, and a laudatory understanding of icons, relics, and monasticism. Second, the Lutherans retained several Roman teachings and practices that had precipitated or evolved after the Great Schism; namely, the acceptance of the filioque, the use of unleavened bread, questions revolving around predestination, and the refusal to commune infants.
The greatest sticking points, however, were those which one would expect: the Lutherans refused to accept the writings of the holy fathers as correctly interpreting the Scriptures unless “tradition agrees with the Scripture”; and the Orthodox refused to accept the Lutherans’ sharply defined understandings of justification and free will. Among these, this criticism by the Lutheran theologians is striking to Orthodox eyes:
It is apparent to us… that you have greater regard for the traditions of the Church which you have received by succession, from hand to hand; and nothing of all that you have inherited from your fathers do you willingly concede…. [S]uch traditions and ethos in the Church… which we understand were in use even at the time of the Apostles in the Early Church… we do not reject at all, but we gladly practice them if indeed they are useful to the needs of our time. (Mastrantonis, 255)
The dialogue was desired and initiated by the Lutherans because they sought the patriarch’s agreement that they maintained the faith that always been believed. The Orthodox, on the other hand, were no longer in a position to seek reunion or continued contact with the West, and so they had little or no first-hand knowledge of the general issues and details of the dispute.
The patriarch and his advisers were apparently not opposed to conversation and gave no hint that it would tread carefully so as not to offend Roman sensibilities. The Lutherans, on the other hand, too often appear to have read the patriarch’s replies and arguments within the categories and context of their conflict with Rome, rather than supposing that similar language implied similar categories and conclusions.
While helped by the personal contact of Gerlach and the supplementary correspondence, it does not appear that either side made the effort to probe more deeply into the reasons for certain doctrinal formulations—for example, the context for the Lutheran understanding of “free will” or the Orthodox nuance on invoking the saints apart from a medieval system of merits. Additionally, neither side seemed to use the areas of agreement as a foundation for understanding the areas of dispute.
Most regrettably, neither side apparently attempted to place the doctrinal formulae within a liturgical context by experiencing or understanding each other’s worship. No doubt, that effort alone would have raised other issues—for example, how the Orthodox resolved the apparent conflict between Christ as the only Savior while offering excessive praise to Mary, or how the Lutherans so readily presumed to excise the canon of the mass.
Despite the various shortcomings, the exchange presents a pattern for respectful, humble dialogue which does not brush aside but honestly wrestles with significant differences. It also subtly underlines many areas of agreement between Lutherans and Orthodox which can be the foundation for any well-meaning conversation.
This conversation, I suggest, happens best not on the international level between specially selected representatives, but rather on the local level where the desire is not so much to “negotiate” but to understand and learn from each other in a spirit of mutual respect, as demonstrated by Patriarch Jeremias and the Tübingen theologians and in a more recent example, Changing Churches by Mickey Mattox and Fr. Anthony (A. G.) Roeber.
George Mastrantonis, Augsburg and Constantinople.
Jaroslav Pelikan, The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (The Christian Tradition, volume 2).
About Fr. John W. Fenton
The Very Rev. John W Fenton is pastor of St. Michael Orthodox Church in Whittier CA, and Assistant to the Vicar General of the Antiochian Western Rite. He was a Lutheran pastor for 16 years.
Inter-ChristianLutheranProtestantismReformationJohn W. FentonlutheranReformation500
Do the Orthodox Have Confessions?
A Year to Remember: The Reformation Jubilee of 1617
Hoc Est Corpus Meum: Luther's Reformation Gets Away From Him
The Reformation at 500: An Orthodox View
What Reformers Before the Reformers?
Fine article and balance. Thanks for this. Given Luther’s writing on marriage, and
his vitriolic hostility to virginity & monastic vows (encouraging hundreds if not
thousands to break those vows) there are more than a few problems to deal with.
Fr. John W. Morris. says:
I spent almost 20 years as an Orthodox representative to the North American Orthodox Lutheran Ecumenical Dialogue. The major issue that divides us is the Lutheran acceptance of the Augustinian understanding of original sin and free will. We spent several years discussing these issues and were unable to reach agreement. The Lutherans teach that as a result of original sin, we are born totally deprived and unable to do anything towards our salvation. Orthodox reject total depravity and believe that we can respond by the use of our free will to God’s offer of salvation. Then the radical changes that took place within the Evangelical Lutheran Church such as women’s ordination and the acceptance of homosexuality led to a total break down of the dialogue.
Fr John W Fenton says:
Fr John,
How glad I am that you responded. You’re quite right, of course, about modern issues. I’m also convinced that had Martin Chemnitz led the dialogue in the 16ht century, it would have been more nuanced. His views on free will and sin were more reflective of the Orthodox understanding, I think, than those of Jacob Andreae.
Nicholas Stephen Griswold says:
Thank you Father for a good discussion of the early history of the Lutheran Church and its attempt to contact the Orthodox Church. In the OCA we are seeing more Lutherans converting to Orthodoxy these days and they buy plenty of Icons at our bookstore. I don;t think they are venerating the Saints but at least they are contemplating them.
You’re welcome, Nicholas. Glad that you found the essay helpful. And sometimes the mere presence of icons draws one into veneration. One of the greatest kindnesses was a priest who gently asked if he could bless the icon I bought when I was a Lutheran seminarian. I still have that icon, and am convinced it was helpful in my journey.
I too, think having Icons around draws a person into a deeper faith. Who knows, perhaps having the Icon garners the Saints attention and they begin to pray for the person who has it.
John Kuhn Bleimaier says:
A very useful article. Would it not be possible to view the original Lutherans as the most genuinely “orthodox” given their complete reliance on Scripture as the ultimate authority? Recognizing this as a possibility forms the basis of a mutually respectful, brotherly, Christian dialogue. Of course the situation is complicated by the fact that one nominally Lutheran group (the ELCA) has tragically broken with Scriptural authority on certain key moral issues. Prayerful consideration and vigilance against false doctrine is always imperative for all Christians.
Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick says:
A very useful article. Would it not be possible to view the original Lutherans as the most genuinely “orthodox” given their complete reliance on Scripture as the ultimate authority?
What about all the other Protestant groups who would describe themselves in exactly the same terms? Orthodox can’t mean just a recognition of Scripture as the ultimate authority, because Scripture has to be interpreted. (And this isn’t historically what orthodox has meant, in any event.)
John, thanks for your comment.
I would agree that the early Lutherans were closer to the Orthodox than other Protestants, but not because of “their complete reliance on Scripture as the ultimate authority.” In fact, in the 16th century dialogues, this viewpoint was disputed by Patriarch Jeremias. The Lutherans “closeness,” rather, depended upon their refusal to jettison much of what they had received (Tradition).
As Fr Andrew has correctly stated, everyone reads the Scriptures through the lens of a tradition. Perhaps my essay which appears tomorrow will help describe the differences between the Orthodox and Lutheran/Protestant views of Tradition.
John-Otto Liljenstolpe says:
Even though a full communion between Lutherans and Orthodoxy does not appear possible, that does not mean that the two traditions can not learn from one another. For instance the Orthodox under understanding of the nature of hell and theosis is being embraced bu more and more Lutherans. And Russian Orthodox priests and seminarians have traveled to the United States to learn about pastoral care programs and practices from Lutherans and other Protestants.
Zachary Uram says:
Interesting. As a Reformed Protestant I welcome ecumenical dialogue!
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Time and Exegesis: Reflections on Contemporary Orthodox Approaches to Scripture (Guest Post)
December 18, 2018 December 17, 2018 · Nicole M. Roccas
Today I’ve asked my friend, Dr. Miriam DeCock, to reflect on how time/temporality shapes her academic field of training. I first met Miriam when we both started teaching at the Orthodox School of Theology at Trinity College in Toronto. She’s since moved on to new opportunities (and is about to head off to a postdoc in Denmark!), so it was neat to catch up with her on one of my favorite topics…
I’m grateful to Dr. Roccas for the invitation to reflect on what I currently research and write about—early Christian scriptural exegesis—in relation to the category of time. This has given me the opportunity to think about a couple of interrelated questions I’ve wanted to pursue since joining the Orthodox Church a few years ago:
How are the Orthodox to engage with the exegesis of patristic authors today?
What place should the methodologies and insights of modern historical criticism occupy in our approach to Scripture?
Perhaps, at first glance, these questions appear unrelated to the theme of time. However, I want to suggest that many of the recent attempts to answer these questions reveal a somewhat inadequate understanding of our relationship to time, given our place in history.
It seems to me that among Orthodox scholars, answers to this twofold question tend to fall across a spectrum with two extreme poles.
Extreme 1: Privileging the Past
At one extreme the exegesis of the Church Fathers takes permanent pride of place. Although scholars rarely make this argument explicitly, we consistently encounter this kind of thinking in our churches. The risk, here, is that we may begin to privilege the past in a way that fails to account for either the hermeneutical developments since the “golden age” of the Fathers or the considerable distance between the late antique mind and our own. In effect, history (or at least our perception of it) can become frozen in the early centuries.
Extreme 2: Presentism
On the other end of the spectrum are those who argue that the historical critical method, while imperfect, is the best available approach to Scripture, and should therefore supersede all earlier approaches (e.g. Kesich, 1972). This “presentist” attitude runs an equal but opposite risk as privileging the past, for it overlooks the historical circumstances that gave rise to the historical critical approach itself, not to mention that it undermines the authority of Church Tradition. It also suggests that the Church Fathers were not interested in history, which they certainly were, even if in ways that we do not recognize as decidedly historical in the modern sense.
As we might expect, however, most Orthodox scholars rightly fall somewhere between these two poles, arguing that some combination of patristic and historical critical methodologies is preferable (e.g. Hopko, 1970; Louth, 1983; Breck, 1983, 1986, 1996; Stylianopoulos, 2002; McGuckin, 2002; Pentiuc, 2014; this is not an exhaustive list). There seems to be a general consensus that, as a post-Enlightenment church, the strengths and insights of historical critical research ought to be incorporated into our interpretive tool kit, although few have specified what those may be, and fewer articulate how the two methods might interact.
One way historical critical methods have benefited Orthodox approaches to Scripture involves the insights that study of the original languages of biblical texts shed on the historical development of key terms (Louth) and concepts (Stylianopoulos).
Similarly, others maintain that, in certain respects, the historical critical approach’s “hermeneutic of suspicion” is helpful to elucidate otherwise overlooked historical realities, such as the role of women in the early church (McGuckin).
To this list, I would add an example from recent New Testament scholarship: the situating of New Testament books within the context of contemporary early Jewish writings such as the apocrypha, pseudepigrapha, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Such comparisons aid us in our understanding of the early (Jewish) Christians’ interactions with contemporary Jews’ scriptural interpretation, Torah observance, synagogue participation, as well as messianic, eschatological, and apocalyptic thought. These topics have direct bearing on the New Testament, and these comparisons can help prevent us from providing unnecessarily ignorant, and sometimes anti-Semitic readings of it.
I would therefore suggest that at least in our treatment of the literal level of Scripture—I do not need to convince the majority of Orthodox of its multiple levels—we cannot afford to neglect the insights of historical critical research. However, because we also take seriously other levels of interpretation, such as the moral, spiritual or mystical, we likewise cannot afford to stop at the literal-historical level either. To neglect either is to risk misinterpreting our exegetical place in time.
Learning From and With Others
The reality of our present situation as Orthodox in the West is that genuine interaction with other Christians is vital, and some non-Orthodox scholars have been grappling with what to do with historical critical research for much longer than we have. I suspect we Orthodox would do well to consult the work that non-Orthodox Christians have already done.
Rather than assuming that Catholics and Protestants have their approach to these questions all wrong, as we Orthodox sometimes unfortunately do, what if we saw this topic as a potential avenue for genuine ecumenical exchange?
Why not consider interacting seriously with, for example, the Catholic Church’s official statements on ecclesial exegesis, such as the Pontifical Biblical Commission’s 1993 statement (Williamson, 2003), or with Catholic patristics scholars, such as Brian Daley, who has asked similar questions about the place of patristic exegesis today (Daley, 2002)? In fact, Daley proposes (rightly in my view) that one of the strengths of putting the historical critical method in conversation with ecclesial exegesis is that it allows for ecumenical exchange. He engages with thinkers from the Church of England, such as the Episcopalian Ephrem Radner and the 19th-century thinker, John Keble.
Likewise, our own Andrew Louth engages with the thought of John Henry Newman and Brevard Childs, and cites the 17th-century Caroline Divine author Jeremy Taylor’s Life of Christ as an example of the fusion of patristic and historical critical reading strategies.
There is much work to be done, both in terms of fusing the most appropriate insights of both patristic exegesis and historical critical research, and in terms of the working out of the theoretical questions with respect to specific biblical passages. To do this well, we need to recognize our exegetical place in time, and the temporal dimension of scriptural interpretation.
Breck, The Power of the Word in the Worshipping Community (Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 1986).
______, “Exegesis and Interpretation: Orthodox Reflections on the ‘Hermeneutical Problem’” (SVTQ 27.2, 1983), 75-92.
______, “Orthodox Principles of Biblical Interpretation” (SVTQ 40.1-2, 1996), 44-73.
Daley, “Is Patristic Exegesis Still Useful? Reflections on Early Christian Interpretation of the Psalms (Communio 29.1, 2002), 185-216.
Hopko, “The Bible in the Orthodox Church” (SVTQ 14:1-2, 1970), 3-36.
Kesich, The Gospel Image of Christ: The Church and Modern Criticism (Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 1972).
Louth, Discerning the Mystery (London, OUP, 1983).
McGuckin, “Recent Biblical Hermeneutics in Patristic Perspective: The Tradition of Orthodoxy” (GOTR 47.1-4, 2002), 295-326.
Pentiuc, The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition (Oxford, OUP: 2014).
Stylianopoulos, “Perspectives in Orthodox Biblical Interpretation” (GOTR 47.1-4, 2002), 327-338.
Williamson, “Catholic Principles for Interpreting Scripture” (CBQ 65.3, 2003), 327-349.
Miriam DeCock has a PhD from McMaster University’s Department of Religious Studies in the field of Early Christianity. Her thesis is entitled “Alexandrian and Antiochene Exegesis and the Gospel of John.” She is currently living in Edmonton, Alberta with her husband Caleb, and attends the OCA parish, St. Herman of Alaska’s Orthodox Sobor. In February she will begin a Marie Curie postdoctoral fellowship at Aarhus University’s Theology Department in the School of Culture and Society where she will work on Origen’s recently discovered Homilies on the Psalms.
andrew louthExegesisGuest posthistoryNativity Fast Blogathon
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The Joy of Waiting: Time and Psalmody in St. Benedict (Guest Post)
Robert Johannes Ulrich says:
Hello Miriam
Your bio says, that you’ll be in Aarhus, Denmark from February. This is where I live, and my parish celebrates Vespers & Liturgy here (in danish though).
If you go to http://www.ortodoks.dk you’ll find my contact info, and I can tell you more.
Hope to see you 😉
Nicole M. Roccas says:
Thanks Robert, I’ll make sure Miriam takes a look at this comment!
Wonderful! So glad someone is talking about this!
Although Richard Swinburne can be much maligned in Orthodox circles, his book Revelation is a wonderful look at scripture as a text of The Church . He comes to roughly the same conclusions as Louth, which is remarkable, given that Louth comes from a continentalist perspective (philosophically) and Swinburne from an analytic. For a non-Orthodox “Orthodox” view on this, Nicholas Woltersorff’s work Divine Discourse is also excellent.
Fr John Behr’s forthcoming book on the gospel of John will be a fascinating addition to this list as well. His book The Mystery of Christ fleshes his view out a little bit.
I personally find Behr, Breck and Swinburne the most helpful.
I’m contemplating doing a dissertation on an Orthodox view of scripture in light of historical-criticism, so if Dr. DeCock could email me (can YOU view my email? I know it says our email is not published), that might be helpful. I’m wondering if she knows of anyone that would be interested in overseeing such a project. I know it’s far too broad a topic, but I want to at least start from there.
By the way, I miss the blog Departing Horeb. After Fr Tom of blessed memory passed, it was the only thing on Ancient Faith dealing with these questions. I hope there’s more to come.
Thanks Dr. Roccas!
Hi Mark, thanks for following up! I’ll make sure Miriam takes a look at your post and share her email address with you (yes I can view your email) 🙂 Take care and have a blessed Christmas! –Nicole
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April 22, 2019 by NOW National
Trump Tells UN to Accept Use of Rape as War Weapon
WASHINGTON, D.C. — It’s been reported that the U.S. is threatening to veto a United Nations (UN) resolution combatting the use of rape as a weapon of war because it calls for rape victims to have access to family planning and women’s health clinics.
This is only the most recent—and sickest—example of the Trump Administration’s hard line against any UN effort to promote sexual or reproductive health, on grounds that such efforts promote support for abortions. Trump also wants to block UN use of the word “gender,” asserting that the language is a cover for endorsement of transgender rights.
Under international law, conflict-related sexual violence is regarded as a crime against humanity. During the Rwanda genocide of 1994, it was used with the intent of destroying an entire population.
Donald Trump doesn’t care about any of that. In one of his first acts as president, he reinstituted the Global Gag Rule, which bars U.S. federal funding for non-governmental organizations that provide abortion counseling or referrals. This latest threat to the UN resolution is yet another attempt to deny access to abortion to women all over the world and kowtow to the religious extremists who fueled his political rise while abandoning responsibility for healing and bringing justice to survivors.
Trump is aided in these efforts by a small group of other countries who seek to control women’s reproductive health, including Russia and China. The Vatican and the “Holy See” at the UN is also constantly intervening to stop any progress towards expanding reproductive health access around the world, thereby limiting desperately needed aid for victims of this horrific violence.
This is disgusting. This is sick. This is wrong. This must not be allowed to happen. NOW calls on the Trump Administration to support—and strengthen—UN action against sexual violence as a weapon of war, not water it down.
NOW Press, press@now.org, 202-570-4745
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Cinecon 53: come for the classics, stay for the Kinescopes
By Bill Brioux August 30, 2017
Keaton from his 1928 classic “Steamboat Bill, Jr.” See it like never before at Cinecon
Those of you who read this site regularly (you both know who you are) are undoubtedly aware that my favourite TV channel is TCM — Turner Classic Movies. No other channel caters to its fan base with such style and provides such well archived content.
Ben Mankiewicz has proved that classic film, as his intro proclaims, is in his blood as he carries on the handy headline hosting tradition established by his colleague and mentor, the late Robert Osborne.
The network makes the most of its library of classic films by programming them under “Summer Under the Stars” and other monthly promotions. It isn’t afraid to throw the occasional silent title into prime time, as it did the other night with a rare and beautifully restored Marion Davies feature from the ’20s.
Still, there is no substitute for watching these films the way God and DeMille intended — within the hushed confines of an impressive movie palace. Such a treat awaits patrons of a festival taking place over this coming Labor Day weekend in Los Angeles: Cinecon 53.
On Thursday, August 31st, the festival will open with a gala, red carpet reception in one of Hollywood’s oldest and grandest remaining movie palaces — the Egyptian Theater. The landmark cinema was built in 1922 — a few years before Sid Grauman opened its more famous cousin down the street: the Chinese. For several years, he Egyptian has been catering exclusively to classic film lovers as home to the American Cinematheque.
The Hollywood Foreign Press Association recently awarded a US$500,000 grant to restore the cinema. This work was carried out during 2016-17, with even the murals and the palm trees outside getting some much needed attention.
The outdoor Egyptian courtyard
The pre-sound movie house has an unusually deep stage in order to accommodate live orchestras and other stage shows. This will be put to good use on Thursday, opening night of the festival, at a screening of one of Buster Keaton’s most elaborate and entertaining films, “Steamboat Bill Jr.” (1928). The Famous Players Orchestra will provide live musical accompaniment throughout the feature.
In attendance, as guest of honor, will be legendary actor Norman Lloyd, still spry at 102. He’ll be presented with the Cinecon Legacy Award by Howie Mandel and, schedule permitting, Judd Apatow.
Besides the joy of sharing this cinema experience with an audience, there is the bonus of seeing the best available prints projected in their original, 35mm format. If you’ve ever squinted through a standard 8mm projection of a part of an early Chaplin or Laurel & Hardy feature, you will be amazed at how clean and modern these images look under the proper conditions. It’s like seeing a classic film for the very first time.
Most movie theatres ditched their 35mm projectors several years ago as digital projection became the standard. Thanks to another grant of US$350,00 from the HFPA, The Egyptian is now equipped to run older, somewhat less stable Nitrate film stock, This will allow for a screening of “Untamed” (1940), a film that begins during a hunting trip to Canada. It’s all part of the festival’s “Saturday Nitrate Fever” program. Actress Patricia Morison, who stars in the film and, like Lloyd, is 102, is slated to take part in a Q&A after the screening. So if you’re asking questions, speak up!
With Taffel (right) at a pre-Cinecon screening
New this year at Cinecon — and of particular interest to a TV on Film collector like me — is a salute to the early years of television. Before trans-Atlantic cables allowed for coast-to-coast broadcasts, and before videotape was in practice to record what went on the air, many early TV shows were recorded live off monitors on 16mm film and then shipped to other locations (including overseas army bases). It was the only way to capture a live show back in the late ’40s and early ’50s. The process was known as Kinescoping.
Collecting Kinescopes is a passion of 16mm archivist and Cinecon president Stan Taffel. Back in January, Stan treated me to a preview of many of the films he’ll be showing Saturday at the downstairs “Spielberg” Theatre at the Egyptian in a program titled, “Kinecon at Cinecon.”
Among the 16mm gems Taffel will unspool Saturday afternoon:
A 15 min. episode of The Bob and Ray Show from 1953. The popular radio duo do their shtick at a Long Island race track.
A young, skinny Dick Van Dyke auditioning for CBS in 1955.
A comedy fragment from the long forgotten NBC Pinky Lee Variety Show from 1950.
A clip of Steve Allen from 1957 showing the late night pioneer with three of his house comedians –Louis Nye, Tom Poston and Don Knotts — as well as a surprise guest.
A rehearsal for a live Nabisco commercial during a 1958 broadcast of the daytime game show Concentration.
A knock out performance by Sammy Davis Jr. on a 1954 episode of NBC’s Colgate Comedy Hour — recorded five days before a near fatal car accident cost the entertainer his left eye.
Bob & Ray
There’s much more, including clips of Dinah Shore, Martha Raye and ’50s boxing champ Rocky Graziano. If you’re at all curious about the early days of television, and you’re in the LA area over the Labor Day weekend, walk like an Egyptian to the Egyptian.
There are many more film gems over the four-day festival including a tribute to comedian Jackie Oakie. Where else can you find that? For more information, as well as a full schedule and tickets, follow this link to the full Cinecon site, and pass the popcorn!
Buster KeatonCineconEgyptian TheaterHowei MandelJudd ApatowKinescopesLloyd NolanPatricia MorisonStan Taffel
Ben Edlund explains his new take on The Tick
August 25, 2017 3 Mins Read
Q&A with Twin Peaks’ Kyle MacLachlan
September 6, 2017 3 Mins Read
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Oil and helicopters
I am reading the annual report from United Technologies - which owns, amongst other things, a helicopter company. To quote:
On the commercial side, Sikorsky finished the year with a backlog of nearly $3 billion — its largest ever — driven by growing demand for offshore transportation in the oil and gas industry.
I am not sure how good that backlog is.
Disclosure: no positions. Primarily reading because we have a disclosed position in a jet engine company (Rolls Royce) and like the follow the competition (Pratt and Whitney).
PS. I have received at least half a dozen emails about the hostage drama in Sydney. It is 5km away and I know no more than you can find out from internet. We can see the city from our office though and the number of helicopters swarming around has reduced.
Denny Crane said...
Helicopter industry figures compared for 2013
Written by ADIT - The Bulletin, Monday, 7 April 2014
Finmeccanica recently released its financial results for 2013 allowing us now to review and compare the global helicopter industry’s figures for the period.
From a revenue point of view, it appears that
Airbus Helicopters still has the lead with revenue of $8.670 million (up 0.5% from last year),
Sikorsky Aircraft, with a 2013 revenue of $6.253 million (down 6.5%),
AgustaWestland, getting closer to the second seed with$5.612 million (down 3.9%, but mainly because of the reduction of around $415 million in revenue coming from the cancellation of the Indian VIP helicopters contract) and
Bell Helicopter, with revenue of $4 511 million (up 5.5% from 2012).
On the operating margin side, the situation is the complete opposite.
Bell Helicopter, despite a reduction of 2.3pts still is the number one in this field with an operating margin of 12.7%,
followed by AgustaWestland at 11.4% (up from 10.85% one year ago),
Sikorsky Aircraft, for the first time in years below 10% with 9.5% (from 10.5%),
and, Airbus Helicopters, still fourth (as is has been the case for quite a long time now), with 6.4% (and down –before on off- from 6.9% one year ago).
Regarding deliveries, Airbus Helicopters remains second in numbers behind
Robinson Helicopter, but first in our rating (as in their own one as they only count helicopters above 1.3 tons), with 497 helicopters delivered in 2013 (up from 475).
Number 2 in number of deliveries appears to be Bell Helicopter with 279 helicopters (up 11%), and split between 213 commercial aircraft (up from 188) and 66 military platforms (up from 63). The Texas based helicopter maker is followed by
Sikorsky Aircraft with 240 units delivered in 2013, in line with 2012, but with different situation in military and commercial deliveries. While commercial deliveries were up to 63 from 34, military ones were down to 177 from 202, actually explaining the 16.6% drop of the company in operating profit.
At last, AgustaWestland delivered a total of 230 helicopters, but as the AW139 represents a pretty fair proportion of the total, this number is compensated by the value of assets sold.
Orders and backlogs also reveal very different situations among OEMs.
Two of the saw their backlogs increase (AgustaWestland and Sikorsky Aircraft) while two others saw them decrease (Airbus Helicopters and Bell Helicopter).
AgustaWestland recorded orders in 2013 worth $6 036 million (up 9% from 2012), allowing the backlog to reach $16 422 million, representing 2.93 years of revenue. Yet, one has to underline that it benefited from a big boost in Q4, mainly coming the Norwegian orders for 16 AW101 SAR helicopters, worth $1.6 billion, allowing sales to be up 23.3% for that specific period. Orders in Q4 thus represented 49% of the total orders for 2013.
Airbus Helicopters recorded orders worth $7 950 million, up from $7 400 million in 2012, which is pretty good given the difficult year that the company faced on various grounds (EC175 delays, EC225 grounded…). This allows Airbus Helicopters to have a pretty heavy backlog worth $17 100 million, representing 2.15 years of production, although down 4% from last year.
Sikorsky, while not communicating on the value of orders received, indicated that the total backlog now reaches $14 900 million, up from $14 400 million at the end of 2012, leading to think that the book to bill is fairly above one. Sikorsky’s backlog represents 2.38 years of production. Just like Sikorsky,
Bell Helicopter is not communicating on orders over the period.
But having a look at the backlog evolution, it appears that the company’s backlog felt 14% or $1 billion between the end of 2012 and the end of 2013, now reaching $6 500 million, far behind the three other companies, as the backlog only represents 1.44 years of production. Among the $1bn reduction, $400 million is coming from V-22 reduction.
How do you feel about the backlog for RR's marine segment?
Frozen in the North said...
The correlation between demand for helicopters and oil prices is shockingly high. But then, the E&P sector account for the bulk of helicopter usage....
Wilfried said...
Surely those $3 bn is helicopter money?
abee crombie said...
Take a look at the biggest E&P helicopter user HELI.
~50% of Sikorsky's backlog is spoken for by Milestone Avaiation Group, which was recently purchased by GE Capital for $1.8B. MAG leases helicopters to helicopter service companies. Bristow Group (BRS) is the largest. CHC Helicopters (HELI) is a smaller (and much less profitable) competitor.
There other private lessors out there, such as Waypoint and LCI.
So, I would be looking more at BRS and HELI (and maybe GE) than UTX.
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The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World: From Colonization to Globalization
Clare Mar-Molinero
Taylor & Francis, 1 nov. 2002 - 256 páginas
Spanish is now the third most widely spoken language in the world after English and Chinese. This book traces how and why Spanish has arrived at this position, examining its role in the diverse societies where it is spoken from Europe to the Americas. Providing a comprehensive survey of language issues in the Spanish-speaking world, the book outlines the historical roots of the emergence of Spanish or Castilian as the dominant language, analyzes the situation of minority language groups, and traces the role of Spanish and its colonial heritage in Latin America. The book is structured in four sections: Spanish as a national language: conflict and hegemony Legislation and the realities of linguistic diversity Language and education The future of Spanish. Throughout the book Clare Mar-Molinero asks probing questions such as: How does language relate to power? What is its link with identity? What is the role of language in nation-building? Who decides how language is taught?
The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World: From Colonization to ...
The Politics of Language in the Spanish-speaking World: From Colonisation to ...
Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism
Carol Myers-Scotton
Global Media Discourse: A Critical Introduction
David Machin,Theo Van Leeuwen
Ms. Clare Mar-Molinero is a Lecturer in Spanish Socio-Linguistics, at the University of Southampton.
Angel Smith is at the University of Leeds.
Título The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World: From Colonization to Globalization
The Politics of Language
Autor Clare Mar-Molinero
Editor Taylor & Francis, 2002
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Movie Vaxxed exposes CDC research fraud and cover-up
By Brent Melville
QUEENSLAND Health Minister Cameron Dick was either seriously misinformed, ignorant, or flat out lying when, in response to the touring movie Vaxxed: From Coverup to Catastrophe, he said “there is no shred of credible scientific evidence to support claims that vaccinations are dangerous” (Gold Coast Bulletin, 15/7/17).
The same with Victorian Health Minister Jill Hennessy who stated on Seven News in February last year: “There are no risks in vaccinating your children – the science is really clear”.
From left, Meryl Dorey of Australian Vaccination Sceptics Network, research scientist Dr Brian Hooker, UK parent Polly Tommey (both parents of autistic children) and US nephrologist (kidney specialist) Dr Suzanne Humphries.
Vaxxed: From Coverup to Catastrophe traces the case of UK gastroenterologist Dr Andrew Wakefield who, in the 1990s, discovered 10 of his patients developed health problems following MMR vaccines. His research was published in The Lancet medical journal in 1998. Wakefield advocated separating measles, mumps, rubella into separate vaccines to test their safety. The request was ignored, but Dr Wakefield was ruthlessly hounded by the UK and global media and British Medical Association, which later deregistered him and his research associate Professor John Walker-Smith, accusing them of fraudulent research. The UK High Court later exonerated Prof. Walker-Smith and by default, Dr Wakefield.
Vaxxed also shows how US research scientist Brian Hooker then took up the issue of vaccine damage after his boy became severely autistic after vaccination. He sought answers from the Centres for Disease Control, and was helped by a CDC scientist and whistleblower Dr William Thompson. The CDC is the US government researcher for medicines but has the conflicting role of profit-making organisation.
Meanwhile in Queensland, joining in the chorus of pharma-funded cowards attacking the documentary was LNP leader Tim Nicholls, Premier Anastasia Palasczuk, Education Minister Kate Jones (who attacked Miami High School for hiring out its hall for the movie to the Australian Vaccination Sceptics Network – AVN) and of course the Murdoch media, whose bosses’ roles on big pharma boards are well known.
The seriously misinformed Mr Dick called for a “public boycott” of Vaxxed, which of course was ignored. Venues at Maleny, Brisbane and the Gold Coast were filled up by people keen to know more about this national scandal.
Somewhat surprisingly, the only voice of reason was Australian Medical Association president Michael Gannon. His media statement admitted there is actually a medical controversy over vaccines. Gannon stated: “We encourage free speech and we encourage openness of thought, but this (vaccination) is not an area where there is a great deal of conjecture between scientists and medical professionals.” (GC Bulletin, 15/7/17).
In fact, there is a good deal of conjecture about vaccines among medical professionals and scientists. But Gannon is right to say free speech and openness of thought is what people want to see. The AMA, which holds great sway over political parties and government, could end this nonsense by calling for an open and proper investigation of vaccine safety. Or are they also under the spell of big pharma billions? Or is it “too costly” to compensate the tens of thousands of vaccine-inured people worldwide.
Dick, Hennessy and the rest of the chorus deny there is any conjecture or harm, and in so doing basically spit in the face of Australian parents who find their children with ongoing neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases and even cot death after vaccination.
For the benefit of Mr Dick, Ms Hennessy, the media and others, following are links to four “shreds” of credible scientific evidence from a few studies listed on the official US government medical research website PubMed, that raise links between vaccines, auto-immune diseases, autism and other neurological disorders.
Dr Hooker, who joined the Vaxxed tour, says there are in fact more than 100 studies on PubMed on autism, neurological developmental disorders (NDDs) and vaccination. But here’s a few specific studies our blind, deaf and dumb health ministers and their advisers refuse to look at.
Large audience at the showing of the film Vaxxed at a Gold Coast school. This show got right up the Health Minister, Cameron Dick’s nose, calling for it to be banned
1. Neurological and autoimmune disorders after vaccination against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) with a monovalent adjuvanted vaccine: population based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21994316 Conclusion in part: “… Relative risks were significantly increased for Bell’s palsy, paraesthesia, and inflammatory bowel disease after vaccination, predominantly in the early phase of the vaccination campaign…”.
2. Autoimmune disorders (AIDs) after immunisation with Influenza A/H1N1 vaccines with and without adjuvant: EudraVigilance data and literature review. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022149 From abstract: “Of the 50,221 adverse reactions received in EudraVigilance for A/H1N1 vaccines (adjuvanted: 46,173, non-adjuvanted: 4048), 314 were AID (adjuvanted: 276, non-adjuvanted: 38). GBS was the AID with the highest number of reports (125, adjuvanted: 109, non-adjuvanted: 16).
3. Serious adverse events rarely reported after trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in children 6-23 months of age. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19450636 From results: “During 1991-2001, VAERS received 128,717 reports…A total of 14.2% of all reports described serious adverse events, which by regulatory definition include death, life-threatening illness, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, or permanent disability.”
4. “Adverse events following Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990-2013.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25598306 Study results found: “VAERS received 29,747 reports after Hib vaccines; 5179 (17%) were serious, including 896 reports of deaths. Median age was 6 months (range 0-1022 months). Sudden infant death syndrome was the stated cause of death in 384 (51%) of 749 death reports with autopsy/death certificate records. The most common non-death serious AE categories were neurologic (80; 37%), other noninfectious (46; 22%) (comprising mainly constitutional signs and symptoms); and gastrointestinal (39; 18%) conditions.”
The above statistics are bad enough on their own, because they show vaccines injure, maim and kill significant numbers of people. But the actual numbers are much worse, because VAERS itself estimates their statistics i.e. reported cases, are only about 10% of actual cases.
Cameron Dick and Jill Hennesy, as elected public servants have a duty of care. But these appalling examples of intellectual-suicide by politics have been convinced by the political zombies who surround them that there is nothing, absolutely nothing, wrong or dangerous about vaccines. It’s highly likely that these political drones decided to lie, because to say anything to the contrary in their minds would create national panic.
It is also likely that big pharma donations to their mainstream parties would be seriously endangered if they devidated from the official “vaccines are safe and effective” narrative.
Anne T. Berg PhD stated in a commentary on another US study of 700,000 children titled “The Risk of Seizures After Receipt of Whole-Cell Pertussis or Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine” reveals the high risk factor of injury from vaccines: “They (authors) report that the risk of febrile seizures is increased almost sixfold on the day of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) receipt and drops off to a negligible increase thereafter. For measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), the effect is not seen until the 2nd week after receipt of the vaccine, where the risk is increased nearly threefold. They are also able to provide estimates of how many additional febrile seizures will occur as a result of vaccination with DTP (6 to 9 in 100,000) and MMR (25 to 34 in 100,000).”
Ongoing lawsuits in the early 80s were at one stage stopping vaccine production and sales – prompting big pharma to go crying to the US government, worried about the dangers of vaccine shortages which they claimed would threaten public health. So the pharma lobbyists came up with a neat idea to keep the vaccine industry afloat – a special court to compensate people hurt by vaccines but not requiring the causal evidence of normal courts – just association.
Since 1986 the US government’s Vaccine Court has paid out more than $3 billion to families of vaccine-injured children – including those who lost a child or family member after vaccinations. But big pharma is not too worried. They’re not liable now and what’s a few thousand deaths and permanent disability, autism, NDDs and the like. Collateral damage, that’s all.
Australia’s TGA receives more than 17,000 reports (i.e. reports only) of suspected adverse events to medicines and vaccines. According the federal Department of Health there were 3087 adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) in 2014. Again, we can safely assume actual cases are much higher.
The department reported: “The most commonly reported reactions were injection site reaction (27%), pyrexia (18%), rash (16%), vomiting (9%), headache (7%), and syncope (5%). The majority of AEFI reports described non-serious events while 7% (n=211) were classified as serious. There were 5 deaths reported with no clear causal relationship with vaccination found.”
Incidentally, in 2003 when the TGA discovered a travel sickness drug caused several serious reactions around Australia, they raided and then shut down Pan Pharmaceuticals, the business that sold it. Pan was Australia’s biggest manufacturer of vitamins and other complementary medicines with a market capitalization of $350 million.
Pan’s founder, the late Jim Selim, was vilified nationally in a well-organised national media campaign. He later won $50 million in damages but was effectively destroyed. In regard to vaccine injury and death – let alone mere temporary reactions – the TGA is all but silent.
If health ministers and senior public servants are willfully ignorant about the vaccine controversy, it’s a national scandal because they are being misinformed and misled by their staff who would be committing the offence of misfeasance in public office. We are talking about misleading the public about death and neurological injury caused by a type of medicine administered to people from newborn babies to adults.
We also have a prime minister Malcolm Turnbull, heavily invested in global sharemarkets of which pharmaceutical sales are a major component. His wife Lucy is also on the board of Prima Biomed, a company involved in vaccine development. It was Turnbull who pushed the devious legislation penalising parents who exercise their common law right of informed consent to medical treatment by refusing vaccines on behalf of their children. They now have their child entitlements cut back.
So we have the situation where most politicians, medical authorities and academics simply will not admit to the glaring fact that hundreds of thousands of people globally suffer serious injury or death after receiving vaccines. Autism, despite the denials, is linked to vaccines by serious scientific research, and has been rising exponentially since the 1980s when vaccine numbers were increased.
The costs involved in caring for autistic children in schools and the stress toll on families is why the makers of Vaxxed used the word ‘catastrophe’ in the subtitle. The actual US numbers of vaccine-injured people, based on the 30,000 post-vaccine adverse events reported annually to VAERS, are likely to be around 300,000 annually.
Dr Hooker, who has a severely autistic son who was normal before getting his MMR vaccination, began asking the CDC for information on vaccine safety in 2002.
In 2004 the CDC issued him a cease & desist order saying do not contact CDC staff. In 2011 Hooker sued the CDC for improper Freedom of Information procedures, despite having received more than 500,000 documents with the help of CDC senior scientist and whistleblower Dr William Thompson.
The case finished in 2013 with the CDC releasing a further 100 pages that Hooker described as “smoking gun” documents. He obtained another 50,000 pages through two US politicians. “What we see is that all CDC studies on vaccines and neuro-developmental disorders (NDCs) are fatally flawed, if not fraudulent,” Dr Hooker said in one of his Australian lectures.
“If you look at CDC studies regarding the infant vaccination schedule and developmental disabilities there are 17 studies altogether. I have studied each one of them and they are not fit to print in scientific literature. These studies in my mind constitute a large body of fiction.
“We’re not talking about statistical sleight of hand; we’re not talking about dubious practices, but results are just literally being made up. Results that would cause parents to take pause regarding the vaccine schedule are being withheld and those studies that would indemnify vaccines and would put vaccines in their best possible light regardless of whether they are fraudulent or not, those are being published.”
****** Caption: Pictured at the screening of Vaxxed at Miami, Gold Coast, are (from left) is Meryl Dorey of Australian Vaccination Skeptics Network, Dr Brian Hooker (US research scientist), Polly Tommey, UK mother of autistic vaccine victim, and Dr Suzanne Humphries, US nephrologist (kidney specialist). All are working to get US courts to prosecute leading figures from the US Centers for Disease Control who covered up research statistics showing strong links between the MMR vaccine and autism.
Posted on August 23, 2017, in General, Labor Party, Liberal National Party, Vaccines and tagged Cameron Dick, Miami High School, vaccines, VAXXED. Bookmark the permalink. 24 Comments.
Judy Gange | August 23, 2017 at 6:09 pm
I am well informed of the dangers of VACCINES . It outlines how far BIG PHARMA will go to DEFEND VACCINES AND STILL WITH THE EVIDENCE DOESN’T DETER THEM !! The GARDASIL VACCINE CAUSES DEATH PERMAMENT DISABILITY CHRONIC PAIN AND MORE.
VACCINES CONTAIN 52+POISONS TO ATTACK THE IMMUNE SYSTEM! HUMAN DNA FROM ABORTED FOETUS GREEN MONKEY TISSUE AND A HOST OF ALL THE KNOWN ADDITIVES.
THE FLU VACCINE DOESN’T WORK…PEOPLE GET THE FLU FROM IT.I DO NOT HAVE ANY SORT OF VACCINE AND DO NOT “GET” THE FLU!!
DO YOU KNOW THE PM’S WIFE IS THE CEO OF A PHARMCEUTICAL COMPANY IN NSW AND HAS $200.000 OF SHARES IN THE COMPANY? MAYBE THAT IS WHY THE PM INSISTS VACCINES FOR US ALL? SHAME CORRUPTION CLEAN OUT THE SWAMP IMMEDIATELY!
kasch2014 | August 23, 2017 at 6:48 pm
Good on you – big pharma have so much clout and such poor ethics, they have so much input into medical training and government / research funding, they have trililons riding on having their input of vaccin. and drugs made compulsory via legislation. Medical Nazies for sure.
Sonja Hardy | August 23, 2017 at 11:27 pm
Good article. There is so much credible evidence from reputable scientists and doctors that vaccines have done more harm than good, but the government and medical ‘authorities’ don’t want to know. Too much corruption; too many vested interests; too much brainwashing. Sadly, the majority of the public are still fast asleep, while whole generations are being destroyed around the world – aside from the lucky few whose parents had the wisdom to look beyond Pharma led fear mongering and propaganda, and investigate for themselves before blindly allowing their children to become victims of this crime against humanity.
Jennifer gini | August 23, 2017 at 11:53 pm
well written and this is only the tip of the iceberg The 10%VAERS estimate has been assessed more independently at closer to one in a hundred or thousand by the way.. A clear factual and accurate article plus a reporter who is not scared to tell the truth Congratulations you give me hope
Carla Graham | August 24, 2017 at 12:14 am
Some truth about vaccination in the news, FINALLY! Thank-you Cairns News.
Shawn Siegel | August 24, 2017 at 1:09 am
Congratulations, Aussies! In that panel you had countless hours – years! – of dedicated vaccine research. Simply put, no mom who’s seen enough honest information about vaccines and about the supposed threat of the supposedly vaccine preventable infectious illnesses would ever vaccinate her kids. I hope you can turn back the current draconian Australian tide.
Desiree | August 24, 2017 at 2:03 am
It’s refreshing to see an article written from the other side. Maybe the anti-vaccinators have in fact read the scientific literature, followed the money and seen a blatant lack of credibility in the “let’s get everyone immunised…(or is the correct word) Vaccinated dogma”.
Randi McIntyre | August 24, 2017 at 2:50 am
Finally a real journalist in OZ! Very refreshing after the hysterical press articles that were printed while the Vaxxed team was there! Good on you!!!
Katie | August 24, 2017 at 3:43 am
Thank you for such unbiased reporting. Rare to see in the Australian media these days.
goldy700 | August 24, 2017 at 11:03 am
Thank you for providing balance – so far mainstream media and news has refused to have any debate on the issue. There is much evidence that aluminium which is widely used as an adjuvant in vaccines is harmful: There have never been any comparison between vaccinated individuals and unvaccinated. All studies are done comparing one vaccine against another as it is considered “unethical” to have an unvaccinated group.
In 2013, French scientists demonstrated that aluminum adjuvant, when injected into the body of a mouse, ended up in the brain one year later.
http://vaccinepapers.org/wp-content/uploads/slow-ccl2-dependent-translocation-of-biopersistent-particles-from-muscle-to-brain.pdf
In 2015, another study from Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC) in France further supported this new view of aluminum adjuvant, showing that Al makes its way to the brain slowly, where it stays there, possibly forever.
http://vaccinepapers.org/wp-content/uploads/Biopersistence-and-brain-translocation-of-aluminum-adjuvants-of-vaccines.pdf
Last fall, results published in the journal Toxicology sealed the deal on Al adjuvant, revealing that low, consistent doses of Al were most dangerous of all for neurotoxic effects. Larger doses produced granulomas at injection sites, which prevented the Al from spreading. Smaller doses did not produce this effect, causing changes in the brain and behaviour.
http://vaccinepapers.org/wp-content/uploads/Non-linear-dose-response-of-aluminium-hydroxide-adjuvant-particles-Selective-low-dose-neurotoxicity.pdf
The study authors stated that “the present study may suggest that aluminium adjuvant toxicokinetics and safety require reevaluation.”
And just last year, a study out of the Middle East looking at Alzheimer’s in rats found that aluminum produced a four-fold increase in IL-6 in the brain.
https://vaccinepapers.org/wp-content/uploads/Neuroprotective-Effect-of-Nanodiamond-in-Alzheimers-Disease-Rat-Model.pdf
So we know that Al adjuvant causes on-going, increased levels of IL-6 in the brain. So what argument do the CDC and FDA use to justify aluminum being safe?
Melissa | August 25, 2017 at 12:07 am
Bravo, bravo, bravo! Thank you for being courageous enough to tell the truth about this issue. Yours is a lone voice in the wilderness. Dr Wakefield was only accused of fraud by the media and that lie has been perpetuated. He lost his medical licence in the U.K. on trumped up charges to do with proper consent for testing done to the children in the case study & strange funding issues, not fraud.
Adam Thompson | August 25, 2017 at 9:07 am
Well done for performing some investigate journalism and being brave enough to report truthfully.
Kylie | August 25, 2017 at 10:42 am
Cairns news. You must award this journalist for honesty and investigation, and give yourselves an award for courage and truth.
Ginny Webb | August 25, 2017 at 10:57 am
Yes thank you for reporting accurately, Cairns News. I don’t agree with your position on everything, but the mainstream media reporting is, for the most part, abysmally dishonest on this issue.
I think there is another key aspect to this that public is largely unaware of- the role played by the more zealous members of the Australian Skeptics, via the SAVN. This hate-inciting group is big on faith-based vaccine ideology and theory, documented as industry-funded, and short on open-mindedness, compassion for the vaccine-injured, and solid evidence to refute documented concerns about vaccine safety.
Dr John Cunningham has no special qualifications in immunisation (he is an orthopaedic surgeon) but he seems to get first dibs on the media microphone, and has just been trotted out again to support the witch hunt of Dr Piesse, who has done nothing more heinous than be an ethical doctor to the people under his care, and doing the right thing in speaking out about preventing further damage. Even if a doctor supports vaccination, but merely advocates choice according to an individual or family’s needs, as is their legally-enshrined right under Australian and international laws, they are vilified as “anti-vaccination.” That is just ridiculous! Surely the public is starting to see through it?!
Meanwhile, here is what the makers of the movie The Greater Good, have to say (the following link lists some of the many doctors asking questions critical of vaccination)
“While the media attacks Dr. Andrew Wakefield claiming he is the only doctor with concerns about vaccines and that he alone has caused millions of parents to lose faith in vaccinations, this assertion is demonstrably untrue. Rather, hundreds of scientists and doctors have voiced concerns and have published research investigating adverse reactions to vaccines and their components. Placing the blame for parental concerns on Dr. Andrew Wakefield is disingenuous at best and blatantly dishonest at worst. Parents have read the research themselves and this is why they are concerned.
It is time for the media to do their job, read the research and talk with the hundreds of doctors and scientists who have expressed concerns.”
http://www.greatergoodmovie.org/news-views/doctors-and-scientists-with-concerns-about-vaccines/
Rachel | August 25, 2017 at 2:47 pm
Well done Brent Melville and Cairns news. I can’t believe an article like this has been published. Makes a huge change from the usual propaganda pieces published by the media.
Bev P | August 25, 2017 at 3:38 pm
Congratulations Brent Melville and Cairns News for reporting the truth on the dangers of vaccines. You have put all the other so called journalists to shame, and helped awaken the masses.. Now all we have to do is wake up the politicians and doctors, that there will be a new “Nuremberg” type trial before this is all over and they need to decide what their defence for their ignorance, conflicts of interests, or in some cases criminal complicity will be, remembering “I was only taking orders” was never acceptable, and never will be…………….especially now where information is at your fingertips within minutes.
Damo | August 25, 2017 at 9:23 pm
Fantastic article. What a breath of fresh air to read! Well done Brent and Cairns News !
goldy700 | August 26, 2017 at 7:36 pm
Great article – mainstream media completely ignore the fact that vaccines have been found to be contaminated:
It isn’t just the mercury that is in third world vaccines and flu vaccines – the neurotoxic aluminium, animal and human cells DNA and dozens of other questionable ingredients which are listed. Look for yourself what is in the vaccines you receive
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/b/excipient-table-2.pdf
It is also the unlisted nasties which are in vaccines:
Researchers examining 44 samples of 30 different vaccines found dangerous contaminants, including red blood cells in one vaccine and metal toxicants in every single sample tested – except in one animal vaccine.
Using extremely sensitive new technologies not used in vaccine manufacturing, Italian scientists reported they were “baffled” by their discoveries which included single particles and aggregates of organic debris including red cells of human or possibly animal origin and metals including lead, tungsten, gold, and chromium, that have been linked to autoimmune disease and leukemia.
In the study published recently in the International Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, the researchers led by Antoinetta Gatti, of the National Council of Research of Italy and the Scientific Director of Nanodiagnostics, say their results “show the presence of micro- and nano-sized particulate matter composed of inorganic elements in vaccine samples” not declared in the products’ ingredients lists.
It noted that the European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety recommended nanoparticles should not be allowed in products like toothpaste and mouthwash due to their potential toxicity. However there has been a blackout in the media about nanoparticle contamination in vaccines and none of the contaminated vaccines were recalled.
This article was originally published on Children’s Medical Safety Research Institute
http://info.cmsri.org/the-driven-researcher-blog/dirty-vaccines-new-study-reveals-prevalence-of-contaminants
Recent glass shards found in infant vaccines was ignored by government and the vaccines were not recalled.
There is the potential for drugs administered intravenously that contain these fragments to cause embolic, thrombotic and other vascular events (e.g., phlebitis); and, when administered subcutaneously, to lead to development of foreign body granuloma, local injection site reactions, and increased immunogenicity.[5]
https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm248490.htm
http://www.mcall.com/news/local/watchdog/mc-sanofi-pasteur-defective-vaccine-vials-20161210-story.html
Vaccines manufactured using human fetal cells contain residual DNA fragments (50-500 bp) (Table I). It is possible that these contaminating fragments could be incorporated into a child’s genome and disrupt normal gene function, leading to autistic phenotypes. In this study we demonstrate foreign DNA uptake in human cells and genomic integration by incubating the cells with Cy3-labeled human Cot1 (placental) DNA fragments which represents contaminating residual human fetal DNA in vaccines.
https://appprecautionaryprinciple.wordpress.com/2015/08/26/stanford-scientist-proving-dna-fragments-in-vaccines-cause-autism-it-is-possible-that-these-contaminating-fragments-could-be-incorporated-into-a-childs-genome-and-disrupt-normal-gene/
A measles vaccine was found to contain low levels of the retrovirus avian leukosis virus
Rotateq, Merck’s rotavirus vaccine, was found to contain a virus similar to simian (monkey) retrovirus
Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKine’s rotavirus vaccine) was found to contain “significant levels” of porcine cirovirus 1
So in their tests, nearly 40 percent of the vaccines they tested contained viral contaminants. The implications of these findings on the alleged safety of the vaccine supply remains to be seen, but clearly there is contamination occurring that was a complete surprise to researchers, health officials and vaccine manufacturers alike.
http://ahrp.org/rotavirus-vaccine-found-contaminated-fda-suspends-use-of-rotarix/
cairnsnews | August 26, 2017 at 7:43 pm
Thanks Goldy, we will run this as a story. Well put together.Ed
Kye | August 27, 2017 at 8:10 am
Katrina Fekete | August 28, 2017 at 6:14 pm
Amazing article – thanks so much. How do we get more media to report on these things. My doctor told me today of a pregnant woman who died within hours of getting the whooping cough vaccine – why aren’t these stories all over the news!!!
Steve | September 13, 2017 at 11:28 am
You are right. The current strategy is to state that no one has ever been harmed by vaccines. This simplifies their argument and stops doctors from reading vaccine inserts or having to confront an inconvenient fact that some patients lives are seriously damaged by vaccines. This also reduces the number of reports made for adverse reactions so it is pure conjecture that vaccines only harm one in a thousand.
Ed | December 6, 2017 at 5:59 am
The new legislation , no jab no pay and no jab no play that forces the welfare recipients to vaccinate their kids and th huge number of vaccines that is required (up to 60 by the time a child is 16) is due to Malcolm Turnbulls investments in vaccine companies and because Lucy Turnbull is the chairman of the board of a vaccine making pharmaceutical company that in the first 6 months of the new legislation came into force ,the company profits had risen 500% , in the US they have a vaccine injury fund that pays out tens of millions each year to vaccine injured children but here in Australia there is nothing to compensate you are just told it wasn’t the vaccine and that’s that.
The media is totally controlled and back the gov up and will never show a story of vaccine injury even with hundreds of studies proving their danger as well as former pharmaceutical employees that were involved with creating vaccines and now saying how dangerous they are as well as the proof that the cbc has purposely removed evidence from the studies showing a link to autism , a recent study in Europe found that everything big pharma does in their operations meets the criteria for organized crime , at the end of the day there is too much money in it and it can’t be stopped because the 90% of the public are sheep and believe everything they are told without question
Pingback: Vaccine News – Adverse events following Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990-2013 – the news network
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People Matter and New Cribs
Every now and then, Commentary mentions the Mendoza Line when it comes to MLB players hitting below .200 like 3 current ‘Stros. Who is the Mendoza Line named after and which MLB clubs did he play for?
This will be my first Mother’s Day without my Mom. It happens, I guess.
I don’t know if it is because of the Donald Trump effect, but folks want their voices heard by elected officials these days and it looks like people matter.
A few hundred people showed up at yesterday’s HISD’s Board of Education meeting and a number of speakers demanded the resignation of Board President Rhonda Skillern-Jones over her handling of last month’s Board meeting.
To Rhonda’s credit, she had this to say in an interview before the meeting:
“That meeting was not indicative of who I am or where my heart lies. I hope there’s room for forgiveness. I hope there is an opportunity to be able to give this work what I have left to give.”
Not many elected officials would say what she said.
To be fair, there were some folks who spoke in support of Rhonda last night.
The Chron E-Board today has this to say about Rhonda and the Board. Here is the end of their take:
For as long as she (Skillern-Jones) continues to lead, she and other board members must ensure there are always plenty of chairs available, that limits imposed on speakers are reasonable, that open meetings law is followed, that armed HISD officers do not manhandle or intimidate and that everyone who wants to participate in rebuilding HISD is regarded with respect.
Parents and community members, no matter how rowdy or passionate, are the HISD board’s best allies in its struggle to improve the district. If the board continues to treat them as adversaries, don’t be surprised when they call for someone else to be put in charge.
Here is the entire E-Board take: https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Failing-conduct-for-HISD-trustees-Editorial-12905706.php.
On a related note, here is from the Chron today on last night’s Board meeting and if more people start thinking like this, we may be in trouble:
“Quite frankly, it appears to the public that HISD has no idea what it’s doing, and it’s no exaggeration that a large percentage of the people I come across as a parent are deciding whether to stay in HISD,” Amy Maddux, the mother of two eighth-grade students in the district, said during Thursday’s meeting.
People matter in the Katy ISD. The Katy superintendent who was accused of past bullying is a goner at the end of the year. Some folks who came forward earlier this year can take credit for sending him to the showers. Now the Board is bringing in a law firm to go after the people that matter. They need to hire a law firm to figure out how they missed the past bullying during the vetting process. They also really just need to move forward and acknowledge that people matter.
Commentary has mentioned the City of H-Town revenue cap lately. The H-Town Mayor has. Kuffer, Bill King and others, too.
This is a good time to remind folks that this was a policy approved by the voters in 2004. Remember, there were two rev cap proposals on the ballot that year. One received 64% and the other 56%. The one with 64% took effect – it got like 278,000 votes, not chump change. That’s more folks than voted in the last Mayoral election. Some voters voted against both. Got it?
This would be fun. Commentary is talking about H-Town hosting the Democratic National Convention in 2020. We would be the center of the universe for a week. Cool!
The Rangers first started playing in their current crib in 1994. They will be playing in their new crib with AC and a retractable roof in 2020. Hey, the voters in Arlington in 2016 said they wanted a new crib. It’s about time they get a retractable roof with AC.
The D-Backs started playing in their crib in 1998. It is located in Downtown Phoenix. I saw the ‘Stros play there in 2001 and it was Ok I guess. I didn’t have any complaints, but it doesn’t compare to the new era parks like The Yard, PNC in Pittsburgh or AT&T in San Francisco. New Busch is better, so is Camden in B-More and so is Safeco in Seattle.
It looks like the D-Backs are going to get a new crib by 2022 even though they have a lease that runs through 2027 at their current crib. The D-Backs front office claims that their current crib needs a lot of work and they want the local county government who owns the crib to pay for repairs to the tune of $130 million plus. The local county government said no so they worked out a deal where the D-Backs can go find them a new crib in the area and get out of their lease early.
As far as The Yard is concerned, they spent a ton of dough refurbishing the old Tal’s Hill area and that part of the stadium is now always buzzing with activity and it looks to be very popular with the fans. The Yard is still very comfortable inside, and nothing seems to be wearing down and falling apart.
Last year, the owner of the team opened two nice restaurants right across the street from The Yard. New residential housing has sprung up in recent years across the street and the down the street from The Yard. That whole part of Downtown looks a kazillion times different than it did in March of 2000 when The Yard first opened. Enough said.
Mario Mendoza of course is the source of the Mendoza Line and he played for the Pirates, Mariners and Rangers from 1974-1982 and had a career batting average of .215. Mendoza played in the 1974 NLCS and batted – what else – .200.
The Rangers are in town for three this weekend.
Have a safe and happy Mother’s Day weekend!
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Wipro Healthcare
CEO Sangita Singh
Sangita Singh quits Wipro
CEO of almost a billion dollar biz quits to pursue opportunities outside as Wipro re-jigs senior deck.Shilpa Phadnis | TNN | December 15, 2015, 08:51 IST
Wipro in the meantime has named analytics business head Jeffrey Heenan-Jalil as Singh's replacement, effective immediately. Heenan-Jalil will report to chief executive TK Kurien, whose term as CEO ends early next year.
BENGALURU: Wipro healthcare and life sciences CEO Sangita Singh has quit the third-largest Indian IT services firm after spending 23 years with the company. Singh, one of the senior-most Indian women IT leaders, who set out an ambitious mission to make healthcare and lifesciences a $1 billion business within Wipro by 2016, has resigned when she had almost reached the finish line.
Senior vice-president Jeffrey Heenan-Jalil, who is currently the global head of Wipro Analytics, will take over as the global head of healthcare & lifesciences strategic business unit with immediate effect, the company said.
Singh will be remembered for being aggressive and demonstrating leadership skills. She had once told TOI that she was just another employee at Wipro — working as a product sales executive in Portland, US — when she one day walked into then CEO Vivek Paul's California office and quite literally told him she would like to head the IT company's marketing division. There's been no looking back for Singh since then.
Healthcare and life sciences contributed $860 million or 11.4% to the $7.6 billion IT firm's topline.
When TOI contacted Wipro, the company said, “After a sterling career of 23 years with Wipro, Sangita Singh, chief executive of the healthcare and life sciences strategic business unit has decided to pursue a career outside of the company. She has played a significant role in growing various businesses across geographies and Wipro thanks Sangita for her contribution and wishes her the very best in her future endeavours.”
Singh's exit, perhaps, reflects a growing discontent among some leaders in Wipro who felt left out as they haven’t been promoted or elevated. This could lead to some churn in the organization in the coming months.
In the last 12 months, Wipro has elevated four senior leaders as presidents of the firm. Sources said Singh, who steered the healthcare division to new heights as an senior VP, has been an ambitious leader eyeing a promotion for some time now.
Peter Bendor Samuel, CEO of Everest Group, said, “I think her exit is a result of the changes Wipro is making as it reshapes its leadership. This is a process which was kicked off when they brought Abid (COO Abid Ali Neemuchwala) in. She has led healthcare, one of the fastest growing industries for Wipro and one of the bright spots over the last few years. However, other firms have been able to grow faster in this space and likely she was facing pressure to increase the pace of growth.”
Phil Fersht, CEO of US-based HfS Research, said, "This is a disappointing loss for Wipro – Sangita has been a visible and popular figure for the firm during her tenure, and a rare example of a successful female executive in a male dominated industry. However, with all the recent changes at Wipro, it was likely time for her to find a fresh challenge. For a young, popular executive with two decades of experience in the IT services sector, we will likely see Sangita emerge in an exciting new role very soon."
Tags : Corporate, Wipro Healthcare, CEO Sangita Singh
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History On Ice
New insights from reviewing 60 years of crevasse research
Deep in the bowels of the University of Colorado Boulder library, William “Liam” Colgan dug through dust-covered documents and long-forgotten papers. It was a big change from how the CIRES research associate normally does research, digging through snow and ice out on the Greenland Ice Sheet. The American Geophysical Union invited Colgan and six team members, including CIRES director Waleed Abdalati, to compile and synthesize decades worth of research on glacier crevasses to highlight overarching key concepts and new research directions. Their review paper has just been published in this month’s issue of Reviews of Geophysics.
In mining studies from the 1950s up to the modern day, the team found a couple of surprises. The analysis shows that crevasses can fracture in several different ways, not just one, which changes the way scientists think about the physics of crevasses and how they model the future of big ice sheets. Additionally, crevasses usually form 40 feet below the surface, not at top, as had been previously believed. That could mean “buried” crevasses––those not reaching the surface––should be interpreted as very young, rather than very old. These and other findings are critical for understanding ice sheets and glaciers, not to mention their effects on sea level rise in a warmer world, said Colgan. “Understanding how and why ice breaks apart is important.”
Colgan, who is also an assistant professor at the Lassonde School of Engineering at York University, hopes his team’s study will serve as the most authoritative source for information on the topic of crevasses. The team––comprised of four men and three women––surveyed as many crevasse studies as they could find from the last 60 years, far sites as remote as Greenland and Antarctica. “The earliest meaningful crevasse studies are from the U.S. Army,” says Colgan. “They went out on the Greenland Ice Sheet during the Cold War. They had completely different motivation for understanding glaciers, and they were engineers not glaciologists, but their observations were exceedingly detailed and unique.” The team also pulled from more recent research, up to the present day, including studies from just last year, which examine crevasses in floating ice shelves.
While the paper defines and distinguishes between many different types of crevasses, based on where and how they form, at the most basic level, a crevasse is a brittle fracture where the ice has opened up and the two sides of that fracture are no longer touching. Today, organizations like the Air National Guard and the National Science Foundation want to understand how and where crevasses form for operational reasons: If you’re out there on the ice, you want to make sure a crevasse isn’t going to open up underneath you or equipment.
A schematic overview of ten distinct processes by which crevasses influence the mass balance of glaciers and ice sheets that was developed in the study.
Scientists also want to understand them in the context of climate change and in relation to something called glacier mass balance—the health of a glacier defined as the difference between how much mass the glacier gains each winter versus melts in summer. Crevasses have a big influence on glacier mass balance. For example, they can cause glaciers to absorb more solar radiation or they can warm up glacier by allowing warm water to get deeper into the ice,making it flow faster. For the first time, the review paper describes and illustrates all these crevasse processes that affect glacier mass balance. It includes detailed figures that remap historical records of crevasse behavior. “Virtually all the old studies were based on an assumption that crevasses formed in one particular way,” Colgan said. But he and his team showed that there were multiple ways in which crevasses fractured, that they weren’t as static or uniform as once thought.
That is due, in no small part, to more advanced technology, says Mahsa Moussavi, a post-doctoral fellow with CIRES and one of Colgan’s colleagues on this paper. “We can see crevasses in more detail, both spatially and temporally,” she points out. “We can see how they develop and change through time and how fast they’re moving. And we can we see them from multiple perspectives.”
When it comes to climate change, that level of detail helped Colgan and his team describe and illustrate a list of unique ways that crevasses influence glacier mass balance. Warming air temperatures mean that the areas of glacier runoff zones, where more ice melts each summer than is replenished by winter snowfall, will get bigger. With that, more crevasses are expected to be exposed on glaciers around the world, which can trigger a variety of feedbacks with mass balance, including the warming and weakening of glaciers and ice sheets. That, in turn, could lead to faster ice flow into the ocean. “Looking forward, crevasses are the ultimate control of icebergs going into ocean, so caring about sea level rise means caring about crevasses,” says Colgan.
This story written by Laura Krantz.
William Colgan
Adjunct Research Associate, CIRES
colgan@yorku.ca
416-736-2100 x77703
Jane Iordakieva
Communications Specialist, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University
jane.iordakieva@lassonde.yorku.ca
Niels Hansen
Head of Science Communications, Danish Meteorological Institute
nsh@dmi.dk
Laura Krantz
Science Writer, CIRES
laura.krantz@colorado.edu
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Satellites: Sea Level Rise Accelerating
I read it on Fox, so it must be true.
No, really. Well vetted AP Story made it verbatim onto the Fox News site.
Significant trend I’ve been tracking – truth about climate leaking into Fox News reports – spotty so far, but clear upward curve, kind of like creeping tidal flooding.
I’ll be interviewing the study author soon to find out more.
AP via Fox:
Melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of sea level rise, new satellite research shows.
At the current rate, the world’s oceans on average will be at least 2 feet (61 centimeters) higher by the end of the century compared to today, according to researchers who published in Monday’s Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences.
Sea level rise is caused by warming of the ocean and melting from glaciers and ice sheets. The research, based on 25 years of satellite data, shows that pace has quickened, mainly from the melting of massive ice sheets. It confirms scientists’ computer simulations and is in line with predictions from the United Nations, which releases regular climate change reports.
“It’s a big deal” because the projected sea level rise is a conservative estimate and it is likely to be higher, said lead author Steve Nerem of the University of Colorado.
Outside scientists said even small changes in sea levels can lead to flooding and erosion.
“Any flooding concerns that coastal communities have for 2100 may occur over the next few decades,” Oregon State University coastal flooding expert Katy Serafin said in an email.
Of the 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) of sea level rise in the past quarter century, about 55 percent is from warmer water expanding, and the rest is from melting ice.
But the process is accelerating, and more than three-quarters of that acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows.
Like weather and climate, there are two factors in sea level rise: year-to-year small rises and falls that are caused by natural events and larger long-term rising trends that are linked to man-made climate change. Nerem’s team removed the natural effects of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption that temporarily chilled Earth and the climate phenomena El Nino and La Nina, and found the accelerating trend.
Sea level rise, more than temperature, is a better gauge of climate change in action, said Anny Cazenave, director of Earth science at the International Space Science Institute in France, who edited the study. Cazenave is one of the pioneers of space-based sea level research.
Global sea levels were stable for about 3,000 years until the 20th century when they rose and then accelerated due to global warming caused by the burning of coal, oil and natural gas, said climate scientist Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute in Germany, who wasn’t part of the study.
Two feet of sea level rise by the end of the century “would have big effects on places like Miami and New Orleans, but I don’t still view that as catastrophic” because those cities can survive — at great expense — that amount of rising seas under normal situations, Nerem said.
But when a storm hits like 2012’s Superstorm Sandy, sea level rise on top of storm surge can lead to record-setting damages, researchers said.
Some scientists at the American Geophysical Union meeting last year said Antarctica may be melting faster than predicted by Monday’s study.
Greenland has caused three times more sea level rise than Antarctica so far, but ice melt on the southern continent is responsible for more of the acceleration.
“Antarctica seems less stable than we thought a few years ago,” Rutgers climate scientist Robert Kopp said.
Inside Climate News:
The rate of sea level rise is accelerating so fast that some coastal communities could confront an additional 4 inches per decade by the end of the century—a growing concern now confirmed by thorough measurements from space.
At that rapid pace of change, vulnerable communities might not be able to keep up. Storm surges will increase erosion and damage homes, businesses and transportation infrastructure in some areas. In other places, seawater will intrude on freshwater aquifers. In South Asia and the islands, people will lose the land where they live and farm. And the changes will arrive much faster than they do today.
Study author – “..conservative estimate.”
NASA:
This acceleration, driven mainly by increased melting in Greenland and Antarctica, has the potential to double the total sea level rise projected by 2100 when compared to projections that assume a constant rate of sea level rise, according to lead author Steve Nerem. Nerem is a professor of Aerospace Engineering Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder, a fellow at Colorado’s Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and a member of NASA’s Sea Level Change team.
If the rate of ocean rise continues to change at this pace, sea level will rise 26 inches (65 centimeters) by 2100 — enough to cause significant problems for coastal cities, according to the new assessment by Nerem and colleagues from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; CU Boulder; the University of South Florida in Tampa; and Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. The team, driven to understand and better predict Earth’s response to a warming world, published their work Feb. 12 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“This is almost certainly a conservative estimate,” Nerem said. “Our extrapolation assumes that sea level continues to change in the future as it has over the last 25 years. Given the large changes we are seeing in the ice sheets today, that’s not likely.”
Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere increase the temperature of air and water, which causes sea level to rise in two ways. First, warmer water expands, and this “thermal expansion” of the ocean has contributed about half of the 2.8 inches (7 centimeters) of global mean sea level rise we’ve seen over the last 25 years, Nerem said. Second, melting land ice flows into the ocean, also increasing sea level across the globe.
These increases were measured using satellite altimeter measurements since 1992, including the Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3 satellite missions, which have been jointly managed by multiple agencies, including NASA, Centre national d’etudes spatiales (CNES), European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, manages the U.S. portion of these missions for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. The rate of sea level rise in the satellite era has risen from about 0.1 inch (2.5 millimeters) per year in the 1990s to about 0.13 inches (3.4 millimeters) per year today.
“The Topex/Poseidon/Jason altimetry missions have been essentially providing the equivalent of a global network of nearly half a million accurate tide gauges, providing sea surface height information every 10 days for over 25 years,” said Brian Beckley, of NASA Goddard, second author on the new paper and lead of a team that processes altimetry observations into a global sea level data record. “As this climate data record approaches three decades, the fingerprints of Greenland and Antarctic land-based ice loss are now being revealed in the global and regional mean sea level estimates.”
Oceanographer Stefan Rahmstorf tweets me:
And Breitbart… pic.twitter.com/a7zRMEWmlZ
— Stefan Rahmstorf (@rahmstorf) February 14, 2018
6 Responses to “Satellites: Sea Level Rise Accelerating”
Well. The study concludes a ‘conservative estimate’…
neilrieck Says:
Science tells us that the ocean levels rose 20 cm (8 inches) from 1900 to 2000 which translates into a rate of 2 mm/year. But things got worse when satellites launched in the early 1990s noticed a measured rate of 2.9 (to 3.4) mm/year. Even if you use the lower number (2.9), the current measured rate of rise is 50% higher than the past 100 year average. This is the main reason why 97% of all peer-reviewed climate scientists trust the claim that the world is continuing to warm.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise
I’m a bit surprised that Levitus et al, ORAS4 & ORAP5 that actually measure the heat anomaly on a quarterly basis aren’t the main reason why 97% of all peer-reviewed climate scientists trust the claim that the world is continuing to warm, but I suppose it’s a meat or fish, red or white wine sort of choice.
Have a look here, Neil => https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html
And if you have a minute time:
Acceleration means non-linear rise!
Somebody made an interesting comment against a talk on video by Eric Rignot. Where Eric showed a cartoon of Antarctic ice shelf being undercut at the face at the grounding line by warm, deep water after mentioning earlier that Westerly winds push surface water north (Ekman) so deep water goes south (stronger Westerly winds now due to tropics warming faster than Antarctica), this commenter person pointed out that ice melting at the face freshens the water there so the pressure is less than further north causing deep water to force south (under an ice shelf where there’s no wind). If that’s a significant factor, which seems reasonable, then that’s interesting because it’s a classic positive feedback if the water warms. Warmer melts ice faster –> more fresh water near the face –> more pressure difference –> faster current in and out –> melts ice even faster –> even more fresh water near the face –> even more pressure difference –> even faster current in and out, and so on. If that’s correct then a faster current should be noted with warmer deep water.
More info about accelerating sea level rise is not really news—-it’s just part of the constant avalanche of information that confirms the reality of AGW and points to ever-worsening future studies/discoveries/surprises. The REAL news is that Fox and Breitbart seem to be noticing and mentioning it. Is there hope?
« The Way of the Fool: Ignoring Climate in Infrastructure
Problem Solving Denial Style. Lobotomize Science »
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Primary Sources: World History
Primary Sources: World History: Databases
Online Sources
Primary Sources: Databases
Off campus access information
Many of the subscription databases available through the library will contain primary sources, so checking other ones specific to your topic area may allow you to locate additional sources
Not every item in the database is a primary source
There are a number of ways to search a database, the tips are just a starting place and other methods may work better for you, so please feel free to try other searching or browsing options if you don't get the results using the suggested tips.
Also see the Newspapers tab in this guide for newspaper databases
Subsciber: VIVA
A comprehensive scholarly, multi-disciplinary full-text database; indexing & abstracting; content going back as far as 1887
Academic Search Complete: Browse Primary Source List
Browse through the list of documents
Add search terms to the search boxes above the results
Also use the options under the Refine your results section on the left side of the screen
African-American Poetry Database
A collection of over 2,500 full-text poems, based on William French's bibliography Afro-American Poetry and Drama 1760-1975.
America: History & Life (with Full-Text)
Full text articles, article abstracts and bibliographic citations of reviews and dissertations on the history and culture of the United States and Canada from prehistoric times to the present. Includes links to some full-text articles in other databases such as JSTOR.
American Decades: Primary Sources
Cross-disciplinary source spanning the 20th century (1900-1999.) Each volume in the set includes full or excerpted primary sources representing the seminal issues, themes, movements and events from a decade. Includes oral histories, songs, speeches, advertisements, TV, play and movie scripts, letters, laws, legal decisions, newspaper articles, cartoons, recipes, and more.
American History in Video
Subscriber:VIVA
Allows students and researchers to analyze historical events, and their presentation over time, through commercial and governmental newsreels, archival footage, public affairs footage, and important documentaries.
American Poetry Database
Includes the text of 40,356 poems from 1,288 works by 209 poets. Includes 6 landmark anthologies of American Poetry. Covers the Colonial Period to the Early 20th Century.
ArchiveGrid
Allows for searching and retrieval of archival finding aids; 2500 museums, libraries and archives contribute to ArchiveGrid.
A digital library of more than one million images in the arts, architecture, humanities, and social sciences. Other subject areas include music, religion, anthropology, literature, world history, American Studies, Asian Studies, Classical Studies, Medieval Studies, Renaissance Studies, and more.
ATLA CDRI (Cooperative Digital Resources Initiative)
Subscriber: Free
A repository of digital resources, contributed by member libraries, that provides access to digital images of woodcuts, photographs, slides, papyri, coins, maps, postcards, manuscripts, lithographs, sermons, shape-note tune books, and various forms of Christian art, architecture, and iconography. The creation of CDRI was made possible by a generous grant from the Henry Luce Foundation; it is now an ongoing ATLA program.
Civil War: Antebellum to Reconstruction, 1843-1877
More than 150 newspapers, including major titles from every region of the U.S.
Approximately 50,000 government documents and 4,000 rare broadsides and pieces of ephemera
Extensive local and national coverage of American culture, politics and society during this tumultuous period
Criminal Justice in America: U.S Attorney General Opinions, Reports, and Publications via HeinOnline
Opinions and reports issued by the Office of the Attorney of the United States.
Early American Newspapers, Series I 1690-1876
offers 350,000 fully searchable issues from over 710 historical American newspapers. Covering 1690-1876, this online collection provides access to the nation’s early periods through the full text of essential newspapers from 23 states and the District of Columbia.
Early Republic, The
The Documentary History of the First Federal Congress are used by Congress, historians, political scientists, and jurists to understand the most important and productive Congress in United States history.
Comprising 20,000 annotated pages and 260 images, the innovative online reference features a cumulative index and robust search engine.
Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO)
Over 180,000 titles (200,000 volumes)which includes books, pamphlets, essays, broadsides and more. Based on the English Short Title Catalogue Works published in the UK during the 18th century plus thousands from elsewhere, Primarily in English - also includes other languages.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Academic Online
Includes the online version of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica's Internet Guide, and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.
English Poetry Database
English Poetry contains poems in English from Anglo-Saxon times to the end of the nineteenth century by writers from the British Isles.
English Verse Drama Database
Contains more than 2,200 works by around 500 named and over 300 anonymous authors, from the Shrewsbury Fragments of the late thirteenth century through the unparalleled output of the Elizabethan and Jacobean period to the end of the nineteenth century.
European Views of the Americas, 1493-1750
Subjects: History
Vendor: EBSCO
EBSCO Publishing, in cooperation with the John Carter Brown Library, provides this index of resources about the history of European exploration as well as portrayals of Native American peoples. A wide range of subject areas are covered; from natural disasters to disease outbreaks and slavery.
Films on Demand
Always on the cutting edge, Films On Demand‘s platform provides users with the content, tools, speed, and performance that today’s online experience demands. With films from top producers including A&E, PBS, BBC Learning, National Geographic, ABC News, NBC News, CNBC, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, HBO Documentary Films, PBS NewsHour, Open University, Bill Moyers, California Newsreel, Annenberg Learner, TED, Films for the Humanities & Sciences, and more.
Films on Demand - Archival Films & Newsreels Collection
A rare view of what rush hour in London looked like in 1897. The dramatic and suspenseful newsreel announcing the crash of the Hindenburg zeppelin. President Ronald Reagan’s challenging speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Throughout modern history, cameras have recorded public events, wars, cultural phenomena, and government programs. This collection is a treasure trove of archival and historical films from multiple sources.
Global Plants
Features more than two million high resolution plant type specimen images and other foundational materials from the collections of hundreds of herbaria around the world.
GPO Monthly Catalog (GPO)
Indexes and abstracts U.S. government publications. Provides links to some full-text publications available online.
HarpWeek
Indexes and electronically reproduces Harper's Weekly (1857-1877).
An online image-based collection of law and law-related materials. It includes law journals, the CFR, English Reports, Federal Register, Treaties and Agreements, Legislative history, a US Presidential Library and more.
HeinOnline English Reports, Full Reprint (1220-1865)
HeinOnline allows you to search or browse all 176 volumes of the English Reports, Full Reprint along with its "Index of Cases" and "Index Chart." This collection encompasses the decisions of the English Courts prior to the commencement of the Law Reports in 1865. It represents reprints of 275 separate series of reports, arranged by the English Courts: House of Lords, Chancery, Rolls Court, etc. The English Reports, Full Reprint contains over 100,000 cases reprinted verbatim and spans the years 1220 to 1867.
HeinOnline Legal Classics Library
An historical collection of legal treaties and other works related to the law.
HeinOnline U.S. Legislative History Library
Includes The Sources of Compiled Legislative Histories Database and the Legislative History Title Collection (full-text legislative histories on some of the most important and historically significant legislation of our time.)
HeinOnline Women and the Law (Peggy)
"This unique collection of materials provides a platform to research the progression of women’s roles and rights in society over the past 200 years."
HeinOnline World Constitutions Illustrated
This database is a "modern approach to legal history" and provides primary source documents with their publishing history - translations, revisions, updates, and annotations - available full text. The goal "is to present a complete constitutional history for every country."
Historical Abstracts (with Full-Text)
Full text articles, article abstracts and bibliographical citations of books and dissertations on the history of the world, except the United States and Canada, from 1450 to the present.
History Vault: World War II
Primary Source documents related to World War II including Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Map Room Files, Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Records of the War Department Operations Division, U.S. Navy Action and Operational Reports, Records of the Office of War Information,Papers of the War Refugee Board, and Top Secret Studies on U.S. CommunicationsIntelligence During World War II. These records are supplemented with smallercollections documenting U.S. planning and participation in World War II.
Literature Online (LION)
... combines the texts of over 355,000 literary works with a vast library of key criticism and reference resources. Includes full-text journals and author biographies, helps keep you up to date on the latest research into every aspect of literary and linguistic study.
MasterFILE Premier
Provides full-text access to over 1,500 general periodicals covering general reference, business, health, education, general science, multicultural issues and much more. Additionally it features: the full-text Magill Book Reviews; full-text reference books; the full-text from over 80,000 biographies; over 105,787 full-text primary source documents; an image collection of 293,480 photos, maps and flags. PDF backfiles for some publications go as far back as 1975.
MasterFILE Premier: Browse Primary Source List
Milestone Documents (Primary Sources)
American and world history, world religions, and American leaders - primary source material, full text.
Music Online (Alexander Street Press)
Access music recordings, sheet music and reference information about music - all types, styles and time periods.
New York Times (1851-2014)
Check Journal Finder for other available dates.
This historical newspaper provides genealogists, researchers and scholars with online, easily-searchable first-hand accounts and unparalleled coverage of the politics, society and events of the time.
Slavery in America and the World: History, Culture & Law via HeinOnline
"This HeinOnline collection brings together, for the first time, all known legal materials on slavery in the United States and the English-speaking world. This includes every statute passed by every colony and state on slavery, every federal statute dealing with slavery, and all reported state and federal cases on slavery. Our cases go into the 20th century, because long after slavery was ended, there were still court cases based on issues emanating from slavery."
Treaties and Agreements Library via HeinOnline
Full-text collection of treaties, agreements and related documents. Includes unofficial treaty publications, guides and indexes, books, etc.
U.S. Congressional Documents via HeinOnline
"This collection features the complete Congressional Record Bound version, as well as the daily version back to 1980. It also includes the three predecessor titles: Annals of Congress (1789-1824), Register of Debates (1824-1837) Congressional Globe (1833-1873), and Congressional Hearings (early 1900s-present), as well as other important congressional material. Using the Daily-to-Bound Locator Tool, you can quickly find a page in the Bound volume from the Daily edition. "
U.S. Presidential Library via HeinOnline
Includes such titles as Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Public Papers of the Presidents, CFR Title 3 (Presidents), Weekly Compilation of the Presidential Documents, and other documents relating to U.S. presidents.
U.S. Supreme Court Library via HeinOnline
Access U.S. Supreme Court reports as well as books and periodicals about the court.
Virginia Heritage: Guide to Manuscripts & Archival Collections in Virginia
A union database of finding aids to archival and manuscripts collections in thirteen Virginia repositories. The contents of the database represent only a small percentage of each institution's holdings.
Women and Social Movements In the United States Scholar's edition 1600-2000
"... brings together innovative scholarship, primary documents, books, images, essays, book and Web site reviews, teaching tools, and more. It combines the analytic power of a database with the new scholarly insights of a peer-reviewed journal. Published twice a year since 2004, the database/journal is edited by Kathryn Kish Sklar and Thomas Dublin of the State University of New York at Binghamton, with an editorial board of leading scholars from around the country."
World News Digest Description of this database.
Provides an archival record of domestic and international news. It covers all major political, social, and economic events since November 1940 and is is updated weekly.
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Next: Digital Collections >>
URL: https://cnu.libguides.com/primaryworld
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Entozoa
Entozoa (Gr. within, and animal), a group of invertebrate animals, which during some period of their existence live within and derive nourishment from the bodies of other animals, and with few exceptions belong entirely to the class of helminths or worms. Animal parasites form in fact a sort of sub-fauna, and their number is only to be estimated by the extent of the animal kingdom. The classification of entozoa has been attempted by many eminent zoologists since the days of Rudolphi, who may be considered the father of helminthology; but only recently, and chiefly through the labors of a few observers in. Germany, has it attained the position of a true science. Cuvier refers the entozoa to the class radiata, and subdivides them, following the plan of Rudolphi, into tamioidea or tapeworms, trematoda or flat worms, nematoidea or round worms, and acanthocephala or hooked worms. More correctly, however, they belong to the articulata, though their type is a degraded one, and some of them even approach in structure the mollusca. Adopting this arrangement, wo can best explain the progress and present state of heminthology by considering these subdivisions separately. - Toenioidea, cestoidea, ste-relmintha, tapeworms.
These parasites in their mature state inhabit the intestines of all classes of vertebrate animals. In their transitional state or immature stage they occur as cysts in the tissues and organs of such creatures as form the food of their true bearers or hosts. These cysts, of which the measles in swine are an example, in the early days of science were not looked upon as of an animal nature, and were called hydatids and acephalo-cysts; and not until the latter part of the 17th century was their true character recognized. In the 18th, many observers, and especially Gotze, noticed that their heads closely resembled those of the tapeworms. His observations were confined chiefly to the taeniae of animals, and appear to have had little influence with the scientific men of the next century, who fell back again upon the old and easy theory of spontaneous or equivocal generation; and so it remained until 1844, when Steenstrup's theory of alternation of generation was applied to the problem, and Siebold and Dujardin published essays on the connection between the taeniae and encysted forms of various animals.
Their experiments and those of Kuchenmeister, who must be considered the highest authority on the human helminths, cannot be given in detail here; suffice it to say that tapeworms have been produced in carnivorous animals of all kinds by giving them the encysted forms to eat, and the encysted varieties have been bred in others by administering the eggs or embryos of taenia?. Tapeworms consist of three parts, viz.: head, neck, and colony of joints. The head is a minute object, usually square, and provided with varieties of sucking disks and coronets of hooks, by which it attaches itself to the walls of the intestine. The neck is slender and marked by transverse wrinkles, which gradually are converted into joints. With age these joints increase in number, and finally those first formed become ripe, while new ones are continually given out from the head to supply in turn the place of those discharged. Their growth is generally rapid, and some species attain a length of 100 ft., while others are only a few lines long. Considered as a simple individual, the tapeworm has very limited power of motion, although a distinct layer of muscular fibre is found beneath the skin.
This integument is soft, white, moist, and porous; and through this nutrition is probably carried on by absorption, though the only organs subservient to this function are two pairs of longitudinal canals running along each side of the joints, and united by transverse branches. The skin contains also innumerable roundish, concentrically marked, calcareous corpuscles, recognized only by the microscope, which serve undoubtedly as a sort of skeleton. They possess no nervous system. The sexual organs, however, are remarkably developed. When the oldest joints have become sexually mature (which period varies greatly in different species), they pass off spontaneously by the anus - sometimes by the mouth - of the animal which harbors them. These are flat, quadrangular, yellowish white, and in some species are detached singly, in others by groups. These proglottides, as they are called, are true hermaphrodites, contain the sexual organs and eggs or embryos enclosed within shells, and possess the power of moving about; so that they have often been mistaken for trematoda, and in fact are now considered separate individuals. They discharge their eggs either through the genital opening or by self-destruction, which results either from the bursting of their walls or by decomposition.
They affect chiefly moist places, and, leaving the manure in which they have been deposited, wander about amid the herbage, and may in this way be devoured; or they fall into water, and there bursting, discharge their eggs, which are thus borne far and wide, and find entrance to a proper soil for future development. They are not capable of a long continued independent existence, and may even be destroyed within the intestine of their host, scattering their eggs along this canal, though harmlessly; for Leuckart found by experiment that eggs introduced into the intestine before being subjected to the action of the gastric juice remain unchanged; but that when previously submitted to its influence and then placed within the intestinal canal, the embryos became free. Proglottides may even be swallowed entire by animals which wallow in moist manure, and thus introduce the eggs to their proper dwelling place. When once they have set their offspring free, their object is accomplished and they disappear. Each proglottis contains a vast number of eggs, so that if one out of the many millions reaches a proper habitation the species will not decrease in numbers.
The embryos are enclosed in firm shells constructed to resist a strong pressure from without, and are either brown or yellowish, and round or oval. They probably cannot undergo a great degree of dryness, heat, or cold, or exist very long in fluid, without the destruction of the animal within. The history of the toenia solium, or common tapeworm, will best serve as an example of the usual method of development and transformation of the cestoidea, for it has been most fully studied on account of its frequent occurrence in the form of measles, and its important relation to man. This worm is improperly named, since many are sometimes found in the same intestine. It seldom attains a length of more than 20 ft., and is composed of 600 or TOO joints, which when mature contain myriads of eggs, and escape singly or at once into the outer world. The eggs being set free find their way into water or manure, and are thus scattered far and wide. One occasionally enters the stomach of man on lettuce, fruit, or unwashed vegetables, but more generally they are swallowed by the hog, whose filthy and omnivorous habits need only be considered to show how readily it may become infected.
In either case the egg shell is destroyed by the process of digestion, and the embryo, a minute globular vesicle, armed in front with three pairs of sharp spines, begins its active migrations. It sets out on its travels by boring into the blood or lymph vessels of the stomach or intestine, and is borne along by their currents till it reaches the capillaries, where it renews its activity and bores its way out of the circulatory system into any organ to which chance has carried it. There can be no doubt about this fact, for Leuckart has discovered the embryo several times in the vena portae. It is possible that the embryos may in some cases lose their hooklets in the vessels, and thus, being unable to proceed further, become encysted in the capillaries. Having reached thus a proper situation for higher development, it becomes surrounded by a new formation or cyst resembling the structure of the organ it may inhabit. If it happens to penetrate any serous cavity, this cyst is not formed, but otherwise the development is the same. This process goes on rapidly, so that in a week or two the cyst may be recognized by the naked eye.
The spines or hooklets now drop off, the primary vesicle goes on absorbing nutriment, and by the second or fourth week a protuberance grows out from its internal surface, which soon takes the form of the head of the future taenia. Upon this springs up a double circle of small hairs, which in six weeks become the complete double coronet of hooks. The neck now begins to extend, but the head still remains enclosed in the bladder, till the whole animal is set free. It may continue to live in this encysted stage till it dies of old age, unless set free by nature or art; and this undoubtedly is the fate of the largest portion of these immature creatures. If seated in the muscles, this encysted stage of tapeworm is seldom injurious to man; but if it take up its dwelling place in the brain or eye, which is not unfrequently the case, results most serious follow. In the hog the case is different, for many eggs being devoured at once, the embryos invade nearly every organ of the body, and produce the disease known as measles. We have still to consider the last and highest stage of development in the life of a taenia, viz.: the conversion of these cysts or measles into the mature intestinal worm.
When one of these cysts is accidentally swallowed by man, the little pea-like vesicle bursts, and the head of the worm protruding fastens itself to the intestinal walls by its hooklets. From this head bud out one after another numerous joints, which finally make up the mature worm. It may be easily understood how these small white cysts gain entrance into the stomach of man, for measly pork is often sold in markets, and although thorough cooking and curing destroy the larvae, still the cysts may adhere to the knife, and be thus transferred to vegetables, butter, cheese, and the like, which are eaten uncooked. It may often be the case too that pork is so slightly measly, that the butcher does not know the disease is present. There can be no question about the identity of these two forms, the toenia solium in man and the cysticercus cellu-losoe or measles in swine; for not only are their heads anatomically the same, but it had for a long time been noticed that where measles in pork were abundant, there taenia was of most frequent occurrence, and that where the use of this flesh was forbidden among nations or sects, there tapeworm was scarcely ever found.
All of this led to the belief, especially after the experiments performed in regard to the taenia) and cystic worms of the lower animals, that the measles in meat were the cause of tapeworm in man. To settle this point Kuchen-meister fed a condemned criminal three days before his execution on raw measly pork, and on examination after death the young tapeworms were found attached to the walls of the intestine. One point, however, remained to be proved, viz.: that the eggs of the tapeworm produce the measles in swine. For this purpose experiments were undertaken by the Saxon government under the direction of Ku-chenmeister and other scientific men of Germany. Young and healthy pigs were kept confined separately, and to them were given the eggs of tapeworms. At various intervals they were killed, and the encysted forms were found in myriads throughout the body. These experiments have been often repeated with the same success. To recapitulate: The tapeworm of the human intestine discharges millions of eggs, a single one of which need only reach maturity to produce millions more; therefore it is evident that the vast majority of these eggs perish undeveloped. These eggs must be devoured by some other host to reach their second or encysted stage. This stage is known as measles in swine.
Measles being eaten by man in turn produce the tapeworm. These two forms never produce each other in the same individual.
Fig. 1. - Taenia solium, with different Views of the Head.
Fig. 2.- Development of a Cyst.
1. Animal in cyst. 2. Animal with head developed. 3. Head and neck, greatly magnified. 4. Hooklet.
Fig. 3. Hooklets of a Cyst, magnified.
Fig. 4. Cyst found in Swine.
Various other taeniae infest man in one of their stages, the most dangerous of which is the echinococcus, or encysted form of E. hominis. The cysts produced by this parasite are often as large as a man's head, causing great suffering and death. In Iceland every seventh person is thus afflicted. The explanation lies in the filthy habits of this people, and in the great number of dogs they keep, which assist in spreading the seeds of the disorder. Here the cysts or hydatids contain instead of one scolex or head innumerable embryonic forms, which of course increases the risk of infection. The mature tapeworm produced artificially consists of but three joints, and on this account has hitherto escaped notice. Even now it is not known whether man himself or dogs are the hosts of the mature helminth. Another remarkable species dwelling in the intestinal canal of man is the bothriocephalus latus, or broad tapeworm. This differs from the true taeniae in the construction of its head and joints. The former is oval, flat, and instead of a coronet of hooks and round suckers possesses two longitudinal sucking grooves on each lateral margin, by which it fixes itself; the latter are one third of their width only in length, and the genital opening is found on the middle of each joint, instead of at the lateral margin, as in taeniae proper, and occurs on the same surface throughout its whole length.
They are sometimes as many as 2,000, but even then they do not make up a worm more than 20 ft. long. Thus far this parasite has been found in man only in its mature state. Its geographical distribution is limited to Russia (including Poland), Switzerland, Italy, and the maritime districts of France and north Europe, and it most probably undergoes its transitional stage of development outside the human intestine in some of the iriollusks, which form the food of man. A few other species of tapeworm infest mankind, but they are seldom met with, and will be found enumerated in the accompanying catalogue. The dog, from his domestic and omnivorous habits, is made the host of many of these entozoa, and does much to keep up their precarious existence. Without his aid the toenia camurus would undoubtedly become extinct, and thus the sheep breeders would be rid of a disease which often proves so fatal to their flocks, viz., the staggers. This disease is caused by the presence in the brain of hydatids or cystic camuri, which when eaten by butcher and sheep dogs are converted into the corresponding taenia, the embryos of which are in turn scattered broadcast over the pastures, where they find ready admission to the grazing herds.
This too has been made the subject of searching investigation in Germany, and shepherds are taught to keep their dogs free from this tapeworm, by putting out of their reach the flesh of animals afflicted with the staggers. Sheep may often be kept healthy by keeping them from moist places, and from pastures while the dew is still on the grass, for the proglottides seem to seek such localities, and the heat of the sun appears destructive to their vitality. Much more good may be effected by such preventive measures than by administering anthelmintics, or by attempting the removal of the cysts by the trephine or trochar. Very often immense droves of swine have to be slaughtered on account of the measles, and such attacks always prove that the victims have lately been in the neighborhood of some person who has a toenia solium. Wild swine are never affected in this way. Occasionally this variety of cys-ticercus is found in the flesh of other animals eaten by man, as the ox, deer, and bear, but very seldom. No doubt a great deal of measly pork is sold both fresh and salted, and enough is eaten in an uncooked state in the form of sausages, raw pork, and the like, to account for the wide distribution of taeniae.
Dr. Weinland, in his essay on human cestoidea (Cambridge, 1858), divides the toe-nioidea into two classes: First, the sclerolepi-dota, or hard-shelled tapeworms, the embryos of which, developed in the warm-blooded verte-brata, become mature taeniae only in the intestinal canal of carnivorous mammalia. Thus man obtains the toenia solium from swine; the dog the T. serrata, T. coenurus, and T. echinococcus from the rabbit, the sheep, and the ox respectively; the cat the T. crassicollis from the mouse; and so on. Second, the malacolepidota, or soft-shelled tapeworms, the eggs of which are to be hatched in the stomach of articulata and mollusks. The mature entozoa of this order inhabit the intestinal canal of such animals as prey upon the above, as fish, birds, and insectivorous mammalia. - Trematoda, ste-relmintha (Owen), isolated flat worms. These entozoa are characterized by their flattened, more or less elongated shape, and by ventral sucking disks. The same individual possesses the organs of both sexes. Rudolphi divided them into different genera, according to the number of cup-like suckers present. This classification has been given up, inasmuch as the more important distinctions of structure did not correspond to the external markings; but many of the names have been retained.
Thus the distoma hepaticum, or liver fluke, has two sucking disks. This, the best known of the trematode worms, resembles much a cucumber seed in form, and measures in length one inch, in width about half an inch. It is yellowish brown, probably owing to the bile in which it lives. In this class we first find evidence of an alimentary canal, in addition to the sexual organs, which gives it a higher rank than the cestoi-dea. This consists of a triangular opening or mouth, which may be used either as a sucker or means of obtaining nutriment. From this rises the intestinal canal. An excretory system is also present. This fluke has been found only in a few well authenticated cases in man. Its true home is in the gall ducts of sheep, and it is generally found in the same place in the human system. Cases are on record in which it has been found beneath the skin, having made its way thither by boring into the epidermis. In the liver of the lower animals it works sad havoc in autumn and winter, causing a dilatation and catarrh of the gall ducts, and an interference with the hepatic function, by which, of course, the secretion of the bile is disturbed and changed. They may occur in such quantities as to stop up the cystic duct, and their eggs are deposited in vast numbers in the bile.
The symptoms they create in man need not be stated here. The passage of this worm by the stomach or intestines is the only proof we could have of its presence before death. The generation and development of these worms had been a subject of great interest to naturalists, since Steenstrup made them the object of investigation in illustrating his theory of alternation of generation. The eggs of the distoma, escaping in the form of ciliated embryos, become converted while in the water into nurses or grand-nurses; that is to say, they are not themselves developed into young distomata, but produce in their interior several new organisms, which latter are the real young or larvae of the future animal. These nurses are supplied with organs of self-support. The young brood, known as cercarice, possess in some species tails by which they undertake wanderings on their own account, become attached to mollusks or like animals, and thus find their way into the intestine and liver of some larger animal. The tailless brood have the power of encysting themselves while in the water, and may thus be borne about till they are swallowed by some of the herbivora. This is the general plan of development in all trematode worms, but it is not yet known what peculiar metamorphoses this entozoon undergoes.
There can be little doubt, however, that sheep infect themselves by devouring snails which frequent the grass in moist meadow pastures, or by drinking ditch water. Whether "the rot" is actually caused by this parasite is not absolutely certain, though highly probable, as they are always found in this disease. Little benefit is to be derived from the use of anthelmintics, but a proper attention to these laws of prophylaxis will aid the farmer much in preserving his flocks in a healthy condition. The distoma haematobium forms a very common disease in man in Africa, according to Bilharz, who found it first in the blood of the portal and mesenteric veins. But its chief habitation is the bladder and intestines, and when present in numbers it is very detrimental. In the bladder the worms fasten themselves to the mucous membrane, and produce patches of inflammation, exudation, and haemorrhage. The fungous excrescences thus caused are pedunculated, and often of the size of a pea. Within them the animals may be found, and on their external surface the eggs. In the ureters the inflammation they create is sufficient to produce stricture, and consequent atrophy of the kidney. Several other species of trematode entozoa have been found both in man and herbivorous animals.
Some of them infest the eyes of animals, and are sometimes found in such prodigious quantities as almost to fill the cavity of the eyeball. - Acanthocephala, sterel-mintha, hooked worms. This group of entozoa, which resembles the nematoidea in form and distinction of sex, approaches more nearly the trematoda in its digestive system. It includes some of the most noxious of the parasitic helminths, but none infest man. They are included under one genus, echinorhynchus, which is characterized by its retractile proboscis, armed with recurved spines. It is found in the intestines of the hog and other animals. - Nematoidea, calelmintha (Owen), or round worms. This class is made up of the round worms which inhabit the intestine, lungs, and kidneys of man and the lower animals, or else are enclosed within cysts in the muscular system or beneath the epidermis. They too undertake migrations and undergo transformations, but we are less acquainted with their development than with that of the first two classes; all that we know of them is, that we find sexually mature and embryonic forms, but to trace a connection between them, or to discover their mode of growth, has hitherto been possible only in a few species.
They are distinguished from the cestoidea and trematoda by a more elaborate digestive apparatus, by a nervous system, and by individuality of sex. Most of the species are oviparous, and the development of their eggs has been lately made the study of helminthologists. The ova are enclosed in hard shells, within which under suitable conditions the embryo is further developed by segmentation, till it breaks from its habitation, and comes forth either a perfect worm, or in an intermediate form, in which it wanders into the tissues of man and other animals, where it may undergo the encysted stage, and finally on escaping become the mature individual, when it has found again a suitable habitation. The largest of this class is the strongylus gigas, which belongs to the dog and other animals, but which has been found at rare intervals in the human kidney. It is a long, cylindrical, red monster, with a mouth made up of six papillae. The male, as usual in the nematoidea, is the smaller, measuring from 10 to 12 in., while the female sometimes attains the length of 3 ft., and is half an inch in thickness. This sea serpent of the human entozoa seems really to cause very little trouble.
Like the ascaris, its relative, its fine red color seems owing to a reddish oil secreted by the vaccuoles of the skin. Another species, S. equinus, is very common in the intestine of the horse, and 8. longivaginatus has been found in the lungs and bronchial glands of man. The ascarides are very numerous, and inhabit the intestines of many animals. The ascaris lum-bricoides is the largest which infests the human intestine. It is found all over the world, and prefers the lower part of the small intestine. It is of a pale, pinkish hue, cylindrical and elastic, has pointed extremities, and varies greatly in size according to age and sex. The male measures from 4 to 6, the female from 8 to 18 in. in length. The head is trilobulate with a constriction below the papillae, which serve as sucking surfaces. The intestinal canal is a straight tube piercing the centre of the worm from end to end. They are very prolific, and as many as 64;000,000 ova have been found in one female. These eggs when immature are triangular and very irregular in shape, but when impregnated are enclosed in oval shells, within which the process of segmentation is carried on. Whether it is their nature first to go through a developmental stage outside of man, and to gain readmission in food or in drink, is not known.
Their great number, sometimes 300 or 400 together, leads to the belief that they may under favorable circumstances reproduce themselves in the original host. Any opening between the intestine and any cavity of the body may prove a loophole for its passage, and in this way its presence in strange places, as the bladder or abdominal cavity, may be accounted for. At all events, it is impossible for it to make an opening through the intestine or any tissue of the body, for it is without the means of doing so. The presence of ascarides has been attributed to illness and bad flour and bread. They are most abundant in moist localities, as seacoasts and river valleys, and they may gain admission to the intestines on raw fruit, or in mollusca and larvae of insects, which abound in such places. Bad food or the want of food will undoubtedly cause their discharge, as well as illness, but only because they are starved out, and because bad food and sickness generate an unhealthy action in the intestine, which thus becomes disagreeable to them.
So their discharge is more frequent in summer, but it is on account of the frequent diarrhoeas which follow the eating of green fruits and vegetables, by which they become sickly and are expelled, and not because they are generated by such food of itself; for it must take a long time for them to reach maturity, and they are seldom seen before this age. All attempts to produce these worms in the lower animals by administering eggs have thus far failed. The oxyuris or ascaris vermicularis, the thread or pin worm of the rectum, is the smallest of the human intestinal worms, the male being about two lines and the female five lines long.
Fig. 5. - Taenia echinococcus. a. Cyst, opened, b. Collection of Vesicles or Scolices. c. Single Scolex greatly magnified.
Fig. 6. - Bothriocephalus latus, with View of Tail magnified.
Fig. 7. - Distoma he paticum.
Fig. 8. - Ciliated Embryo of Distoma.
Fig. 9. - Cercaria of Distoma hepaticum.
Fig. 10. - Ascaris lumbricoides.
1. Female. 2. Head. 3. Front view of head, showing the trilobulate form. 4. Tail. 5. Male.
Fig. 11. - Oxyuris ver-micularis (female).
1. Natural size.
2. Magnified.
Fig. 12. - Trichina spiralis.
Its structure resembles that of its larger relative, and its head is also three-lobed, faintly marked. - The muscles of man are sometimes found after death to present a sanded appearance, which is caused by the presence of innumerable little cysts scattered throughout their substance; these are generally isolated, but in immediate contiguity. These minute bodies when examined microscopically are found to contain immature worms coiled up in the narrowest compass. They are cylindrical and tapering, 1/28 of an inch long by 1/600 of an inch thick, and their name is trichina spiralis. Both in the hog and in the human subject they are sometimes found in great abundance in the muscular tissue, sometimes as many as 70,000 or 80,000 to the cubic inch. When first discovered in 1832, and for many years afterward, they were supposed to be harmless, no symptoms connected with their presence having been detected. It is now known that in the cases first observed the parasites had long lain quiescent in the muscular tissue, and that their recent introduction into the system forms one of the most dangerous affections to which the human race is liable.
The true physiological history of trichina spiralis is as follows: When the muscular flesh of pork containing the encysted parasite is eaten in an uncooked or imperfectly cooked condition, the cysts are digested and destroyed in the stomach, but the worms themselves, retaining their vitality, pass into the small intestine. In this situation they lose their spiral form, and begin to increase in size; and by the fourth or fifth day they arrive at maturity, attaining a length of from 1/9 to 1/7 of an inch. At the same time the sexual organs are fully developed, copulation takes place, and the females become filled with mature eggs and embryos, which last are produced alive and in great abundance. These embryos, which are of minute size but in form similar to their parents, then begin to penetrate the walls of the intestine and to dispose themselves over the body. This causes at first an irritation of the intestine, which is usually the earliest symptom of the attack. Within a fortnight after the commencement of the symptoms the embryos are usually to be found scattered throughout the body and limbs, in the tissue of the voluntary muscles. They are still not more than 1/140 or 1/120 of an inch long.
They soon become enclosed in distinct cysts, where they grow to the size of 1/28 of an inch, and at the same time become coiled up in the spiral form. This period of the invasion of the muscular tissue by the parasite is one of great danger to the patient, being characterized by swelling and tenderness of the limbs, pain on motion, and general fever of a typhoid character. The attack is often fatal about the fourth week. If the patient survive that period, the trichina) become quiescent, cease their growth, and may remain without further development or alteration for an indefinite period. The only protection from danger of being infected with trichina from eating pork is to be sure that the meat is always thoroughly cooked throughout. - Tricocephalus dispar (fig. 13) is a nematoid worm which is found, rather rarely and in small numbers, in the cavity of the human caecum, and exceptionally in the colon or in the small intestine. Its anterior or cephalic extremity is slender and filamentous, while its posterior portion is thicker and more robust. The male, when extended, is about 1 1/2 in. long; the female 1 1/2 to 2 in. The eggs are ovoid in form, 1/500 of an inch in length, and marked at each extremity by a minute nipple-like projection.
They are discharged into the cavity of the intestine, and the embryo is developed only after a considerable time. This worm is not known to give rise to any disagreeable symptoms. - One more of the human entozoa is sufficiently interesting to be mentioned here at length, viz.: the filaria medinensis, or Guinea thread worm. This is confined to certain localities in the tropical regions. It is seldom over 9 ft. long, and is found of all lesser sizes according to its age. The male has not yet been described, for either its small size prevents detection, or else it never occurs in man. In shape the female resembles a flattened cord, one line in diameter. Its color is pale yellow, and it is viviparous. Its head is circular and armed with four straight pointed spines, by which it probably penetrates the tissues. It inhabits the subcutaneous areolar tissue, and chiefly that of the ankles, feet, and legs; but it has also been found in the abdominal parietes and arms. It often proves an endemic, attacking certain regiments in armies and sparing others. It appears to follow the rainy seasons, and to occur mostly in low and marshy districts.
There can be hardly any doubt that this animal is an inhabitant of wet places, and that man infects himself only by allowing it to come in contact with his skin. Those who take great precaution against wetting their feet, sleeping on the ground, and bathing in marshy pools, generally escape it. The worm may lie coiled up or extended at full length beneath the skin. As many as 50 individuals have been observed in one person, but usually one alone occurs. If superficial, its growth may be watched from day to day, and it has been seen to increase more than an inch in 24 hours. It often lies concealed for a long time without causing any symptoms of its presence, and may thus be borne from one country to another. When about to open externally, a little boil is found on the skin, which either bursts or is opened, and the anterior end of the worm protrudes. It is removed by seizing this and making gentle traction. All that readily yields is wound about a compress, and bound down over the wound till the following day, when the process is repeated till it is wholly extracted. Great care is taken not to break the worm, for serious results often follow such accidents.
It is probable that the young or germs inhabit wet soils, and enter the tissues of other animals to attain their full development after being impregnated outside. The attempt of the mature female finally to escape seems to imply that, its end being accomplished, it would return to its former home, and deposit its young, where new hosts may offer themselves for their reception. - Many other less important varieties of these three classes of entozoa have been described. - Medical Treatment. The administration of drugs in the encysted stages of tapeworm would of course be useless, and their diagnosis is often a most difficult problem. The following remarks apply then only to the intestinal forms. Nothing should be done until the passage of joints gives the infallible sign of the presence of the worm. All statements of patients regarding their own symptoms must be received with much doubt. A long catalogue of fearful and frightful ills is ascribed to their presence, but probably in the majority of cases without any cause whatever. It is true that the worm feeds upon the nutriment of the patient, but this has not yet formed a part of his organization, and is not assimilated.
Whether epilepsy is ever caused by tapeworm is a matter of great doubt, and more valid proof is needed to show more than a coincidence between the presence of the two. Some species cling more firmly than others, and are more difficult to dislodge. Of course, unless we obtain the head we fail, for the scolex may go on producing new colonies indefinitely. The only way to effect their removal is to render their habitation disagreeable to them. Various drugs (called anthelmintics) are employed to drive out these intruders. A brisk cathartic may dislodge one or two ascari-des if present, or bring away a piece of tapeworm. Cowhage (mucuna pruriens) and tin filings are now seldom used. Santonine, the active principle of santonica or semen contra, is used in doses of 3 to 6 grains three times a day. The oil of wormseed (chenopodium) is used in doses of 5 to 10 drops. Spigelia or pinkroot, alone or with senna, is a favorite anthelmintic in the United States, and the bark of the pride of China (melia azedarach) in the south. Tansy and wormwood, though not frequently used, may be added to the list. The small worms in the rectum are best treated with injections, either of ice water, salt water, infusion of quassia, lime water, or decoction of aloes.
The tapeworm is advantageously attacked with oil of turpentine, petroleum, the oleo-resin of male fern (aspidium filix-mas), pomegranate bark, kameela (from Rottlera, tinctoria), or by kousso, the flower of Brayera anthelmintic a. An emulsion prepared from the seeds of the common pumpkin has been used with very good effect, and has the merit of causing no disagreeable symptoms. Some of these drugs, as male fern, santonine, pome-grante, and kousso, produce more or less intestinal disturbance; and some, as santonine, pomegranate, spigelia, and azedarach, produce nervous symptoms. Benzine and picric acid have been suggested for destroying the trichina spiralis; but unfortunately the presence of this dangerous parasite is not likely to be recognized while accessible in the intestine, except during an epidemic, and it is not probable that any drug has power to dislodge or affect him after he has made his way into the tissues. It is said that the disease of sheep called rot, which is accompanied by the presence of these parasites in the biliary passages, does not occur where the bog bean (menyanthes trifoliata) or tornen-til grows, no matter how damp the pastures may be; nor are the sheep which feed in salt marshes or have salt mixed with their food subject to rot.
No remedies as yet discovered are of any avail in the treatment of the tre-matoda, and their presence can only be correctly diagnosticated when their passage into the outer world is observed. Among the nematoidea, the oxyurides, or pin worms, are the most troublesome, on account of the intolerable itching caused by their nightly wanderings outside the intestine. No treatment can wholly remove them, but cathartics and cold enemata are the best remedies. - The bibliography of helminthology has received many valuable additions within a few years, since it has become a distinct science. For a more complete account of its progress the following books may be referred to: Rudolphi, Entozoo-rum sive Vermium Intestinalium Historia Na-turalis (3 vols. 8vo, Amsterdam, 1808); Steen-strup, publications of Ray society, " Alternation of Generation" (London, 1845); Bremser, Ueber lebende Warmer im leoenden Menschen (4to, Vienna, 1819); Diesing, Systema Hel-minthum (2 vols. 8vo, Vienna, 1850); Dujar-din, Histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux (Paris, 1844); Van Beneden, Vers cestoldes ou acotyles (4to, Brussels, 1850); Leuckart, Blasenbandwurmer und ihre En-twickelung (4to, Giessen, 1856); Owen, "Lectures on Invertebrata" (8vo, London, 1843); Kuchenmeister and Von Siebold, translated in Sydenham society publications (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1857); Leidy, "A Flora and Fauna within Living Animals" (Smithsonian publications, vol. v., 4to, Washington, 1853); Wein-land "Human Cestoides" (8vo, Cambridge, 1858); Davaine, Traite des entozoaires (Paris, 1860); Leuckart, Untersuchungen uber Trichina spiralis (Leipsic, 1860); Cobbold, "Entozoa" (London, 1864); and Pagenstecher, Die Tri-chinen (Leipsic, 1865).
FIG. 13. - Tricocephalus dispar.
1. Male, natural size.
2. Male, magnified.
8. Female, natural size.
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Tag Archive | Lotus
in Formula 1, Lotus F1
First image of Lotus E22 released
Lotus E22 (Image: Lotus F1 Team)
Lotus have unveiled, at least partly, their 2014 F1 car, the E22, on Twitter. The image was released just moments after McLaren’s official unveiling of their car, the MP4-29.
The Lotus features a quite different front end to the McLaren. Where the MP4-29 has a single, centred, narrow nose, the E22 features an unusual-looking double-pronged nose. It remains to be seen whether or not any of the other teams have adopted a similar approach.
The Lotus features the longer sidepods and rear-exiting exhaust required by the 2014 regulations. The livery is an evolution of that seen on last year’s E21, with the front end seeing the major changes in terms of paint-work.
The E22 will not be present at the first pre-season test that starts in Jerez, Spain on Tuesday. Instead, the car will make its track debut on 19 February in Bahrain.
2014 Lotus to skip Jerez test
Romain Grosjean tests the Lotus E21 at Jerez in 2013 (Andrew Ferraro/Lotus F1)
Lotus Technical Director Nick Chester has confirmed that the team’s 2014 car, the E22, will not be unveiled until after the first pre-season test. As a result, the car will not run in Jerez at all and will make its track debut in Bahrain on 19 February.
“We’re going to keep our car under wraps a little longer than some other teams”, said Chester. “We’ve decided that attending the Jerez test isn’t ideal for our build and development programme. We are likely to unveil the car before attending the Bahrain tests, and in Bahrain we should really be able to put the car through its paces in representative conditions.”
The decision to miss the Jerez test is a bit surprising, as there are just 12 days of track testing available to the teams before the season gets underway in Australia in mid-March. The major technical regulation changes that have been introduced for this season make every lap important as the teams learn about their new cars and work to make them quicker and more reliable.
It’s possible that Lotus simply need more time to prepare their car before putting it on the track. It’s also possible that they have come up with some interesting solutions to the technical challenges that all teams face in advance of this season. If that is the case, they might want to keep their secrets under wraps until the last possible moment, to prevent other teams from copying their ideas before the season starts.
The Lotus E22 will be raced in 2014 by Romain Grosjean, who has been retained by the team, and Pastor Maldonado, who has moved to Lotus from Williams.
in Caterham F1, Formula 1, Heikki Kovalainen, Kimi Räikkönen, Lotus F1
Kovalainen to race for Lotus in USA and Brazil
Heikki Kovalainen will race for Lotus in the USA and Brazil (Image: Caterham F1)
Heikki Kovalainen will fill in for fellow Finn Kimi Raikkonen at Lotus for the final two races of 2013, the team confirmed today in a statement on the Lotus F1 Team website.
Kovalainen has been released from his contract with Caterham for the remainder of the season so that he can compete for Lotus. He had been assisting with the development of this year’s Caterham car by taking part in Friday practice sessions for the team.
When Raikkonen announced last week that he would not be available for the final two races of the season, Lotus had to scramble to find the most competitive driver possible to fill Raikkonen’s vacant seat. In particular, Lotus needed a driver who could help them in their quest to take second place in the Constructors’ Championship.
Among the drivers approached were Sauber’s Nico Hulkenberg, who turned down the offer so that he could see out his season with Sauber, and retired seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher, who was disinclined to make a second comeback to the sport he dominated so thoroughly a decade ago.
Kovalainen is an experienced and highly rated driver, which explains his appeal for Lotus. They approached Kovalainen and Caterham and it was arranged that Kovalainen would be able to return to the grid with Lotus this weekend in Austin, Texas.
Lotus team principal Eric Boullier explained the decision to put Kovalainen in Raikkonen’s car:
“Obviously we had to move quickly following the news of Kimi’s non-participation in the final two races of this season, and we found ourselves facing a difficult decision in terms of who should take the wheel in Austin and São Paulo. On the one hand we had our reserve driver Davide Valsecchi – who is a talented young driver that has shown a great deal of promise – and on the other we had the opportunity to bring in a seasoned Formula 1 competitor in Heikki.
“Whilst we have every faith in Davide’s abilities, we are obviously involved in a tight Constructors’ Championship battle, so it was decided that the experience Heikki could bring to the team would be invaluable as we aim to finish the year in the best position possible. We must thank Tony Fernandes and Caterham F1 Team for their professional conduct in allowing Heikki to join us for the final races of this season.”
Kovalainen expressed his enthusiasm for the task he faces in the next two weeks:
“It is a fantastic opportunity for me to join Lotus F1 Team for the final two races of 2013. We’ve seen this year that the E21 is a car which can win races and finish on the podium, so I will be pushing hard for the best results possible. Jumping into a car so late in the year when you have not been competing in the races all season will be a challenge, but I know the team at Enstone well so I have no concerns about getting up to speed. This is a great opportunity for me, so I would like to thank Tony Fernandes and Caterham F1 Team for allowing me to take advantage of it.”
To date, Kovalainen has competed in 110 Grands Prix and has scored one victory, four podiums and one pole position. He will be in a competitive car again this weekend for the first time since he left McLaren at the end of 2009 and will be looking to make the most of the opportunity to score points again in Formula One.
in Formula 1, Lotus F1, Michael Schumacher
Schumacher turns down offer to race for Lotus
Michael Schumacher has turned down an offer to race for Lotus (Image: Mercedes)
Retired seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher has rejected an offer to race for Lotus in the final two races of the 2013 season. Schumacher retired from Formula One for the second time at the end of 2012 after making a three-year comeback to the sport with Mercedes.
Lotus are in need of a competitive driver to fill in for Kimi Raikkonen, who is unavailable for the US and Brazilian Grands Prix due to the need for surgery on his back. So far, Lotus have approached quite a few drivers, if the rumours are true, and Schumacher is among them.
Sky Sports F1 quoted Schumacher’s spokesperson Sabine Kehm as saying,
“Michael’s performance against Nico (Rosberg) and Nico’s performance against Lewis (Hamilton) made a lot of people aware of how good Michael still was,” she said.
“Plus, he is still very fit. But he just feels so good in his new life.”
A second, albeit brief, comeback by Schumacher to Formula One would have created quite a stir in the sport, particularly as it would have taken place in the United States and Brazil, two countries where he enjoyed an enormous amount of success during his time with Benetton and Ferrari.
Nico Hulkenberg, who currently drives for Sauber, also turned down an invitation from Lotus to take over Raikkonen’s car for the remainder of the season. It seems that Lotus are not interested in giving their official reserve driver, Davide Valsecchi, a chance, as he has no experience racing in Formula One and Lotus are in need of strong results as they chase after second place in the Constructors’ Championship.
Based on the rumours currently doing the rounds, the most likely driver to take over Raikkonen’s car is Heikki Kovalainen. Although he has not raced in F1 this season, Kovalainen has taken part in six Friday practice sessions for Caterham, for whom he raced from 2010 to 2012. Before that, Kovalainen spent two seasons at McLaren, with whom he won the 2008 Hungarian Grand Prix.
in Formula 1, Kimi Räikkönen, Lotus F1, Red Bull Racing, Sebastian Vettel
US Grand Prix – Preview
View of the climb up to turn 1 at the Circuit of the Americas (Image: Mercedes)
11 Formula One teams head to Austin, Texas, this weekend for the United States Grand Prix. It’s the second running of the event at the Circuit of the Americas, which was purpose-built for Formula One.
The track is one of just five anti-clockwise circuits on the F1 calendar, the others being Singapore, Korea, Abu Dhabi and Brazil. The Circuit of the Americas consists of 20 corners, including some that are reminiscent of well known curves on other tracks – notably part of the first sector strong resembles the Maggots-Becketts-Chapel complex at Silverstone, and turns 16 to 18 are a mirror of the long, flat-out triple-apex turn 8 at Istanbul Park in Turkey.
Of the drivers racing this weekend, only Lewis Hamilton has ever won the United States Grand Prix. He won the last event held at Indianapolis in his rookie season of 2007 and won again last year when F1 returned to the US at the Circuit of the Americas. If Hamilton is to maintain his perfect record in the US (he has only raced there twice, and won both times), he will have to beat Sebastian Vettel, who is certainly the form man in Formula One after winning his fourth World Championship just a few weeks ago.
This weekend, for the first time since he returned to Formula One in 2012, Kimi Raikkonen will be absent from a Grand Prix. The Finn has elected to miss the final two races of 2013 in order to have surgery to alleviate pain in his back that has apparently troubled him since a heavy testing crash back in 2001.
Lotus have yet to announce the identity of Raikkonen’s replacement for these final two races. Nico Hulkenberg’s manager confirmed this week that Lotus had asked Hulkenberg to race for them, but Hulkenberg turned down the request as he is still committed to Sauber for the rest of the season.
Although Lotus have a full-time reserve in Davide Valsecchi, it looks increasingly unlikely that he will be asked to step in for Raikkonen. The strongest rumours at present are that Heikki Kovalainen will drive for Lotus in the USA and Brazil. The popular and highly-rated Finn has not raced in F1 this season, but has taken part in some Friday practice sessions for Caterham. Kovalainen previously raced for Lotus (when they were called Renault) in 2007, before moving on to McLaren, where he spent two seasons and scored his only F1 victory to date.
Pirelli are bringing their two hardest compounds – the hard and medium tyres – to this weekend’s race. Pirelli’s motorsport boss Paul Hembery explains the choice of tyres and what we can expect in terms of pit stops on Sunday:
“The hard and medium tyres are the best choice for the United States Grand Prix, because it’s a circuit that places several high-energy demands on the tyres, so you need the most durable compounds in the range. There are some fast corners and many rapid elevation changes as well: in that respect it’s a bit like Spa. When you have more energy going through the tyre, you have a bigger heat build-up – which is what increases wear and degradation.
“Now that we’re coming to the USA for the second time we have a better idea of what to expect, whereas last year – when we also nominated the hard and the medium – it was much more of a step into the unknown. This year’s compounds are softer, so we would expect around two pit stops in the race, depending also on the rate of track evolution. Even though it’s November we’re still likely to have warm weather, which obviously affects thermal degradation too.”
Circuit Length: 5.513 km
Corners: 20
Race laps: 56
Race length: 308.405 km
Lap Record: 1:39.347 – Sebastian Vettel / Red Bull Racing (2012)
2012 results:
Race winner: Lewis Hamilton / McLaren
Pole position: Sebastian Vettel / Red Bull Racing – 1:35.657
Fastest lap: Sebastian Vettel / Red Bull Racing – 1:39.347
Weather forecast for the United States Grand Prix from Accuweather.com
Accuweather.com is predicting a chance of rain on Saturday, which could result in a mixed-up qualifying session if the weather does intervene. Formula1.com, the official Formula 1 website, is showing a forecast of thunderstorms for Saturday. Friday and Sunday are expected to be dry.
The weekend should generally be warm, which will be good for racing and for race fans who will hopefully turn out in great numbers as they did last year.
Race Prediction
If anyone other than Sebastian Vettel wins on Sunday, it will be an unlikely result. Vettel has won the last seven races in a row in commanding fashion, showing that he is in arguably the form of his career. At this point of the season, the Red Bull RB9 is easily the fastest car in the field, which makes it certain that Vettel and team-mate Mark Webber will be competitive this weekend. Vettel is the firm favourite to win in Texas on Sunday.
Qualifying could provide an interesting battle of the team-mates. In recent races, Mark Webber has found a bit of extra pace and has had two pole positions, including last time out in Abu Dhabi where he produced a stunning lap in qualfiying to relegate Vettel to second on the grid. With just two races left in his F1 career, Webber will be keen to end on a high note, and starting from pole position this weekend would certainly help his cause in that regard.
in Davide Valsecchi, Formula 1, Kimi Räikkönen, Lotus F1
Raikkonen to miss final two races of 2013
Kimi Raikkonen has driven his last race for Lotus (Image: Andrew Ferraro/Lotus F1 Team)
Kimi Raikkonen will not race at the final two rounds of this season in the United States and Brazil, the Lotus team has confirmed. Raikkonen is set to undergo surgery on his back that will put him out of action for a few weeks.
Raikkonen has complained of back trouble for some time. He reportedly injured his back in a testing crash in 2001, and has apparently had problems ever since. Raikkonen’s back pain affected his race weekend in Singapore earlier this year, where it seemed possible that he would be unable to race. Raikkonen did race, although he struggled heavily in qualifying, and finished third in one of his more impressive drives of the season. Afterwards, he stated that he would likely seek treatment for his back after the end of the season. Based on these most recent developments, it seems that he is unable to put off treatment until the season is finished.
Before the most recent race, in Abu Dhabi, Raikkonen was embroiled in a dispute with Lotus over pay, and it was doubtful if he would race in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. But Raikkonen arrived and competed, and by the end of the weekend it seemed that he had come to an agreement with the team and would see out the rest of the season.
Whether or not Raikkonen and Lotus have in reality patched up their relationship is now irrelevant. His back surgery means Raikkonen’s time with Lotus is effectively over. It was announced some time ago that Raikkonen is to drive for Ferrari again from 2014, and this latest announcement means he has already driven his last race for Lotus.
The big question for Lotus now is: who will drive Raikkonen’s car in the final two races of the season? Davide Valsecchi is the team’s third driver this season, but he has not yet raced in Formula One. Valsecchi has driven this year’s Lotus on two occasions – once in pre-season testing and again at the Young Driver Test at Silverstone in July – but that is by no means ideal preparation for a race weekend. He has been present at the races this season in his role as reserve driver, and it looked possible for a while that he would race in Abu Dhabi before Raikkonen turned up.
In terms of team development, Valsecchi is the obvious choice. He is the team’s reserve driver, and they are presumably grooming him for a possible race drive in the future. If he is given the nod to race over the next two weeks, Valsecchi will have a chance to prove his worth to the team and justify the faith they have already shown in him.
Lotus are currently fourth in the Constructors’ Championship and aiming to catch Ferrari, who are 26 points ahead in third place. In order to do that, they need to score significant points at each of the two remaining races. While there’s no doubt that Grosjean is capable of two strong finishes, Valsecchi is an unknown quantity in Formula One. All drivers take some time to get used to racing in F1 machinery, and that suggests that Valsecchi might, through no fault of his own, struggle to produce performances that will help his team to third place in the Constructors’ Championship.
Therefore, Lotus might want to look to a more experienced driver as a safer option in terms of points scoring ability. In 2012, Lotus put Jérôme D’Ambrosio in Romain Grosjean’s car when Grosjean was banned for the Italian Grand Prix. D’Ambrosio did not score points on that occasion – he finished 13th – but he has 20 Grand Prix starts to his name, which is at least some experience.
There is the admittedly not very strong possibility that Lotus might try to lure Nico Hulkenberg away from Sauber for the final two races of the season. Hulkenberg has been linked with the team for a possible race drive in 2014. If that deal has in fact been done, it would make sense for Lotus to try to integrate Hulkenberg into the team as soon as possible. That would, of course, raise the issue of who would drive Hulkenberg’s Sauber in the final two rounds of the 2013 season.
Lotus have not as yet announced who the replacement driver will be. All they have said is, “The team will make an announcement about the replacement driver for the United States and Brazilian Grands Prix in due course.”
in Fernando Alonso, Ferrari, Formula 1, Kimi Räikkönen, Lotus F1, Red Bull Racing, Sebastian Vettel
Untouchable Vettel wins in Singapore
Sebastian Vettel took a dominant victory for Red Bull in Singapore (Image: Pirelli)
Sebastian Vettel has taken his third win in a row in 2013, and his third consecutive win in Singapore, with a display of dominance hardly seen since the era of Michael Schumacher at Ferrari. Such was Vettel’s pace, he was over two seconds a lap faster than the rest of the field at points in the race where he needed to build up a gap. He led every lap of the race from pole position, and set the fastest lap on the way to victory. Fernando Alonso finished second for Ferrari, with Kimi Raikkonen third for Lotus.
Not even Fernando Alonso could challenge Vettel for victory today. Alonso was simply the best of the rest, taking second place as a result of a stunning start and bold tyre strategy. After qualifying seventh yesterday, Alonso rocketed off the line when the lights went out in Sunday’s race and emerged from the first three corners in third place. But he didn’t have the pace to challenge Vettel and Rosberg ahead, and was only able to finish in front of Rosberg due to the safety car.
On lap 25, Daniel Ricciardo made a mistake on the entry to turn 18 and ploughed into the barrier on the outside of the corner. As Ricciardo’s car was stuck on the track around a blind corner, there was no choice for race control but to deploy the safety car. As soon as that happened, a number of drivers streamed into the pits to change tyres, among them Alonso and Raikkonen. Both Red Bulls stayed out on track, as did both Mercedes drivers.
It soon became clear what the plan was for those drivers who pitted under the safety car: They intended to run to the end of the race without pitting again. Considering that the safety car period ended at the end of lap 30, that meant those drivers would have to do 31 racing laps on a single set of tyres to make it to the end of the 61 lap race. Pirelli confirmed to the BBC commentary team that it was possible, but the tyres would be right on the edge of grip by the end of the race.
And so it proved to be for many of the drivers who attempted the bold strategy. Jenson Button and Sergio Perez found themselves going backwards in the last few laps, from third and fifth with ten laps to go, to seventh and eighth by the chequered flag. Nonetheless, it was another good haul of points for McLaren, who are looking good for fifth place in the Constructors’ Championship this season.
Kimi Raikkonen finished 3rd from 13th on the grid, despite suffering from back pain (Image: Alastair Staley/Lotus F1 Team)
Alonso and Raikkonen made the strategy work. Whether through superior driving or simply having cars that were gentler on their tyres, Alonso and Raikkonen managed to drive the entire second half of the race on a single set of medium tyres each. For Alonso, that meant being patient after the safety car until the two Mercedes drivers and Mark Webber made their second pit stops. For Raikkonen it meant he had to push hard and make some aggressive passing moves. Most notably, Raikkonen passed Jenson Button around the outside of turn 14 on his way to securing a podium place.
Raikkonen’s drive was more than a little impressive. He qualified 13th yesterday after back pain compromised his setup work in third practice. But in the race he used his bold tyre strategy and some skilled, aggressive driving to fight through the field, all the while preserving his tyres so that he could avoid a pitstop in the last 31 laps of the race. He said on the podium that his back had not been too bad during the race, but was starting to hurt once he got out of the car. Sore back or not, it was a storming drive by the popular Finn.
The driver who lost out most in the safety car period was Nico Rosberg. After a stunning start, Rosberg led for a few metres before running wide at turn 1 and losing position to pole-sitter and eventual winner Sebastian Vettel. Rosberg was then in a secure second place until the safety car came out. At that point, Mercedes had a decision to make: pit under the safety car and try to run to the end of the race, or stick with the plan and stop for a second time later on. They chose the latter option, based on their expectation that the Mercedes W04 would not be able to make its tyres last to the end of the race.
Rosberg pitted from second place on lap 41, and from then on found himself chasing after cars who were not intending to stop again. Somewhat bizarrely, Rosberg and his race engineer had a small argument on the team radio, when Rosberg was told to push to make sure he could capitalise on a possible last minute stop for Alonso. Rosberg was adamant that he needed to preserve his tyres, and disagreed with his engineer for a few corners to the general entertainment of television audiences who got to hear the conversation.
In the final laps of the race, Rosberg and Hamilton, who had pitted two laps after his team-mate, found themselves coming across cars who were running out of grip. The two Mercedes drivers were quite effective at fighting through the traffic and ended up fourth and fifth by the end of the race.
Mark Webber was the unfortunate victim of unreliability in his Red Bull. Like the Mercedes drivers, Webber spent his last stint on fresh tyres fighting through the field. It looked like he had the pace to reach the podium, but a few laps from the end he was told by his team to short-shift (i.e. change gear early, instead of waiting for the engine revs to reach their limit before up-shifting). The instruction was repeated with increasing urgency, suggesting that Webber had a gearbox problem. On the penultimate lap, it was clear that something was very wrong, and Webber confirmed over the team radio that he had lost power. Nonetheless, he attempted to complete the final lap, although by that stage he was so slow that drivers who had been quite far behind were passing him easily.
While he was cruising around on the final lap, Webber’s Red Bull caught fire, presumably as a result of a fuel or oil leak related to his lack of power. He pulled off and jumped out of the car while flames licked at the bodywork of the Red Bull. The retirement cost Webber fourth place and 12 championship points.
To add insult to injury, Webber was handed a reprimand for rejoining the track without the permission of the marshals after the race. Webber accepted a lift back to the pits on Fernando Alonso’s Ferrari, but apparently breached the regulations in the process. Alonso also received a reprimand, for stopping on the track against the instructions of the marshals, and causing two cars to take evasive action as a result. Webber’s reprimand is his third of the season, which means he will receive a 10-place grid penalty for the next race in Korea.
Felipe Massa had a strong if sligthly frustrated drive to sixth place from sixth on the grid. Massa made a flying start, but found his way blocked in turns one to three and could not capitalise on his surge off the line. He spent almost the entire race trying to pass one car or another, but on the tight Marina Bay street circuit, passing was always going to be difficult. When the safety car came out, Massa pitted, just as Alonso did. But Ferrari chose to split their strategies, sending Alonso out on the medium tyres in the hope of making it to the end of the race without another stop, while Massa put on a set of supersoft tyres, intending to make another stop for supersoft tyres later in the race.
As it happened, Massa ended up stuck behind Paul Di Resta, who was also on supersoft tyres, in the period after the safety car. When it was time for Massa’s final pit stop, Di Resta also pitted, which meant Massa faced the prospect of staring at Di Resta’s gearbox until the end of the race. But Di Resta crashed out in turn 7 in the final few laps of the race, releasing Massa to chase after the cars ahead that were on older tyres. He made up a few places and finished sixth, where he had started.
Nico Hulkenberg picked up 2 points for 9th place (Image: Sauber)
Nico Hulkenberg had a frustrating race for Sauber. He made a very strong start and found himself battling with the two McLarens early on. At one point, Sergio Perez tried to pass him in turn 7, but Hulkenberg did not yield and held position around the outside. On the exit of the corner, Hulkenberg bottomed out on the kerb and ran off the track. He rejoined without losing position. The stewards ruled that he had gained an advantage by running off the track, which seemed very harsh considering that Perez had at no point been ahead of Hulkenberg and there seemed to be some minor contact between them as Hulkenberg ran wide.
But there was nothing Hulkenberg could do about the decision, and he had no choice but to yield to Perez. He spent the rest of the race behind the McLarens, eventually finishing in ninth place to collect another two points in a season that has been tough for the young German in an underperforming Sauber.
The final points position went to Force India’s Adrian Sutil. He had a fairly uneventful race but found himself at the back of the train of cars that included the McLarens at the end of the race. At that point, however, his tyres were starting to go off and he had no way of getting past Hulkenberg and had to settle for tenth place.
Full results from the Singapore Grand Prix:
Pos No Driver Team Laps Time/Retired Grid Pts
1 1 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull 61 1:59:13.132 1 25
2 3 Fernando Alonso Ferrari 61 +32.6 secs 7 18
3 7 Kimi Räikkönen Lotus 61 +43.9 secs 13 15
4 9 Nico Rosberg Mercedes 61 +51.1 secs 2 12
5 10 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 61 +53.1 secs 5 10
6 4 Felipe Massa Ferrari 61 +63.8 secs 6 8
7 5 Jenson Button McLaren 61 +83.3 secs 8 6
8 6 Sergio Perez McLaren 61 +83.8 secs 14 4
9 11 Nico Hulkenberg Sauber 61 +84.2 secs 11 2
10 15 Adrian Sutil Force India 61 +84.6 secs 15 1
11 16 Pastor Maldonado Williams 61 +88.4 secs 18
12 12 Esteban Gutierrez Sauber 61 +97.8 secs 10
13 17 Valtteri Bottas Williams 61 +105.161 secs 16
14 18 Jean-Eric Vergne Toro Rosso 61 +113.512 secs 12
15 2 Mark Webber Red Bull 60 Engine 4
16 21 Giedo van der Garde Caterham 60 +1 Lap 20
17 23 Max Chilton Marussia 60 +1 Lap 22
18 22 Jules Bianchi Marussia 60 +1 Lap 21
19 20 Charles Pic Caterham 60 +1 Lap 19
20 14 Paul di Resta Force India 54 Accident 17
Ret 8 Romain Grosjean Lotus 37 Pneumatics 3
Ret 19 Daniel Ricciardo Toro Rosso 23 Accident 9
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Obama’s Big Iran Nuke Deal Is Becoming More Like A Big Disagreement
Ivan Plis Reporter, Daily Caller News Foundation
Just weeks before the deadline for a final agreement on Iran’s nuclear program, U.S. allies keep clashing with Iran over the basic terms of the proposed deal.
One of those details is the deadline itself. France and Iran have both suggested that negotiations may stretch into July, despite consensus at April’s announcement of a “framework” agreement that the final deadline would be June 30.
The last round of negotiations was also settled over the wire, with U.S. officials extending past midnight on March 31 before reaching an agreement on April 2. (RELATED: Negotiators Announce Plan For 10-Year Iranian Nuclear Restrictions)
On Wednesday, State Department spokesman Jeff Rathke insisted that the U.S. is “not contemplating any extension beyond June 30” and that the countries negotiating with Iran are “united in our efforts to reach a final deal by the end of June.”
Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has also said in recent weeks that under a final deal, Western inspectors would not have access to Iran’s military nuclear sites. Instead, he insists that inspections would be limited to the selected few facilities mentioned by name in April’s framework agreement.
But France’s foreign minister, Laurent Fabius, shot back at the ayatollah Wednesday, saying that “if it is not clear that inspections can be done at all Iranian installations, including military sites,” France would not back a final deal.
France has been one of the most Iran-skeptical parties to the talks, which besides the U.S. and Iran include France, Russia, China, the U.K. and Germany. In his remarks Wednesday, Fabius reiterated that France would say “yes to an agreement, but not to an agreement that will enable Iran to have the atomic bomb.”
U.S. President Barack Obama has worked strenuously to reassure allies in Israel and the Arab world that the deal, as proposed, would be the best chance to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon. But several regional states have already taken steps to develop their own civilian nuclear programs in recent weeks — and in some cases, rebuffed U.S. attempts to win their trust. (RELATED: What Would A Middle East Nuclear Arms Race Look Like?)
The final talks also come at a time when Iranian influence is expanding in the region, as it sponsors the most viable Iraqi fighting force against Islamic State, as well as rebels resisting a Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen.
Secretary of State John Kerry travels to Switzerland this weekend to kick off the next round of in-person negotiations with his Iranian counterpart, Foreign Minister Javad Zarif.
Tags : ali khamenei barack obama france iran javad zarif john kerry
Ivan Plis
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New England News Forum - Saturday, April 7
The New England News Forum, which is based in the journalism program at UMass Amherst, is presenting The New(s) England Revolution: From Politics to Courtroom to Classroom, an "interactive seminar" of teachers, journalists, bloggers, videographers, and active citizens at UMass Lowell on Saturday, April 7. This seminar will explore how "changing media is changing civic engagement."
Vermont Governor Jim Douglas will be the keynote speaker at this event to be held at the Wannalancit Mills in Lowell. More than 70 participants have already signed up for the conference; there are still available seats. Registration is $28.
March 30, 2007 at 06:10 AM in General Commentary | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
What is it about Parminder Nagra?
Regular readers of TER know that I have something of a fascination with the British actress Parminder Nagra, who was the star of the movie Bend It Like Beckham and is now a member of the ensemble cast of the long-running NBC drama ER. Nagra was born in 1975 in Leicester in the United Kingdom and is of Punjabi Indian heritage.
I have been following Nagra’s progress on something called The Hollywood Stock Exchange, which tracks the opinions of virtual investors as to the star value of movies, directors, and actors. I have written a few times on how this celebrity might yet become an even bigger celebrity. (All of these pieces can be found in my Culture index.)
This attention is not simply the result of a middle-aged teenage crush – although I do think that Parminder Nagra is one of the most beautiful women active in media that are full of beautiful women.
Beyond her stunning beauty, Nagra is notable because she has one of the greatest natural acting talents of any actor or actress now active in movies and television in this country and Europe. Her talent as an actress is comparable to that of Sarah Vaughan as a singer, Ted Williams as a baseball hitter, or David Beckham as a soccer scorer.
In an interview with USA Today about four years ago, Nagra made the comment that “I can pretty much tell the whole story through my eyes.” At first, I thought that this was simply the boast of an out-of-control ego. Now, having seen more of her work, I believe that Nagra was making a matter-of-fact assessment of her own talent – the thing that got her from Leicester to London to Hollywood. Nagra is unexcelled at the non-verbal element of her craft. This is one reason that cameras – particularly movie cameras – seem to love her face.
Nagra has not had many movie and television roles that have been well-known in the United States. She has the potential to have many more – and far more prominent – roles based on her talent and beauty. With luck and a willingness to pay the price that Hollywood demands, I believe that she could become one of the iconic actresses of the first half of the 21st century – much as Ingrid Bergman was in the middle decades of the 20th.
Nagra’s ethnic background should not hold her back in this regard. America is becoming an ever more diverse place, including a growing South Asian population. If this country’s voters can seriously think - as they are - of electing a President of the United States named Barack Obama, this country’s moviegoers should support an A-list potential Oscar winner named Parminder Nagra.
In order to get where she could go – and ought to go – Nagra will need roles. To do this, she will need to convince producers of her bankability. Her current role in ER is not bad in this regard – it certainly has brought her to a wider audience – but ER will not last forever – nor should it. People need to see her in the medium that most fits her talents - the movies.
Fortunately, her fans – and those who are curious – will have an opportunity to see some new work of Nagra’s. In Your Dreams, a film directed by British Director Gary Sinyor, is set to premiere at the Cannes Film Festival in May. (The photo above is a still from the film.) This movie is about a little boy whose heart is broken.
Now he's grown up to be an embittered dentist, he's done nothing, gone nowhere AND he has a step-mother from hell. One day he suffers a mysterious accident - and suddenly finds that whatever he dreams comes true. Suddenly a whole new life opens up for him. (Description from Magnetfilms)
Hopefully, this movie will get some manner of theatrical release in this country - and not go straight to DVD or Pay-Per-View. As I suggested in November, perhaps this is where the new world of the Internet can come into play. Websites like Parminder Nagra Online might be able to generate the sort of buzz that might convince producers to try for a wide theatrical release in this country - the sort that is needed for Parminder Nagra to continue to her potential.
UPDATE, APRIL 6, 2007: Parminder Nagra's upward potential has been noted by the Hollywood Stock Exchange, which assigns value to movies, directors, and actors like a stock market (except that it uses virtual dollars). As noted here, Nagra's value at HSX has nearly doubled in the past month - from $7.81 per share to $14.96. I believe that this increase will continue.
March 29, 2007 at 10:54 PM in Culture | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Concord Coalition Budget Update: House Budget
Last week, the Concord Coalition released an update on the U.S. Senate Budget Committee's budget resolution for fiscal year 2008. This week, the Coalition has released an update on the House version.
One key element of the House plan is - so far - a strict adherence to the "PAYGO" principle. That is, there are no tax cuts or entitlement expansions without corresponding revenue increases or expenditure reductions. A major example of this is that the House version does not assume that the major Bush tax cuts of 2001 and 2003 will be extended beyond their current expiration of December 31, 2010. The President's budget assumes these tax cuts as part of the "baseline" budget for fiscal years 2011 and 2012. As the Coalition notes, by not assuming the extension of the cuts, the House version of the budget makes the tax cut extension the subject of active policymaking rather than a back-door assumption.
The Coalition does criticize the House Budget Resolution for not including full funding of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. It also criticizes the lack of a "meaningful spending reconciliation bill to achieve savings in entitlement programs."
March 29, 2007 at 09:19 PM in Public Policy | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)
Massachusetts Transportation Finance Commission Releases Report: "An Unsustainable System"
The Massachusetts Transportation Finance Commission, a non-partisan body established by the Massachusetts legislature in 2004 to study transportation needs in Massachusetts, has released a 75 page report, Transportation System in Massachusetts: An Unsustainable System, that details the extent to which the financial resources currently available for transportation operations and infrastructure are inadequate. According to the Commission,
the cost just to maintain our transportation system exceeds the anticipated resources available by $15 billion to $19 billion. This does nothing to address necessary expansions or enhancements.
The Commission plans a period of public discussion based on this report. Following that discussion, the Commission expects to issue a second report with "options and recommendations to address the issues described in this report."
The Commission has given indications in the past of the direction of its findings - even becoming the subject of discussions during the recent Gubernatorial campaign.
March 29, 2007 at 05:25 AM in Public Policy - Massachusetts | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Quebec Votes
The Province of Quebec voted today for its National Assembly (provincial legislature). Incumbent Premier Jean Charest of the Liberal Party was facing the Parti Quebecois (PQ) under Andre Boisclair and Action Democratique (ADQ) under Mario Dumont.
The Liberals have been in power now for four years. PQ has pledged to bring another referendum on Quebec independence from Canada if they return to power. PQ last brought such a referendum in 1995; this referendum lost narrowly - mainly on the strength of the vote from Montreal, which voted heavily against independence.
UPDATE, 8:40 PM: The Liberal Party has gotten off to an early lead in the count, winning or leading in 47 seats, compared with the PQ winning or leading 36, and ADQ winning or leading in 28. There are 125 seats in the Quebec National Assembly. To win a majority government, a party needs to win 63 seats. With PQ and ADQ already at a combined 64 seats, it seems a minority government is likely in Quebec.
UPDATE, 8:55 PM: A bit of a change in fortune. The Liberal Party and ADQ are tied at 45 seats leading or winning, with PQ trailing at 34 seats winning or leading.
UPDATE, 9:00 PM: Premier Jean Charest has won re-election to the National Assembly.
UPDATE, 9:15 PM: ADQ now has won or leads in 47 seats to the Liberal Party's 44 and the PQ's 34.
UPDATE, 9:30 PM: The Liberals have now won or leads in 47 seats, the ADQ has won or leads in 43, and PQ in 35.
UPDATE, 9:45 PM: The Liberals hold a lead at 45 seats to ADQ's 44 and PQ's 36.
UPDATE, 10:00 PM: The Liberals have widened their lead to 47 seats to 40 for ADQ and 38 for PQ. Only 13 of the 125 National Assembly seats have not been decided.
UPDATE, 10:30 PM: Assuming no challenges to those declared elected, the possibility of PQ forming a government has been mathematically eliminated. The Liberals have won 43 seats and lead in another 5. ADQ has won 40 and leads in another. PQ has won 34 and leads in 2.
UPDATE, 10:35 PM: The CBC has called the election for the Liberals, who will now form a minority government in Quebec City.
March 26, 2007 at 08:13 PM in Public Policy - International | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Deval Patrick Resurgence?
With fanfare that included a launch at the Boston Latin School, the Deval Patrick Committee launched its revamped website yesterday. .08 Acres and a Donkey's sco liveblogged the event. Charley on the MTA from Blue Mass. Group quoted sco as saying -
I have to say, after listening to this, that this was the governor that I worked for. This was the man I voted for, not the stumbling neophyte that took over his body for the past 75 days. I hope that this is the turning point in his administration.
For this observer, it remains to be seen whether this is the beginning of a resurgence for the Massachusetts Governor. The launching of the new website - and the response of supporters - particularly those of us operating in the "new media" - will be a test of the effectiveness of the emerging new politics. The key question is whether the grassroots organization and activist and Internet base that was so crucial to electing Deval Patrick will make a difference as the Governor tries to build winning coalitions in the Legislature on issues like closing corporate tax loopholes, implementing local option taxes, and consolidating funding in the judiciary and higher education.
In order for the new Deval Patrick Committee and website to be more than simply a cheering section for the Governor, it will need to help mobilize the activist base to overcome the powerful opposition that the Governor faces on these issues.
March 25, 2007 at 11:17 AM in Politics | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Governor Patrick and His Father
Today's Boston Globe has a fascinating article about the relationship between Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick and his father, Laurdine "Pat" Patrick, who was a jazz saxophonist - most prominently with the Sun Ra Arkestra.
Pat Patrick was a presence in his family's life only irregularly after Deval Patrick was about three years old. According to the Globe,
As a child, (Deval Patrick) knew his father largely by his eloquent absence. Laurdine "Pat" Patrick, a gifted baritone saxophone player who traveled the world with the legendary Sun Ra Arkestra and a host of jazz greats, was often on the road. As he grew into adulthood, Deval would confront and ultimately come to know the passionate, often mischievous man who was his father. By the time Pat Patrick died of leukemia in 1991, the two men had found a certain peace.
Deval's experience of his father, as he sees it, motivated him "to be a better man than in some ways I think my father was as a father and as a person in relationship to his wife." But some family members speak of something more than that: They believe it galvanized him and taught him to rely, from a very early age, on his own judgment and ability. And it all began, in a way, when he chose to attend Milton Academy despite his father's stern opposition to a school so identified, in his mind, with the white power structure.
March 25, 2007 at 07:43 AM in Culture, Politics | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Recent Reading - March 2007
In recent weeks, I have read two novels. One was the most recent work of a venerable and well-honored writer; the other was the first novel - published some years ago - of a rising young writer. The first was The Mission Song of John Le Carre; the second, Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard by Kiran Desai.
The Mission Song
Published in 2006 and set in the present day, John Le Carre's twentieth novel, The Mission Song, is like much of Le Carre's other work in that it presents the story of a main character who falls into espionage or other international intrigue for reasons of circumstance and who is not a heroic "James Bond" type. Bruno Salvador thus is like such past Le Carre characters as Harry Pendel (The Tailor of Panama), Ted Mundy (Absolute Friends), and Justin Quayle (The Constant Gardener). This newest Le Carre character is a young British freelance interpreter of mixed European and African heritage. Salvador gets jobs based on his extensive knowledge of African languages; he is highly talented with languages, but he is quite naive - particularly about the ways of international intrigue. One job in particular puts Salvador's language skills - and naivety - to the test.
Le Carre's knowledge of spycraft - and statecraft - remains impressive. He also knows how to spin a yarn. His focus on the developing world - and Africa, in particular - is both morally and intellectually compelling. However, in terms of building a main character, Le Carre set himself a big task - convincingly portraying a twentysomething half-African (operating in current day Britain). It was a brave stretch of the imagination for the seventysomething Le Carre, but this reader did not find Bruno Salvador as convincing, believable, or understandable as such past characters as Harry Pendel or Justin Quayle.
The Mission Song is not Le Carre's best work, but worthwhile for fans of Le Carre - like this reader.
Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard
Kiran Desai is Indian, but now lives mainly in the United States. She comes from a literary family - her mother, Anita Desai, is also a well-known writer. Kiran Desai's first novel was published in 1998 when the author was in her late twenties. She has since written a second novel, The Inheritance of Loss, which was published last year. After reading the first novel, I look forward to encountering the second.
Hullaballoo in the Guava Orchard, which is set in India, is the whimsical and fantastic story of a young man named Sampath Chawla and his family. Sampath is a very unambitious young man who simply wants to be left alone. One day he decides that he has had enough of his family, his job, and his town. This is when the "fun" begins.
Desai is a very sensuous writer; she clearly loves depicting colors and smells (particularly of food) and sounds. She also clearly loves language and its sound - her love of the sound of language is actually poetic. Desai writes with brio, setting up very humorous situations. She seems also to think deeply about how individuals, families, communities, and societies operate. She shows people trying to perform roles - as family members, employees, or government officials - that might not suit their natures or their cultures perfectly - or at all. In an India that has both ancient cultures and a more recent British influence, this is an important conflict to be playing out in literature. Desai also shows an appreciation for the importance of unintended consequences in life.
The one major weakness of the book is the ending. In order not to spoil it for those who have not read the book, I will say only that I found it unsatisfying and unconvincing - a let-down given how good the rest of the book is. Despite this, the Hullaballoo in the Guava Orchard is a word feast worth sitting down for.
Bush Administration E-Mail
Shakespeare's Sister has a very interesting piece on the Bush Administration's stance on e-mail. (HT: Jon Kay at Centerfield.)
Apparently, many top officials of the administration, including the President himself, do not use - or rarely use - e-mail for official business. Others who use e-mail use accounts that are not official White House accounts to conduct official business.
This pattern seems to violate at least the spirit of the Presidential Records Act, which requires Presidents to make efforts to archive all official communications involving the White House. It is consistent with an administration that seems not the least bit interested in transparent government. It may also represent criminal behavior. Shakespeare's Sister points to an Adam Cohen piece in the New York Times which lays out four potential crimes associated with the growing scandal surrounding the firing of United States Attorneys. Cohen writes that "it is illegal to lie to Congress, and also to 'impede' it in getting information." As Shakespeare's Sister writes,
It doesn't take much of an imagination to see how an orchestrated refusal among top administration officials to use e-mail for even basic communications could be construed as an intent to impede Congress from getting information.
All of these are fair points, but in fairness, it must be noted that high government officials are often slow to adopt new forms of communication. Bill Clinton also did not use e-mail as President. Also, the telephone was very slow to reach Presidential use; the first President to have a telephone on his desk was Herbert Hoover in 1929 - more than fifty years after the telephone was invented. E-mail will become a routine method of Presidential communication. It simply will not be possible for a future President to avoid it - as Presidents Clinton and Bush have.
March 22, 2007 at 07:25 AM in Politics, Public Policy | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Made for YouTube Political Ads - Obama and Clinton
Last month, I wrote about a piece of old-fashioned political media - an infomercial (styled a "documentary") that was done for the Mike Gravel for Senate campaign. This infomercial was done in 1968 when Sen. Gravel was running for his first term in the U.S. Senate representing the Alaska. (Sen. Gravel is now running for President.) Looking at that infomercial is instructive about where the political dialogue was decades ago.
We can see the evolution of this dialogue in some "Made for YouTube" political attack ads. One that has begun to gain attention - I learned of this by word-of-mouth and from Oval Office 2008 - is an adaptation of the famous TV ad done in 1984 for Apple Computer based on George Orwell's 1984. In this iteration, Sen. Hillary Clinton is "Big Brother" and the "hammer-thrower" represents the champion of the new generation - Sen. Barack Obama. There has already been a response - another iteration reverses the roles with Obama as "Big Brother." Both of these ads are well done - virtually professional in quality. We should expect to see more similar ads.
The YouTube Revolution in the political dialogue has already started.
March 21, 2007 at 08:12 PM in Culture, Politics | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
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Craig Earle
Cancer Care Ontario; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research
craig.earle@ices.on.ca
Dr. Craig Earle is a medical oncologist specializing in gastrointestinal cancers at Sunnybrook’s Odette Cancer Centre in Toronto, Canada, the Director of Health Services Research for Cancer Care Ontario and the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, a Professor of Medicine at the University of Toronto, and a Senior Scientist at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. Dr. Earle originally trained and practiced in Ottawa, Canada, after which he spent 10 years between 1998 – 2008 in Boston at Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health. While there, he was the founding Director of the Lance Armstrong Foundation Adult Survivorship Clinic at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. His personal research interests focus on evaluating and improving the quality of care received by patients with advanced cancer and cancer survivors, and making linked de-identified administrative data more available for health research.
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The Crawling Chaos
Official Website – the best music this side of tomorrow – said Margaret Thatcher’s ghost to some other cunt ghost
E.Y.E.S.
Sex Machine/Berlin
Gas Chair Clown a.k.a. “The Gas Chair”
Homunculus Equinox
Waqqaz
Spookhouse
Alt Mix Music
Buy Spookhouse
Poetry Corner
No fuss.
Reg Vase
My old friend Jeff recently died on 17th March 2010. I headed this post with “no fuss” since Jeff’s partner (Jackie) asked me for no fuss, yet I just had to do something – and this is the result. Sadly, Jackie has now since died….
The track playing now (above) was one of the last pieces we did together. It’s Jeff’s creation and is one of my favourite Crawling Chaos tracks.
If the bit from 1:15 to 1:24 doesn’t make you well up, there’s something wrong with you.
This is a pre-Waqqaz version from a cassette that has travelled round France, been in various glove compartments and cupboard floors. I’ve taken it straight from cassette and it’s encoded at the maximum bitrate for MP3 files in Reaper for your enjoyment. I’ve just used a noise gate set at -20dB and a bit of compression to follow in this extract. For me, the mix is better than the final vinyl one despite the 12kHz frequency cut-off.
It’s Jeff at his finest.
I remember him sitting cross-legged on the floor at Bebside for about a fortnight getting the various harmonies planned out. My input was minimal and I just did a few block keyboard chords as instructed, to bulk out the end as well as the mixing on the guitars and the drums set-up.
The real work was within the complex interlocking guitar parts, of which there are many, all played by Jeff. The only words I could think of came to me in a dream.
E.ver Y.oung, E.ver S.pecial
I ensured that they were on the penultimate bounce so that they couldn’t be removed. I didn’t know why, at the time, I thought of them (apart from their obvious corniness) – or why I strove to ensure their longevity — But I instantly knew despite all that, that this was Jeff’s finest work, for me, and I’ve listened to it many times since, mainly this cassette tape version.
So now I know that one’s karma transcends space and time – that one can affect one’s karma in the distant past.
I have chanted to change my karma both now, in the future, and in the past, and the benefits are immense.
So now I know — and why I know that I’ve always known even without knowing — why I woke up with those corny words in my head 25, now springs ago.
It was so that I could write this piece about my old friend Jeff, and remember him and all the joint experiences that we had together since we were 14, which is now years ago…
Goodbye Doomage. Till next time.
Links to Jackie Fielding’s Death
https://www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/2015/obituary-jackie-fielding/
https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/jackie-fielding-tributes-respected-director-9354390
https://www.shieldsgazette.com/news/south-shields-theatre-director-dies-after-collapsing-during-the-man-and-the-donkey-show-at-customs-house-1-7280463
https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/culture/13219141.display/
https://www.edwaughandtrevorwood.co.uk/blog/in-memory-of-jackie-fielding/
https://www.newsguardian.co.uk/news/play-on-death-of-a-soldier-scoops-award-1-7351945
https://www.shieldsgazette.com/whats-on/theatre-and-comedy/geordie-musical-dedicated-to-memory-of-jackie-fielding-1-7386531
https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/fund-set-up-memory-director-11316021
7 Replies to “E.Y.E.S.”
Just got the news and am heartbroken to hear it.
SENSIBLE says:
BUTTER WAS NEITHER HEAR OR THERE . AND NEVER GOT NOWT TO EAT
Strangely says:
Sally.
I’ve been the same, and for me, it’s been a pretty bizarre last six months with lots of changes, expected and sudden. It’s all part of life, in the end, and we must embrace it, the good and the bad, or else we are doomed to sadness and regret.
eetapes says:
Shocked when I heard the news from Holly!
Though we only met in person once (1989!), I remember Jeff as a great person, humour & parties and a damn fine musician!
CU in another life!
Eriek
dave pipkin says:
A very charismatic man. Always remember you Jeff. Dave x
Still remembering you Jeff. It’s that time of year.
Sad news in…. Jeff’s partner Jackie has died and I’ve just spoken to Jeff’s mam to see if she’s alright. I only met Jackie once, a nice lady.
Another one goes too soon.
https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/south-shields-theatre-director-jackie-9341960
Main image: “The Fall of Numenor,” an allusion to Atlantis made by J.R.R. Tolkien well after HP Lovecraft did his stuff.
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Glasgow Film Theatre
The Glasgow Film Theatre (GFT) is an independent cinema and educational charity located in the heart of Glasgow...
Eden Court Theatre & Cinemas - CREATIVE
Eden Court is the Theatre for the Highlands and Islands and presents a wide and varied programme of music, drama, dance, comedy and film to appeal to all residents of the Highlands and visitors to the area...
Project Ability
Project Ability is a Glasgow-based visual arts organisation which creates opportunities for people with disabilities and people with mental health issues to express themselves and achieve artistic excellence...
Vision: We will be a beacon for artistic activity in the Western Isles, we will celebrate and encourage creativity in all its forms, we will be a genuine centre for our community, and we will represent and support Gaelic culture...
Ankur Arts Productions
Ankur Arts Productions (Ankur: pronounced "un- khoor" means "sapling" or "seedling") is a Glasgow-based charity which has played a pioneering role in developing Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) arts in Scotland...
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Reports, correspondence and administrative records concerning YWCA of the U.S.A. associations in Rockford and Springfield, Illinois. Visitation reports describe and assess the association's program, leadership, activities, facilities and services. Other documents include constitutions and bylaws, community and association studies, lists of professional and volunteer leadership and association historical summaries and fact sheets.
reports, administrative records, correspondence, constitutions, bylaws (administrative records), lists (document genre), questionnaires, programs (documents)
Reports, correspondence and administrative records concerning YWCA of the U.S.A. associations in Sterling, Streator, Waukegan, Wheaton and Woodford County, Illinois. Visitation reports describe and assess the association's program, leadership, activities, facilities and services. Other documents include constitutions and bylaws, lists of professional and volunteer leadership and association historical summaries and fact sheets. The YWCA of Streator efforts to reorganize following a period of suspension, agreement with the local YMCA and disaffiliation are documented in correspondence and reports. Woodford County documents include information concerning their disaffiliation from the YWCA of the U.S.A. and a report from Wheaton, Illinois concerns the challenges of the registered YWCA there.
reports, administrative records, correspondence, constitutions, bylaws (administrative records), lists (document genre), questionnaires, programs (documents), clippings (information artifacts)
Reports, correspondence, administrative records and other documents concerning YWCA of the U.S.A. associations in East St. Louis, Elgin and Evanston, Illinois. Visitations reports describe and assess the association services, leadership and programs in addition to describing the community served and their needs. Residence surveys gather information concerning residence services and facilities offered and their use. Other documents include governing documents such as constitutions and bylaws, administrative records, association histories and fact sheets and lists of professional and volunteer leadership. Addition documents concerning the YWCA of East, St. Louis include a study of the association and its activities, a study of the working and living conditions of the immigrant population and correspondence concerning the relationship between the YWCA of East St. Louis and the Mary Bethune Club. The Mary Bethune Club, a club for African American women, is interested in becoming members of the local YWCA. The correspondence explains their efforts and the reaction of the YWCA of East St. Louis in addition to the intervening and advisory actions from the YWCA of the U.S.A. Additional documents concerning the YWCA of Evanston, Illinois include correspondence and reports concerning their effort to become an association independent of the YWCA of Chicago, Illinois.
reports, administrative records, correspondence, constitutions, bylaws (administrative records), lists (document genre), annual reports, clippings (information artifacts), questionnaires
Reports, correspondence and administrative records concerning YWCA of the U.S.A. associations in Freeport, Galva, Highland Park, Kankakee and Kewanee, Illinois. Also included are correspondence and reports concerning the possibility of organizing and affiliating associations in Harvey, Jacksonville, Joliet and Kewanee, Illinois.
Reports, correspondence and administrative records concerning the YWCA of the U.S.A. associations in Moline and Pekin, Illinois. Also included are visitation reports and correspondence concerning the YWCA of Lake Forest, Illinois continued from the previous reel. Visitation reports describe and assess the association's program, leadership, activities, facilities and services. Other documents include constitutions and bylaws, a study of the YWCA of Moline, lists of professional and volunteer leadership and association historical summaries.
Reports, correspondence and administrative records concerning the YWCA of the U.S.A. association in Lake Forest, Illinois. The YWCA of Lake Forest is affiliated in 1914 and enters a period of inactivity in 1950 due to lack of interest and an issue of funding. Constitutions, bylaws, fact sheets and association historical summaries document its organization, administration and community status. Visitation reports describe and assess the association's program, leadership, activities, facilities and services. Correspondence and reports concerning race relations in Lake Forest include accounts of an incident in a movie theater involving two white girls and two African American girls and the integration of the African American Girl Reserve club into the YWCA of Lake Forest's club.
Documents concerning YWCA of the U.S.A. activity and associations in Illinois. Documents concerning the state of Illinois as a whole include the general not for profit corporation act for Illinois, a report of an interview with Mr. A. L. Foster and Mr. Emer W. Henderson of the Illinois State Commission of the Condition of the Urban Colored Population and a booklet of addresses given by Anna J. B. Lyman during her time as chairman of the state YWCA committee of Illinois. The life, program, history and services of the YWCA of the U.S.A. associations in Alton and Aurora, Illinois are documented in visitation reports, governing documents, lists and directories of leaders and volunteers, correspondence and administrative records. Correspondence with Belleville, Illinois concerns their whishes to organize a YWCA of the U.S.A.
reports, administrative records, correspondence, constitutions, bylaws (administrative records), questionnaires, lists (document genre), speeches (documents), programs (documents), clippings (information artifacts)
Documents concerning YWCA of the U.S.A. associations in Danville and Decatur, Illinois. Visitations reports describe and assess the association services, leadership and programs in addition to describing the community served and their needs. Residence surveys gather information concerning residence services and facilities offered and their use. Other documents include governing documents such as constitutions and bylaws, administrative records, association histories and fact sheets and lists of professional and volunteer leadership. Also included are population and community studies and a study of social work and welfare in Decatur.
Documents concerning the Loop Center, Southside Center, South Parkway Center, West side Branch and Central, McCormick and McGill residences. As a large metropolitan association, the YWCA of Chicago, Illinois has several branches, centers and residences to serve its diverse groups and needs. African American women had separate branches and residences. The relationship between these branches and the relationship between African American members and white members is described in visitation reports and correspondence. Loop Center documents include the report of a study of the age and income of the business and professional women using its services and the correlation to the types and costs of activities used. Other documents include visitation reports describing and assessing the programs and services of the branches, centers and residences, residence surveys, constitutions, a community study of the area served by the West Side Branch, residence pamphlets and branch historical notes.
annual reports, reports, correspondence, questionnaires, pamphlets
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South-East Asia - EN
The New Holland B90B conquers the end of the world
Products | Services
TopContent
The New Holland backhoe loader was chosen by the Argentine Air Force (FAA) to push forward infrastructure works planned for Base Marambio, in Antarctica. Tasks involve reconstructing the foundations of a hangar and building new helicopter bases in the area.
Having verified its efficiency to repair runways and paved surfaces, preparations to move the equipment to Antarctica started when the Logistic Department within FAA decided to deploy a New Holland B90B from its fleet. The decision was triggered by the Antarctic Affairs Department’s need to carry out construction-related tasks. The backhoe loader met the required height and weight to be transported in the Hércules, the plane that reaches Antarctica. Moreover, it was fit to remove the old platform and to anchor the new structure.
The machine was adapted before the trip. All its fluids were replaced by special synthetic types, and a resistor was placed within the engine block to heat up the coolant before its start. The technical adjustments necessary to enable the machine to work in extreme cold temperature conditions were performed along with Covema, the New Holland dealer that delivered the backhoe loader to the FAA. Besides, Covema trained those in charge of operating the equipment. By the end of October 2012, the B90B was taken to the air base El Palomar (province of Buenos Aires). A week later, the plane Hércules took the machine to the city of Río Gallegos (province of Santa Cruz), the last stop before arriving to Antarctica. Technical delivery was one of the most important moments, when proper working of the machine was to be verified. Carlos Sánchez -New Holland’s Service Engineer for the Southern Region of Latin America- was in charge of the tests, which confirmed the outstanding performance of the machine under the workplace conditions.
The backhoe loader has already started working on the removal of the structure that holds the platform of runway slabs in the external part of the hangar at Base Marambio. The machine was chosen because, to proceed with the works, it was necessary to break the permafrost –a permanently frozen ice layer over Antarctica–, as well as surfaces covered with rocks, rubble and ice. In a clear display of its versatility, the B90B was used to transport the Hércules luggage, to carry the ice used to make water for daily usage, and to clean roads throughout the entire Base Marambio.
BottomContent
LM1445_
E50B_SR
Select CountryIndonesia Pakistan Taiwan Thailand Singapore New Caledonia Philippines Papua New Guinea
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VAT NR. 05173800011.
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Dynasty Mining Engages a Financial Advisor to the Special Committee of the Board & Provides a Corporate Update
Vancouver, B.C., May 31, 2016 – Dynasty Metals & Mining Inc. (“Dynasty” or the “Company”) (TSX: DMM, OTCQX: DMMIF) wishes to announce the engagement of a formal financial advisor to the Special Committee of the Dynasty Board of Directors.
Since Dynasty’s announcement of the formation of this Special Committee, the committee has been reviewing options with respect to the financial requirements and strategic alternatives for the Company. The advisor has been engaged to assist in that review as well as to undertake management of a data room for interested parties to view the Company’s public and non-publicly disclosed documents and to reach out beyond the scope of management and the Special Committee to those organizations that may consider an arrangement with Dynasty.
“The Special Committee believes that Dynasty can benefit from the financial expertise, advice and experience in the resource sector that this financial advisor brings,” commented Mark Bailey, Chairman of the Special Committee. “We will continue to work with our key stakeholders, suppliers, business partners and other parties as we examine all strategic options available to this company.”
Corporate Update
The labour situation at Dynasty’s Zaruma mine remains unchanged since the Company’s last update (see Dynasty press release dated 16 May 2016). Miners continue their labour stoppage and Zaruma mine remains on a care and maintenance schedule for the time being. Senior staff, including security staff, are working regular schedules at Zaruma and both the mine and mill sites continue to be secure.
Following completion of the agreement with Green Oil (see Dynasty press release dated April 27, 2016), Dynasty was to receive a cash loan advance from Green Oil, as per the agreement focused on the Dynasty Goldfield property. While a portion of the cash loan advance has been received by Dynasty, the remaining portion has been delayed by international banking administration procedures. “While this administrative delay has been discouraging for Dynasty, we believe the remaining funds will be transferred shortly,” commented Dynasty CEO, Robert Washer.
About Dynasty Metals & Mining
Dynasty Metals & Mining Inc. is a Canadian based mining company involved in the exploration and development of mineral properties in Ecuador. The Company is currently focused on developing its Zaruma Gold Project, at which the Company is engaged in intermittent production. The Company also has the following non-producing assets: the Jerusalem Project and Dynasty Goldfield Project.
For further information please visit the Company’s website at www.dynastymining.com, or please contact:
Toll Free: 1 888-735-3881 (North America only)
Email: info@dynastymining.com
Twitter: @DynastyMining
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Core Gold Announces Conversion of the Remaining US$ 0.7 Million Credipresto Convertible Debt
31.1% of Core Gold’s Shares now Agreed to be Voted in Favor of the Merger with Titan
Vancouver, B.C., April 23, 2019 – Core Gold Inc. ("Core Gold" or the "Company") (TSXV: CGLD, OTCQX: CGLDF) is pleased to announce the recent conversion (during Q1 2019) of all of the remaining outstanding secured convertible debentures (the “Convertible Debentures”) held by Credipresto S.A. de CV SOFOM E.N.R. (“Credipresto”) in the amount of approximately US$ 0.7 million (the “Conversion”), equal to approximately 2.4% of the now outstanding common shares of Core Gold.
Date of Issuance of Convertible Debenture
Conversion price (C$)
Remaining principal
Shares issued on conversion
April 3, 2017 (1)
April 25, 2017 (2)
Please see press release dated April 4, 2017 for further details of the debenture.
Please see press release dated April 26, 2017 for further details of the debenture.
In connection with the amending agreement announced on March 11, 2019 (the “Amending Agreement”) with Titan Minerals Ltd. (“Titan”), pursuant to which Titan will acquire all of the issued and outstanding Core Gold common shares by way of a court-approved share exchange plan of arrangement (the “Merger”), the 3,873,042 common shares issued to Credipresto as part of the Conversion, in addition to all of the shares of the Directors and senior management of Core Gold (other than former CEO Keith Piggott), holding in aggregate 41,915,023 Core Gold common shares, representing 25.5% of the currently issued and outstanding common shares of Core Gold, have all agreed to be voted in favor of the Merger. In addition, such Directors and senior management also hold 4,456,000 options and 8,842,974 warrants, which are also subject to the voting and support agreements.
Together with Titan and the issued shares as part of the Conversion, these shareholders have agreed to vote their 31.1% collective common share position in Core in favor of the Merger.
Copies of the voting and supporting agreements are available on Core Gold’s SEDAR page at www.sedar.com .
About Core Gold Inc.
The Company is a Canadian based mining company involved in the mining, exploration and development of mineral properties in Ecuador. The Company is currently focused on gold production at its wholly-owned Dynasty Goldfield project. Mineral is treated at the Company’s wholly-owned Portovelo treatment plant. The Company also owns other significant gold exploration projects including the Linderos and Copper Duke area in southern Ecuador all of which are on the main Peruvian Andean gold-copper belt extending into Ecuador.
Core Gold Inc.
Mark Bailey, Interim CEO, Director
Suite 1201 – 1166 Alberni Street
Vancouver, B.C. V6E 3Z3
Email: info@coregoldinc.com
Laurel Hill Advisory Group
North American Toll Free: +1-877-452-7184
Collect Outside North America: +1-416-304-0211
assistance@laurelhill.com
Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Cautionary Notice:
This news release contains statements which are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking information” which are prospective in nature. Such information in this news release includes completion of the Merger, completion of the A$20 million financing, and increased liquidity and valuation adjustments associated with an ASX listing. Forward-looking information involves known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause Core Gold’s actual results, revenues, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking information. Important risks that could cause Core Gold’s actual results, revenues, performance or achievements to differ materially from Core Gold’s expectations include, among other things: the risk that, as a result of market conditions and other factors including the risks set forth below, the risk that the Company’s shareholders or a court do not approve the Merger; the risk of litigation associated with the Merger; the risk that dissenting shareholders successfully dissent and reduce the cash available to the combined company to carry out its business plans; changes to the demand for mineral concessions in the Ecuadorian mining sector; risks relating to the actual results of additional exploration activities; fluctuating prices in metals and other commodities; possibility of accidents, equipment breakdowns, labor disputes or other unanticipated difficulties with or interruptions in operations; exploration cost overruns; the geology, grade and continuity of mineral deposits; currency fluctuations; availability of capital and financing to maintain the Company's operations and plans; general economic, market or business conditions; regulatory changes; timeliness of government or regulatory approvals; and other risks detailed herein and as disclosed in the Company’s filings as available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. Other than in accordance with regulatory obligations, Core Gold is not under any obligation and Core Gold expressly disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
View previous (Apr 3, 2019)
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« * The newly released Senior Executive Brief, dated 7 August 2001 reports that Bin Laden wanted to follow example of WTC 1993 bomber Ramzi Yousef (associated with subtilis expert)
* Upon Issuance Of Its Forthcoming Report Regarding Amerithrax, GAO Should Provide Copies Of Interviews Created By GAO pursuant to Sec. 81.5 »
* DXer summarizes the documentary evidence relating to Dr. Ivins work with rabbits (nowhere mentioned by the DOJ) which demolishes the FBI’s claim that Dr. Ivins had no reason to be in the lab
Posted by DXer on July 3, 2012
The FBI has no case against this man … but meanwhile he is dead and the real perpetrators are still out there.
Here is the documentary evidence showing the FBI’s “Ivins Theory” — which was premised on the false and mistaken claim that Dr. Ivins time in the B3 was unexplained — was crock. Look at the Amerithrax Investigative Summary and you can see that the word “rabbits” is never mentioned.
Special thanks go to the unflagging efforts and good faith of the USAMRIID FOIA personnel who doggedly responded to innumerable requests; Lew, the Harvard MBA and former head of a lab with B3 facilities who has taken the time out from traveling the world to upload the documents; and the supremely talented and confidence-inspiring graphic artist who made graphics that never ceased to thrill me.
In the rush of events of the Spring and early Summer 2008, it is easy to drop the ball as happened with the AUSA marshalling the evidence in Amerithrax about how Dr. Ivins spent his time in the B3. At the same time, it takes a special stamina to pick up the ball back and run down the field with it in the face of BS PR spin from DOJ’s highest officials.
Dr. Ivins and his skilled counsel explained that his work with the animals was why he was in the lab but they did not have access to the documents from years before — many of the documents were kept by others. Obtaining the documents under FOIA literally took years.
And of course, the DOJ is on the record explaining that they will never give Congress the documents showing when they first learned that there were problems with the investigation.
Additional documents, that are not yet uploaded, paint a picture that would cause you weep for Dr. Ivins and the unfairness that an Ivins Theory was not required to be supported by the evidence.
1. In a Sept 23, 2011 letter to Senator Grassley, the DOJ says that Dr. Ivins made the dried powder in B5 using the lyophilizer even though the DOJ has proved he was in B3 tending to the rabbits, not B5 (the BL-2 lab), at the time the DOJ alleges he made the dried powder. THAT is the contradiction.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/16/in-a-sept-23-2011-letter-to-senator-grassley-the-doj-says-that-dr-ivins-made-the-dried-powder-in-b5-using-the-lyophilizer-even-though-the-doj-has-proved-he-was-in-b3-tending-to-the-rabbits-not-b/
2. AMERITHRAX prosecutors and investigators have never discussed what the newly released documents show about Dr. Ivins work with rabbits involved and those same documents were available to the FBI before Dr. Ivins’ killed himself.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/10/14/amerithrax-prosecutors-and-investigators-have-never-discussed-what-the-newly-released-documents-show-about-dr-ivins-work-with-rabbits-involved-and-those-same-documents-were-available-to-the-fbi-bef/
3. Document produced today to DXer discussing shipment of 52 rabbits week of September 24, 2001 for formaldehyde study
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/document-produced-today-to-dxer-discussing-shipment-of-52-rabbits-week-of-september-24-2001-for-formaldehyde-study/
4. The lyophilizer in Building 1425 was in Suite B5, not Suite B3 where Dr. Ivins was on the nights in question (where he was doing the study with the 52 rabbits)
5. In an Oct 5, ’01 email among the materials provided by USAMRIID this week, Dr. Ivins explains the results 3 days after the challenge of rabbits in the formaldehyde experiment; the word “rabbits” has never passed the prosecutor’s lips
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/24/in-an-oct-5-01-email-among-the-materials-provided-by-usamriid-this-week-dr-ivins-explains-the-results-3-days-after-the-challenge-of-rabbits-in-the-formaldehyde-experiment-the-word-rabbits/
6. In Advance Of The October 1, 2001 Rabbit Challenge, The 52 Rabbits Nowhere Mentioned By Prosecutors Needed To Be Moved Into The B3 Suite 7 Days Earlier (And Documents Establish That They Were)
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/in-advance-of-the-october-1-2001-rabbit-challenge-the-rabbits-nowhere-mentioned-by-prosecutors-needed-to-be-moved-into-the-b3-suite-7-days-earlier-and-documents-establish-that-they-were/
7. As Dr. Ivins often explained, conducting a rabbit study such as the one involving 52 rabbits in early October 2001 always depended on the availability of hot suite space.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/11/01/as-dr-ivins-often-explained-conducting-a-rabbit-study-such-as-the-one-involving-52-rabbits-in-early-october-2001-always-depended-on-the-availability-of-hot-suite-space/
8. Handwritten notes produced by USAMRIID this week summarizing rabbit contract with Covance involving formaldehyde
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/24/handwritten-notes-produced-by-usamriid-this-week-summarizing-rabbit-contract-with-covance-involving-formaldehyde/
9. In response to Dr. Ivins’ October 5, 2001 email discussing the rabbit deaths over the last three days, the participants in the study that day discussed by email the implications for further study
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/in-response-to-dr-ivins-october-5-2001-email-discussing-the-rabbit-deaths-over-the-last-three-days-the-participants-in-the-study-that-day-discussed-by-email-the-implications-for-further-study/
10. NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION: 10 days after the rabbits had been challenged on October 1, 2001, Dr. Ivins presented preliminary results from the Battelle study involving the 5 year old preps of rPA vaccine w/ and w/o formaldehyde.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/24/not-for-public-distribution-10-days-after-the-rabbits-had-been-challenged-on-october-1-2001-dr-ivins-presented-preliminary-results-from-the-battelle-study-involving-the-5-year-old-preps-of-rpa-v/
11. Under The Protocol Involving Rabbits and Formaldehyde Implemented in Late September 2001 and Early October 2001, Dr. Ivins Was Tasked With Monitoring The Animals After Challenge
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/01/under-the-protocol-involving-rabbits-and-formaldehyde-implemented-in-late-september-2001-and-early-october-2001-dr-ivins-was-tasked-with-monitoring-the-animals-after-challenge/
12. Hickory Dickory Doc: The mice ran up the clock and Dr. Ivins time in the BL-3 lab in late September 2001 but not as much as the rabbits did in early October 2001.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/hickory-dickory-doc-the-mice-ran-up-the-clock-and-dr-ivins-time-in-the-bl-3-lab-in-late-september-2001-but-not-as-much-as-the-rabbits-did-in-early-october-2001/
13. Under The Mouse Protocol (As Under The Rabbit Protocol), Dr. Ivins Was Tasked With Taking Part In Immunization, Bleeding, Challenge And Observation Of The Animals
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/01/under-the-mouse-protocol-as-under-the-rabbit-protocol-dr-ivins-was-tasked-with-taking-part-in-immunization-bleeding-challenge-and-observation-of-the-animals/
14. Under The Protocol Involving Rabbits and Formaldehyde Relating To The Early October 2001 Challenge, The Rabbits Were To Be Euthanized By Injection Of Euthasol By Animal Tech Lab Anthony Bassett, Who Can Describe The Experiment
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/01/under-the-protocol-involving-rabbit-sand-formaldehyde-relating-to-the-early-october-2001-challenge-the-rabbits-were-to-be-euthanized-by-injection-of-euthasol-by-animal-tech-lab-anthony-bassett-who/
15. Did AUSA Lieber and Agent Montooth understand Dr. Ivins’ trips to the “AR” from the hot suites as trips to a locked cabinet in “Animal Resources” to get the Ketamine and Euthasol needed to anesthesize and euthanize moribund mice and rabbits? See DEA (part of DOJ) Controlled Substance log.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/did-ausa-lieber-and-agent-montooth-understand-dr-ivins-trips-to-the-ar-from-the-hot-suites-as-trips-to-a-locked-cabinet-in-animal-resources-to-get-the-euthasol-needed-to-euthanize-moribun/
16. 12 rabbits then died on day 3 and 4 and more on day 5; Ivins time then spent the extra time on those nights; AUSA Rachel Lieber got her facts seriously wrong in the investigative summary; DOJ should have required citations to the record.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/03/12-rabbits-then-died-on-day-3-and-4-and-more-on-day-5-ivins-time-then-spent-the-extra-time-on-those-nights-ausa-rachel-lieber-got-her-facts-seriously-wrong-in-the-investigative-summary-doj-should/
17. Standard Operating Procedures for Animal Assessment and Monitoring: the beautiful Amerithrax AUSA did not appreciate that Dr. Ivins was tasked to do this the first week of October with 52 rabbits.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/standard-operating-procedures-for-animal-assessment-and-monitoring-the-beautiful-amerithrax-ausa-did-not-realize-that-dr-ivins-was-tasked-to-do-this-the-first-week-of-october-with-52-rabbits/
18. In Week 9, the week (September 24th, 2001) the rabbits were shipped from Covance to USAMRIID Building 1425, Suite B3, how long did it take to bleed the 52 rabbits involved in the formaldehyde study?
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/in-week-9-the-week-september-24th-2001-the-rabbits-were-shipped-from-covance-to-usamriid-building-1425-suite-b3-how-long-did-it-take-to-bleed-the-52-rabbits-involved-in-the-formaldehyde-study/
19, GAO: With respect to the rabbit formaldehyde study in late Sep and early Oct 2001 involving Bruce Ivins and Patricia Fellows — nowhere mentioned by AUSA Lieber in her investigative summary — did Dr. Fellows address the study in the deposition that the Department of Justice required to be shredded?
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/gao-with-respect-to-the-rabbit-formaldehyde-study-in-late-sep-and-early-oct-2001-involving-bruce-ivins-and-patricia-fellows-nowhere-mentioned-by-ausa-lieber-in-her-investigative-summary-did/
20. GAO should obtain the very best contemporaneous documentation relating to Dr. Ivins specific activities with the guinea pigs, mice and rabbits on the nights that DOJ claimed, without evidence, that he was making a dried powder to mail.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/gao-should-obtain-the-very-best-contemporaneous-documentation-relating-to-dr-ivins-specific-activities-with-the-guinea-pigs-mice-and-rabbits-on-the-nights-that-doj-claimed-without-evidence-that/
21. After Challenge On About Oct 1, 2001, One Of The Investigators On Rabbit/Formaldehyde Study Were Required To Observe The Control Rabbits For The First 7 Days After Challenge ; The AUSA and Investigators Never Mention The Rabbits
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/after-challenge-on-about-oct-1-2001-one-of-the-investigators-on-rabbitformaldehyde-study-were-required-to-observe-the-control-rabbits-for-the-first-7-days-after-challenge-the-ausa-and-investiga/
22. FBI interview statement: If someone came in off hours it was to work on the animal experiments – this could take approximately two hours and was usually a one-person job.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/01/fbi-interview-statement-if-someone-came-in-off-hours-it-was-to-work-on-the-animal-experiments-this-could-take-approximately-two-hours-and-was-usually-a-one-person-job/
23. June 14, 2001 LACUS Subcommittee Meeting notice to consider Dr. Ivins’ proposal regarding formadehyde and rabbits.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/june-14-2001-lacus-subcommittee-meeting-notice-to-consider-dr-ivins-proposal-regarding-formadehyde-and-rabbits/
24. Before Issuing Its Report, GAO Should Seek To Obtain “Animal Room Environment Report” for B310 and B305 in Suite B3, Building 1425 for September – October (for the guinea pigs, mice and rabbits attended to by Dr. Ivins in the B3 under the various protocols implemented those months); Used for each animal room, the forms provide space to record animal observations, cage sanitation schedules, and more.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/before-issuing-its-report-gao-should-seek-to-obtain-animal-room-environment-report-for-b310-and-b305-in-suite-b3-building-1425-for-september-october-for-the-guinea-pigs-mic/
25. Justice Department Is Said To Be Arguing Against Itself But AUSA Rachel Lieber Has Not Even Yet Addressed The Issue Of The Rabbits Or Produced The Pertinent Contemporaneous Documents Relating To Dr. Ivins’ Work With The Rabbits.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/29/justice-department-is-said-to-be-arguing-against-itself-but-ausa-rachel-lieber-has-not-even-yet-addressed-the-issue-of-the-rabbits-or-produced-the-pertinent-contemporaneous-documents-relating-to-dr/
26. Each of the 52 rabbits shipped the week of September 24, 2001 to USAMRIID Building 1425 to join Dr. Ivins in the Biolevel 3 lab had a unique identifying microchip.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/26/each-of-the-52-rabbits-shipped-the-week-of-september-24-2001-to-usamriid-building-1425-to-join-dr-ivins-in-the-biolevel-3-lab-had-a-unique-identifying-microchip/
27. https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/26/like-the-guinea-pigs-shipped-to-usamriid-building-1425-the-week-of-september-24th-and-acclimated-to-biolevel-3-for-one-week-before-being-challenged-the-mice-similarly-were-housed-in-building-1425/
28. Like the rabbits shipped to USAMRIID Building 1425 the week of September 24th and acclimated to biolevel 3 for one week before being challenged, the mice similarly were housed in building 1425, not building 1412
29. The Animal Technician Shot Out The Cage Cards For The Rabbit Experiment Prior to 2004; the NCOIC, Small Animal Section Was Responsible For Retaining The Used Cards
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/the-animal-technician-shot-out-the-cage-cards-for-the-rabbit-experiment-prior-to-2004-the-ncoic-small-animal-section-was-responsible-for-retaining-the-used-cards/
30. By January 2003, the animal caretaker had thrown away the individual cage cards on the formaldehyde experiment with the 52 rabbits that Dr. Ivins was doing those nights in the lab in B3 in early October 2001
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/11/01/by-january-2003-the-animal-caretaker-had-thrown-away-the-individual-cage-cards-on-the-formaldehyde-experiment-with-the-52-rabbits-that-dr-ivins-was-doing-those-nights-in-the-lab-in-b3-in-early-oct/
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/14/in-new-foia-response-usamriid-reports-it-could-not-locate-the-animal-room-environment-report-for-b310-and-b305-in-building-1425-for-sep-oct-2001-those-documents-would-provide-contemporaneous/
31. Of The 52 Rabbits In The Early October 2001 Formaldehyde Experiment, How Many Were Exsanguinated Pursuant To This Procedure? All Of Them?
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/of-the-52-rabbits-in-the-early-october-2001-formalidehyde-experiment-how-many-were-exsanguinated-pursuant-to-this-procedure-all-of-them/
32. In an earlier experiment under the rabbit Protocol B00-03, the assistance of Dr. Ivins and two others was offered in connection with the bleeds over the two day period.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/in-an-earlier-experiment-under-the-rabbit-protocol-b00-03-the-assistance-of-dr-ivins-and-two-others-was-offered-in-connection-with-the-bleeds-over-the-two-day-period/
33. Numerous USAMRIID Standard Operating Procedures (all mandatory) controlled the animal husbandry baseline services rendered the rabbits, guinea pigs and mice involved in Dr. Ivins’ experiments in Sep-Oct 2001
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/03/numerous-usamriid-standard-operating-procedures-all-mandatory-controlled-the-animal-husbandry-baseline-services-rendered-the-rabbits-guinea-pigs-and-mice-involved-in-dr-ivins-experiments-in-se/
34. Even in Later Protocols Involving Aerosol Challenges Conducted In Building 1412, the Rabbits Would Be Kept In Building 1425, Suite B3 Before And After Aerosol Challenge In 1412 (Where Monitoring Would Continue 21 Days)
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/30/even-in-later-protocols-involving-aerosol-challenges-conducted-in-building-1412-the-rabbits-would-be-kept-in-building-1425-suite-b3-before-and-after-aerosol-challenge-in-1412-where-monitoring-wou/
35. Dr. Ivins explained that “what’s acceptable as a [rabbit animal protocol is constantly changing]” ; thus it is important that the GAO rely on the rabbit formaldehyde protocol as executed and not earlier draft versions.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/09/dr-ivins-explained-that-whats-acceptable-as-a-rabbit-animal-protocol-is-constantly-changing-thus-it-is-important-that-the-gao-rely-on-the-rabbit-formaldehyde-protocol-as-executed-and-not/
36. After rabbits are challenged on the hot side, as many as three autoclaves are needed just processing cages and other items from the hotside, and it takes time to disinfect, decon and re-set up a room
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/12/08/after-rabbits-are-challenged-on-the-hot-side-as-many-as-three-autoclaves-are-needed-just-processing-cages-and-other-items-from-the-hotside-and-it-takes-time-to-disinfect-decon-and-re-set-up-a-roo/
37. produced today by USAMRIID to the blog under FOIA: June 21, 2001 “PROTOCOL TITLE: Effect of formaldehyde on the potency stability of a candidate human anthrax vaccine in rabbits”
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/11/17/produced-today-by-usamriid-to-the-blog-under-foia-june-21-2001-protocol-title-effect-of-formaldehyde-on-the-potency-stability-of-a-candidate-human-anthrax-vaccine-in-rabbits/
38. In a rabbit protocol provided by USAMRIID today, there is familiar discussion of drugs to be administered to the rabbits – for the Sept/Oct 2001 period, is there a contemporaneous log relating to the administration of drugs such as there is in a hospital?
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/11/15/in-a-rabbit-protocol-provided-by-usamriid-today-there-is-familiar-discussion-of-drugs-to-be-administered-to-the-rabbits-for-the-septoct-2001-period-is-there-a-contemporaneous-log-relating-to-th/
39. The scientist who made the large amount of virulent Ames that is missing, who was thanked by the former Zawahiri associate for providing technical assistance re the Ames, is the person who could explain about the rabbits ; but she’s not talking.
40. Bruce Ivins’ co-authors can explain the rabbit and other animal protocols that applied to the subcutaneous challenges in B3 in Building 1425 conducted in September and October 2001.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/11/09/bruce-ivins-co-authors-can-explain-the-rabbit-and-other-animal-protocols-that-applied-to-the-subcutaneous-challenges-in-b3-in-building-1425-conducted-in-september-and-october-2001/
41. Dr. Ivins preferred a parenteral (subcutaneous) challenge because you could fit 60 rabbits in one room whereas an aerosol challenge would require 4 rooms (1 for animals, 2 hood lines, and 1 spore and bacterial plating)
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/dr-ivins-preferred-a-parenteral-subcutaneous-challenge-because-you-could-fit-60-rabbits-in-one-room-whereas-an-aerosol-challenge-would-require-4-rooms-1-for-animals-2-hood-lines-and-1-spore-an/
42. It would take 1 hour and 50 minutes to autoclave animal pans and cages (90 minute steam cycle and 20 minute drying cycle)
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/it-would-take-1-hour-and-50-minutes-to-autoclave-animal-pans-and-cages-90-minute-steam-cycle-and-20-minute-drying-cycle/
This entry was posted on July 3, 2012 at 12:18 pm and is filed under Uncategorized. Tagged: *** 2001 anthrax attacks, *** Amerithrax, *** Dr. Bruce Ivins, *** FBI anthrax investigation. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.
86 Responses to “* DXer summarizes the documentary evidence relating to Dr. Ivins work with rabbits (nowhere mentioned by the DOJ) which demolishes the FBI’s claim that Dr. Ivins had no reason to be in the lab”
No wonder why these numb nuts couldn’t reconsider Bruce Ivins innocence or guilt, they say they didn’t keep the emails that they quoted and relied upon in the Amerithrax Investigative Summary!
AUSA Lieber, when you said I wouldn’t get any documents under FOIA, I guess you knew why, huh?
The emails you and you colleagues say that you did not keep show why Ivins was in the lab those nights and weekends. His suicide is on you.
Spoliation of evidence should be a crime — especially when done by members of the DOJ or FBI.
Trump says market would crash if he’s impeached, wants ‘flipping’ to be illegal
Updated Aug 23, 12:37 PM; Posted Aug 23, 12:30 PM
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump, incensed over a deal his longtime personal attorney Michael Cohen cut with prosecutors, says it might be better if “flipping” were illegal because people “just make up lies.”
https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/index.ssf/2018/08/trump_impeachment_market_flipping.html
When Patricia Fellows wore a wire on Bruce Ivins at the coffee shop, she was “cooperating” with prosectors and investigators (some of whom had a good faith theory that Bruce Ivins was responsible). But when she failed to explain that Ivins time in the lab was explained by the small animal experiments — to include the rabbits nowhere mentioned in the Amerithrax Investigation Summary — was she being truthful? Or is it that AUSA Lieber just was telling tales in her Amerithrax Investigation Summary. How can you base your theory that Ivins had no reason to be in the lab without acknowledging that the rabbit experiment explained his night and weekend work at the lab.
We won’t know until the FBI complies with FOIA.
President Trump and Attorney Giuliani: If I were the President, I would resign before the next developments. In fact, I would resign before August 31 at 3 p.m.
But if Mr. Trump wants to try to retain power (putting both GOP and the economy at risk) — even though it would be more pleasant to retire to a life of golf and tweeting — I would start standing up for the rule of law and focus on having the FBI comply with FOIA.
Start by giving David Hardy the extra staff he needs to competently do searches.
Amerithrax illustrates Mr. Trump’s suggestion that facts are sometimes spun by investigators and prosecutors have an agenda and then work with a cooperator to spin a narrative.
At the same time, the cooperator may have no idea or knowledge indicating who committed the crime. I have no reason to think that Patricia Fellows knows who committed the Amerithrax crimes. Although I have suggested that Adnan El-Shukrijumah, Ayman Zawahiri, Yazid Sufaat, Mohammed Atef etc. were responsible, it remains an unsolved crime.
US District Court judges have a keen sense of when a party is playing hide-the-ball with documents.
In Dillon’s litigation, the Sep-Oct 2001 that the US is withholding are the very emails that the DOJ considered the most important emails in the largest case in the Bureau’s history. They are from the time that Ivins had to be in the lab those nights and weekends to work on the challenge of the 52 rabbits.
The emails that they refuse to produce are the ones that they used to spin its cotton candy “Ivins Theory” on the basis of which the DOJ closed the case. AUSA Lieber nowhere mentions the rabbits in her Amerithrax Investigative Summary.
NY judge voids Pakistani man’s conviction for aiding al Qaeda
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/ny-judge-voids-pakistani-man-s-conviction-for-aiding-al-qaeda-10496918
But U.S. District Judge Sidney Stein said newly discovered statements made by Khan, al Qaeda operative Ammar al Baluchi and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the accused mastermind of the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, called into question whether Paracha knew he was helping al Qaeda.
Stein, who oversaw Paracha’s trial and imposed his sentence, called it a “manifest injustice” to let the conviction stand and granted Paracha’s request, made in November 2008, for a new trial.
The new evidence “would yield a fundamentally different trial and likely create a reasonable doubt favouring Paracha’s theory of the case over the government’s,” Stein wrote.
In his book, Scott Decker evidences no awareness of the documentary evidence that establishes why Ivins was in the B3 lab for the small animal experiments in August 2001 and September and the first week of October 2001. He neither cites it, discloses it, nor demonstrates mastery of it. He just asserts that Ivins’ answers over the years were vague and inconsistent. Did it ever occur to Scott that maybe he should have honored Ivins’ requests for the documents that the FBI had taken from him? So that his lawyer might better reconstruct his time using documents? (His attorney did all explain to the AUSA but did not have the benefit of the withheld documents). Wasn’t it Scott Decker who was in charge of honoring Ivins’ repeated requests for the notebooks and emails taken by the FBI’s science squad — some of which are still being withheld to this day in violation of the FOIA statute?
While boring you with genomics details in his book “Recounting The Anthrax Attacks”, and creating the gloss of his approach being science and evidence-based, Agent Decker actually ignores the relevant evidence — the evidence about Ivins’ reason to be in the B3 lab. In fact, the charts for the animal challenges from August 2001 were withheld until just this past week!
Is it because the FBI finds it so difficult to lay their hands on the notebook? Was Decker’s document control at Tysons Corners equally bad?
Dr. Worsham, Dr. Andrews and Dr. Adamovicz have provided sworn civil deposition testimony on Ivins’ work on numerous animal experiments in Fall 2001
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2013/11/27/dr-worsham-dr-andrews-and-dr-adamovicz-have-provided-sworn-civil-deposition-testimony-on-ivins-work-on-numerous-animal-experiments-in-fall-2001/
Dr. Russell Byrne, in his deposition produced today, explained people would have noticed all the plates run through the autoclave night after night because their life depends on paying attention.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2014/02/22/dr-russell-byrne-in-his-deposition-produced-today-explained-people-would-have-noticed-all-the-plates-run-through-the-autoclave-night-after-night-because-their-life-depends-on-paying-attention/
Colonel Eitzen, the Commander, testified at civil deposition that a two-person rule prior to October 2001 would have been impractical because of the need for work on weekends and nights
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2013/12/15/colonel-eitzen-the-commander-testified-at-civil-deposition-that-a-two-person-rule-prior-to-october-2001-would-have-been-impractical-because-of-the-need-for-work-on-weekends-and-nights/
12 rabbits then died on day 3 and 4 and more on day 5; Ivins time then spent the extra time on those nights; AUSA Rachel Lieber got her facts seriously wrong in the investigative summary; DOJ should have required citations to the record.
Under the Mice Protocol, The Animals Were Challenged In B-305 (which is in Suite B3) ; Under This Protocol, Dr. Ivins Was In The B3 Those Nights The AUSA And Investigators Mistakenly Suggested He Had No Reason To Be In That Biolevel-3 Lab
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/01/01/under-the-mice-protocol-the-animals-were-challenged-in-b-305-which-is-in-suite-b3-under-this-protocol-dr-ivins-was-in-the-b3-those-nights-the-ausa-and-investigators-mistakenly-suggested-he-h/
The rabbit protocol in this series of experiments was time-sensitive and the procedure needed to be strictly followed ; the time-sensitive nature of the rabbit protocol REQUIRED that Dr. Bruce Ivins be in the lab on those nights on those specified dates
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/the-rabbit-protocol-in-this-series-of-experiments-was-time-sensitive-and-the-procedure-needed-to-be-strictly-followed-the-time-sensitive-nature-of-the-rabbit-protocol-required-that-dr-bruce-ivins/
The Pulitzer may go to the definitive write-up on the issue of what Dr. Ivins was doing on the nights in September and early October 2001 that the Department of Justice speculated, without any basis, that he was making a dried aerosol powder. The lab notebook pages from those specific nights were only recently produced to DXer and then to this blog under FOIA.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/07/20/the-pulitzer-may-go-to-the-definitive-write-up-on-the-issue-of-what-dr-ivins-was-doing-on-the-nights-in-september-and-early-october-2001-that-the-department-of-justice-speculated-without-any-basis/
Vahid Majidi wrote in his e-book that he was confident his former supervisor, then the FBI Director Comey, “has his back.” Well, if Director Comey were briefed and aware of Dr. Ivins’ work with the 52 rabbits, wouldn’t he have wanted the facts to be corrected and set right? The FBI’s claim that Ivins had no reason to be in the lab nights and weekends was FALSE — and should have been known to be false. It was Scott Decker’s job to be on top of this documentation. His book is due out this Spring. Did Scott realize that in 2001 there was a shift from doing the aerosol challenges in Building 1412 to doing parenteral challenges in Building 1425? Challenging the small animals by injection rather than aerosol allowed experiments to be done with fewer personnel — but still required that animal checks be done. They were done 3X’s daily, and included night and weekend checks. With fewer researchers involved, it fell on Dr. Ivins, who lived near the lab, to check on the animals. His assistant, Mara Linscott, explained that it was a one person job and took a couple of hours. Ivins had about the same hours in November and December that he did in August 2001, a point that, without more, undercuts Decker’s conclusions. Just as the bloodhounds were not a smoking gun as to Hatfill, the reliance on Ivins’ hours needed to be informed by an analysis of the lab notebooks showing the reason to be in the lab. If the FBI Laboratory lost, misplaced or intentionally destroyed Lab Notebook 4282 — and could not retrieve it, as has been the case in all these past many years — then it is no wonder Agent Decker thought Ivins had no reason to be in the lab. Separately, ask him if he reviewed the lab top installed in the summer of 2001 to see if Ivins used it to surf porn. (No.) If he didn’t, then maybe his time early on would have been better spent cloning hard drives than having bloodhounds Lucy and Tinkerbell running up to people and smelling their hands.
Kenneth Kohl, who I believe is the deputy chief of the national security section for the DC U.S. Attorney, was the lead AUSA in Amerithrax. Like US Attorney Taylor and DC Field Office head Persichini, he, of course, too had many responsibilities. Would he have been responsible for hands-on review of Notebook 4282 or would he be relying on his colleague AUSA Lieber to vet this all-important premise of an Ivins Theory — i.e., whether Ivins had a reason to be in the B3 lab.
Or would someone in the FBI Laboratory had that responsibility.
If the DC US Attorney’s Office will be defending Ken Dillon’s FOIA claim, certainly Ken Kohl himself could confirm the central relevance of the contemporaneous notes from Dr. Bruce Ivins’ laboratory notebooks — and confirm that all the Lab Notebooks should be returned to USAMRIID (as requested) for processing and uploading.
In a June 19, 2015 FOIA appeal involving a FOIA request for documents from September and October 2001, showing what Dr. Ivins was doing in the lab, Dillon writes:
“Lastly, records relating to Ivins’s animal experiments, including with 52 rabbits, in September and October, 2001 show his activities and whereabouts and so should be released. ”
There are good reasons to think that FBI, knowing that the anthrax had been mailed by an al Qaeda operative, falsely accused Bruce Ivins after his suicide of having mailed the anthrax letters. Former head of the Amerithrax investigation Richard Lambert, an authoritative source, has stated that FBI suppressed a great deal of exculpatory evidence regarding Ivins. Thus the American people have an undeniable and compelling interest in learning what all FBI records responsive to this request contain.
Thank you for your consideration of this appeal.”
The FBI nowhere mentioned rabbits in the Amerithrax Investigative Summary. Similarly, in its FOIA production, it nowhere produced the documents relating to the experiment with the 52 rabbits. It involved formaldehyde and was why Dr. Ivins came to the lab those nights and weekends.” The AUSAs and investigators quite literally stuffed 52 rabbits down into a hat out of sight.
WHITE RABBITS LYRICS
“They Done Wrong / We Done Wrong”
As they done wrong
And we done wrong
Now what makes you so certain all their finger pointing’s done
As they don’t know
What they been told
They say it best
They’re already there
And its not
The way it seems at all
So come on now
Now shake things down tell me how everyone’s gone way to soft
Cos they don’t know
What it might take
Everybody stay where you are
What they’ve been told
I’m already there
And its not what I thought it would amount to
They ain’t calling us now
Now let’s just make a time of it
Why you shouldn’t tell me now how everyone’s gone way to soft
And its not the end of the line for you
When it stops
Like it’s supposed to
I’ll be coming around
Enough’s enough
I just want to get down to it
FoxNews will want to tweak its headline to refer to FBI official or “former lead Amerithrax investigator” — “Former FBI director” would refer to FBI Director Mueller — who is not expected to address the 52 rabbits that Ken and Rachel stuffed down into a hat anytime soon.
Former FBI director alleges agency concealing evidence in anthrax casehttp://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/04/16/former-fbi-director-alleges-agency-concealing-evidence-in-anthrax-case/
An ex-director of the FBI’s anthrax investigation says the agency is hiding evidence that casts doubt on its conclusion that Army scientist Bruce Ivins sent the anthrax-filled letters that killed five people and sickened 17 others in 2001.
Richard Lambert made the claims in a civil lawsuit filed April 2 in U.S. District Court in Knoxville, Tennessee. Lambert said Wednesday that the Privacy Act will likely prevent the information’s release unless Congress decides to investigate.
Christopher Allen, an FBI spokesman, said the agency usually does not comment on pending litigation. In December, responding to a General Accountability Office report that anthrax investigators used flawed scientific methods, Allen said the FBI’s conclusions were based on “the full evidence before us.”
Ivins killed himself in Frederick, Maryland in 2008, as prosecutors prepared to charge him with murder. Jeffrey Taylor, then U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia, told a news conference eight days prior that “based on the evidence we had collected, we could prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Lambert says in his lawsuit that while Ivins might have been the mailer, the circumstantial case against him would not have been enough to convict him. Lambert claims there is a “wealth” of contrary evidence, “which the FBI continues to conceal from Congress and the American people.”
Anthrax investigators, under Lambert’s early direction, focused on another Army scientist, Steven Hatfill, who was eventually cleared. Hatfill received $5.8 million to settle his violation-of-privacy lawsuit against the Department of Justice.
Lambert headed the investigation from 2002 to 2006, when he transferred to Knoxville to run the FBI office there until his retirement in 2012. His lawsuit contends the Justice Department illegally caused him to be fired from a subsequent security job at the Energy Department’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory because he had filed a whistleblower report in 2006 alleging mismanagement of the anthrax probe.
The alleged mismanagement included “the FBI’s fingering of Bruce Ivins as the anthrax mailer” and “the FBI’s subsequent efforts to railroad the prosecution of Ivins in the face of daunting exculpatory evidence,” Lambert says in his lawsuit.
Lambert says his whistleblower complaints also included understaffing of the investigation; inexperienced team members; restrictions on information sharing; and the FBI laboratory’s deliberate concealment from the team of its discovery of human DNA on an anthrax-filled envelope addressed to U.S. Sen. Patrick Leahy.
The Associated Press contributed to this report
Dr. Jerry Jaax was interviewed in the Frederick News-Post about rabbits and protocols. Dr. Jaax does not believe Ivins was the mailer of the Fall 2001 anthrax letters.
One commenter to a different article reports:
“After the January [2014] meeting, Col. Jerry Jaax, KSU University Veterinarian, came up to me and said “You must be DevilsAdvocate.” I affirmed his guess (based upon my statements to the committee?). Jaax stated “Dr. Ivins was NOT THE ANTHRAX MAILER.” Having worked with Ivins his entire career, I suppose Jaax might be right & the FBI wrong?”
The investigative reporting that has not yet been done by a newspaper journalist would involve going to the documents showing Dr. Ivins work with the 52 rabbits during the nights and weekends that Vahid Majidi mistakenly claimed that Bruce Ivins had no reason to go to the lab. Some experienced journalists have been deterred because there was more than one rabbit experiment that Fall — and so due to the massive number of documents withheld in 2009 -2013 — it made it difficult to sew the narrative of events together.
The protocols and contemporaneous documents finally produced over the years detail his work on those nights and weekends in September and October 2001 with the 52 rabbits in the B3. AUSA Lieber and Vahid Majidi apparently weren’t even aware of the experiment with the rabbits. See Amerithrax Investigative Summary, Lieber’s filmed interview and Majidi’s e-book. It is not to their credit that they never rolled up their sleeves and studied the documents after they were obtained and uploaded.
As to the recent feature in Frederick News-Post about the care and feeding of rabbits, everyone already knew that rabbits prefer Trix. Please be sure not to cut-and-paste the entire article as Frederick News-Post owner wants to be sure to protect the copyright of the good work that the paper has been doing over the years on Amerithrax, or at least the annual mishap reports officially filed by USAMRIID.
http://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/science_and_technology/research/animals-play-fatal-role-at-detrick-labs/article_c2dff9ff-8abf-5746-a788-c9849de6b2fa.html
“Animals play fatal role at Detrick labs”
“The suggested corrective actions included retraining the employee and discussing a “plan of action” for the rabbit.
In a USAMRIID report from July 2, 2013, an employee reported being bitten by a rabbit while feeding it Froot Loops
The paper notes that the research followed federal guidelines for the care and use of lab animals, and made all efforts to minimize the animals’ suffering.
Dr. Jerry Jaax was chief of the veterinary medicine division at USAMRIID and worked there from 1979 to 1998. He spent 26 years in the Army Veterinary Corps but now works at Kansas State University as associate vice president for research compliance.
“One of the cardinal principles is that you don’t use animals unless it’s absolutely necessary,” Jaax said.
All research using animals at USAMRIID must gain approval from its Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, according to Vander-Linden.
Researchers must justify why their project requires animals, and how they will mitigate any distress and pain their experiments might cause.
“The animals don’t really have much of a say in it, and you really have to be an advocate for their welfare,” Jaax said.
Jaax himself is no stranger to lab mishaps. In 1984, he was part of a team working with monkeys at USAMRIID. The conditions of their study on tear duct function did not allow them to anesthetize the animals, and he had to catch the monkeys to put drops into their eyes.
“The monkeys didn’t like to do that any more than your 4-year-old might,” he said. “We couldn’t do it with heavy gloves on, and one of them bit me.”
He said he still has a scar on his finger from the bite.
Lab animals are not supposed to leave Fort Detrick alive.
“Rodents and lagomorphs will enter the (agency’s) facilities uninfected and never will be brought out of it,” each report states.”
Some general background:
1. FBI interview statement: If someone came in off hours it was to work on the animal experiments – this could take approximately two hours and was usually a one-person job.
2. Protocol B01-11 Produced Last Week Specified The “Pain Assessment Guidelines” Bruce Ivins Was Required To Follow In Monitoring The 52 Rabbits In The B3 That First Week Of October 2001
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2013/11/27/protocol-b01-11-produced-last-week-specified-the-pain-assessment-guidelines-bruce-ivins-was-required-to-follow-in-monitoring-the-52-rabbits-in-the-b3-that-first-week-of-october-2001/
Graeme McQuwwn writes at page 97 in “2001 Anthrax Deception” (Clarity 2014):
“Meanwhile, other disturbing evidence continued to accumulate. For example, the FBI had claimed that Ivins could not account for extra hours in the lab in the evenings and weekends prior to the anthrax mailings. He was, they claimed, using this time to prepare the anthrax for the attacks. Such extra time in the lab at night was, they added, unprecedented in his work history.91 But investigators for PBS Frontline, ProPublica and McClatchy Newspapers found that Ivins was doing valid and important work at the lab during the times in question. They also found that the number of night hours in the lab that had been called anomalous by the FBI were not so unusual—he had put in many extra hours in labs in the USAMRIID complex other than the lab to which the FBI had apparently, without reason, restricted its attention.92”
Actually, although the point made about Ivins hours in 1425 vs. 1412 is a very importnat one — and one GAO might really run with , McClatchy, according to Greg Gordon, found the information about rabbits in 1425 confusing.
There were various different experiments that were hard to distinguish. McClatchy, ProPublica and Frontline had a relative young person making FOIA requests. Had they had years to devote and had they resorted to a marriage proposal to the adorable FOIA officer Sandra — as I did — they might have had more success.
But they were working on on a tight time frame and I OTOH wooed the wonderful and fair-minded FOIA officer over many months and even years.
http:;//www.amerithrax.wordpress.com
http://vault.fbi.gov/Amerithrax/amerithrax-part-56-of/view
IVINS did a lot of work for other researchers, a
not find his time in the suites to be unusual.__________
pointed out that their work requires them to work around the
organisms, not around the clock, elaborating that animals and
other living things have their own start and stop time that does
not fit within the work day. IVINS was helping a lot of people
‘at the time and growing a lot of spores for other researchers
have been working on a starter pre or sub-culture, but
could not be more specific because does not know what
was working _______ stated IVINS was more active in
his research and carrying a more hectic schedule in 2001, and
that he has more help’now than he did at that time.
p. 7 of 18
Note: Dr. Ivins’ assistant was assigned to help another division at the start of September 2001.
Please go to this blog for a lengthy and thoughtful discussion of Dr. Ivins and the 52 rabbits.
GAO Report on Amerithrax Case and Bruce Ivins
http://oldatlanticlighthouse.wordpress.com/2014/08/23/gao-report-on-amerithrax-case-and-bruce-ivins-2-2/
Old Atlantic, in addition, note that Dr. Ivins did not have the documents. The FBI took the key notebooks. USAMRIID, years after Ivins’ death, had to retrieve it from the FBI. A key one relating to the rabbits was Pat Fellows’ notebook. She is the one who the dogs alerted to and so may have felt under a lot of pressure. Lab tech AB threw out the cage cards. On the particulars of the rabbit evidence, the posts below are a better source on specifics than my general recall.
His defense counsel was not allowed to speak to his colleagues.
The FBI didn’t even check his alibi that he was at the group therapy meeting on 9/17 until after his suicide. So it is not surprising that did not dig deep and get the rabbit documents. Then it was strictly CYA mode. You can see from the Investigative Summary that the FBI did not even know about the rabbit experiment the first week of October 2001 — and knew only of the mice experiment in late September 2001.
A review of his emails, though, would have turned up summaries that established that the experiment was that first week in October 2001 — and so AUSA Lieber’s characterizations, in my opinion, were totally unfounded. I emailed her for help in getting the rabbit documents and she responded by email I would never get another document under FOIA. (That is why I needed to do an end-run around DOJ/FBI and go to USAMRIID).
In his filmed presentation at the UCLA conference in DC that Lew moderated, the able defense counsel, whose name escapes me, says that Dr. Ivins position was always that he had reason to be in the lab.
Mara, Dr. Ivins’ assistant, explained that checking the animals was a one person job and would take a couple of hours — which is what was recorded.
As for me, I can’t remember what I had dinner last night, let alone what I did last week or a half decade ago — especially on a particular week. I need the contemporaneous documents to reconstruct things.*
I will read your blog post more closely later today or tomorrow morning.
Of course, even my pet cats would confirm I farted in bed when no one was within earshot. But their abilities have not been scientifically validated so I’m in the clear.
The blogger OldAtlantic writes:
“GAO should find out if the government knew of the experiments at the time of his death and subsequently.”
As for “subsequently,” the government, at a minimum, knew of all the documents linked above by Lew. The purpose of uploading them was to get people on the same page.
But let’s turn to November 2007. The name of the FBI Special Agent who reviewed some documents on Ivins formaldehyde study is provided here (if you turn to the unredacted version).
http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/terrorism/amerithrax/847447.pdf
The review was conducted on November 14, 2007.
The documents were contained in evidence item 1B4377.
At large DC law firm, the key document for document analysis in such a case would be a chronology of how Dr. Ivins spent his time September 11 – October 9, 2001. It would incorporate all manner of information that could be gleaned from contemporaneous documents and computer records. That sort of analysis should have been critical to the FBI’s analysis and is totally missing from the documents disclosed in Amerithrax.
The FBI hadn’t even bothered to confirm that he was at his group therapy session the night they say he mailed the letters! (The FBI views the mailing period as between 5 p.m. September 17 and 8 p.m. September 18. He was at work on September 18 and tending to local business in Frederick on the 18th and so couldn’t have done it then. The previous evening he was at his group therapy session.
Amerithrax is really as simple as that.
These are Dr. Ivins’ notes on the subject of his alibi. He and his counsel’s position was that he DID have an alibi. The counsel is available to interview.
It is the FBI’s characterization that he didn’t. And note that the notes made by an agent in a 302 are the agent’s notes — it is not the statement of the person being questioned. That is why critics have long urged that FBI interviews be recorded.
http://vault.fbi.gov/Amerithrax/Amerithrax%20Part%2029%20of%2059
Notebooks 3716 and 4383 1 SEP through 15 OCT -Mouse passive immunization
1 SEP through 15 OCT
Notebook 4240 and computerfiles! – Preparation of vaccine for FDA immunization of mice -September and October
Notebook 4241 and computer les and other papers! – “New” formaldehyde
experiment -September into November
Old Atlantic is mistaken is saying that the FBI was not told about the experiment. The DOJ simply chose to characterize a broad statement in an interview by Patricia Fellows, to whom the bloodhounds had alerted, rather than the statement of Mara Linscott. Instead of relying on either, the FBI should have delved into the associated documentary evidence from six years earlier, including the pertinent protocols.
Other documents, including emails and email attachments, confirm the date of preparation of spores on October 1, and the sub cu challenge on October 2, 2001.
Three notebooks from the FBI have now been released on the FOIA website
heads up – Notebook 4241 is a blockbuster
– recounting his work on the rabbits – first week of October
… the formaldehyde experiment
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/09/04/three-notebooks-from-the-fbi-have-now-been-released-on-the-foia-website/
Many of the entries were dated October 4, 2001.
http://mrmc.amedd.army.mil/content/foia_reading_room/Lab%20Notebooks/20000216_LabNotebook%204241_B01-11(redacted).pdf
One was dated October 5.
In regard to this October 5, 2001 lab notebook entry, GAO should publish its interview of AUSA Lieber in which she explains when she thinks the numbers referred to on the next page were created and why she didn’t mention the 52 rabbits in her Investigative Summary — why she claimed he had no reason to be in that lab at night that week.
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/10/16/in-regard-to-this-october-5-2001-lab-notebook-entry-gao-should-publish-its-interview-of-ausa-lieber-in-which-she-explains-when-she-thinks-the-numbers-referred-to-on-the-next-page-were-created-and/
from DXer … October 5, 2001 email explaining reason for Ivins’ time in the B3 at the late hours … withheld by USAMRIID until after the FBI report was issued and the initial press reaction was published
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2010/03/01/from-dxer-10501-email-from-dr-ivins-explaining-how-he-was-spending-his-time-in-b3-on-the-nights-the-doj-says-he-was-aerosolizing-anthrax/
Here is the October 5, 2001 email reporting on October 2, 2001 challenge confirms it was by injection (not aerosol) and that 12 rabbits had died in 3 days since injection
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/october-5-2001-email-reporting-on-october-2-2001-challenge-confirms-it-was-by-injection-not-aerosol-and-that-12-rabbits-had-died-in-3-days-since-injection/
Where is page 3 and page 4 of Lab Notebook 4241?
Dr. Ivins at one point was told that it was not possible to retrieve his emails older than a couple years. But the FBI had them.
GAO, who at DOJ/FBI reviewed Ivins’ emails and the attachments? My best friend and roommate’s paralegal was the paralegal for Amerithrax. (I spent 15 years in Arlington, VA). Ask the original paralegal for his numbered and abstracted database. If you would, search the keyword “dropped ball”.
Given what was happening in her office — and the forced departure of the supervisor giving out assignments — it is understandable that AUSA Lieber may have been distracted from reviewing the documents. At the same time, numerous FBI scientists and investigators can confirm the tremendous pressure folks were under to solve Amerithrax.
The DOJ prosecutors and FBI investigators do top flight work and are of high caliber. But that doesn’t change the fact that the documents contradict the FBI’s conclusion in Amerithrax.
Part of being top flight is correcting mistakes and addressing the merits — rather than just reasserting the conclusion. See AUSA Lieber’s public television interview even after she had been put on notice of these documents.
NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION: 10 days after the rabbits had been challenged on October 1, 2001, Dr. Ivins presented preliminary results from the Battelle study involving the 5 year old preps of rPA vaccine w/ and w/o formaldehyde.
Under The Protocol Involving Rabbits and Formaldehyde Implemented in Late September 2001 and Early October 2001, Dr. Ivins Was Tasked With Monitoring The Animals After Challenge
Under The Mouse Protocol (As Under The Rabbit Protocol), Dr. Ivins Was Tasked With Taking Part In Immunization, Bleeding, Challenge And Observation Of The Animals
oldatlantic said
I double posted by error. Unfortunately, I deleted the above link instead of the other one. Please use this link:
http://oldatlanticlighthouse.wordpress.com/2014/08/23/gao-report-on-amerithrax-case-and-bruce-ivins-2/
Great work by Dxer and Lew Weinstein to keep after this case. It is of great importance to restore the integrity of the FBI and DOJ. This is of critical value with Russia on the march and it is likely involved with others from time to time.
Speaking of Russia, I noticed that in the November 2007 search, the FBI found a passport application to visit Russia that anticipated travel date of 7/13/2001.
“A passport application for a nine day trip to Russia, anticipated travel date of 07/13/2001”
vault.fbi.gov/Amerithrax/Amerithrax%20Part%20%2013%20of%2059
This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusions of the FBI. It is the …… keys in a government car, and …… A passport application for a nine day trip to Russia, anticipated travel date of 07/13/2001;.
On July 25, 2001, Dr. Ivins wrote:
“I’m on vacation for a week, until August 1.”
Some July and August 2001 emails are in Batch 31 and Batch 32:
Where did Bruce go on vacation the last week of July 2001? Did he go to Russia as suggested he planned to do by the passport application seized in the November 2007 search of his office? Did he go with his brother Charles? They had started going on annual vacations. Charles was a retired pharmacist.
Charles Ivins Says Brother’s Suicide ‘Blindsided’ Him : NPR
Aug 10, 2008 … Charles Ivins, the brother of an Army scientist who killed himself last month … Army scientist Bruce Ivins, took deadly anthrax from the lab where he … About 10 years ago, Charles and Bruce started going on annual vacations.
FWIW, both Ken Alibek and Serge Popov, former Russian anthrax researchers, told me that Russia had virulent Ames. Serge said whenever you wanted to use it in research you just ordered it. Experts such as WIlliam Patrick had concluded that there was a spy at Ft. Detrick.
Leading DARPA-funded Ames researcher Ken Alibek shared a suite with Ali Al-TImimi, who was known to meet with fellow Falls Church imam 911 Anwar Awlaki.
With 330, including 30 unidentified, having access to Ames at just ONE of the two buildings (according to a 2006 Washington Field Office memo) — and that is only after the keypad was installed in August 1998 –it would be very difficult to identify that spy. The FBI do not have an easy job.
If you consider the number of ricin cases successfully resolved, you begin to appreciate that traditional forensic methods — and old-fashioned document review — is very likely going to be the probative methods in any future bioattacks. Some people still have not read and do not understand these documents relating to the 52 rabbits. Not a dime should be spent for -omics until FBI scientists first do their assigned summer reading.
Dr. Ivins estimated that 15 days of after hours observation would take 30 hours, which is 2 hours a day.
His formal estimate is provided as an attachment to the email dated July 11, 2006.
Other tasks on given days would take 8 hours. And spore production would take 70 hours.
US Attorney Taylor announced Amerithrax was solved based on a claim that Dr. Ivins had no reason to be in the lab after hours. It was a hugely ignorant claim that was contradicted by the documents in the possession of the DOJ/FBI.
Amerithrax represents the greatest counterintelligence failure in the history of the United States.
AUSA Lieber and lead investigator Edward Montooth and WMD Vahid Majidi have demonstrated no mastery of the documents relating to the experiment with the 52 rabbits.
Mistakes in the rush of events could be excused. Their failure to correct their mistakes cannot.
AUSA Lieber should have gone to the documents produced under FOIA and come to understand the experiment with the 52 rabbits and the after hours observations.
WMD Vahid Majidi in writing his e-book should also.
It’s never to late to get things right and correst missteps — until it is.
From: Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID
FW: Vaccine project, next steps Tuesday, July 11, 2006 12:40:58 PM
; Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID
(b) (6)
I’ve looked over the animal protocol and I have some comments about it. First of all, though, I have a budget of DIRECT costs. (No indirect costs or
overhead costs figured into this.)
Swiss Webster mouse cost = $3.70 per mouse Housing costs –
– $3.75 per pan per day Housing costs – – $4.83 per pan per day
62 mice X $3.70 = 7 pans X 37 days X $3.75 = 7 pans X 15 days X $4.83 =
(b)(2)
Animal Labor (Technician and PI – $50.00 per hour) Day
1 – injection, bleed, processing
Day 15 – injection, bleed, processing
Day 30 – challenge,bleed, processing, plate counts Day 32 – bleed, processing
15 days of after-hours animal observations
Spore Production labor 70 hours X $50.00 per hour =
Data Collection and collation labor 20 hours X $50.00 per hour =
8 hours X $50.00 = 8 hours X $50.00 =
8 hours X $50.00 = $400.00 4 hours X $50.00 = $200.00
30 hours X $50.00 = $1,500.00
Here is a representative email written about 9 PM on a Sunday night about a rabbit challenge. He says “I’m headed in there in a few minutes (about 9 pm Sunday night), and I’ll see if any more are down. I’ll do a blood culture on dead rabbits.
I expect JAG is going to provide the rabbit bacteremia data that was attached to an email in the September/October 2001 timeframe.
From: To: Subject: Date:
Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID
RE: Naimbia A0188 Challenge Sunday, January 25, 2004 8:46:19 PM
Thank you. This information will now be classified Top Secret/Nuclear-crypto. As soon as I send this email, I will deprogram my head with half a bottle of Irish Whiskey. That should do it….
Seriously, very interesting! I’m headed in there in a few minutes (about 9 pm, Sunday night), and I’ll see if any more are down. I’ll do blood cultures on any dead rabbits.
– Bruce
> —–Original Message—–
>From:
>Sent: Sunday, January 25, 2004 1:43 PM
>To:
>Subject: Naimbia A0188 Challenge > >Controls: 10/10 died
>Vaccinated Rabbits: 1/10 rabbits (E-8 died O/N). Three other animals look ill. 4 animals were bacteremic. >
Here is another representative email describing his late night work on a Sunday in connection with a rabbit challenge.
He identifies which are “gone”, he plates their blood out, he makes sure that they have feed in their container. etc.
RE: Rabbits – China AO591 Challenge after 2.5 days Saturday, February 21, 2004 11:44:59 PM
See below. Here is my update as of 2.5 days after challenge. Rabbits 17 and 20 were gone. I (p6l)ated their blood out, and it’s in ncubator. Rabbits 11 and 12 looked sick, but rabbit 13 looked OK. The others looked OK. I don’t think this strain/isolate is as nasty as the previous one that was sprayed (that killed all controls within 48 hours and killed 3 immunized rabbits).
There was no rabbit chow in some of the feeders, and there was no feed in the feed container. When I left the room I got some from Vet Med and put it into the clean changeroom, along with a note to the animal caretaker to take it into the suite and rabbit room.
I’ll be in Sunday at 10 pm to do the 3.5 day check on the rabbits.
– Bruce *********************************************************************
Here is what we have so far, at 10 pm, Saturday, 21 FEB 04, 2 .5 days after challenge:
Vaccinated:
F1 – OK F2 – OK F3 – OK F4 – OK F5 – OK F6 – OK F7 – OK F8 – OK F9 – OK F10 – OK
F11 – Sick F12 – Sick F13 – OK F14 – Dead F15 – Dead F16 – Dead F17 – Dead F18 – Dead F19 – Dead F20 – Dead
Summary as of 2 .5 days: Vaccinated – 0/10 dead Controls – 7 /10 dead
The blood cultures were from cardiac punctures.
From: Sent: Saturday, February 21, 2004 10:54 AM
To: Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID Subject: RE: Rabbits – China AO591 Challenge
Here is my update from yours last night. Started at 0750 hrs 21 FEB 04.
Vaccinated: Rabbits 7, 8, 9 and 10 look ill and are not eating well, the rest OK
Controls: Rabbits 15 and 16 died overnight. Unfortunately the rabbits were already in the cold room by the time I arrived (the care taker took the rabbit out of the room about 15 minutes before I arrived…….are they suppose to do that???) All the rest look real sick, doubt if they will make it by the end of the day. Just sitting there saying “I feel like crap, what the hell did you do to me?….”
Blood cultures from rabbits 14, 18 and 19 cardiac punctures you did last night all had numerous colonies (plates are stored in the fridge and I’ll ice them away on Monday.
Plated out 48 hr blood cultures from all the vaccinated rabbits and one control (still alive #20). Thanks for all your help.
Here is another representative email sent on late Sunday night, in connection with an animal experiment. (This one follows his email on Saturday, the day prior).
AUSA Lieber and investigator Montooth provably knew about the rabbit experiment (if we assume they take a hands on approach and read the investigative documents).
But I will leave it to them to explain why Dr. Ivins had no reason to come in that weekend the first week of October 2001.
The claim he had no reason to come into the lab was spurious and central to the USG’s “Ivins Theory.”
RE: Rabbits – China AO591 Challenge after 3.5 days Sunday, February 22, 2004 9:32:45 PM
Sent: Saturday, February 21, 2004 11:45 PM
To: Subject: RE: Rabbits – China AO591 Challenge after 2.5 days
See below. Here is my update as of 3.5 days after challenge.
All the vaccinated monkeys look fine.
Again, with the huge spray dose that the rabbits got, the fact that some of them didn’t die until
after 2.5 days suggests that this strain may not be as virulent as the two which killed 2 and 3 vaccinated rabbits respectively. I think that we should think about taking some of the passaged bugs from those two strains, growing them up and redoing the rabbit spray. Another suggestion, one that would require very little effort from and me – let’s grow up on blood and capsule agar the two virulent parents as well as what came out of the immunized rabbits and see if there are any obvious differences in morphology. It’s possible that what came out of the rabbit may have been exceptionally encapsulated or fast-growing.
Here is what we have so far, at 9 pm, S unday, 22 FEB 04, 3.5 days after challenge:
F11 – Dead F12 – Dead F13 – Dead F14 – Dead F15 – Dead F16 – Dead F17 – Dead F18 – Dead
F19 – Dead F20 – Dead
Summary as of 2 .5 days: Vaccinated – 0/10 dead Controls – 10 /10 dead
He would also come in late at night during the week — in connection with such plate counts.
No late nights by a person working alone were recorded beginning in January 2002 because of the implementation of a two-person rule, which then was abandoned.
The prosecutors and investigators appear not to have understood this based on the statistical analysis they presented as justification for closing Amerithrax.
Subject: Date:
Request for exception to policy Wednesday, January 14, 2004 3:23:08 PM
I would like to request an exception to the policy for removal of bacterial strains from the hot suite (to another hot suite) requiring two individuals at the t4ransfer point. This evening, about 10 pm, I will be coming in to count plates of B. anthracis. After determining concentration, I will dilute the suspension to the appropriate concentration for aerosolization. I would like to put it into a transport box in the
airlock, put security tape on the box (to prevent unauthorized opening), leave the box in the airlock, shower out, then take the box to for an early spray tomorrow morning.
I realize that the usual procedure is to have someone take the material from the airlock immediately after it is put into the airlock, but I believe that at 10 pm, there should be no worry that an unauthorized individual will get hold of the material before I get out of the shower and pick it up. (Anyone, including myself, going into the airlock will be identified.)
Please let me know about the acceptability of my request. Thank you. Bruce Ivins
The same nighttime animal checks from January/February 2004 — after the two person rule was abandoned — continued. For example, here he is in late September 2004 reporting on the rabbits at 10 PM.
Rabbit deaths Thursday, September 30, 2004 10:00:00 PM
Rabbit deaths on Thursday (day 2), 30 SEP: K11 – am
K12 – am
K13 – pm Bloods were drawn for the three rabbits and plated onto SBA.
Two more control rabbits remain. None of the vaccinated animals appear sick.
Bruce Ivins
And here Dr. Ivins is in the lab earlier that week on Saturday at 9:51 PM. A spray, this was done in Building 1412. The prosecutor and investigators appear not to have understood the issue of hours — or if they did, their analysis was highly manipulative. Dr. Andrews explains the issue in his civil deposition that is now uploaded.
RE: Saturday, September 25, 2004 9:51:00 PM
I can’t make any meeting before 11 OCT. I’m involved in a spray this week and also a spore harvest. I’m on vacation from 1 OCT until 11 OCT.
– Bruce Bruce Ivins
Checks at about 10 PM at night rather than during the day continued to be the norm for Dr. Ivins rather than the exception. Animal techs were available to check the animals during the day.
The FBI’s and prosecutor’s claim he had no reason to be in the lab those nights had no factual basis in the contemporaneous documents.
Sent: Thursday, August 18, 2005 9:55 PM
To: Cc: Subject: Mice
I checked your mice tonight. The 0.1 mg, 1.0 mg and 10 mg groups are almost all dead. The NS group is doing fine. Whoever is checking the mice whoever that is) is not entering the data on the sheet, and has missed one of the animals in one o)f tbhe groups. There were nine dead in the 10 mg group. I had 7 tonight, and isted 1 dead, so th(6at) means one was missed in today’s count. (Or you only started with 9 in the gr(o6u)p.) I think the value)s (for dead mice are:
(b(
10 mg – 9 dead 1 mg – 8 dead 0.1 mg – 10 dead NS – 0 dead
6 )
Sometimes he made animal checks at 8:30 PM at night — sometimes at 10 PM. For the prosecutor and investigators to base the closing of such a national security investigation on the grounds that Dr. Ivins had no reason to be in the lab at night — and not to know that there were 52 rabbits in that B3 — was very seriously negligent.
From: To: Cc: Subject: Date:
Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID;
RE: Mice Sunday, August 21, 2005 8:30:17 PM
As of Sunday night, 21 August, here is what we have:
10 mg – 9 dead 1 mg – 10 dead 0.1 mg – 10 dead NS – 8 dead
I wonder if there’s a problem with the strain of mice (A/J) and the monoclonal antibodies. I think used Balb/C or CBA/J mice for her studies with passive protection against Vollum 1B challenge. (6)
From: Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID Sent: Saturday, August 20, 2005 9:53 PM To: Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID; Cc: Subject: RE: Mice
As of Saturday night, 20 August, here is what we have:
For someone to argue that it was unusual for Dr. Ivins to be in late on a Saturday and Sunday night — dramatic evidence of five murders in an important national security investigation — it seems that did not even looked at Dr. Ivins’ emails.
Now if DOJ prosecutors and FBI investigators kept contemporaneous records iike Dr. Ivins, we could trace the negligence to see who dropped the ball precisely when. Let’s look at the emails of the investigators and prosecutors.
Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID
RE: TTD and LD50 determinations – Survival data- SA12469 – April 24, 2007 (UNCLASSIFIED) Sunday, April 29, 2007 8:58:29 PM
RE: TTD and LD50 determinations – Survival data- SA12469 – April 24, 2007 (UNCLASSIFIED) Saturday, April 28, 2007 10:27:23 PM
RE: TTD and LD50 determinations – Survival data- SA12469 – April 24, 2007 (UNCLASSIFIED) Friday, April 27, 2007 9:37:35 PM
The witness testimony (see Linscott 302) and Dr. Ivins’ budget documents explained it would take 1 /12 – 2 hours to make a nighttime animal check. It is disturbing that the prosecutors seemed unaware of the documents showing that such checks were made by Ivins late at night rather than during the day. Such checks also commonly included plating. With checks 2X’s a day, the second observation (as Ivins explains in one email) could be made in the afternoon or at night. The animal technician would be the one to make the animal observation in the morning. Over the years the reports by Ivins on his animal observations — such as those posted in this thread — invariably were late at night.
The FBI’s statistical analysis did not take into account implementation of the short-lived two-person rule in January 2002. So when the FBI saw the after hours stop abruptly, they mistakenly inferred Dr. Ivins’ guilt. The FBI then centered its cotton candy “Ivins Theory” around after hours work that they falsely claimed was unexplained. This was a pretty basic mistake for them to make on such an important national security investigation. It might have been avoided if Dr. Ivins’ colleagues had been allowed by the Army to speak with Dr. Ivins’ attorney.
People asserting he had no reason to be in the lab seem not to have read the relevant emails and documents relating to the rabbit experiment in October 2001. As for the mice experiment in late September 2001, they unreasonably do not credit that it would take 1 1/2 – 2 hours to make the check. And when the documents are uploaded and brought to their attention, they ignore them and do not discuss them. See Majidi 2013 e-book. When I emailed AUSA Lieber and asked her help in obtaining the rabbit documents so that people might get on the same page, she said I would never get another document under FOIA. Well, she was right that DOJ Criminal FOIA shut me out. But I in fact succeeded in getting quite a few documents relating to the rabbit experiment. It was her job to have gotten them in 2007 and 2008.
The after hours work with the animal experiments fully explains Dr. Ivins’ after hours time. The FBI’s entire “Ivins Theory” was based on a total crock.
In the rush of events in July 2008,AUSA Lieber may not have had time to review Dr. Ivins’ emails. It was a busy month. Dr. Ivins’ first counselor — the one who says in her 2009 book she got her instructions each night from an alien in 2000 and 2001 — reported that Dr. Ivins was a murderous fiend. (She says she thought murderous astral entities were attached to all of her clients in her new part-time addictions counseling gig). She talked to rocks and they talked back to her. After 911, she says she was pursued by the astral entities at night and would travel to Afghanistan and WTC 1993, narrowly escaping by passing through a vortex. She says she was protected from a diagnosis of being psychotic by her husband who was in military personnel. This witness is what AUSA Lieber and Dr. Saathoff relied upon rather than turning to the contemporary documentary evidence. This is the witness the prosecutor and investigators relied upon when they tested Ivins again for DNA to compare it to the semen-stained panties taken from his garbage — and told Ivins that they were going to call his family in front of the grand jury to explain his late hours at the lab. Instead of pressurizing the man that they knew had already attempted suicide, they should have taken pains to master the documents relating to the mice and rabbit experiments in late September 2001 and early October 2001.
When they had more time for review, AUSA Lieber and WMD head Majidi never corrected their missteps and never addressed the documents.
Maybe document analysis is not the ordinary work of the usual Postal Inspector or an FBI agent more accustomed to undercover street drug buys. But it was not excusable at the time of the official February 2010 closing of the case or AUSA Lieber’s Frontline interview. Similarly, it was definitely not excusable at the time of Vahid Majidi’s 2013 e-book. It is simply unacceptable that by the time of his 2013 e-book he had not studied the documents relating to the experiment with the 52 rabbits.
If people are not willing to delve into the contemporaneous documents and make evidence-based assertions, they should STFU.
Here is an example of a 2007 email at 9:35 PM:
RE: Mouse LD50 from 23 JAN 07 -Deaths as of Day 3
Friday, January 26, 2007 10:08:58 PM
Sent: Thursday, January 25, 2007 9:35 PM
To: Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID;
Subject: RE: Mouse LD50 from 23 JAN 07
-Deaths as of Day 2 Here are the death data as of Day 3 from the Jan 23 07 mouse LD50:
1000 spores 352 spores 100 spores 36.4 spores 13.6 spores
10 dead 8 dead 6 dead 3 dead 1 dead
Dr. Ivins in October 2001 spent the greatest amount of time right when the most rabbits would have been dying. Here, on Day 4 after the challenge, he reports on Saturday at 3:33 PM.
For AUSA Lieber to claim in her Amerithrax Investigative Summary that Dr. Ivins had no reason — no reason at all, she says — to be in the lab that weekend in October 2001 — is grossly negligent. Everyone makes mistakes. Only some people don’t correct them and then goes on national television to renew and underscore the false factual assertions.
RE: Mouse LD50 from 23 JAN 07 -Deaths as of Day 4 Saturday, January 27, 2007 3:33:24 PM
From: Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID Sent: Thursday, January 25, 2007 9:35 PM To: Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID;
Subject: RE: Mouse LD50 from 23 JAN 07 -Deaths as of Day 2 Here are the death data as of Day 4 from the Jan 23 07 mouse LD50:
10 dead 9 dead 7 dead 3 dead 1 dead
It appears that mouse injections (rather than guinea pig injections) may be more useful in determining strain virulence. It appears that the LD50 in the mice is going to be much greater than the LD50 in guinea pigs. If we do a TTD experiment with mice soon, perhaps we ought to do the following:
4 mice get 10e4 at noon.
4 mice get 10e5 about 4-5 pm.
This should give us deaths starting the next day in the morning, and finishing before the end of the afternoon.
-bruce
Here Dr. Ivins in March 2007 again was working at 10 PM making animal observations.
Dr. Ivins spent exactly the amount of time after hours in late September 2001 and early October 2001 as you would expect.
If Dr. Patricia Fellows spun things in any way different, then she is the one to ask about the subject. We don’t have the benefit of her deposition because the DOJ apparently shredded it.
In any event, the DOJ would not provide it pursuant to FOIA. I was too appreciative of their efforts regarding a dozen other civil depositions to have filed an administrative appeal. Relatedly, I have confidence in James K’s expertise in citing the protective order applicable to the Fellows and Linscott depositions.
As Dr. Andrews explained in his civil deposition that I’ve uploaded, the FBI’s statistical analysis was confused because it was only done for hours at the one location rather than, for example, hours spent at Building 1412 where sprays rather than injections were done. But it was even more fundamentally flawed because the investigators did not take into account that the 2-person rule implemented in January 2002, for a time, prevented such after hours work involving the animal observations and plating.
GAO, this messed-up use of statistics is a key bit of the scientific evidence relied upon by the FBI.
All the other science was exculpatory.
Mouse LD50 from 28 FEB 07 -Deaths as of Day 3 Saturday, March 03, 2007 10:03:07 PM
Here are the death data as of Day 3 (Saturday night, 3 March) from the FEB 28 07 mouse LD50:
1 400 spores 414 spores 144 spores 45.2 spores 13.2 spores
7 dead 4 dead
6 dead 2 dead 1 dead
Given that Dr. Ivins was under surveillance in 2007, it is unclear how the FBI would not have known of his regular after hours work in connection with these animal experiments. Here, for example, is a representative email on March 5, 2007 at 9 PM.
RE: Mouse LD50 from 28 FEB 07 -Deaths as of Day 5 Monday, March 05, 2007 9:05:07 PM
Here are the death data as of Day 5 ( Monday night, 5 March) from the FEB 28 07 mouse LD50:
1 400 spores 414 spores 144 spores 45.2 spores 13.2 spores This was with the SA 1749 spores prepared at RIID.
He also would work late Sunday PM long before 9/11.
Aerosol challenges Sunday, June 25, 2000 8:24:06 PM
Hi, everyone, We are scheduled to aerosol challenge 28 rabbits on Tuesday, July 11, and 28 rabbits on Tuesday,
July 13, with anthrax spores. This should be the second, and hopefully last, comparison of the two PA preps.
Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID; RE: Spread plate vs. Pour Plate Sunday, June 25, 2000 8:17:17 PM
I also sent you requested info on how endotoxin and phenol were assayed in spore preps. – Bruce
Sent: Sunday, July 2, 2000 10:36 PM
Subject: Spore challenge
Are we still on for the challenge of the second set of guinea pigs this Thursday, or do we have to w(a6i)t again? > >- Bruce
Dr. Ivins lived near the lab. As a professional, it was not uncommon for him to work nights or weekends. Dr. Andrews has pulled an all-nighter at the lab.
Spread plate vs. Pour Plate Sunday, June 25, 2000 2:14:51 PM
Hi, – Bruce
RE: EA 101 Sunday, May 06, 2001 3:14:31 PM
From: Ivins, Bruce E Dr USAMRIID
Sent: Saturday, March 11, 2000 7:14 PM
People that punch a clock — hourly employees — are more apt to work 9-5.
Dr. Ivins would be in late Friday night too.
RE: Potency Test Review Friday, May 19, 2000 10:52:00 PM
(6) I’ve given my previous message to you some more thought. I’m SURE that one way that could increase the potency of their vaccine
People who argue that it was unusual for Dr. Ivins to be in the lab in late September 2001 and early October 2001 perhaps punch a clock at 5 pm and don’t do the research as necessary to support their assertions.
Perhaps if they had worked the “after hours” necessary to get their job done, Amerithrax would not have been botched.
If animal tech AB had not thrown out the cage cards in 2004, the documents for each cage would have been available. Time of death is a central part of the observation required in such experiments.
FW: TTD determinations Friday, March 09, 2007 9:50:48 AM
here are the results of yesterday’s Time-To-Death determination. It looks promising as a way to (s6c)reen virulence of anthracis strains.
* **************************
Select Agent # 1749 11 mice injected with 1.06 X 10e4 spores in 0.2 ml, IP
11 mice injected with 1.06 X 10e5 spores in 0.2 ml, IP ************************** TTD – 1.06 X 10e4
1. 19hr
4, 22.5 hr
5, 23hr
8. 24.5 hr
9. >28 hr
10. >28 hr
TTD – 1.06 X 10e5
10. 21 hr
11. >24 hr ******************************
I don’t know if we want to base our TTD determinations on median values (which would here have been 23.25 hr and 18 hours) or on the mean values of, say…the first five or six animals that died, since the “stragglers” really skew the TTD results.
For years, Bruce served as an alternate on the animal care committee. The lay people, prosecutors and investigators without the same level of experience in animal experiments, did not understand the importance of obtaining the rabbit protocols so as to understand what Dr. Ivins was doing in the lab the last week of September 2001 and the first week of October 2001. Indeed, proponents of an Ivins Theory evidence no understanding of the rabbit formaldehyde experiment and applicable protocol at all.
RE: memorandum (UNCLASSIFIED)
Thanks, Changing the euthanasia times a relatively small amount doesn’t seem to be a major violation of the protocol, but rather an acceptable (and in this case, understandable) minor deviation. I’d be more concerned if a procedure were conducted on the rabbits that was not in the protocol.
—–Original Message—– From: Sent: Wednesday, October 10, 2007 4:48 PM To:
Bruce E Dr USAMRIID;
Subject: FW: memorandum (UNCLASSIFIED) I
Hi all, We have two animal welfare concerns to discuss at our meeting tomorrow.
Ivins,
(b)(6) sent the attached MFR to me yesterday and came to discuss the issue with me. He was self- reporting that he didn’t follow his protocol exactly as written. He also included information about a deceased rabbit discovered during the breakdown of a shipment of rabbits from a vendor and his concern about possible illness in two other rabbits from this vendor. Tomorrow and I will give a brief synopsis of our understanding on this incident.
(b)(6)The second incident is with mice under protocol. I should have a memo on this incident ready for you by 1100 tomorrow.
Please keep this information confidential. If you have questions that can’t wait until the meeting please give me a call or come by tomorrow.
I’m reminded by this news story last week about a blind sheik supporter charged in a murder-for-hire plot, that not only does law enforcement regularly have very difficult and vexing mysteries to solve, but they are dealing often with very dangerous and violent people. Mafia, street violence, violent jihadists, drug cartels… We should be slow to be too harsh in the rush of events they did not have a chance to get down to some document room to read through thousands of pages of documents. Absent direct evidence in the form of documents, we can presume everyone’s good faith. Moreover, this case illustrates the important work that undercovers do.
Forrest Fenn writes:
“When I was in the 8th grade our English teacher gave the class an assignment to write a story with these rules. It should be as short as possible, and include religion, sex, and be a mystery.
After about 8 seconds I turned in my novel in. It said:
“My God, I’m pregnant, I wonder who did it.”
The teacher fainted and I got an F on the course”
Stanley, remind me: which defendant in this cigarette case did you represent?
Blind Sheik Supporter Charged in Murder-for-Hire Plot
by Abha Shankar • Oct 18, 2013
Two men being held in jail while awaiting trial for cigarette trafficking are accused of plotting to kill witnesses against them. In an indictment unsealed in Brooklyn Supreme Court Thursday,
Basel Ramadan and Yousseff Odeh are charged with conspiracy to murder witnesses and with soliciting a potential hit man.
The murder-for-hire plot was hatched from New York City’s Rikers Island jail where the two have been held since their May arrest on the initial cigarette-trafficking and money laundering charges.
The Staten Island Advance reports that Odeh was a supporter of blind sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, the spiritual guide for the 1993 World Trade Center bombers who is serving a life sentence at the Supermax penitentiary in Colorado for his role in a subsequent conspiracy to bomb several New York landmarks.
Odeh also reportedly had close ties to Abdel Sattar, a key associate of the blind sheik. Sattar was convicted in 2005 for aiding Rahman in his efforts to direct terrorist activities from his cell in the United States.
Odeh and Ramadan were charged with 14 others last spring for their alleged involvement in a cigarette trafficking ring that laundered more than $55 million in illegal proceeds and evaded more than $80 million in New York taxes. Similar schemes in the past have helped fund terrorist groups such as Hamas and Hizballah.
The new indictment alleges that in August, Odeh and Ramadan gave someone “descriptive information” about people they expected to serve as witnesses against them, including their names and addresses. Ramadan then made a phone call from Rikers Island Sept. 17 seeking a contract killer. But his call went to an undercover police officer. Ramadan told the undercover officer that he has “one of those problems” and expressed his appreciation when the officer said he could “take care of it.”
Ramadan and Odeh face from 25 years to life in prison if convicted on the new charges.
The documents indicate that the 52 rabbits were shipped from Covance to USAMRIID by CRP, which stands for Covance Research Products.
COVANCE RESEARCH PRODUCTS INC … – TruckDriver.com
http://www.truckdriver.com/trucking-company…/ShowDOTCo.cfm?CENSUS…
Trucking Company. COVANCE RESEARCH PRODUCTS INC ALSO DOING BUSINESS AS: CRP 310 SWAMPBRIDGE ROAD DENVER, PA 17517
The USG only produced the relevant Lab Notebook AFTER I summarized the rabbits documents I could gather in this thread
Thus, this summary of rabbit documents was in July 2012 is incomplete — and the key laboratory notebook was not produced in September 2012.
GAO, while we ponder who was responsible for its withholding, we can separately consider: who was responsible for its production over 4 years after Dr. Ivins’ death.
Where is the government accountability?
Vahid is confident that his former boss, Jim Comey (who is now the FBI DIrector), will cover his back. But is that how government accountability supposed to work?
Aren’t we all supposed to be interested in the same thing — reconstructing what Ivins was doing in the lab in late September 2001 and October 2001?
For that, don’t we all want the same thing — to retrieve and obtain the very best contemporaneous documents?
Who at DOJ or FBI, if anyone, acted contrary to that goal?
* Three notebooks from the FBI have now been released on the FOIA website
heads up – Notebook 4241 is a blockbuster – recounting his work on the rabbits – first week of October
GAO: Who is responsible for withholding this notebook showing what Dr. Ivins was doing in the lab the first week of October 2001?
https://caseclosedbylewweinstein.wordpress.com/2012/09/04/gao-who-is-responsible-for-withholding-this-notebook-showing-what-dr-ivins-was-doing-in-the-lab-the-first-week-of-october-2001/
The documentary record establishes USAMRIID’s good faith effort in responding to a myriad of FOIA requests. But now the others involved in the experiment need to be contacted and asked to think hard about what contemporaneous documents they might have.
Re Rumor of 1997 PETA anthrax attack led to FBI inquiry
Comment: I personally don’t credit that this rumor was more than unreliable hearsay and hyperbole. The FBI, however, certainly was doing its job in investigating it. Years ago I worked for a time pro bono on the Silver Springs monkey case — for the doctor ; Alex Pacheco of PETA had infiltrated the doctor’s lab. The issue was procedural and it was a long time ago so I don’t remember anything about it beyond what I read in Wikipedia. Counsel was his neighbor and was helping out his friend, the doctor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys
“The Silver Spring monkeys were 17 wild-born macaque monkeys from the Philippines who lived inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland.[2] From 1981 until 1991, they became what one writer called the most famous lab animals in history, as a result of a battle between animal researchers, animal advocates, politicians, and the courts over whether to use them in research or release them to a sanctuary. Within the scientific community, the monkeys became known for their use in experiments into neuroplasticity—the ability of the adult primate brain to reorganize itself—regarded as one of the most exciting discoveries of the 20th century.”
“…In May 1981, Alex Pacheco of the animal-rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) began working undercover in the lab, and alerted police to what PETA viewed as unacceptable living conditions for the monkeys.”
“In what was the first police raid in the U.S. against an animal researcher, police entered the Institute and removed the monkeys, charging Taub with 17 counts of animal cruelty and failing to provide adequate veterinary care. He was convicted on six counts; five were overturned during a second trial, and the final conviction was overturned on appeal in 1983, when the court ruled that Maryland’s animal cruelty legislation did not apply to federally funded laboratories.[2]”
During the subsequent dissection of the monkeys, it was discovered that significant cortical remapping had occurred, suggesting that being forced to use limbs with no sensory input had triggered changes in their brains’ organization.[7] This evidence of the brain’s plasticity helped overturn the widely held view that the adult brain cannot reorganize itself in response to its environment.[8] After five years of receiving death threats and being unable to find a research position, Taub was offered a grant by the University of Alabama, where he developed a new form of therapy, based on the concept of neuroplasticity, for people disabled as a result of brain damage. Known as constraint-induced movement therapy, it has helped stroke survivors regain the use of limbs paralysed for many years, and has been hailed by the American Stroke Association as at the forefront of a revolution.[9
During the subsequent dissection of the monkeys, it was discovered that significant cortical remapping had occurred, suggesting that being forced to use limbs with no sensory input had triggered changes in their brains’ organization.[7] This evidence of the brain’s plasticity helped overturn the widely held view that the adult brain cannot reorganize itself in response to its environment.[8] After five years of receiving death threats and being unable to find a research position, Taub was offered a grant by the University of Alabama, where he developed a new form of therapy, based on the concept of neuroplasticity, for people disabled as a result of brain damage. Known as constraint-induced movement therapy, it has helped stroke survivors regain the use of limbs paralysed for many years, and has been hailed by the American Stroke Association as at the forefront of a revolution.[9]”
At a bar here yesterday I met a med student who had a PhD in neurology and was describing his animal experiments involving mice. I was describing my view that Dr. Ivins’ “alibi” hinges on people reconstructing the contemporaneous records. It depends on everyone realizing — and it being proved through documents — that the 52 rabbits were shipped from Covance, arriving 9/24/2001 and were housed in the two rooms in the hot suite (across from B313). I believe some of those on the investigation don’t seem to realize what the “hot suite” encompassed and so are misinterpreting the key card access data. Within a week, I am hoping to get documents without any redactions — many of the documents I’ve uploaded were produced under FOIA and thus were redacted.
Rumor of 1997 PETA anthrax attack led to FBI inquiry
Posted to: News Norfolk PETA
By Corinne Reilly
The Virginian-Pilot
© October 19, 2013
The FBI in the late 1990s looked into claims that the group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals was planning an anthrax attack near Washington, D.C., and moved its headquarters here to distance itself from the contamination zone.
According to FBI documents, agents in Maryland began investigating a tip in 1997 that PETA was targeting the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, or USAMRIID, which is based at Fort Detrick and does testing on animals.
According to a document dated November 1997, a lieutenant colonel in the Army Reserve told FBI investigators he learned from someone with ties to PETA that the group had “a long-range plan to create a major incident.”
“Part of PETA’s long-range plan is to infiltrate by gaining employment with various research facilities,” the document says. “PETA intends to create an incident… that would benefit their cause. PETA intends to cause a release of anthrax.”
PETA moved its headquarters from Rockville, Md., to Norfolk in 1996. The document suggests it was believed that the move was made to avoid exposure.
Another FBI report dated January 1998 says a source told investigators that a female PETA operative had managed to get a job at USAMRIID in order to “orchestrate the anthrax release.” The report identifies the person by name, but the name is redacted in the version that The Virginian-Pilot relied on for this article.
The report adds that a check revealed that no one by that name was working at Fort Detrick.
The Pilot got the FBI records from PETA, which obtained them in February of this year through a Freedom of Information Act request. The newspaper asked PETA for the documents after the group’s president, Ingrid Newkirk, mentioned them in a letter published in the November issue of Harper’s magazine. Her letter was in response to an article by a man who discovered he was once a Unabomber suspect.
“It seems the FBI is bent on making those of us who have nothing to do with terrorism fit into its paranoid jigsaw puzzle,” Newkirk wrote.
It has long been known that FBI counterterrorism investigators monitored PETA for years, most aggressively after 9/11. But the group didn’t learn about the anthrax allegations until this year, Newkirk said in an interview.
“I was bowled over by it,” she said. “It was such a disappointment. I don’t know if someone just hated us, but it’s Alice in Wonderland. It’s total fantasy.”
PETA never attempted or wanted to infiltrate USAMRIID, Newkirk said.
An FBI spokesman said the bureau doesn’t discuss its investigations but that it has an obligation to look into such claims.
It’s not clear from the documents how far the anthrax inquiry went, although the FBI continued to investigate PETA for years. The bureau’s actions were criticized by the American Civil Liberties Union and the inspector general of the Justice Department.
Authorities tracked Newkirk’s international travel, monitored PETA demonstrations, surveilled and photographed its headquarters, and asked for the building’s security codes, Newkirk said.
She said the FBI once inquired about the thickness of the building’s windows and whether they would withstand bullets.
The FBI was investigating a rumored infiltration by PETA during the 1997/1998 period. (I think of PETA as being innovative and law-abiding but it was a possible lead that needed to be addressed). At the same time, the FBI allowed USAMRIID’s Bruce Ivins to give virulent Ames to a non-citizen, Tarek Hamouda, whose friends were recruited to jihad by Ayman Zawahiri. One friend, “Tawfiq” Hamid, tells me he withdrew only when they asked him to bury a security officer near the mosque. “Tawfiq” is the author of INSIDE JIHAD.
I have no biases — or rather, I am not controlled by my biases. Some of my dearest friends are PETA supporters and Egyptians. And I have no problems with an Iranian (who came to this country years ago) being the FBI’s head WMD fellow. Or a Palestinian being the lead Amerithrax prosecutor whose daughter represented anthrax weapons suspect Ali Al-Timimi for free.
But I do get gravely concerned when I know Dr. Ayman Zawahiri was actively recruiting scientists throughout the 1990s in connection with anthrax. .. and then I learn that Dr. Hamouda, a friend of some of Dr. Ayman’s recruits, was supplied virulent Ames such as was used in the Fall 2001 anthrax mailings. One senior Egyptian jihadist released from prison in 2002 in a published interview (in an Egyptian paper) said that Dr. Ayman had made 15 attempts in 10 years and first had the idea in 1991 or so.
The FBI first obtained the correspondence between Bruce Ivins and Tarek Hamouda in Spring 2005. That was really negligent. The FBI majorly dropped the ball not to have obtained the correspondence years earlier. Amerithrax represents the greatest failure in counterintelligence analysis in the history of the United States.
Given Dr. Ivins was known in October 2001 to have the largest repository of Ames in the world, during the first week the question should have been: “Hey, Bruce, have you given virulent Ames to any former Zawahiri associates recently?”
Anthrax, Al Qaeda and Ayman: The Infiltration of US Biodefense
For additional background of the story, see the FBI’s Inspector General report. ABC explains that “The investigation of PETA began in the FBI’s Norfolk, Va., office in the spring of 2001, when one of the group’s members was suspected of “providing financial support to members of the Animal Liberation Front and other animal rights extremists to conduct direct actions,” such as destroying property or research operations involving animals.” Note that the fascinating new story has additional detail pushing the timeline back to 1997 and 1998, and USAMRIID in Frederick, MD. I think the story has legs on it. So do my guinea pigs Lulu and Lucy.
http://topics.syracuse.com/tag/guinea%20pig/photos.html
ABC explained: “That preliminary investigation mushroomed into a wide-ranging probe of PETA and a number of its affiliate organizations that continued for six years. No criminal activity was ever documented and, the inspector general concluded, the investigation extended beyond the point at which it was justified.”
FBI Spied on PETA, Greenpeace, Anti-War Activists
WASHINGTON, Sept. 20, 2010
By JACK CLOHERTY and JASON RYAN
JASON RYAN More From Jason »
JACK CLOHERTY More From Jack »
The FBI improperly targeted Greenpeace, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and two antiwar groups in domestic terrorism investigations between 2001 and 2006, the Inspector General of the Department of Justice said in a report released today.
The IG found there was “little or no basis” for the terror investigations, and that they were “unreasonable and inconsistent with FBI policy.”
At least two of the investigations resulted in innocent people being placed on the domestic terror watch list for years, and one resulted in FBI Director Robert Mueller providing Congress with “inaccurate and misleading information,” according to the report.
PETA slammed the FBI for using “McCarthyite tactics.”
“PETA’s effective activism scare well-heeled business interests that abuse animals,” spokeswoman Jane Dollinger said “but when these outfits used their connections to violate the U.S. Constitution, the FBI’s ham-handed attempt to catch us with our pants down backfired. As a result, the FBI was caught with its pants down.”
The FBI launched five domestic terror investigations between 2001 and 2006 that were “unreasonable and inconsistent with FBI policy,” the inspector general found.
The inspector general, Glenn Fine, is charged with conducting investigations of Justice Department employees and programs. …
The investigation of PETA began in the FBI’s Norfolk, Va., office in the spring of 2001, when one of the group’s members was suspected of “providing financial support to members of the Animal Liberation Front and other animal rights extremists to conduct direct actions,” such as destroying property or research operations involving animals.
That preliminary investigation mushroomed into a wide-ranging probe of PETA and a number of its affiliate organizations that continued for six years. No criminal activity was ever documented and, the inspector general concluded, the investigation extended beyond the point at which it was justified.
Meanwhile, two individuals under investigation in the case remained on the terrorist travel watch list until 2006.
Here is the Report by the FBI’s Office of the Inspector General.
A Review of the FBI’s Investigations of Certain Domestic Advocacy Groups
http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/s1009r.pdf
I think at the end of the day many people could agree that:
(1) the FBI often is going to be damned if they do and damned if they don’t.
(2) it is easy to second-guess the FBI with the benefit of hindsight, a lot harder to do better.
(3) our government works best, when it does work, because of the government oversight functions such as Inspector Generals, the GAO, the media, public citizens and activist groups.
(4) PETA and groups advocating for peace do important work.
Everyone could stand to have their work checked and missteps pointed out. It doesn’t make the FBI’s job any less important or their work on the country’s behalf any less appreciated.
FBI Director Comey recently commented to a top ACLU person: (paraphrasing) Keep banging me so I’ll never get too impressed with hearing my own voice. I’ll always try to understand the other’s point of view and check my facts.
Vahid Majidi should check his facts under the documents relating to the 52 rabbits and pick up the phone to his former boss and friend Comey.
Busy superiors count on those below to do precisely that. Vahid has voluntarily undertaken to write a book on the subject — having left the FBI is no reason not to study the documents and check his facts.
The Silver Spring Monkeys: The Case That Launched PETA
http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/the-silver-spring-monkeys.aspx
PETA settled in Norfolk because that’s where it found the most affordable office space. It acquired its four-story building for $2.2 million.
PETA’s penny-pinching ways have helped it grow from a ragtag band of volunteers into a $17 million-a-year organization with 132 employees — 96 of them in Norfolk — and branch offices in England, Italy, Germany and India. PETA’s donations are about twice those of the American Humane Association, one of the country’s oldest national animal welfare groups.
or PETA, success has meant altering the behavior of multi-billion-dollar corporations from General Motors to McDonald’s. It has cajoled, bullied and embarrassed world-famous fashion designers, research hospitals and medical schools into changing their policies. It has won endorsements from dozens of Hollywood celebrities.
“People now know that if they do something ghastly to an animal, they can’t necessarily get away with it,” Newkirk says. “When we started, nobody knew what animal rights meant. . . . Now, it’s an issue.”
Key to PETA’s results-oriented strategy is manipulating the media. It has learned that the more outrageous, provocative — even offensive — its methods are, the more attention it gets. Attracting that attention is the job of PETA’s campaigns department, which has one of the largest staffs at the organization’s Norfolk headquarters. Press coverage translates into donations, volunteers and clout. Even PETA’s enemies concede that its strategy has worked.
“PETA thinks there is no such thing as bad media coverage,” says Rick McCarty, director of issues management at the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. “And they’re very unrepentant about it.”
Last year, PETA enlisted the help of actor James Cromwell, who played the kindly farmer in the movie “Babe,” to narrate an undercover video that showed farmhands bludgeoning sows at a hog farm in Camden County, N.C. PETA’s investigation resulted in the first-ever felony indictments against factory farm workers.
J.P. Goodwin, founder of the Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade, lashed out at PETA in an online forum in June, charging that its “goofy stunts” are turning people off and obscuring the movement’s core issue, animal suffering.
“We are right on the issues,” Goodwin said. “However, some people have positioned the movement as flaky, based on silly claims and goofy stunts. It’s time to say no to pie throwing, manure dumping, and naked models, and get back to talking about animals.”
Is there anything Newkirk won’t do to get her message out?
Yes, she says: “I won’t cause physical pain and suffering unnecessarily to any living being — man or mouse.”
Every week I hear of some scientist getting a threatening letter, phone call or e-mail,” Calnan says. “None of it is under PETA’s signature. But PETA is contributing by its notoriety, by its demonization of scientists.”
A year ago, anonymous animal rights activists calling themselves “The Justice Department” sent threatening letters booby-trapped with razor blades to more than 80 research scientists.
No one was injured. But the act touched off a bitter war of words.
Within days, Newkirk sent letters to the editors of several newspapers in cities where the scientists lived. “Perhaps the mere idea of receiving a nasty missive will allow animal researchers to empathize with their victims for the first time in their lousy careers,” she wrote.
Newkirk was “basically cheerleading the violence,” Calnan says. “She did not denounce the violence. She’s part of the rhetoric of polarization, the rhetoric of hatred.”
Newkirk says she wasn’t cheerleading the mailing of booby-trapped letters, merely using it to make a point. “We didn’t do it,” she says. “We don’t advocate it; we never would. It’s not what we do. … All I did was comment on it.”
Calnan and other critics say that by seeming to condone that tactic and others, including vandalism and firebombing of animal laboratories by radical animal advocates, PETA helps foster a chilling effect on animal research.
“Very promising students are choosing not to go into the life sciences,” Calnan says. “Even of those who go into the life sciences, some will choose not to work with animals. Some folks say we have lost a generation because of the animal rights influence, and specifically PETA’s influence, in the schools. PETA will say that’s a victory. I say that is a blow to medical progress.”
PETA has earned the enmity of the animal research community with a series of explosive undercover investigations.
A case in point was the work of Edward Walsh and JoAnn McGee, a husband-wife team of scientists at Boys Town National Research Hospital in Omaha, Neb. The two studied congenital deafness by cutting open the skulls of kittens and severing a bundle of nerves, which caused the kittens to go deaf.
PETA argues that such experiments, besides being cruel, are unnecessary.
Prompted by an employee’s complaint, two PETA investigators got jobs as security guards in the lab and collected evidence for a year.
As for PETA, he says, “they simply cannot disconnect themselves from the more radical elements of this movement.
PETA is the voice of the movement, and it is, therefore, by my way of thinking at least, responsible for the actions that the organization inspires.”
Some people who had bought into PETA’s campaign for kindness to animals were surprised last summer by the revelation that PETA kills animals.
The controversy shed light on a major rift within the animal rights movement between those, like PETA, that support euthanasia and those that don’t.
According to statistics kept by state regulators, PETA euthanized 1,325 of the 2,103 animals it took in during 1999.
“For an organization that feels there’s a place for every fish in the sea, I could not believe that they would kill healthy cats,” says Dr. Gail Furman, a psychologist at the Department of Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center in Hampton.
The “no-kill” debate may have contributed to the quiet departure last year of Alex Pacheco, who as a young political science student helped Newkirk found PETA 20 years ago.
Pacheco left PETA to found a new nonprofit organization based in Los Angeles, the Humane America Animal Foundation, which lists as its No. 1 mission the creation of a “no-kill nation” by promoting aggressive spay-neuter and adoption strategies.
Pacheco declined to talk with The Virginian-Pilot, but in an interview with Animals’ Agenda magazine he said his split with PETA was driven in part by a concern that PETA’s confrontational tactics didn’t immediately result in saving large numbers of animals.
“I could’ve stayed and argued my case, but I stopped when things started flying across the room,” he was quoted as saying. “I didn’t want to cause a civil war.”
Newkirk acknowledges that she and Pacheco were frequently at loggerheads.
“Our differences go back to the very beginning,” she says. “We were like Jack Spratt and his wife. We argued about everything.
“In the end we both decided that we had to have a professional divorce.”
Conceding that “I’m no diplomat,” Newkirk adds: “One of Alex’s strong suits is, he made an extremely good lobbyist. It’s a bit awkward, when he’s up arguing in the halls of Congress, to have us out on the street dumping manure or going naked.”
http://www.furcommission.com/petas-zeal-pushes-the-envelope-too-far-for-some/
Ms. Newkirk wrote a book called Free the Animals! The Untold Story of the U.S. Animal Liberation Front and Its Founder, ‘Valerie.’
“In it she writes that she has “become somewhat used to jumping on a plane with copies of freshly purloined documents and hurriedly calling news conferences to discuss the ALF’s findings.”
http://www.activistcash.com/person/ingrid-newkirk/
In the 1970s, Newkirk worked for Montgomery County (Maryland), and then for the District of Columbia, as an animal protection officer and deputy sheriff.
She co-founded PETA with Alex Pacheco, the fellow who had infiltrated the lab in the Silver Springs monkey case.
Who was the woman that, according to the rumor that never was substantiated, was going to work at USAMRIID?
What would the position have been? A security guard? An animal care technician?
“Part of PETA’s long-range plan is to infiltrate by gaining employment with various research facilities,” the document says. “PETA intends to create an incident… that would benefit their cause. PETA intends to cause a release of anthrax.” ”
What does this lieutenant colonel in the Army Reserve say today?
Given the modus operandi of infiltration and undercover jobs, PETA should agree that any possibility of infiltration of a lab using animals involving anthrax needed to be followed up.
I admire Alex’s decision to prioritize saving lives through aggressive neutering and adoption programs. Reasonable people can disagree on the best course to take on behalf of the humane treatment of animals .
Issues relating to the humane treatment of humans are also challenging and complicated.
Here’s a book I wrote (under a pseudonym) on the humane treatment of animals (and humans).
Public Pets: Good Advice For Everyday Living
http://www.blurb.com/b/909779-public-pets
Ingrid, I am only now learning more about the history of PETA and ALF. Were you part of that Maryland ALF cell? Were you the person who, according to the rumor, wanted to infiltrate USAMRIID? Were you a deputy sheriff in 1982 responding to the publicity triggered by the Silver Springs case?
Nonviolent efforts are to be commended. Violent efforts, of course, need to stopped by law enforcement.
The case study of abolitionist John Brown is equally fascinating — though the example set by Abraham Lincoln the better model in effecting social change.
The Wikipedia article on Animal Liberation Front is fascinating.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front
Kathy Snow Guillermo writes in Monkey Business that the first ALF action [in the United States] was the removal on September 22, 1981 of the Silver Spring monkeys.
17 lab monkeys [were] in the legal custody of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) after a researcher who had been experimenting on them was arrested for alleged violations of cruelty legislation.
When the court ruled that the monkeys be returned to the researcher, they mysteriously disappeared, only to reappear five days later when PETA learned that legal action against the researcher could not proceed without the monkeys as evidence.[41]
Ingrid Newkirk, the president of PETA, writes that the first ALF cell was set up in late 1982, after a police officer she calls “Valerie” responded to the publicity triggered by the Silver Spring monkeys case, and flew to England to be trained by the ALF. Posing as a reporter, Valerie was put in touch with Ronnie Lee … . Lee directed her to a training camp, where she was taught how to break into laboratories. Newkirk writes that Valerie returned to Maryland and set up an ALF cell, with the first raid taking place on December 24, 1982 against Howard University, where 24 cats were removed, some of whose back legs had been crippled.[43][45] Jo Shoesmith, an American attorney and animal rights activist, says Newkirk’s account of “Valerie” is not only fictionalized, as Newkirk acknowledges, but totally fictitious.
“Animal Rights Militia and Justice Department
Monaghan writes that, around 1982, there was a noticeable shift in the non-violent position, and not one approved by everyone in the movement. Some activists began to make personal threats against individuals, followed by letter bombs and threats to contaminate food, the latter representing yet another shift to threatening the general public, rather than specific targets.[11]
In 1982, letter bombs were sent to all four major party leaders in the UK, including the prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. In November 1984, the first major food scare was carried out, with the ALF claiming in phone calls and letters to the media that it had contaminated Mars Bars—part of a campaign to force the Mars company to stop conducting tooth decay tests on monkeys.[51] On November 17, the Sunday Mirror received a call from the ALF saying it had injected Mars Bars in stores throughout the country with rat poison. The call was followed by a letter containing a Mars Bar, presumed to be contaminated, and the claim that these were on sale in London, Leeds, York, Southampton, and Coventry. Millions of bars were removed from shelves and Mars halted production, at a cost to the company of $4.5 million.[52] The ALF admitted the claims had been a hoax. Similar contamination claims were later made against L’Oréal and Lucozade.[53]
Activists use the Animal Rights Militia name when violating the ALF’s policy not to endanger life.[54]
The letter bombs were claimed by the Animal Rights Militia (ARM), although the initial statement in November 1984 by David Mellor, then a Home Office minister, made clear that it was the Animal Liberation Front who had claimed responsibility.[55] This is an early example of the shifting of responsibility from one banner to another depending on the nature of the act, with the ARM and another nom de guerre, the Justice Department—the latter first used in 1993—emerging as names for direct action that violated the ALF’s “no harm to living beings” principle. Ronnie Lee, who had earlier insisted on the importance of the ALF’s non-violence policy, seemed to support the idea. An article signed by RL—presumed to be Ronnie Lee—in the October 1984 ALF Supporters Group newsletter, suggested that activists set up “fresh groups … under new names whose policies do not preclude the use of violence toward animal abusers.”[56]
With respect to any investigation of compartmentalized cell operation aiming to infiltrate USAMRIID, one has to go so slow in painting an FBI investigation with too broad a brush and being unduly PC over First Amendment issues of some other, non-violent group. The issue is whether the deed was done — and sometimes the deed can be as little as leaving a laboratory door unlocked.
But the key is intelligence analysis relating to the who, what, and where.
Ingrid has a very compelling biography. And she also strikes me as a truth-teller. Ingrid, what is the name of the person redacted from the January FBI 1998 report so we can ask her if she ever worked at USAMRIID. Was the rumor based on brainstorming — and the facetious hyperbole sometimes discussed in brainstorming?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk
It was Pacheco who introduced Newkirk to the concept of animal rights. Pacheco presented her with a copy of Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation (1975). She has said that Singer had put into words what she had felt intuitively for a long time.
In the summer of 1981, Pacheco took a job as a volunteer inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland, so that he and Newkirk would have some firsthand knowledge on which to base their campaigns.
Pacheco repeatedly went into the lab at night to take photographs, and to escort scientists, including veterinarians and a primatologist, through it to secure their testimony.[17] Newkirk lay crouched on the back seat of a car outside, hidden under a large cardboard box with holes for her eyes, using a walkie-talkie from a toy store to alert Pacheco if anyone else entered the building.[
Newkirk has been criticized for publicizing actions carried out in the name of the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). She supports the goals of the ALF, arguing that “Not until black demonstrators resorted to violence did the national government work seriously for civil rights legislation … In 1850 white abolitionists, having given up on peaceful means, began to encourage and engage in actions that disrupted plantation operations and liberated slaves. Was that all wrong?”[7] She has said that she understands, but shrinks from, actions that involve arson:
I do support getting animals out in the same way I would have supported getting human slaves out, child labor, sex slaves, the whole lot. But I don’t support burning. I don’t support arson. I would rather that these buildings weren’t standing, so on some level I understand. I just don’t like the idea of that. Maybe that is wishy-washy of me, because I don’t want those buildings standing if they are going to hurt anyone. And the ALF has never hurt mice nor mare.[21]
She has been accused of having had advance knowledge of one ALF action. During the 1995 trial of Rod Coronado, in connection with an arson attack at Michigan State University (MSU), U.S. Attorney Michael Dettmer alleged that Newkirk had arranged, in advance of the attack, to have Coronado send her stolen documents from the university and a videotape of the action.[22]
Alex Pacheco’s biography is also compelling. It was his and Ingrid’s efforts that led eventually to the “requirement that each institution seeking federal funding have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee whose job it is to oversee how laboratory animals within that institution are cared for.”
That Committee at USAMRIID oversaw Bruce Ivins experiments involving the 52 rabbits. Norm Covert, for example, was on the committee in 2001.
GAO should obtain the very best contemporaneous documents on that experiment — which was conducted in late September 2001 and October 2001 in Bruce Ivins B3 “hot suite.”
The claim that Dr. Ivins had no reason to be in the lab those weeks was mistaken.
It is time to correct the mistake.
Stand for justice for animals.
Stand for justice for humans.
Stand for justice at the United States Department of Justice.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)
The legal battle for custody of the monkeys, following their removal by PETA, reached the United States Supreme Court. It was the first animal-rights case to do so, though the newly formed PETA ultimately failed in its battle to secure the animals’ release.[7] The proceedings, which lasted years, generated a large amount of publicity for PETA, transforming it from what Ingrid Newkirk called “five people in a basement” into a national movement.[8] As a result of the case, the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology held hearings that led to the 1985 Animal Welfare Act,[9] and in 1986 changes in United States Public Health Service guidelines for animals used in animal research included a requirement that each institution seeking federal funding have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee whose job it is to oversee how laboratory animals within that institution are cared for.[4]
Anthrax plot allegations prompted FBI to investigate PETA in late 1990s
By Associated Press, Updated: Sunday, October 20, 10:38 AM
http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/anthrax-plot-allegations-prompted-fbi-to-investigate-peta-in-late-1990s/2013/10/20/3b1a4e76-3995-11e3-b0e7-716179a2c2c7_story.html
The Virginian-Pilot (http://bit.ly/H421Gp ) says PETA obtained the documents earlier this year through a Freedom of Information Act request.
According to the documents, FBI investigators were told that PETA planned to release anthrax at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases in Washington, D.C.
PETA president Ingrid Newkirk tells the newspaper that the group didn’t learn about the anthrax allegations until this year
Ingrid, the Maryland founder of co-founder of PETA with Alex Pacheco, worked for a quarter century or more as a Deputy Sheriff.
In Fall 2001, it was publicly being suggested by this essayist that ALF be investigated by the FBI for the possibility of access to anthrax at a US lab.
http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/1101/1101ecoterrorist.htm
It was the FBI’s mantra, if not its actual practice, to leave “no stone unturned.” So the essay illustrates again that the FBI is going to be damned if they do and damned if they don’t. (That’s why they appreciate that it comes with the job.)
Use of anthrax only would predictably serve though to increase experimentation with animals, though, so the theory, for one, seems implausible from the start as to motive. The Fall 2001 anthrax mailings led to a great proliferation of labs.
Dr. Vahid Majidi says, in effect, that he ruled out Al Qaeda because he expected Sufaat and Rauf Ahmad — both quickly captured — to gleefully admit their crimes. Al Qaeda would have claimed responsibility he says. (Vahid actually didn’t mention Rauf Ahmad’s interrogation by the FBI at all but that is how the logic of his position works in reality). That is belied by the country’s experience.
Al Qaeda denied both 9/11 and the 1998 embassy bombings until beyond reasonable dispute.
The best way to learn about the care researchers took with animals under animal protocols at USAMRIID is simply to interview them. I once interviewed a member of the committee reviewing Bruce ivins’ protocol for the research on the 52 rabbits ad found him to be very conscientious.
Dr. Ivins himself in emails emphasized that the requirements under protocols were constantly evolving. Successive drafts would be exchanged among researchers and the animal protocol committee and then when everyone as on the same page, it would be executed. (The emails would attach the protocol drafts and so I had to separately pursue the attachments that had been inadvertently withheld over the years).
The GAO should obtain a copy of the rabbit protocol as finally executed. The number of the protocol is identified in Lab Notebook 4241 which was finally produced in 2012. I may be mistaken but I think it was a ProPublica/McClatchy appeal that lodged it loose.
Frank Malinowski is an example of a researcher at USAMRIID who could describe the importance of animal protocols.
” I retired from active duty to inactive reserves in mid-1992 and periodically went on active duty to support the Army’s intelligence services in various ways. I was promoted to LTColonel in 1994 and then retired from the Reserves a few years ago.
What were your duties?
My roles at RIID included working in their medical division, providing medical support to the employees (both civilian and military) of the Institute (this is the place with “hot suites” for handling dangerous pathogens like anthrax and ebola) and conducting clinical studies of new vaccines and drugs to prevent and/or treat those infections.”
Ingrid Newkirk wrote the 1992 FREE THE ANIMALS! THE UNTOLD STORY OF THE ANIMAL LIBERATION FRONT AND ITS, FOUNDER, “VALERIE”
In the book, Ingrid explains that the details of the ALF laboratory raids and cell members are all “fictionalized to protect them from possible prosecution.”
Methinks that it could have been filed in the library section of autobiography rather than fictionalized memoir.
The cover has a person wearing a mask and holding a dog.
In an introduction, Cleveland Armory writes:
“One reason no one has written such a book about these people is that Animal Liberation Front operations in total secrecy. No insider would even admit to being a member of the group, let alone talk about it or write about it,
“and no outsider knows enough either to talk or write accurately about it.”
Rue McClanahan writes a blurb: “I cried and I cheered.”
Oliver Stone wrote a blurb: “A moving story about extreme cruelty and extreme courage, and a inspirational and practical guide for anyone bent on challenging the system.”
It was 1992 that Ingrid wrote: “As a result, the FBI has opened files on both PETA and me, and secured a wiretap order for our telephones.”
Thus, although it is interesting to learn from the Norfolk newspaper of the 1997 and 1998 FOIA documents, the FBI investigation actually dated to the Michigan State ALF arson.
Ingrid wrote in 1992:
“A long-time PETA volunteer’s home has just been raided by twelve agents…”
(The raid was in connection with an arson at a Michigan State University by an ALF member that Ingrid has said she admires; the US Attorney reportedly said Ingrid had asked the fellow in advance for documents and film.)
“At the time of the Silver Spring trial, she says “Valerie” [the ALF founder in the US] was 23, in her third year on the Montgomery County police force and one of only a handful of female officers.” She says “Valerie” was from England.
Ingrid, that describes you, right?
In a book that looks to be a good read, Ingrid describes how her colleagues on the police force arrested Dr. Taub — that was the start of the prosecution of the Silver Springs monkey case.
“Finally, although the public pays for most animal experimentation through its taxes, no one is allowed into a laboratory unannounced or unescorted. even police officers must have a warrant or formal invitation to enter. Except, that is, for a former policer officer named “Valerie.”
Ingrid writes:
“For the defense, IBR had retained Arnold & Porter, one of the country’s top firms. Three expensive lawyers in dark suits, their firm’s embossed on to their briefcase, had argued forcefully for the return of the monkeys.”
Ingrid describes “Valerie,” the ALF founder as from England an a former officer of the law and a Montgomery County, MD, police officer. Ingrid was from an England and was a Montgomery Deputy Sheriff for a quarter century.
Ingrid, you hid out in the car while Alex Pacheco was in Dr. Taub’s lab, right? You had a cardboard box over your head with holes cut — and a walkie talkie so as to call Alex if someone approached? If you were a Deputy Sheriff, doesn’t that mean law enforcement was using an agent for a warrantless search and seizure?
Just sayin… life is too short not to be fascinated by the ironies. What’s good for the goose is good for the gander.
Did those expensive, nattily dressed A&P lawyers know that and raise a motion to exclude the evidence?
“As for the laboratories’ own “Animal Care and Use Committees, they are typically composed of research colleagues who rubber-stamp each others’ protocols as enthusiastically as they helped each other through cruelty charges.”
In Amerithrax, the key is to obtain the protocol relating to the 52 rabbits formaldehde study. It is identified in lab Notebook 4241 which the FBI withheld until 2012. (It was taken from USAMRIID so that USAMRIID could not produce it).
Dr. Majidi writes:
“By some estimates, the total cost of the anthrax letters is closer to 100 billion dollars, when considering all the new programs created as the consequence of the Bacillus anthracis mailings.”
And, to think, it wouldn’t cost the USG one dime for Dr. Majidi to send evidence supporting his baseless and insupportable supposition that the 52 rabbits experiment was done at some other facility.
And with his misapprehension straightened out regarding Ivins-reason-for-being-in-the-lab issue, his Ivins Theory implodes and he and Rachel know it.
The move to make here is to say “aha!” Thanks so much for spending years getting the documents from USAMRIID. In the rush of events, we hadn’t seen them.
Vahid Majidi writes:
“My interpretation of Bruce’s time in based on my own experience as a research scientist.”
Instead, Dr. Majidi’s interpretation of Bruce’s time should have been based on the contemporaneous documentary evidence. Although such documents (like his emails) and the documents above were not available to Bruce — by the time the FBI was asking — his emails and other documents WERE available to the FBI. They just didn’t obtain them. See the record.
Dr. Majidi nowhere evidences any awareness of the rabbit experiment.
I have personal knowledge — of a confidential nature — that he is confused on the subject and was unaware of the rabbit experiment.
So don’t think of Amerithrax as Rachel and Ken shoving 52 rabbits into a hat — just think of Dr. Majidi accidentally sitting on the hat and squashing the rabbits.
Vahid Majidi:
Let’s do a thought experiment. Have your wife read your section conjecturing how Dr. Ivins spent his time — the one claiming that Dr. Ivins had no reason to be in the lab.
Then have her read these links above. See what she thinks. Tell her whether you had seen these documents before today and when you first saw them.
Look at Dr. Majidi’s analysis of Dr. Ivins’ in the lab. He evidences no awareness of all of what was happening with the experiment with the 52 rabbits. He is making conjectures that totally ignore the documentary evidence.
Amerithrax represents the greatest failure in intelligence analysis in the history of the United States and Dr. Vahid Majidi has just provided GAO a roadmap of the missteps.
Was Dr. Majidi aware of these documents (see his argument about Dr. Ivins hours) and permitted them to be withheld from the FOIA production?
Or was he just unaware of them — buying into some earnest investigators claim that Dr. Ivins time was unexplained.
Sometimes you need to look behind some earnest Agent’s powerpoint and dig into the underlying documents, Dr. Majidi.
Dr. Majjidi writes:
“As the FBI further probed for reasons behind these late night access to the hot suit[e]s, we found no experiments or projects with critical deadlines or any other reasons that justified for a researcher to work alone in a pathogen laboratory by themselves, late at night.”
Dr. Majidi, I have uploaded the evidence above. Your statement is contradicted by the documentary evidence. This documentary evidence has been uploaded for a very long time. Your recantation of the conclusory crap that you folks trotted out in August 2008 — without addressing the documentary evidence produced by USAMRIID since — is very disappointing. Mara explained that it would take 2 hours. Norm Covert can explain the animal protocols. You just bought into Pat Fellows’ spin. She provided technical assistance to the former Zawahiri associate supplied virulent Ames by Bruce Ivins and so I’m sure she was a bit stressed by Ivins, who himself was a stressed out and fragile fellow.
Animal protocols were constantly evolving. Have you ever done any animal research such as Dr. Ivins experiment that involved killing 52 rabbits mercifully? Do you know what is involved? Who specifically are you relying on — what expert — who has reviewed these documents. And most importantly, why weren’t these documents produced by the FBI under FOIA?
Do you still believe Bruce Ivins was responsible for the 2001 anthrax attacks?
http://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/news_regular_features/daily_poll/poll_71ab3fa6-f70d-11e2-84e7-001a4bcf6878.html
Presently, about 60% — as of the time of this post 7.29 at 10:35 PM EST — respond that they think the answer is “no.” 25% think the answer is “yes,” and 15% are “not sure.”
PRO MED responses would be a nice dataset, where you have people who are more well-read than the man on the street (and may have an advanced degree in health field) but who do not have strong views.
BWPP responses would be a nice dataset for the same reason. (I have now posted the link on BWPP).
For anyone informed about rabbits, I think the percentage would drop to 5% “yes” … only someone trying to stuff 52 rabbits down the hat.
But most people do not have time or motivation to become familiar with the underlying source documents.
With treasure hunting, one can learn who was right where a treasure was — or if there was a treasure at all — when a treasure is found.
Similarly, in the case of Amerithrax, one can find out who is responsible when we learn more about Al Qaeda’s anthrax program through leaks or disclosures relating to interrogations.
The only way 52 rabbits can be stuffed down a hat is if superiors wish it to be so. If there were really government accountability, the GAO would seek an answer to why Dr. Ivins work with the rabbits was not mentioned in the investigative report and the documents not produced by the FBI.
Who is responsible for the game of hide-the-ball reflected by the Amerithrax Investigative Summary?
In reviewing the summary, some urged that only a much shorter version be produced — say, 6 pages. Others urged that the full length be produced — warts and all. Were the emails reflecting that debate produced to the GAO? No.
Tthe GAO in on-the-record interviews should have ascertained who knew what, when — and who urged colleagues to go along.
This Wisconsin case is a useful case study where the head of the office told an agent that it would be best for his career if he went along with the government position.
Here, the head of the office was forced out within a few months for cheating on an open book exam on how national security investigations needed to be conducted so as to comply with the law.
http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/milwaukee-fbi-chief-transferred-under-investigation-b9957741z1-216100811.html
I just got back from NYC where I visited the name of a relative at the 911 memorial — a first responder. There simply is no way that some FBI and DOJ employees are going to be able allowed to play hide-the-ball — and put more lives at risk.
The withholding of documents in connection with the Boston marathon bombing is a useful case study bearing on its withholding of documents in Amerithrax. The problem is that DOJ has a fundamental disrespect of the oversight role of Congress.
The “hindsight is 20/20” explanation should only be available when there is straightforward production of the information bearing on the facts — selective disclosure based on conclusory assertions, without more, renders the argument inapt until such disclosure and production of documents. In Amerithrax, there has been a selective disclosure and withholding of key documents relating to key forensics that were far more probative than a genetics analysis that narrowed things regarding the original source from 700-1000 to 200-300.
Indeed, the FBI and DOJ made no mention or production of all of the documents relating to why Dr. Ivins was in the lab those nights in late September and early October 2001.
Frustration rises with FBI on bombings
http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2013/07/13/frustration-rises-with-fbi-bombings/6WOliTRYJf7VcpyFGsTVbP/story.html
By Joan Vennochi | GLOBE COLUMNIST JULY 14, 2013
The Russians say they warned the United States in 2011 that Tamerlan Tsarnaev might be planning to travel to Chechnya to meet with Islamist radicals. The FBI insists the warning was vague, but won’t produce it.
The FBI contends its requests for more information from the Russians went unanswered. Who made them? To whom were they sent? The FBI won’t say, and the Russians told Keating they have no record of such follow-up inquiries.
The FBI interviewed Tamerlan Tsarnaev in the spring and summer of 2011, but concluded he wasn’t a threat. His case was closed and stayed that way — despite, as the Globe reported, more Russian warnings; a CIA decision to add Tsarnaev to a database of potential suspects; and a tip in 2012 from the Department of Homeland Security that he traveled to Russia. The FBI declines to say why it closed the book on the case.
The murders of three Waltham men, whose bodies were discovered on Sept. 12, 2011, provide another possible link to Tamerlan Tsarnaev. A recent New York Times report renewed speculation that the Marathon bombings might never have happened if that murder investigation by local police “had been more vigorous.”
A definite connection between Tamerlan Tsarnaev and the grisly Waltham murders might have been ascertained after the Marathon bombings. But just when Ibragim Todashev was allegedly about to implicate Tsarnaev in the murders, he was killed in May during an FBI interrogation. His death unfolded in a mysterious way that has yet to be officially addressed.
The quest for answers should not evolve into an exercise in blame-shifting between federal and local law enforcement authorities. It should be, as McCaul said, about finding out “what happened, what went wrong, and how to fix it.”
The FBI should not be able to hide behind the veil of ongoing criminal investigation. Indeed, Keating, a former prosecutor, bluntly said he believes the FBI is using the case against Dzhokhar Tsarnaev as an excuse to stonewall the Homeland Security Committee.
How often does it happen that Republicans like McCaul and King agree with a Massachusetts Democrat like Keating? For once, these representatives are on the same page — the people’s page.
Count Boston Police Commissioner Edward F. Davis among those who believe the FBI should share more information about potential terror threats with local police departments, and that should be a potent enough mix to shake answers out of the FBI.
But the bureau arrogantly refused to provide a witness for last week’s Homeland Security Committee hearing. Instead, as the Globe reported, the bureau sent a letter saying it would not be responding to all the requests for information.
The FBI closed the case on Tamerlan Tsarnaev. Now they want to close the case on the consequences. They shouldn’t get away with it.
“If there is information that comes in about a terrorist threat to a particular city, then local officials should have that information,” Davis said. “There should be a mandate somewhere that the federal authorities have to share that with us so that we can properly defend our community.”
http://www.wbur.org/2013/07/11/bombings-fbi-info-sharing
NYPD Intelligence would be professionally negligent to rely on the FBI’s conclusions in Amerithrax.
The lead investigator Ed Montooth appears to have been unaware of the rabbit documents. The entire Ivins Theory was built on a false premise that he had no reason to be in the lab.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/criminal-justice/anthrax-files/edward-montooth-the-mandate-was-to-look-at-the-case-with-fresh-eyes/
[interviewer]
What about his records? The calendar that was found in his briefcase showed over that period 20 different experiments — animal experiments — that he was going in and testing, checking for dead animals and whatever. Why was that discounted as being a reason and not to explain why he was in the labs?
[Ed Montooth]
… My recollection of what was on the calendar was there were only a couple times that he went in to check on mice. … When you asked him, “How long does it take you to note what happened?,” it doesn’t come close to explaining why he was in there for the length of period of time he was.
[Montooth]
Dr. Ivins had mental problems that date way back before we ever were associated with him. We didn’t drive him to the suicide. …
How sure are you that you guys got your man?
I’m very comfortable with Dr. Ivins as the mailer.
Because?
Based on the totality of the investigation, the science, the direct evidence, the circumstantial evidence, I’m very comfortable with that.
Comment: Lead investigator Ed Montooth, based on his filmed comments, appears to have been wholly unaware of the documents establishing work with the 52 rabbits. He should have reassessed his conclusion after he read the relevant documents.
The woman who knew all about the work with the rabbits but withheld the information was Dr. Patricia Fellows. The DOJ should not have shredded her deposition. If you destroy the best evidence, one is hindered in sorting out the facts.
For example, what if the DOJ had taken the sworn statement of this woman in the Texas case and then shredded it and prevented the GAO from seeing it?
Congress needs to intervene if FBI continues to withhold documents from GAO in connection with its review of the FBI’s conclusions in Amerithrax investigation.
http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/06/08/texas-woman-who-told-fbi-her-husband-sent-ricin-tainted-letters-is-arrested/
Texas woman who told FBI her husband sent ricin-tainted letters is arrested
From Greendale, Wisconsin, there is a wonderful Peeps entry called “Do The Greendale Bunny Hop!”
The caption explains
Rachel and Ken’s song and dance. They hold the record for making 52 bunnies disappear!
http://greenfield.patch.com/articles/enter-patchs-easter-peeps-contest-49f4ced5#video-13692905
USAMRIID expert Louise Pitt is thanked for reviewing this 2013 manuscript. Dr. Pitt is an example of the highly qualified experts that GAO has available to interview regarding the protocols governing the conduct of animal studies being done by Bruce Ivins and his colleagues in September and October 2001.
Pathology and Pathophysiology of Inhalational Anthrax in a Guinea Pig Model
http://iai.asm.org/content/early/2013/01/24/IAI.01289-12.full.pdf
Mortality, Clinical Signs, and Body Weights
Of the 37 anthrax-infected animals, sixteen survived to scheduled termination time points, including all animals scheduled to be sacrificed at 24, 30, and 36 hours post-challenge; 3 of 4 animals scheduled to be sacrificed at 48 hours post-challenge, and 1 of 4 animals scheduled to be sacrificed at 72 hours post-challenge (Table 4). The remaining 21 anthrax-infected animals were found dead or euthanized due to moribund condition (Table 4). The time to death for these animals ranged between 46 and 71 hours post-challenge, with a mean of 56 hours. Animals did not show any clinical signs of disease during the first 36 hours after 330 challenge. Within a few hours after the appearance of symptoms, animals either died or reached moribund condition and met the criteria for euthanasia. The clinical manifestations were consistent with inhalational anthrax and similar to those observed in rabbit and NHP models, including labored breathing, cough, lacrimation, weakness, cyanosis, and lethargy. There were no significant changes from the baseline weights for any animal following challenge.
Edward Jay Epstein describes the FBI’s “Ivins Theory”
“The FBI turned its attention to Dr. Steven J. Hatfill, a virologist who in 1999 worked at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) in Fort Detrick, which was experimenting with the Ames strain of anthrax. Hatfill showed stress on a polygraph exam, and he had taken the antibiotic Cirpo, which protects against anthrax infection, prior to the attack, and he attracted the attention of a bloodhound trained to react to the anthrax letters. The FBI surveillance agents followed him so closely that one FBI tail car actually ran over his foot. The FBI searched his home, property, girlfriend’s apartment, and workplaces, after the media was alerted. As a result, Hatfill lost his job, consulting contracts, and contact with many associates.” Even isolated, Hatfill did not break under the pressure. Instead, he sued that the FBI had pursued him for five years without a “scintilla of evidence,” leading the Department of Justice to exonerate him and pay him $5.82 million in August 2008.”
I realize Dr. Hatfill forged his PhD diploma. And I realize that Dr. Ivins, like most men, viewed pornography, used screen names, and had crushes on younger, beautiful and accomplished women. And got depressed, for example, when those women did not return his earnest friendship. Indeed, Dr. Ivins admits to have pulled some mean, wholly inappropriate pranks a quarter century ago such as forging a letter to the editor about student hazing and stealing a book from a sorority house.
I defer to the hardworking investigators who viewed those elements as part of a theory of the crime.
Those investigators cannot be faulted if information was kept from them by others.
GAO should ask each investigator what, if any documents, did they not know about in forming their conclusions. For example, did they know about Dr. Ivins’ work with the challenge relating to the 52 rabbits? If not, why not?
Someone played hide-the-ball and the issue is who.
Edward Jay Epstein emphasizes dogs rather than rabbits:
“My assessment is that the FBI failed to find the perpetrator of the anthrax attacks. Indeed, it failed twice. Its first wrong man was Dr. Steven J. Hatfill, whose career was ruined by its 24/7 investigation of him; the second wrong man was Dr. Bruce Ivins, who committed suicide under its relentless pressure. In a case such as the anthrax attack, in which the weapon leaves microscopic traces everywhere, the equivalent of Sherlock Holmes’ dog-that-did-not-bark is the conspicuous absence of evidence. The FBI investigation was possibly the most massive in history in terms of expended man-hours. Consider then what evidence the FBI did not find that would have implicated their final suspect, Dr. Ivins.”
The case may seem complex but the truth, once understood, seldom is. As to an Ivins Theory, understand that the government’s case was based on a claim of unexplained time in the lab. Now go to the Amerithrax Investigative Summary and take note that the word “rabbits” nowhere appears. Who is responsible for stuffing 52 rabbits down into the hat to make disappear? Why didn’t McClatchy, ProPublica and Frontine ask AUSA Lieber the hard questions? I understand that is difficult to sort through the different rabbit experiments over the months and years. But how hard would it have been to take the early October 2001 email by Bruce reporting on the number of rabbits that had died in the past 3 days and ask Rachel about it on film? The outlets did brilliant and effective work on the lyophilizer issue but have not yet worked the rabbit issue up. I realize they handle countless important stories and their reporters are brilliant and hardworking. But if not them, then it is up to some other top media organization to hit the ball out of the park.
There are many experts (both at USAMRIID and elsewhere) who can walk through the details confirmed by the documents relating to the rabbits — and who can address, more generally, what is involved in the uploaded protocols.
see, e.g.,
Infect Immun. 2013 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]
Pathology and Pathophysiology of Inhalational Anthrax in a Guinea Pig Model.
Savransky V, Sanford DC, Syar E, Austin JL, Tordoff KP, Anderson MS, Stark GV, Barnewall RE, Briscoe CM, Lemiale-Biérinx L, Park S, Ionin B, Skiadopoulos MH.
Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, MD.
Non-human primates (NHP) and rabbits are the most commonly used animal models for evaluating efficacy of medical countermeasures against anthrax in support of licensure under the FDA’s “Animal Rule.” However, a need for an alternative animal model may arise in certain cases. Development of such an alternative model requires a thorough understanding of the course and manifestation of experimental anthrax disease induced under controlled conditions in the proposed animal species. The guinea pig, which has been used extensively for anthrax pathogenesis studies and anthrax vaccine potency testing, is a good candidate for such alternative model. This study was aimed at determining the median lethal dose (LD(50)) of the Bacillus anthracis Ames strain in guinea pigs and investigating natural history, pathophysiology, and pathology of inhalation anthrax in this animal model following nose-only aerosol exposure. The inhaled LD(50) of aerosolized Ames strain spores in guinea pigs was determined to be 5.0×10(4) spores. Aerosol challenge of guinea pigs resulted in inhalational anthrax with death occurring between 46 and 71 hours post-challenge. The first clinical signs appeared as early as 36 hours post-challenge. Cardiovascular function declined starting at 20 hours post-exposure. Hematogenous dissemination of bacteria was observed microscopically in multiple organs and tissues as early as 24 hours post-challenge. Other histopathologic findings typical of disseminated anthrax infection included suppurative (heterophilic) inflammation, edema, fibrin, necrosis, and/or hemorrhage in the spleen, lungs, and regional lymph nodes, and lymphocyte depletion and/or lymphocytolysis in the spleen and lymph nodes. The study demonstrated that the course of inhalation anthrax disease and the resulting pathology in guinea pigs are similar to those seen in rabbits and NHPs as well as in humans.
First off the animal checks do take longer than a few minutes even if you are already in the B3 suite not just in USAMRIID; especially if you are required to collect samples. So that time is not absurb. Some of the in and out in short times is close checks when animals are expected to pass and the time checks were for exact as possible times. I know there was a rabbit study going on at that particular weekend because he was doing the time checks for me the weekend in question. We (many at USAMRIID to include myself) have give the information and proof, however it is simply left out. There was no powder made in B3, there was no equipment that could do it. The only place something of that concentration could be made at was out in Dugway. When the powder was reconstituted it matched what was sent prior to 2001 by Dugway but was completely removed from USAMRIID during one of the “visits”.
Although the case may seem complex, once stripped of baseless conjecture and factually unsupported claims, the relevant questions are quite simple. Rachel, why didn’t you mention or discuss the work with the 52 rabbits in your Amerithrax Investigative Summary?
Is it that you did not know of it?
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/live-pigs-blasted-with-explosives-and-monkeys-infected-with-anthrax-during-cruel-experiments-8352792.html
Live pigs ‘blasted with explosives and monkeys infected with anthrax during cruel experiments’
JOHN VON RADOWITZ MONDAY 26 NOVEMBER 2012
In a further experiment, funded by the US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), marmosets were infected with anthrax before being treated with an antibiotic, it was alleged. Four animals died and those still alive at the end of the study were killed and dissected, it was claimed.
This study was published in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents last year. There were no reports of pain relief or other supportive measures and the monkeys must have “suffered immensely” before experiencing a painful death, said the BUAV.
The article states:
All animal studies were carried out in accordance with the Scientific Procedures Act of 1986 and the Codes of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals used in Scientific Procedures 1989. Work was authorised by a Home Office Project Licence.”
The authors can explain what was involve under those cited procedures. Dr. Norm Covert was on the committee that reviewed the protocols that had to be followed by Dr. Ivins and his colleagues. Quite a lot of good faith, scrupulous effort went into complying with the evolving standards relating to the care (and avoiding suffering) by animals. It is what necessitated the night checks. If AUSA Lieber had understood that there were required night checks and credited Mara Linscott’s statement that it was a one person job that would take a couple of hours — at least disclosed the 302 statement and the documents relating to the rabbit study — then the star of her dog and pony show known as an “Ivins Theory” would have would have met an early and painless demise.
GAO: Who at the DOJ and FBI instructed J.P. to pull emails from Batch 35 (produced 8/22/2010) showing what Dr. Ivins was doing in the lab? (such as a 9/26/2001 email 9:57 PM)?
In Department of Justice attorney Grafft’s 2012 “Analysis of the Search Warrants of the Amerithrax Investigation,” she writes:
“bullet point one describes the comprehensive seizure of all “laboratory equipment used in the production/replication of biological threat equipment used in the production/replication of biological threat agents, including, but not limited to… live animals.” While such language no doubt prohibited the seizure of the Ivins family dog, if Ivins possessed several mice in his office, such live animals might b e considered a proper seizure under this search warrant directive.”
Do you have any doubt that the DOJ and FBI seized lots of documents relating to Dr. Ivins research with the rabbits — and just failed to disclose them or mention them in their Investigative Summary? At the same time the FBI and DOJ based their case against Dr. Ivins on the claim that he had no reason to be in the lab. Their whole theory was based on a crock and lie.
Who is accountable at the DOJ and FBI? As “Fast and Furious” and 911 demonstrate, no one ever is.
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Confirmations: McClenny, Braithwaite, Ford, Newstead, Waters, Brock
December 23, 2017 By domani spero in Ambassadors, assistant secretaries, Confirmations, End of Year, Nominations, Political Appointees, Senate Hold, Senators, State Department, Top Ranks, Trump, U.S. Missions, U.S. Senate, USAID Tags: “Papa” Doug Manchester, Brock D. Bierman, Christopher Ashley Ford, confirmations, Eric M. Ueland, James Randolph Evans, Jay Patrick Murray, Jennifer Gillian Newstead, Kathleen Troia (“K.T.”) McFarland, Kenneth J. Braithwaite, M. Lee McClenny, Mary Kirtley Waters, pending nominations, Richard Grenell, Sam Brownback, Trump Nominations, Yleem D. S. Poblete
Posted: 12:12 am ET
Follow @Diplopundit
The U.S. Senate is now adjourned for the year and will next meet for legislative business at 12:00 p.m on Wednesday, January 3, 2018. For a list of nominees pending on the Executive Calendar but received no action from the Senate, see “Pending Nominations” below.
The following executive nominations were approved before the Senators raced out of town on December 21:
AMBASSADORS:
Executive Calendar #526 – M. Lee McClenny, of Washington, a Career Member of the Senior Foreign Service, Class of Minister-Counselor to be Ambassador of the United States of America to the Republic of Paraguay.
Executive Calendar #525 – Kenneth J. Braithwaite, of Pennsylvania, to be Ambassador of the Untied States of America to the Kingdom of Norway.
Executive Calendar #530 – Christopher Ashley Ford, of Maryland, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (International Security and Non-Proliferation).
12/19: Confirmation of Executive Calendar #430, Jennifer Gillian Newstead, to be Legal Adviser of the Department of State; confirmed: 88-11.
12/12: Confirmed Executive Calendar #356, Mary Kirtley Waters, of Virginia, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (Legislative Affairs)
Executive Calendar #528 – Brock D. Bierman, of Virginia, to be an Assistant Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development.
Confirmed: Cal. #526 M. Lee McClenny, of Washington, to be Ambassador of the U.S. to the Republic of Paraguay
— Senate Cloakroom (@SenateCloakroom) December 22, 2017
Confirmed: Cal. #525 Kenneth Braithwaite, of Pennsylvania, to be Ambassador of the U.S. to the Kingdom of Norway
The Senate Confirmed the following nominations: pic.twitter.com/ospEhiEiL8
The following nominations are listed on the Executive Calendar but received no action from the Senate when the Senators left town on for the holidays. We don’t know at this time if these nominations will be considered in January, if these nominees have to be renominated by the White House with the process starting from scratch, or if some of these nominations are dead.
Dec 05, 2017 Reported by Mr. Corker, Committee on Foreign Relations, without printed report.
Yleem D. S. Poblete, of Virginia, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (Verification and Compliance), vice Frank A. Rose.
Eric M. Ueland, of Oregon, to be an Under Secretary of State (Management), vice Patrick Francis Kennedy.
James Randolph Evans, of Georgia, to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to Luxembourg.
Oct 26, 2017 Reported by Mr. Corker, Committee on Foreign Relations, without printed report.
Richard Grenell, of California, to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to the Federal Republic of Germany.
Samuel Dale Brownback, of Kansas, to be Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, vice David Nathan Saperstein, resigned.
Sep 19, 2017 Reported by Mr. Corker, Committee on Foreign Relations, without printed report.
Doug Manchester, of California, to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to the Commonwealth of The Bahamas.
Kathleen Troia McFarland, of New York, to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to the Republic of Singapore.
Aug 03, 2017 Reported by Mr. Corker, Committee on Foreign Relations, without printed report.
Jay Patrick Murray, of Virginia, to be Alternate Representative of the United States of America for Special Political Affairs in the United Nations, with the rank of Ambassador.
Jay Patrick Murray, of Virginia, to be an Alternate Representative of the United States of America to the Sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations, during his tenure of service as Alternate Representative of the United States of America for Special Political Affairs in the United Nations.
« U/S Shannon Swears-In New U.S. Ambassador to Zambia Daniel Foote
12.23.17: Wishing You Peace and Blessings This Holiday Season »
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One Week in July: Israel’s Human Rights Violations
by Sonja Karkar / July 31st, 2007
One could be excused for thinking that Israel’s human rights violations against the Palestinians stopped since the Palestinian factions began fighting each other. Just about every report and article written in the Western media these past weeks have focused on the rift between Fatah and Hamas and US overtures to broker a peace deal that may finally allow the Palestinians a state of sorts. Any mention of Israel is in the light of urbane diplomatic discussions between it and the other main players minus, of course, Hamas with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert showing a most remarkable willingness to agree to a peace settlement that would see the Palestinians getting back around 90 per cent of the West Bank. If only there was reason to believe that the leopard has changed its spots.
The truth of the matter is that nothing has changed on the ground for the Palestinians. Israel is rolling into the occupied Palestinian territories with its tanks and armoured vehicles and using its war planes to fire rockets on an already severely beleaguered people in Gaza. Only in this past week, there were at least twenty-nine such military incursions that ended up with four Palestinian resistance fighters being executed by Israeli soldiers while a fifth Palestinian ended up dying from tank shell wounds. Palestinian civilians always bear the brunt of such incursions and eleven people were seriously wounded including five children and an elderly woman. The daily arrest of civilians has been routine for decades, but certainly the seventy-two civilians arrested this week make a mockery of the 250 prisoners just released as Israel’s goodwill gesture to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas.
These are specific attacks on people that will be recorded as statistics. However, we do not hear about the personal agony of families as they see their fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, sons and daughters die. Neither do we hear about the suffering these families must endure if any of them survive crippled physically and emotionally for life. These human details disappear into the homogeneous whole of the conflict, with so far, no promise that tomorrow or next week, there will not be new victims. Such is the terror endured for forty years of Israel’s unrelenting occupation. And that is not counting the horrendous ethnic cleansing that Israel engaged in over a twenty-year period before that.
As for the recently promised easing of restrictions on movement in the West Bank, Palestinians have only seen more checkpoints erected with ever greater severity in who can go where and if they will be allowed to go at all. Similarly in Gaza, Israel refuses to lift the siege on this tiny strip of land with its burgeoning population and is refusing to allow European observers to open the Rafah International Crossing Point. This has left some 6,000 Palestinians stuck for weeks now on the Egyptian side of the border unable to return home. Already sixteen Palestinians have died when their health deteriorated fatally in the searing conditions. The commercial crossings are being opened only long enough to allow in the bare essential food aid that will just keep the Palestinians from starving to death.
Perhaps the most tendentious of Olmert’s promises is the “land for peace” deal with promises made and nothing delivered. Just more of the same. Sharon was a master at such dissembling tactics — going along with the Quartet’s Road Map for peace while he furiously and illegally engaged in new and expanding Jewish settlement building in the West Bank. The settlers he pulled out of Gaza in his much-lauded unilateral disengagement project are even now being re-settled illegally in the West Bank. Olmert’s own propensity for such deceit on the settlement project was exposed last month in a Jerusalem Post news report with a senior Israeli diplomat saying “We are being sent abroad, quite simply to lie” and Peace Now Secretary-General Yariv Oppenheimer said that Olmert’s government “had built more settlements than any previous government.”
It is the ordinary people who are suffering every human rights violation imaginable at the hands of Israel’s army, the fanatical Jewish settlers and Israel’s policymakers and spin doctors who have never seen the Palestinians as human beings. None of the world media is reporting Israel’s crimes although it is absolutely clear that Israel has breached and continuous to breach international law. For the Palestinians living this cold and brutal reality, Israel’s true intentions are very apparent. But, if Olmert has indeed had a change of heart, then a bona fide way of showing that would be to immediately commit to a timeline and begin easing the restrictions on movement as he promised Abbas and to stop all settlement building and expansion as he falsely claims has been done. There is little cause for hope though if the last fourteen years of peace games are anything to go by. They have yielded absolutely nothing for the Palestinians except the loss of even more of their land to Israel and more bloodshed and destitution at the hands of Israel’s minions. With nothing being said about Israel’s violations in this last week of July by those talking peace, that is reason enough to
worry that the welfare of all Palestinians is not what is uppermost in the minds of those negotiating this peace.
Sonja Karkar is the founder and president of Women for Palestine in Melbourne, Australia. Read other articles by Sonja, or visit Sonja's website.
This article was posted on Tuesday, July 31st, 2007 at 5:00am and is filed under Israel/Palestine, Middle East.
3 comments on this article so far ...
Pat said on July 31st, 2007 at 10:25am #
Only in this past week, there were at least twenty-nine such military incursions that ended up with four Palestinian resistance fighters being executed by Israeli soldiers while a fifth Palestinian ended up dying from tank shell wounds
Why is it a human right violation to kill someone thta is planting a bomb designed solely to kill civilians?
One Week in July: Israel’s Human Rights Violations « Dr Nasir Khan said on July 31st, 2007 at 1:16pm #
[…] Full article […]
david kennedy said on August 1st, 2007 at 7:56am #
There is much talk in the West about ‘suicide bombers’ and about how evil this is.
I find this quite hypocritical. Western forces have dropped many thousands of tons of bombs on innocent civilians without attracting comment in the Western press.
Much is made of casualities among Western armed forces that have invaded the countries of other people, but little is said about the suffering they have brought to the innocent people of the countries they have invaded.
A similar bias is shown on reportage from Palestine and the suffering of Palestinian people, including those driven from their homeland to accommodate the influx of Jews from all around the world.
When will people realise there can be no peace without justice and no justice without truth.
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You Can’t Tell a Magazine by Its Cover
by Kevin Zeese / July 15th, 2008
The New Yorker Magazine, cover that will soon be a right wing tee shirt — a cartoon of Obama in Arab garb, Michelle as a AK47 toting revolutionary, the US flag burning in their fireplace and Osama bin Laden’s photo hanging on the wall — is getting all the attention. But the more important article for those wanting to understand Obama is on the inside.
“Making It: How Chicago Shaped Obama” by Ryan Lizza is a lengthy and interesting sketch of Obama in his Chicago years. Lizza documents Obama’s carefully planned entry into Chicago politics — making the connections he needed to make with the wealthy, liberal establishment as well as with Chicago’s black political leadership for the political career he evidently had in mind. His willingness to move from being an agnostic to a Christian and join the church with the most political influence after checking them all out demonstrates his willingness to move for political purposes. The allies he was willing to step on to get where he wanted to go — using the traditional Chicago tactic of throwing opponents off the ballot so he was unchallenged in his state senate campaign. Nothing remarkable — typical Chicago pol activity, but perhaps that is the remarkable thing because so many see Obama as something different than the usual pol.
The New Yorker has been generally favorable toward Obama. Their defense of the cover is that they were mocking Obama’s right wing critics. So this honest history of Obama’s political rise, from a seemingly pro-Obama magazine, makes it even more interesting. It is important for progressives to know this Obama — not the stuff he put in his two autobiographies (both books, Lizza points out, timed around political campaigns) — since it will give voters clues as to what to expect of him when he is president.
Two points to highlight in the article. First, the author describes as the “most important event in Obama’s early political life” the redrawing of his state legislative district to Obama’s liking. The new district became the base of his run for the US Senate and the presidency as he redrew his district to include the wealthiest and most politically influential part of Chicago.
Obama ran against an incumbent member of Congress, Bobby Rush in 2000. Rush a former black panther had lost a race for mayor and therefore Obama thought he was vulnerable. Obama was mistaken — he lost the race in a landslide (the only real political campaign he ever had to run). In losing, Obama learned that he had greater appeal among whites than blacks, the wealthy than the poor, liberal elites rather than working class poor. As a result Obama constructed his “ideal” election district with that in mind.
The article describes Obama entering the “inner sanctum” one year after his loss to Rush and one year after Democrats took control of the state. Illinois Democrats were in the process of redrawing the political map to their own liking — much like Tom Delay in did in Texas . The author writes:
Obama began working on his “ideal map.” Corrigan remembers two things about the district that he and Obama drew. First, it retained Obama’s Hyde Park base — he had managed to beat Rush in Hyde Park — then swooped upward along the lakefront and toward downtown. By the end of the final redistricting process, his new district bore little resemblance to his old one. Rather than jutting far to the west, like a long thin dagger, into a swath of poor black neighborhoods of bungalow homes, Obama’s map now shot north, encompassing about half of the Loop, whose southern portion was beginning to be transformed by developers like Tony Rezko, and stretched far up Michigan Avenue and into the Gold Coast, covering much of the city’s economic heart, its main retail thoroughfares, and its finest museums, parks, skyscrapers, and lakefront apartment buildings. African-Americans still were a majority, and the map contained some of the poorest sections of Chicago, but Obama’s new district was wealthier, whiter, more Jewish, less blue-collar, and better educated. It also included one of the highest concentrations of Republicans in Chicago.
Obama picked his voters. They were the wealthy, lawyers, philanthropists, developers, upwardly mobile white professionals and business interests. Recent comments by Rev. Jesse Jackson that Obama talks down to blacks and Ralph Nader that Obama is “talking white” and not challenging the “white power structure” are consistent with the voters Obama decided he wanted to represent.
Lizza points out that Obama’s new district contained the seeds of his future political success: “In the end, Obama’s North Side fundraising base and his South Side political base were united in one district. He now represented Hyde Park operators like Lois Friedberg-Dobry as well as Gold Coast doyennes like Bettylu Saltzman, and his old South Side street operative Al Kindle as well as his future consultant David Axelrod.
Obama knew that redistricting was a manipulation of democracy. In an article in the Hyde Park Herald he described how ‘partisan’ and ‘undemocratic’ Illinois redistricting had become. When Obama was asked for his views he was candid, Lizza reports. Obama said, “There is a conflict of interest built into the process, incumbents drawing their own maps will inevitably try to advantage themselves.”
It is disappointing that someone who started with registering voters seemingly to strengthen democracy became a pol, selecting his voters rather than having the voters select him. Redistricting is one of the sins of US democracy. Redistricting abuse is one of the many manipulations of democracy that puts the lie to the claim that the US is the greatest democracy on Earth. Obama is part of that system — indeed his political career was born out of that system.
The second point to highlight from the article is what kind of politician Obama is. Lizza
gives a quick summary of Obama’s politics. A description that summarizes what we probably can expect when he is elected president:
Perhaps the greatest misconception about Barack Obama is that he is some sort of anti-establishment revolutionary. Rather, every stage of his political career has been marked by an eagerness to accommodate himself to existing institutions rather than tear them down or replace them. When he was a community organizer, he channeled his work through Chicago’s churches, because they were the main bases of power on the South Side. He was an agnostic when he started, and the work led him to become a practicing Christian. At Harvard, he won the presidency of the Law Review by appealing to the conservatives on the selection panel. In Springfield, rather than challenge the Old Guard Democratic leaders, Obama built a mutually beneficial relationship with them. “You have the power to make a United States senator,” he told Emil Jones in 2003. In his downtime, he played poker with lobbyists and Republican lawmakers. In Washington, he has been a cautious senator and, when he arrived, made a point of not defining himself as an opponent of the Iraq war.
The Obama campaign is built on rhetoric of change. The author writes, Obama runs “on reforming a broken political process, yet he has always played politics by the rules as they exist, not as he would like them to exist. He runs as an outsider, but he has succeeded by mastering the inside game.” This analysis is consistent with a candidate who promised to run within the public funding system but then decided not to when he saw advantages to doing so.
What can we expect when Obama becomes president?
Probably many of his supporters who want paradigm shifting change — consistent with his campaign rhetoric — away from the corrupt politics of big money and corporate control of government and see it in Obama will be disappointed. As the article points out Obama demonstrates to his supporters — when he disappoints them — that “superheroes don’t become President; politicians do.”
Kevin Zeese co-directs Popular Resistance and is on the coordinating council for the Maryland Green Party. Read other articles by Kevin, or visit Kevin's website.
This article was posted on Tuesday, July 15th, 2008 at 9:00am and is filed under Activism, Capitalism, Democracy, Democrats.
Deadbeat said on July 15th, 2008 at 10:10am #
The cover probably would have been less controversial has they used Al Capone. However by using the anti-Muslim and anti-Black motif caused the controversy and distraction from an informative article.
hp said on July 15th, 2008 at 1:39pm #
Yea, but did you look at the back page?
http://bp2.blogger.com/_a-Su2SAnGYU/SHyxHiWS7GI/AAAAAAAAFNk/–l3DT8rS3w/s400/ziodrek+6.jpg
HR said on July 15th, 2008 at 2:05pm #
Ho hum. Is this old stuff supposed to be informative. The guy has been an opportunistic phony. His carefully worded speech at the 2004 convention was just one example.
rosemarie jackowski said on July 15th, 2008 at 2:53pm #
The average USAsian is not intelligent enought to understand satire BUT the publisher of The New Yorker understands capitalism. I, personally did not like the cover because it feeds into the lies about Obama and does not deal with real issues. How about a national discussion on the historical facts that Rev. Wright brought up. I challenge The New Yorker and all others who control the presses and the mikes.
VOTE NADER
Keesha said on July 15th, 2008 at 8:06pm #
The cover was not anti-Black. You might be able to say the spoof was anti-Black Liberation (Michelle as some Angela Davis clone) but that’s about it.
As an African-American I am amazed that Barack continue to run on ‘history’ but the ‘historic’ nature an only be noted by him. I saw worse during Jimmy Carter’s presidency. Anyone else remember the TV show Carter Country or all the Billy Carter jokes?
Noting that Barack Obama is Black isn’t racism. It is incorrect because he’s biracial. But regardless, this screaming racism everytime his skin color is noted is getting real damn old.
If The New Yorker weren’t so White would it be an issue? When Chris Rock joked that the White House would have to be called the Black House, I don’t remember an uproar.
I also disagree with Zeese, I don’t think Barack will win in November. The GOP machine will gear up in August. Barack’s already struggling without it. With everything that’s happened in the last 8 years, a Democrat should be polling 20 to 25% ahead of the Republican nominee. It’s not happening and it’s because a lot of people don’t trust Barack. That’s not about his race. It’s about his empty rhetoric.
Yeah, I know, his campaign has painted any state he lost as “racist.” I’m getting real tired of that trick too.
Vote Cynthia or Ralph. They are the only hope.
Martha said on July 16th, 2008 at 8:36am #
Agree with Keesha. The cover’s supposed to be funny. It is or isn’t by your own tastes. But this “It’s racist!” nonsense is just more race card playing from Whitey. We heard it on KPFA this morning as an entire segment was wasted on that nonsense.
It’s distraction. That’s all BO offers.
D Peezy said on July 16th, 2008 at 10:29am #
However dull and ignorant the American public’s and American media’s sense of humor may be, the fact remains that there is an abundance of hypersensitivity around racial issues and political correctness right now. It may have a lot to do with the Left wing and Obama supporter’s fear of anything that might impede what should be a cake walk into the White House. The daunting thought of another 4 or (God forbid) 8 years under Republican rule is too much for some folks to bear. The last 8 years of political, financial, and moral disaster in the US is enough to suck the sense of humor out of just about any American citizen.
However, the thing that I dislike about Zeese’s discussion is that there’s plenty of allusions to Obama’s flaws, but no reference is made to what the alternative will bring to the table. McCain is a verbally abusive, old school military conservative. Allowing his agenda to be indoctrinated into the White House has got 8 more years of disaster written all over it. And please folks, let’s be realistic. Those of you who are talking about voting for Nader are just being selfish and ignorant. He hasn’t got a chance in hell of winning. The only thing you do by voting for him is make it that much easier for McCain to win. If it makes you feel heady and intellectually superior and self-righteous to cast your vote for Nader. Knock yourself out. But guess what, no one will know, and no one will care.
I’m just sayin’….
Max Shields said on July 16th, 2008 at 2:51pm #
D Peezy
If it makes you feel heady and intellectually superior and self-righteous to cast your vote for Obama. Knock yourself out. But guess what, no one will know, and no one will care.
Erroll said on July 16th, 2008 at 5:24pm #
Max at 2:51 pm
Nicely stated. As Nader has observed, if Obama and the Democrats cannot defeat McCain this November, then they need to pick up their marbles, go home, and start all over again [as well as hang their heads in disgrace]. But as Obama seems to be doing his best to appear to be to the right of McCain, then that makes it more difficult for Americans to determine which of the two is the more militaristic as well as imperialistic.
Isosceles said on July 28th, 2008 at 8:21am #
Lizza’s article makes clear that Obama’s “ideal map” was not anything like the actual map that he ended up with that included the Gold Coast, Loop and South Loop neighborhoods in the City of Chicago. In addition, the input Obama gave on the map occurred 1 year BEFORE the Democrats took control in Illinois rather than AFTER they took over the majority in the legislature. Lizza states:
“During the previous round of remapping, in 1991, Republicans had created Chicago districts where African-Americans were the overwhelming majority, packing the greatest number of loyal Democrats into the fewest districts. A decade later, Democrats tried to spread the African-American vote among more districts. The idea was to create enough Democratic-leaning districts so that the Party could take control of the state legislature. That goal was fine with Obama; his new district offered promising, untapped constituencies for him as he considered his next political move.”
The Illinois redistricting process increased minority representation in Springfield. It seems to me that Obama was simply a team player in helping his Caucus achieve this laudable goal and, at the same time, a fair map where Democrats might have a chance at having a majority in the Illinois legislature.
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Loughborough University Institutional Repository > Loughborough University London > Closed Access (Loughborough University London) >
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20334
Title: Modelling organizational change in the International Olympic Committee
Authors: Zakus, Dwight H.
Skinner, James
Publisher: © European Association for Sport Management. Published by Routledge
Citation: ZAKUS, D.H. and SKINNER, J., 2008. Modelling Organizational Change in the International Olympic Committee. European Sport Management Quarterly, 8(4), pp. 421-442.
Abstract: The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has grown from a nineteenth-century amateur-based gentlemen’s club to a multi-national, non-governmental, professionally run sport organization in the twenty-first. Commercial development and subsequent high integration with webs of outside organizations wrought change to sport and to the IOC, especially under the impacts of environmental disturbances. The research is based on historical documents of the organization and secondary sources of data. These data were examined first in the Context of Laughlin’s (1991) model of organizational change. Although this model reveals succinctly the way in which change can be represented historically, it does have limitations, so we subject Laughlin’s model to a critical post-modern framework as adopted by Skinner, Stewart, and Edwards (1999). In the end, organizational change is a complex phenomenon that filters through the organization with differing Ramifications.
Description: This paper is on closed access.
Version: Published
DOI: 10.1080/16184740802461660
URI: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20334
Publisher Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740802461660
Appears in Collections: Closed Access (Loughborough University London)
Files associated with this item:
Modelling Organisational Change.pdf Published version 134.7 kB Adobe PDF View/Open
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Tag Archives: concentration camps
Horror in the beech forest – the liberation of Buchenwald, 11th April 1945
April 11, 2017 Articles, world war 2Buchenwald, concentration camps, Elie Wiesel, history, US 89th Infantry Division, World War 2, WW2Dorinda Balchin
Would you like to visit somewhere called ‘Beech Forest’? It sounds idyllic, doesn’t it? But our impressions change immediately we find out the German for ‘Beech Forest’ – Buchenwald. Today marks the anniversary of the liberation of that infamous place.
The concentration camp at Buchenwald was built just 5 miles north of Weimar, on the slopes of Ettersberg mountain, and was the largest complex of its kind in Germany with a main camp as well as 139 subsidiary camps and extension units. Established before the Second Wold War began, most of the original inmates of the camp were criminals or political prisoners who arrived in July 1937. The number of prisoners rapidly increased during 1938 when ‘undesirables’ who opposed the Nazi ideal or were considered to be antisocial elements were incarcerated in Buchenwald. After the outbreak of war in 1939 the numbers of inmates increased dramatically when many Polish prisoners were interred. It is believed that around 239,000 prisoners from 30 countries passed through the hell of the Buchenwald camps during the eight years from 1937 to 1945. No-one knows exactly how many people died there as some of the records were incomplete, but estimates range from 43,000 to 56,000. The conditions in the camp were horrendous, many of the inmates died of disease or because of medical experimentation, and over 8,000 Soviet prisoners of war were shot in an area of the camp designed for that specific purpose. These estimates of the numbers who died don’t include the inmates who did not survive the death march from Buchenwald in April 1945, or the camps which they were moved to.
Prisoners during a roll call at the Buchenwald concentration camp.
— US Holocaust Memorial Museum
The prisoners held in Buchenwald were an amalgam of the kinds of people whom Hitler believed had no place in his Reich – Jews, the mentally and physically disabled, Roma gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s witnesses, political prisoners, prisoners of war, homosexuals, criminals – but rather than simply killing them as happened in many of the other camps, these people were used as forced labour in local factories which were a part of the German war effort (mainly armament factories), or in the Buchenwald quarry. Like Auschwitz there was a slogan above the gates at Buchenwald; in Auschwitz the sign read Arbeit macht free which translates as ‘work sets you free’, in Buchenwald the message was Jedem das Seine, the literal translation of this phrase is ‘to each his own’ but the understood meaning in German is much more sinister – ‘everyone gets what they deserve’.
As World War Two was finally drawing to a close in the spring of 1945 the prisoners in Buchenwald began to hope that they might actually survive their ordeal. On 4th April the US 89th Infantry Division liberated the subcamp at Ohrdruf as they moved eastwards towards the Russian armies which were advancing from the opposite direction. By this time the Germans knew that they could not win the war and, with the Allies getting ever closer, the 6th April saw the start of the evacuation of over 28,000 prisoners from Buchenwald and the satellite camps in an effort to hide what had been happening there. Almost 8,000 of these prisoners died during the march to other camps further east. Some of the prisoners who remained in Buchenwald had built a secret short-wave transmitter and were able to send a Morse code message on 8th April saying ‘To the Allies. To the army of General Patton. This is the Buchenwald concentration camp. SOS. We request help. They want to evacuate us. The SS wants to destroy us.’ Only three minutes later they received a reply – ‘KZ Bu. Hold out. Rushing to your aid. Staff of Third Army.’ Most of the SS had already fled and, on receiving this message, the jubilant prisoners took control of the camp, effectively freeing around 21,000 of their fellow inmates.
At 3.15pm on 11th April 1945 four soldiers from the 6th Armoured Division of the US Army were the first Allies to reach Buchenwald where they were greeted as hero’s by the survivors, some of whom even found the strength to throw their liberators in the air in celebration. (The clock at the entrance gate of Buchenwald is now stopped at 3.15 as a memorial).
Although the prisoners were delighted at their liberation and able to celebrate for a short time, most of them were so ill that the Americans wondered if they would survive to enjoy their freedom. As Edward Murrow reported for CBS – ‘I asked to see one of the barracks. It happened to be occupied by Czechoslovaks. When I entered, men crowded around, tried to lift me to their shoulders. They were too weak. Many of them could not get out of bed. I was told that this building had once stabled 80 horses. There were 1,200 men in it, five to a bunk. The stink was beyond all description…As we walked out into the courtyard, a man fell dead. Two others, they must have been over 60, were crawling toward the latrine. I saw it, but will not describe it.’
Allied soldiers liberate Buchenwald
The American soldiers were hardened men who had fought hard all the way from the beaches of Normandy but Buchenwald was almost beyond their comprehension, when Eisenhower entered the camp he said that “Nothing has ever shocked me as much as that sight.” The American liberators described finding lampshades made out of human skin and being shown where the land had been fertilised with the ashes of the dead. These horrific sights influenced their attitude when they arrived in Weimar the next day. The civilians in the town, just five miles from the camp, said that they hadn’t known what was happening there even though they had seen thousands of trains arriving laden with prisoner and none leaving. Elie Wiesel, arguably the most famous survivor of Buchenwald, later said that some of the inmates took jeeps and drove into Weimar where the American GI’s stood by and watched as the newly liberated men looted homes, killed German civilians, and even raped some of the German women. After what they had seen the soldiers felt little inclination to intervene and stop the former prisoners from taking their revenge.
Sadly, the liberation on 11th April 1945 was not the end of Buchenwald as a concentration camp. Between then and 10th February 1950 it was a ‘special camp’ run by the Russian NKVD. Finally, in October 1950, the Russian authorities decided to demolish the camp although parts were retained as a reminder of the atrocities committed by the Nazis during the Second World War. Today those remains contain a memorial and museum to the memory of the thousands who died in one of the most notorious of all concentration camps.
The Buchenwald Memorial
During the Second World War Buchenwald was the destination for many spies and resistance fighters who were captured in occupied France. In my novel Heronfield Tony was a member of the SOE and, as such, would have been sent to Buchenwald. I found writing that particular section of the book harrowing although the words I wrote in no way reflect the true horrors that the prisoners endured. In my own simple way I hope that my work can be seen as a tribute to all those who were sent to Buchenwald and other concentration camps simply because of their race, politics, religious beliefs or disabilities.
Official Memorial Site, Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation.
Film footage from 1945 inside Buchenwald Concentration Camp, British Pathé.
Buchenwald, jewishgen.org.
Guide to the Concentration Camps Collection, Leo Baeck Institute, New York City 2013. Includes extensive reports on Buchenwald collected by the Allied forces shortly after liberating the camp in April 1945.
Holocaust Research Project
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Allowing the Reformation to Fuel Our Deeper Commitment
By Neville Callam
The church, which is the creation of God’s Word and God’s Spirit, belongs to God.
It is holy, and the holiness of the church stands in contrast to individual and communal sin. Historically, sin, which runs counter to the church’s nature and vocation, has disfigured the church’s witness.
God the Holy Spirit enables reform and renewal in the life of the people of God, who have the vocation to serve God’s mission to humankind and all of creation. Not surprisingly, reform movements have appeared in the church throughout its history.
Specific movements, especially since the 13th century, have come to be associated with the term – Reformation.
This should not blind our eyes to the fact that, again and again, in various ecclesial contexts prior to 1200 C.E., the historical church has experienced renewal in its earthly pilgrimage.
In this regard, Cardinal Kurt Koch, president of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, has issued a timely reminder. “The Reformation is clear proof,” he maintains, “that a true reform of the church can only come from a deep encounter with the Word of God, in which the church finds its true identity.”
However, he asserts, “it is inappropriate to identify reform and Reformation with one another. …[R]eform has a wider radius than Reformation.”
We should not believe that by making this claim Cardinal Koch is suggesting that no good reason exists to justify the commemoration of what has been called the Magisterial, or classical, Reformation.
This event, which I will identify as “the Reformation,” is linked to the tradition of Martin Luther’s posting of his 95 theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg on Oct. 31, 1517.
This year’s Reformation Jubilee marks the quincentenary of that monumental development in church history that heralded the dawn of a new age and has reverberated around the world.
Baptists celebrate the Reformation heritage that is shared by Protestant and evangelical churches.
We are grateful for the renewed emphasis the Reformation placed on certain ideas that are foundational to our understanding of the gospel we believe, the church in which we find a place and the mission God has committed to God’s church.
Many features of the Reformation nourish the Baptist tradition. These include the emphasis on the sovereignty of God; the declaration that the Bible is a primary and fundamental source of authority in the life of the people of God; the rediscovery of the Gospel of God’s gracious favor that is offered to unworthy human beings who are justified by faith; and the affirmation of the central place in public worship of the preached Word that is grounded in the Bible – that inexhaustible witness to the Living Word.
As Baptist church historian and theologian Timothy George has asserted, “There is, to say it boldly, an ‘ex opere operato’ presence of God’s Word in the preached Word.”
Like many other Christians, Baptists joyfully embrace the commemoration of the Reformation.
Indeed, recalling the Reformation itself, German Baptist theologian Uwe Swarat recently argued that Baptist “ecclesiology would be historically inconceivable without the ecclesiology of Martin Luther and it corresponds in individual points more closely to Luther’s understanding of the Church than [even] many Baptists recognize.”
Baptists join other Christian World Communions in acknowledging our indebtedness to the movements of reform arising within the church especially from the 13th to the 17th century.
The gratitude Baptists offer to God for the gifts of the Reformation is tinged with sorrow over the negative consequences of certain events associated with the Reformation.
We are not prepared to overlook the danger the church faces when it enters into alliances with purveyors of secular power to enforce submission to one understanding of the social welfare based on its interpretation alone of what is in the best interest of the people living in a community.
Furthermore, the violence, repression and persecution that accompanied the Reformation deeply trouble us. As Timothy George once noted, “the age of the Reformation produced more martyrs than all of the persecutions in the early church.”
Baptists have noted, with sadness, the theological arguments put forward to justify the persecution of religious dissenters.
Thankfully, they have also witnessed, with satisfaction, the processes leading to a healing of memories made possible by churches that acknowledge what their forebears did, and then turn in repentance to God and to those belonging to traditions whose ancestors their forbears severely wronged. The response is usually a glad offer of forgiveness.
Leaders of the Reformed Church in Switzerland have expressed as their “present conviction” that the actions taken by their forebears represent “a betrayal of the Gospel” and that their “Reformed forefathers were in error” when they persecuted other Christians.
This sort of declaration has given a new ending to one phase of the story of the radical reformers and their followers. It has helped erase painful memories of those who can now abandon their former status as victims.
Nor will Baptists pretend to be ignorant of that major unintended consequence of both the Reformation and the Catholic Church’s response to it – the rupture created in Christendom.
The events associated with the Reformation precipitated a regrettable schism that set in motion still more division in the body of Christ.
Baptists are a product of Reformation dissent. We are grateful for the gifts God has graciously revealed to us. We are also aware of the gifts God has given to other expressions of the church.
We are convinced that the sharing and reception of each other’s gifts will nourish the church that is on pilgrimage with the Triune God. The churches need each other with both their common and their unique gifts.
In light of the unity God has given to the church as both gift and vocation, Baptists lament the scandal of division in the body of Christ.
On account of this, when the BWA framed its Congress Message for its Centenary in 2005, it included a statement of repentance for failure in the vocation to pray and seek the manifestation of the unity of the church. BWA also committed itself to striving to overcome the failure it confessed.
As we look to the future, Baptists share the conviction so clearly identified by British Baptist theologian, Brian Haymes, who said, “There is in the end one holy catholic and apostolic church and many of us pray that it may come to expression on earth.”
May this Reformation Jubilee fuel our churches’ ongoing search for deeper commitment to the Gospel and a continuing quest for renewal and reform. And may our unwavering quest for visible unity remain a permanent feature of our Christian pilgrimage.
Neville George Callam, a Jamaican, has been serving as general secretary and chief executive officer of the Baptist World Alliance since his election in Accra, Ghana, in 2007. He is retiring at the end of 2017. A version of this article first appeared on his BWA blog. You can follow BWA on Twitter @TheBWA.
Baptists Neville Callam Reformation
Protestants, Catholics See More Similarities Than Differences
| September 5, 2017
Maybe It’s Time Churches Sought Another Reformation
By Martin J. Hodson
| November 1, 2017
These Reformation Heroes Were Glossed Over by History
By Pam Durso
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Learning About Authority While Flying Without Engines
By Lee Camp
I am learning to fly sailplanes.
It is a fine hobby for someone who enjoys an adrenaline rush. I feel like a little kid, a 48-year-old kid, when I am coming in on final approach and know that there is no throttle which can be advanced, no engine upon which I might rely.
There is just gravity, a glide path and the energy stored up in height and velocity, the graceful lines of the sailplane gliding toward the almost mile-long grass strip at Puckett Field in Eagleville, Tennessee.
Sitting in the cockpit before our second or third tow one day, my instructor asked me to run through the checklist. He is a very fine instructor, and I come away every time having learned something.
I was particularly pleased in the immediate flight prior to have learned how to do wing-overs, a marvelously graceful move in a sailplane, which makes a novice like me feel all of a sudden like I’m flying a fighter jet.
So I dutifully and quickly ran through the checklist. “Ready,” I said.
“There is one thing you’ve left untended that will kill us,” he simply replied.
I ran through the checklist again and realized I had failed to lock the spoilers, devices that extend vertically from the top side of a wing for the purpose of “spoiling” the lift generated by a wing.
They are typically used during a landing to assist the pilot in landing at the desired spot, but try to take off with those things unlocked and they will pop out when you get a little ways down the runway – to ill and possibly deadly effect.
The nonjudgmental, factual, non-shaming way my instructor said what he said – “There is one thing you’ve left untended that will kill us” – is an example, I think, of rightful and good authority.
This experience reminded me of a beautiful autumn day on the Notre Dame campus, sitting alongside the reflecting pool that sits below the 14-story-high mosaic popularly called “Touchdown Jesus,” re-reading some passages from Alasdair MacIntyre’s book, “After Virtue,” when I came across one particular line that made that beautiful day memorable: We are all, he asserted, legalists in the modern era.
“Legalist” does not mean “conservative,” or even some mode of theologically oriented “works-righteousness.”
Instead, MacIntyre was taking aim at the “legalist” who sees a rule as an end in and of itself.
In modernity, as MacIntyre has famously argued time and again, we stopped thinking about life and morality having an end, a purpose or a “telos,” to use the term the Greek philosophers employed.
For the ancients – both biblical and Greco-Romans – virtues were not merely timeless universal rules that simply had to be kept in order to be “moral.”
Instead, virtues – skills, habits, dispositions – were always intended to help a practitioner move toward the desired end.
Also of significance, different communities and traditions, MacIntyre argued, have different sets of virtues because they have different conceptions of the end or “telos” for which life is being lived, or a given endeavor is being pursued.
As one example, consider the different virtues embodied in the practices of soldiering or playing basketball; or consider the different virtues typically embodied among the Japanese as opposed to citizens of the United States.
Those different virtues arise from different conceptions of what the purpose of life is, or the purpose of the particular endeavor.
In such a scenario, authority is then, not something to be avoided in principle. But for any good modernist, authority (and tradition) typify the great foe.
For the modernist, autonomy – self-rule – is the gold standard.
“‘Have the courage to use your own reason.’ That is the motto of the Enlightenment,” Immanuel Kant said. Thus, authority becomes increasingly suspicious, in and of itself, for the modernist.
Any authority from outside oneself gets a nasty sounding name: heteronomy. Unless one wants to be an arcane premodern, then heteronomy is surely to be avoided.
But for MacIntyre, and for me in learning to fly sailplanes, in learning to live a life worthy of the name, authority now sounds much less a foe in and of itself.
I am not advocating some sort of mindless “return to authority.” Instead, it is a more honest appreciation of the fact that, even in our assertions of “autonomy,” we are still living according to various forms of authority, various presuppositions shaped by varied traditions.
Instead, the question becomes whether it is good authority or bad authority; and this is a question that can typically be answered by considering the fruit of the life or community under consideration.
And often, such concerns may, in fact, be a matter of life or death, even when as simple as checking well the checklist prior to take off.
Lee C. Camp is professor of theology and ethics at Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee, and the host of Nashville’s “Tokens” Show. A version of this article first appeared on the Tokens Show blog and is used with permission. A few of Lee’s pictures from flying in the Andes Mountains in Chile last year are available here. You may follow Lee on Facebook and Twitter @TokensShow.
Authority Lee Camp Morality
Why You Must Cultivate a Generosity without Borders
By Danny Chisholm
2 Reasons Those Name-And-Blame Arguments Don’t Work
By Michael Ruffin
| July 9, 2018
Biculturalism Can Help Minorities in Dominant Cultures
By Leroy Seat
| November 21, 2017
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Space Whales: On Fragility and Fairy Godmothers
written by Erin Wisti July 19, 2016
In 2009, my older brother nearly ruined It’s A Wonderful Life for me on the patio of my first college apartment. I had watched the film that night with a friend who had, until that point, been adverse to the film on principle as watching it — especially during the holiday season — was “too cliché.” This friend was going through a phase in which the vast amount of her intellectual energy was spent avoiding any behavior one could call “cliché” or “conventional,” but I somehow persuaded her anyway. Shortly after the movie ended, my older brother showed up at my apartment. This was not an uncommon occurrence in college. My apartment was halfway between a Jimmy John’s and the duplex my brother rented with roommates. When ravenous and intoxicated, he could often not wait the additional three block walk to eat his sandwich, so he would make a pit stop. He was introspective when drinking, that sort of drunk, and that night he smoked on the porch after finishing his sandwich and picked apart It’s A Wonderful Life.
“You know what you never notice about that movie?” he said, “Clarence’s job, supposedly, is to stop people from killing themselves. But it took him 200 years to get his wings, right? What the hell was he doing before George Bailey?”
The sentiment sickened me as it embedded a certain existential confusion into a film that was always soothingly simple. If Clarence had failed in missions before George, what does that mean? What does it mean if the Gods themselves cannot save an ill-fated mind? Part of me would like to see that movie. The story of a guardian angel who fails, and the aftermath of that kind of downfall, a film that ponders what happens when the gods are impotent. A bigger part of me, though, wants It’s A Wonderful Life unscathed. I want this film, and The Wizard of Oz, to remain untouched by modern reinterpretations. I still refuse to see Wicked. I am usually not one to condemn reexaminations of artistic staples. In fact, I think such resistance is asinine. I believe putting any work on some sacred pedestal, no matter how brilliant that work is, is shortsighted and restrictive to the creative community. I know I am in the wrong here, but I have a childlike attachment to these films that trumps all logic. These are sweet and simple works that I prefer sweet and simple. I do not want anyone to do to these films what George R.R. Martin did to Lord of the Rings. There will be no deconstructing of dichotomies here, god damn it! Leave my saviors in check. Stay away from my guardian angels and my fairy godmothers.
That is what I latch onto most—the angels and the godmothers, the ones who swoop down at opportune moments to provide guidance.
I am a 27 year-old atheist, and feel some embarrassment to over this love of angels and fairies. I am not one who seeks guidance from above. Most of the time, actually, I find the idea of a higher power frightening. One night in college, I had a talk with a friend, who had just lost his father, about the afterlife. This friend said something like, “Shit. I hope there’s no God or heaven, because I’m not getting in, and I sure as shit know my dad didn’t get in.” I am inclined to feel the same way. If there is a God, there’s no way he’s smiling down at me. The realization of my atheism came with a tremendous sense of relief and liberation rather than disillusionment or fear. I am the opposite of the X-Files poster. I don’t want to believe.
Yet, I love Clarence and I love Glinda—the cute, cuddly saviors, not the type to turn someone into a pillar of salt for looking back on a burning city. I can’t imagine those two smiting anyone. These films are far too simple to embed moral ambiguity in their saviours. The brilliance of The Wizard of Oz and It’s A Wonderful Life comes from an ability to trigger pre-existing emotions. They are not the kind of films that make a person think. They instead encourage us to revel in already present sentiments. After watching It’s A Wonderful Life, my non-cliché friend pointed out the film might have been more powerful if it focused on someone fairly innocuous rather than someone whose very existence (I’ll admit, somewhat unbelievably) kept an entire town from falling into utter destitution. An unimportant person’s loss would challenge filmmakers to explore how life, in and of itself, is precious and important, perhaps showcasing a person’s absence in a less over-the-top fashion. That’s not, however, so much the point. It’s A Wonderful Life is a politically driven work, written in the spirit of a Steinbeck novel, and it tears down capitalism by presenting the working class as saintly and their oppressors as double chinned sadists. The themes are not complex, the characters are not well developed, but no one can deny the film succeeds admirably in its goal—to rile the viewer the fuck up. It was weird that my friend could not comprehend the merit in the simplicity of It’s A Wonderful Life, and yet managed to sum up the simplicity of Wizard beautifully. She once astutely pointed out that Wizard of Oz is about how it’s okay to need to go home sometimes.
“No matter how much of an adult you are,” she said, “Sometimes you do need to go home, and there’s no shame in that.”
Home does not necessarily have to be a literal, physical home, of course. Going home is more a concrete way of showcasing that fragility is, at times, normal. Needing to go home is a way of saying, “I am fragile, I am overwhelmed, I need someone, please help me.” There should never, ever be shame in that, no matter how old one becomes.
It is when I feel fragile that I need both the films deeply. They pull on a lifelong fantasy of mine, perhaps a fantasy we all have at times – the idea that something will come rescue me, that I am a good person, and I am doing good things, and someone, somewhere, is paying witness and will swoop down to save me when I become overwhelmed by it all.
I do not see this fantasy as anything other than a fantasy. I do not look for signs God is watching. I do not interpret moments of serendipity as a message it will all be okay. If there are only one set of footprints in the sand during my hard moments, is not because anyone carried me. For the most part, I’m okay with this. I would rather see it this way than indulge in belief systems I find, at best, incredulous and, at worst, deeply troublesome. I have reservations about organized religion. I have political objections to much of the teachings in Bible, or at least to certain interpretations of those teachings. The otherworldly beings I cling to in weakness are not from legitimate religious texts. They come, instead, from the watered down realm of pop culture.
A month after I left my abusive ex, I listened to the soundtrack of The Wizard of Oz while drinking alone in the one bedroom apartment we once shared. While this image may sound depressing, it actually is not depressing at all. When we lived together, my ex never left me alone. He monitored how I spent my time, guilt-tripped me if I indulged in any activities that did not directly involve him. Drinking alone does not mean getting drunk alone. It means enjoying a glass or two of a nice red wine, while listening to music, and reading. This simple pleasure was inaccessible to me for nearly 2 years, as I never would have been allowed the freedom of a night to myself. During this time, there were more than one set of footprints in the sand. There were the footprints of my good friends, who invited me over for food and alcohol one night in late March and gently explained their concerns about my relationship. There were the footprints of my friend Carrie, who pointed out my reasons for wanting to stay made me sound like a “textbook abuse victim.” There were the footprints of my friend Liz, who sent me article after article with titles like, “10 Signs You’re in an Emotionally Abusive Relationship” and “Gaslighting: What Is It and How Does it Happen?” There were so many other footprints along the way, all the people who loved me, and who helped me, but when it came down to it, I needed to rescues myself. That night, I was re-reading a childhood favorite, Walk Two Moons. At the end of the novel, when Sal finally sees her mother’s grave and is able to accept her death, she notes, “It was only when I saw the stone and her name . . . that I knew, by myself and for myself, that she was not coming back.” People tried to show Sal the truth, like they tried to show me the truth, but when it came down to it, she had to find that truth herself. It was the same way for me. I could only accept my ex’s abuse when I was ready to see it, by myself, and for myself. I had all the footprints in the world, but I had to take some action on my own. For as much as everyone did, no one carried me. Nor should anyone have carried me; it is not healthy or fair to expect to be carried.
I was so drawn that night to The Wizard of Oz soundtrack. I felt an acute need to listen to it, and to revisit a book from childhood. I think I was longing for simplicity that night, longing for dichotomies, because, the fact is, abuse is complex. One’s feelings about their abuser are always a convoluted mess.
It is, in fact, possible to pity someone who hurt you. It is possible to, while knowing the answers to these questions are irrelevant to your situation, while knowing the answers to these questions do not condone or forgive his behavior, ask yourself, “Did he know what he was doing? Was it intentional, was it calculated, or was it some desperate attempt to take a shortcut to intimacy, a way to assuage gnawing feelings of loneliness?” It is natural to want to explain the behavior, to understand its origins, even when people tell you to just get mad, that the healthiest thing is to get mad and to detach and to let yourself hate him. It is natural to think about his childhood, and his mother, and his father, who kicked down a door when angry once. It is natural to remember how, once, your ex caught this angry, door-kicking father paying children he thought were his friends to play video games with him. It is natural to wonder why, for some reason, the insecurities of childhood rejection never quite left him, the way they have left you, the way they have left others. It natural to ponder why he could not get over it, why he grew into a mangled and damaged adult so desperate for affection he was willing to do anything, anything, to feel secure, a person who placed his own insecurities over the needs of those around him. Yes, it is possible to feel pity for someone who hurt you, even while feeling great, great anger at the same time. It is possible to feel about him the way you sometimes feel about a serial killer on a true crime documentary, the kind of pity reserved for those possessing a human body and a human mind and who appear human in every conceivable way, but who are somehow not human, who somehow do not understand how to be human, how to be good, even if they may—on some level—really, really want to be good. I told a friend once a story of how my ex was incredibly jealous of my cats because he believed they got more of my attention than he did. She responded, “Well, of course. He’s very fragile.” This is true. He was a very, very fragile person, but this was not his great flaw. It was that he expected, for some reason, to be carried. I will never understand that expectation to be carried, where it came from, how it happened, but I know that expectation meant he could never do something by himself, and for himself. Because of this, he drove others away. He did not have nearly as many footprints as I had. I am not sure he had any footprints at all.
I asked, in regards to my brother’s interpretation of It’s A Wonderful Life, what it means when the gods themselves cannot save an ill-fated mind. Perhaps that is the wrong question entirely. Perhaps an ill-fated mind that relies on the gods for rescue is simply not savable.
The night I watched The Wizard of Oz, I dreamed he came to find me. I dreamed he kicked the door down, and he screamed at me the way he used to when we were together. I woke up shaking, my heart pounding, and I texted a friend, “I dreamed he was here. I was sure it was real.” She offered to come over, but I told her not to. Instead, I put on a pot of coffee. Then, I climbed back into bed while the coffee brewed, and stretched out on my back, folding my arms over my chest like a corpse in a coffin. It’s a game I play, on difficult mornings, where I pretend to erase myself, temporarily. I think to myself that, just for 10 minutes, I do not exist, that no one is thinking of me, that no one knows I am here. I do not imagine the gap that is left by me. I pretend there is no gap at all. After 10 minutes have passed, I always get up, have a cup of coffee, and open the blinds to let the sunlight into the room.
Space Whales: On Fragility and Fairy Godmothers was last modified: July 19th, 2016 by Erin Wisti
Erin Wisti
Erin Hart Wisti was born in Houghton, a small town in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. John Oliver did stand-up there twice and was suitably terrified both times. Her work has appeared in The Butter, Role Reboot, Fanzine, Ampersand Review, and other places. She currently lives in Los Angeles. You can follow her on Twitter at @ErinWisti.
Kiddiepunk
Birdwolf XVIII
Every Stitch Is For Me
Orange Wings, Nylon Shorts, and Other Horrors.
Interstates: Minnesota to Yellowstone to Washington
NAME TAGS #12: How To Make a Name For Yourself
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Existential Stoic
Existentialism, Stoicism, Self-Improvement, Psychotherapy
Existential Conversation
My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf
Existential Stoic Book Review January 20, 2019 January 21, 2019 4 Minutes
My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf, is a retrospective psychoanalysis of the life and death of Virginia Woolf by the iconoclastic psychiatrist Thomas Szasz. Szasz presents his views on Virginia Woolf’s life and suicide as a counterbalance to the prevailing view that she was a genius writer tormented by mental illness. In contrast, Szasz maintains that: “Persons have reasons for their actions, regardless of whether they are said to have or not have mental diseases.”1 It is from this vantage point that Szasz analyses the life and death of Woolf.
One of the most prominent features of Szaszian psychoanalysis is that: “Action, behavior, conduct—call it what you will—is goal-directed and meaningful.”2 Szasz insists that we must understand human action in human terms. We cannot understand something as complex as human behavior without introducing goal-directed human actors. People will often call behavior that they disapprove of, “crazy”. Szasz says that if we look at the details of a person life, we can uncover the meaning behind their actions. It is only when we seek to view a person’s life through their eyes that we seek to understand so-called crazy behavior.
Szasz views so-called mental illness through what he calls the Shakespearean model. He says: “I view mental patienthood as, typically, a role into which a person is cast by his family and society, which he then assumes and plays, or against which he rebels and from which he tries to escape.”3 For Szasz, we tend to underestimate the extent to which life is a theater.
Far from being a victim of madness, Virginia used psychiatric labels to her own ends. She wanted to be seen as the mad-genius-writer, and she embarked on such a journey to make herself such a person.
Virginia had few options open to her. Her father died when she was the age of 13, which had a big impact on her. He left her with a considerable sum of money to live on, but not enough to become an heiress. What would she do with her life? She had not gone to school but was educated at home. She spent the next eight years working to become a writer. Szasz writes: “Existentially, she was an uneducated, unhappy, confused adolescent. What was she to do with her life? She was familiar with the life of the literary person, her father, and decided to embark on the voyage of such a life.”4
Marriage to Leonard
Virginia used her marriage to Leonard Woolf to assist in being seen as the mad-genius-writer. Leonard enthusiastically accepted the role of caring for his mad patient-wife.
Leonard the Mongoose
Virginia chose to marry someone of lesser social standing than her because she wanted to marry someone whom she could control. She was not interested in sex or a loving relationship. Virginia despised Leonard who was a Jew. Writing about the Jewishness of her husbands she says: “My husband… poor devil, I make him pay for his unfortunate mistake in being born a Jew.”5
She also referred “lovingly” to him as a “mongoose”, which is: “a weasel-like carnivore native to Africa, Asia, and southern Europe, is best known as a skilled killer of snakes. Canada and the United States bar the importation of mongooses because of their destructiveness. Such were the “endearments” Virginia and Leonard exchanged in their private language.”6
At times, however, it seems that Virginia realized she had made a mistake by marrying Leonard.
Szasz writes:
Virginia suffered from “postmarital psychosis,” the realization of having made an irreversible, life-altering decision, a choice that, in retrospect, she regretted and with which she felt unable to cope. It dawned on her that she had acquired a husband she did not want but lacked the strength to leave.7
Szasz writes that Virginia did not want to be known, intellectually or sexually. This was one of the reasons why she never went to see a psychoanalyst. Even though Freudian and Jungian analysis was popular at the time, she refused to be analyzed. Even her brother-in-law was a psychoanalyst, yet she never sought psychoanalytic help for her “madness”.
As part of Leonard’s role as the psychiatric caretaker of Virginia, he became obsessed with her eating habits. Interestingly, Szasz analyzes the situation as thus: “Leonard and his psychiatrists acted out their therapeutic fantasy of turning Virginia into a stuffed and stupid goose. In their marital relationship, Leonard and Virginia have, in effect, replaced the vaginal-sexual penetration of coitus with the oral-alimentary penetration of feeding.”8
As part of her role in being a mad genius, Virginia committed suicide in an extreme and unusual fashion. By placing stones in her pockets and drowning herself, she convinced others around her that madness had finally taken over. In reality, Virginia was lonely and unhappy. She could not bear the burdens of daily life with Leonard any longer. Instead of choosing an alternative way of living, and leaving Leonard, she chose to end her life.
Szasz’s aim of this book was: “to show, through a study of the life and marriage of Virginia (Stephen) Woolf, that the function of the term “mental illness” resembles the function of a term such as “love,” rather than of a term such as “leukemia”.”9 Szasz completes this task and more. In a concise, entertaining, and thoughtful way, Szasz helps us think about life and the meanings we ascribe to our actions.
For those interested in Szasz or psychoanalysis, I highly recommend this thoughtful analysis.
Szasz, Thomas. My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf (p. 6). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition. ↩
Szasz, Thomas. My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf (pp. 3-4). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition. ↩
Szasz, Thomas. My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf (p. 17). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition ↩
Szasz, Thomas. My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf (p. 34). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition. ↩
Thomas Szasz
Published by Existential Stoic
I blog about stoicism, existentialism, self-improvement, and psychotherapy. View all posts by Existential Stoic
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Short Guide to REBT
Thomas Szasz vs Albert Ellis: Is Mental Illness a Myth?
The Untamed Tongue: A Dissenting Dictionary | Thomas Szasz
99 Quotes by Seneca
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A Collaboration with the Figge Art Museum and the Quad City Community
It is easy to see why cornfields represent the Iowa landscape. During summer commutes on Interstate 80, one can see rows of the plant stretch to the horizon and fill the scenery. The landscape, as well as the community’s ties to agriculture, inspired Jean Shin to create MAiZE. On June 24, thousands of repurposed green plastic bottles crafted into “cornstalk” sculptures by volunteers will form an elaborate maze on the Figge Art Museum’s third floor. In addition to demonstrating the power of artmaking and community collaboration, the installation will engage visitors in a dialogue about plastic waste, food choices and environmental stewardship.
The majority of plastic in this country is not recycled but instead ends up in landfills, the Mississippi River, the oceans and other natural areas. The sheer mass of plastic in the installation will encourage visitors to consider plastic waste and its detrimental effects on the environment. The empty bottles, once filled with soda, will illustrate the issues of overconsumption and the harmful effects of processed foods like corn syrup. Expanding on these concepts, MAiZE will reflect broadly on social and environmental issues that arise from mass consumption and the convenience culture.
Jean Shin is nationally recognized for her installations that transform everyday objects into elegant expressions of identity and community. Her work has been widely exhibited in major national and international museums, including solo exhibitions at the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art in Arizona (2010), Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. (2009), the Fabric Workshop and Museum in Philadelphia (2006) and the Museum of Modern Art in New York (2004). Born in Seoul, South Korea, and raised in the United States, Shin attended the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in 1999 and received a BFA and MS from Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. She lives and works in New York City.
To take part in MAiZE, contact Vanessa Brown, curatorial assistant, at vbrown@figgeartmuseum.org or 563.345.6636.
MAiZE will be on view June 24-September 24, 2017
THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 16, 30, April 13, 20
4-6 pm Drop-in Community Workshops
5:30 pm Opening Reception
7 pm Artist Talk: Jean Shin
5:30 p.m. Social Hour
7 pm Scholar Talk: Dr. Pamela White
Vik Muniz: Hand Remade
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Arista Networks (ANET) Gains As Market Dips: What You Should Know
Zacks April 24, 2019
Core Laboratories (CLB) doesn't possess the right combination of the two key ingredients for a likely earnings beat in its upcoming report. Get prepared with the key expectations.
Arista Networks (ANET) closed at $324.79 in the latest trading session, marking a +1.16% move from the prior day. This move outpaced the S&P 500's daily loss of 0.22%. Meanwhile, the Dow lost 0.22%, and the Nasdaq, a tech-heavy index, lost 0.23%.
Coming into today, shares of the cloud networking company had gained 3.63% in the past month. In that same time, the Computer and Technology sector gained 6.02%, while the S&P 500 gained 4.87%.
ANET will be looking to display strength as it nears its next earnings release, which is expected to be May 2, 2019. The company is expected to report EPS of $2.07, up 24.7% from the prior-year quarter. Meanwhile, our latest consensus estimate is calling for revenue of $594.15 million, up 25.75% from the prior-year quarter.
ANET's full-year Zacks Consensus Estimates are calling for earnings of $9.26 per share and revenue of $2.64 billion. These results would represent year-over-year changes of +16.33% and +22.76%, respectively.
Any recent changes to analyst estimates for ANET should also be noted by investors. These recent revisions tend to reflect the evolving nature of short-term business trends. As such, positive estimate revisions reflect analyst optimism about the company's business and profitability.
Research indicates that these estimate revisions are directly correlated with near-term share price momentum. Investors can capitalize on this by using the Zacks Rank. This model considers these estimate changes and provides a simple, actionable rating system.
The Zacks Rank system, which ranges from #1 (Strong Buy) to #5 (Strong Sell), has an impressive outside-audited track record of outperformance, with #1 stocks generating an average annual return of +25% since 1988. Within the past 30 days, our consensus EPS projection remained stagnant. ANET is holding a Zacks Rank of #3 (Hold) right now.
Digging into valuation, ANET currently has a Forward P/E ratio of 34.67. This valuation marks a premium compared to its industry's average Forward P/E of 25.53.
Investors should also note that ANET has a PEG ratio of 1.72 right now. This metric is used similarly to the famous P/E ratio, but the PEG ratio also takes into account the stock's expected earnings growth rate. The Communication - Components industry currently had an average PEG ratio of 2.04 as of yesterday's close.
The Communication - Components industry is part of the Computer and Technology sector. This industry currently has a Zacks Industry Rank of 98, which puts it in the top 39% of all 250+ industries.
The Zacks Industry Rank gauges the strength of our industry groups by measuring the average Zacks Rank of the individual stocks within the groups. Our research shows that the top 50% rated industries outperform the bottom half by a factor of 2 to 1.
Make sure to utilize Zacks. Com to follow all of these stock-moving metrics, and more, in the coming trading sessions.
Arista Networks, Inc. (ANET) : Free Stock Analysis Report
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Ex-Willkie Co-Chair Gordon Caplan To Plead Guilty in College Cheating Case
ALM Media April 5, 2019
Gordon Caplan
Gordon Caplan, former co-chairman of Willkie, Farr & Gallagher, left, leaves the John Joseph Moakley U.S. Courthouse in Boston with his lawyer Joshua Levy, of Ropes & Gray, right, after his initial appearance in the college admissions bribery scandal April 3, 2019. Photo: Jack Newsham/ALM
Gordon Caplan, the suspended co-chairman of Willkie Farr & Gallagher charged last month with paying bribes to rig his daughter's college admissions test, said Friday he would plead guilty.
In a statement sent by his attorneys, Caplan said he takes "full and sole responsibility" for his misconduct and said he plans to plead guilty to the charge against him, conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud. The charge carries a legal maximum of 20 years in prison.
"I apologize not only to my family, friends, colleagues and the legal Bar, but also to students everywhere who have been accepted to college through their own hard work," the statement said. "I want to make clear that my daughter, whom I love more than anything in the world, is a high school junior and has not yet applied to college, much less been accepted by any school. She had no knowledge whatsoever about my actions, has been devastated to learn what I did and has been hurt the most by it.
"My immediate goal is to focus on making amends for my actions to try to win back the trust and respect of my daughter, my family, and my community," the statement continued. "The remorse and shame that I feel is more than I can convey."
Caplan is represented by Joshua Levy and Michael McGovern of Ropes & Gray and Patrick Smith and Sarah Zimmer of Smith Villazor.
Representatives for Willkie Farr & Gallgher were not immediately available to comment Friday.
Domino's Pizza Could Get Even Colder
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F5 Acquires NGINX to Bridge NetOps & DevOps, Providing Customers with Consistent Application Services Across Every Environment
Business Wire March 11, 2019
SEATTLE & SAN FRANCISCO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--
F5, the global leader in multi-cloud application services, announces the acquisition of NGINX, an open source leader in application delivery.
Strategic acquisition and organic investment to secure long-term revenue and EPS growth.
Together, F5 and NGINX will enable multi-cloud application services across all environments, providing the ease-of-use and flexibility developers require while also delivering the scale, security, reliability and enterprise readiness network operations teams demand.
F5 is committed to continued innovation and increasing investment in the NGINX open source project to empower NGINX’s widespread user communities.
F5 will maintain the brand with current NGINX CEO, Gus Robertson, and founders, Igor Sysoev and Maxim Konovalov, joining F5 to continue to lead NGINX.
F5 Networks, Inc. (FFIV) and NGINX today announced a definitive agreement under which F5 will acquire all issued and outstanding shares of privately held NGINX for a total enterprise value of approximately $670 million, subject to certain adjustments.
“F5’s acquisition of NGINX strengthens our growth trajectory by accelerating our software and multi-cloud transformation,” said François Locoh-Donou, President & CEO of F5. “By bringing F5’s world-class application security and rich application services portfolio for improving performance, availability, and management together with NGINX’s leading software application delivery and API management solutions, unparalleled credibility and brand recognition in the DevOps community, and massive open source user base, we bridge the divide between NetOps and DevOps with consistent application services across an enterprise’s multi-cloud environment.”
“We believe every organization can benefit from the agility and flexibility enabled by modern technologies without compromising on security, manageability, and reliability,” continued Locoh-Donou. “The combined company will enable every customer—from the app developer to the network engineer to the security specialist—with the tools they need to ensure their apps are available and secure across every platform, from the enterprise data center to private and public clouds.”
F5 will enhance NGINX’s current offerings with F5 security solutions and will integrate F5 cloud-native innovations with NGINX’s software load balancing technology, accelerating F5’s time to market of application services for modern, containerized applications. F5 will also leverage its global sales force, channel infrastructure, and partner ecosystem to scale NGINX selling opportunities to the enterprise.
“NGINX and F5 share the same mission and vision. We both believe applications are at the heart of driving digital transformation. And we both believe that an end-to-end application infrastructure—one that spans from code to customer—is needed to deliver apps across a multi-cloud environment,” said Gus Robertson, CEO of NGINX, Inc. “I’m excited to continue this journey by adding the power of NGINX’s open source innovation to F5’s ADC leadership and enterprise reach. F5 gains depth with solutions designed for DevOps, while NGINX gains breadth with access to tens of thousands of customers and partners.”
NGINX’s thriving open source community was one of the most attractive elements of this combination, and F5 recognizes the trust that the user community has in NGINX’s technology. Open source is a core part of F5’s multi-cloud strategy and a driver for F5’s next phase of innovation. As such, F5 is committed to continued innovation and increasing investment in the NGINX open source project to empower NGINX’s widespread user communities. F5 expects the combination with NGINX will accelerate its product integrations with leading open source projects and will enhance its strong technology partnerships with open source vendors.
Upon closing of the acquisition, F5 will maintain the NGINX brand. Gus Robertson, along with NGINX founders Igor Sysoev and Maxim Konovalov, will join F5 and will continue to lead NGINX. Robertson will join F5’s senior management team, reporting to François Locoh-Donou. F5 will maintain NGINX’s operations in San Francisco, California and other locations globally.
The acquisition of NGINX is expected to increase F5’s software revenue growth and increase the Company’s software revenue mix in fiscal year 2019. It secures F5’s Horizon 2 (fiscal year 2021 to fiscal year 2022) objectives of mid-to-high single-digit revenue and double-digit non-GAAP earnings per share growth. Short-term, the Company expects that the acquisition and organic investment in new and emerging solutions will result in modest earnings dilution in fiscal years 2019 and 2020.
F5 provided the following regarding its Horizon 1 (fiscal year 2019 to fiscal year 2020) outlook, following the completion of the NGINX acquisition:
Analyst and Investor Meeting
Horizon 1 (FY19-FY20) Outlook, March 2018
Post-NGINX Acquisition
Horizon 1 (FY19-FY20) Guidance
Total Revenue Growth Low-to-mid single-digit growth Mid-single-digit growth
Software1 Revenue Growth 30%-35%+ growth 35%-40%+ growth
Software1 as a % of Product Revenue Mid 20s% 25%-30%
Non-GAAP Gross Margin ~85% ~85%
Non-GAAP Operating Margin 35%-37% 33%-35%
Non-GAAP EPS Mid-to-high single-digit growth Low single-digit growth
Software includes standalone Virtual Editions, including subscriptions & utility, and as a Service offerings
All forward-looking non-GAAP measures included in the outlook exclude estimates for amortization of intangible assets, share-based compensation expenses, significant effects of tax legislation and judicial or administrative interpretation of tax regulations, including the impact of income tax reform, non-recurring income tax adjustments, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, and the income tax effect of non-GAAP exclusions, and do not include the impact of any restructuring charges, facility exit costs, or other non-recurring charges that may occur in the period. F5 is unable to provide a reconciliation of non-GAAP guidance measures to corresponding U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or GAAP measures on a forward-looking basis without unreasonable effort due to the overall high variability and low visibility of most of the foregoing items that have been excluded. Material changes to any one of these items could have a significant effect on our guidance and future GAAP results. Certain exclusions, such as amortization of intangible assets and share-based compensation expenses, are generally incurred each quarter, but the amounts have historically varied and may continue to vary significantly from quarter to quarter.
F5 intends to fund the transaction through cash on its balance sheet. In conjunction with the transaction, the Company is suspending its common stock share repurchase program. The Company will continue to evaluate market conditions and other factors including F5’s capital requirements in determining when and whether to continue such program and the levels of such program. The program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares and the program may be modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time.
The acquisition has been approved by the boards of directors of both F5 and NGINX and, following execution of the definitive agreement, received the requisite shareholder approval of NGINX. It is subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions and is expected to close in the second calendar quarter of 2019.
Foros acted as financial advisor and Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati provided legal counsel to F5 on this transaction. Qatalyst Partners served as financial advisor to NGINX.
Investor Conference Call Details
F5 will host a live webcast and conference call to discuss the transaction beginning at 5:30 p.m. ET, today, March 11, 2019. The live webcast can be accessed at: https://www.f5.com/company/investor-relations.
To participate in the live call via telephone in the U.S., dial 800-593-9913. Outside the U.S., dial +1-212-287-1824. Please call 10 minutes prior to the call start time. The webcast replay will be archived on F5’s website.
Letter to F5 Employees from CEO François Locoh-Donou Announcing NGINX Acquisition – F5 Newsroom Blog Post
NGINX Joins F5 – Blog Post from NGINX CEO Gus Robertson
F5 (NASDAQ: FFIV) gives the world’s largest businesses, service providers, governments, and consumer brands the freedom to securely deliver every app, anywhere—with confidence. F5 delivers cloud and security application services that enable organizations to embrace the infrastructure they choose without sacrificing speed and control. For more information, go to f5.com. You can also follow @f5networks on Twitter or visit us on LinkedIn and Facebook for more information about F5, its partners, and technologies.
About NGINX
NGINX, Inc. is the company behind the popular open source project trusted by more than 375 million sites. We offer a suite of technologies for developing and delivering modern applications. The NGINX Application Platform enables enterprises undergoing digital transformation to modernize legacy, monolithic applications as well as deliver new, microservices-based applications. Companies like Netflix, Starbucks, and McDonalds rely on NGINX to reduce costs, improve resiliency, and speed innovation. NGINX investors include Blue Cloud Ventures, e.ventures, Goldman Sachs, Index Ventures, MSD Capital, NEA, Runa Capital, and Telstra Ventures.
F5 is a trademark or service mark of F5 Networks, Inc., in the U.S. and other countries. All other product and company names herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.
F5 Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements including, among other things, statements regarding the continuing strength and momentum of F5's business, future financial performance, sequential growth, projected revenues including target revenue and earnings ranges, income, earnings per share, share amount and share price assumptions, share repurchases, demand for application delivery networking, application delivery services, security, and software products, expectations regarding future services and products, expectations regarding future customers, markets and the benefits of products, and other statements that are not historical facts and which are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to the safe harbor provisions created by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain risk factors. Such forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions and other factors that, if they do not fully materialize or prove correct, could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the company, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to: customer acceptance of our new traffic management, security, application delivery, optimization, and software and F5aaS offerings; the timely development, introduction and acceptance of additional new products and features by F5 or its competitors; competitive factors, including but not limited to pricing pressures, industry consolidation, entry of new competitors into F5's markets, and new product and marketing initiatives by our competitors; increased sales discounts; the business impact of the acquisition of NGINX and potential adverse reactions or changes to business or employee relationships, including those resulting from the announcement or completion of the acquisition; uncertainties as to the timing of the transaction; uncertain global economic conditions which may result in reduced customer demand for our products and services and changes in customer payment patterns; global economic conditions and uncertainties in the geopolitical environment; overall information technology spending; litigation involving patents, intellectual property, shareholder and other matters, and governmental investigations; natural catastrophic events; a pandemic or epidemic; F5's ability to sustain, develop and effectively utilize distribution relationships; F5's ability to attract, train and retain qualified product development, marketing, sales, professional services and customer support personnel; F5's ability to expand in international markets; the unpredictability of F5's sales cycle; F5's common stock repurchase program and activities thereunder and differences may result from, among other things, actions taken by the Company or its management or Board regarding operations or strategy, and activities and conditions relating to pricing, trading, capital requirement and repurchasing of shares of F5 common stock including continued suspension or modification or discontinuation of the common stock repurchase program; future prices of F5's common stock; and other risks and uncertainties described more fully in our documents filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our most recent reports on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K and other documents that we may file or furnish from time to time, which could cause actual results to vary from expectations. The financial information contained in this release should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in F5's most recent reports on Forms 10-Q and 10-K as each may be amended from time to time. All forward-looking statements in this press release are based on information available as of the date hereof and qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. F5 assumes no obligation to revise or update these forward-looking statements.
GAAP to non-GAAP Reconciliation
F5’s management evaluates and makes operating decisions using various operating measures. These measures are generally based on the revenues of its products, services operations and certain costs of those operations, such as cost of revenues, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses. One such measure is net income excluding stock-based compensation, amortization of purchased intangible assets, acquisition-related charges, net of taxes, and certain non-recurring tax expenses and benefits, which is a non-GAAP financial measure under Section 101 of Regulation G under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This measure consists of GAAP net income excluding, as applicable, stock-based compensation, amortization of purchased intangible assets, litigation expense, restructuring charges, facility exit costs, gain on sale of patents, non-recurring tax expenses and benefits, and acquisition-related charges. This measure of non-GAAP net income is adjusted by the amount of additional taxes or tax benefit that the company would accrue if it used non-GAAP results instead of GAAP results to calculate the company's tax liability. Stock-based compensation is a non-cash expense that F5 has accounted for since July 1, 2005 in accordance with the fair value recognition provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation (“FASB ASC Topic 718”). Amortization of intangible assets is a non-cash expense. Investors should note that the use of intangible assets contribute to revenues earned during the periods presented and will contribute to revenues in future periods. Acquisition-related expenses consist of professional services fees incurred in connection with acquisitions. In addition, non-recurring costs associated with the relocation of the company's corporate headquarters have been excluded from GAAP net income for the purpose of measuring non-GAAP earnings and earnings per share in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019.
Management believes that non-GAAP net income per share provides useful supplemental information to management and investors regarding the performance of the company’s core business operations and facilitates comparisons to the company's historical operating results. Although F5’s management finds this non-GAAP measure to be useful in evaluating the performance of the core business, management's reliance on this measure is limited because items excluded from such measures could have a material effect on F5's earnings and earnings per share calculated in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, F5's management will use its non-GAAP earnings and earnings per share measures, in conjunction with GAAP earnings and earnings per share measures, to address these limitations when evaluating the performance of the company's core business. Investors should consider these non-GAAP measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, financial performance measures in accordance with GAAP.
F5 believes that presenting its non-GAAP measures of earnings and earnings per share provides investors with an additional tool for evaluating the performance of the company's core business and is used by management in its own evaluation of the company's performance. Investors are encouraged to look at GAAP results as the best measure of financial performance. However, while the GAAP results are more complete, the company provides investors these supplemental measures since, with reconciliation to GAAP, it may provide additional insight into the company's operational performance and financial results.
The Firing of Canopy Growth’s co-CEO Is Only Part of the Case Against CGC Stock
Analyst: IBM sets the stage for Red Hat contribution on call
NCI taps former ASRC Federal, SAIC exec as new CFO
New acquisition fuels People's United expansion in Massachusetts
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2015 NFL Preview: How The Salary Cap Is Shaping The Falcons, Saints, Panthers and Buccaneers
Sep. 2, 2015 , at 6:30 AM
By Reuben Fischer-Baum
Filed under Football
New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees scrambles against the Atlanta Falcons.
John Bazemore / AP
In preparation for the 2015 NFL season, FiveThirtyEight is running a series of eight division previews, each highlighting the numbers that may influence a team’s performance (including projections and rankings based on ESPN’s preseason Football Power Index). Here we take a look at what’s going on in the NFC South through the lens of the salary cap.
“When you come into a season, every fan thinks that their football team has a chance to win the Super Bowl, and that’s what I believe the 32 clubs are working towards.”
— NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, May 5, 2011
The NFL prizes parity, and the 2014 NFC South had loads of it. Every team finished below .500, no team was eliminated until Week 14 (Tampa Bay, at 2-11) and a division winner wasn’t determined until a Week 17 lose-and-go-home battle. If you squinted just right, it had the appearance of exciting football.
In a twisted way, 2014 was a continuation of years of the division’s parity. During the last 13 seasons, New Orleans, Atlanta and Tampa Bay have won three division titles apiece, Carolina four. Going into 2014, Adam Schein of NFL.com touted it as the league’s “most entertaining division” simply because it was so balanced that there was no clear favorite. Balance is overrated.
The biggest instrument in the NFL’s quest for parity is the salary cap, in which the more a team pays for its strengths the more it (generally) exposes its weaknesses. The NFC South has three players — quarterback Drew Brees, defensive end Charles Johnson and defensive tackle Gerald McCoy — who will be the biggest cap hits in the NFL in 2015 at their positions. Let’s take a look at each team’s biggest obligation.
2014 Record: 6-10 | 2015 Projected Wins: 9.4 | Playoff Odds: 63.6%
Offensive Rank: 7th | Defensive Rank: 16th | Special Teams Rank: 3rd
Player taking up the most cap space: QB Matt Ryan ($19.5 million, 13.3 percent of the cap)
One basic issue with NFL parity: If a team wants to win a Super Bowl in today’s league, it pretty much has to have a great QB. There are maybe 10 of these QBs on the planet, but 32 NFL teams. If your team is lucky enough to have a great QB, it’s probably paying him a huge amount of money. If your team doesn’t have one, it’s likely waiting to win some sort of QB lottery, gambling on either a high-pick rookie or an aging free agent (even one who, thanks to two neck surgeries, still can’t feel his fingertips).
This year’s league includes several Hall of Fame QBs, and Matt Ryan is probably not one of them. But he is good enough for the Falcons to win a championship.
It’s impossible to reduce every component of a QB’s performance into a single number, but adjusted net yards per attempt (ANY/A) does a fine enough job, showing the strongest correlation with wins among common statistics.1 The chart below ranks each team’s QBs (with a minimum of 10 starts) by ANY/A, from 1990 through 2014.
Twenty-one of the last 25 Super Bowls went either to QBs who had one of the top five ANY/A performances that season or to Tom Brady, whose career ANY/A is the fourth highest of all time.2 Ben Roethlisberger had a championship in a down year, and borderline “elites” Eli Manning and Joe Flacco add one each. That leaves just one QB in the past 25 years, Trent Dilfer of the 2000 Ravens, who won a ring despite being a bad — or even just mediocre — quarterback.
So is Matt Ryan, who has a top-10 ANY/A in four of the past seven seasons, Super Bowl material? Sure! He’s no Drew Brees, but he was just a hair behind both Brady and Russell Wilson last year, and more often than not he’s close to being among the league’s best QBs. And that lukewarm recommendation is, in the QB-hungry NFL, enough to warrant a $19.5 million cap hit.
2014 Record: 7-9 | 2015 Proj. W: 8.7 | Playoff Odds: 51.7%
Off. Rank: 8th | Def. Rank: 27th | S.T. Rank: 16th
Player taking up the most cap space: QB Drew Brees ($26.4 million, 18.2 percent of the cap)
No NFL team spends as much of its cap on one player as New Orleans spends on Drew Brees. The QB has been one of the league’s best since he joined New Orleans in 2006, but in 2015 he’ll have lost most of his favorite targets. He’s also 36. The latter puts him in rare company.
Only 38 QBs in NFL history have thrown 500 attempts after turning 36. Thirty-six of them also had at least 500 attempts from age 26 through 35, closer to a quarterback’s peak decade.3 For obvious reasons, these quarterbacks are some of the best in NFL history. It’s a group that includes 12 Hall of Famers and four presumptive Hall of Famers (Brady, Peyton Manning, Kurt Warner and Brett Favre).
To make sense of whether Brees, another all-time great, is due for a decline, let’s look at what happened to these quarterbacks’ ANY/A and interception rates after they turned 36:
That’s … not much of a dip in performance. Weighting by attempts after age 35, the ANY/A of the QBs was basically unchanged. Interception rates improved by a decent chunk, 0.3 percentage points, which is around two fewer interceptions a year for a pass-friendly QB.
The 2014 Saints season was a mess, but Brees, despite an uncharacteristic 33-17 TD-INT ratio, was stellar as always. He’ll likely retire as the career leader in completion percentage, a lame consolation prize for an elite QB competing against Peyton Manning’s records and Brady’s titles, but if the Saints can stop stripping for parts for a few seasons, he may have another Super Bowl push in him yet.
2014 Record: 7-8-1 | 2015 Proj. W: 8.3 | Playoff Odds: 42.4%
Off. Rank: 21st | Def. Rank: 7th | S.T. Rank: 24th
Player taking up the most cap space: DE Charles Johnson ($20.0 million, 13.4 percent of the cap)
Johnson4 is a solid defensive end — ProFootballFocus graded him as 11th in the league (among players who play in a 4-3) in 2014. Having a bad contract is not the same as being a bad player, but his is definitely a bad contract. But it’s not the Panthers’ most perplexing cap move in recent years. A year removed, let’s take a look at Carolina’s disastrous running backs.
Honorable mention: The Panthers’ 2014 running back/fullback trio of DeAngelo Williams, Jonathan Stewart and Mike Tolbert ($13.9 million, 10.1 percent of the cap).
That $14 million is a lot to spend on a backfield. The Seahawks, who led the league in rushing in 2014, spent $8 million on Marshawn Lynch but only about $1.5 million on other backs. In exchange for all these dollars, the Panthers were seventh in the NFL in rushing yards, with 127 per game. That sounds pretty good! Except their QB ran for more than a quarter of those yards, and the Panthers’ backs caught few passes in a league that’s relying more on QB play.
Let’s take a look at how much Carolina’s RBs really contributed. The chart below shows how much yardage each team’s 2014 running back corps (including fullbacks) contributed to team rushing and receiving.
Carolina falls into that bottom left quadrant, teams whose running backs contributed below-average rushing and receiving yards per game. Neighbors include Jacksonville, Tennessee, and Tampa Bay — three of the NFL’s worst teams in 2014 — and Minnesota, whose star back, Adrian Peterson, was accused of child abuse and did not play after Week 1.
Williams is off the books in 2015, but Carolina is still spending almost $12 million in cap dollars on Stewart and Tolbert. The pair combined for 37 receptions last year. With WR Kelvin Benjamin out for the season, Ted Ginn Jr. is the team’s No. 1 receiver despite being a 30-year-old with five starts in the past five seasons. Behind him on the depth chart is someone named Brenton Bersin. The Panthers might need their RBs to catch some passes.
2014 Record: 2-14 | 2015 Proj. W: 5.7 | Playoff Odds: 6.1%
Off. Rank: 29th | Def. Rank: 28th | S.T. Rank: 15th
Player taking up the most cap space: DT Gerald McCoy ($14.6 million, 10.7 percent of the cap)
McCoy has made three straight Pro Bowls and is probably the best defensive tackle in the league (Pro Football Focus put him at second in 2014, first in 2013 and second in 2012). Thanks to his play, he’s gotten paid:
McCoy isn’t just the biggest cap hit at his position, he’s also an enormous outlier. The closest defensive tackle, the Bengals’ Geno Atkins, is paid $9 million per year. That’s a $5.6 million gap — only wide receiver Calvin Johnson ($7.4 million more than Demaryius Thomas) and running back Peterson ($6.2 million more than Matt Forte) are that far ahead of their nearest positional rivals. McCoy might not have the name recognition of those two stars, but he’s younger and closer to his peak.
Despite McCoy, in 2014 the Buccaneers defense ranked 28th in passing yards allowed, 19th in rushing yards allowed, 25th in points allowed and 21st in sacks. A single player can have only so much impact on a team’s defensive performance.
But McCoy is still a big part of the Bucs’ future. Tampa Bay isn’t realistically looking to win in 2015. Its path forward — into the tier of teams that legitimately contend for the Super Bowl each year — is a bet on top pick QB Jameis Winston. If he pans out, the Bucs will aim to contend a few years down the line, with McCoy as a cornerstone of a defense that’ll look very different than it looks today.
Read more: What To Expect If You’re A Packers, Lions, Vikings Or Bears Fan
Adjusted net yards per attempt is based on a QB’s pass yards, pass attempts, interceptions, touchdowns, sacks, and sack yardage. It is calculated as (pass yards + 20*(pass TD) – 45*(interceptions thrown) – sack yards)/(passing attempts + sacks).
Brady’s ANY/A doesn’t align with the Patriots’ Super Bowl wins. The Patriots QB came in seventh, eighth, ninth and 12th during his championship seasons but was first in 2007 and 2010 and second in 2011 and 2012.
The other two QBs — Butch Songin and Doug Flutie — had many more attempts after they turned 36 than before, which is nuts.
Not to be confused with Minnesota wide receiver Charles Johnson, who, in a sad coup for fantasy sports, has much better name recognition.
Reuben Fischer-Baum is a visual journalist for FiveThirtyEight. @reubenfb
NFL (568 posts) Football (220) Atlanta Falcons (33) Carolina Panthers (31) New Orleans Saints (23) 2015 NFL Preview (9) Tampa Bay Buccaneers (9) NFL Preview (8) NFC (6) NFC South (5)
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ExxonMobil Completes Singapore Expansion to Enhance Group II Base Stocks Supply
Source : Business Wire
Stock : Exxon Mobil Corp. (XOM)
Exxon Mobil share price Chart
Exxon Mobil (NYSE:XOM)
2 Months : From May 2019 to Jul 2019
Expansion strengthens global supply of high-quality base stocks to meet growing demand
Products enable customers to blend lubricants that help reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency
Supply to customers expected by the third quarter of 2019
ExxonMobil today said that it has completed an expansion at its Singapore refinery to upgrade its production of EHC™ Group II base stocks, strengthening the global supply of high-quality base stocks and enhancing the integrated facility’s competitiveness.
The expansion will enable customers to blend lubricants that satisfy more stringent specifications, help lower emissions and improve fuel economy and low-temperature performance. Customers will achieve short-term and long-term cost savings through blending optimization and reformulation.
“The safe, on-schedule completion and successful startup of this expansion further enhances ExxonMobil’s competitiveness in manufacturing Group II base stocks,” said Bryan Milton, president of ExxonMobil Fuels & Lubricants. “It further establishes ExxonMobil as a key producer of fuels and petrochemical products and affirms our confidence in Singapore, where we operate ExxonMobil’s largest global integrated refining and petrochemical complex.”
Supply to customers is expected in the third quarter of 2019, and builds upon recent expansions at ExxonMobil’s Rotterdam facility, which along with existing production in Baytown, Texas strengthens the global supply of high-quality base stocks.
ExxonMobil’s EHC™ product line has been designed to maximize the performance of all major automotive engine oil grades and to enhance the performance of finished lubricants used in multiple industries.
Construction of the expansion began in 2017 and was completed safely and on schedule with 1 million workforce hours. At peak construction, more than 300 workers were employed.
Earlier this year, ExxonMobil announced a final investment decision on a multi-billion dollar expansion of the Singapore integrated manufacturing complex as part of the company’s plan to significantly increase earnings potential of the site.
About ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil, the largest publicly traded international oil and gas company, uses technology and innovation to help meet the world’s growing energy needs. ExxonMobil holds an industry-leading inventory of resources, is one of the largest refiners and marketers of petroleum products, and its chemical company is one of the largest in the world. For more information, visit www.exxonmobil.com or follow us on Twitter at www.twitter.com/exxonmobil.
Cautionary Statement: Statements of future events or conditions in this release are forward-looking statements. Actual future results, including project plans, schedules, timing, and outcomes; economic and environmental impacts; and earnings potential could differ materially due to changes in market conditions affecting the oil, gas and petroleum product industries or long-term oil, gas and petroleum product price levels; political or regulatory developments including changes in environmental regulations and obtaining necessary government permits; timely completion of construction projects; future technological developments; actions of competitors; technical or operating factors; the outcome of commercial negotiations; and other factors cited under the caption “Factors Affecting Future Results” on the Investors page of our website at exxonmobil.com. The term “project” as used in this release can refer to a variety of different activities and does not necessarily have the same meaning as in any government payment transparency reports.
Media Relations(832) 625-4000
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Venue & Accommodations Schedule
2019 Speakers About
Register Now →
Why Exhibit at EMFC Exhibitor Registration
Blog Resources
Venue & AccommodationsSchedule Exhibitors Why Exhibit at EMFC Exhibitor Registration 2019 SpeakersAbout Blog Blog Resources
Magda Havas, BSc, PhD
Magda Havas is Professor Emeritus at Trent School of the Environment and Centre for Health Studies at Trent University in Peterborough, Canada. She does research on the biological effects of electromagnetic pollution and on the beneficial effects of electrotherapies. Dr. Havas received her PhD at the University of Toronto and did postdoctoral research at Cornell before returning to Canada. She works with people who are suffering with chronic illness including diabetes, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and arthritis and with those who have developed electro-hyper-sensitivity (EHS). Her latest research links microwave radiation from wireless phones to heart irregularities including arrhythmia and tachycardia.
Dr. Havas has edited 3 books and authored more than 185 publications. She is co-author of Public Health SOS: The Shadow Side of the Wireless Revolution. Dr. Havas is internationally recognized, both for her previous work on acid rain and metal pollution and for her current research in the area of electromagnetic pollution and electromagnetic therapy. Since 2000, Dr. Havas has given more than 300 lectures in 30 countries and at 24 universities. She is increasingly being invited to give talks at medical and health conferences on the beneficial effects of frequency therapy and on the health effects of electromagnetic pollution. These “newer” modalities of frequency therapy are commonly used in Europe and elsewhere but are not well recognized in North America. They have the potential to improve the quality of life for those who are chronically ill, revolutionize health care and significantly reduce health care costs.
Dr. Havas has provided expert testimony in Canada, U.S., U.K., South Africa, and the Philippines on the health effects of power lines, occupational magnetic field exposure and radio frequency radiation. She serves/served as a science advisor to various government and non-government organizations in Canada and internationally including but not limited to the EMR Policy Institute (U.S.), International Association of Fire Fighters (Canada/U.S./Mexico), Canadians for Safe Technology (C4ST), Great Lakes Science Advisory Board Workgroup on Emerging Issues, International Joint Commission (Canada/U.S.), and the Canadian Broadcast Corporation (CBC). She helped draft the International EMF Scientist Appeal signed by 220 scientists and medical doctors from more than 40 countries that was submitted to the UN and WHO in 2015 (see emfscientist.org). Her previous work on air pollution helped bring in clean air legislation (Canada/U.S.) and she hopes that her current work on electrosmog will do the same.
1440 Multiversity
800 Bethany Drive
For enquires email info@emfconference.com
© 2019 EMF Conference
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Crypto++
Crypto++ (also known as CryptoPP, libcrypto++, and libcryptopp) is a free and open source C++ class library of cryptographic algorithms and schemes written by Wei Dai. Crypto++ has been widely used in academia, student projects, open source and non-commercial projects, as well as businesses. Released in 1995, the library fully supports 32-bit and 64-bit architectures for many major operating systems and platforms, including Android (using STLport), Apple (Mac OS X and iOS), BSD, Cygwin, IBM AIX and S/390, Linux, MinGW, Solaris, Windows, Windows Phone and Windows RT. The project also supports compilation using C++03, C++11 and C++17 runtime libraries; and a variety of compilers and IDEs, including Borland Turbo C++, Borland C++ Builder, Clang, CodeWarrior Pro, GCC (including Apple's GCC), Intel C++ Compiler (ICC), Microsoft Visual C/C++, and Sun Studio.
1 Algorithms
2 Performance
3 Version releases
4 FIPS validations
Algorithms[edit]
Crypto++ ordinarily provides complete cryptographic implementations, and often includes less popular, less frequently-used schemes. For example, Camellia is an ISO/NESSIE/IETF-approved block cipher roughly equivalent to AES, and Whirlpool is an ISO/NESSIE/IETF-approved hash function roughly equivalent to SHA; both are included in the library.
Additionally, the Crypto++ library sometimes makes proposed and bleeding edge algorithms and implementations available for study by the cryptographic community. For example, VMAC, a universal hash-based message authentication code, was added to the library during its submission to the Internet Engineering Task Force (CFRG Working Group); and Brainpool curves, proposed in March 2009 as an Internet Draft in RFC 5639, were added to Crypto++ 5.6.0 in the same month.
Crypto++ algorithms and implementations
Primitive or Operation
Algorithms or Implementations
Pseudorandom number generators LCG, KDF2, Blum Blum Shub, ANSI X9.17, Mersenne Twister, RDRAND and RDSEED
High speed stream ciphers ChaCha8/12/20, Panama, SOSEMANUK, Salsa20, XSalsa20
AES and AES candidates Rijndael (AES selection), RC6, MARS, Twofish, Serpent, CAST-256
Other block ciphers IDEA, Triple-DES (DES-EDE2 and DES-EDE3), Camellia, SEED, RC5, Blowfish, TEA, XTEA, Skipjack, SHACAL-2
Block cipher modes of operation ECB, CBC, CTS, CFB, OFB, CTR
Authenticated encryption modes CCM, GCM, EAX
Block ciphers padding schemes PKCS#5, PKCS#7, Zeros, One and zeros
Message authentication codes VMAC, HMAC, CMAC, CBC-MAC, DMAC, Two-Track-MAC
Cryptographic hash function BLAKE2 (BLAKE2b and BLAKE2s), Keccak, SHA-1, SHA-2 (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512), SHA3, Tiger, WHIRLPOOL, RIPEMD (RIPEMD-128, RIPEMD-160, RIPEMD-256, and RIPEMD-320)
Password based key derivation functions PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 from PKCS #5, PBKDF from PKCS #12 appendix B, Krawczyk and Eronen's HKDF
Public-key cryptography RSA, DSA, ElGamal, Nyberg-Rueppel (NR), Rabin-Williams (RW), LUC, LUCELG, DLIES (variants of DHAES), ESIGN
Padding schemes for public-key systems PKCS#1 v2.0, OAEP, PSS, PSSR, IEEE P1363 EMSA2 and EMSA5
Key agreement schemes Diffie-Hellman (DH), Unified Diffie-Hellman (DH2), Menezes-Qu-Vanstone (MQV), Hashed MQV (HMQV), Fully Hashed MQV (FHMQV), LUCDIF, XTR-DH
Elliptic curve cryptography ECDSA, ECNR, ECIES, ECDH, ECMQV
Secret Sharing Shamir's secret sharing scheme, Rabin's information dispersal algorithm (IDA)
The library also makes available primitives for number theoretic operations such as a fast multi-precision integers; prime number generation and verification; finite field arithmetic, including GF(p) and GF(2<sup>n</sup>); elliptical curves; and polynomial operations.
Furthermore, the library retains a collection of insecure or obsolescent algorithms for backward compatibility and historical value: MD2, MD4, MD5, Panama Hash, DES, ARC4, SEAL 3.0, WAKE, WAKE-OFB, DESX (DES-XEX3), RC2, SAFER, 3-WAY, GOST, SHARK, CAST-128, and Square.
Performance[edit]
In a 2007 ECRYPT workshop paper focusing on public key implementations of eight libraries, Ashraf Abusharekh and Kris Kaj found that "Crypto++ 5.1 <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki> leads in terms of support for cryptographic primitives and schemes, but is the slowest of all investigated libraries."
In 2008, speed tests carried out by Timo Bingmann using seven open source security libraries with 15 block ciphers, Crypto++ 5.5.2 was the top performing library under two block ciphers, and did not rank below the average library performance under the remaining block ciphers.
Crypto++ also includes an auto-benchmarking feature, available from the command line (cryptest.exe b), the results of which are available at Crypto++ 5.6.0 Benchmarks.
As with many other cryptographic libraries available for 32-bit and 64-bit x86 architectures, Crypto++ includes assembly routines for AES using AES-NI. With AES-NI, AES performance improves dramatically: 128-bit AES/GCM throughput increases from approximately 28.0 cycles per byte to 3.5 cycles per byte.
Version releases[edit]
Crypto++ 1.0 was released in June 1995. Since its initial release, the library has seen nearly two dozen revisions, including an architectural change in version 5.0. There have been nine releases using the version 5.0 architecture as of February 2013.
Crypto++ releases since version 5.0
Crypto++ 5.0 September 11, 2002
Crypto++ 5.1 March 24, 2003
Crypto++ 5.2.1 July 21, 2004
Crypto++ 5.4 December 23, 2006
Crypto++ 5.5.1 May 25, 2007
Crypto++ 5.5.2 September 24, 2007
Crypto++ 5.6.0 March 15, 2009
Crypto++ 5.6.1 August 9, 2010
Crypto++ 5.6.2 February 20, 2013
Crypto++ 5.6.3 November 20, 2015
Crypto++ 5.6.5 October 11, 2016
Lawrence Teo's compilation of previous Crypto++ releases dating back to 1995 can be found in the users group archives.
FIPS validations[edit]
Crypto++ has received three Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-2 Level 1 module validations with no post-validation issues.
FIPS validated Crypto++ modules
Crypto++ 5.0.4 Certificate 343 2003-09-05, 2005-10-28
Crypto++ 5.2.3 Certificate 562 2005-07-29, 2005-08-24, 2005-10-28
As of version 5.6.1, Crypto++ consists of only public domain files, with a compilation copyright and a single open source license for the compilation copyright:
Symmetric cipher
Comparison of cryptography libraries
Retrieved from "https://en.bitcoinwiki.org/index.php?title=Crypto%2B%2B&oldid=332754"
Cryptographic algorithms
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Extermination camp
(Redirected from Death camps)
Not to be confused with concentration camp.
Nazi Germany built extermination camps (also called death camps or killing centers) during the Holocaust in World War II, to systematically murder millions of Jews. Others were murdered at the death camps as well, including Poles, Soviet POWs, and Roma. The victims of death camps were primarily killed by gassing, either in permanent installations constructed for this specific purpose, or by means of gas vans.[1] Some Nazi camps, such as Auschwitz and Majdanek, served a dual purpose before the end of the war in 1945: extermination by poison gas, but also through extreme work under starvation conditions.[1][2]
Nazi extermination camps
Death Gate at Auschwitz II Birkenau
The Holocaust map: Nazi extermination camps, marked with white skulls in black squares, set up by the SS in Germany and occupied Poland, 1942
German-occupied Europe
Incident type
Extermination
SS, Trawnikis, Ustaše
SS-Totenkopfverbände
Chełmno, Bełżec, Sobibór, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, Trostenets
The idea of mass extermination with the use of stationary facilities to which the victims were taken by train, was the result of earlier Nazi experimentation with chemically manufactured poison gas during the secretive Aktion T4 euthanasia programme against hospital patients with mental and physical disabilities.[3][a] The technology was adapted, expanded, and applied in wartime to unsuspecting victims of many ethnic and national groups; the Jews were the primary target, accounting for over 90 percent of the extermination camp death toll.[9] The genocide of the Jewish people of Europe was the Third Reich's "Final Solution to the Jewish question".[10] It is now collectively known as the Holocaust, during which 11 million others were also murdered. [1][11]
Extermination camps were also set up by the fascist Ustaše regime of the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of Germany, which carried out genocide between 1941 and 1945 against Serbs, Jews, Roma and its Croat and Bosniak Muslim political opponents.[12]
BackgroundEdit
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
U.S. aerial photograph of Auschwitz II Birkenau
See also: Nisko Plan
After the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the secret Aktion T4 euthanasia programme – the systematic murder of German, Austrian and Polish hospital patients with mental or physical disabilities – was initiated by the SS in order to eliminate "life unworthy of life" (German: Lebensunwertes Leben), a Nazi designation for people who had no right to life.[13][14] In 1941, the experience gained in the secretive killing of these hospital patients led to the creation of extermination camps for the implementation of the Final Solution. By then, the Jews were already confined to new ghettos and interned in Nazi concentration camps along with other targeted groups, including Roma, and the Soviet POWs. The Nazi Endlösung der Judenfrage (The Final Solution of the Jewish Question), based on the systematic killing of Europe's Jews by gassing, began during Operation Reinhard,[15] after the onset of the Nazi-Soviet war of June 1941. The adoption of the gassing technology by Nazi Germany was preceded by a wave of hands-on killings carried out by the SS Einsatzgruppen,[16] who followed the Wehrmacht army during Operation Barbarossa on the Eastern Front.[17]
The camps designed specifically for the mass gassings of Jews were established in the months following the Wannsee Conference chaired by Reinhard Heydrich in January 1942 in which the principle was made clear that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated. Responsibility for the logistics were to be executed by the programme administrator, Adolf Eichmann.[18]
On 13 October 1941, the SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik stationing in Lublin received an oral order from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler – anticipating the fall of Moscow – to start immediate construction work on the killing centre at Bełżec in the General Government territory of occupied Poland. Notably, the order preceded the Wannsee Conference by three months,[19] but the gassings at Kulmhof north of Łódź using gas vans began already in December, under Sturmbannführer Herbert Lange.[20] The camp at Bełżec was operational by March 1942, with leadership brought in from Germany under the guise of Organisation Todt (OT).[19] By mid-1942, two more death camps had been built on Polish lands for Operation Reinhard: Sobibór (ready in May 1942) under the command of Hauptsturmführer Franz Stangl, and Treblinka (operational by July 1942) under Obersturmführer Irmfried Eberl from T4, the only doctor to have served in such a capacity.[21] Auschwitz concentration camp was fitted with brand new gassing bunkers in March 1942.[22] Majdanek had them built in September.[23]
DefinitionEdit
Members of the Sonderkommando burned the bodies of victims in the fire pits at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, when the crematoria were overloaded.[24][dead link]
The Nazis distinguished between extermination and concentration camps, although the terms extermination camp (Vernichtungslager) and death camp (Todeslager) were interchangeable, each referring to camps whose primary function was genocide. Todeslagers were designed specifically for the systematic killing of people delivered en masse by the Holocaust trains. The executioners did not expect the prisoners to survive more than a few hours beyond arrival at Belzec, Sobibór, and Treblinka.[25] The Reinhard extermination camps were under Globocnik's direct command; each of them was run by 20 to 35 men from the SS-Totenkopfverbände branch of the Schutzstaffel, augmented by about one hundred Trawnikis – auxiliaries mostly from Soviet Ukraine, and up to one thousand Sonderkommando slave labourers each.[26] The Jewish men, women and children were delivered from the ghettos for "special treatment" in an atmosphere of terror by uniformed police battalions from both, Orpo and Schupo.[27]
Death camps differed from concentration camps located in Germany proper, such as Bergen-Belsen, Oranienburg, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen, which were prison camps set up prior to World War II for people defined as 'undesirable'. From March 1936, all Nazi concentration camps were managed by the SS-Totenkopfverbände (the Skull Units, SS-TV), who operated extermination camps from 1941 as well.[28] An SS anatomist, Dr. Johann Kremer, after witnessing the gassing of victims at Birkenau, wrote in his diary on 2 September 1942: "Dante's Inferno seems to me almost a comedy compared to this. They don't call Auschwitz the camp of annihilation for nothing!"[29] The distinction was evident during the Nuremberg trials, when Dieter Wisliceny (a deputy to Adolf Eichmann) was asked to name the extermination camps, and he identified Auschwitz and Majdanek as such. Then, when asked, "How do you classify the camps Mauthausen, Dachau, and Buchenwald?", he replied, "They were normal concentration camps, from the point of view of the department of Eichmann."[30]
Mass deportations: the pan-European routes to the extermination camps
Irrespective of round-ups for extermination camps, the Nazis abducted millions of foreigners for slave labour in other types of camps,[31] which provided perfect cover for the extermination programme.[32] Prisoners represented about a quarter of the total workforce of the Reich, with mortality rates exceeding 75 percent due to starvation, disease, exhaustion, executions, and physical brutality.[31]
Main articles: The Final Solution, Nazi ghettos, and Holocaust train
In the early years of World War II, the Jews were primarily sent to forced labour camps and ghettoised, but from 1942 onward they were deported to the extermination camps under the guise of "resettlement". For political and logistical reasons, the most infamous Nazi German killing factories were built in occupied Poland, where most of the intended victims lived; Poland had the greatest Jewish population in Nazi-controlled Europe.[33] On top of that, the new death camps outside the prewar borders of the Third Reich proper could be kept secret from the German civil populace.[34]
Pure extermination campsEdit
Jewish children during deportation to the Chełmno extermination camp
During the initial phase of the Final Solution, gas vans producing poisonous exhaust fumes were developed in the occupied Soviet Union (USSR) and at the Chełmno extermination camp in occupied Poland, before being used elsewhere. The killing method was based on experience gained by the SS during the secretive Aktion T4 programme of involuntary euthanasia. There were two types of death chambers operating during the Holocaust.[15]
Unlike at Auschwitz, where the cyanide-based Zyklon-B was used to exterminate trainloads of prisoners under the guise of "relocation", the camps at Treblinka, Bełżec, and Sobibór, built during Operation Reinhard (October 1941 – November 1943), used lethal exhaust fumes produced by large internal combustion engines. The three killing centres of Einsatz Reinhard were constructed predominantly for the extermination of Poland's Jews trapped in the Nazi ghettos.[35] At first, the victim's bodies were buried with the use of crawler excavators, but they were later exhumed and incinerated in open-air pyres to hide the evidence of genocide in what became known as Sonderaktion 1005.[36][37]
Whereas the Auschwitz II (Auschwitz–Birkenau) and Majdanek camps were parts of a labor camp complex, the Chełmno and Operation Reinhard death camps were built exclusively for the rapid extermination of entire communities of people (primarily Jews) within hours of their arrival. All were constructed near branch lines that linked to the Polish railway system, with staff members transferring between locations. These camps had almost identical design: they were several hundred metres in length and width, and were equipped with only minimal staff housing and support installations not meant for the unlucky hordes crammed into the railway transports.[38][39]
The Nazis deceived the victims upon their arrival, telling them that they were at a temporary transit stop, and would soon continue to German Arbeitslagers (work camps) farther to the east.[40] Selected able-bodied prisoners delivered to the death camps were not immediately killed, but instead were pressed into labor units called Sonderkommandos to help with the extermination process by removing corpses from the gas chambers and burning them.
Concentration and extermination campsEdit
March to the gas chambers, one of Sonderkommando photographs taken secretly at Auschwitz II in August 1944
At the camps of Operation Reinhard, including Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka, trainloads of prisoners were destined for immediate death in gas chambers designed exclusively for that purpose.[15] The mass killing facilities were developed at about the same time inside the Auschwitz II-Birkenau subcamp of a forced labour complex,[41] and at the Majdanek concentration camp.[15] In most other camps prisoners were selected for slave labor first; they were kept alive on starvation rations and made available to work as required. Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Jasenovac were retrofitted with Zyklon-B gas chambers and crematoria buildings as the time went on, remaining operational until war's end in 1945.[42] The Maly Trostenets extermination camp in the USSR initially operated as a prison camp. It became an extermination camp later in the war with victims undergoing mass shootings. This was supplemented with gassings in a van by exhaust fumes from October 1943.
The Sajmište concentration camp operated by the Nazis in Yugoslavia had a gas van stationed for use from March to June 1942. Once the industrial killings were completed, the van was returned to Berlin. After a refit the van was then sent to Maly Trostinets for use at the camp there. The Janowska concentration camp near Lwow (now Lviv) in occupied eastern Poland implemented a selection process. Some prisoners were assigned to work before death. Others were either transported to Bełżec or victims of mass shootings on two slopes in the Piaski sand-hills behind the camp. The Warsaw concentration camp was a camp complex of the German concentration camps, possibly including an extermination camp located in German-occupied Warsaw. The various details regarding the camp are very controversial and remain subject of historical research and public debate.[43]
Other means of exterminationEdit
Germany's Führer Adolf Hitler (left) with Ustaše Poglavnik Ante Pavelić (right) at the Berghof outside Berchtesgaden, Germany
With the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established on 10 April 1941, and adopted parallel racial and political doctrines. Death camps were established by the fascist Ustaše government for contributing to the Nazi "final solution" to the "Jewish problem", the killing of Roma people, and the elimination of political opponents, but most significantly to achieve the destruction of the Serbian population of the NDH.[44][45] The degree of cruelty with which the Serb population was persecuted by Ustaše men shocked even the Germans.[46][47]
The Jadovno concentration camp was located in a secluded area about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the town of Gospić. It held thousands of Serbs and Jews over a period of 122 days from May to August 1941. Prisoners were usually but not exclusively killed by being pushed into deep ravines located near the camp.[48]
The Jasenovac concentration camp complex of five sub-camps replaced Jadovno. Many inmates arriving at Jasenovac were scheduled for systematic extermination. An important criterion for selection was the duration of a prisoner's anticipated detention. Strong men who were capable of labour and sentenced to less than three years of incarceration were allowed to live. All inmates with indeterminate sentences or sentences of three years or more were immediately scheduled for execution, regardless of their level of fitness.[49] Some of the mass executions were mechanical according to Nazi methodology. Others were performed manually with tools such as mallets and agricultural knives and these tools were often used to throw victims off the end of a ramp into the River Sava.
Extermination procedureEdit
Carpathian Ruthenian Jews arrive at Auschwitz–Birkenau, May 1944. Without being registered to the camp system, most were killed in gas chambers hours after arriving (A photograph from a collection known as the Auschwitz Album)
Heinrich Himmler visited the outskirts of Minsk in 1941 to witness a mass shooting. He was told by the commanding officer there that the shootings were proving psychologically damaging to those being asked to pull the triggers. Thus Himmler knew another method of mass killing was required.[50] After the war, the diary of the Auschwitz Commandant, Rudolf Höss, revealed that psychologically "unable to endure wading through blood any longer", many Einsatzkommandos – the killers – either went mad or killed themselves.[51]
The Nazis had first used gassing with carbon monoxide cylinders to kill 70,000 disabled people in Germany in what they called a 'euthanasia programme' to disguise that mass murder was taking place. Despite the lethal effects of carbon monoxide, this was seen as unsuitable for use in the East due to the cost of transporting the carbon monoxide in cylinders.[50]
Each extermination camp operated differently, yet each had designs for quick and efficient industrialized killing. While Höss was away on an official journey in late August 1941 his deputy, Karl Fritzsch, tested out an idea. At Auschwitz clothes infested with lice were treated with crystallised prussic acid. The crystals were made to order by the IG Farben chemicals company for which the brand name was Zyklon-B. Once released from their container, Zyklon-B crystals in the air released a lethal cyanide gas. Fritzch tried out the effect of Zyklon B on Soviet POWs, who were locked up in cells in the basement of the bunker for this experiment. Höss on his return was briefed and impressed with the results and this became the camp strategy for extermination as it was also to be at Majdanek. Besides gassing, the camp guards continued killing prisoners via mass shooting, starvation, torture, etc.[52]
GassingsEdit
See also: The Holocaust § Gas chambers, Gas chamber § Nazi Germany, and Criticism of Holocaust denial § Use of gas chambers
SS Obersturmführer Kurt Gerstein, of the Institute for Hygiene of the Waffen-SS, told a Swedish diplomat during the war of life in a death camp. He recounted that, on 19 August 1942, he arrived at Belzec extermination camp (which was equipped with carbon monoxide gas chambers) and was shown the unloading of 45 train cars filled with 6,700 Jews, many already dead. The rest were marched naked to the gas chambers, where:
Unterscharführer Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. But it doesn't go. Captain Wirth comes up. I can see he is afraid, because I am present at a disaster. Yes, I see it all and I wait. My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel [engine] did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They can be heard weeping, "like in the synagogue", says Professor Pfannenstiel, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian (Trawniki) assisting Hackenholt twelve, thirteen times, in the face. After 2 hours and 49 minutes – the stopwatch recorded it all – the diesel started. Up to that moment, the people shut up in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons, in four times 45 cubic meters. Another 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window, because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. After 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, all were dead ... Dentists [then] hammered out gold teeth, bridges, and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and, showing me a large can full of teeth, he said: "See, for yourself, the weight of that gold! It's only from yesterday, and the day before. You can't imagine what we find every day – dollars, diamonds, gold. You'll see for yourself!" — Kurt Gerstein [53]
March of new arrivals along the SS barracks at Birkenau toward the gassing bunker near crematoria II and III, 27 May 1944. (a photograph from a collection known as the Auschwitz Album)
Auschwitz Camp Commandant Rudolf Höss reported that the first time Zyklon B pellets[54] were used on the Jews, many suspected they were to be killed – despite having been deceived into believing they were to be deloused[54] and then returned to the camp. As a result, the Nazis identified and isolated "difficult individuals" who might alert the prisoners, and removed them from the mass – lest they incite revolt among the deceived majority of prisoners en route to the gas chambers. The "difficult" prisoners were led to a site out of view to be killed off discreetly.
A prisoner Sonderkommando (Special Detachment) effected in the processes of extermination; they encouraged the Jews to undress without a hint of what was about to happen. They accompanied them into the gas chambers outfitted to appear as shower rooms (with nonworking water nozzles, and tile walls); and remained with the victims until just before the chamber door closed. To psychologically maintain the "calming effect" of the delousing deception, an SS man stood at the door until the end. The Sonderkommando talked to the victims about life in the camp to pacify the suspicious ones, and hurried them inside; to that effect, they also assisted the aged and the very young in undressing.[55]
To further persuade the prisoners that nothing harmful was happening, the Sonderkommando deceived them with small talk about friends or relations who had arrived in earlier transports. Many young mothers hid their infants beneath their piled clothes fearing that the delousing "disinfectant" might harm them. Camp Commandant Höss reported that the "men of the Special Detachment were particularly on the look-out for this", and encouraged the women to take their children into the "shower room". Likewise, the Sonderkommando comforted older children who might cry "because of the strangeness of being undressed in this fashion".[56]
Yet, not every prisoner was deceived by such psychological tactics; Commandant Höss spoke of Jews "who either guessed, or knew, what awaited them, nevertheless ... [they] found the courage to joke with the children, to encourage them, despite the mortal terror visible in their own eyes". Some women would suddenly "give the most terrible shrieks while undressing, or tear their hair, or scream like maniacs"; the Sonderkommando immediately took them away for execution by shooting.[57] In such circumstances, others, meaning to save themselves at the gas chamber's threshold, betrayed the identities and "revealed the addresses of those members of their race still in hiding".[58]
Once the door of the filled gas chamber was sealed, pellets of Zyklon B were dropped through special holes in the roof. Regulations required that the Camp Commandant supervise the preparations, the gassing (through a peephole), and the aftermath looting of the corpses. Commandant Höss reported that the gassed victims "showed no signs of convulsion"; the Auschwitz camp physicians attributed that to the "paralyzing effect on the lungs" of the Zyklon-B gas, which killed before the victim began suffering convulsions.[59]
The remnants of "Crematorium II" used in Auschwitz-Birkenau between March 1943 and its destruction by the Schutzstaffel on 20 January 1945
Fifty-two crematorium ovens, including these, were used to burn the bodies of up to 6,000 people every 24 hours during the operation of Auschwitz-Birkenau gas chambers.[60]
As a matter of political training, some high-ranked Nazi Party leaders and SS officers were sent to Auschwitz–Birkenau to witness the gassings; Höss reported that, "all were deeply impressed by what they saw ... [yet some] ... who had previously spoken most loudly, about the necessity for this extermination, fell silent once they had actually seen the 'final solution of the Jewish problem'." As the Auschwitz Camp Commandant Rudolf Höss justified the extermination by explaining the need for "the iron determination with which we must carry out Hitler's orders"; yet saw that even "[Adolf] Eichmann, who certainly [was] tough enough, had no wish to change places with me".[61]
Corpse disposalEdit
After the gassings, the Sonderkommando removed the corpses from the gas chambers, then extracted any gold teeth. Initially, the victims were buried in mass graves, but were later cremated during Sonderaktion 1005 in all camps of Operation Reinhard.
The Sonderkommando were responsible for burning the corpses in the pits,[62] stoking the fires, draining surplus body fat and turning over the "mountain of burning corpses ... so that the draught might fan the flames" wrote Commandant Höss in his memoir while in the Polish custody.[62] He was impressed by the diligence of prisoners from the so-called Special Detachment who carried out their duties despite their being well aware that they, too, would meet exactly the same fate in the end.[62] At the Lazaret killing station they held the sick so they would never see the gun while being shot. They did it "in such a matter-of-course manner that they might, themselves, have been the exterminators" wrote Höss.[62] He further said that the men ate and smoked "even when engaged in the grisly job of burning corpses which had been lying for some time in mass graves."[62] They occasionally encountered the corpse of a relative, or saw them entering the gas chambers. According to Höss they were obviously shaken by this but "it never led to any incident." He mentioned the case of a Sonderkommando who found the body of his wife, yet continued to drag corpses along "as though nothing had happened."[62]
At Auschwitz, the corpses were incinerated in crematoria and the ashes either buried, scattered, or dumped in the river. At Sobibór, Treblinka, Bełżec, and Chełmno, the corpses were incinerated on pyres. The efficiency of industrialised killing at Auschwitz-Birkenau led to the construction of three buildings with crematoria designed by specialists from the firm J.A. Topf & Söhne. They burned bodies 24 hours a day, and yet the death rate was at times so high that corpses also needed to be burned in open-air pits.[63]
Ustaše campsEdit
Jasenovac victims' bodies left without burial on the river Sava near Sisak, May 1945
Main articles: Jadovno concentration camp and Jasenovac concentration camp
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington, DC, presently estimates that the Ustaša regime in Croatia murdered between 77,000 and 99,000 people at the Jasenovac concentration camp between 1941 and 1945. The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims.[64] An episode of the television documentary, "Nazi Collaborators" described the crimes of Dinko Sakic and stated that over 300,000 people were killed at Jasenovac.[47] The mechanical means of mass killing at Jasenovac initially included the use of gas vans and later Zyklon B in stationary gas chambers. The Jasenovac guards were also reported to have cremated living inmates in the crematorium. A notable difference with the Ustaše camps as compared to the German SS camps was the widespread use of manual methods in the mass killings. These involved instruments such as mallets and agricultural knives which were often used in a manner where victims were thrown off the end of a ramp into the Sava River while they were still alive .
The estimates for the Jadovno concentration camp generally offer a range of 10,000 – 72,000 deaths at the camp over a period of 122 days (May to August 1941).[65] Most commonly Jadovno victims were bound together in a line and the first few victims were murdered with rifle butts or other objects. Afterwards, an entire row of inmates were pushed into the ravine. Hand grenades were hurled inside in order to finish off the victims. Dogs would also be thrown in to feed on the wounded and the dead. Inmates were also killed by machine gunfire, as well as with knives and blunt objects.[66][67]
Death tollEdit
The estimated total number of people executed in the Nazi extermination camps in the table below is over three million:
Occupied territory
Current country of location
Primary means for mass killings
Auschwitz–Birkenau 1,100,000 [68] May 1940 – January 1945 Province of Upper Silesia Poland Zyklon B gas chambers
Treblinka 800,000 [69] 23 July 1942 – 19 October 1943 General Government district Poland Carbon monoxide gas chambers
Bełżec 600,000 [70] 17 March 1942 – end of June 1943 General Government district Poland Carbon monoxide gas chambers
Chełmno 320,000 [71] 8 December 1941 – March 1943,
June 1944 – 18 January 1945 District of Reichsgau Wartheland Poland Carbon monoxide vans
Sobibór 250,000[72] 16 May 1942 – 17 October 1943 General Government district Poland Carbon monoxide gas chambers
Majdanek at least 80,000 [73] 1 October 1941 – 22 July 1944 General Government district Poland Zyklon B gas chambers
Maly Trostinets 65,000 [74] Middle of 1941 to 28 June 1944 Reichskommissariat Ostland Belarus Mass shootings, gas van[75]
Sajmište 23,000 [76] 28 October 1941 – July 1944 Independent State of Croatia Serbia Carbon monoxide van
Total 3,115,000 – 3,215,000 [77][78]
Dismantling and attempted concealmentEdit
A Sonderkommando 1005 unit stand next to a bone crushing machine at the Janowska concentration camp
The Nazis attempted to either partially or completely dismantle the extermination camps in order to hide any evidence that people had been murdered there. This was an attempt to conceal not only the extermination process but also the buried remains. As a result of the secretive Sonderaktion 1005, the camps were dismantled by commandos of condemned prisoners, their records were destroyed, and the mass graves were dug up. Some extermination camps that remained uncleared of evidence were liberated by Soviet troops, who followed different standards of documentation and openness than the Western allies did.[79][80]
Nonetheless Majdanek was captured nearly intact due to the rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during Operation Bagration.[79]
CommemorationEdit
In the post-war period the government of the People's Republic of Poland created monuments at the extermination camp sites. These early monuments mentioned no ethnic, religious, or national particulars of the Nazi victims. The extermination camps sites have been accessible to everyone in recent decades. They are popular destinations for visitors from all over the world, especially the most infamous Nazi death camp, Auschwitz near the town of Oświęcim. In the early 1990s, the Jewish Holocaust organisations debated with the Polish Catholic groups about "What religious symbols of martyrdom are appropriate as memorials in a Nazi death camp such as Auschwitz?" The Jews opposed the placement of Christian memorials such as the Auschwitz cross near Auschwitz I where mostly Poles were killed. The Jewish victims of the Holocaust were mostly killed at Auschwitz II Birkenau.
The March of the Living is organized in Poland annually since 1988.[81] Marchers come from countries as diverse as Estonia, New Zealand, Panama, and Turkey.[82]
The camps and Holocaust denialEdit
Documentary evidence: A Reichsbahn consignment note for delivering prisoners (Häftlinge) to Sobibór in November 1943
Main articles: Holocaust denial, Criticism of Holocaust denial, and Laws against Holocaust denial
Holocaust deniers or negationists are people and organizations who assert that the Holocaust did not occur, or that it did not occur in the historically recognized manner and extent.[83]
Extermination camp research is difficult because of extensive attempts by the SS and Nazi regime to conceal the existence of the extermination camps.[79] The existence of the extermination camps is firmly established by testimonies of camp survivors and Final Solution perpetrators, material evidence (the remaining camps, etc.), Nazi photographs and films of the killings, and camp administration records.[84][85]
Holocaust deniers often start by pointing out legitimate public misconceptions about the extermination camps. For example, widely published images in America were mostly victims of louse-borne typhus fever and at the Buchenwald, Belsen and Dachau concentration camps – the first to be liberated by American troops and the most available imagery in America. In early news reports and for years afterwards these images were often used by the news media somewhat inaccurately in conjunction with descriptions of extermination camps and Jewish suffering. Holocaust deniers, after pointing out such common errors, put it forward as evidence that extermination camps did not exist and the limited evidence about them is mostly a hoax arising out of a deliberate Jewish conspiracy.
Holocaust denial has been thoroughly discredited by scholars and is a criminal offence in many countries, among them Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Switzerland.
German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
"Polish death camp" controversy
Soap made from human corpses
Topf and Sons
War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II
^ The development of homicidal gas chambers is attributed by historians to Dr Albert Widmann, chief chemist of the German Criminal Police (Kripo).[4] The first gas van manufactured in Berlin, was used by the Lange Commando between 21 May and 8 June 1940 at the Soldau concentration camp in occupied Poland, to kill 1,558 mental patients delivered from sanatoria.[5][6] Lange used his experience with exhaust gasses in setting up the Chelmno extermination camp thereafter.[7] Widmann conducted first gassing experiments in the East in September 1941 in Mogilev, and successfully initiated the killing of local hospital patients with the exhaust fumes from a truck engine, minimizing the psychological impact of the crime on the Einsatzgruppe.[8]
CitationsEdit
^ a b c Yad Vashem (2012). "The Implementation of the Final Solution: The Death Camps". The Holocaust. Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 – via Internet Archive, 4 November 2013. Also in: Wolf Gruner (2004). "Jewish Forced Labor as a Basic Element of Nazi Persecution: Germany, Austria, and the Occupied Polish Territories (1938–1943)" (PDF). Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: 43–44.
^ Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2.
^ Holocaust Encyclopedia (20 June 2014). "Gassing Operations". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
^ Christopher R. Browning (2007). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942. Germany and Europe. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN 0-8032-0392-6. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
^ The Simon Wiesenthal Center (2006). "Responses to Revisionist Arguments".
^ Jewish Virtual Library (2006). "The Development of the Gas-Van in the Murdering of the Jews".
^ Christopher R. Browning (2011). Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0393338878.
^ Laurence Rees (2006). Auschwitz: A New History. Public Affairs. pp. 53, 148.
^ Russell, Shahan (12 October 2015). "The Ten Worst Nazi Concentration Camps". WarHistoryOnline.com.
^ " Die Endlösung der Judenfrage" – Adolf Hitler (In English, "The final solution of the Jewish problem"). Furet, François. Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews. Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; ISBN 978-0-8052-4051-1
^ Doris Bergen, Germany and the Camp System, part of Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State, Community Television of Southern California, 2004–2005.
^ Holocaust Encyclopedia. "The Jasenovac camp complex". Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 4 February 2016. It is presently estimated that the Ustaša regime murdered between 77,000 and 99,000 people in Jasenovac between 1941 and 1945.
^ Michael Burleigh (1994). Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, c. 1900 to 1945. CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-47769-7.
^ Webb, Chris (2009). "Otwock & the Zofiowka Sanatorium: A Refuge from Hell". Holocaust Research Project. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 – via Internet Archive. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ a b c d Yad Vashem (2013). "Aktion Reinhard" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Document size 33.1 KB. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
^ Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
^ Saul Friedländer (February 2009). Nazi Germany And The Jews, 1933–1945 (PDF) (Abridged ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 293–294 / 507. ISBN 978-0-06-177730-1.
^ John Mendelsohn, ed. (1945). "Wannsee Protocol of January 20, 1942". The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. Vol. 11. The official U.S. government translation prepared for evidence in trials at Nuremberg. Retrieved 15 September 2015. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ a b History of the Belzec extermination camp [Historia Niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady w Bełżcu] (in Polish), Muzeum - Miejsce Pamięci w Bełżcu (National Bełżec Museum & Monument of Martyrdom), archived from the original on 29 October 2015, retrieved 15 September 2015
^ Christopher R. Browning (2011). Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp. b. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 54, 65. ISBN 0-393-33887-8. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ Kenneth McVay (1984). "The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp". Yad Vashem Studies, XVI. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 15 September 2015. Also in: Rael D. Strous MD (April 2009). "Dr. Irmfried Eberl (1910–1948): mass murdering MD" (PDF). 11. IMAJ: 216–218. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
^ Rees, Laurence (2005). Auschwitz: A New History. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 96–97. ISBN 1-58648-303-X.
^ Sereny, Gitta (2001). The Healing Wound: Experiences and Reflections on Germany 1938–1941. Norton. pp. 135–46. ISBN 978-0-393-04428-7.
^ Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum in Oświęcim, Poland Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Minerbi, Alessandra (2005) [2002]. A New Illustrated History of the Nazis. Rare Photographs of the Third Reich. UK: David & Charles. pp. 168-. ISBN 0-7153-2101-3.
^ Black, Peter R. (2006). Bankir, David (ed.). Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard. Secret Intelligence and the Holocaust. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348. ISBN 1-929631-60-X – via Google Books.
^ Gordon Williamson (2004). The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror. Zenith Imprint. p. 101. ISBN 0-7603-1933-2.
^ George H. Stein. The Waffen SS. SS-Totenkopfverbände. pp. 9, 20–33. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^ "Diary of Johann Paul Kremer (September 5, 1942)". Holocaust-history.org. 2 March 1999. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
^ Overy, Richard. Interrogations, p. 356–357. Penguin 2002. ISBN 978-0-14-028454-6
^ a b John C. Beyer; Stephen A. Schneider (2006). Forced Labour under Third Reich - Part 1 (PDF). Introduction. Nathan Associates. pp. 3–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. Number of foreign laborers employed as of January 1944 (excluding those already dead): total of 3,795,000. From Poland: 1,400,000 (survival rate 25.2); from the Soviet Union: 2,165,000 (survival rate 27.7) Table 5. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Herbert, Ulrich (1997). "The Army of Millions of the Modern Slave State (extract)". Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 – via Univ of the West of England, Faculty of Humanities; compiled by Dr S.D. Stein.
^ "The evacuation of Jews to Poland", Jewish Virtual Library.'.' Retrieved 28 July 2009.
^ Land-Weber, Ellen (26 October 2004). "Conditions for Polish Jews During WWII". To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue.
^ "Ghettos". encyclopedia.ushmm.org.
^ Desbois, Patrick (19 August 2008). "Operation 1005". The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest's Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews. New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-2305-9456-2.
^ Arad, Yitzhak (1999). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-253-21305-1.
^ Arad 1999, p. 37.
^ "Aktion Reinhard: Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka".
^ "Deportation and transportation". The Holocaust Explained. London Jewish Cultural Centre. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2016 – via Internet Archive. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Grossman, Vasily (1946), The Treblinka Hell [Треблинский ад] (PDF), Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, (online version), retrieved 5 October 2014 – via direct download 2.14 MB, original in Russian: Гроссман В.С., Повести, рассказы, очерки [Stories, Journalism, and Essays], Воениздат 1958.
^ M. Lifshitz, "Zionism" (משה ליפשיץ, "ציונות") p. 304. Compare with H. Abraham, "History of Israel and the nations in the era of Holocaust and uprising (חדד אברהם, "תולדות ישראל והעמים בתקופת השואה והתקומה")"
^ Jerzy Kochanowski (4 November 2009). "Śmierć w Warschau" [Death in Warschau]. Polityka.pl – Historia (in Polish).
^ Dr. Birgit Bock-Luna (2007). Serbian 'holocaust' in: The Jasenovac debate. The Past in Exile. LIT Verlag Münster. 155, Note 102. ISBN 3-8258-9752-4. The numbers of the dead vary greatly and are itself at the core of the debate about the Second World War. Whereas some authors argue that between 800,000 and one million Serbs died at the hands of the Croat Ustase and its Muslim allies, others estimate a total of 487,000 murdered Serbs. On the other hand Franjo Tudjman defends the number of only 50,000. Clearly, the 'number game' was of major significance during the wars in the 1990s. The Holocaust Encyclopedia currently estimates that the Ustaša regime murdered between 77,000 and 99,000 people. See also: Genocide and Fascism; The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe by Aristotle Kallis, Routledge, New York, NY 2009, pages 236–244.
^ M. Shelach (ed.), "History of the holocaust: Yugoslavia".
^ Cox 2007, p. 225.
^ a b "Nazi Collaborators", Yesterday TV, UK, 12.00, 11 January 2014.
^ Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
^ State Commission, 1946, pp. 9–11, 46–47
^ a b "Auschwitz: The Nazis and the Final Solution" Yesterday television channel, 18:00, 18 November 2013
^ Hoss [sic], Rudolf (2005). "I, the Commandant of Auschwitz," in Lewis, Jon E. (ed.), True War Stories, p. 321. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-1533-6.
^ Borkin, Joseph (1978). The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-904630-2.
^ Roderick Stackelberg, Sally Anne Winkle (2002). The Nazi Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts. Routledge. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-415-22213-6. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ a b "At the Killing Centers". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Höss, pp. 164–165, 321–322.
^ Höss, p. 323.
^ Höss, pp. 320, 328.
^ Holocaust Encyclopedia (20 June 2014). "Gassing Operations". The means of mass murder at Auschwitz. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
^ a b c d e f Höss 1959, p. 168.
^ Berenbaum, Michael; Yisrael Gutman (1998). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2.
^ "Official Website of the Jasenovac Memorial Site".
^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum: Jasenovac Archived 2 August 2003 at the Wayback Machine
^ Mojzes 2011, p. 60.
^ Mojzes 2009, p. 160.
^ USHMM.org. "Auschwitz". Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. It is estimated that the SS and police deported at a minimum 1.3 million people to Auschwitz complex between 1940 and 1945. Of these, the camp authorities murdered 1.1 million." (Number includes victims killed in other Auschwitz camps.)
^ The Höfle Telegram indicates some 700,000 killed by 31 December 1942, yet the camp functioned until 1943, hence the true deaths total likely is greater. "Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
^ USHMM.org. "Belzec". Between March and December 1942, the Germans deported some 434,500 Jews, and an indeterminate number of Poles and Roma (Gypsies) to Belzec, to be killed.
^ USHMM.org. "Chełmno". In total, the SS and the police killed some 152,000 people in Chełmno.
^ In all, the Germans and their auxiliaries killed at least 170,000 people at Sobibór. Holocaust Encyclopedia.
^ A recent study reduced the estimated number of deaths at Majdanek, [in:] "Majdanek Victims Enumerated" by Pawel P. Reszka, Lublin, Gazeta Wyborcza 12 December 2005, reproduced on the site of the Auschwitz–Birkenau Museum: Lublin scholar Tomasz Kranz established new figure which the Majdanek museum staff consider authoritative. Earlier calculations were greater: ca. 360,000, in a much-cited 1948 publication by Judge Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz, of the Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland; and ca. 235,000, in a 1992 article by Dr. Czeslaw Rajca, formerly of the Majdanek museum. However, the number of those whose deaths the camp administration did not register remains unknown.
^ Yad Vashem, "Maly Trostinets" (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2013.
^ At the Maly Trostenets extermination camp in Belarus, USSR, some 65,000 Jews were murdered according to Yad Vashem (PDF file, direct download) whilst the estimated number of 200,000 people perished in the Trostenets area. See also: Yad Vashem overview. Internet Archive.
^ According to the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, after the war overall death toll was greatly exaggerated by the communists for political purposes. The real number of inmates killed was about 20,000. – Slobodanka Ast (November 2011). "Patriotic Tears and Calculations".
^ Holocaust Encyclopedia, NAZI CAMPS. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
^ Terese Pencak Schwartz, The Holocaust: Non-Jewish Victims. Jewish Virtual Library.
^ a b c Arad, Yitzhak (1984), ""Operation Reinhard": Extermination Camps of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka" (PDF), Yad Vashem Studies XVI, pp. 205–239 (26/30 of current document), archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2009, The Attempt to Remove Traces.
^ Davies, Norman (1998), Europe: A History, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-097468-0
^ "March of the Living International". motl.org.
^ "March of the Living Canada". motl.org.
^ Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial: A Definition". ABC-CLIO. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ Patrick Hobbs, Joseph (12 May 1999). Dear General: Eisenhower's Wartime Letters to Marshall. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801862191. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
^ "The History of the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation (CDJC)". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
Bartov, Omer (2000). The Holocaust: origins, implementation, aftermath. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15035-3 – via Google Books.
Cox, John K. (2007). "Ante Pavelić and the Ustaša State in Croatia". In Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-455-2 – via Google Books.
Gilbert, Martin (1997). Holocaust Journey: travelling in search of the past. Phoenix. ISBN 0-231-10965-2 – via Google Books. An account of the locations of the extermination camps as they are today, augmented by the historical information about them, and about the fate of the Jews of Poland.
Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF). Translated from the German by Constantine FitzGibbon. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 1–311. Retrieved 15 January 2015 – via direct download: 16.7 MB from Scribd. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-5808.
Klee, Ernst (1990). 'Turning the tap on was no big deal': the gassing doctors during the Nazi period and afterwards. Dachau Review, vol. 2. ISBN 3-9808587-1-5 – via Google Books' snippet.
Levi, Primo (1986). The Drowned and the Saved. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-3063-4 – via Google Books.
Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1-4422-0663-2 – via Google Books.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nazi extermination camps.
The Holocaust History Project, Quick Facts on the Holocaust. Essays, Documents, Reproductions. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Holocaust and concentration camps information
The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
Official U.S. National Archive Footage of Nazi camps
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Holocaust Denial and Operation Reinhard.
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Imperial Highway
Find sources: "Imperial Highway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Imperial Highway is a west-east thoroughfare in the counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and Imperial in California. The main portion of the existing route begins at Vista Del Mar in Los Angeles near the Los Angeles International Airport and ends at the Anaheim - Orange line at Via Escola where it becomes Cannon Street. Formerly, the Route used to extend from Vista Del Mar to Calexico, where a portion of the highway still exists, but the Route was replaced with other highways, rendering the older portions of the Imperial Highway to fall out of use.[1]
Imperial Highway street sign in Los Angeles
CR S2 from SR 98 to Warner Springs
SR 90 from Anaheim to La Habra
Local jurisdictions, Caltrans (for the portion between SR 39 and SR 91)
Nearest metro station
Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station
I-8 / SR 98 / CR S80
junctions
SR 78 near Scissors Crossing
CR S22 near San Felipe
SR 79 near Warner Springs
--- Gap In Route ---
Cannon Street in Orange
SR 90 / SR 91 in Anaheim
SR 142 in Brea
SR 57 in Brea
SR 39 / SR 90 in La Habra
I-5 in Norwalk
I-605 in Norwalk
SR 19 in Downey
I-710 in Lynwood
I-110 in Los Angeles
I-105 / I-405 in Inglewood
SR 1 in El Segundo
Vista Del Mar in Playa Del Rey
RouteEdit
The total length of the Greater Los Angeles portion of the Imperial Highway is approximately 41 miles (66 km), of which 14 miles (23 km) run through Orange County and 27 miles (43 km) through Los Angeles County.
Between SR 91 and SR 39, Imperial Highway is signed as State Route 90. A de facto freeway portion of the route in Yorba Linda is also known as the Richard M. Nixon Parkway.
The portion in Los Angeles County between Lakewood Boulevard and Valley View Street is located about one mile north of, and runs parallel to, Rosecrans Avenue.
CitiesEdit
Starting from Cannon Street & Via Escola in Orange, going east to west Cannon Street becomes Imperial Highway upon entering Anaheim, then the highway passes through the cities of Anaheim Hills, Yorba Linda, Placentia, Brea, Fullerton, La Habra, La Mirada, Santa Fe Springs (some sections in La Mirada and Santa Fe Springs are next to unincorporated LA County), Norwalk, Downey, South Gate, Lynwood, Los Angeles (Watts, and South LA - a portion after South LA is in unincorporated LA County), Inglewood, Hawthorne, El Segundo (southside of street only), and Westchester (part of Los Angeles on the northside). Ending at Dockweiler Beach on Vista Del Mar near Playa Del Rey, just passed LAX.
FreewaysEdit
Along its route, Imperial Highway crosses over or under these freeways from west to east:
Interstate 105, Interstate 405, Interstate 110, Interstate 710, Interstate 605, Interstate 5, California State Route 57 and California State Route 91
TransportationEdit
Metro Local lines 120 and 625 run through Imperial Highway, as well as Norwalk Transit line 4; Metro line 625 runs between Pershing Drive and La Cienega Boulevard, Metro line 120 between Aviation Boulevard and Norwalk Station, and Norwalk line 4 between Norwalk Station and Beach Boulevard. Imperial intersects with the Metro Blue and Green Lines at Wilmington Avenue in Willowbrook at the Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station.
Western terminus coordinates (El Segundo): 33°55′50.91″N 118°26′5.42″W / 33.9308083°N 118.4348389°W / 33.9308083; -118.4348389
Eastern terminus coordinates (Anaheim): 33°50′7.76″N 117°47′43.32″W / 33.8354889°N 117.7953667°W / 33.8354889; -117.7953667
Imperial Highway was initially conceived as a commercial route connecting Imperial County to Los Angeles County.[2] A segment remains today in Imperial County which connects Interstate 8 near Ocotillo, California. Another segment adjacent to Lake Elsinore (Riverside County) was once indicated on 1960s vicinity maps by H.M. Gousha (Gousha), publisher of street maps.
Other usesEdit
There are other Imperial Highways in the United States, including one in San Diego (better known as Imperial Avenue) and in the Detroit suburbs of Redford Township, Michigan and Westland, Michigan. Westland's version runs two blocks, northeast from Hambleton Street, across John Hauk Road and stopping at Pardo Street.
^ California Highways
^ http://www.orangecountyhistory.org/history/brigandi-imperial.html
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US Naval Research Lab Tests Stackable CICADA Microdrones Swarm
The U.S. Naval Research Lab has been working on its CICADA (Close-In Covert Autonomous Disposable Aircraft) drones since at least 2011. The tiny drones are designed to be carried aloft by other aircraft and dropped, whereupon they’ll use GPS and little fins to glide to within 15 feet of their destination.
The Drone World Expo 2017 Interviews – Hector Ubiñas
In the third of a series of interviews with key figures involved in the success of Drone World Expo, we talked to for Hector Ubiñas, Aviation Services Manager, San Diego Gas and Electric. Hector joined SDG&E in September 2016 and has been overseeing the Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) program since starting with the company. In this role, Hector is responsible for the daily operations of the UAS program and continuing to develop new work methods for its application in the utility industry.
Swarms of Drones Test New Dogfighting Skills
Aerial dogfighting began more than a century ago in the skies over Europe with propeller-driven fighter aircraft carried aloft on wings of fabric and wood. An event held recently in southern California could mark the beginning of a new chapter in this form of aerial combat.
13 Takeaways from The White House Workshop
The White House launched a new effort Tuesday to help increase the use of drones and showcased how government agencies have become a proving ground for a wide array of new drone concepts and technologies.
New Report: Drones in Public Safety and First Responder Operations
It may not seem like it, but drones are still in their infancy and only proving themselves through the rigorous testing done privately, commercially, and by state and federal government agencies. Despite the tangible benefits that drones can provide, the public has mixed sentiments about their use by law enforcement, firefighting, and search & rescue operations.
Drone World Expo – Exclusive Interviews – Mark Bathrick
We wanted to find out more about the team behind Drone World Expo – what makes them tick, what motivates them and what are the secrets behind the success of the event. We interviewed Advisory Board member Mark L. Bathrick who directs a nationwide aviation services business for the U.S Department of the Interior (DOI) overseeing the safe operation of over 1,200 contracted and government-owned manned and unmanned aircraft across a wide range of business applications.
Rwanda Readies Life-Saving Drone Delivery System
This summer, small autonomous airplanes will begin carrying life-saving blood to 20 hospitals and healthcare centers across Western Rwanda, Africa, in one of the first-of-its-kind drone-based delivery demonstrations.
Tree-Planting Drones
Beaverton, Oregon-based drone startup DroneSeed created a drone with a device that fires seeds into the ground using compressed air in an effort to reforest the Pacific Northwest, and eventually forests around the world.
FAA Finalizes Rules for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Today, the Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration has finalized the first operational rules for routine commercial use of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS or “drones”), opening pathways towards fully integrating UAS into the nation’s airspace. These new regulations work to harness new innovations safely, to spur job growth, advance critical scientific research and save lives.
Embry-Riddle Consumer Guide to sUAS for Novices
A research team at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University’s Worldwide Campus has created the first-ever comprehensive consumer guide to small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) for novice users–those individuals interested in purchasing their first small remote controlled or autonomous multi-rotor flying aircraft.
DroneDeploy Users Map 3,000,000 Acres
At the Drones Data X Conference in San Francisco, Mike Winn, co-founder and CEO of DroneDeploy, announced in his keynote that our users had achieved a new industry milestone: 3,000,000 drone mapped acres across 120 countries.
Companies Team for UAS Inspection of Wind Turbines
Two companies involved in aerial wind inspection services, HUVRdata, based in Austin, TX and EdgeData based in Grand Forks, ND, announced a collaboration to deliver a suite of wind industry data intelligence tools and credential processes to optimize the use of this technology within the wind industry.
DARPA Demo Day at the Pentagon
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency yesterday hosted DARPA Demo Day 2016 at the Pentagon, giving the Defense Department community an up-close look at the agency’s portfolio of innovative technologies and military systems.
FAA Enables Section 333 UAS Registration Online
What’s not to like about an automated government system that’s faster, simpler and more user-friendly than the paper-based system it supplements?
Europe Wants UAS for Migrant Route Surveillance
EU border patrol agency Frontex announced Friday that it is in talks with industry for using remotely piloted aircraft for maritime surveillance, adding drones to its existing portfolio of satellite and sensor technologies for monitoring vessel traffic and migrant flows.
AUVSI Study of FAA Exemptions Published
The Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) has released an interactive analysis that finds 38 types of business operations have been approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to fly unmanned aircraft systems commercially in the National Airspace System (NAS). According to the report that analyzed more than 3,000 FAA exemptions, aerial photography received the most, followed by real estate and aerial inspection. The report also finds that exemptions have been approved in all 50 states and Puerto Rico.
Senate Bill Calls for Certification of Unmanned Aircraft
The Senate’s version of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2016 has finally made it out of committee, and it contains 65 pages of requirements for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Some of these provisions go to the heart of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) philosophy for dealing with unmanned aircraft. If enacted, the legislation could have a profound impact on the development of this industry.
Antimatter Space Propulsion Possible within a Decade
Dreams of antimatter space propulsion are closer to reality than most rocket scientists could ever imagine, says former Fermilab physicist Gerald Jackson. In fact, if money were no object, he says an antimatter-driven spacecraft prototype could be tested within a decade. To that end, next month, Jackson and his Chicago-based Hbar Technologies firm are launching a $200,000 Kickstarter campaign to crowdfund the next phase of its antimatter propulsion research.
FAA Announces Effort to Expand the Safe Integration of Unmanned Aircraft
The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is establishing an aviation rulemaking committee (PDF)with industry stakeholders to develop recommendations for a regulatory framework that would allow certain UAS to be operated over people who are not directly involved in the operation of the aircraft.
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Joey Tribbiani
This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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Friends / Joey character
"The Pilot" (1994)
Joey:
"Pilot" (2004)
"The Last One" (2004)
"Joey and the Wedding" (2006)
Marta Kauffman
Kevin S. Bright
Joseph Francis Tribbiani, Jr.
Ken Adams
Cologne sampler (season 1-2)
Entry-level processor (season 2)
Soap opera acting teacher (season 3)
Christmas tree salesman (season 3)
Museum tour guide at New York Museum of Prehistoric History (season 4)
Waiter at Alessandro's (season 4)
Waiter at Central Perk (season 6)
Minister (season 8-10)
Gloria Tribbiani (mother)
Joseph Tribbiani Sr. (father)
Gina Tribbiani (sister)
Dina Tribbiani (sister)
Mary Angela Tribbiani (sister)
Mary Therese Tribbiani (sister)
Veronica Tribbiani (sister)
Cookie Tribbiani (sister)
Tina Tribbiani (sister)
Significant other
Angela Devischio (Ex-Girlfriend)
Erin (Ex-Girlfriend)
Kate (Ex-Girlfriend)
Alex Garrett (Girlfriend)
Michael Tribbiani (nephew)
Nonna (grandmother)
Nonnie (grandmother)
Joseph Francis "Joey" Tribbiani, Jr. is a fictional character from the NBC sitcom Friends and its spin-off Joey, and is portrayed by Matt LeBlanc.[1] He is an Italian-American struggling actor who lived in New York City with his roommate and best friend, Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry), and hangs out in a tight-knit group of his best friends: Chandler, Ross Geller (David Schwimmer), Monica Geller (Courteney Cox), Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston) and Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow). He lived with a few other roommates when Chandler moved out to move in with Monica.
Joey was presumably born in 1967 or 1968 as he talks about being 13 in 1981.[2] He comes from an Italian-American family of eight children. His father Joseph Tribbiani, Sr. (Robert Costanzo), is a pipefitter and his mother's name is Gloria (Brenda Vaccaro). Joey has seven sisters: Mary Therese (Mimi Lieber) aka Mary Teresa (Christina Ricci), Mary Angela (Holly Gagnier), Dina (Marla Sokoloff), Gina (Drea de Matteo), Tina (Lisa Maris),[3] Veronica (Dena Miceli),[3] and Cookie (Alex Meneses). Joey is from Queens, New York and is Catholic.[4] As a child, he was extremely accident prone.[5]
Joey is portrayed as promiscuous, and dim-witted, but good-natured, as well as very loyal, caring, and protective of his friends. He's a food-loving womanizer who has had more luck with dates than any of the other group members. In contrast to his "ladies man" personality, he has also a marked childish side. He enjoys playing video games and foosball, loves sandwiches and pizza, and is a big fan of Baywatch. As a struggling actor, he is constantly looking for work. He was ordained as a minister in "The One with the Truth About London", and officiated at both Monica and Chandler's and Phoebe and Mike's weddings. He does not like sharing food and has difficulty with simple mathematics. In sports, Joey likes the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Mets in baseball, Los Angeles Clippers and New York Knicks in basketball, New York Giants and New York Jets in football, and the Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers in ice hockey.
2 Joey
Appearances[edit]
This section is too long. Consider splitting it into new pages, adding subheadings, or condensing it. (April 2019)
Joey is a member of the Screen Actors Guild,[6] having refused to follow in his father's footsteps and become a pipe fitter.[7] He started his acting profession doing stage work, introduced in the show's pilot episode by Monica and Chandler having seen Joey in a production of Pinocchio. Sometime prior to the start of the series, Joey also had appeared in a porn film, as a fully clothed extra.[8] Joey also mentioned appearing in a play with trolls before getting the leading role of Sigmund Freud in the musical play Freud! where he was first spotted by his talent agent Estelle Leonard. She immediately got him a film role in the same episode as Al Pacino's "butt double" – a speechless role he later lost due to taking the part too seriously.[9] Monica and Chandler also once discussed having seen Joey in a version of Macbeth, in which he was unable to pronounce most of the words.
Joey becomes an "actor-slash-model" when he appears on print ads for the NYC Free Clinic, as a man named "Mario" who has a venereal disease.[10] He also did an infomercial for a device that lets you pour milk out of milk cartons; he played "Kevin", a man who had extreme difficulty opening the cartons without the use of the device. ("Kevin" also inadvertently choked on a cookie during the show.). This haunted him again when he appeared in the play 'The King', where he was made fun of due to choking on a cookie.
In Season Two, Joey continued his stage work, appearing as "The King" in a poorly reviewed (and never-named) play. Published reviews of his performance claimed he was "disturbingly unskilled" and that he achieved "brilliant new levels of sucking" in a "mediocre play" with "mindless, adolescent direction".[11] Only days after these reviews came out, Joey gets his big break when he lands his first major role as Dr. Drake Ramoray on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. He had initially gone in to read for a one-shot role as a cab driver; it is implied that he got the recurring role of Ramoray by sleeping with the casting director.[11] While still playing Ramoray, he also appears in a bit role as a dead man in the film Outbreak 2: The Virus Takes Manhattan, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme.
Several episodes later, Joey costs himself the Days of our Lives gig when during an interview with Soap Opera Digest, he radically overstates and claims he writes most of his own lines. This angers the show's writers, who out of spite, "kill off" his character by having Dr. Ramoray fall down an elevator shaft. Joey takes this very hard and admits that his role on Days was the best thing that ever happened to him.[12]
He goes back to stage acting in Season Three appearing in a play called Boxing Day opposite love interest Kate Miller. The play seems to start out as a conventional drama but ends with Joey's character "Victor" is taken from his apartment by aliens.[13] In Season Four, he lands a small one-scene movie role as a cop, playing his scene opposite Charlton Heston.[14]
Joey had some bad luck in terms of his acting career. In Season Five, he is cast in the independent film Shutter Speed, but it is shut down before filming began in Las Vegas.[15] He is also fired from a Burger King commercial. He filmed a role in a Law & Order episode that was cut from the completed episode—Joey was only "seen" as a corpse in a body bag.
In seasons 6 and 7, he lands a starring role as Detective 'Mac' Machiavelli in a very short-lived, and very bad cop show called Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E, which Chandler described as "one of the worst things ever... and not just on TV." Joey had high hopes for the series, however Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E was canceled halfway through its first season.[16]
In Season 7, Joey auditions for the role of Dr. Striker Ramoray, a new character on "Days of Our Lives" and Drake Ramoray's brother but he doesn't get that role. Eventually, Joey's luck turns when he gets back his role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and even nominated for an award for Best Returning Character, first as a character in coma,[16] then revived through a brain transplant with another character, Jessica Lockhart (played by Susan Sarandon).[17]
In Season 7 he later replaces Lockhart as Dr. Drake "Jessica" Ramoray. Later in the spin-off Joey, it turns out he loses his role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and has to again hunt for a new job.
Later in season 7, Joey lands a supporting role as "Tony", a soldier, in a major film opposite an Oscar-nominated actor named Richard Crosby (Gary Oldman). The film is a World War I period film entitled Over There.[18]
Joey is also briefly employed at Central Perk as a waiter. Facing a dry spell in his career as an actor, Joey is persuaded by Gunther, the manager, to take a job serving coffee. At first Joey tries to hide his new job from his friends, but they eventually figure it out. He does not like the work but, true to his nature, soon finds a way to use his position to meet and ingratiate himself to attractive women by giving them free food, although Gunther quickly puts a stop to it. Joey doesn't take his job very seriously and spends a lot of his working hours sitting and talking to his friends. Eventually he is fired for closing the coffeehouse in the middle of the day to go to an audition while Gunther was running a personal errand. Rachel later persuades Gunther to give Joey back his job, but once Joey finds more steady acting jobs he eventually just stops showing up. His absence is barely noticed. In a later episode, Joey realizes he forgot to tell Gunther he quit; Gunther replies that he would have eventually fired him anyway.[19]
Joey is also briefly a sperm donor for a medical experiment; at the end, the hospital would pay any donor $700. This was later mentioned when Monica goes to a sperm bank. Joey finds to his dismay that his sperm is not very popular.[20]
Some of Joey's other jobs have included selling Christmas trees, dressing as Santa Claus and as a Christmas elf,[21] working as a tour guide at the Museum of Natural History where Ross worked, offering perfume samples to customers at a department store, and as a Roman warrior at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas.
He also works at the restaurant "Alessandro's" where Monica is head chef, nicknaming himself "Dragon" while on the job. Monica hires him just so she can fire him to intimidate the other employees who pay her no respect, but he makes a lot of tips and backs out of the deal, only to realize how important his getting fired was to Monica. He then sets himself up to be fired the next day.
He spends one episode working with Chandler as an entry-level data processor. He treats the job like another acting role, in which he is "Joseph the Processing Guy" and creates a complex back-story for the character. Chandler begins to dislike the Joseph character when he starts showing up Chandler at work. Joey eventually leaves after Chandler pretends to sleep with Joey's "pretend wife".[22]
Prior to Monica and Chandler's wedding, when the two admit that they were having trouble finding someone to perform the ceremony, Joey volunteers for the role, subsequently getting himself ordained over the Internet to entitle him to perform the marriage. He has apparently retained this role until Season Ten, when he performed the ceremony for Phoebe's wedding.
Joey is characterized as a simple-minded but good-natured womanizer who loves food. He particularly loves meatball sub sandwiches. When asked if he would give up sex or food he had trouble deciding and kept blurting out sex or food, eventually yelling "I want girls on bread!". In "The One with the Ride Along", he appears to be saving Ross from a putative gunshot, when it was actually his meatball sandwich that he was trying to save; it just happened to be next to Ross. He also loves the "Joey Special" – two pizzas. His greed when it comes to food is also shown in the episode "The One With the Birth Mother" where he refuses to call Sarah the next day. When Phoebe asks why, Joey explains how Sarah broke his golden commandment on their date – not to share food. Phoebe's shocked to say the least, but Rachel admits to her how this is who Joey is. Nonetheless, Phoebe makes Joey go out with Sarah again, making him order extra fries should the need arise. Joey does so, but Sarah really wants to dig in his seafood platter, making him drop his plate to the floor in the process. He exclaims, "Joey doesn't share food", which she seems to understand. However, things change course when Joey wants to nibble at her chocolate torte. As he wouldn't share his food with her, she reciprocates and warns him not to touch any of her desserts while she wanders off to take a call. When she arrives, her dessert is pretty much gone; Joey, with chocolate torte all over his face, is at peace with himself, and admits that he's "not even sorry!". He is something of an idiot savant in general, but capable of good ideas when the situation arises; this is alluded to in the episode "The One Where Ross Dates a Student", when Chandler, referring to Joey, says "A hot girl's at stake and suddenly he's Rain Man" when Joey suggested Ross work out who among his students called him the 'hottie of the paleontology department' by comparing the handwriting of the note to the handwriting in the class essays. In another example, Joey made up an anecdote referred to as the "Europe story" or the "magic story"; apparently, anyone who hears it will immediately want to have sex with the teller. This is proven to be effective when Rachel successfully uses the story on Ross.[23]
Being a glutton when it comes to food, Joey is shown throughout the series to have the uncanny ability to eat enormous quantities of food. As he prides the Tribbiani family for their eating prowess ("We might not be [...] world leaders, but damn it, we can eat!"), he takes on Monica's challenge to eat a whole roast turkey virtually all by himself. In season 8, episode 9, Monica is unwilling to cook a whole roast turkey for Thanksgiving dinner as Rachel is pregnant, Chandler refuses to eat Thanksgiving food due to childhood traumas, Phoebe is a vegetarian, and dinner guest Will (played by Brad Pitt) is on a diet. Joey's love for Thanksgiving traditions, however, convinces Monica to roast the turkey only under the condition that Joey can eat the entire 19-pound bird in one sitting. When Monica sees him struggle, she says she is only kidding, but Joey perseveres and with a little help of Phoebe's maternity pants, he eventually not only consumes the entire turkey, but has room for dessert afterwards. A similar eating stunt happens in season 9, episode 5, when Joey is left alone at the dinner table in a restaurant after Phoebe's failed birthday dinner, and he is forced to eat six meals by himself. He finishes them, only to tuck into the birthday cake afterwards.
Joey is extremely promiscuous, often relying on his catchphrase pickup line "How you doin'?". He regularly sleeps with attractive women, but can never seem to get into a committed relationship – judging from a conversation he had with Chandler at the latter's bachelor party he seems to regard marriage as depressing and restrictive. He sleeps with many of the interns and extras on shows on which he works. He has apparently been sexually active for a very long time; he undid a 16-year-old girl's bra when he was nine, slept with his teacher in the seventh grade, and had a "wild spring break" when he was 13. In the episode "The One With Joey's Interview", he sleeps with the interviewer (played by Sasha Alexander) so what he said about not watching soap operas doesn't get published in Soap Opera Digest.
Despite his promiscuous nature towards many women throughout the series, he is highly protective and old-fashioned when it comes to the relationships of his own sisters. While he does not seem to have a problem with his own lifestyle, he repeatedly makes sure his sisters don't go down the same path. When he finds out in season 3, episode 11 that Chandler drunkenly made out with his sister Mary Angela, he attempts to force the two into a relationship. Later, in season 8, episode 10, Joey initially attempts to force his younger sister Dina into marriage with her hapless boyfriend upon hearing she's pregnant, but they play into his emotional nature by saying they want to raise the baby independently.
While he is not very bright, Joey is a caring and kindhearted person. He lets Rachel live with him when she is fighting with Ross, financially supports Monica and Chandler, and helps Phoebe find work when she is unemployed. He is willing to marry Phoebe and Rachel on the separate occasions he finds out that each is pregnant. Joey is also the most physically powerful of the group, being able to easily push Ross over a couch with only one hand, and offering to go to the coffee house to intimidate two bullies into leaving Ross and Chandler alone.
He is a Stephen King fan, having read The Shining several times, as well as being a fan of the film adaptation of one of King's novels, Cujo. He also becomes a fan of the classic novel, Little Women after Rachel asks him to read it to see if it was better than The Shining.[24] Joey briefly mentions to the gang that Al Pacino is his idol.[9] Joey has the poster for the 1983 Al Pacino film Scarface in his bedroom and the same poster is seen in his house in Joey. Joey, Ross and Chandler are huge fans of Die Hard.[25]
He moved apartment(s) four times in the series. The first time, he moved to his own lavish apartment away from Chandler (with whom the psychotic Eddie moved in) after he got the role as Dr. Drake Ramoray on Days of Our Lives, though he moved back soon afterward due to his loss of the role. The other times are when he and Chandler move into what is usually Monica's apartment, after winning it from her in a game in "The One with the Embryos". They are later forced back to their own apartment by the girls.
Although Joey dates several women in the series, very few of these relationships are serious, his romantic partners rarely appearing for more than one episode. However, despite his great interest in women, Joey has made it clear more than once that his friends are more important to him; when his latest relationship, Janine (Elle Macpherson), stated that she dislikes Monica and Chandler, Joey breaks it off with her despite the fact that he had been trying to win her over for the previous four episodes. He tells Janine that Monica and Chandler are like family, and he can't be with her if she doesn't like them.
Joey was originally shunned by Chandler when he came in for a roommate interview, and Joey thought Chandler was gay. However, Mr. Heckles, another building resident, lied to Chandler's originally selected roommate, causing Chandler to have to go with his second choice roommate Joey (In "The One with the Flashback" set in 1993, Joey moved in 3 years before although in "The One with All the Thanksgivings" it shows that the gang knew Joey was Chandler's roommate in 1992 and he would have been his roommate for quite some time). Joey's first couple of days involved a brief, mutual attraction to Monica. This subsided and Chandler and Joey quickly became best friends as Joey's carefree lifestyle grew on Chandler.
Later in the series, they bought a chick and a duck together, whom Chandler had named Yasmine and Dick, respectively. A long-running gag depicted Joey and Chandler occasionally fighting with each other like an old married couple. Joey moved out temporarily when he found success playing Dr. Drake Ramoray on a soap opera, but soon moved back in after his character was dropped down an elevator shaft. At the end of the series, Chandler and Monica made it clear to Joey that their new house outside the city would have a room for him.
While Joey is best friends with Chandler, Ross is a close second (although Ross has been referred to as his best friend several times). At a time when Joey and Chandler had problems, when Chandler had kissed Joey's girlfriend, Joey stopped acting as Chandler's best friend and replaced him with Ross, although this only lasted until Chandler spent Thanksgiving in a box in order to show his remorse and apologize to him. Joey and Chandler have remained best friends ever since.
Furthermore, Joey and Ross share a moment in an episode after watching Die Hard all night. They fall asleep on Ross' couch, which is evidently enjoyed by Joey, as he tries to coerce Ross into more nap sessions with him. Also, earlier in the series, after much persuading by Joey, Ross gives in and kisses him to help him practice kissing men. In response, Joey replies that the audition was already over, he hadn't gotten the part, but the kiss was very well received.
The major development of their relationship outside the realm of normal male interaction was when Joey fell in love with Rachel, Ross's ex-girlfriend and the object of Ross's affections since ninth grade. When Joey goes on to tell Ross about it, he can't say it in his face and instead says that he loves his "friend's" ex-girlfriend. When asked if that "friend" (Ross) is a good guy, Joey honestly answers "Yeah... He's the best". Initially it causes a major rift, with Joey being apologetic, but when Ross sees Joey truly in love with Rachel he gives him the go ahead. Ross basically says that he's not okay with it but he wants to be, and the two's friendship deepens due to Joey's refusal to date Rachel unless Ross okays the deal. However, Joey and Rachel do not date long and later Joey encourages Ross to pursue Rachel in the season finale.
Joey and Monica are close friends often joking around with each other. Joey allowed Monica to hire and fire him to prove to her employees that she was not a pushover. When he discovered that Monica and Chandler had developed a romantic relationship, he agreed to keep it secret until the two were ready to reveal it to the rest of their group. In an episode where he sees how close Chandler and Monica are, he dreams of himself and Monica in the same way. This later causes him to act weird around Monica. Finally he reveals this to Chandler and Monica, its that he wants a relationship like that, but Monica finds it nice thinking Joey thought of them two together. He also called Chandler moments after suspecting Monica of having an affair with a mystery male he had heard in her apartment. When Monica and Chandler needed their Engagement Picture taken, Chandler could not smile. In the newspaper announcement, it showed the photo was of Monica and Joey.
Joey always enjoyed a close relationship with Monica, Rachel, and Phoebe; LeBlanc once speculated that Joey saw the girls as sisters more than potential romantic interests. However, the tension between Monica and Joey is at times fairly obvious and it is made clear that the two have a very close, almost intimate, relationship, though it is never consummated on the show.
According to DVD commentary of the pilot episode, Joey and Monica were initially meant to be the principal love connection of the show but was overshadowed by the Ross-Rachel relationship. In Episode 1.07 "The One with the Blackout", Phoebe blurted to Joey that Monica has a crush on him when he was moving in with Chandler. This idea was revisited in Season 7 when it is revealed that Monica initially meant to hit on Joey in London, and not Chandler. She states that it was because she was looking for something meaningless, never expecting to have found Chandler and fall in love with him. The concept of what their marriage would have been like was then envisioned by Phoebe and it consisted of Monica cooking all the time for a very fat Joey.
Phoebe is Joey's female best friend. They appear to understand each other. They are the only members of the group who lack a college education. Joey is Phoebe's best male friend; they have dinner together once a month to talk about the rest of the group and Joey once tried to get Phoebe to call him 'Big Daddy' in that same episode. Both characters show a softness for each other, even when joking or when they are upset with the others. In "The One with the Race Car Bed", it is implied that Phoebe can hear Joey's thoughts. In "The One With the Ride Along", she explains that "when the revolution comes, I will have to destroy you all...not you, Joey". In the episode "The One in Vegas", after Joey has said that no one will live in his hand shaped mansion, he adds "Except you Pheebs... You can live in the thumb."
When she was a surrogate mother for her brother's triplets and suddenly craved meat, Joey offered to eat no meat until the babies were born, to compensate for her consumption and, in a way, preserve her vegetarianism (no extra animals would have to be killed). In The One With All the Cheesecakes, it is shown that the two tried to meet once a month for dinner in order to discuss the other Friends. When Phoebe was upset because she'd turned thirty-one without having had the perfect kiss, Joey kissed her so that she could cross that off her list (also adding that he was one-sixteenth Portuguese when she mentioned that she hadn't met any Portuguese people).
Joey did not have romantic feelings for Phoebe. Joey dates briefly Phoebe's twin sister Ursula, which upsets Phoebe; he breaks it off to preserve his friendship with Phoebe, however.[26]
When Monica finds out that Joey "sees a friend in a different way", she assumes it to be Phoebe. Phoebe, overwhelmed by the news, approaches Joey, only to find that it is Rachel. Phoebe also has Joey locked in as a backup for her marriage.
When the Friends believe that the group may have to split up, Phoebe and Rachel conspire to form a separate group by themselves, but Phoebe insists that Joey be invited to their new group as well. Phoebe's loyalty is proved again when she states that she could live in Las Vegas, since it has everything she needs, "Including Joey!". He, in turn, invites her to live with him in the mansion he expected to own when he becomes rich from having a hand twin.
When Joey learned from a customer at Central Perk that Phoebe was apparently a porn star, he refused to watch the movies even when the other four decided to do so. However, he shows a new interest in them when he learned that the film actually stars Ursula.[27]
When Joey believes Phoebe to be pregnant, he proposes, claiming the world is too scary for a single mother. This proposal is apparently made entirely without romantic intentions. Phoebe says yes and accepts his ring, but Monica tells Joey that it is Rachel who is pregnant, so Joey proposes to Rachel and must retrieve the ring from a reluctant Phoebe.[28]
Phoebe also sets up Joey with many of her friends. On a double date, Joey sets her up with a stranger, Mike (Paul Rudd), whom she eventually marries.
In one episode, after persuasion from Rachel, he reads Little Women and she reads The Shining. She finds out that whenever he gets scared whilst reading he puts the book in the freezer. At the end of the episode, Joey is afraid that one of the characters is going to die and Rachel says 'Do you want to put it in the freezer?' Their close friendship continues and when a fire destroys Rachel and Phoebe's apartment, Rachel moves in with Joey and stays there, even after her apartment has been repaired.
Halfway through season 8, Joey and Rachel go out on a date, so that Rachel can have one night of fun before it becomes too obvious that she's pregnant. They have a great time, and afterwards, Joey starts developing feelings for Rachel. He does not act on his feelings out of loyalty to Ross. However, upon discovering Joey's feelings for Rachel, Ross encourages his friend to talk to her. Joey tells Rachel about his feelings, but she does not return them, and things are awkward between them for a while.
In late season 9, Rachel starts developing feelings for Joey, but fears he does not feel the same way anymore and has already moved on, especially when he starts dating Ross' colleague Charlie Wheeler (Aisha Tyler). When the gang goes to Barbados for a convention from Ross' work, Joey finds out about Rachel's feelings, and even though he first says nothing can happen, he changes his mind when he sees Charlie and Ross kiss, and he goes back to Rachel's room to be with her. They continue their relationship for several episodes and gain Ross' approval after he realizes it's been six years since his relationship with Rachel ended, and he should move on from that. When Rachel and Joey prepare for their first night together, however, they realize they're too close as friends to make their relationship work, with Rachel instinctively slapping Joey away when he tries to touch her as she suddenly finds herself unable to get past the fact that it's Joey touching her. After Chandler mentions how natural it was for him and Monica to make the transition from friends to lovers, Joey and Rachel realize they aren't on the same path and go back to being friends. At the end, when Chandler and Monica announce that they are moving into a house, Joey presents them with a housewarming gift of a chick and a duck, who are named Chick Jr. and Duck Jr. The pets remain in Joey's apartment but were presumably given away to a shelter when Joey moved to LA. Soon after Chandler and Monica move out, Joey moves to LA to focus on his acting career. That was the last time the six best friends are portrayed hanging out together.
Joey[edit]
After the 2003/2004 final season of Friends, Joey Tribbiani became the main character of Joey, a spin-off TV series, where he moved to L.A. to polish his acting career. His sister Gina Tribbiani and her son Michael (Paulo Costanzo) were two other central characters of the show.
Joey turns down a role in a sitcom called Nurses to star in a different series pilot. His pilot does not get picked up, while Nurses becomes a huge hit. However, his acting career has had some better moments. In Joey, it is revealed that Joey's character of Dr. Drake Ramoray dies again on Days of Our Lives where he is stabbed by a nurse ("Joey and the Wrong Name"). He wins a Daytime Soap Award for "Best Death Scene". In later Joey episodes, Joey landed a starring role on the prime time soap Deep Powder. When he gets fired from that job, he bounces back by snagging a leading role in the big-budget action picture Captured.
The series' penultimate episode sees Joey in a committed relationship with Alex Garrett (Andrea Anders), his next-door neighbor.
List of Friends characters
^ Matt Leblanc Fan Site
^ "The One with Joey's Fridge". Friends. Season 6. Episode 19. March 23, 2000. NBC.
^ a b Bell, Amanda (February 24, 2016). "Where Are Joey Tribbiani's Sisters Now?". MTV.com. New York City: Viacom. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
^ "The One With the Dozen Lasagnas". fangj.github.io. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ "The One with the Boob Job". Friends. Season 9. Episode 16. February 20, 2003. NBC.
^ "The One Where Joey Loses His Insurance". Friends. Season 6. Episode 4. October 14, 1999. NBC.
^ "The One with the Boobies". Friends. Season 1. Episode 13. January 19, 1995. NBC.
^ "The One with Phoebe's Husband". Friends. Season 2. Episode 4. October 12, 1995. NBC.
^ a b "The One with the Butt". Friends. Season 1. Episode 6. October 27, 1994. NBC.
^ "The One Where Underdog Gets Away". Friends. Season 1. Episode 9. November 17, 1994. NBC.
^ a b "The One with Russ". Friends. Season 2. Episode 10. January 4, 1996. NBC.
^ "The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies". Friends. Season 2. Episode 18. March 21, 1996. NBC.
^ "The One with the Screamer". Friends. Season 3. Episode 22. April 24, 1997. NBC.
^ "The One with Joey's Dirty Day". Friends. Season 4. Episode 14. February 5, 1998. NBC.
^ "The One with Joey's Big Break". Friends. Season 5. Episode 22. May 11, 1998. NBC.
^ a b "The One with Rachel's Assistant". Friends. Season 7. Episode 4. October 26, 2000. NBC.
^ "The One with Joey's New Brain". Friends. Season 7. Episode 15. February 15, 2001. NBC.
^ "The One with Ross and Monica's Wedding". Friends. Season 7. Episode 24. May 17, 2001. NBC.
^ "The One with the Joke". Friends. Season 6. Episode 12. January 4, 1996. NBC.
^ "The One with the Jam". Friends. Season 3. Episode 3. October 5, 1996. NBC.
^ "The One with the Monkey". Friends. Season 1. Episode 10. December 15, 1994. NBC.
^ "The One with the Chicken Pox". Friends. Season 2. Episode 23. May 9, 1996. NBC.
^ "The One with the Videotape". Friends. Season 8. Episode 4. October 18, 2001. NBC.
^ "The One Where Monica and Richard Are Just Friends". Friends. Season 3. Episode 13. January 30, 1997. NBC.
^ "The One with the Nap Partners". Friends. Season 7. Episode 6. November 9, 2000. NBC.
^ "The One with Two Parts". Friends. Season 1. Episode 17. February 23, 1995. NBC.
^ "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry". Friends. Season 6. Episode 14. February 10, 2000. NBC.
^ "The One with the Red Sweater". Friends. Season 8. Episode 2. October 4, 2001. NBC.
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Uttar Pradesh to issue bonds worth Rs 3,677 crore to aid ailing state discoms
Power, coal and renewable energy minister Piyush Goyal said this was a historic development.ET Bureau | March 11, 2016, 08:23 IST
NEW DELHI: The government’s ambitious debt-recast plan for ailing state distribution companies received a shot in the arm with the decision of Uttar Pradesh to issue bonds worth Rs 3,677 crore to help reduce the debt of its discom.
Power, coal and renewable energy minister Piyush Goyal said this was a historic development. “Welcome the issuance of first UDAY bonds worth Rs 3,677 crores by UP. Historic step towards power for all,” the minister tweeted. Last year, the government announced the discoms revival package called UDAY, under which states have been promised attractive incentives such as cheaper power and more coal if they adopt the scheme and take over 75% of the debt of ailing discoms.
States have to issue bonds in the market or to the lenders, while the debt that is not taken over by the state will be converted into loans or bonds with an interest rate not exceeding the base bank rate plus 0.1%. The revival scheme is critical for the power sector because state distribution companies are central to the sector, being the link between power producers and customers. Heavy losses and inefficient operations often encourage the discoms to reduce power purchases, leaving many regions in darkness even though power plants have surplus capacity.
The scheme is voluntary as the Centre does not control these distribution companies. However, most states have opted for the scheme, which has the potential to transform the power sector. Government officials said the weakest link in the power sector’s value chain is distribution.
Distribution companies in the country have accumulated losses of about Rs 3.8 lakh crore and outstanding debt of about Rs 4.3 lakh crore as of March last year. Financially stressed discoms are not able to supply adequate power at affordable rates, which hampers quality of life and overall economic growth and development. It also obstructs plans of 100% village electrification as well as 24X7 power supply.
Tags : Power, value chain, Uttar Pradesh, Piyush Goyal
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ECCAS Ministers meet to validate the Gender policy for the Economic Community of Central African States
By Fred Masengesho On Jun 27, 2019
This meeting kicked off on Wednesday, 26 June 2019 and will run until Friday 28 June. On the first day, experts from the Economic Community of Central African States met to discuss and review the Gender policy of the Central African member states.
While officiating the meeting of experts, The Permanent Secretary in The Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion Mrs. Umutoni Gatsinzi Nadine applauded the ECCAS secretariat for choosing Rwanda to host this important meeting.
Mrs. Umutoni also thanked the ECCAS member states for paying a particular attention to the principle of equality between men and women in order to improve the inclusion of the economic, social and cultural situation of men and member states.
‘Women represent half of the world population and of course the African population. As a result, women are a dominant part of society and must be at the center of all initiatives, policies and programs.’ Underlined the Permanent Secretary.
During her remarks, she added that the good work of ECCAS to set up a gender policy of the community, will allow Member States, to rationalize and integrate the gender principle in all interventions and create an opportunity to learn and support each other to achieve gender equality in the respective countries as well as the Sustainable Development Goals.
While giving an example of how Rwanda achieved gender parity across different sectors, the Permanent Secretary highlighted that the country has put the principle of gender equality and women empowerment at the heart of the national development agenda and this was attained as a result of the country’s leadership that creates a gender-conducive environment, that opens up opportunities for women who were historically discriminated.
As a result of good policies, the representation of women in decision-making positions has increased considerably. The rate of women’s representation in Parliament is currently 61%, with 50% in the cabinet and 50% in the judiciary. In the education, gender parity in primary and secondary schools has been reached. The enrollment of girls in primary school reached 97.4% in 2015, while girls’ enrollment in technical and vocational schools and higher learning institutions was 41.8% and 42.4% respectively. In a bid to tackle GBV, Rwanda has set up “Isange One Stop Center”, a model of response to victims and survivors of GBV, which offers a holistic response to victims in a single place in order to minimize re-victimization, loss of evidence and justice.
Mrs. Isabelle Boukinda Nzaou, the Head of the Gender Unit at ECCAS who also represented the Secretary General, hailed Rwanda’s Leadership, especially President Paul Kagame, for his gender-sensitive work and enabling women to fully exercise their role in the political and economic development.
‘ECCAS Member States should accelerate the implementation of all instruments and policies related to gender and the promotion of women’s rights and align with the African Union Agenda 2063 and 2030 Agenda of the United Nations. –emphasized Mrs. Boukinda
On Thursday, experts from ECCAS will continue to review the gender policy before a meeting of Ministers in Charge of Gender and Women Empowerment of the Economic Community of Central African member States gather to validate it.
The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) is composed of Rwanda, Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe and Tchad.
Meet seven abandoned children living tough life in Rwanda
Rwanda is at high risk of Ebola, says WHO
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The Nicaragua-Cuba Connection, Part Four
Mar12 by freedmenspatrol
The Mosquito Coast
(via Wikipedia). Greytown sat at the mouth of the San Juan river.
Original Stealing Cuba: parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and revisited.
The Nicaragua-Cuba Connection: parts 1, 2, 3
Solon Borland, Southern radical and American minister to Central America, took a bottle to the face from an angry mob for his trouble intervening to prevent the arrest of a murderous American captain working for the Accessory Transit Company in Nicaragua. The attack happened in Greytown, a town that the British founded but had operated for some years as a free port answerable only to itself. Now some people there had attacked and injured an American diplomat, who rushed off to Washington to tell his story.
Though never much of an enthusiast for the theatrical, reckless side of diplomacy, Secretary of State William L. Marcy saw far too much in Borland’s story to just let it blow over. Pierre Soulé brought a duel upon himself and won no sympathy for it. Borland acted, at least in principle, entirely within his normal capacity as an American diplomat. Someone had to answer for this, and Marcy knew very well that Nicaragua did not hold any blame for an attack within the Mosquito Coast that it did not control. Nor could he quite pin the blame on the United Kingdom, which had only a sketchy protectorate over the area in question. However much that might have appealed given the friction over its violation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty by expanding into the Bay Islands of Honduras.
Solon Borland (D-AR)
Who could the American government hold responsible? The people of Greytown attacked Solon Borland, so the people of Greytown could pay. The USS Cyane made her way to the free port. Commander George N. Hollins, a Marylander who went South in 1861, had orders to teach Greytown a lesson but that he should avoid destruction of property or loss of life in so doing. He should also consult with a commercial agent on the ground, Joseph W. Fabens. Fabens had close ties to the Accessory Transit Company, which almost surely flowed from their payroll to his pocket. Fabens encouraged Hollins to demand $24,000, a sum completely out of proportion to the offense, and an apology.
George N. Hollins
Greytown did not oblige. Hollins, under orders to avoid death and destruction, hewed to the former and ignored the latter. He gave twenty-four hours’ notice and provided help for the evacuation of the town in that time. Hollins aimed to bombard the place. The British naval officer on the scene protested that Hollins would destroy the property and homes of innocents. The Greytowners pled and then fled. Unmoved, Hollins opened fire on July 13, 1854. The New York Times carried the report of a Greytown resident on July 26th:
on the morning of the 13th inst., at 9 A. M., he opened his battery on the town, and after discharging one hundred and thirty shot and shell into the town, landed a party of marines and sailors and set fire to the town.
I think now that the nest of land pirates, which were located at San Juan, is now broken up, and they will also learn that American citizens must and will be protected.
No one died, but the United States had destroyed a free port with reckless disregard for the property of both the locals and foreign citizens alike for the actions, at most, of a mob under the control of neither foreign agents nor the local authorities.
This entry was posted in Kansas-Nebraska Act, Road to War and tagged Cuba, Filibusters, Franklin Pierce, Manifest Destiny, Nicaragua, Pierre Soulé, William Walker.
← The Nicaragua-Cuba Connection, Part Three
The Bombardment of Greytown, Part One →
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or AD/HD or ADD) is a developmental disorder. It is characterized primarily by "the co-existence of attentional problems and hyperactivity, with each behavior occurring infrequently alone" and symptoms starting before seven years of age.
ADHD is the most commonly studied and diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children, affecting about 3 to 5 percent of children globally and diagnosed in about 2 to 16 percent of school aged children. It is a chronic disorder with 30 to 50 percent of those individuals diagnosed in childhood continuing to have symptoms into adulthood. Adolescents and adults with ADHD tend to develop coping mechanisms to compensate for some or all of their impairments. It is estimated that 4.7 percent of American adults live with ADHD. Standardized rating scales such as the World Health Organization's Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale can be used for ADHD screening and assessment of the disorder's symptoms' severity.
ADHD is diagnosed two to four times more frequently in boys than in girls, though studies suggest this discrepancy may be partially due to subjective bias of referring teachers. ADHD management usually involves some combination of medications, behavior modifications, lifestyle changes, and counseling. Its symptoms can be difficult to differentiate from other disorders, increasing the likelihood that the diagnosis of ADHD will be missed. In addition, most clinicians have not received formal training in the assessment and treatment of ADHD, in particular in adult patients.
ADHD and its diagnosis and treatment have been considered controversial since the 1970s. The controversies have involved clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents and the media. Topics include ADHD's causes, and the use of stimulant medications in its treatment. Most healthcare providers accept that ADHD is a genuine disorder with debate in the scientific community centering mainly around how it is diagnosed and treated. The American Medical Association concluded in 1998 that the diagnostic criteria for ADHD are based on extensive research and, if applied appropriately, lead to the diagnosis with high reliability.
Methods of treatment often involve some combination of behavior modification, life-style changes, counseling, and medication. A 2005 study found that medical management and behavioral treatment is the most effective ADHD management strategy, followed by medication alone, and then behavioral treatment. While medication has been shown to improve behavior when taken over the short term, they have not been shown to alter long-term outcomes. Medications have at least some effect in about 80% of people.
The evidence is strong for the effectiveness of behavioral treatments in ADHD. It is recommended first line in those who have mild symptoms and in preschool aged children. Psychological therapies used include psychoeducational input, behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), family therapy, school-based interventions, social skills training, parent management training, and neurofeedback. Parent training and education have been found to have short-term benefits. There is a deficiency of good research on the effectiveness of family therapy for ADHD, but the evidence that exists shows that it is comparable in effectiveness to treatment as usual in the community and is superior to medication placebo Several ADHD specific support groups exist as informational sources and to help families cope with challenges associated with dealing with ADHD.
Stimulant medication are the medical treatment of choice. There are a number of non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, that may be used as alternatives. There are no good studies of comparative effectiveness between various medications, and there is a lack of evidence on their effects on academic performance and social behaviors. While stimulants and atomoxetine are generally safe, there are side-effects and contraindications to their use. Medications are not recommended for preschool children, as their long-term effects in such young people are unknown. There is very little data on the long-term benefits or adverse effects of stimulants for ADHD. Any drug used for ADHD may have adverse drug reactions such as psychosis and mania, though methylphenidate-induced psychosis is uncommon. People with ADHD have an increased risk of substance abuse, and stimulant medications reduce this risk. Stimulants medications in and of themselves however have the potential for abuse and dependence. Guidelines on when to use medications vary internationally, with the UK's National Institute of Clinical Excellence, for example, recommending use only in severe cases, while most United States guidelines recommend medications in nearly all cases.
ADHD Drug Information
Adderall is a brand name of amphetamine salts–based medication used for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy - legal only in the United States and Canada. It is a brand-name psychostimulant medication composed of racemic amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, racemic amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharide, and dextroamphetamine sulfate, which are all amphetamine salts. It is thought to work by increasing the amount of dopamine and norepinephrine in between synapses in the brain because the drug is a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is available in two formulations: IR (Instant Release) and XR (Extended Release). The immediate release formulation is indicated for use in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, while the XR formulation is approved for use only with ADHD.
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Lisdexamfetamine itself is inactive and acts as a prodrug to dextroamphetamine upon cleavage of the lysine portion of the molecule. It was developed for the intention of creating a longer-lasting and more difficult to abuse version of dextroamphetamine, as the requirement of conversion into dextroamphetamine via enzymes in the red blood cells increases its duration, regardless of the route of ingestion. There is no increased onset or effect as occurs with IV administration of dextroamphetamine compared to oral use of the same. Intravenously administered lisdexamfetamine produced likability effects similar to placebo, therefore affirming the drug's ability to reduce abuse potential.
Lisdexamfetamine is indicated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children six to twelve years and in adults as an integral part of a total treatment program that may include other measures (i.e., psychological, educational, social). The safety and efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in patients three to five years old have not been established.
Methylphenidate is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder The addition of behavioural modification therapy (e.g. cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)) has additional benefits on treatment outcome. There is a lack of evidence of the effectiveness in the long term of beneficial effects of methylphenidate with regard to learning and academic performance. One study found that pharmacological treatment of ADHD in childhood reduces the risk that children will resort to substance abuse in adolescence by 85%, while untreated ADHD was a significant risk factor in developing substance abuse. A meta analysis of the literature concluded that methylphenidate quickly and effectively reduces the signs and symptoms of ADHD in children under the age of 18 in the short term but found that this conclusion may be biased due to the high number of low quality clinical trials in the literature. There have been no placebo controlled trials investigating the long term effectiveness of methylphenidate beyond 4 weeks thus the long term effectiveness of methylphenidate has not been scientifically demonstrated. Serious concerns of publication bias regarding the use of methylphenidate for ADHD have also been noted. A diagnosis of ADHD must be confirmed and the benefits and risks and proper use of stimulants as well as alternative treatments should be discussed with the parent before stimulants are prescribed. The dosage used can vary quite significantly from individual child to individual child with some children responding to quite low doses whereas other children require the higher dose range. The dose, therefore, should be titrated to an optimal level that achieves therapeutic benefit and minimal side-effects. This can range from anywhere between 5–30 mg twice daily or up to 60 mg a day. Therapy with methylphenidate should not be indefinite. Weaning off periods to assess symptoms are recommended.
Important ADHD Links
ADHD Sites
CHADD: Children and Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
ADDA: Attention Deficit Disorder Association
ADHDNews.com
ADHD Educational Institute
ADHD Forums
www.additudemag.com/adhdforums/
www.addforums.com/index.php
www.adhdnews.com/forum/default.asp
forums.psychcentral.com/forumdisplay.php?f=12/
www.psychforums.com/attention-deficit-hyperactivity/
www.mdjunction.com/forums/adhd-discussions
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Media Information note Günter Grass, Nobel Prize in Literature
Günter Grass, Nobel Prize in Literature
In Stockholm, the 96th Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to German writer Günter Grass, an opportunity to paint a portrait of this committed man who is a witness to the history of his country, Germany.
FR3 (Collection: Soir 3 )
Günter Grass / Anne Freyer / Heinrich Böll
Literature > Novels
Europe > Sweden
Günter Grass was born in 1927 in Dantzig (Germany, today Gdansk, Poland). Enrolled in the Hitler youth and then in the Waffen-SS, he was imprisoned by the Americans. Freed in 1946, he discovered the horrors committed by the Nazis. Firmly positioned to the left, he led a bohemian life in West Germany where he studied painting and drawing.
Close to the Groupe 47, he started to write poetry and theatre pieces. Between 1956 and 1960, he won a scholarship from the Groupe 47 and left for Paris to finish writing his novel, The Tin Drum, published in 1959: the story of a child who in 1930s Germany refused the world of adults and stopped growing up. In Paris he met with intellectuals in St Germain des Près and discovered the Nouveau Roman. In the 1960s, he was politically active alongside the Social Democrats. An active member of the SPD, he distanced himself from it in the 90s. That was the moment when he provoked strong controversy with the publication of A Broad Field (Ein weites Feld, 1995). In this loaded essay, he accuses the ex-Federal Republic of Germany of having sacrificed the ex-German Democratic Republic on the altar of liberalism. In 1999, Gunter Grass received the Nobel prize for literature.
However, in 2006, he revealed his past as having voluntarily enlisted in the Waffen-SS. This late confession, from an active leftist intellectual, caused uproar. Lech Walesa disowned him. Now the quarrels have subsided, today Günter Grass is largely recognized for his political and literary work. The film adaptation of The Tin Drum by Volker Schlöndorff won the Cannes Festival Palme d'Or in 1979.
Aurélia Caton
A committed Nobel winner. Germany's Günter Grass was the one that was desingated for the 1999 prize. Now 71 years old, he hasn't hidden his joy and his former socialist friends from the SPD weren't the last ones to congratulate him. The author of "The Tin Drum" and "Dog Years" has never shown consideration for his compatriots. Sabine Gorny and Christian Gaudin.
Sabine Gorny
1.00 pm. The new Nobel Prize in Literature is quietly leaving his dentist's office, surprised by the news: the consecration for 72 year old Günter Grass and his profoundly humanist work. "The writer for victims, for losers" are the exact words of the Academy. Germany written about, described with all heart and soul. It's because he never forgot his forced enrollment in Hitler's youth labour service nor the post-war fields of ruins. He gave sculpture a shot and revealed his talent through writing. 1959, The Tin Drum, later made into a film, was a worldwide success.
Anne Freyer
From The Tin Drum on, it can be said that he was a committed writer in the sense that he wanted to describe a specific Germany that the Gemans of his generation had a slight tendency to forget. And I think that he's always been someone that prevented others from wasting their time.
Since then, in his works, from Turbot all the way to the very controversial An Entire History, which is very critical of the reunited Germany, one single obssession: the tragic destiny of his country. Anti-establishment, a reformist more than a revolutionary, a social democrat for many years, he participates in all struggles: abortion, pacifism. A witness of his era, just like his literary idol, Heinrich Böll, a Nobel Prize winner before him, whom he wanted to pay tribute to, this afternoon.
[German] Heinrich Böll would be happy of this prize. He was a friend, even if we didn't always agree. I hope my work will be regarded as a direct descendant of his work, and that I'll sort of be like his heir.
His latest book, not yet translated into French, is an assessment of the century, nothing less. A crash course in history in 100 short stories. An obligation to remember, for the one who will remain the courageous spokesperson of a generation killed and degraded by Nazism and the war.
Nikos Kazantzakis regarding Zorba the Greek and St. Francis of Assisi
Volker Schlöndorff shoots The Tin Drum, based on the novel by Günter Grass
Conversation with Bibi Anderson
ABBA at the Eurovision Contest
Teresa Wennberg, Swimmer
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My 30th Birthday Cake
Yummy!!!!! Thanks Vanessa and Jane. Jane was a little upset that I created pac-man to take on apple…
Posted on 21/04/2012 06/05/2016 by Matt Fricker Image 0
Game of rugby explained.
At Last a rational explanation of the Game of Rugby – (by Ockie Oosthuizen (ex Springbok prop)
It is largely unknown to players and followers of the modern game that rugby started off purely as a contest for forwards in opposition in line-outs, scrums, rucks and mauls. This pitted eight men of statuesque physique, supreme fitness and superior intelligence in packs against one another.
In those days, the winner was the pack that won the most set pieces. The debasement of the game began when backs were introduced. This occurred because a major problem was where to locate the next scrum or line-out.
Selecting positions on the ground for these had become a constant source of friction and even violence.
The problem was resolved by employing forward rejects, men of small stature and limited intelligence, to run aimlessly around within the field of play.
Following a set piece, the ball would be thrown to one of them, who would establish the next location either by dropping it or by throwing it to another reject for dropping. Very occasionally, a third reject would receive the ball before it would be dropped, and crowds would wildly cheer on these rare occasions. Initially these additional players were entirely disorganized but with the passing of time they adopted set positions.
For instance, take the half-back. He was usually one of the smallest and least intelligent of the backs whose role was simply to accept the ball from a forward and to pass it on to one of the other rejects who would drop it, providing the new location for the forwards to compete. He could easily (given his general size) have been called a quarter forward or a ball monkey but then tolerance and compassion are the keys to forward play and the present euphemism was decided on.
The five-eighth plays next to the half-back and his role is essentially the same except that when pressured, he usually panics and kicks the ball.
Normally, he is somewhat taller and slightly better built than the half-back and hence his name. One-eighth less and he would have been a half-back, three-eighths more and he might well have qualified to become a forward.
The centres were opportunists who had no expertise but wanted to share in the glamour associated with forward packs. After repeated supplication to the forwards for a role in the game they would be told to get out in the middle of the field and wait for instructions. Thus, when asked where they played, they would reply “in the centre”. And they remain to this day, parasites and scroungers who mostly work as lawyers or used car dealers.
You may ask, why wingers? The answer is simple. Because these were players who had very little ability and were the lowest in the backline pecking order, they were placed as far away from the ball as possible. Consequently, and because the inside backs were so diligent in their assigned role of dropping the ball whenever they received it, the main contribution to the game made by the winger was not to get involved. Their instructions were to run away as quickly as possible whenever trouble appeared, and to avoid tackles at all costs. The fact that the game was organised so that the wingers didn’t get to touch the ball led to an incessant flow of complaints from them and eventually the apt description “whingers” was applied. Even though the “h” dropped off over the years, the whingeing itself unfortunately has not.
Lastly, the full-back. This was the position given to the worst handler, the person least able to accept or pass the ball, someone who was always in the way. The name arose because the forwards would understandably become infuriated by the poor play invariably demonstrated by that person, and call out “send that fool back”. He would then be relegated well out of everyone’s way to the rear of the field.
So there you have it. Let’s return to the glory days of a contest between two packs of eight men of statuesque physique, supreme fitness and superior intelligence. The rest can go off to where they will be happier, playing soccer.
Ockie
Posted on 20/04/2012 14/06/2013 by Matt Fricker 0
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Pinault François
The French billionaire and entrepreneur François Pinault (* 1936) made his money in the luxury goods and food trade. His company group PPR (Pinault-Printemps-Redoute) is run since 2001 by his son François-Henri Pinault (born 1962) as Chairman of the Board. This group includes the brands Bottega Veneta, Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent, the Parisian luxury department stores Printemps-Redoute, the furniture group Conforama, the electronics chain Fnac, since 1998 the auction house Christie's, as well as the football club Stade Rennes. Pinault owns 42.6% of the company.
He is also an important art collector with, for example, works by Andy Warhol, Mark Rothko and Jeff Koons. In Venice, Palazzo Grassi, on the banks of the Grand Canal, was acquired and rebuilt by the Japanese architect Tadao Ando into a museum opened in 2006.
In 1992, the holding company Groupe Artemis was founded, which invests in promising industries. The Artemis Domaines subdivision selectively deals with high quality vineyards and wineries with growth potential. These include Château-Grillet (Rhône) Château Latour (Bordeaux) Château Le Prieuré (Saint-Emilion) Château Vray Croix de Gay (Pomerol) and Domaine d'Eugenie (Burgundy). Pinault competes with Bernard Arnault, the owner of the other French luxury goods group LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy) with similar ambitions. See also below Viticulture personalities,
By S. Plaine - Own Work, CC BY-SA 4.0 , Link
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Tag: Pittsburgh
Adults, Community, News, Politics, U.S. October 27, 2018
Activist and Police Shooting Survivor Leon Ford, 25, to Run for Pittsburgh City Council
Leon Ford speaks at Philander Smith College (Photo Credit: Instagram)
by Christina Santi via ebony.com
Activist Leon Ford, 25, who was shot and paralyzed by police in 2012, announced his bid for Pittsburgh City Council on Thursday, according to WTAE, Pittsburgh Action News 4.
“I have been speaking all over the country encouraging young people to not only vote, but to run for office,” Ford wrote in a statement. “I never considered running for office until I realized that I was one of the only voices bold enough to stand up for the people and speak truth to power.”
He will be running for a seat to represent District 9, which is now held by Rev. Ricky Burgess, who had held the position since 2007.
Ford was shot by detective David Derbish after a traffic stop. He later filed a civil rights lawsuit which was led to a $5.5 million settlement with the city. The council consented to the payout, but Rev. Burgess was absent for the vote.
The young activist went viral in 2017 after sharing a video of his son encouraging him to learn to walk again. The young boy can be heard saying, “Keep pushing. Don’t give up,” as he helps Ford with a walker.
Ford tweeted the sentimental moment, writing, “When you get shot by a police officer 5 times–and docs say that you will ever walk but your son says keep pushing.”
When you get shot by a police officer 5 times–and docs say that you will ever walk but your son says keep pushing 💪🏾💪🏾💪🏾 Untold 11•11•17 pic.twitter.com/DPuTcp6i3g
— Leon Ford (@LeonFordSpeaks) August 20, 2017
Ford said his campaign will focus on “restoring hope in our neighborhoods, creating new economic opportunities for our residents and healing one another to make all of our communities safe, vibrant, prosperous and livable for all.”
According to The Incline, Ford decided to embark on a political career after the fatal police shooting of Antwon Rose II, an unarmed 17-year-old, in East Pittsburgh in June.
“I’m a candidate now,” he told the publication. “I never considered running for public office. In fact, there was a time that I was against it, but now I’ve learned more about politics and policy and, it’s like, I’m tired of protesting and showing up at community meetings where the decisions are already made.”
Ford will host a campaign kickoff on Nov. 11, six years to the date of his shooting. Below is his TEDx Talk on”Turning Pain into Purpose”:
Source: https://www.ebony.com/news-views/police-shooting-survivor-running-pittsburgh-city-council
Filed under: Antwon Rose II, excessive force, Leon Ford, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh City Council, police settlement, Rev. Ricky Burgess
Commemorations, Community, Entertainment, History, Landmarks, News, Philanthropy, Theater, U.S. September 29, 2018 September 29, 2018
Denzel Washington Headlines Event in Pittsburgh Marking Renovation of August Wilson Home
Denzel Washington greets August Wilson’s daughter, Sakina Ansari-Wilson, at the groundblessing for August Wilson House. (photo by Nate Smallwood via Tribune-Review)
by Wes Venteicher via triblive.com
Actor Denzel Washington headlined a rainy ceremony Wednesday afternoon in Pittsburgh’s Hill District to mark the start of renovations at playwright August Wilson’s childhood home.
Washington led a $5 million fundraising effort to restore what is now called the August Wilson House. Renovations are expected to be completed in 2020, when the house is set to become a center for art and culture in the neighborhood.
“It is a privilege and an honor and a responsibility … and a joy to play a small part in keeping him alive,” Washington told an audience that huddled under umbrellas in the yard of the house at 1727 Bedford Ave.
Paul Ellis, Wilson’s nephew, led an effort to restore the nearly 200-year-old building to its 1950s-era look, matching how it appeared when Wilson lived there with his mother and five siblings. Wilson, who died in 2005, last visited the house in 1999.
Denzel Washington speaks at ground blessing of August Wilson House in Pittsburgh’s Historic Hill District (photo by Nate Smallwood via Tribune-Review)
When renovations are complete, the building — which is now on the National Register of Historic Places — will house displays and artifacts from Wilson’s life and plays. Wilson said he wanted the building to be “useful,” not only a museum, Ellis said. It will incorporate artist studios and will continue to host plays in its yard.
Duquesne University has launched a program to award fellowships to emerging writers who will live and study at Duquesne and spend time working at the House, Duquesne President Ken Gormley said.
Washington, who starred in a 2016 film production of Wilson’s play “Fences,” called Wilson one of the world’s great playwrights and talked about a familiar feeling in visiting the Hill District house. “I love August Wilson,” Washington said. “He touches my soul, our souls, in a way that no one else I know has. This is just like coming home.”
He identified some of the project’s big-name donors, noting Oprah Winfrey and actor Tyler Perry each gave $1 million and writer and producer Shonda Rhimes, director Spike Lee and actor Samuel L. Jackson all contributed.
Washington is producing nine more of Wilson’s plays — the rest of the 10 plays in the playwright’s Century Cycle.
Duquesne University has already selected its first fellow, former U.S. poet laureate and Pulitzer Prize winner Natasha Trethewey. Trethewey read her poem “Pilgrimage” at the ceremony, which included short performances of Wilson’s work by student Jamaica Johnson and Pittsburgh actor Wali Jamal.
Read more: https://triblive.com/local/allegheny/14120687-74/denzel-washington-headlines-event-marking-renovation-of-august-wilson-home
Filed under: "Fences", African-American playwrights, August Wilson, August Wilson House, “Pilgrimage”, Century Cycle, Denzel Washington, Duquesne University, Hill District in Pittsburgh, Jamaica Johnson, Ken Gormley, Natasha Trethewey, National Register of Historic Places, Oprah Winfrey, Paul Ellis, Pittsburgh, Samuel L. Jackson, Shonda Rhimes, Spike Lee, Tyler Perry, Wali Jamal
Camps & Concerts, Children, Community, Education, Fellowships/Programs, Festivals, Camps & Concerts, Organizations, Technology, Teens, U.S. June 28, 2018 June 28, 2018
Christina Lewis’ All Star Code Nonprofit Raises Over $1 Million to Expand STEM “Summer Intensive” Program for Boys of Color
All Star Code founder Christina Lewis and students at the MLK Dream Code hackathon (Image: Kevin Steck)
by Selena Hill via blackenterprise.com
All Star Code (ASC) will carry out its mission to educate, prepare, and place young men of color in the tech industry through its fifth annual “Summer Intensive” STEM summer program. The nonprofit announced Tuesday that it raised over $1 million for the growth and development of the program. ASC also received a record number of applicants—nearly 1,000 for just 160 spots. According to Christina Lewis, who founded ASC in 2013, the organization is on track to educate a total of 10,000 young black and Latino men in tech and entrepreneurship by 2022.
“All Star Code’s impact continues to spread as we establish a pipeline of talented and ambitious young entrepreneurs who are ready to enter the tech industry,” said Lewis in a statement. “Tech is one of the most influential and lucrative industries, so it’s vital that Black and Latino young men are better represented in this space to capture its economic opportunity.”
BOYS WILL LEARN WEB DEVELOPMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN STEM SUMMER PROGRAM
ASC’s flagship “Summer Intensive” program is a free six-week course that teaches students web development skills and about entrepreneurship. It also empowers students with soft skills and a network of like-minded peers. It will take place in New York City and Pittsburgh.
The effectiveness of All Star Code’s curriculum is amplified by corporate partners like AT&T, Cisco, Goldman Sachs, Google, JPMorgan Chase, MLB, and Medidata, as well as the academic institutions Chatham University and the University of Pittsburgh School of Education, which provide operational and financial support and services. Through these partnerships, students will gain access to mentorships, speakers, and professional work culture.
Since its creation in 2013, about 300 students have participated in ASC’s flagship summer programs. Of the summer intensive students, 95% of All Star Code graduates have gone on to four-year colleges, while half of the graduates have created their own business or tech-related project, reads the press release.
Lewis says she was inspired by her late father, iconic businessman Reginald F. Lewis, to launch ASC as a vehicle to diversify the tech space. “I channeled his legacy to start All Star Code,” she said. Before his death in 1993, Reginald created TLC Beatrice International Holdings, the first black-owned global enterprise to earn more than a billion dollars in revenue. “I realized that if my father were a young man today, he would no doubt be working in technology, the growth industry for building wealth in the 21st century,” Lewis told Black Enterprise.
Source: http://www.blackenterprise.com/black-boys-stem-summer-program/
Filed under: All Star Code, AT&T, boys of color in STEM, Chatham University, Christina Lewis, Cisco, Goldman Sachs, Google, JPMorgan Chase, Medidata, MLB, New York City, Pittsburgh, Reginald F. Lewis, STEM, University of Pittsburgh School of Education
Adults, Arts / Style, Books, Ceremonies, Commemorations, Community, Education, Fine Arts, Non-Fiction, Poetry, Records/Prizes, U.S. September 28, 2017
Northwestern Professor and Poet Natasha Trethewey Wins the $250,000 Heinz Award in Arts and Humanities
Natasha Trethewey (photo via creativeloafing.com)
via jbhe.com
Natasha Trethewey, the Board of Trustees Professor of English at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, has been selected to receive the Heinz Award in the Arts and Humanities. The award comes with an unrestricted $250,000 prize. Teresa Heinz, chair of the Heinz Family Foundation, stated that Professor Trethewey’s “writing captivates us with its power and its ability to personalize and fearlessly illuminate stories of our past as a people and a nation. We honor her not only for her body of work, but for her contributions as a teacher and mentor dedicated to inspiring the next generation of writers.”
Professor Trethewey is the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning poetry collection, Native Guard (Houghton Mifflin, 2006) and three other poetry collections. She is also the author of Beyond Katrina: A Meditation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (University of Georgia Press, 2010). Professor Trethewey served two terms as poet laureate of the United States. A native of Gulfport, Mississippi, Professor Trethewey is a graduate of the University of Georgia. She holds a master’s degree from Hollins University in Roanoke, Virginia, and a master of fine arts degree from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
Professor Trethewey will be honored with three other Heinz Award winners at a ceremony in Pittsburgh on October 18.
Source: Natasha Trethewey Wins the $250,000 Heinz Award in Arts and Humanities : The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
Filed under: "Beyond Katrina: A Meditation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast", "Native Guard", Heinz Award, Heinz Award in the Arts and Humanities, Heinz Family Foundation, Hollins University, Natasha Trethewey, Northwestern University, Pittsburgh, Poet Laureate of the United States, Teresa Heinz, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Business/Finance, Children, Community, Education, Fellowships/Programs, Organizations, Philanthropy, Technology, Teens, U.S. August 31, 2017 August 31, 2017
All Star Code Founder Christina Lewis Halpern Exposes Boys of Color to STEM Opportunities
All Star Code founder Christina Lewis Halpern with All Star students (photo via allstarcode.org)
via blavity.com
“We all want and need a seat at the table, and then we want to run the table and then we want to have our own table. Coding is the ticket to that,” says Christina Lewis Halpern, the founder of All Star Code, a six-week initiative for high school boys of color to discover innovative career opportunities through a computer science based curriculum.
According to Atlanta Black Star, the New York activist is the daughter of the late Reginald F. Lewis, a Wall Street attorney who became the first African-American to build a billion-dollar company. Her father, a Harvard graduate before dying of brain cancer in 1993, operated TLC Beatrice International, a grocery, beverage and household products distributor.
The month before he passed, Lewis named Halpern, who was only 12-years-old at the time, to the board of his foundation. “My family foundation is committed to social justice and believes in the power of entrepreneurship and investing in our community,” Halpern said. Two decades into the future and Halpern, a professional business journalist, created the All Star Code program “to help the next generation of youth catch the next wave of opportunity.”
So how did she do it? “We seeded this initiative and provided an anchor grant. About 20 percent of the money invested in All Star Code last year was from the Reginald F. Lewis Foundation, or Lewis family personal funds,” Halpern explained. Other donors included Bond Collective, Cisco, Comcast, Facebook, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Chase, MLB Advanced Media and Yahoo!. These corporations in addition to operational support gave $350,000 in funding.
Because of the lack of opportunities in STEM for men and women of color, Halpern’s All Star Code is designed to change that. The nonprofit raised more than $740,000 in 2016 at the annual All Star Code fundraiser in the Hamptons. Due to the generous contributions of the donors, the organization, which started in New York City and has stretched to Pittsburgh, has expanded and continues to grow rapidly.
The number of boys that participated in the Summer initiative skyrocketed from only 20 in 2014 to 160 this year. Halpern says that their goal is to have at least 1,000 high schoolers in 2020.
To read full article, go to: Daughter Of The First African-American To Build A Billion-Dollar Company Exposes Boys Of Color To STEM Opportunities | BLAVITY
Filed under: "Brave New Jersey", African-Americans in STEM, All Star Code, black billionaires, Bond Collective, boys of color in STEM, Chase, Christina Lewis Halpern, Cisco, Comcast, facebook, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, MLB Advanced Media, Pittsburgh, Reginald F. Lewis, Reginald F. Lewis Foundation, TLC Beatrice International Inc., Yahoo
Awards/Honors, Books, Commemorations, Community, Education, Non-Fiction, Organizations April 3, 2016
Brown University Professor John Edgar Wideman Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters
John Edgar Wideman (photo via abpspeakers.com)
article via jbhe.com
The American Academy of Arts and Letters was founded in 1904 as a highly selective group of 50 members within a larger organization called the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Over the years the two groups functioned separately with different memberships, budgets, and boards of directors. In 1993 the two groups finally agreed to form a single group of 250 members under the name of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Members are chosen from the fields of literature, music, and the fine arts. Members must be native or naturalized citizens of the United States. They are elected for life and pay no dues. New members are elected only upon the death of other members.
This year 12 new members were elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. One of the 12 new members is John Edgar Wideman.
Wideman is the Asa Messer Professor and professor of Africana studies and literary arts at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Before joining the faculty at Brown, Professor Wideman was a Distinguished Professor of English at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
Professor Wideman grew up in Pittsburgh and then enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania where he was an all-Ivy League basketball player. His senior year at Penn, Wideman was named a Rhodes Scholar, the first African American to win the honor in over a half century.
After returning from Oxford, Wideman graduated from the Iowa Writer’s Workshop. Professor Wideman is the author of numerous novels, short story collections, and memoirs including Brothers and Keepers (Henry Holt, 1984) and Fatheralong: A Meditation on Fathers and Sons, Race and Society (Pantheon, 1994).
Filed under: "Brothers and Keepers", "Fatheralong: A Meditation on Fathers and Sons Race and Society", American Academy of Arts and Letters, Brown University, Iowa Writer’s Workshop, John Edgar Wideman, National Institute of Arts and Letters, Oxford University, Pittsburgh, Rhodes Scholar, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, University of Pennsylvania
Commemorations, Education, Entertainment, History, Jazz/Blues/Folk, Music July 28, 2015
University of Pittsburgh Acquires Archives of Jazz Pianist Erroll Garner
Jazz Legend Erroll Garner (photo via jbhe.com)
The University of Pittsburgh announced that it has acquired the professional archives of jazz pianist Erroll Garner.
Garner was born in Pittsburgh in 1921. He began playing piano at age 3 and by the age of seven was performing on the radio. In 1944, Garner moved to New York City where he became a leading performer and composer. He wrote the score for several films and Broadway plays. His ballad “Misty” became a major hit of Johnny Mathis was the featured in the 1971 Clint Eastwood film Play Misty for Me.
To see video of his signature song, click below:
The archives were assembled by Garner’s long-time agent and manager, the late Martha Glaser and were donated to the university by Glaser’s estate. Included in the collection are correspondence, performance and recording contracts, sheet music, awards, audio and video recordings, photographs, and memorabilia.
Erroll Garner died in 1977 at the age of 55.
original article via jbhe.com; additions by Lori Lakin Hutcherson
Filed under: "Misty", "Play Misty for Me", Erroll Garner, Erroll Garner Archives, jazz pianists, Johnny Mathis, Lori Lakin Hutcherson, Martha Glaser, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh
Adults, Awards/Honors, Commemorations, Community, Philanthropy June 26, 2015
$400,000 Awarded to 43 Black Fathers, Nonprofit Leaders and Businessmen in Akron, Baltimore, Detroit, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh
(Washington, DC) – This month, forty-three black fathers, nonprofit leaders and businessmen in Akron, Baltimore, Detroit, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh will receive $400,000 in grants to help them strengthen their communities. The grants are presented by BMe Community, a growing national network of 12,000 black men and others of all races and genders who are committed to building better communities across the U.S.
According to BMe Community, the 43 men, called “BMe Leaders”, were nominated by local residents and chosen because they were already consistently helping thousands of their neighbors. Each of the men has also agreed to stand up for important values in America’s evolving dialogue on race, community and our nation’s future.
Specifically, BMe Community believes that the most prosperous way forward for America is to value all its people, recognize black men as assets, reject stories that denigrate people, and work together for our common interests in caring and prosperous communities. The BMe Leaders embody those values. Their personal stories and leadership inspires others to reach for those values as well. Participants in BMe Community use the hashtag #ReachWithUs to share, inspire, and empower each other with words of congratulation, useful information, images, and event invites.
BMe started honoring these 43 “Community Fathers” in local ceremonies that began June 18 and end tomorrow in Detroit on June 27th. The events and BMe Community are backed by private donations, leading foundations and corporations including the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, Open Society Foundations, The Heinz Endowments, JP Morgan Chase, and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Since 2012, BMe has named 143 BMe Leaders in five cities, sponsored over 100 community events and produced countless stories of solutions and the inspiring people behind them.
One of the first to ever be named a BMe Leader is Shaka Senghor, an author, speaker and leader in criminal justice reform who was named a BMe Leader in 2012 for his efforts in Detroit to increase literacy and decrease violence. The honor came less than two years after he was released from serving 19 years in prison for a crime he committed as a teenager. In the three years since BMe recognized him, Shaka has rattled off an impressive list of accomplishments including being named an MIT Media Lab Fellow, a Kellogg Foundation Community Fellow, being featured in BMe’s bestselling book “REACH: 40 Black Men Speak on Living, Leading and Succeeding” and producing a popular TED Talk titled “Why Your Worst Deeds Shouldn’t Define You.” He currently serves as BMe’s National Outreach Representative. To see his Ted Talk, watch below:
BMe encourages anyone who shares its values to register for the events or become a participant in the network. www.bmecommunity.org.
BMe Leaders come from all walks of life, ranging in age from 21 to over 80. They are black men who are often unheralded yet lead by example on matters ranging from creating businesses to educating children to protecting human rights. The BMe Leaders work with men and women of all races who also want cities that are prosperous, safe, and provide hope and opportunity to future generations.
“America is at another one of those historic moments where we can choose chaos or community” says Shorters, “These men have always been here. We just admit their existence and invite people of all races and genders to reach with us to build assets, build community and give our children a better story of America’s future.”
The next Induction Ceremony is open to the public tomorrow in Detroit at the University of Michigan Detroit Center, Michigan Room at 1:00 p.m. RSVP: www.bmecommunity.org/detroit2015
article by Lori Lakin Hutcherson (follow @lakinhutcherson)
Filed under: "REACH: 40 Black Men Speak on Living, "Why Your Worst Deeds Shouldn't Define You", #ReachWithUs, African-American fathers, black fathers, BMe Community, BMe Leaders, Detroit, John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, JP Morgan Chase, Leading and Succeeding", Lori Lakin Hutcherson, Open Society Foundations, Pittsburgh, Shaka Senghor, TED talk, The Heinz Endowments, W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Arts / Style, History, Photography August 21, 2012 August 21, 2012
Reflections in Black: Celebrating African Americans in Photography
Augustus Washington (1820–1875)
Unidentified woman, probably a member of the Urias McGill family, daguerreotype, sixth plate, 1855, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, LZ-USZC4-3937.
article via blog.charlesguice.com
Twelve years ago, Reflections in Black became the largest exhibition ever conceived to explore the breadth and history of work by black photographers.
It is unlikely that many people would be familiar with the name Jules Lion. A free man of color, Lion established the first daguerrean studio in New Orleans and, in doing so, became somewhat of a local celebrity. Alone, his accomplishments might have been of little interest. But the fact that he did this in the early spring of 1840, soon after the announcement of the daguerreotype process, is worthy of special attention. Moreover, there is evidence that Lion may have immigrated from France with knowledge of the process. For historian Deborah Willis, Lion’s achievements mark not only the beginning of photography in the U.S., but the pioneering involvement of blacks in the medium. As a result, Lion is included in the landmark exhibition,Reflections in Black: Smithsonian African American Photography. Continue reading “Reflections in Black: Celebrating African Americans in Photography” →
Filed under: Addison Scurlock, African American, Arthur P. Bedou, Augustus Washington, Black Panther Party, Booker T. Washington, Carla Williams, Charles "Teenie" Harris, Chris Johnson, Coretta Scott King, Deborah Willis, Gordon Parks, Guggenheim Fellowship, Jonathan Eubanks, Jules Lion, Lorna Simpson, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Moneta J. Sleet Jr., Muhammad Ali, Nation Of Islam, New Orleans, Photography, Pittsburgh, Prentice H. Polk, Reflections In Black, Robert L. Haggins, Shawn W. Walker, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC
African-American Firsts, Books, Graphic Novels, History April 26, 2012 September 8, 2012
First Black Female Cartoonist Celebrated In New Book
by R. Asmerom
The cartoon industry is a rare industry for anyone to be in, but especially a black woman in the 1930s. A new book by Nancy Goldstein called “Jackie Ormes: The First African American Woman Cartoonist” paints a profile of the first black woman cartoonist, who used her art to work in journalism and engage in politics from the 1930s to the 1950s.
Ormes started as a proofreader for the weekly African-American paper the Pittsburgh Courier. She launched a strip there called Torchy Browin In Dixie To Harlem about a Southern teen who was a success in the Cotton Club.
She later moved to Chicago to work for the popular Black newspaper Chicago Defender. There she started Patty-Jo ‘n’ Ginger, a cartoon that ran for 11 years. Her political voice was consistently heard during her tenure. According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette:
During the McCarthy era, she repeatedly took playful jabs in her cartoons at the House Un-American Activities Committee. Delivered with much humor and gusto, the barbs were often spoken by an adorable little girl named Patty-Jo, who always had a way of summing up all that her older, more fashionable sister, Ginger, remained silent about while expressing a look of utter shock that her little sister could say such a thing as:
“It would be interestin’ to discover WHICH committee decided it was un-American to be COLORED!”
Ornes didn’t escape the watchful eye of the vigilant FBI during that time, reportedly being closely watched by the agency for ten years because of some attendance at meetings for American communist groups. She admitted to attending meetings but denied being part of the Communist movement.
According to the book, Ornes used her cartoons to lobby for The March of Dimes and to protest segregation and American foreign policy. Besides her sophisticated political voice, Ornes was known for her elegant depictions.
She often used her own quite charming and beautiful form as the model for her main characters such as Ginger and Torchy Brown, who are downright glamorous — in such a manner not before seen in graphic art depictions of African-American women.
Ormes died at the age of 74 in 1985. She was well ahead of her time. As the New York Times noted, the first daily strip to be produced by a Black woman emerged in 1989 by Barbara Brandon-Croft – obviously decades later after Ormes made her mark.
Filed under: "Patty-Jo 'n' Ginger", "Torchy Brown in Dixie To Harlem", activism, cartoons, Chicago, Jackie Ormes, Nancy Goldstein, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Courier, Politics, The March Of Dimes
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plant communication
Shamanism, Dreambody, Herbs
Student attunement to a yew tree
I felt full of love and asked to join with the yew trees energy. I then felt so much more love and felt even lighter. I asked it if it had anything to share with me. Find out what the yew tree had to share.
Source: https://grassrootsherbalism.com/blog/2016/studentattunement
Tagged: herbs, dreambody, shamanism, plant communication
Mushrooms, Herbs, Shamanism
Plants Communicate Using An Internet Of Fungus
Hidden beneath the surface and entangled in the roots of Earth’s astonishing and diverse plant life, there exists a biological superhighway linking together the members of the plant kingdom in what researchers call the “wood wide web”. This organic network operates much like our internet, allowing plants to communicate, bestow nutrition, or even harm one another.
The network is comprised of thin threads of fungus known as mycelium that grow outwards underground up to a few meters from its partnering plant, meaning that all of the plant life within a region is likely tapped into the network and connected to one another. The partnership of the roots of plants and the fungi is known as mycorrhiza and is beneficial for both parties involved; plants provide carbohydrates to the fungi and in exchange, the fungi aids in gathering water and providing nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen to its partnering plant.
This fungal network has been found to allow plants to aid one another in growth and flourishing. University of British Columbia graduate Suzanne Simard was the first to show that trees such as the Douglas fir and Paper birch were capable of transferring carbon to smaller trees that may not be receiving enough sunlight, allowing seedlings to grow in the shade of other trees. Simard believes that many of the world’s seedlings would not be able to survive if it weren’t for the lifeline this network provides.
A study conducted by Ren Sen Zeng of the South China Agricultural University found that this interconnectivity also allows for plants to warn one another of potential harm. In the study, the team grew potted pairs of tomato plants where some of the pairs were allowed to form mycorrhizae. When the fungal networks had formed, one plant of each pair was sprayed with Alternaria solani, a fungus that causes early blight disease in plant life. Air-tight plastic bags were used to assure there was no above ground interaction. After 65 hours, the team tried to infect the second plant of each pair and found that those with mycelia bonds were far less likely to contract the blight and had much lower levels of damage if they did contract it than those with no mycelia.
A similar study was done by University of Aberdeen graduate David Johnson and a team of colleagues that showed Broad Beans also utilized the fungal network to eavesdrop on one another for impending danger. As hungry aphids fed on the leaves of one of the Broad Bean plants, the plants connect via mycelia began to excrete their anti-aphid chemical defenses, while those that were not connected had no reaction.
"Some form of signalling was going on between these plants about herbivory by aphids, and those signals were being transported through mycorrhizal mycelial networks."
-David Johnson
Like our internet, this fungal connectivity is also susceptible cyber crime, terrorism, and even warfare. Some plants, such as the Phantom Orchid, do not have the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis and must leech the necessary nutrients for survival from surrounding plants. Other plants, such as Golden Marigolds and American Black Walnut Trees have been found to release toxins into the network to hinder the growth of surrounding plants in the fight for water and light.
Some research suggests that animals such as insects and worms may be able to detect subtle exchanges of nutrients through the network, allowing them to more easily find savory roots to feed on; however, this has never been conclusively demonstrated in experimentation.
"These fungal networks make communication between plants, including those of different species, faster, and more effective. We don't think about it because we can usually only see what is above ground. But most of the plants you can see are connected below ground, not directly through their roots but via their mycelial connections."
-Kathryn Morris
The more we learn about this phenomenon, the more our understanding of the plant life of our planet will continue to change. Perhaps one day, we may be able to peacefully map out these complex fungal networks to appreciate them in their entirety.
Fleming, Nic. "Plants Talk to Each Other Using an Internet of Fungus." BBC Earth. N.p., 11 Nov. 2014. Web. 19 Mar. 2015.
Harley, J. L., and J. S. Waid. "A Method of Studying Active Mycelia on Living Roots and Other Surfaces in the Soil." Sciencedirect. Department of Botany, University of Oxford, England, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2015.
Photo Sources
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet
http://timewheel.net/Tome-Plants-Communicate-Using-An-Internet-Of-Fungus
Source: http://timewheel.net/Tome-Plants-Communicate-Using-An-Internet-Of-Fungus
Tagged: mushrooms, fungi, gardening, plant communication
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Herbal cures for viral haemorrhagic fevers, hepatitis
By Chukwuma Muanya
Providing succour for victims of Ijegun pipeline explosion
7 hours ago Health
*Pawpaw leaf juice, soursop, neem, Artemisia annua, Avocado, bamboo top list
The ongoing outbreak of Lassa fever that has gone unabated for more than thirteen months now has thrown fresh challenges for better and natural cures and prevention methods.
Lassa fever is a viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF). Others include: Ebola, yellow fever, dengue fever and Marburg virus.VHFs are a group of potentially life threatening infections, which are associated with fever and bleeding. All VHFs begin gradually with flu-like symptoms that include fever, muscular aches, and cough. If the disease progresses, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea occur. The next stage involves sore throat, muscle pain, headache, chest pain, nausea and vomiting, facial swelling, conjunctivitis, or inflammation and swelling of the eyelids and portions of the eyeballs, and bleeding from the gums, intestinal tract, and other internal organs. If the disease progresses, individuals may develop temporary or permanent hearing loss, bleeding from the mouth and nose, blood in the urine, fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), and brain inflammation (encephalitis). In late stages, shock, seizures, coma, and death can occur.
Following the high mortality and morbidity of haemorrhagic fevers, scientists have intensified search local sourced, easily available and natural cures. Indeed, re-emerging infectious diseases such as Lassa fever, yellow fever, Ebola, measles, chicken pox, small pox, Dengue fever, viral hepatitis, Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV), polio, cold and influenza virus, among others are posing fresh threat to human existence.
Unfortunately, conventional medicines are failing: the pathogens have developed resistance to the drugs-of-choice. But researchers have in experimental models treated these deadly bugs with combination of local herbs and spices.Scientists have validated local foods and spices such as pawpaw, turmeric, soursop, breadfruit, neem tree, ginger to be effective in managing viral haemorrhagic fevers and hepatitis C virus.Nigerian researchers had identified and validated local plants for the treatment of viral infections.
The plants include: Bambusa vulgaris (bamboo) and Aframomum melegueta (alligator pepper), Azadirachta indica (neem), Allium cepa (onion), Allium sativum (garlic), rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric), and Aloe vera, Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf), Garcinia kola (bitter kola), Citrus medica (lemon), Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass), Moringa, Phyllanthus amarus, avocado (Persea americana), and Gardonema mushroom.
Researchers had also identified asthma herb (Euphorbia hirta), pawpaw (Carica papaya), bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and guava (Psidium guajava) extracts as potential ‘cures’ for viral infections.Researchers from Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, and Kings University, Osun State had validated antiviral properties of two Nigerian plants- alligator pepper (grains of paradise) and bamboo.
The study was published in African Journal of Plant Science.However, a recent study published in the journal Medicinal & Aromatic Plants concluded that the juice of Carica papaya (pawpaw) leaves is an effective herbal therapy for curing the dengue fever.
The study is titled “Leaf Juice of Carica papaya L.: A Remedy of Dengue Fever.”The results of the study led by Chandra Prakash Kala from the Ecosystem & Environment Management, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Madhya Pradesh, India, showed Papaya leaf juice was effective in curing the dengue fever.
The researchers noted: “As per the medical report of patients the number of platelets had increased within the prescribed time (24 hours) of drinking leaf juice of papaya in all five patients of dengue. The increase in number of platelets varied from patients to patients that ranged from 8000 to 11000. The dengue patients had reiterated that there was a significant improvement in their health within 24 hours of taking papaya leaf juice.
“The traditional belief of curing dengue by papaya’s leaf juice had spread quickly in the highly infected city of New Delhi and suddenly there was a high demand of papaya leaves. A family in Prem Nagar area of New Delhi having four trees of papaya when asked pointed out that they were visited by approx. 110 people within four months from July to October 2010 for the papaya leaves to cure dengue fever.
“Besides leaf juice of papaya, there are reports indicating that the extract of some other flowering plant species, such as Vitex negundo, Azadirachta indica (neem) and Artemisia annua (Chinese salad plant used in making malaria drug-of-choice Artemisinin Combination Therapy/ACT) contains properties to work against the viruses. Some lower plant species including lichens and algae exhibit inhibitory activity against some type of viruses. It is suggested that all such plant species need to be scrutinized for their antiviral properties.”
According to the researchers, out of twenty-two plants reported against dengue, only four have been studied scientifically. Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Hippophae rhamnoides and Cissampelos pareira extracts were found effective and demonstrated improvement in clinical symptoms and direct inhibitory effect on dengue virus.
Carica papaya clinical trial showed increase in platelet count and faster recovery. These plants may be explored further as probable candidates for drug discovery against dengue. There is a need to search more such herbal formulations, which are being practiced at local level, document properly and validate them scientifically to confirm efficacy, mechanistic action and safety, before use. The herbal formulations being used by communities are the low hanging fruits which may provide alternative or adjuvant therapy if proper validation, value addition and product development steps are followed.
Interestingly, a researcher, Amaka Ubani, in her presentation on medicinal plants for treating Lassa fever said documented natural therapies for hepatitis C virus have been demonstrated to be effective in treating Lassa fever.
Also, the same conventional drug, ribavirin, is used for the treatment of Lassa fever and hepatitis C virus. Intravenous ribavirin drastically reduces deaths from Lassa fever. Ribavirin is a powerful antiviral drug used to treat chronic hepatitis C infection.
However, avocado and soursop have shown promise as possible treatments for hepatitis C virus (HCV).Nigerian researchers in collaboration with their American and German counterparts investigated extracts and fractions from five different traditional Nigerian medicinal plants (Jatropha podagrica, Persea americana (avocado), Annona muricata (soursop), Jatropha multifida, and Picralima nitida), which are used in Nigerian folk medicine for the treatment of parasitic infections, cancer and hepatitis.
The study published in African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Development found: “In this preliminary study, it is obvious that A. muricata is a good candidate for anti HCV agents. “Annona muricata, J. podagrica and P. americana class has never been evaluated for there anti HCV activity, interesting activity profile of these extracts and fractions, opens up a new class of anti HCV metabolites.
“Further purification of these herbal extracts and isolation of the active metabolites may identify new lead molecules, which could be developed into anti HCV drugs.” The study is titled “Anti-hepatitis C Virus Activity of five Selected Endemic Medicinal Plants of Nigeria.”
The researchers from the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Benin, Nigeria; Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert Einstein, Rostock, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, United States (U.S.); Department of Crop Science, University of Benin, Nigeria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria, concluded: “In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the extracts of A. murcata stem and P. americana root possess a significant inhibitory effect on HCV replication. These results, showing in particular an interesting anti HCV activity, confirm the relevance of the investigation on the therapeutic potential of plants used by rural communities.”
According to the researchers, it is worthy to note that traditional medical practitioners have achieved success with the use of these plants as remedies against hepatitis. Jatropha podagrica is known locally in southwestern Nigeria as lapalapa funfun. It is widely distributed in different parts of Nigeria, and is used in folk medicine to treat various diseases including parasitic skin infections and hepatitis. Different parts of the plant have been investigated chemically and many compounds including flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and diterpenoids have been isolated from this plant and related species.
Picralima nitida has widely varied applications in Nigerian folk medicine as antipyretic, antimalarial, anti-trypanocidal, anti-lesishmanial and anti-parasitic. Jatropha multifida otherwise known as coral bush is a fast growing evergreen shrub or small tree. The roots, stems, leaves, seeds and oil of the plant have been widely used in African folk medicine for the treatment of oral candidiasis, viral diseases, gonorrhea, fever, as purgative and for wounds and skin infections.
feversHepatitisPawpaw leaf juice
8 mins ago Nigeria
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This wholesale market is the 'kitchen' of Tokyo, providing fish, meat, fruits, vegetables and flowers. The most famou...
This wholesale market is the 'kitchen' of Tokyo, providing fish, meat, fruits, vegetables and flowers. The most famous is the fish section, the largest in the world, that attracts tourists with early-morning live tuna auctions. The limit...
If you want to get your bearings, Tokyo Tower is a first place to start your tour in the city. This 333m-high tower w...
If you want to get your bearings, Tokyo Tower is a first place to start your tour in the city. This 333m-high tower was erected in 1958 to serve as a TV and radio broadcast antenna and has since been the main symbol and attraction of the...
This name refers to the large business, shopping and entertainment district surrounding Shinjuku Station. This busy d...
This name refers to the large business, shopping and entertainment district surrounding Shinjuku Station. This busy district has a number of high-rise buildings including the Metropolitan Government Office, upscale department storescompe...
Cosmo Tower
This skyscraper, standing at 256m, is an attractive landmark in the Osaka Bay area. On the 55th floor, you will have ...
This skyscraper, standing at 256m, is an attractive landmark in the Osaka Bay area. On the 55th floor, you will have a stunning 360 degree views of the area as far as Kansai International Airport and the Rokko mountains. The night views ...
The Minami ('South') area around Namba Station is the city's most famous shopping and dining district. Head over to t...
The Minami ('South') area around Namba Station is the city's most famous shopping and dining district. Head over to the river-side Dotombori for Osaka's gourmet delicacies, the Shinsaibashi arcade for popular local and international reta...
Tsutenkaku Tower
This tower has been an iconic landmark of Osaka since its construction in 1912. The design was inspired by the Arch o...
This tower has been an iconic landmark of Osaka since its construction in 1912. The design was inspired by the Arch of Triumph and the Eiffel Tower, for Paris was the model for this area's urban planning. It was the highest structure in ...
Shitennoji Temple
Shitennoji Temple, built in the 6th century, is one of the country's oldest temples. Only the huge gate (torii) is or...
Shitennoji Temple, built in the 6th century, is one of the country's oldest temples. Only the huge gate (torii) is original, dating back to the 13th century. A five-story pagoda here allows you to climb up, and a pond with an amazing num...
Gangoji Temple
At the center of Naramachi, the former merchant district of Nara, lies one of Japan's oldest temples. Gangoji Temple ...
At the center of Naramachi, the former merchant district of Nara, lies one of Japan's oldest temples. Gangoji Temple is listed a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and once was a huge temple comparable to Todaiji and Kofukuji Temples during the...
Kofukuji Temple
This temple was founded in 710, the same time the capital of Nara was established. The temple is famous for its 50m-h...
This temple was founded in 710, the same time the capital of Nara was established. The temple is famous for its 50m-high five-story pagoda, the country's second tallest following that of Toji Temple in Kyoto. In the precincts is recently...
Shibuya Hikarie
Shibuya Hikarie is a new commercial tower opened in 2012 just east of Shibuya Station. The 34-story complex is design...
Shibuya Hikarie is a new commercial tower opened in 2012 just east of Shibuya Station. The 34-story complex is designed to cater more to sophisticated female shoppers in Shibuya, which is traditionally known as a center of youth fashion ...
Grand Front Osaka
Grand Front Osaka, opened in 2013, is a newly developed district north of Osaka Station. There are two towers (north ...
Grand Front Osaka, opened in 2013, is a newly developed district north of Osaka Station. There are two towers (north and south) filled with shopping malls, restaurants, cafes, theaters, hotels, offices and condominiums. Almost every floo...
Asahiyama Zoo
The country's northernmost zoo attracts a huge number of visitors, from Japan and overseas, with its unique interacti...
The country's northernmost zoo attracts a huge number of visitors, from Japan and overseas, with its unique interactive viewing facilities. Located in Asahikawa City in the middle of Hokkaido, the zoo has created a variety of facilities ...
Tenryuji Temple
This Zen temple in the Arashiyama district has one of the most fascinating stroll gardens in Kyoto. The landscape gar...
This Zen temple in the Arashiyama district has one of the most fascinating stroll gardens in Kyoto. The landscape garden, with its background of the nearby mountains, is a good example of borrowed scenery. A cluster of rocks arranged nea...
Mount Rokko
Mount Rokko (931m) is the highest peak around Kobe overlooking the sprawl of the harbor city. The summit area, cool y...
Mount Rokko (931m) is the highest peak around Kobe overlooking the sprawl of the harbor city. The summit area, cool year-round with the average temperature of 9°C, has Rokko Alpine Botanical Garden that cultivates and displays about 1,50...
Higashiyama, literally 'east mountain', is the eastern part of central Kyoto where the city's old tradition and cultu...
Higashiyama, literally 'east mountain', is the eastern part of central Kyoto where the city's old tradition and culture is best preserved. There are many narrow lanes lined with wooden buildings, traditional shops and historic spots, inv...
Sanzen-in Temple
Sanzen-in Temple, founded in the late 8th century, is among the oldest belonging to the Tendai sect of Buddhism. Loca...
Sanzen-in Temple, founded in the late 8th century, is among the oldest belonging to the Tendai sect of Buddhism. Located in the town of Ohara, an hour north of central Kyoto, the temple is surrounded by natural beauty and offers a relaxi...
Hanayashiki Amusement Park
Located closed to Sensoji Temple in Asakusa, Hanayashiki is Japan's oldest amusement park dating from 1853. This is a...
Located closed to Sensoji Temple in Asakusa, Hanayashiki is Japan's oldest amusement park dating from 1853. This is a nice spot to drop in after visiting Sensoji and Tokyo Skytree, star attractions in Tokyo. If you have a ticket stub fro...
Marunouchi Building
Opened in 2002, this building on the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station is a landmark building in the district. The 37-...
Opened in 2002, this building on the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station is a landmark building in the district. The 37-story building is a dinning, shopping and office complex, with some 70 restaurants occupying the 5th, 6th, 35th and 36th...
Ueno Zoo
Ueno Zoo is Japan's oldest zoo established in 1882, next to the huge Ueno Park. The zoo is divided into the east and ...
Ueno Zoo is Japan's oldest zoo established in 1882, next to the huge Ueno Park. The zoo is divided into the east and west sections, displaying 3,000 animals of some 500 species from around the globe. The most popular are giant pandas, a ...
Mount Takao
If you want indulge in the nature of Tokyo suburbs, go to Mount Takao. Around 50 minutes by train from central Tokyo,...
If you want indulge in the nature of Tokyo suburbs, go to Mount Takao. Around 50 minutes by train from central Tokyo, this 599m-high mountain is popular with urbanites, attracting 2.5 million hikers annually. The hiking trails are well m...
Tokyo Sealife Aquarium
This aquarium in Kasai Rinkai Park has been very popular since its opening in 1989. The whole structure is a 31m-high...
This aquarium in Kasai Rinkai Park has been very popular since its opening in 1989. The whole structure is a 31m-high glass dome, which is easy to spot from a distance, and houses a huge 2,200-ton donut like tank for large fish like skip...
Sumida Park
Smida Park is a great place to view cherry blossoms in the spring. The 1km strip along each side of the Sumida River,...
Smida Park is a great place to view cherry blossoms in the spring. The 1km strip along each side of the Sumida River, between the Azuma bridge and the Sakura bridge, is lined with hundreds of cherry trees of a various varieties. Viewed f...
The Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden is an urban oasis. This place was designed as imperial garden in early 20th centur...
The Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden is an urban oasis. This place was designed as imperial garden in early 20th century and later converted to a public park. The main attractions include three types of gardens (English, French and Japanes...
Yomiuri Land
This is an amusement park spreading over a hill in the outlaying areas of Tokyo. The main attractions include three m...
This is an amusement park spreading over a hill in the outlaying areas of Tokyo. The main attractions include three major roller coasters and a bona fide bungee jump that make you scream, as well as plenty of smaller, kid-friendly rides....
Kasai Rinkai Park
Kasai Rinkai Park is the large park in central Tokyo. This park is home to Japan's largest Ferris wheel that offers g...
Kasai Rinkai Park is the large park in central Tokyo. This park is home to Japan's largest Ferris wheel that offers good views of nearby Disney parks and the landscape of Tokyo. The aquarium here is famous for a huge doughnut-shaped tank...
Diamond and Flower Ferris Wheel
If you head for Disneyland by train, a gigantic Ferris wheel will catch your glimpses on the way. Called the Diamond ...
If you head for Disneyland by train, a gigantic Ferris wheel will catch your glimpses on the way. Called the Diamond and Flower Ferris Wheel, this is the country's largest Ferris wheel located in Kasai Rinkai Park. During a 17-minute loo...
Zojoji Temple
For those interested in the contrast between the old and new Tokyo, visit this temple in the Shiba Park. The temple i...
For those interested in the contrast between the old and new Tokyo, visit this temple in the Shiba Park. The temple is a headquarters of Jodo ('pure land') sect of Buddhism, which rose to prominence in the 17th century when the Tokugawa ...
Roppongi Hills is a good nightlife complex with high-end fashion and gourmet, complete with cinemas, art galleries an...
Roppongi Hills is a good nightlife complex with high-end fashion and gourmet, complete with cinemas, art galleries and an observation deck. The Tokyo City View observatory at the top of 238m Mori Tower is Japan's highest open-air viewing...
Oedo Onsen Monogatari
Oedo Onsen Monogatari is a hot spring theme park in the Odaba area. The theme park features street scenes from the Ed...
Oedo Onsen Monogatari is a hot spring theme park in the Odaba area. The theme park features street scenes from the Edo period, enabling you to soak up the atmosphere of good old days. One strict rule is that you wear yukata (light kimono...
This is a museum designed by master animator Miyazaki Hayao, whose Studio Ghibli produced popular anime films such as...
This is a museum designed by master animator Miyazaki Hayao, whose Studio Ghibli produced popular anime films such as My Neighbor Totoro, Castle in the Sky, and Oscar-winning Spirited Away. You will be greeted by a huge Totoro at the gat...
The Cup Noodles Museum in Yokohama is a fun place to learn about instant ramen noodles with interactive exhibits and ...
The Cup Noodles Museum in Yokohama is a fun place to learn about instant ramen noodles with interactive exhibits and hands-on activities. Among the most popular is the My Cup Noodles Factory workshop, where visitors create their own nood...
Tateyama-Kurobe Alpine Route
This 90km-long seasonal route passes over a 3,000m lofty peak by varied means of transportation including a train, a ...
This 90km-long seasonal route passes over a 3,000m lofty peak by varied means of transportation including a train, a rope way, cable-cars, tunnel trolleys, busses and your own feet. The route connects Tateyama (elevation 475m) in Toyama ...
The Ogasawara Islands, located 1000km south of Tokyo, are a tropical paradise in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Lin...
The Ogasawara Islands, located 1000km south of Tokyo, are a tropical paradise in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Liners depart from Takebashi Pier in Tokyo Bay and cruise 25 hours and half to reach this cluster of some 30 islands. The a...
Yakushima Island
Yakushima is a subtropical island off the southern coast of Kyushu and is a haven for huge ancient cedar trees, some ...
Yakushima is a subtropical island off the southern coast of Kyushu and is a haven for huge ancient cedar trees, some of which are more than 3,000 years old. This round island is full of mountains with height ranging from 1,000m to 2,000m...
Yabiji Coral Reefs
Yabiji is Japan's largest coral reef group located to the north of Miyako Island, spanning 17km north-south and 6.5km...
Yabiji is Japan's largest coral reef group located to the north of Miyako Island, spanning 17km north-south and 6.5km east-west. The corals are usually underwater, but they appear above the sea during the spray tide from spring to summer...
Byodoin Temple
Byodoin Temple has the Phoenix Hall, one of the few original wooden buildings dating from 11th century. As the phoeni...
Byodoin Temple has the Phoenix Hall, one of the few original wooden buildings dating from 11th century. As the phoenix was revered as a protector of Buddhism, the hall sitting on a pond was made to resemble the shape of the bird and hous...
Kumano Kodo Pilgrimage Routes
Over a millennium, nobles and commoners alike have been making pilgrimages to the inner mountains of the southern Kan...
Over a millennium, nobles and commoners alike have been making pilgrimages to the inner mountains of the southern Kansai region. The routes they followed from Kyoto and Ise are today collectedly known as the Kumano Kodo ('Kumano Old Road...
Ishigaki Island
Ishigaki Island, 400km southwest of the Okinawa main island, is the most developed in the Yaeyama group. A new airpor...
Ishigaki Island, 400km southwest of the Okinawa main island, is the most developed in the Yaeyama group. A new airport opened in 2013, connecting directly with Tokyo and Osaka. The island is best known for its white-sand beaches, snorkel...
Iriomote Island
Called the Galapagos of the East, this subtropical island is covered by dense jungle for 90% of its land. Iriomote Is...
Called the Galapagos of the East, this subtropical island is covered by dense jungle for 90% of its land. Iriomote Island is the most dynamic in nature among the Yeyama Islands. Paved roads only run half way around, hindered by steep mou...
Daigoji Temple
Daigoji Temple has expansive ground spreading over an entire mountainside. The upper area has some buildings related ...
Daigoji Temple has expansive ground spreading over an entire mountainside. The upper area has some buildings related to Shugendo, a folk religion that draws from both Buddhism and Shinto, and the lower area has main temple structures, a ...
Akihabara has long been a cutting-edge center of electronics, mobile phones, cameras, games and all manner of electri...
Akihabara has long been a cutting-edge center of electronics, mobile phones, cameras, games and all manner of electric appliances. In recent years, this district has gained recognition as the otaku (geek) heaven or the promised land of J...
Yubatake
The Yubatake ('hot water field') is one of the main source of hot spring waters in Kusatsu Onsen. The waters run thro...
The Yubatake ('hot water field') is one of the main source of hot spring waters in Kusatsu Onsen. The waters run through many wooden conduits, at 4000 liters per minute, lowering the water temperature before sending them to ryokan inns a...
Chusonji Temple
Chusonji is about 30 min walk from Hiraizumi station, reached through a pleasant path lined with cedar trees. The mai...
Chusonji is about 30 min walk from Hiraizumi station, reached through a pleasant path lined with cedar trees. The main attraction is the wooden Golden Hall built in 1124 that is covered all over in gold leaf. Inside are numerous bronze s...
Shuri Castle Remains
Shuri is the name of the capital city in the Ryukyu Kingdom that flourished for many centuries until Okinamawa became...
Shuri is the name of the capital city in the Ryukyu Kingdom that flourished for many centuries until Okinamawa became part of Japan in the 19th century. The castle was originally erected in the 14the century, and the castle's current bui...
Matsushima Bay
For many centuries, Matsushima Bay has been celebrated as one of Japan's Three Great Sights (the other two being Miya...
For many centuries, Matsushima Bay has been celebrated as one of Japan's Three Great Sights (the other two being Miyajima in Hiroshima Prefecture and Ama-no-Hashidate in Kyoto Prefecture). There are about 260 rock islands dotted with pin...
Karuizawa is a popular mountain retreat from summer heat at the foot of Mount Asama. There are innumerable attraction...
Karuizawa is a popular mountain retreat from summer heat at the foot of Mount Asama. There are innumerable attractions including waterfalls, hot spring resorts and hiking trails that offer stunning mountain views with seasonally changing...
Kurobe Dame, surrounded by the majestic Northern Japanese Alps, boasts a height of 186m to be Japan's tallest arch da...
Kurobe Dame, surrounded by the majestic Northern Japanese Alps, boasts a height of 186m to be Japan's tallest arch dam. From early summer to autumn, the dam releases 10 cubic meters of water every second, forming a dynamic scenery among ...
Welcome to a world where Imagination and Adventure set sail! After going through the gate, you will be amazed at t...
Welcome to a world where Imagination and Adventure set sail! After going through the gate, you will be amazed at the scenery that is so not Japan. Compared to Tokyo Disneyland, this theme park is designed with robust and sophisticate ...
Awa Odori
A famous dance song has lyrics like this - "Fools dance and fools watch, if both are fools, why not be dancing fools?...
A famous dance song has lyrics like this - "Fools dance and fools watch, if both are fools, why not be dancing fools?" This explains everything about the Awa-odori, one of three major dance festivals in Japan held during the bon season w...
Nagashima Spaland
This amusement park at the mouth of the Kiso River is among the largest in Japan. Since its opening in 1966, it has b...
This amusement park at the mouth of the Kiso River is among the largest in Japan. Since its opening in 1966, it has been attracting visitors with an abundance of scream rides. The most popular is Steel Dragon 2000, the world's longest ro...
Osaka Aquarium
The walk-through aquarium displays an abundance of marine life, especially of the Pacific 'ring of fire' volcano belt...
The walk-through aquarium displays an abundance of marine life, especially of the Pacific 'ring of fire' volcano belt region. It covers 30,000 animals of 600 different species from fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and invertebr...
Rokko Garden Terrace
Rokko Garden Terrace, located near the summit of Mount Rokko, is a leisurely complex of cafes, restaurants and souven...
Rokko Garden Terrace, located near the summit of Mount Rokko, is a leisurely complex of cafes, restaurants and souvenir shops to experience seasonal treats and shopping in exotic surrounds. The highlight is the observatory to provide a s...
Tokyo Solamachi
Tokyo Solamachi, literally 'Tokyo Sky Town', is a dining and shopping complex at the foot of Tokyo Skytree. Among ove...
Tokyo Solamachi, literally 'Tokyo Sky Town', is a dining and shopping complex at the foot of Tokyo Skytree. Among over 300 establishments are restaurants offering tower-shaped foods and confectionary, craft shops selling Edo-style trinke...
Kokedera Temple
This zen temple, listed as one of Kyoto's Unesco World Heritage Sites, is well known for fantastical cultivation of m...
This zen temple, listed as one of Kyoto's Unesco World Heritage Sites, is well known for fantastical cultivation of mosses everywhere in its vast garden. There are estimated 120 different varieties of mosses and you can enjoy a free stro...
Sumida River Fireworks
The Sumida River Fireworks, held on the last Saturday of July, is one of the most famous firework displays in Japan. ...
The Sumida River Fireworks, held on the last Saturday of July, is one of the most famous firework displays in Japan. Alongside with the Tokyo Bay Grand Fireworks Festival and the Edogawa Fireworks Festival, both held in August, it is cou...
Kongobuji Temple
Originally built in the late 16th century by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, this temple was later merged with another temple in ...
Originally built in the late 16th century by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, this temple was later merged with another temple in Koyasan to become the headquarters of the Shingon sect of Buddhism. The most of present structures date back to the 19th...
Ritsurin Garden
Ritsurin Garden, located 2km south of Takamatsu Station, dates from the 17th century and is considered one of the mos...
Ritsurin Garden, located 2km south of Takamatsu Station, dates from the 17th century and is considered one of the most graceful gardens in Japan. The 75-hectar garden has 6 ponds and 13 artificial hills, which was originally a stroll gar...
Shimogamo Shrine
This shrine dates back to the 8th century and is located in the primitive forest in the fork of the Kamo Rive and the...
This shrine dates back to the 8th century and is located in the primitive forest in the fork of the Kamo Rive and the Takano River. It enshrines the god of harvest, and pure waters were originally drawn from the nearby rivers for ceremon...
Futarasan Shrine
This shrine adjacent to Toshogu is dedicated to two nearby mountains, Nantai-san ('Male Body Mountain') and Nyoho-san...
This shrine adjacent to Toshogu is dedicated to two nearby mountains, Nantai-san ('Male Body Mountain') and Nyoho-san ('Female Peak Mountain'). The path between Toshogu and Futarasan Shrine, lined with cypress trees, is considered a powe...
Shibuya Center-gai
The first thing you will notice at Shibuya is swarms of people crossing the famous intersection outside the station. ...
The first thing you will notice at Shibuya is swarms of people crossing the famous intersection outside the station. It uses a four-way stop to allow pedestrians to inundate the crossing in every direction, a symbolic scene of Tokyo's bu...
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Gilgit-Baltistan:GB’S Biggest Corruption Scandal Unearthed
Gilgit (ET): An assistant commissioner in the Gilgit-Baltistan (G-B) region and his staff have allegedly received commissions and kickbacks worth millions of rupees for preparing fake award lists for the lands in Thore Valley likely to be submerged due to the construction of Diamer-Bhasha Dam (DBD).
“The officials, including the assistant commissioner of Diamer, a magistrate (Tehsildar) and two Naib Tehsildars prepared a forged award list of over Rs3 billion for barren lands in Thore Valley and received over Rs100 million in kickbacks,” credible sources told The Express Tribune on Saturday.
According to sources, the list – prepared between July and December 2011 – contained exaggerated costs, after ‘demands’ of officials were met by people, including non-residents of Diamer, who are likely to be displaced due to the construction of the dam.
According to preliminary information, the assistant commissioner advised his subordinates to collect money for him as he wanted to purchase a house in Lahore which cost Rs60 million. The staff, then, ‘cooperated with their boss’ who later transferred the money to a bank account in Lahore, believed to be his father’s. Another source claimed that suspicions arose because of his attempt to transfer the money to his father’s account.
In addition, the assistant commissioner allegedly demanded timber worth millions of rupees as bribe, which was delivered to his house in Lahore.
“The assistant commissioner and six others involved in the scam have been suspended and barred from leaving G-B,” a senior district administration official confirmed to The Express Tribune.
The G-B government constituted a committee, headed by the G-B Home Secretary, Asif Bilal, to investigate the scam, which is believed to be the biggest corruption scandal in the region. As events unfolded, the government stopped disbursing funds to people affected by the Diamer-Bhasha dam.
Meanwhile, a senior official said that posting of senior district government officials in Diamer Valley was under consideration.
This entry was posted in All Others, Business, Columns, Education, Gilgit-Baltistan, Latest News, Pakistan and tagged assistant commissioner, barren lands, corruption scandal, district government.
Gilgit-Baltistan:Civil Society Vowed to Strugle for Sustainable Peace and Harmony in GB
Posted on January 30, 2012 Updated on January 30, 2012
ISLAMABAD (ET): They carried on with the poetry of peace even when the lights went out at Pakistan Academy of Letters (PAL).
Poets, intellectuals and students’ groups from Gilgit-Baltistan (G-B) gathered here on Saturday, where they vowed to struggle for sustainable peace and harmony in the mountain region.
The pledges began under the setting sun. However, thanks to the electricity department which seized all the light out of it while the love songs were still going on, PAL failed to illuminate their hopes and love for peace with artificial light.
But what was even more surprising was the fact that one of the biggest institutions for the preservation and promotion of literature and arts does not have a single working generator.
The participants of the peace convention were left in the unlit academy hall where they reached the end-note in sheer darkness. A bad omen?
“We are helpless. The only generator that we possess has been out of order for the last six months,” said an official. He said it was being used in the main building, while the writers’ house and the other building do not have the facility.
“You are talking about generators. We are worried for our salaries for this month,” said another official. “It seems the institute is not on a priority list of the government,” he added.
The organisers of the G-B Peace Convention blamed themselves for the trouble, saying that they were informed by the PAL administration to wrap up their seminar before 6pm, when electricity is suspended.
However, it went on after 6pm and was conducted with cell phones’ lights and without any microphone.
Speaking about the peace convention, Inayatullah Shumali said he was saddened that some of the invited speakers did not show up, however, he advised the students present there to unite for peace and sectarian harmony.
“Through our efforts for establishment of peace in our area, we will set an example for the rest of the country to follow,” he added.
He said we had to take into account as to where we went wrong.
He advised the students to watch out for hate-mongers and spread the message of love.
Adviser to the Prime Minister Attaullah Shahab said the situation in G-B is not as bad as it is feared. “It is better than many other parts of the country. We need to highlight the bright side of the situation which will help our cause in the long run,” he added.
He said people of G-B are peaceful and educated. Even though there are sectarian issues, people are generally living in harmony.
Other speakers included Halqa-i-Arbab-e-Zauq Gilgit President Muhammad Amin Zia, Karakoram Arts and Culture Council President Abdul Hafiz Shakir, Ahsan Ali Danish from Bazm-i-ilm-o-fun Skardu and Daily Himalaya Chief Editor Tariq Meer.
In addition to that, Sher Nadir Shahi, Sartaj Ali Kamal, Tehzeeb Hussain Barcha, Rashid Arshad and Ishtiaq Ahmed Yad read their poems.
This entry was posted in All Others, Business, Columns, Culture, Education, Gilgit-Baltistan, Latest News, Pakistan and tagged academy hall, bad omen, electricity department, peace and harmony, peace convention, sustainable peace.
Gilgit-Baltistan: AKU-EB Opens Liaison Office in Gilgit
GILGIT (APP): Aga Khan University Examination Board (AKU-EB) has opened liaison office in Gilgit Baltistan to help affiliated schools create an active learning environment for the students. Located in Gilgit, the liaison office will offer year-round support through a team of subject specialists, arrange professional development workshops for teachers and provide supplementary learning resources for students.
The AKU-EB offers emanations services in both English and Urdu, based on the national curriculum. It is the first institution in Asia to use a computerized examination processing system, E-marking, to ensure transparency in results. For the first time in Pakistan, the Board has also launched a Middle School Assessment Framework to bridge the gap between middle and secondary school, and prepare students at an early age for the analytical and critical thinking skills required for success.
Apart from e-enrolment of candidates and continuously updated information online, the Board has developed its own learning support site (http://learningsupport.akueb.edu.pk) to bring together students and educators from across Pakistan to a common platform where they can find useful resource material, share knowledge and exchange innovative ideas.
This entry was posted in All Others, Business, Culture, Education, Gilgit-Baltistan, Latest News, Pakistan and tagged aga khan university, Baltistan, critical thinking skills, Gilgit, middle school assessment, professional development workshops.
Gilgit-Baltistan:NHA Signed Agreement for Realignment of KKH
ISLAMABAD (D.Times): National Highway Authority (NHA) has signed a contract with M/s China Road and Bridge Corporation for realignment of Karakorum Highway. Application for loan is under process with Economic Affair Division (EAD). Work will be completed in 2 years after commencement subject to availability, release of funds.
In a written reply, the Senate of Pakistan was informed here on Tuesday that NHA was allocated Rs 36.418 billion (local currency component) in PSDP 2010-11. Due to 50 percent cut on overall PSDP, the allocation was reduced to Rs 18.500 billion. To-date, Rs 17.362 billion has been released by Ministry of Finance. Funds to NHA are released as single line budget and not province or project-wise. Total amount required to complete ongoing projects is Rs 371 billion. As funds are not released on time, projects suffer from time and cost overrun.
A massive landslide occurred on Karakoram Highway (KKH) across Hunza near Attaabad on January 4, 2010. The debris 86 huge boulders blocked River Hunza in a length of around 500 m. The blockage has created a lake, submerging 24 km length of KKH.
The contract for lowering the water level of the lake by 30m has been awarded to Frontier Works Organisation (FWO) by P&D Division. If this mission is achieved, around 7 km road length will be retrieved. FWO has so far managed lowering the lake level by 4m and has indicated that the task is likely to take next 2 to 3 low flow seasons (winters).
Meanwhile, NHA signed a contract with M/s China Road & Bridge Corporation on December-2010 for realignment of KKH. Application for loan is under process with EAD.
This entry was posted in All Others, Business, Education, Gilgit-Baltistan, Latest News, Pakistan and tagged bridge corporation, china road, currency component, finance funds, massive landslide.
Gilgit-Baltistan: FBR will assist GB Council for Imposition of Income Tax
ISLAMABAD (BR): The Federal Board of Revenue will assist the Gilgit-Baltistan Council Board of Revenue in drafting of the new bill for imposition of income tax on certain categories of persons including corporate sector of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), 35 percent corporate tax on GB-based companies and sharing of customs duty between the FBR and the GB on the clearance of Chinese goods from the Sust Dry Port.
The decision has been taken in the last meeting of the Technical Group of the FBR and the Gilgit-Baltistan Council Board of Revenue to examine the draft Bill on the imposition of the income tax in Gilgit-Baltistan. It has been decided that 100 percent imposition of income tax law of Pakistan in the Gilgit-Baltistan would be considered by re-drafting a Bill for the tax authorities of the Gilgit-Baltistan Council Board of Revenue. Another major decision is that the FBR and the authorities of Gilgit-Baltistan have agreed to share duties and taxes particularly customs duty on the imported goods cleared through the Sust Dry Port. In this regard, the portion of the duty collected would be determined for allocation to the tax authorities of the Gilgit-Baltistan Council Board of Revenue. Top tax managers would assist the said Council in drafting the new Bill including proposed amendments in the Income Tax Ordinance 2001 for bringing corporate sector and business suppliers within the documented regime.
According to sources following points have been discussed in the recent meeting of the Technical Group at the FBR Headquarters:
Firstly, in case of uniformity of the adapted law with Income Tax Law in Pakistan, there would be no issue of tax evasion by the companies, creation of tax haven and credits/adjustments.
Secondly, the FBR only collects customs duty and other taxes from Sust Dry Port. The sharing of these taxes would be decided by Ministry of Finance, after determining imports for Gilgit-Baltistan and down-country. However, in principle FBR would have no objection to sharing of the revenue with Gilgit-Baltistan Council.
Thirdly, since Gilgit-Baltistan has been given political empowerment after 62 years, tax responsibility should be compatible with political rights. In case Gilgit-Baltistan has political rights as in Pakistan and constitutional status, 100% imposition of Income Tax Law of Pakistan would be appropriate.
Fourthly, if tax is collected only from salaried class & contractors and businessmen are exempted, there would be no Income Tax collection even at Sust Dry Port and companies would dissolve themselves.
After detailed deliberations, the following decisions were taken at the level of the Technical Group of the FBR and the Gilgit-Baltistan Council Board of Revenue:
One, Ministry of Finance may be approached for an agreement on sharing of Custom Duty with Gilgit-Baltistan Council.
Two, all conceivable loopholes are required to be plugged in the proposed Bill for legislation.
Three, instead of introduction of amendments in the First Schedule of Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, an appropriate provision of exemption may be inserted in the adapted Second Schedule of the Income Tax Ordinance 2011.
Four, the Business Class of the Gilgit-Baltistan may be brought in tax net to avoid legal complications and disputes among different categories of taxpayers.
Five, a proper definition of individual and contractors may be added by inserting a Clause “domiciled in Gilgit-Baltistan and deriving income from Gilgit-Baltistan”.
Sixth, it has also been decided that the tax on companies would be at uniformed rate of 35 percent.
Seven, an appropriate provision may be added to empower Gilgit-Baltistan Council Board of Revenue to suspend any facility and issue statutory regulatory order (SRO) for clarification/ facilitation of the Law.
Eight, a team of senior tax officials of the FBR would assist Gilgit-Baltistan Council Secretariat in redrafting the Bill including proposed amendments in the Income Tax Ordinance 2001.
Some of persons who actively participated in the whole process of ensuing tax compliance in Gilgit-Baltistan included Tariq Tarar, MNA, Ghulam Hussain Saleem, Advisor GB Council and senior FBR officials. The parliamentarians including Tarar also co-ordinated with the tax authorities of the FBR for proposed legislation in the tax laws for collection of taxes in Gilgit-Baltistan.
This entry was posted in All Others, Business, Education, Gilgit-Baltistan, Latest News, Pakistan and tagged customs duty, proposed amendments, share duties, tax authorities, tax evasion.
Gilgit-Baltistan:Agriculture Department promises “free seeds” for GB farmers
Gilgit (PT): The GB Agriculture Department plans to provide free seeds to farmers in the region. This was stated by a representative of the department while talking to media today. He informed that the seeds of a variety of crops will be made available to the farmers during the upcoming sowing season.
He further said that seeds were being packed and the process of distribution of seeds would soon be started in all seven districts of Gilgit Baltistan.
This entry was posted in All Others, Business, Education, Gilgit-Baltistan, Latest News, Pakistan and tagged agriculture department, Baltistan, crops, farmers, free seeds, GB.
Gilgit-Baltistan:FoDP task force gives top priority to DBD
ISLAMABAD (Dawn): The Friends of Democratic Pakistan (FoDP) has prioritised $28.2 billion water and hydropower projects to be completed by 2020 and decided to follow the guidelines and safeguards set by the Asian Development Bank for providing funds and technical assistance.
This is the crux of the final report of FoDP’s water sector task force after including suggestions of the stakeholders. The report completed in about a year is scheduled to be launched on Feb 20.
“It is Pakistan’s political and policy leaders who will have to decide the course of action” — whether to have a binding commitment from provinces and the lending agencies or follow the normal decision process of five-year plans, annual budgets and partnership strategies with lenders about a roadmap.
The report says Pakistan has one of the largest, complex and integrated water system but despite greater issues its policy leaders were ‘flying almost blind’ despite an ominous threat from snow and glacial melt on the Indus system arising out of climate change.
The task force puts $12 billion Diamer-Bhasha dam in Gilgit-Baltistan as ‘priority number one’ for implementation after unanimity of views among all domestic stakeholders and bilateral and multilateral lenders.
Second on the list are six major projects with total cost of $14 billion — Kurram Tangi, Munda, Dasu, Kohala, Golen Gol and Bunji, to be developed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Fata, AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan. There was unanimity among the member countries, lenders and stakeholders in Pakistan on the need for major dams and top priority for Bhasha dam.
On resistance from some provinces, the controversial Kalabagh dam has been dropped from the priority list, although the multilateral lenders had strongly recommended its construction.
Understanding the difficulties in taking major political decisions in an election year, the task force has also called for provincial strategies for the ‘next governments’ but advised the lending agencies to include these projects in the programmes already in the pipeline.
The task force has noted opposition from the Federal Flood Commission to putting responsibility of inspection of existing infrastructure and embankments on Wapda and left the issue for the government to decide.
The lenders have endorsed Punjab’s move to put in place an Asset Management Plan for embankments and to develop a financial method for maintenance of major embankments. Provinces believed FFC’s inspection of embankments was not up to the mark.
However, the task force notes “serious, cumulative problems of neglect of maintenance of major embankments by the provinces”.
It was agreed that good institutional, social and environmental policies were needed to attract external investment.
The task force did not agree to follow recommendations of the World Commission of Dams and decided to follow safeguard requirements of the ADB.
Despite insistence by some provinces that existing revenue sharing from large dams was sacrosanct, the task force said it would continue to advocate that Pakistan should adopt good global practices involving a formula of royalty sharing among affected provinces and local people and move away from the Tarbela-like arrangement that transfers maximum benefits to the province where the power house is located without giving project benefits to locally displaced communities.
The task force agreed that the 1991 accord was a great asset for water sharing among the provinces but urged to put in place an institutional framework that reduced current large political elements in its implementation and for better predictions for rabi and kharif seasons and transparent measurement of flows and losses to end mistrust.
The report notes strong agreement for improved on-farm water management (OFWM), the need for new infrastructure on canal storage and control structure.
Likewise, strong commitment has emerged for small and medium dams which should be developed by provinces but in integrated command area projects using modern technologies.
For this, all provinces have agreed to the objective of full cost recovery from users.
For better agricultural productivity, the stakeholders have also agreed to a $315 million assistance for OFWM, $140 million for small dams, $100 million for spate irrigation and $500 million for improved management of main canals.
The stakeholders have agreed to put in place new operating rules for major future dams and projects — moving away from agriculture as top priority to power and flood control whose benefits are larger than agriculture.
The FODP agreed to provide $500 million for a flood management programme to be completed by 2016.
The report notes major issues with bulk water transmission in Karachi, unsustainable groundwater use in Quetta posing an existential threat and deplores “no indication of willingness to address these challenges”.
It has also found broad agreement that the present institutional model is broken, most obviously financially as no utilities have operating ratio greater than 50 per cent, creating problems in meeting water needs in growing city peripheries and choking sewerage and sanitation services. It says the first step to address these issues will be for the political leadership to spend political capital for financial sustainability.
The task force says the FoDP should stay away from reforming city institutions unless there is a strong political commitment and then consider financing ‘transition costs’ for getting to financial sustainability.
This entry was posted in All Others, Business, Culture, Education, Gilgit-Baltistan, Latest News, Pakistan and tagged asian development bank, hydropower projects, kalabagh dam, multilateral lenders, partnership strategies.
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Why We Sleep So Poorly In Unfamiliar Places
George Dvorsky
Filed to: SleepFiled to: Sleep
first-night effect
Illustration by Jim Cooke.
Many of us have trouble sleeping in an unfamiliar place, like a hotel, or a friend’s house for the first time. When we finally do get to sleep, it’s often fidgety and disturbed. New research shows that one hemisphere of our brain stays more active during the first night of sleep—and it does so to keep us ready for trouble.
It’s a phenomenon scientists refer to as the “first-night-effect.” A neuroimaging study by Brown University researchers reveals that, under these “first night” conditions, one hemisphere of the brain stays alert. “This half-asleep, half-awake state may work as a way to monitor unfamiliar surroundings,” study co-author Masako Tamaki told Gizmodo. The paper has just been published in Current Biology.
Some marine mammals and birds exhibit a more pronounced form of this “unihemispheric” sleep. In dolphins and whales, one hemisphere shuts down during sleep while the other remains partially active. This allows the dolphins to sleep, and still surface to take a gulp of air. Birds do this on long migrations, so they can sleep and navigate at the same time. The human brain doesn’t display this dramatic degree of hemispheric asymmetry, but the new study suggests that our brains have a simplified version of this capability.
A rich array of electrodes in the sleep lab allowed for widespread but sensitive sensing of brain activity. (Image: Michael Cohea/Brown University)
Sleep scientists are all too familiar with the first-night-effect. When conducting sleep tests, they often disregard the data collected during the first night. They’ve even got a name for it: “adaptation night.” In an effort to better understand the neurological factors behind this sleep disturbance, the Brown researchers peered inside the brains of 35 volunteers.
Brain responses during slow-wave sleep. (Image: Tamaki et al., 2016).
They found that, during the first night of sleep, a particular network in the left hemisphere remained more active than the right hemisphere, and this tended to occur during “slow-wave” sleep—the deepest stage of non-REM sleep.
“Slow-wave sleep is the deepest sleep where arousal threshold is the highest, meaning it is more difficult to wake people up from slow-wave sleep than in lighter sleep,” said Tamaki. “This suggests that people are vulnerable during slow-wave sleep, and this might be why we found interhemispheric asymmetry during this phase of sleep.”
The researchers did not observe this same brain asymmetry during follow-up sleep sessions. Also, the strength of these asymmetric brain patterns were linked to the difficulty a person experienced while trying to fall asleep.
The researchers were able to pinpoint a region in the left hemisphere known as the default-mode network, a series of cortical associations responsible for introspection, mind-wandering, and intrapersonal narrative. Why this particular region stays on alert remains a mystery, but it may have something to do with how the default-mode network prepares us to react to the environment.
“Also, the network is not completely shut off during sleep and works as a network showing reduced connectivity during sleep,” said Tamaki. “These characteristics of the network may be advantageous as a night watch.”
“This half-asleep, half-awake state may work as a way to monitor unfamiliar surroundings.”
The hemisphere that experiences lighter sleep also showed greater sensitivity to sounds. When the researchers played irregular beeping sounds into the right ear (thereby stimulating the left hemisphere, and not vice-versa), this increased the chances of the participants waking up. What’s more, they awoke more quickly and were much more alert than if the sounds were played in the opposite ear.
These observations make a lot of sense, particularly from an evolutionary perspective. The first-night-effect is very likely a vestigial trait that once protected our ancestors, and it’s something that has stuck with us ever since. The act of sleeping can be quite perilous (well, at least out there in the wild), but it’s critical for mental and physiological health. Sleep allows the brain to consolidate memories, and it helps with nervous system function.
The first-night-effect may be something we have to live with, but the researchers say there are ways to counter it. “You can bring something that makes you feel comfortable with a new place, like your pillow,” Tamaki said. And try not to worry too much, since worrying wakes the brain. “Also, it’s good to arrive in a place at least two nights before your important event so that you can have a good sleep the night before,” he added.
Moving forward, the researchers would like to know if the default-mode is the only night watchman, and if other parts of the brain remain on alert. They’d also like to know why the left hemisphere plays such an active role in the process, and if the left and right hemispheres alternate during sleep.
[Current Biology]
George is a senior staff reporter at Gizmodo.
Recent from George Dvorsky
Breathtaking Simulation Recreates Neil Armstrong’s View of the Apollo 11 Landing
Self-Taught AI Masters Rubik’s Cube Without Human Help
SpaceX Says a Faulty Valve Triggered Crew Dragon Explosion
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Hypercritical
July 4, 2019 at 9:53 PM by John Siracusa
According to any reasonable set of quantifiable measures, Jony Ive departs Apple as the greatest product designer who has ever lived. His hit products sold in vast numbers and were fundamentally transformative to both the company he worked for and the world at large. We all know their names: iMac, iPod, iPhone, iPad. Together, these products helped set the direction for the most consequential industry of the last century.
As the leader of design at Apple, Ive inevitably receives acclaim for work done by other people on his team. This is what it means to be the public face of a collaborative endeavor involving hundreds of people. Ive himself is the first to credit his team, always using the word "we" in his appearances in Apple's design videos. One gets the impression that Ive has historically used "we" to refer to the design team at Apple, rather than Apple as a whole, but he certainly never meant it to refer to himself.
While the iPhone is obviously the most important product in Ive's portfolio, his most significant and lasting contribution to Apple and the tech industry in general is embodied by a product that he worked on much more directly, and with far less help: the original iMac.
Aside from dramatically reversing Apple's slide into obscurity, the iMac finally pushed the industry over the hill it had been climbing for decades. Nearly overnight, it went from an industry primarily concerned with technical specifications to one that more closely matches every other mainstream consumer business—one where fashion and aesthetics are not just a part of the appeal of a product, they are often the dominant factor. As much as any individual product design, this is Ive's legacy.
Zima Blue
There is a certain predictable progression in the career of creative professionals. In the beginning is the acquisition of basic skills and experience—the tools needed on the road to mastery. Work done in this phase is more likely to be constrained by the orthodoxy of a given industry. The first step to making a great product is to make a competent product. One must know the rules before breaking them.
The lives of creative people are often animated by a few deeply held notions. These may be philosophical, aesthetic, fanciful—anything that stirs the soul. Early creative work often fails to embody these ideals to the satisfaction of the creator. Perhaps one's skills are not yet adequate. Perhaps one lacks the confidence to defy convention to the degree required. An early-career creative professional is surrounded by constraints.
With the acquisition of greater skill and authority comes more freedom. If you're Jony Ive, working in a company where that skill has led to world-changing hit products and their associated fortune and well-deserved corporate promotion, you may find yourself with very few limitations indeed. Everything has come together to finally give you a chance to do it right for once—to get closer than ever to that deeply held notion, that ideal.
It's not hard to guess what animates Ive's design philosophy. He's repeated some variation of it in nearly every Apple product design video. Ive wants to get to the essential nature of a thing. By stripping away the extraneous, we are left with the intrinsic truth of a thing. A successful design should seem obvious in retrospect. It should seem inevitable.
This philosophy has been embodied in the products themselves, and its potency has tracked Ive's career. Early on, technical, financial, and authoritative limits led to designs that today's Ive would likely view as over-complicated: a jigsaw of decorative exterior panels fastened to an inner framework housing a hodgepodge of components.
Contrast this with latter-day products like the unibody Apple laptops, where a single slab of machined aluminum replaced dozens of individual parts and their associated fasteners, seams, squeaks, and rattles. Or look at products like AirPods and the Apple Pencil that seem not to be assembled at all, but rather to have sprung into existence as complete entities. When introducing each similar product or manufacturing advance—each further simplification—Ive's joy has been apparent, even through his usual understated demeanor.
And so we come to the most common criticism of Ive's work. With so few limitations on his power and skills, the spark that animates his creative philosophy has been allowed to burn so brightly that it has overwhelmed everything else. Symmetry overrides utility1. Simplicity overrides flexibility2. Purity of form overrides quality of function3.
This creative arc is dramatized in spectacular fashion in Zima Blue, an animated short that's part of the Netflix anthology series Love, Death & Robots. I don't want to spoil the ending; suffice it to say that I doubt Jony Ive's career beyond Apple will lead to quite such a dramatic conclusion. But the dogged pursuit of a core animating belief rings true to me.
Millennium Designer
If Ive has overstayed his usefulness at Apple, it is only by a little. Few careers in any field will ever match his run at Apple. His designs changed the tech industry forever, and he hit home run after home run on the playing field that he built.
It's often said that the best creative work requires limitations. In this case, another piece of industry wisdom also applies: success hides problems. But in the years to come, when I look back on Jony Ive's work at Apple, I doubt I'll dwell much on the tail end, when he very nearly caught that thing he'd been pursuing for his entire career. Will he ever catch it? Does anyone? I'm not sure it matters to me. After all, it's the chase that I love.
MacBook keyboard layout; iMac puck mouse. ↩
2013 Mac Pro; MacBook port variety and count. ↩
Apple TV remote; butterfly keyboard. ↩
March 1, 2019 at 4:32 PM by John Siracusa
These are some of my favorite video games. They also happen to be truly great games, though they vary widely in terms of the required time commitment and gaming experience.
Many of these games are old enough to have spawned “remastered” versions. The remasters are usually easier to find, and are often—but not always—the versions I recommend playing. See the descriptions for more details.
This list is not exhaustive. It’s mostly limited to games that it’s possible to play today without too much trouble. As the games get older (and therefore harder to find and play), the selection criteria get stricter. I don’t go much further back than the 1990s, which ends up excluding my beloved classic Macintosh games. Maybe I’ll do a separate list of those someday.
The Destiny series of games is omitted because it’s very difficult to go back and play this kind of multiplayer online game after the community has moved on. But I do love Destiny…even if it doesn’t always love me back.
I could write many thousands of words about each game, but my failure to do so has prevented me from making this list for too long. In an effort to get the ball rolling, this list does not feature much commentary. It’s mostly just a list, with some information about how and where to play each game.
The games are listed in no particular order.
Uncharted 4: A Thief’s End
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
Available on PS3 as a download, and on PS4 as a download and a collector’s edition disc bundled with two other games. Coming soon to PC via the EPIC Store.
This is the most accessible game on the list. It only takes two hours to play from start to finish, and it costs just $15. I recommend playing it alone, in the dark, with no interruptions, in a single sitting. A good sound system (or headphones) really enhances the experience.
To avoid spoilers, finish the game before reading the article I wrote or listening to the podcast I recorded about the game.
Available on PS4, Switch, Xbox One, and PC.
This game is nearly as accessible as Journey, and is similarly a good choice for someone who doesn’t have much experience with modern video games. (Some familiarity with first-person 3D controls helps.) Though it is a bit longer than Journey, there are natural intermission points within the game. I recommend playing it in a few uninterrupted sittings.
To avoid spoilers, finish the game before listening to this podcast where I talk about it.
Available on many platforms. I recommend playing on a system with a controller.
Available on PS4, PS3, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PC, and iOS.
Available on Mac, PC, PS4, Xbox One, and Switch.
Available on PS2, and PS3 as a download and a disc bundled with Shadow of the Colossus.
It’s worth the effort to dig out an old console (or borrow one or buy a used one) to play this game. The PS3 version is a remaster with better graphics and no downsides. Prefer it if you have a choice.
To avoid spoilers, finish the game before reading my review.
Available on PS2, PS3 bundled with Ico, and PS4 as a disc and a download.
Both the PS3 and PS4 versions are remasters. The PS4 version substantially changes the art style of the game. It’s not worse or better than the original art style, but it is different. I recommend either the PS3 version or the PS4 version, depending on your tolerance for dated graphics.
Though it is not a direct sequel (or prequel), it helps to have played Ico before playing this game.
Available for PS4 as a disc and download.
Though it is not a direct sequel (or prequel), it helps to have played both Ico and Shadow of the Colossus before playing this game.
Available for PS3 as a disc and download, and for PS4 as a disc and download.
The PS4 version is a remaster, and it comes bundled with the Left Behind expansion. This is the version I recommend, but you should be sure to play both the main game and the Left Behind expansion—in that order—whichever version you get.
Available for PS4 on disc and as a download.
Though it helps to have played the previous three installments of the Uncharted series, doing so is not necessary to both understand and enjoy this game.
Available for the Wii U on disc, and for the Switch as a cartridge or download (optionally including expansions).
This game alone is worth the purchase price of a Switch. I recommend playing on a Pro Controller with the Switch connected to a TV.
If you want to hear over two hours of my spoiler-filled thoughts on Breath of the Wild and the entire Zelda series, listen to episode 91 of the Pragmatic podcast.
Available for the GameCube, Wii, and Wii U.
The Wii U version is a remaster that includes both enhanced graphics and some streamlined quest mechanics. It is the version I recommend. I strongly recommend against the Wii version due to the clunky motion controls, which are absent (or optional) on the other two versions.
Available for the GameCube and the Wii U.
The Wii U version is a remaster that subtly changes the art style of the game. I prefer the art style in the GameCube original, but the Wii U version is certainly more palatable to modern players. The Wii U version also streamlines a few of the game’s quests.
Available for N64, GameCube, and 3DS as a cartridge and download.
The 3DS version is a remaster with much-improved graphics, but I prefer to play Zelda games on a big TV. The GameCube version is a straight port of the N64 original with no significant improvement to the graphics. It’s a tough call, but I guess I recommend going back in time to 1998 and playing the N64 original when its graphics were cutting-edge. (Doing so would also be very on-brand for the game.)
Available on Mac, PC, PS3, and Xbox 360.
The PS3 and Xbox 360 versions come bundled with Half Life 2 and Team Fortress 2, both of which are also great games.
This is the rare sequel that matches or improves upon its fantastic predecessor in nearly every way. You should play Portal before playing this game.
Available for N64 and DS. The DS version is a remaster, but I’m not sure the improved graphics are enough to make up for the smaller screen of the handheld platform.
Hypercritical T-Shirts Return
June 15, 2018 at 9:56 AM by John Siracusa
Five years ago, I sold t-shirts commemorating my first podcast, Hypercritical, which ran for 100 episodes in 2011–2012. The shirts also celebrated this website, which is updated nearly once per year. Thanks to everyone who purchased a shirt all those years ago.
Since then, I've gotten many requests to sell the shirts again, either to replace old shirts or because someone missed the previous sale entirely. Today, the time has come for the triumphant return of the Hypercritical t-shirt. The sale ends on Friday, June 29th at 8 p.m. EDT, so if you want a shirt, don't delay. It may be five years—or longer—before they're sold again.
The shirts are available in men's and women's styles and in light and dark colors:
Hypercritical t-shirt - Gold and Gray
Hypercritical t-shirt (Dark) - Blue and Black
My sincere thanks to everyone who has purchased a shirt, past and present, and to all the people who continue to listen to my podcasts and read this site.
December 18, 2016 at 1:45 PM by John Siracusa
Fumito Ueda’s first game, Ico, was a beautiful, moody masterpiece. Its spare depiction of a boy attempting to escape from a vast castle with the help of a mysterious companion discarded the gameplay and interface conventions of its day, delivering an almost meditative sense of immersion. Ueda’s next game, Shadow of the Colossus, added the bare minimum of status indicators to the screen to support its complex boss battles that required the player to clamber up and onto a succession of giant creatures.
In terms of both gameplay and mood, Ueda’s latest game, The Last Guardian, is a straightforward combination of its predecessors. It features a boy attempting to escape from a mysterious castle with the help of a giant creature. Like Ico, it eschews a conventional HUD, save system, inventory management, power-ups, and nearly every other modern gaming convention. And as in Shadow of the Colossus, players will find themselves scrambling up the back of a large, often uncooperative, incredibly life-like beast (cheekily named Trico).
Ico was able to deliver on the promise of its design by reducing complexity in other areas. It’s set in a largely rectilinear castle that the player navigates on foot. It has a small number of enemies. Its environmental puzzles are mechanically and conceptually simple. Similarly, Shadow of the Colossus manages to pull off its extremely ambitious boss battles by removing nearly everything from the game except those creatures.
While The Last Guardian attempts to combine the strengths of its predecessors, it’s burdened by the combination of their features. The environment and the player’s movement through it is far more complex than in Ico. The puzzles play fast and loose with their own rules at a few critical points. The giant creature, no longer confined to a limited engagement in a boss arena, sometimes pushes the game mechanics past their limits.
Nothing kills immersion more than an acute awareness of the game engine itself. In The Last Guardian, the camera often gets stuck on walls or briefly shows the view from inside Trico. (Spoiler alert: like all your favorite 3D-rendered characters, he’s hollow.) Arguably, Shadow of the Colossus had an even more frustrating camera and control scheme, but that game was released eleven years ago on a far less powerful console. The Last Guardian has made tremendous strides since then, but it’s still not quite enough to avoid illusion-breaking lapses.
These shortcomings are compounded by an uncharacteristic lack of faith in its design. Traditional (read: oppressive) on-screen prompts describing the control scheme mar the opening of the game and are impossible to completely banish. A voice-over extends beyond its narrative role to provide a dynamic hint system that is often too quick to reveal solutions. Several brief cutscenes in quick succession at the start of the game undercut player agency. It's tempting to attribute these lapses to Ueda’s departure from the project several years before its release, but the reason is less important than the result.
All of that said, it’s important to remember the context of these criticisms. Ico and Shadow of the Colossus are two of the greatest video games ever created. Both pushed the limits of the hardware they were released on, and both have influenced video game designers, filmmakers, and other creative professionals far out of proportion with their modest sales numbers. That The Last Guardian fails to resoundingly best its distinguished parents is only disappointing because of how close it comes.
Let’s start with the obvious. The Last Guardian is a gorgeous game. The world design is in line with Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, but the increased fidelity of the PlayStation 4 really makes it shine. (PlayStation 4 Pro running at 1080p is recommended for best frame rates.) Lighting effects that Ico could only dream of add a poignancy to already majestic vistas. At so many points, I wished this game had the photo mode from Uncharted 4.
Trico is an amazing achievement: a building-sized NPC that truly feels alive. Its animations rarely feel canned or repetitive. Its behavioral inscrutability is completely in keeping with its character. Learning to read Trico’s moods and signals is a core part of the game. The experience smoothly transitions from frustration to a deep, intuitive understanding by the end.
Anyone who has finished Ico and Shadow of the Colossus will have no trouble completing The Last Guardian. I found the environmental puzzles a bit more challenging than those in Ico, but I never had to go to the Internet to look up a solution. Anyone who got stuck in Ico will almost certainly be even more stymied by The Last Guardian, however. The hand-eye coordination required is substantially lower than in Shadow of the Colossus, but the camera management and overall control-scheme finesse is much more demanding than in Ico.
Also keep in mind that these are comparisons to the difficulty of two much older games. The Last Guardian has a significant skill-barrier to enjoyment when compared to contemporary console games, especially those with such an artistic bent. Inexperienced gamers looking for a better match for their skills should try Journey instead.
Longtime console gamers who have never played Ico or Shadow of the Colossus should definitely do so, preferably before playing The Last Guardian. High-definition remakes of both games are available for the PlayStation 3 on a single game disc for a combined price of $25. If your taste in games is anything like mine, it is absolutely worth buying or borrowing a PlayStation 3 console just to play these two games. (Plus Journey for just $15 more.) [Update: Both games are also available on the PS4 and Windows PC via the PlayStation Now cloud gaming service, though I have not tried playing them this way.]
If you loved Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, The Last Guardian is well worth playing, but it bears the scars of its nearly decade-long development. Like The Force Awakens, there’s almost no way The Last Guardian could have lived up to the expectations accumulated during the long wait for its release. In the end, its reach exceeds its grasp, if only slightly. But, oh, what a reach it was. Like its star creature, The Last Guardian occupies a lofty perch—defiantly idiosyncratic and occasionally inscrutable, but a towering achievement nonetheless.
Canonical Bagel Flavors
April 22, 2016 at 1:41 PM by John Siracusa
These are the canonical bagel flavors:
Cinnamon Raisin
Egg Everything
Bialys
© 2010-2019 John Siracusa
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New Single Out Now - Listen Here
LS Diamonds
LSD Swim
Lana Scolaro was born in London, UK, on Dec. 27, 1994. At a very young age, her parents had her in guitar lessons after school, virtually every day. Lana started out playing in school musicals, which eventually lead her to playing in the honors orchestra, at high school in London. That is where she found her love for writing music.
During the summer of 2012, Lana took a leap of faith and relocated to New York, where she would later attend Parsons the New School for Design. While attending the institute, she decided to pursue a full-time career in music. She cut her teeth doing open mics and showcases, which also helped to build up her local buzz. Shortly after returning back to Lon don, Lana dove head first into performing and displaying her new skills and songs, to her hometown.
and nowhere near the end!
In the summer of 2013, The Books DJ Agency in London & Splash Life Booking in LA booked Lana to several tour placements with superstars Chanel West Coast and major DJs such as Diplo and Bob Sinclair. In addition to all of the performances and music releases, Lana has also racked up 8 awards from award shows in Europe & is currently in the studio working on new music daily. Lana’s musical influences are Marshmello, Skrillex and Lil Peep, to name a few.
Copyright © 2018 Lana Scolaro - All Rights Reserved.
Managed by RAMIRO Productions LLC
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Small investments, large gains: Poverty Reduction Project in Aftout South and Karakoro – Phase II, Mauritania
Market gardening, harvesting forest products and rearing small livestock are a few of the activities enabling women and young people to earn an income through this IFAD-supported project in Mauritania.
Among the activities, a total of 88 income-generation micro-projects are benefitting over 1,500 women and 1,000 young people, who make up more than 50 per cent of the project participants. Participants receive training and inputs to enable them to increase the quantity and quality of the goods they produce.
Ahmed Ould Amar, project coordinator, explains, “Men started migrating to other regions to find a job, and so the area started being populated mainly by women. Women are responsible for many activities inside and outside the household, and we realized that it was crucial to focus on women's main issues: their economic activities and decision-making powers.”
With support to develop their commercial skills, women have also increased their competitiveness and their ability to negotiate with market traders. Cereal banks have been established so that they can store produce and sell when the price is right.
In addition to contributing to household income, they are increasing their role in family decision-making. The women have grown in confidence and increased their voice and influence outside their households as well: about 40 per cent of the decision-making roles in the producer organizations are now filled by women. Amar adds, “We have financed 191 projects, and 150 of them are agriculture-related projects in which women hold a central position.”
“We have developed solutions to allow women to easily access drinking water well inside the villages,” says Amar. Improvements in access to drinking water have made a huge difference in the daily lives of women and girls, saving them an average of five hours per day and freeing their time and energy for education, money-making activities and participation in the community.
The project has also invested in a wide range of educational activities, including literacy training, and sensitization on gender equality and the distribution of labour.
IFAD Gender Awards winner 2017
The Gender Awards spotlights a programme or project in each of IFAD’s five regions that has taken an innovative, transformative approach to addressing gender inequalities and empowering women. This year’s awards celebrate operations in Bangladesh, Colombia, Mauritania, Morocco and Mozambique.
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Helen Moat – Double Espresso
Five minute flash fiction stories
Flash fiction publications
Flash Fiction websites
← Oven Stones by Helen Moat
Rattle by Andrea Brittan →
An interview with guest writer, Andrea Brittan
Posted on March 1, 2015 by helenmoat
Andrea, thank you for agreeing to write a flash fiction for Double Espresso. It’s a pleasure to have you on board. Just to explain our connection: we both belong to a Peak District critiquing group (a subgroup of Writers in the Peak), all of us ‘obsessive’ writers I think it’s fair to say! When did that love affair with writing begin for you? How did it come about?
Thank you, Helen for inviting me to be a guest writer.
I’ve always been an avid reader and writer, even as a small child. In fact, one of my family’s favourite anecdotes is of me aged about 5 or 6, waking up from a nightmare, shouting, “Mummy, Mummy! I can’t write!” I was forever writing stories that featured my dolls and toys and I always used to tell family friends that I wanted to be a writer when I grew up. However, careers advice in the 1970s tended to focus on more down-to-earth choices so I never got to follow my dream. Instead, I became a teacher but over the years I often found myself writing for my students, particularly if I couldn’t find an appropriate text to illustrate a particular teaching point. Then in 2007, with my career at a crossroads, I had the opportunity to give up teaching and try something different, so I returned to my love of writing.
I know I have learned a lot from you in the critiquing group as all of us grapple with the novels we are working on. I feel you really understand the craft of writing. How much of that is instinctive and how much of it is learned would you say?
Hanif Kureishi caused a stir last year by saying that creative writing courses are a waste of time. As someone that’s done both a Post Graduate Diploma and an MFA in Creative Writing, I have to disagree… to some extent. I started the Diploma course with no formal background in writing at all. I’d only studied English Literature to A Level so I soon learned how much I didn’t know! Things I’d never really considered as a reader suddenly became hugely important as a writer. It was through these courses that I learned about the craft of writing; about the importance of aspects such as structure and pace and characterisation. However, there is a certain amount to writing that is a matter of instinct. You need an ear for language, for its rhythms and nuances. You need to be able to tune into the inner voice that tells you when something isn’t working. Also, there’s little point in knowing everything there is to know about point of view or the narrative arc if you have nothing to say, no story to tell. As writers we need to be out in the world, listening, observing, having opinions but I’m not sure this can be taught either.
You said to me that you don’t find the genre of flash fiction easy; yet I feel in ‘Rattle’ you’ve pulled it off magnificently. Your story unfolds within a short time frame – from shop to home, yet within those three hundred and fifty words, we have a window into a life. You’ve packed a lot into this short piece. How hard was it to whittle your version of ‘Rattle’ down to 350 words? Did you find the experience frustrating or liberating?
My first attempts at flash fiction some years ago were dismal failures. I hadn’t expected it to be so difficult. It was also very sobering to realise that this was exactly the sort of thing I’d expected students to do; what’s more, they’d only have an hour to do it in! However, despite feelings of trepidation at the start, I really enjoyed this task. Yes, I had to do an awful lot of whittling to get ‘Rattle’ down to three hundred and fifty words but I did find it strangely liberating. I’m not sure how long the first draft was but the piece opened with almost a page just about the differences Mei Fen had observed between China and England! Then that inner voice I mentioned earlier kept badgering away at me, making me return to the title and focus in on sounds. Once I’d realised that it was a sound picture I was creating, it was relatively easy to let go of everything else.
In your version of Rattle, you capture that sense of longing and home-sickness beautifully. I’m intrigued that you chose to write a story from the point of view of a Chinese woman living in England, rather than, say, an English woman living in Hong Kong – as you did for many years. Why did you choose to flip the situation and put yourself in Mei’s shoes?
That’s an interesting question. It’s only recently that I’ve given myself permission to write about Asia, despite having lived there for twenty-three years. I didn’t feel as though I had the right to write about a culture that I could only interact with at a very superficial level, as, I’m ashamed to say, I never mastered the language. However, one thing I learned from my MFA course is that if we’re to write authentically from the heart, then our sense of place, just like our sense of identity, will play an important role. We are all affected by where we live and this theme of home features strongly in my writing.
Interestingly, I never even considered writing the story from the point of view of a Westerner in Asia. Maybe that’s because I’ve just completed a novel that’s very much about the expat view of Hong Kong. It’s quite refreshing to try and empathise with a completely different perspective.
Talk us through the process of writing the flash – from your chosen prompt to the premise of your story. How did you arrive at the little Asian shop and the fortune sticks?
‘Rattle’ instantly made me think of fortune sticks which in turn led me to the other sounds I mention. It was easy to see how senses could be used to develop a location. Once I’d made that connection, I didn’t bother thinking about the other options.
Then I thought about the character. What’s going to be important to her? What are her goals? What will stop her from achieving them? This developed into the longing for home idea. I also needed her to be changed in some way so it seemed obvious that her ‘fortune’ as told by the stick should somehow be the agent for this. And of course, it had to end on a hopeful note otherwise the whole piece would have tipped over into melodrama.
Your work is always tightly structured and beautifully crafted, Andrea, without feeling laboured in any way. How important is structure to you? Indeed if you were to list the three most important elements of writing for you, what would they be?
You’re right, Helen, structure is, for me, one of the most important elements of writing. It creates order; it holds everything together, whether it’s a simple three-act structure or something more complicated. Structure helps the reader make sense of the plot and keeps our writing from becoming a stream of consciousness.
Secondly, I think fiction needs to generate an emotional connection for readers. They need to empathise with the character and their problems; they need to have someone to care about. I enjoy reading literary fiction because I love the lyricism of the language. However, I sometimes get to the end and wonder what I’m supposed to have taken from it. I can’t find the ‘point’ of the story. Maybe that’s a fault on my part but I think it also comes back to what I said earlier about writers having something to say, and being able to say it in a way that makes that connection for the reader.
And then there’s point of view. Which point of view to chose is one of the first decisions writers make when beginning a piece as this helps us decide whose story we are telling. But whichever POV a writer chooses, maintaining consistency, for me, is vital. Switching POV mid paragraph is disorientating for readers and makes it hard for them to work out which character they’re meant to identify with.
I love how Mei’s longing is enfolded in the smells, and in particular the sounds of her homeland: the tap-tapping in the temple; the clack and rustle of mah jong tiles and the roar of propane under the wok; the sigh of the wind in the paddy fields and the voices of home – a lovely evocation. Your story prompt was a ‘sound’ verb and you develop Mei’s longing as a soundscape, if you like. Was this a conscious or unconscious structuring for your story?
I certainly chose the title because of its sensory aspect, but in the first draft I’d included taste and touch as well. Mei Fan missed the sour and peppery tastes of her grandmother’s cooking; she stroked the smooth silk of cheong sam dresses for sale in ‘Asian Dreams’. It wasn’t until the editing stages that I realised exactly what I had written – that the piece was built upon sounds Mei Fan remembered from home.
You’ve found a lot of inspiration from the years you spent in Hong Kong. Now that you’re based in the Peak District, are you finding inspiration in the heart of England for your writing?
At the moment, I’m still mining my Hong Kong years for stories and inspiration. However, although I’ve only been back in the Peak District for eighteen months, it’s amazing how quickly you forget things. I think I may have to make a return visit soon to keep my senses sharp.
I know you’ve just finished a novel. What’s next in your writing life?
Currently, I’m seeking representation for my first novel, ‘Owner of a Lonely Heart’, as well as collating ideas and notes for a sequel. I’m also working on a short story collection with an east meets west theme.
Andrea, thanks again for your contribution to Double Espresso. It’s a pleasure to have your beautifully crafted piece in the collection. As someone – like yourself – who has lived abroad, Mei’s story really resonates.
Thanks so much, Helen, for inviting me to be a guest writer. I’ve really enjoyed participating.
About helenmoat
Helen Moat is the author of Slow Travel The Peak District. part of the UK Slow Travel guide books and published by Bradt. The book is available from Amazon and the online Bradt shop, as well as major outlets. Helen Moat was born in Northern Ireland and spent her childhood travelling the length and breadth of the island in her Dad’s Morris Minor – or so it seemed: she still suffers from wanderlust. Helen studied German in England, living in Switzerland and Germany for extended periods. The author has since settled in the Peak District, her adopted home. She is constantly inspired by the local landscape, and the people and places shaped by the Peaks. A keen walker and cyclist, she’s happiest when outdoors and on the move. As a travel and fiction writer, she’s always on the hunt for a good story. The Peak District gives her plenty of material. -
View all posts by helenmoat →
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Becky Koester
General Manager, High End Systems
Becky was originally hired by High End March of 1991 to implement the HR function during a high growth period for the company. The company had just launched Intellabeam, followed closely by the industry workhorse, Cyberlight. During a short period of time, the company grew from 90 employees to just under 500. During her career in HR, she also worked closely with finance in raising two rounds of equity capital. In June 2009, HES was acquired by Barco, Inc and Koester later transitioned to a corporate HR role with Barco Americas.
In June 2017, just after High End was acquired by ETC, Becky re-joined the local HES team as General Manager. In this role she is chief resource coordinator and supports all organizations in achieving their goals toward producing the highest levels of customer engagement.
Koester graduated from the University of Tennessee with a Bachelor of Science in Communications. Prior to High End, she worked for Dell Computer Corporation and Electronic Data Systems in HR and marketing capacities.
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Africana Studies Minor
Africana studies is housed in the Department of History and is devoted to the academic exploration and analysis of the history and cultures of blacks in Africa and the African diaspora. Through research, interpretation and the dissemination of knowledge, Africana studies examines the structure, organization, problems, and perspectives of blacks in Africa and the Americas.
What will Africana studies do for me?
A minor in Africana studies will correct the distorted historical record of peoples of African descent. African cultures, indigenous African institutions, artistic expressions, music and dance, among other monumental historical achievements of black peoples around the globe, must be examined from the African perspective. In other words, black peoples both on the continent and in the diaspora have been and will continue to be active agents in transforming world cultures and civilizations.
The Africana studies minor seeks to provide a comprehensive academic program. Students from all racial, religious and ethnic backgrounds are exposed to an academic experience beyond those found in the traditional college curriculum. In addition to providing a heightened sense of awareness about persons of African descent and their contribution to world civilizations, Africana studies has practical applications.
Africana studies can be applied to the foundation of most graduate studies in the social sciences, liberal arts and major professional programs. Examples include international affairs, education, social work, politics and government, law enforcement, social policy studies, healthcare, urban planning and other new forms of professional training.
How do I get a minor in Africana studies?
View the Africana studies program of study to learn more about the curriculum. Students are encouraged to work with an Africana studies advisor to complete an individualized curriculum plan.
Bachelor of Arts in History
Honors Thesis
History Minor
History Club/Phi Alpha Theta
Course Spotlights
Undergraduate Research Opportunities in History
© 2019 West Virginia University. WVU is an EEO/Affirmative Action employer — Minority/Female/Disability/Veteran. Last updated on May 7, 2019.
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“For the dead and the living, we must bear witness.” Elie Wiesel
Thaler Holocaust Remembrance Web SIte
The Holocaust Survivor Who Deciphered Nazi Doublespeak
Categories: Articles.
By Gal Beckerman
They didn’t wait for the war to end.
In August 1944, as soon as Soviet troops swept the Nazis out of eastern Poland, a group of Jewish intellectuals rushed to cities like Lublin and Lodz to begin collecting and recording, scouring for any trace of the still fresh horror that had taken their own loved ones. They wanted evidence.
Among them was Nachman Blumental, a philologist obsessed with the uses and misuses of language. He had escaped into the Soviet Union in 1939 and returned to find that his wife, Maria, and young son, Ariel, had been killed. Places once teeming with Jewish life were gutted. His whole world had effectively vanished.
Nachman Blumental, center, taking notes in Chelmno, Poland, after the region was liberated.CreditYad Vashem Archive
Cards that Nachman Blumental used to document how German words changed during the war.CreditVincent Tullo for The New York Times
To make some sense of it all, Blumental got to work. Along with an assortment of historians, ethnographers and linguists, he established the Central Jewish Historical Commission. They transcribed 3,000 survivor testimonies between 1944 and 1947, scavenged for Nazi paperwork in abandoned Gestapo offices and meticulously preserved fragments of day-to-day ghetto life — a child’s school notebook or a food ration ticket.
And Blumental, from the beginning, gathered words.
In every Nazi document he came across, he circled and underlined innocuous terms like “abgang” (exit) or “evakuierung” (evacuation). He knew what these words actually meant when they appeared in memos and bureaucratic forms: They were euphemisms for death. A mission of his own took shape: to reveal the ways the Nazis had used the German language to obscure the mechanics of mass murder and make genocide more palatable to themselves.
We now have a glimpse into the mind of Blumental and his fellow survivor historians. The YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, which contains the largest Holocaust collection in North America, acquired Blumental’s personal papers in February, composed of over 200,000 documents. According to YIVO’s director, Jonathan Brent, it is “one of the last great remaining archives of the Holocaust.”
In every Nazi document Blumental came across, he circled and underlined innocuous terms like “abgang” (exit) or “evakuierung” (evacuation).CreditVincent Tullo for The New York Times
Songs and poems that Blumental came across as he searched for artifacts from the Holocaust.CreditVincent Tullo for The New York Times
Its significance is its range, 30 boxes of material that had gathered dust and been chewed on by mice over the years since Blumental’s death in 1983. Unpacked now for the first time, they contain his postwar collections — Hitler stamps and pieces of anti-Semitic propaganda. One thick folder is filled with hundreds of previously unseen poems and songs Jews composed in the ghettos and camps, which he transcribed from survivors. Some items are more visceral, like a piece of leather from his dead son’s shoe.
But the artifacts are dwarfed by thousands of note cards covered in minuscule cursive handwriting. Each one contains a few sentences of Nazi writing and the etymology of a specific German word, both its original meaning and its distorted one. This was research for Blumental’s Orwellian undertaking: a Nazi dictionary.
“For him, coping with the experience of the war was both personal and extra-personal,” Brent said. “And his papers, as a result, contain the most intimate thing imaginable and essentially the linguistic grid of Nazism.”
Blumental received a master’s degree from Warsaw University with a thesis called “On Metaphor” and he knew nearly a dozen languages, from Hebrew to French to Ukrainian. He saw words and their usage as the clearest window into human culture. After the war, he wandered amid the ruins like a folklorist, an austere man in owlish glasses, compiling the Yiddish expressions and jokes that circulated among Polish Jews facing death.
Remnants of a shoe that belonged to Blumental’s son Ariel.CreditVincent Tullo for The New York Times
His dictionary of Nazi words was, at one level, a desperate undertaking: If he could reverse-engineer the language, he might be able to figure out how everything he had known and loved had been destroyed. But the project had other, more practical functions as well. He hoped that such a lexicon would be useful for prosecutors during the many postwar trials of the late 1940s — three of which Blumental attended as an expert witness, including the trial of Rudolf Höss, the Auschwitz camp commandant. And he was aiming, too, at the future, for a time when the documentary evidence of the genocide might be indecipherable without some kind of linguistic key.
In 1947, he published “Slowa niewinne” (“Innocent Words”), covering letters A through I, the first of what he envisioned to be two volumes of his dictionary. Coincidently, that same year, another survivor philologist, Viktor Klemperer, published “Language of the Third Reich,” a similar enterprise dissecting Nazi usage. Blumental never completed his second volume, and his papers show how the project metastasized over time, especially as he gained access to fresh source material from newly opened Nazi archives.
Blumental, like the other members of the commission, carried out his postwar research scientifically and methodically. But this was never just detached historical inquiry. It was also about memorializing the dead.
A photograph of Maria and Ariel Blumental.CreditVincent Tullo for The New York Times
A cross that belonged to Maria Blumental.CreditVincent Tullo for The New York Times
“Survivor historians like Blumental were caught between the ‘I’ and the ‘We,’ mediating between their own lived experience and the communities to which they belonged,” said Katrin Stoll, a German Holocaust scholar who has been helping to process the Blumental papers. “They each had to figure out how to relate to their own experiences and the larger experience of the war. In the case of Nachman Blumental, he opted for separation.”
Among his papers, there is a chilling example of how his analytical gaze collided with his personal pain. In 1948, he traveled to the village where Maria and Ariel were killed in June 1943. Blumental arrived with his notebook, intent on a forensic investigation, interviewing multiple villagers who witnessed the murder. His wife was passing as a Catholic woman and hiding with their son when they were arrested by Polish policemen. A Nazi officer then led them to the local Jewish cemetery and shot them.
In his handwritten notes, Blumental transcribed, word for word, the various accounts of the killing, an event he was told “everybody was watching.” Reporting on what a bricklayer who lived by the cemetery saw, he wrote: “She asked to be shot first. She did not want to look at the death of her son. She did not want to undress. The child started to cry: ‘Mom, mom, where is mommy.’ He shot. He shot at the child, he shot once and injured him, he shot a second time and killed him. The child was screaming. My wife was buried without clothes. My child with clothes on.”
A school notebook from the Lodz ghetto.CreditVincent Tullo for The New York Times
As a result of his investigation, the policemen who arrested Maria and Ariel were indicted in 1950. Blumental also exhumed their bodies and buried them in the Jewish cemetery in Warsaw.
The melding of commemoration and historical research made later professional historians dismissive of the commission’s work. Scholars like Raul Hilberg and Lucy Dawidowicz — the first generation to write books about the genocide in the 1960s — regarded the early survivor historians as tainted by their proximity to the events and the victims. And grasping the lived experience of the Holocaust, as the commission set out to do, was not as important to them as understanding the motives and methods of the perpetrators.
“It makes some sense that academic research started with the Nazi regime and ideology, but it went for decades not looking at the Jewish experiences, Jewish sources,” said Laura Jockusch, a professor of Holocaust studies at Brandeis University and the author of “Collect and Record!: Jewish Holocaust Documentation in Early Postwar Europe.” Today, she said, “we can see the value in the types of questions the commission raised as well as the sources they studied.”
The commission only lasted a few years before being dissolved by the Polish government who created the Jewish Historical Institute in 1947, centralizing all Holocaust research. Blumental was appointed its first director. But the work was constrained by the Communist Party’s demands, and most of the original members left Poland, including Blumental, who immigrated to Israel in 1950. For the rest of his life, he devoted himself to Holocaust research, working at a number of institutions, including Yad Vashem, Israel’s official Holocaust memorial center.
His personal papers, which YIVO plans to digitize and make available, were acquired from Miron Blumental, Blumental’s son who was born in 1954, 11 years to the day after Ariel Blumental was killed. It’s a coincidence that has haunted Miron. Over the past three decades, his father’s papers have moved with him from Israel to London to Vancouver, where he lives and works as an international tax lawyer.
What he sees in the files and thousands of note cards is a man battling his own helplessness, grasping at any shred of evidence, even the most ephemeral of things — the words.
“Everything he knew had disappeared,” Miron said. “He was hanging on to all these details as the proof that they existed. That was his memorial, what he could do. He couldn’t achieve anything else, in real terms. He couldn’t bring any of it back.”
Follow Gal Beckerman on Twitter: @galbeckerman.
Follow New York Times Books on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, sign up for our newsletter or our literary calendar. And listen to us on the Book Review podcast.A version of this article appears in print on June 24, 2019, on Page C1 of the New York edition with the headline: This Man Cracked Nazi Doublespeak. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe
← More than 1,200 Holocaust victims, discovered in mass grave, are laid to rest in Belarus – CBS News
Eva Kor, Survivor of Twin Experiments at Auschwitz, Dies at 85 →
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The Thaler Holocaust Memorial Fund (THMF) was established in 1995 by Dr. David and Joan Thaler to provide support for education about the Holocaust to residents and students at the local colleges in Linn County, Iowa. THMF provides funding for academic courses about the Holocaust, public speakers and other educational programs.
Eva Kor, Survivor of Twin Experiments at Auschwitz, Dies at 85
More than 1,200 Holocaust victims, discovered in mass grave, are laid to rest in Belarus – CBS News
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Archive for the ‘Winds of Change’ Category
Expats fight to change adoption law
by By Shannon Heit for the Korea Herald
A group of expats in Seoul are driving a movement to create a major shift in how the country deals with adoptions. With Democratic Party Representative Choi Young-hee, the coalition presented its bill to revise the current Special Act Relating to Adoption Promotion and Procedure law at a National Assembly public hearing on Nov. 10. [Photo by Marc Champod]
Leveraging the help of a group of lawyers and a Korean unwed mothers’ organization, a group of expats in Seoul are driving a movement to create a major shift in how the country deals with adoptions.
With the support of Democratic Party Representative Choi Young-hee, this coalition presented its bill to revise the current Special Act Relating to Adoption Promotion and Procedure law at a National Assembly public hearing on Nov. 10.
The coalition has been working together for over a year to draw up a proposal for a new adoption law. Involved are three adoption-related groups — Truth and Reconciliation for the Adoptee Community of Korea (TRACK), Adoptee Solidarity Korea, KoRoot — an unwed mothers group, Miss Mama Mia, and the Gonggam Public Interest Lawyers Group.
What initially began last year as a request to the Anti-corruption and Civil Rights Commission for a probe into cases of allegedly inaccurate or falsified adoption records has expanded into a movement that could change the course of Korea’s adoption program.
Read the rest of the coverage from The Korea Herald…
Posted in Winds of Change
Tagged with adoption law, adoption reform, international adoption, Korea, Korean adoption, unwed mothers
A generation fights to reform adoption laws
Six Korean adoptees filed an appeal with the Anti-corruption and Civil Rights Commission last year to request a probe into irregularities in their adoption documents and possible illegal procedures at local adoption agencies.
Now, they’re involved in a full-fledged battle to reform adoption laws and procedures, and they’re getting help from some heavyweights.
Adoptee rights and community groups as well as unwed mothers, the public interest law firm Gong-Gam and Democratic Party Representative Choi Young-hee have joined forces with the adoptees in an effort to convince lawmakers to revise the Special Law Relating to the Promotion and Procedure of Adoption.
The National Assembly has now taken up the issue and is exploring changes through a series of hearings.
The latest hearing took place yesterday.
If their efforts succeed, the groups will drastically change the landscape of domestic and international adoption in Korea, a country which lawmaker Choi said at yesterday’s hearing said “still has a stigma attached to it as one of the major exporters of children.”
It would also rank as one of the few cases in the world where adoptees returned to their original country and changed adoption practices through legislation.
False records
When they started this quest, the adoptees, hailing from three different countries, said their adoption records contained contradictory information.
Adoptee Jane Jeong Trenka
In one case, an adoptee only identified by her initials, SIA, said her adoptive parents in Denmark were informed by an adoption agency in 1977 that it did not have the records of her birth parents. But when SIA came to Korea in 1998 and asked for information about them, the agency did in fact have information about her birth mother. SIA also found that the adoption was done without her mother’s consent.
In another case, an adoptee only identified as PYJ said her adoption agency created a new identity for her when she was sent to Norway for adoption in 1975.
Their initial attempt to delve into the issue hit a brick wall when the civil rights commission dismissed the appeal, citing a lack of proper administrative procedures in Korea at the time of their adoption.
Taking on the law
The adoptees, however, did not stop there. Instead of filing another petition or begging for the release of their records at adoption agencies, they decided to try to revise adoption-related laws to find out the truth and improve the system.
According to the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, 161,588 Korean children were sent overseas for adoption from 1958 through 2008. Korea is the world’s fifth-largest exporter of children behind China, Guatemala, Russia and Ethiopia as of 2007, according to World Partners Adoption Inc.
“Most Korean adoptees are growing up in foreign countries and facing confusion over their identity. Even though they come to Korea to find their roots, there are few cases in which they are given accurate information on their birth or succeed in locating their birth parents. To improve the situation, we decided to hold a hearing on revising the Special Act,” lawmaker Choi said.
Need for stricter regulations
The proposed bill starts with the idea that foreign, and even domestic, adoption is not the best option for children and that public assistance should be given to mothers to help them raise their children, a concept that follows international adoption practices. It also incorporates the notion that adoption processes need to be more strictly regulated to prevent possible abuses by adoption agencies.
“The government wants to push domestic adoption, but all the children already have mothers,” said Jane Jeong Trenka, the president of the Truth and Reconciliation for the Adoption Community of Korea and one of the adoptees who filed the appeal at the commission. “The children can stay with their mothers. Single mothers should be given resources to raise their own children. It is still a matter of social prejudice in Korea.”
A National Assembly hearing was held yesterday on revising Korea’s special adoption law. By Jeon Min-gyu
Trenka added that a number of adoptees had families but were reclassified as orphans before they were sent abroad for adoption. “Because their records were manipulated, only 2.7 percent of adoptees succeed in locating their birth parents,” she said.
The majority of children relinquished for adoption in Korea are the children of unwed mothers. Of the 2,556 adoptions in 2008, international and domestic, 2,170 were the children of unwed mothers. Others were from low-income families or broken homes.
One of the biggest obstacles that prevents these women from raising their children on their own is the social stigma they face as unwed mothers. Another is the lack of social welfare services available to them should they choose to raise their child.
Trenka was adopted by a couple in Minnesota in the United States in 1972 when she was six months old. In 2007, Trenka and other Korean adoptees founded TRACK to help get the government to fully acknowledge its past and present adoption practices.
Reverend Kim Do-hyun, who is the director of KoRoot, which provides accommodation for Korean adoptees returning to the country, echoed those thoughts.
“Behind the Special Law is an idea that adoption needs to be encouraged,” Kim said. “But adoption is not something that we should promote. Rather than pushing adoption, we should reinforce the original family to prevent further separation between mothers and their children.”
Adoption as a business
One of the major changes proposed by the bill drafted by the public interest law firm Gong-Gam is that it would require court approval for all types of adoptions – currently they’re needed only for domestic adoptions – and increase government intervention in matters dealt with mostly by private adoption agencies.
The adoptees say there needs to be more government involvement in adoption because as more adult adoptees reunite with their birth parents and gain access to their records, examples of dubious international adoption practices have surfaced.
TRACK has been documenting these cases through interviews with adoptees and their birth families. They found that in some cases an orphan hojeok (family registry) is produced for a child sent for international adoption, even if the child has a family. Contradictions were also found between the records held by adoptive parents and those kept by the adoption agency. In one case the child was malnourished at the time of adoption but the records sent to the adoptive parents overseas stated the child was healthy. In another case, a child was given up for domestic adoption but was sent abroad for international adoption.
The adoptee coalition believes such irregularities occurred because adoption agencies manipulated records to push international adoption, which is very profitable.
According to the Health Ministry, the four adoption agencies authorized to facilitate international adoptions charge 13 million won ($17,211) to 20 million won for each child sent for international adoption.
Pressure on moms
Another proposed revision would give women a minimum of 30 days to make a decision on adoption, which is standard in Western countries. There is no set period for this in South Korea.
Observers say women are often forced to sign an agreement on adoption almost right after giving birth. If the mothers change their mind, the agencies charge them for all expenses they’ve incurred, from child delivery to the shelters they run. They said adoption agencies tend to encourage adoption rather than telling the women that there are other options available such as raising their child on their own.
“Adoption agencies pressure you to give up your child,” Choi Hyang-sook, a member of the group Miss Mamma Mia, which is also part of the adoptee coalition, said at yesterday’s hearing.
Third, the agencies would be obligated to provide adoptees with all information on their birth parents, with the exception of name and registration number if the birth parents do not want their identities revealed. Kim said adoption agencies are often reluctant to share information with adoptees who are looking for their birth parents and vice versa because they are afraid that past abuses could become public knowledge.
“Adoption agencies provide adult adoptees with only partial information, citing the protection of their birth parents’ privacy,” Kim said. “The agencies have often falsified data to suit adoptive parents’ taste or to abide by the laws of the country to which they are sending a child. There were cases in which adoptees were classified as orphans when they were not. The more information they reveal, the more their reputation can be damaged.”
One adoption agency disputed the accusations. “There are records we can open but there are those we can’t,” said Choi An-yeo, a manager at Holt Children’s Services Inc., the biggest and oldest adoption agency in Korea.
Choi said things were different a few decades ago. “Then, it was possible to send an abandoned child abroad for adoption. If someone brought in a child and lied that he or she was a legal guardian, there would be no way for us to find out. We only have followed the laws and we will continue to do so,” she added.
Unifying adoption bills
Democratic Party Representative Choi is sponsoring the proposal while the Health Ministry is also drawing up its own bill. It is not certain how the government bill is going to be shaped but Park Sook-ja, the director of the Office for Child, Youth and Family Policy at the Health Ministry, said she generally sympathizes with the adoptee coalition. “We share similar ideas in general, but we need to take it one step at a time,” Park said.
The ministry has already held two hearings on the bill, however, Park said it is too early to talk about the bill as the final version has not been made yet.
Choi said the differences between the two bills will likely be ironed out before a unified bill is presented to the Assembly early next year.
Based on ‘lies’
Dozens of adoptees including Trenka attended the hearing yesterday in the hope that the bill Choi presented can transform adoption practices here.
Trenka commented, “Adoption may be an act of love, but all adoptions are meant to separate children from their mothers.”
Trenka started writing to her birth parents regularly when she was 16 years old. Her adoptive parents did not like her keeping in touch with her birth parents but one day she found letters from her birth mother in her adoptive parents’ mailbox. Her birth mother had found her adoptive parents’ address and kept sending her letters. Trenka said she still remembers the time she reunited with her birth mother.
“My mother was so emotional. I’d never seen a person so emotional,” she said. “She sat on the floor and poured her heart out.”
Trenka reunited with the rest of her birth family in the 1990s.
“Adoption is a big lie. Its success depends on everyone believing in that lie. They [my adoptive parents] wanted to believe in that lie but I could not do that.” Asked why she is devoting herself to creating the law, she said, “For my mother. My mother died but if I don’t try to change things, my suffering has no meaning.”
Tagged with adoption, adoption law, adoption reform, international adoption, Korea, Korean adoption
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN THE NAME OF ADOPTION: WHY WE HAVE TO FIX THE SYSTEM
Presentation address of the HISTORIC new coalition bill presented to the Korean National Assembly
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN THE NAME OF ADOPTION:
WHY WE HAVE TO FIX THE SYSTEM
by Jane Jeong Trenka (Adoptee)
My thanks to Rep. Choi Young-hee for the great honor of participating on this historic occasion, the first time that adoptees and single mothers have proposed an entirely new bill to the National Assembly to revise South Korea’s adoption law. I also wish to acknowledge Choi Young-hee’s staff, who have met with us regularly, as well as the members of the coalition: the Gonggam Public Interest Lawyers, the single mothers’ group Miss Mamma Mia, KoRoot ASK, and TRACK.
I believe it is an unintended benefit to South Korea that while adoptees had no choice in their adoptions to foreign countries, they are now able to report back to Korea on the country’s adoption program and how post-adoption and Korean family services may now be improved. While workers in adoption agencies have certainly voiced their opinions to the Korean government before, I believe it is significant that our bill has been written by a coalition of concerned Korean citizens and diasporic Koreans, international adoptees, and single Korean mothers who will reap absolutely no economic, professional, or social benefit from continuing the adoption system as it has been practiced in the past. Instead, we look forward to meeting international standards of human rights and justice. We seek to create a system of child welfare in Korea that can be a source of not all shame and guilt, but pride and self-sufficiency, for all Koreans.
Today I will give a brief critique on the current law and the problems it has caused for adoptees and their families. I hope these criticisms will be heard by parliament members and the countries influenced by Korean adoption as the result of many lifetimes worth of experience and our sincerest efforts to understand the laws that have profoundly and permanently affected our individual lives, as well as the modern history and society of South Korea. I speak in English, but my wish is for the parliament members to hear the adoptees not as foreigners, but people whose mothers spoke to us in Korean while they carried us in their wombs, and who were born as Korean citizens, but whose families were abandoned by the state.
Gonggam public interest lawyer So Rami will give a detailed presentation on the coalition’s revisions, which were written as specific solutions to specific problems. I will now detail these problems in the hope that these findings will within the next five years lead to a truth and reconciliation process for the adoption community of Korea that identifies past abuses and prevents future abuses so that the relationship between Korean society and the adoption community may at last be healed.
The Korean government’s expediting and preferencing of adoption over the preservation of the child’s original family is a major flaw that has led to the construction of the country’s international adoption program that has now notriously sent up to 200,000 children overseas. While many adoptions appear to have been processed completely legally on paper, many returning adoptees have found that in reality there were abuses that occurred in order to facilitate their adoptions. The American scholar Dr. David Smolin calls this “child laundering,” a reference to money laundering or processing something that is illegal in a way to make it look legal on the surface. In South Korea, these abuses have been documented by TRACK as follows:
Documented Abuses
1. Unclear relinquishment
TRACK has found cases where the parent did not relinquish under a real name, a person other than the parent relinquished, only one parent relinquished, the child was relinquished for domestic but NOT international adoption, or the signature on the relinquishment form appears to be forged. The current law holds agencies responsible for locating children’s parent in order to make sure they can be sent for adoption, which is a conflict of interest.
Adopted From Korea and in Search of Identity
By RON NIXON
DIFFERENT Kim Eun Mi Young in an undated photo with her brothers, David, left, and Shawn. Growing up, she says, “at no time did I consider myself anything other than white.”
As a child, Kim Eun Mi Young hated being different.
When her father brought home toys, a record and a picture book on South Korea, the country from which she was adopted in 1961, she ignored them.
Growing up in Georgia, Kansas and Hawaii, in a military family, she would date only white teenagers, even when Asian boys were around.
“At no time did I consider myself anything other than white,” said Ms. Young, 48, who lives in San Antonio. “I had no sense of any identity as a Korean woman. Dating an Asian man would have forced me to accept who I was.”
It was not until she was in her 30s that she began to explore her Korean heritage. One night, after going out to celebrate with her husband at the time, she says she broke down and began crying uncontrollably.
“I remember sitting there thinking, where is my mother? Why did she leave me? Why couldn’t she struggle to keep me?” she said. “That was the beginning of my journey to find out who I am.”
The experiences of Ms. Young are common among adopted children from Korea, according to one of the largest studies of transracial adoptions, which is to be released on Monday. The report, which focuses on the first generation of children adopted from South Korea, found that 78 percent of those who responded had considered themselves to be white or had wanted to be white when they were children. Sixty percent indicated their racial identity had become important by the time they were in middle school, and, as adults, nearly 61 percent said they had traveled to Korea both to learn more about the culture and to find their birth parents.
Like Ms. Young, most Korean adoptees were raised in predominantly white neighborhoods and saw few, if any, people who looked like them. The report also found that the children were teased and experienced racial discrimination, often from teachers. And only a minority of the respondents said they felt welcomed by members of their own ethnic group.
read the rest of the article here:
Tagged with adoption, adoption statistics, identity, international adoption, Korea, Korean adoption
For comedienne Amy Anderson…
who gets it in every way.
from KoreAm on-line magazine of the Korean American experience
A Korean adoptee comes to the defense of single moms like herself
Amy and her daughter Aubrey, 2008.
By Amy Anderson
My daughter is 2 and she is the most amazing human being on the planet. Sure, I’m a little biased, but she is pretty awesome. I have been blessed with a healthy, beautiful and intelligent child. I love her more and more each day. And while all mothers feel a special bond with their children, I should take a moment to mention that my daughter is the only blood relative I have ever known.
All that I know about the beginning of my life was that I was abandoned at the Yongsan train station in Seoul on September 2, 1972. I was estimated to be only a day old. After a passerby found me and took me to the police, I was adopted by my American family through Holt, an international agency known as the pioneer of overseas Korean adoption. No information about my Korean birth family has ever surfaced. The love for my adoptive family is sincere and they are indeed my “real” family, but as you can imagine, the special bond I have with my daughter is undeniably visceral.
I cannot fathom living without her.
That said, raising a child is tough. And sometimes, I feel really alone. And it’s because I’m a standup comedian who spends a lot of time traveling, working late hours, and managing an unpredictable schedule. It’s because I’m a single mom.
In my case, I have shared custody of my daughter with her father, which offers some relief, but it also presents a whole bevy of communication challenges that, at times, make the situation feel more stressful. And I’m not saying that raising children within a marriage is easy either, but at the end of a difficult day, I have to believe there is some peace in knowing you have another person in your corner to help pay the bills or lend an extra set of hands. (Anyone who has gone to Costco alone with an infant knows what I’m talking about.)
Just a few short years ago, as I was living my dream of being a comedian and actress in Hollywood, having a baby was not a planned event for my 34th year. Splitting with her father when she was an infant was also unplanned, but I decided to roll with the punches.
The struggle to establish a new life for my daughter made 2008 the most difficult year of my life. It took me months to get us on our feet and just now, I feel I have finally hit my stride. My daughter is thriving, my career is moving forward faster than ever before, and I have a wonderful new boyfriend. At 37, I actually have a life again that I really love.
Last month, just when I was thinking single motherhood was not such a bad gig after all, a friend forwarded an article to me from the New York Times, titled “Group Resists Korean Stigma for Unwed Mothers.” This article, written by Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter Choe Sang-hun, details a small group of Korean mothers who are banding together to protect their rights in a country that not only discourages, but also shuns, single moms.
Abortion is widely used in Korea as a way to avoid the shameful and ostracizing title of “unwed mother.” For the women who simply cannot terminate their pregnancies, the second most popular option is relinquishing the child for adoption—usually overseas. These birth mothers often lose all contact with their children.
Deception is rife in Korean adoption due to societal pressures and while adoption files are more accurate than they were in the past, untruths of orphanages burning down, names being concealed, identities being switched, and more, are all too common. The few women who choose the unpopular option of raising their children as single parents risk a life of poverty and social ostracism—for themselves and their children. These mothers are trapped in a no-win situation in a culture that doesn’t value them as the heroes that they are.
Korean women deserve the right to raise their own biological children with dignity and respect. Married or not.
While some American women, known as “single mothers by choice,” are now opting to bear and raise children alone (the clock is a-tickin’, Mr. Right never came along, and the sperm bank is just down the street), I don’t think any woman would describe that path as her ideal. Single motherhood is booby-trapped with emotional, financial and time management difficulties. No little girl dreams of growing up and doing it all by herself.
But as an American, I at least have the perk of being praised as somewhat of a societal hero. In South Korea, that’s never the case.
In 2008, I was selected to take an all-expense paid trip to South Korea to search for my birth family. While the trip yielded no family members for me, it did change the way I understood Korean adoption and my place in the world as a mother and adopted Korean American.
As part of this trip to Korea, which was sponsored by the Overseas Koreans Foundation, we visited babies at the Holt offices in Seoul. These were all infants who were going to be sent overseas, mostly to the United States. To say this was an emotional event would be an understatement. Holding these babies and realizing they were about to embark on the same journey that I had, more than three decades earlier, was overwhelming. Not just because I knew what they were in for, but also because as a mother, I knew how much the women who gave birth to them longed to keep them.
A few days later, I visited a city-run orphanage in Seoul: the Hae Sim Orphanage. Approximately 12 children, both boys and girls, lived in this home under the loving and firm supervision of a small staff. The children, infants to age 7, clearly loved and respected their caretakers. Even the toddlers bowed politely and greeted me with smiling annyeonghaseyos. The older boys were excited to have visitors, and didn’t want us to leave. The children were beautiful—perfect, actually—and I just could not understand why nobody wanted them. I already knew that South Koreans rarely adopted domestically but these children in the city-run orphanages had even slipped through the cracks of overseas adoption. Why?
A few days later, I visited yet another orphanage outside of Seoul. This one, in Anyang, was a much larger facility with at least 40 children. We were greeted by rows of tiny shoes, lined up neatly in the hallway entrance. With volunteers and two fellow Korean adoptees from Denmark and Canada, I arrived to make dinner (spaghetti and meatballs with kimchi) for the children.
After dinner, we played. The little ones, infants through toddlers, clung to us and cried as soon as they were set down, but the older ones, ages 5 to 7, wanted to engage and interact. Perfect children in a tragic setting. It was during a talk with one of the Korean volunteers that I finally learned the truth about these city-run “orphanages.”
She told me, “The children in these homes have Korean parents. They are mostly the children of divorced couples and very poor couples.” Another ugly truth about Korea’s highly Confucianist society is that custody is almost always awarded to the father in the case of a divorce, no matter what the circumstances. If the man does not want to raise the children, or has no relatives who will take care of them, he will often leave the children at one of these homes and the mother has no rights. The misnomer of “orphanage” is widely accepted because Westerners don’t want to hear the truth, but they are simply dumping grounds for innocent victims of an archaic cultural practice. These children are not even available for adoption because they have legal Korean parents, and while the mothers long for their children on the outside, the children languish on the inside.
These children are not orphans; they have parents that are healthy, functioning and alive. That, along with the fact that Korea is still exporting its children when they have the lowest birthrate amongst all industrialized nations, and can boast the 11th largest economy in the world, is disturbing. During a conversation with Dae-won Wenger, a Swiss-raised Korean adoptee and Secretary General of Global Overseas Adoptees’ Link, he pointed out that, “The more advanced Korea becomes, the more [Koreans] are devaluing their children.”
America’s rescue mentality towards foreign children is nothing new and, in the case of Korea, stems from a legitimate history of humanitarian aid after the Korean War. But few people seem to question why overseas Korean adoption peaked in 1985, decades after a cease-fire was signed in 1953. These numbers show that Westerners who now adopt from Korea are participating in a very profitable operation, whether they know it or not. In the majority of cases, they are adopting a single woman’s child. A child like my own.
As a single mother and Korean adoptee with a sketchy adoption file, you can imagine that I have strong feelings on the issue of single mothers’ rights in South Korea. I realized that if I lived in Korea, my own daughter probably would have been adopted out or placed in a group home, and that the choice to keep her would be intrinsically attached to a life of poverty and shame.
But a movement in Korea, though small, has begun. Brave people are finally stepping forward and with advocates like Richard Boas, founder of the Korean Unwed Mothers Support Network, and allies like adoptee filmmaker Tammy Chu, birth mothers and single parents in Korea will finally have a voice and eventually be able to enjoy the rights they deserve—not just as mothers, but as human beings.
Tonight, I am writing in a hotel room in Pennsylvania, over 2,600 miles away from my little girl in Los Angeles. My upcoming performance is a very important one and may determine how much work I book over the next year. No matter how much I miss my daughter when I travel, I am proud to show her what a woman can do and I am grateful to have the right to do it.
In two nights, I will be home to bathe her, read to her and tuck her in with hugs and kisses because I am her mother and this is how it should be.
Tagged with adoption, adoption reform, international adoption, Korea, Korean adoption, unwed mothers
Real Support for Unwed Moms
from the Korea Times
Volunteers take care of babies born to unwed mothers at a welfare center in Yeoksam-dong, southern Seoul, on Jan. 8. Many of unwed mothers have to send their babies to adoption agencies because of a lack of support and difficulty with child care. / Korea Times File
By Jennifer Kwon Dobbs
In today’s adoption world, South Korea is no longer the largest sending country. Yet, why does it remain the world’s oldest sending country in modern adoption history?
To address this undesirable legacy, the South Korean government has attempted to promote domestic adoption with mixed results.
Though domestic adoption statistically surpassed overseas adoption in 2007, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs has reported problems with disrupted domestic placements where adoptive parents have returned children to the system.
More significantly, domestic adoption is not a valid solution primarily because it ignores an unwed mother’s human right to give birth to and to raise her child.
Surf the web in Korea for unwed mothers’ assistance. The top links connect you to adoption agency sponsored sites that promise help. Yet what is the quality of this help when there’s a conflict of interest?
Seventeen of South Korea’s 25 unwed mothers’ maternity homes are adoption agency owned and operated. As reported by Choe Sang-hun for the New York Times, “Nearly 90 percent of the 1,250 South Korean children adopted abroad last year, most of them by American couples, were born to unmarried women.”
Current adoption agency practices encourage mothers to surrender their children.
News Trace 60 Minutes (Chujeok 60), a weekly news show of the state-run KBS TV, reports that adoption agencies cover expecting mothers’ medical expenses and typically bring paperwork for a mother to sign relinquishing her child while still in the hospital bed.
A hospital discharge usually occurs 72 hours after delivery. A social worker will arrive at the maternity ward during this window to take the child.
Consequently, many children are unregistered to their mothers and lack identifying paperwork, therefore preventing future attempts for family search and reunion.
In response to instances where mothers have changed their minds and wanted to keep their children, agencies have charged mothers for the cost of their hospital stays. However, agencies receive government subsidies that offset these and other operating costs.
It is also a common agency practice to bill mothers for foster care provided between a child’s birth and placement in an adoptive home. Many mothers, however, cannot pay and end up surrendering their children. The children of unwed mothers are not orphans, nor are they unwanted.
In my interviews with expecting mothers at Doori Home, a maternity home operated by the Salvation Army in Seoul, I learned that each mother who intended to surrender her child did not fully know her options nor have realistic expectations even though Doori Home, which has one of the highest rates of child-rearing motherhood, had provided counseling.
Each mother had named her child. Mothers who chose overseas adoption expected that their children would learn English, become globally and economically mobile, and find and return to them.
This assumption motivated mothers to prefer overseas adoption. However, reunion is the exceptional, not the usual outcome. From 1995-2005, the ministry reported that only 2.7 percent of 78,000 overseas adoptees who initiated a birth search successfully reunited with their families.
Nor did the mothers understand that relinquishment means irrevocably terminating parental rights. When asked about this, the mothers repeatedly said that they were their children’s mothers although others would provide child-rearing care because they could not.
The mothers did not realize that overseas adoption cut their children off from Korean culture. For example, they were unaware that their children, more than likely, would be unable to speak Korean with them should they be reunited in the future.
All of the mothers with whom I spoke mentioned a lack of emotional family support foremost affecting their choice to surrender or rear their children. Their own mothers as well as their partners’ mothers primarily exerted pressure or threatened to take the child to the adoption agency.
The intimate cultural stigma and socioeconomic impediments these mothers face reveal the discriminatory side of South Korea’s economic miracle.
South Korea’s inability to imagine support for unwed mothers separate from domestic or overseas adoption shows just how deeply entrenched adoption, a once privatized postwar solution, has become in the country’s welfare system.
Promoting adoption instead of protecting unwed mothers’ rights to their own children shows that South Korea does not view them and their children as real families. Whether one is for or against adoption misses the point that the vast majority of children placed for adoption today have loving families that South Korea prefers to break up.
Addressing unwed mothers’ human rights requires multiple approaches to end a national culture of shame and secrecy. Foremost, South Korea must build a culture that promotes mothers and must provide real opportunities for them to care for their children.
Instead of punishing unwed mothers, South Korea should value and work with them to invest in future generations that can make our country stronger and more prosperous.
Jennifer Kwon Dobbs is an assistant professor at the English department, St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minn. She can be reached at http://www.jkwondobbs.com.
Tagged with adoption, adoption law, adoption reform, international adoption, Korea, Korean adoption, unwed mothers
Group Resists Korean Stigma for Unwed Mothers
Probably the highlight of my visit to Busan (since I wasn’t allowed into the theater to see Resilience because I was 2 minutes late – but that’s another story) was meeting Kyong-Wha. (Her story in the New York Times follows below)
I consider myself a lucky girl to not only have heroines, but to meet them and be able to get to know them personally.
Heroine #1 is Jane Jeong Trenka, who is the most unselfish person I’ve ever met. We’re very similar, in that we see a need and follow up on it. But she’s younger and thinks bigger than I do, and she exhausts all of her seemingly (but not) boundless energy creating a better world for women. Currently she and a team of advisors have DRAFTED A NEW LAW to be proposed to the Korean National Assembly. How’s THAT for citizen action??? Historic. Landmark.
Heroine #2 is Kyung-Wha. Here’s another woman who sees a need and, instead of sucking it up stoically by herself, she not only puts herself out there, but creates a foundation for single mothers BY single mothers – the first of its kind in Korea – called Mama Mia.
Reading the article, you will be both energized and impressed by this fearless, courageous woman and encouraged by the writing and the exposure of this issue in the New York Times. But Korea, it seems, does not see Kyung-Wha’s actions or Sang-Hun’s New York Times article in such favorable light. In fact, fall-out and negative comments by netizens of Korea’s insular cyberworld has been rather severe. They ask things like, “How can you ask for the government to help you when YOU messed up?” They refuse to recognize any of the extra hardships and descrimination these women face for TAKING RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR ACTIONS. They do not appreciate Sang-Hun airing Korea’s dirty laundry out in public, never once considering that it was they who dirtied the laundry to begin with. They see nothing wrong with the government promoting adoption and discouraging women to raise their own children, as most Koreans still think of America as the land of milk and honey: even though there are more jobs here and the standard of living is REALLY HIGH.
I learned, in addition to the NYT article, that the measly 50,000 won (half of the $85 the government sends to subsidize those who already have the means to adopt) is taken away once an unwed mother gets a job: which of course she must do, because how can you live on $42.50 a month? There is a child support system here, but it is not enforced, so dead-beat dad’s merely have to move so their address no longer matches the database. There is no blame directed at the men for their part in procreation.
Kyung Wha’s little boy is an absolute delight. Jane chases him and they play mock battle like the Pororo characters from Korean children’s tv cartoons. His peels of laughter amuse everyone but his mom, who knows he will be extra hard to settle down. He hits his head under a table and cries and she rocks him in her arms, kissing his head. I see this and remember how much I loved these moments of just being there for my little ones, comforting them. Later, he’s passed out across two restaurant chairs, oblivious to all and looking like an angel, and I remember Jane saying earlier under her breath something like, “and to think he could have been sent away.”
So I’ll post the first half of the NYT article here, and let you finish the rest there…
Mok Kyong-wha, with her son, said that she broke up with her boyfriend while she was pregnant and refused when he asked her to have an abortion
By CHOE SANG-HUN
SEOUL, South Korea — Four years ago, when she found that she was pregnant by her former boyfriend, Choi Hyong-sook considered abortion. But after she saw the little blip of her baby’s heartbeat on ultrasound images, she could not go through with it.
Skip to next paragraph
Single Parenting in South Korea
Times Topics: South Korea
Jean Chung for the International Herald Tribune
This 29-year-old woman, nine months pregnant, has decided to keep her baby instead of setting up adoption. More Photos »
As her pregnancy advanced, she confided in her elder brother. His reaction would sound familiar to unwed mothers in South Korea. She said he tried to drag her to an abortion clinic. Later, she said, he pressed her to give the child up for adoption.
“My brother said: ‘How can you be so selfish? You can’t do this to our parents,’ ” said Ms. Choi, 37, a hairdresser in Seoul. “But when the adoption agency took my baby away, I felt as if I had thrown him into the trash. It felt as if the earth had stopped turning. I persuaded them to let me reclaim my baby after five days.”
Now, Ms. Choi and other women in her situation are trying to set up the country’s first unwed mothers association to defend their right to raise their own children. It is a small but unusual first step in a society that ostracizes unmarried mothers to such an extent that Koreans often describe things as outrageous by comparing them to “an unmarried woman seeking an excuse to give birth.”
The fledgling group of women — only 40 are involved so far — is striking at one of the great ironies of South Korea. The government and commentators fret over the country’s birthrate, one of the world’s lowest, and deplore South Korea’s international reputation as a baby exporter for foreign adoptions.
Read the rest of the New York Times article here
Tagged with adoption, international adoption, Korea, Korean adoption, unwed mothers
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VINYL FLOORING HISTORY
Vinyl flooring has become an everyday feature in buildings and homes across the world thanks to its many aesthetic and technical advantages. A story of industry's ingenuity and creativity in developing flooring to meet the needs of people's evolving lifestyles.
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Discovered by a French physician in the 19th century, the first experiments in vinyl began in the 1930s when it made its first public appearance at the 1933 exhibition “Century of Progress” in Chicago, USA. During the war years, due to difficulties in sourcing certain raw materials, research focused on exploiting vinyl as an alternative to rubber. Industrial uses of vinyl began to multiply after the second world war. In 1947, the first ‘Tarkett’ vinyl flooring was born in Sweden.
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The 1950s marked an era of creativity and experimentation with this new material. Its characteristics - extreme durability, flexible handling, design possibilities – made it an attractive and cost-effective option for mass producing all kinds of industrial and household objects. Companies in North America and Europe began to manufacture vinyl flooring. In France, Sommer (one of the founding companies of Tarkett) launched its original Tapiflex flooring. We already started recycling in 1957. This positive property of recyclability was early discovered and helped to reduce the impact on waste going to landfill.
The vinyl revolution in the 1960s
The 1960s are synonymous with the growing popularity of vinyl which was being used everywhere - from building materials, car components, food packaging to medical equipment and even clothing. Worldwide vinyl production exploded from 220,000 tonnes per year in 1950 to 6 million tons by 1970. Vinyl flooring was appreciated for its resistance to moisture, stains and impact as well its durability over time. These technical qualities made it a highly popular and practical flooring in hospitals, schools, offices and housing across the world. In 1968, a vinyl flooring set the scene for the Winter Olympic prize ceremony covering the skating rink in Grenoble, France!
Continued innovation for lifestyle and well-being
From the kitchen, bathroom, bedroom to the living room... vinyl has conquered interior design since the 1960s to become one of the most widely used types of flooring. Its affordability and a wide variety of design options – from wood, tile, stone to stunning graphic effects - have seduced consumers and professionals alike. Vinyl’s ease of installation and maintenance has made it a convenient and time-saving flooring for today’s busy lifestyles! And innovation has continued on the health and environmental advantages of vinyl too. From 1957 Tarkett took its first steps in recycling vinyl through reusing production and installation scraps. This has grown into a global sustainability approach to continually reuse materials and minimise impact on the environment. The industry has also explored how vinyl can contribute to well-being and healthy indoor environments. For a number of years Tarkett has focused on making flooring with low emissions – to improve indoor air quality. Our new generation of vinyl floors is the newest of Tarkett’s multi-material range of flooring with emissions 10-100 times lower than the most stringent regulations. Tarkett’s latest eco-innovation is the introduction of phthalate-free plasticizers also developed to contribute to improved indoor environment and air quality.
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MANUFACTURING | Tony Chua, Singapore
Published: 18 Nov 11
RENHENG Enterprise shares 67.4% over-subscribed
The company fixes offering price at HK$1.20 per share.
RENHENG Enterprise Holdings Limited (“RENHENG Enterprise”), a tobacco machinery manufacturer and supplier with a tobacco production licence and patented technologies, on Thursday announced its share placing allotment results.
Trading of RENHENG Enterprise’s shares on the GEM Board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited will begin on 18 November 2011 (Friday). RENHENG Enterprise has offered 50,000,000 placing shares, based on the placing price of HK$1.20 per share, gross proceeds from the placing are expected to be approximately HK$60 million. The Shares will be traded in board lots of 2,000 Shares under the stock code 8012. Shenyin Wanguo Capital (H.K.) Limited is the Sponsor and Lead Manager of the placing.
Mr Wei Sheng Peng, Founder, Chairman and Executive Director of RENHENG Enterprise, said. “We are heartened by the support from investors for the share placement, with the placing shares over-subscribed by approximately 67.4%. The listing not only provides us with sufficient capital to further enhance product development and innovation, but also helps strengthen the confidence of potential customers of the Group, thus driving us to a leading position in the tobacco machinery industry in the PRC and accelerating the continuous growth of our business.”
The Group is one of 34* tobacco machinery manufacturers which have been granted the Tobacco Production Licence in the PRC. It is principally engaged in the manufacture, sale and provision of maintenance, overhaul and modification services of tobacco machinery products in the PRC. It generates its turnover primarily from three types of catalogued special-purpose tobacco machinery products as listed on the Tobacco Machinery Documents: (1) casing and flavouring systems, (2) pneumatic feeding systems and (3) pre-pressing packing machines, as well as related components and devices.
The Group possesses proven product development and customisation capabilities. Its tobacco machinery products are custom-made to meet the requirements of its clients, which include cigarette manufacturers and tobacco redrying factories in the PRC. With its product development capability and quality products, the Group has built long-standing relationships with cigarette manufacturers and tobacco redrying factories in the PRC. For the six months ended 30 June 2011, three out of its five largest end customers have maintained business relationships with the Group for periods ranging from two to nine years.
RENHENG Enterprise is committed to continuously improving and upgrading its production quality, facilities and production techniques. The Group has entered into a research collaboration agreement with Nanjing University of Science and Technology in 2008 for a term of 26 months to develop a new type of spraying device. It has also contracted to supply a customised casing and flavouring system with movable tanks to a cigarette manufacturer in Kunming during 2010, the Group’s first project of its kind. As at the Latest Practicable Date, the Group has obtained five solely-owned patents as well as two jointly owned patents in the PRC and has applied for the registration of eight jointly owned patents for its tobacco machinery products.
Product quality is of paramount importance to the Group. Thus, its quality control team is responsible for implementing quality assurance at every stage of the production process. The Group has achieved ISO 9001:2008 certification for its quality management system for the design, production and sales of electrical systems for the tobacco cutting production line, casing and flavouring systems and cut tobacco feeding systems, acoording to a RENHENG Enterprise report.
The Group is led by an experienced management team, members of which have more than eight years of experience in the tobacco machinery manufacturing or engineering industries. Under their leadership, the Group has continued to expand its sales network and team to undertake marketing and promotion to potential end customers across 21 provinces, four centrally administrated municipalities and four autonomous regions throughout the PRC. Under the steering of the management team, for the year ended 31 December 2010 and for the six months ended 30 June 2011, the Group’s turnover grew by 26.3% and 153.2% as compared to the corresponding period last year to around HK$91.71 million and HK$64.65 million respectively, while its gross profit grew by 42.9% and 114.4% to HK$40.61 million and HK$20.88 million respectively. In terms of products, the contribution to its turnover from casing and flavouring systems was the highest, accounting for approximately 66.7% and 88.7% of total turnover for the year ended 31 December 2010 and for the six months ended 30 June 2011 respectively.
According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative household survey published by Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) in August 2010, the number of adult smokers in China was approximately 301 million in 2010. Furthermore, according to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, fixed asset investment in the tobacco products industry in urban areas grew at a CAGR of approximately 20.1% between 2004 and 2009 from RMB8.7 billion to RMB21.7 billion. In addition, the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration announced its policy in 2010 to enhance the competitiveness and scale of domestic cigarette manufacturers, which is expected to drive consolidation amongst industry participants.
As a result, it is likely that cigarette manufacturers will grow larger in size and more resources will be spent on research and development in the tobacco industry. This, in turn, may create business opportunities for tobacco machinery manufacturers in the PRC.
In order to explore new market opportunities, the Group will focus its design and development initiatives on the expansion of product range and to create new and enhanced series of catalogued special-purpose tobacco machinery products with innovative designs to meet the evolving requirements of cigarette manufacturers and tobacco redrying factories. To this end, the Group will deploy more resources on R&D and innovation of products, and intends to purchase more production processing equipment with digital control or automation. Meanwhile, RENHENG Enterprise will put more efforts in promoting the Group and its products in the PRC, as well as establishing close contacts with the cigarette manufacturers and tobacco redrying factories, so as to proactively seize the market opportunities in the PRC.
Mr. Wei concluded, “We see great potential in the Chinese tobacco industry with the increasing sales of cigarette products over the past few years. We believe that the Group is in a favorable position to capitalise on our R&D capability, quality products, strong reputation, and close relationship with tobacco manufacturers and tobacco redrying factories to expand our market share and generate better returns for shareholders.”
Manufacturing industrial production index up 1.6% in Q2
HKC files protest over 23.6% steel and aluminum tariff hike
Producer e-waste responsibility scheme rolls out this year
APAC manufacturing recovery not imminent: report
Latest Manufacturing jobs
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Eve Borsook
Senior Research Associate Emeritus
History of Glass with Respect to Mosaic Making
Eve Borsook is an art historian specializing in mural decoration (mosaics as well as wall paintings) but also works with ceremonial decoration in 16th century Florence as well as Italian cloister art. She received her PhD from the Courtauld Institute (University of London). She has taught as Visiting Professor at the Institute of Fine Arts (New York University, where she received her MA), and many other institutes in the US, Florence, and Australia. Her publications include The Mural Painters of Tuscany (1960, 1980), The Companion Guide to Florence (9 editions between 1966 and 1998), Francesco Sassetti and Ghirlandaio at Santa Trinita,Florence : history and legend in a Renaissance chapel (1981, with Johannes Offerhaus) and Messages in Mosaic (1990 and 1998).
Her present project is the history of glass making with respect to Medieval mosaics. At the moment she is studying Filippo Strozzi, Naples and the two Plinys: Views and the Vernacular.
I Tatti Appointments
Research Associate: 1981-1989
Senior Research Associate: 2003-2015
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Journal of Nematology
Published After 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 January February March April May June July August September October November December 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Published Before 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 January February March April May June July August September October November December 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Effects of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Application to Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne javanica
B. Chinnasri, B. S. Sipes, D. P. Schmitt
Effect of Controlled Cold Storage on Recovery of Rotylenchulus reniformis from Naturally Infested Soil
K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, E. van Santan
Reniform Nematode Resistance in Selected Soybean Cultivars
R. T. Robbins
Suppression of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cotton by the Nematophagous Fungus ARF
Kening Wang, R. D. Riggs, Devany Crippen
Using FAME Analysis to Compare, Differentiate, and Identify Multiple Nematode Species
Nicholas S. Sekora, Kathy S. Lawrence, Paula Agudelo, Edzard van Santen, John A. McInroy
Management of Root-knot and Reniform Nematodes in Ultra-Narrow Row Cotton with 1,3-Dichloropropene
R. A. Kinloch
Comparisons of Female and Egg Assays to Identify Rotylenchulus reniformis Resistance in Cotton
Salliana R. Stetina, Lawrence D. Young
A Survey of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Cotton in Northeastern Louisiana
K. S. McLean
Rotylenchulus reniformis below Plow Depth Suppresses Cotton Yield and Root Growth
A. F. Robinson, C. G. Cook, A. Westphal, J. M. Bradford
Using Geostatistical Analysis to Evaluate the Presence of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Cotton Crops in Brazil: Economic Implications
P. R. S. Farias, X. Sanchez-Vila, J. C. Barbosa, S. R. Vieira, L. C. C. B. Ferraz, J. Solis-Delfin
Intraspecific Variability of Rotylenchulus reniformis from Cotton-growing Regions in the United States
Paula Agudelo, Robert T. Robbins, James McD. Stewart, Allen L. Szalanski
Host Suitability in Soybean Cultivars for the Reniform Nematode, 2000 Tests
Cotton Root Protection from Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Abamectin-Treated Seed
T. R. Faske, J. L. Starr
Tolerance of Selected Cotton Lines to Rotylenchulus reniformis
S. R. Koenning
Histological Observations of Rotylenchulus reniformis on Gossypium longicalyx and Interspecific Cotton Hybrids
Paula Agudelo, Robert T. Robbins, James McD. Stewart, Alois Bell, A. Forest Robinson
Host Suitability of Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines to Reniform Nematode in Tests Conducted in 2001
R. T. Robbins, E. R. Shipe, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, D. G. Dombek
Histological Changes in Gossypium hirsutum Associated with Reduced Reproduction of Rotylenchulus reniformis
Paula Agudelo, Robert T. Robbins, Kyung S. Kim, James McD. Stewart
Management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Pineapple, Ananas comosus, by Intercycle Cover Crops
K.-H. Wang, B. S. Sipes, D. P. Schmitt
Detection of Suppressiveness against Rotylenchulus reniformis in Soil from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum ) Fields in Texas and Louisiana
A. Forest Robinson, Andreas Westphal, Charles Overstreet, G. Boyd Padgett, Shoil M. Greenberg, Terry A. Wheeler, Salliana R. Stetina
Effect of Foliar Applications of Oxamyl with Aldicarb for the Management of Rotylenchulus reniformison Cotton
G. W. Lawrence
Suppression of Rotylenchulus reniformis 122-cm Deep Endorses Resistance Introgression in Gossypium
A. F. Robinson, J. R. Akridge, J. M. Bradford, C. G. Cook, W. S. Gazaway, E. C. McGawley, J. L. Starr, L. D. Young
Rotylenchulus reniformis Management in Cotton with Crop Rotation
R. F. Davis, S. R. Koenning, R. C. Kemerait, T. D. Cummings, W. D. Shurley
Accelerated Degradation of Aldicarb and Its Metabolites in Cotton Field Soils
K. S. Lawrence, Yucheng Feng, G. W. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, S. H. Norwood
Competition of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cotton Following Separate and Concomitant Inoculations
Asdrubal Diez, G. W. Lawrence, K. S. Lawrence
Effect of Temperature on the Embryogenesis of Geographic Populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis
Megan Leach, Paula Agudelo, Patrick Gerard
Sensitivity of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis to Abamectin
Efficacy of Aldicarb to Rotylenchulus reniformis and Biodegradation in Cotton Field Soils
K. S. McLean, G. W. Lawrence
Vertical Distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Cotton Fields
A. F. Robinson, R. Akridge, J. M. Bradford, C. G. Cook, W. S. Gazaway, T. L. Kirkpatrick, G. W. Lawrence, G. Lee, E. C. McGawley, C. Overstreet, B. Padgett, R. Rodriguez-Kabana, A. Westphal, L. D. Young
Survey of Crop Losses in Response to Phytoparasitic Nematodes in the United States for 1994
Interaction of Rotylenchulus reniformis with Seedling Disease Pathogens of Cotton
A. J. Palmateer, K. S. Lawrence, E. van Santen, G. Morgan-Jones
Effects of Inducers of Systemic Acquired Resistance on Reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica and Rotylenchulus reniformis in Pineapple
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Faisalabad Details:
One of the first cities planned by the British Raj, Faisalabad has since blossomed into one of Pakistan’s most modern metropolises. For that reason, history buffs may find the city somewhat lacking, but if it’s leisure and recreation that you’re after then look no further. Faisalabad is built for it.
Despite being a modern and diverse city, you’ll find the region’s cultural traditions alive and well in Faisalabad’s markets. Whether you plan to buy anything or not, these are always worth a wonder around. Katchery Bazaar is probably the most famous, but you might also want to visit more specialist markets like Rail Bazaar for gold and clothing, Bhawana Bazaar for electronics, or the Jhang and Gol Bazaars for food and produce.
You’ll find plenty of regional treats to eat in Faisalabad too, from market stalls to fine dining restaurants. The city’s samosas are considered among the best in Pakistan, as is the dal chawal. Other must-try foods including gol gappe, biryani and stuffed parathas. Many of the best places to try these things can be found near the city’s iconic clock tower, or Ghanta Ghar.
People and Traditions
Faisalabad is an industrial city and economic hub. It attracts migrants from all over Asia and the world, making it one of Pakistan’s most diverse cities. Punjabi and Urdu are the most widely spoken languages, but English is also common, particularly among the educated population. You’ll find the city at its most festive around Ramadan, when you can expect to be woken every morning by people playing drums and other traditional instruments.
Winters in Faisalabad can be cold, with lows averaging around 5ºC but reaching up to 20ºC in January. Summers regularly see temperatures exceeding 40ºC, with July and August making up the bulk of the monsoon season.
Urdu, Panjabi, English
GMT/UTC + 5h
Faisalabad has many glorious gardens and parks to visit should you fancy a relaxing stroll, a picnic or simply just people watching. Jinnah Gardens is particularly well-manicured and easily accessible for tourists as it’s close to many of the city’s main sights. The Pahari Grounds (or Kashmir Park) and D Ground Park are also nearby, but if you fancy a little more adventure, head to Gatwala Wildlife Park on the northern outskirts of the city. It’s home to huge greens, forests and nature trails, as well as a botanical garden, a boating lake, a crocodile lake and an animal breeding centre.
If shopping’s more your thing, visit the city’s premier shopping malls, Kohinoor One, Al-Fateh and the Sitara Mall.
Ghanta Ghar is arguably Faisalabad’s most famous landmark. Built by the British Raj in 1903, the clock tower remains the pride of the city, the centre of its bazaar district, and the meeting place for many political rallies and demonstrations. A short walk away is another key colonial sight – the striking pink and white Gumti Water Fountain. For a more comprehensive delve into the city’s heritage, however, visit the Lyallpur Museum, which dons Faisalabad’s original colonial name. There are few better places to learn how this large metropolis was erected amid the region’s forest-dwelling tribes. An elegant monument to Sir James Lyall – Lyallpur’s namesake – can be visited nearby.
For entertainment try the Nusrat Fateh Ali Auditorium, named after Faisalabad’s most famous musical son and home to many of the city’s best concerts. Families should enjoy a day out at Sindbad’s Wonderland. The many rides and amusements are aimed mainly at younger children but it’s also open till midnight, making it a popular social spot for tourists and locals. If you’d prefer to cool off with a dip in the water, however, head to Happy Land Water Park instead.
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Lanvin considers leather goods range to halt crisis
France’s oldest and still independent luxury fashion brand, which has incurred a net loss of €18.3 million in 2016, is said to be considering developing a range of affordable leather goods but has been advised against it by market experts.
According to reports, Lanvin had a net loss of €18.3 million in 2016, which has been widening to €27 million in 2017. Sales are said to have fallen 23% in 2016 to €162 million euros; against €235 million at their peak in 2012. In the first two months of 2017, sales allegedly slumped a further 32%.
The crisis is said to have begun with the departure of star designer Alber Elbaz in 2015 following a boardroom dispute; the Company had made a profit of €6.3 million in the year. Elbaz was replaced by Bouchra Jarrar in March 2016, but the collections have failed to impress.
Reportedly, management at Lanvin has plans to create a leather goods range aimed at fashion outlets, but some industry specialists are said to have advised the Company against the idea as sales in cheaper discount stores could damage the brand’s luxury image.
Currently, 75-year-old Chinese media magnate Shaw-Lan Wang is Lavin’s controlling shareholder, with Swiss associate investor Ralph Bartel owning 25% of Lanvin. Wang is reported to have been reluctant to invest in the brand over the past few years and that leaves little room for Bartel to inject more cash into the business.
The company employs around 300 people in France. After appointing advisory firm Long Term Partners for an audit, Lanvin is said to have been cutting costs, closing several non-profitable stores, and reducing advertising.
Lanvin was founded in 1889 and is one of France's major independent fashion labels, in a multi-million market dominated by conglomerates such as LVMH and Kering.
The French brand’s current leather collection includes a range of jackets, shoes, garments, bags and accessories.
LVMH leather goods segment up 14% in H1
Tod’s leather goods sales down 9.4%
Leather goods contribute to Tod’s results
Tannery output helps put leading footwear manufacturer back in profit
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Who is eligible for a VA Loan?
Wartime/Conflict Veterans
Veterans who were NOT Dishonorably Discharged, and served at least 90 days
World War II – September 16, 1940 to July 25, 1947
Korean Conflict – June 27, 1950 to January 31, 1955
Vietnam Era – August 5, 1964 to May 7, 1975
Persian Gulf War - Check with the Veterans Administration Office
Afghanistan & Iraq – Check with the Veterans Administration Office
Veterans Administration website www.va.gov
Peacetime Service
At least 181 days of continuous active duty with no dishonorable discharge. If you were discharged earlier due to a service-related disability you should contact your Regional VA Office for eligibility verification.
July 26, 1947 to June 26, 1950
February 1, 1955 to August 4, 1964, or May 8, 1975 to September 7, 1980 (Enlisted), or to October 16, 1981 (Officer)
Enlisted Veterans whose service began after September 7, 1980, or officers who service began after October 16, 1981, must have completed 24-months of continuous active duty and been honorably discharged
Reserves and National Guard
Certain U.S. Citizens who served in the Armed Forces of a government allied with the United States during World War II.
Surviving spouse of an eligible Veteran who died resulting from service, and has not remarried.
The spouse of an Armed Forces member who served Active Duty, and was listed as a POW or MIA for more than 90-days.
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Kalfa, Isaak ben Joseph
KALFA, ISAAK BEN JOSEPH (d. 1801), Karaite scholar, hazzan, and teacher of Torah from *Chufut-Qaleh. He was a head of a study house where he taught both Karaite and Rabbanite treatises. One of his disciples was *Isaac ben Solomon, who became one of the last prominent scholars of the Crimea and who established the calendar reform (1779), which was supported by most scholars in Crimea and some other Karaite communities. Kalfa wrote a book on ritual slaughter and about the 10 principles of the Karaite faith, Ziz Nezer ha-Kodesh and a number of liturgical poems, some of which were included in Karaite siddurim. He corresponded with the Karaite community in Jerusalem and sent donations there.
G. Akhiezer, in: M. Polliack (ed.), Karaite Judaism (2003), 742; Mann, Texts, 2 (1935), index, 1552.
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Ruth Seid
SEID, RUTH (1913–1995), U.S. novelist who wrote under the pen name Jo Sinclair. Born in Brooklyn, the fifth child of Ida (Kravetsky) and Nathan Seid, she grew up in Cleveland. Although family poverty precluded higher education, Seid was determined to be a writer and read voraciously in Cleveland public libraries. During the depression, she worked as a researcher, editor, and writer for the WPA and wrote fiction and plays in her spare time. In 1938, she befriended Helen Buchman, a married woman with a family, who invited Ruth to live in her home and supported her writing ambitions.
Seid took on her pseudonym in order to publish in magazines such as Esquire, which only accepted work written by men. This non-ethnic, androgynous pen name reflected Seid's ambiguous literary identity, which straddled religious, racial, and gender categories. Her first published story, "Noon Lynching," in New Masses, 20 (1936), is one of many she wrote that dealt with African American characters. Other early stories addressed poverty, self-hatred, sexuality, and Seid's own experiences in the work world. Critics have identified central Jewish themes in her novels as well as in such short stories as "Second Blood," The Medal," and "The Red Necktie." In 1946, Seid published her first novel, Wasteland, which won the prestigious $10,000 Harper Prize. In his PM review of the novel, Richard Wright praised its representation of Jewish family life and called it a "monumental psychological study." The novel centers on a self-hating photographer, Jacob Braunstein, who changes his name to John Brown to hide his Jewish identity. Urged by his lesbian sister Debby, Brown consults a psychiatrist to work out his neuroses. The novel is organized around references to Passover and the seder. The Holocaust also hovers in the background; at the conclusion of the novel, Jakes embraces his Jewish American identity by enlisting in the army to fight on behalf of America and European Jewry.
After Wasteland, Seid published Sing At My Wake (1951) and The Changelings (1955), a novel dealing with Jewish and Italian responses to African Americans moving into their neighborhood. The novel treats issues of sexuality, as well, and is considered a gay-lesbian classic. Seid's well-received fourth novel, Anna Teller (1960), about a Hungarian immigrant Jewish family, headed by a formidable matriarch, has strong Holocaust themes. With the rise of feminist, ethnic, and queer studies in the closing decades of the 20th century, interest in Seid/Sinclair's writing increased. Three of her novels were reissued and an abridged version of her memoir, The Seasons: Death and Transfiguration (1993), was published. Sinclair spent her last years in Jenkintown, Penn., with her partner Joan Sofer.
"Jo Sinclair," in: Current Biography (1946), 557–59; G. Wilentz, "Jo Sinclair (Ruth Seid)," in: A. Shapiro et al. (eds.), Jewish American Women Writers (1994); S. Horowitz, "Jo Sinclair," in: P.E. Hyman and D.D. Moore (eds.), Jewish Women in America, vol. 2 (1997), 1087–9.
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Racing Thoughts
Anything goes.
Posts tagged ‘Ferguson Police Department racism’
The Truth About the Trouble in Ferguson
First off, I would like to state that I have great admiration and respect for our men and women in blue who serve on our police forces and protect our communities.
It has now been one month since the shooting death of Michael Brown. There has been a lot of controversy, new information, misinformation, character assassination, politicization, side-taking, anger, pain, hurt, frustration, and finger pointing. But most importantly there is one teenager whose future is gone and life is lost, a broken family, a divided community, and a man who has become a social pariah. There’s damage everywhere you look. There has been so much controversy and conflicting information and reports surrounding this topic that it’s hard to know what the truth is. But there are certain societal truths that can be drawn from this incident that we can learn from and that we should be aware of.
The first truth that we must face is that in our society there is a fear of black people, especially black men. There have been too many deaths of unarmed black people in recent years for it to just be a coincidence. I don’t know whether the Michael Brown shooting was justified or not, all I’m saying is that it’s part of a trend.
This is evident in the famous case of the death of Trayvon Martin. He was profiled because he was black, and even though the police told George Zimmerman to wait in the car until they arrived at the scene, Zimmerman decided that Martin was too suspicious of a character for him to wait for the police to take action. The jury seemed to agree with this and subsequently acquitted Zimmerman because they believed that it was justified due to the fact that they could empathize with his belief that his life was in danger.
This is also evident in other somewhat well-known cases such as the case of Eric Garner in July of this year. Garner, a 6’3″ 350 pound black man was arguing with a group of plainclothes police officers after they approached him due to a call by a convenience store owner that he was selling cigarettes illegally and untaxed outside his store. Here is a video of what happened next: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1ka4oKu1jo. Garner would go into cardiac arrest and die.
And there’s the case of Jordan Davis, which happened just months after Trayvon Martin died. The 17-year-old Davis was stopped at a gas station in a car with his friends. They were blasting hip-hop music from the car. A 45-year-old man named Michael Dunn and his girlfriend pulled up to the adjacent spot. Michael Dunn said to his girlfriend, “I hate that thug music.” Here the perception that hip-hop, a genre of music that originated from black urban culture, is the music of thugs is perpetuated by Dunn and one stereotype is already in his head about these teenagers. Dunn asked them to turn the music down. Davis’s friend Tevin Thompson in the front seat complied and turned it down, but Davis told Thompson to turn it back up and Thompson did what Davis told him to do. Davis and Dunn began arguing and Dunn would claim that Davis threatened to kill him and pointed what looked like a shotgun from the window at him. Dunn grabbed his firearm and fired it at Davis, killing him, and would continue shooting at the car as it drove away. Police searched the vehicle for weapons and found nothing. Dunn’s girlfriend, however, during the trial also mentioned that that night he never mentioned anything about a shotgun. So there’s a good chance that Dunn may not have been afraid at all and just was a racist who decided that he needed to put these black kids in their place. If you want your modern day Emmett Till, this is it.
There are even still a few lesser known cases that show examples of how our society is afraid of black people.
Here’s a case that happened just days before the Michael Brown shooting. John Crawford was in a Wal-Mart in Ohio, an open-carry gun law state, which means that you can bring basically any kind of gun you want into a public place as long as you are the owner of it, whether you have a license or not. Crawford decided he wanted to buy an Airsoft gun. He also decided to be a moron and take it out of the packaging and start playing around with it in the store, waving it around, pointing it at people, and clicking the trigger. A man named Ronald Ritchie called the police saying there was a man with a gun in the store. Police arrived on the scene and shot Crawford. Crawford would die from his injuries and it would later be found out that the gun he was carrying was not a real firearm. Oops. Do you think he got a chance to explain himself? Or that he tried to and the police didn’t believe him? Who knows? (UPDATE: There is some new information and corrections I have to make about the John Crawford III case. First, he did not take the Airsoft gun out of its packaging but instead found it out of its packaging on a shelf in the store. Second, it turns out either Ritchie was flat out lying on the 911 call or his subconscious prejudices and fears and stereotypes were making him delusional. Ritchie basically described Crawford’s actions how I stated them above, including saying that he loaded the gun and was pointing it at children. This surveillance tape shows what actually happened: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9FtNOV6Qhk. As you can see, he wasn’t threatening anyone or menacing anyone with it or pointing it at people. He certainly did not load it. He was talking on his freaking cell phone and just happened to be fiddling around with the fake gun while talking. Despite how it may appear, he actually was fired upon before he dropped the toy, seconds after police saw him. Again, I’ll remind you, he died. And also remember that Ohio has an open carry gun law.)
About 2 weeks ago, Chris Lollie was sitting in a skyway when someone called 911 to report a man loitering in the area. Lollie was waiting to pick up his kids from the New Horizon Academy school. Officers approached him and questioned him. Lollie assured them that there was no problem. Here’s what happened next: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWH578nAasM. Lollie would be tasered and arrested for disorderly conduct, trespassing, and obstructing legal process.
The point I am trying to make here is that because we as a society have a fear of black people, it makes us more likely to pull the proverbial trigger. I don’t know whether Michael Brown was charging at Officer Darren Wilson, whether he was stumbling forward from being shot, whether he was shot as soon as he turned around, or whether his hands were up. I don’t know whether Wilson’s life was in danger or not or whether or not this was a justified shooting. But I do think that if Michael Brown were white or at least not black, there’s a chance Wilson may have been less likely or less quick to pull the trigger.
Some examples can even be found in the Michael Brown case where people have tried to capitalize on American society’s fear of black people.
The first would be when the police released the video that showed Brown robbing the convenience store a week after the shooting. Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson claimed he was forced to release the video due to numerous requests to release the video that met the requirements of the Freedom of Information Act, but later it would be found out that little to no direct specific requests for the release of the robbery tape were made. So this was clearly an attempt to paint Brown as a dangerous thug and make the shooting look justified.
Another attempt to paint Brown as a dangerous thug and assassinate his character and perpetuate this stereotype was perpetrated by “journalist” Charles C. Johnson. Charles C. Johnson claimed that he had two law enforcement sources that said Brown had a juvenile record. He said this record included a charge of second degree murder. He claimed Brown was a member of the Crips and that his death had actually brought the Bloods and the Crips together. However a judge would review Brown’s juvenile record and find that he was never even convicted of a felony.
Another attempt to make sure Brown looks like a violent dangerous character came out in reports by Fox News and ABC News. Whoever the source was was trying to make Brown look like a dangerous thug and perpetuate this stereotype. Fox News described the source as close to Ferguson Police Department’s “top brass” and ABC News described it as someone close to Darren Wilson. The source claimed that Wilson was beaten nearly unconscious and suffered a fractured eye socket. Time out. First of all, we should be able to tell that this is complete and utter bullshit right from the start. There is no way that someone could be beaten nearly unconscious and suffer a fractured eye socket and be able to fire a gun accurately and effectively. Second of all, it would later be reported by CNN from a source within the Ferguson Police Department that x-rays of Wilson’s eye socket came back negative. There is also currently a picture circulating around the internet that people claim is of Officer Darren Wilson in the hospital with his facial injuries. This photo is actually of a motocross rider named Jim McNeil who died in a crash in 2011. The photo is of an injury he suffered in 2006. This article shows the false picture and a picture of the real Wilson: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/04/darren-wilson-injury-photo-ferguson_n_5768510.html.
All of these are attempts to make the shooting look more justified or at least more understandable when the only thing that might justify the shooting is if Brown was on the offensive and was a serious danger to Wilson’s life while Wilson fired at him. We as a society need to admit our prejudices to ourselves and recognize them. The only way we can prevent ourselves from falling victim to our prejudices is if we are aware of them. Many of these prejudices are subconscious and we may not even realize we have them. But by being aware of what happens in our society we can stop and think about whether we have them or not. If you don’t believe me that these subconscious prejudices exist, check out the difference between how we write about black victims of crimes and white crime suspects, criminals, and killers in this article that provides numerous examples: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/14/media-black-victims_n_5673291.html. We need to get out of this state of denial we are in that these prejudices don’t exist anymore. They do.
The second truth we need to face is that many of our police have the wrong mentality about what it means to be a police officer. A cop’s duty is to protect and to serve their citizens. They are public servants. The police should work with their citizens as best as they can to make their community a better and safer place. They should not view their job as a duty to wage war on criminals, but to rather to protect people from crime; there is a difference between the two mentalities.
Also, a cop’s first duty is not to their fellow officers. While being part of a police force is a brotherhood, that duty is a lower priority to their duty to society and their duty to the truth. Too often officers after committing serious transgressions are given very minor or no consequences, such as being put on desk duty. Also, too often officers cover for each other’s mistakes. This happened in the case of Eric Garner.
Perhaps the best illustration of the militaristic, war-like mentality many officers have towards their citizens comes from Ferguson, Missouri. In a protest about the Michael Brown shooting, one of the officers who is there to keep things in order shouts to the protesters, “Bring it, all you fucking animals! Bring it!” Is this not a war cry? Aren’t these the citizens you are supposed to be protecting? Why do you want to fight them?
In 2011 in Fullerton, California an unarmed 37-year-old schizophrenic homeless man named Kelly Thomas was fatally beaten by members of the Fullerton Police Department. Six officers shocked him with tasers and clubbed him with flashlights. Officers had received a call that someone was vandalizing cars. They found Thomas, who was shirtless and disheveled and they attempted to search him. According to the officers Thomas was not cooperative and resisting their efforts. Backup was called. Officer Manny Ramos slipped on a pair of latex gloves and said to Thomas, “Now you see my fists?” Thomas replied, “Yeah, what about them?” Ramos said, “They are getting ready to fuck you up.” A video of the incident was recorded in which Thomas could be heard screaming in pain while officers told him to put his arms behind his back. He responded, “Okay I’m sorry!” He can also be heard saying “I’m trying!” as the officers stretch his arms back. The police claimed that since they were unable to get Thomas to comply they used a taser on him. They tased him as many as five times. Here is a picture of what Thomas looked like before the beating: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Kelly_Thomas#mediaviewer/File:Kelly_Thomas_2009_booking_photo_released_by_Fullerton_PD.jpg. Here is a picture of what he looked like after (WARNING: GRAPHIC PHOTO): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Kelly_Thomas#mediaviewer/File:Kelly-Thomas-Police-Beating.jpg. You cannot tell me that beating him to the point where he would eventually die from his injuries was necessarily. They decided to view the suspect of an enemy who needed to be punished immediately for his crime instead of a criminal who needed to be arrested and punished through the legal system. They waged war on a citizen. Once again, wrong mentality.
In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 2010, Shawn Merritt was waiting for his food outside a Chinese takeout restaurant. His fiance and daughter were waiting inside. His cousin, community activist Askia Sabur, was riding by on his bicycle and decided to stop and chat. As they were talking, two police officers, Danyul Williams and Jimmy Leocal, pulled over in their car. The officers ordered them to “Get the fuck off our corner.” Merritt told the police he was waiting for his food and wouldn’t leave, and the officers demanded that both of them show identification. As Sabur reached for his ID, Officer Williams handcuffed his wrist. Sabur asked repeatedly why he was being arrested (sound familiar?) and pulled away from the officer when the officer jerked his other arm behind his back. Here’s what happened next: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQXh-v3IZ4c. The officers would claim that they were in fear for their life because there was a hostile crowd of around 300 people surrounding them. They would also claim that Sabur repeatedly bit one of them and reached for one of their guns and even grabbed one of their batons. The video evidence proved this all to be false. This sounds very much like a war scenario, almost like a gang war scenario. Sabur was on what was apparently these officers’ territory, and they had to fight for their land, so they waged war on a citizen. Not only that, but the officers lied to protect each other’s asses instead of fulfilling their duty to their community, their citizens, and the truth.
In 2010, Oklahoma Highway Patrol Trooper Daniel Martin was racing to provide backup on a call. He was upset by the fact that an ambulance in front of him was refusing to yield to him. He thought he saw the ambulance driver flip him an obscene gesture. He decided to stop the ambulance. The ambulance did not have its sirens or lights on because the patient inside was in a certain condition where bright lights and loud sounds would exacerbate that condition. Martin did not know initially that a patient was inside. Maurice White Jr., the EMT in charge of the ambulance (not the driver), came out to deal with the police officer. Here are two different videos that give two different angles of what happened. This one gives a view from the police car’s dashboard camera: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SMpAHJkhm0. This one gives a view from the camera phone of one of the family members of the patient and gives a good angle of the physical altercation that goes on, in which the officer puts his hand around White’s neck: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KluItc365hU. Instead of Martin focusing on the more important issue at hand, which was looking out for one of the citizens he is supposed to protect and to serve by making sure the patient gets to the hospital as quickly and safely as possible, he focuses on arresting people who work for emergency medical services who have annoyed him by giving him obscene gestures and not yielding to him. He chose to wage war on his citizens instead of protecting them. Once again we see this. It seems that many of our officers view the need to punish their citizens as more important than to serve and protect their citizens. These cases of unnecessary roughness are just that: unnecessary. Use the necessary means you need to to arrest someone and take them into custody. And know what the priorities of your job are. We need to make sure we hire police officers who are in the force for the right reasons and understand what their duty is.
A third truth that has been brought to light (once again) is that there is a certain level of distrust and divide between many black people in this country and the police. In the Ferguson Police Department there is a large history of racism. To find out more, watch this: http://freethoughtblogs.com/lousycanuck/2014/08/13/rachel-maddow-on-the-record-of-racial-disparity-in-ferguson/. I’m not saying that all police are racist. But there certainly seems to be more than just a few bad apples, even though I don’t think it’s the majority. However, police departments are often institutionally racist. Now Ferguson’s Police Department along with being institutionally racist is just straight up racist. But here is how it is institutionally racist. Ferguson’s population is about 67% black. The Ferguson Police Department has 50 white officers and 3 black officers. This is not even close to representative of the population. And many police departments around the country have this kind of misrepresentation of the population. This creates an institutionally racist system; whoever is in the minority does not benefit from this misrepresentation and it actually hurts them. I’m not suggesting that we make racial quotas in our police departments, or that we fire all the white people and replace them with minorities; those things would obviously be wrong. But we need to be conscious of the fact that white people are more likely to get hired in this country due to subconscious prejudices. It is a statistical fact that white people have a better chance of getting employed than minorites. When a public institution is so misrepresentative of its community, it is not by coincidence, whether it is intentional or not (something can be a unintentional and still not be a coincidence). Something more is happening than meets the eye. We need to be aware of this so we can prevent institutionally racist police forces. I would be saying the same thing if an area was 67% white and had 50 black cops and 3 white cops.
Another truth that has been revealed by the problems in Ferguson is that in this country we can politicize anything. Somehow, there are now “conservative” and “liberal” stances on the Michael Brown shooting. This is despicable. There is no left or right when it comes to a person’s death. There are only facts. When I hear things like, “This video may support those who have a more conservative stance on the Michael Brown shooting’s view,” or that someone has taken a “liberal” stance on the issue I find it absolutely sickening. We need to stop taking sides, digging our feet in about what we think happened, and wait till we have more information. We need to have malleable, working opinions that may be subject to change. My view on how someone may have died does not make me any more liberal or conservative. So let’s please stop with this stupid partisan, divisive BS.
Another truth that has been revealed by the trouble in Ferguson is that we jump to conclusions too quickly. People have decided what happened on that day and in that moment that Darren Wilson killed Michael Brown. There are still many things we do not know for certain. We don’t know if Michael Brown’s hands were up or not when he turned around. We don’t know whether or not he charged at Darren Wilson. We don’t know whether or not he was stumbling forward when Wilson delivered the final shots. We don’t know whether Wilson actually believed his life was in danger. We don’t know what kind of person Michael Brown was. We don’t know what kind of person Darren Wilson is. We are so quick to assassinate people’s character, and I think it’s because we want to feel better about ourselves and our own views. I think a lot of the reason many people are so quick to assassinate Michael Brown’s character is because it either validates the comfortable subconscious stereotypes they have of black people in their minds or it gives them an alternative to facing the prejudices they have that they so vehemently deny. I think people are quick to assassinate Wilson’s character for a few reasons. One of these reasons may be that it’s easier to be self-righteous and point the finger at someone else and accuse them of and condemn them for prejudice when things like this happen instead of taking a look at ourselves and facing what prejudices we may have. Another reason may be to validate the belief that certain injustices go on in our society (and I’m not saying that they don’t). When incidents like the shooting in Ferguson happen, instead of using it primarily as an opportunity to point blame, condemn people, and assassinate people’s character, let’s instead take a look at ourselves. In the words of Michael Jackson, “If you want to make the world a better place take a look at yourself and make a change.” Instead of spending our energy talking about what a horrible racist pig of a human being Darren Wilson supposedly is, why don’t we spend a little time looking at our own prejudices, whether conscious or subconscious, and being honest with ourselves that we all have them to some extent. Maybe Darren Wilson is a horrible racist pig who decided he wanted to go out and kill a black teenager. Maybe Wilson is a good cop who thought his life was in danger. Maybe Wilson’s life was actually in danger. Maybe Wilson is a good guy who just panicked in a pressure situation and made a horrible mistake. Maybe Wilson is just a guy who had a moment of weakness where he fell victim to subconscious prejudices at the absolute worst moment. I don’t know. But it is only by making ourselves aware of our prejudices that we can prevent ourselves from falling victim to them. Because we are all always at risk of falling victim to our prejudices. Depending on what we believe happened after the moment that Michael Brown turned around and faced Officer Wilson, we can all hope we would have done the right thing (whatever it may have been) and speculate all we want on what Wilson should have done. But if we are completely honest with ourselves, in any of the scenarios that might have happened, how many of us say with absolute certainty what, in reality, we actually would have done?
http://www.thenation.com/blog/178370/jury-fails-reach-verdict-murder-charge-trial-michael-dunn
http://www.christianpost.com/news/lawsuit-claims-michael-brown-was-charged-with-murder-while-he-was-a-juvenile-125611/
http://www.foxnews.com/us/2014/08/20/missouri-cop-was-badly-beaten-before-shooting-michael-brown-says-source/
http://abcnews.go.com/US/ferguson-shooting-grand-jury-decide-october-charge-cop/story?id=25047905
http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/us/2014/08/21/nr-lemon-grace-officers-broken-eye-socket-claim-false.cnn&video_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShooting_of_Michael_Brown
http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/02/local/la-me-0803-fullerton-death-20110803
http://www.workers.org/articles/2013/02/22/philadelphia-community-activist-askia-sabur-acquitted-on-all-charges/
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Deep as the Marrow
March 26, 2011 April 15, 2011 fpaul Uncategorized
Deep as the Marrow is about a lot of things. Obviously, on the surface, it’s about the fallout from the President’s plan to legalize drugs. This is the type of proposal that offends the entire political spectrum—right, left, middle…everyone. Well, almost everyone. The right calls him Satan, the left calls him genocidal, certain government agencies see their appropriations shriveling, and the drug lords see their $300+ billion a year in profits evaporating. They all agree: Somebody’s got to do something about this guy.
But that’s what Alfred Hitchcock called “the maguffin.” At its heart, Deep as the Marrow is about bonding…about the damn near insoluble bond that can form between an adult and child—maybe it’s a parent, maybe it’s a stranger, but there’s something in the genetic structure of many of us that reaches out to a helpless little one and draws him or her close, and God help anyone who tries to hurt that little one. That’s what happens in Marrow…someone who’s not supposed to care bonds like Krazy Glue with a kidnapped child, and a nasty international plot starts to unravel.
But let’s get back to that maguffin.
When it comes to priorities in writing, a good story is first on my list. I will sacrifice style and ego and just about everything else to put across my story in the most effective possible way. But…I also like to use a story to explore my passions. One of my passions is individual sovereignty. I believe everyone owns his or her own life, therefore everyone owns his or her own body. Follow that premise to its logical conclusion, and you must say that therefore no one—not one someone, not a billion someones—has a right to tell you what you must or must not put into your body.
But still…drugs suck…drugs are poison. I got stomach cramps thinking about writing a novel that advocated legalizing poison. So I did what I do with all my novels: I researched the subject. And you know what I found? We as a nation spend sixty billion [not million—billion (that’s nine zeroes after the sixty)]—dollars a year trying to keep our fellow Americans (land of the free and all that) from getting high. And what’s the result? You can buy pot. Heroin, coke, PCP, whatever you want in every city and town across the nation.
How many years of failure does it take before we admit that this tactic isn’t working? It’s like trying to rid your house of cockroaches by crawling around the kitchen floor with a brick, mashing every one you see. Not only are you making a mess of your floor, but the cockroaches are multiplying like mad behind the floorboards. When a tactic—a very expensive tactic—fails year after year after year, isn’t it time somebody said, “You know, maybe this isn’t the right approach. Maybe we should try something different.”
That’s mainly what President Winston says. We’ve got 300,000 of our fellow Americans jailed for the “crime” of polluting their own bloodstream. Some are in for life for growing marijuana—I kid you not: life—while the average murderer and rapist is out in seven years. Think about that.
Think about what we could do with a fraction of that 60 billion dollars to educate people against drugs. The message should be: Don’t avoid them because they’re illegal, avoid them because they wreck the pleasure centers of your brain. That message has difficulty overcoming the rebellious appeal of an illegal substance. But rob drugs of their outlaw glamor, make them legally available like liquor or tobacco, and you can make real progress against drugs. Dig:
In 1965, 42% of Americans smoked; by 2006 the rate was down to 20.8%. That’s largely due to education. Hammer home the damage drugs do to the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, to the cells that allow us to experience pleasure; show that after a while the only pleasure you’re able to feel is from drugs, and larger and larger doses of them. Food, wine, love, sex…eventually they all take a back seat to the drug high. And new studies show that the brain never really comes all the way back. Even years after you’ve cleaned up, life just isn’t the same.
Sorry to run on like that. The subject is one of my hot buttons. In a nutshell, I think the best way to beat drugs is to make them legal.
Rest assured, Deep as the Marrow is not a polemic. It’s not about legalizing drugs. It’s a thriller about a father’s quest to find his kidnapped daughter and the help that rises from a most unlikely source. One of the lead characters, Poppy, has generated an amount of email second only to Repairman Jack. Plus the novel earned one of the best one-line blurbs ever from the Associated Press:
“Truly inspired in conception and perfect in execution.”
It’s a very cool book, if I do say so myself. I loved writing it and it remains one of my favorites—because along the way I fell in love with Poppy. I think you will too.
Still available in print, I believe. The ebook in all formats can be found here.
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Alaris Royalty Corp (AD.TO)
Investment Management & Fund Operators
AD.TO on Toronto Stock Exchange
Jack Lee
69 2008 Independent Chairman of the Board
48 2008 President, Chief Executive Officer, Director
Darren Driscoll
2008 Chief Financial Officer
Gregg Delcourt
2015 Senior Vice President - Small Cap Investments
Curtis Krawetz
2013 Vice President- Investments, IR Contact Officer
Daniel Bertram
2014 Vice President - Business Development
Amanda Frazer
2013 Vice President - Investments
Elizabeth McCarthy
2016 Vice President - Legal
Devin Timberlake
Michael Ervin
2013 Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary
Robert Bertram
Gary Patterson
Jay Ripley
Mary Ritchie
E. Mitchell Shier
Mr. Jack C. Lee is an Independent Chairman of the Board of Alaris Royalty Corp. Mr. Lee is President of Facet Resources Ltd., a private investment company and is currently Lead Director of Sprott Inc. Mr. Lee is also the Executive Chairman of the board of Gryphon Petroleum Corp., a private oil and gas company. Prior thereto he was Chairman of Ithaca Energy and Canetic Resources Trust as well as Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Acclaim Energy Trust. Mr. Lee has a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Commerce degree and holds an ICD.D designation from the Institute of Corporate Directors.
Mr. Stephen W. (Steve) King is President, Chief Executive Officer, Director of Alaris Royalty Corp. He has served in that role since he co-founded the Company’s predecessor, Alaris IGF in 2004. Mr. King has also served on the board of directors of Alaris since the company went public in 2008. Prior to creating Alaris, Steve spent 12 years in the investment banking industry in both Toronto and Calgary, advising both public and private company entrepreneurs on their capital raising needs. Mr. King is also a director of Metropolitan Investment Corporation, a private investment company.
Mr. Darren John Driscoll is an Chief Financial Officer of Alaris Royalty Corp. Mr. Driscoll has been the Chief Financial Officer of Alaris and its predecessor company, Alaris IGF Corp. since November 2004. Before joining Alaris, Darren was the Chief Financial Officer of the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. Darren obtained his Chartered Accountant designation in 1995 while working with KPMG LLP in Calgary.
Mr. Gregg Delcourt is an Senior Vice President - Small Cap Investments of the Company. Prior to joining Alaris in July of 2015, Gregg spent 11 years as an investment banker, most recently as Managing Director, Investment Banking at Raymond James. Prior thereto, Mr. Delcourt held the position of Vice President, Mergers & Acquisitions at Ernst & Young Corporate Finance. Over the past 17 years, Mr. Delcourt has been active in financing private and public companies and has been active in advising management teams on raising capital, mergers & acquisitions and go public transactions, with a focus on small to mid-cap entities. Mr. Delcourt holds a Master of Science degree from the University of British Columbia, and is a CFA Charter holder.
Mr. Curtis Krawetz is an Vice President - Investments of Alaris Royality Corp. Prior to his appointment as Vice President Investments and Investor Relations in 2013, Curtis held the position of Analyst and Manager Investor Relations at Alaris and its predecessor, Alaris IGF Corp. since 2006. Prior thereto Curtis held positions in the petroleum marketing, banking and foreign exchange industries as well as the public sector. Mr. Krawetz received his Bachelor of Commerce from the University of Saskatchewan in 2001.
Mr. Daniel James Bertram is a Vice President - Business Development of Alaris Royalty Corp. Prior to joining Alaris in the fall of 2014, Dan worked at Deans Knight Capital Management as an investment analyst and prior thereto worked in the investment banking industry as an analyst. Dan is a finance grad from Boston College and a CFA Charterholder.
Ms. Amanda Frazer is Vice President - Investments of Alaris Royality Corp. Prior to joining Alaris in October of 2013, Ms. Frazer spent 9 years working with Ernst & Young ("EY") most recently as a Senior Manager in the EY Transaction Advisory group where she provided transaction advisory services to both buy and sell side clients across a broad spectrum of industries. Ms. Frazer has been a Chartered Accountant in Canada since 2008 and earned a Bachelor of Applied Business Administration, with a major in accounting, from Mount Royal.
Ms. Elizabeth McCarthy is Vice President - Legal of the Company. Prior to joining Alaris in October of 2016, Elizabeth spent 7 years working as a tax lawyer with Burnet, Duckworth and Palmer LLP (law firm). As a tax lawyer, Elizabeth’s practice focused primarily on mergers and acquisitions, restructuring and financings, employee remuneration and compensation, tax-loss utilization transactions, partnerships and joint ventures, and tax litigation and tax dispute resolution. Elizabeth received her Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Calgary in 2006 and her Law Degree from the University of British Columbia in 2009 and was called to the Alberta Bar in 2010.
Mr. Devin Timberlake is Vice President - Business Development of the Company. Prior to joining Alaris in July of 2015, Devin served as an Investment Banking Associate on the M&A advisory team with Primary Capital. Devin graduated from Brown University where he earned a degree in Business, Entrepreneurship and Organizations. Devin is a CFA Charter holder.
Mr. Michael (Mike) Ervin is Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary of Alaris Royality Corp. Prior to joining Alaris in October of 2013, Mr. Ervin was a corporate lawyer with Burnet, Duckworth & Palmer LLP, with a practice focusing on advising clients, including Alaris, on public and private financings, mergers and acquisitions, corporate governance matters and general corporate matters. Mr. Ervin received his Bachelor of Business Administration (with distinction) from the University of Regina in 2003 and his Bachelor of Laws (with distinction) from the University of Alberta in 2006 and was called to the Alberta Bar in 2007.
Mr. Robert Gordon Bertram is Independent Director of Alaris Royalty Corp. Mr. Bertram is a Corporate Director. In December 2008 he retired as the Executive Vice President of Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board (“Teachers”), a position he held from 1990. Prior to Teachers, Mr. Bertram spent 18 years at Telus Corporation, including roles as Assistant Vice President and Treasurer. Mr. Bertram is currently the Chair of the Strategic Committee of Glass Lewis, LLC, a member of the Independent Review Committee for the Strathbridge Asset Management family of funds, a director of Black Spruce Exploration Corp., a private oil and gas company, a director of the Investment Management Co. of Ontario, and a director of several not-for-profit boards and societies including, the Canadian Foundation for Governance Research. Mr. Bertram previously held director roles with Cadillac Fairview Corporation, Maple Leafs Sports and Entertainment, AltaLink, Nexen Inc., and Morguard Mortgage Investment Corp.
Mr. Gary A. Patterson is Independent Director of Alaris Royalty Corp. Since June 2003 Mr. Patterson has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of GAP Financial Ltd., a British Columbia based company which provides financial and business advisory services to corporations. Mr. Patterson is managing director of DRI Capital Inc., a private fund manager. Mr. Patterson was previously on the board of trustees of Art In Motion Income Fund and SUMMIT Real Estate Investment Trust and the board of directors of EarthFirst Canada Inc. and Seacliff Construction Corp. Mr. Patterson is a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of British Columbia.
Mr. Jay Ripley is Independent Director of the Company. Mr. Ripley is a co-founder and serves as Chairman of Sequel Youth & Family Services, a national operator of behavioral health services in the USA and former Partner of Alaris. Sequel currently operates 46 programs in 20 states, serving over 9,000 clients from 42 states and U.S. territories with over 4,000 employees. Mr. Ripley is also a founding partner and an Advisory Board member of CYWP Funds, a group of private equity funds located in the Washington, DC area which invest in operating businesses and real estate across the USA. Previously, Mr. Ripley was a co-founder and the principal owner of BGR, "The Burger Joint", a highly-acclaimed fast-casual gourmet burger restaurant concept. Additionally, Mr. Ripley was a founding stockholder of Youth Services International, and served as its President and COO as well as its CFO. Mr. Ripley also served as President and CEO of Precision Auto Care, a worldwide franchisor of automotive service centers, as well as Corporate Controller and then VP Eastern Division Operations for Jiffy Lube, the leading franchisor of quick lube centers in North America. He began his career with Ernst & Young, CPAs in Baltimore, MD. Mr. Ripley is a Summa Cum Laude graduate of the University of Baltimore ( "UB" ), and has served as a member of UB's Foundation board for the past six years. He is a member of the Chief Executives Organization as well as the Young Presidents Organization.
Ms. Mary C. Ritchie is Independent Director of Alaris Royalty Corp. Ms. Ritchie is President and Chief Executive Officer of Richford Holdings Ltd., an accounting and investment advisory services company. Ms. Ritchie is a member of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, and a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Alberta. Ms. Ritchie is a member of the Independent Review Committee of RBC Global Asset Management. She is also a member of the Board of Directors of Industrial Alliance Ltd. and EnWave Corporation.
Mr. E. Mitchell (Mitch) Shier is an Independent Director of Alaris Royalty Corp. Mr. Shier is General Counsel, Corporate Secretary and Manager, Land at Paramount Resources Ltd., which he joined in November, 2008. Prior to joining Paramount, Mr. Shier spent over 24 years in private practice where he specialized in mergers and acquisitions and oil and gas and general commercial law. He is also on the board of Trilogy Energy Corp.
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Capitala Finance Corp (CPTA.OQ)
CPTA.OQ on NASDAQ Stock Exchange Global Select Market
Joseph Alala
46 2013 Chairman of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer
Stephen Arnall
57 2019 Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer
Kevin Koonts
33 2019 Chief Accounting Officer, Treasurer
Richard Wheelahan
38 2019 Chief Compliance Officer, Secretary
M. Hunt Broyhill
Larry Carroll
H. Paul Chapman
R. Charles Moyer
Mr. Joseph B. Alala, III is the Chairman of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer of the Board of Directors of Capitala Finance since February 2013 and serves as the managing partner and chief investment officer of Capitala Investment Advisors. Since 1998, Mr. Alala has been the founder, president and chief executive officer of the Legacy Funds. In 2000, Mr. Alala received a SBIC debenture license. Mr. Alala serves on the Board of Governors of the Small Business Investor Alliance (SBIA, formerly the National Association of SBICs, or NASBIC). Mr. Alala also serves on the boards of directors of various portfolio companies of the Legacy Funds, and has previously served on the boards of directors of non-profit organizations and private bank holding companies. He also serves on Princeton University’s Track & Field’s Trustee Board. Mr. Alala received his A.B. in economics, with a concentration in finance and a minor in politics, from Princeton University and a J.D. and M.B.A. from Wake Forest University.
Mr. Stephen A. Arnall is Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer of Capitala Finance Corp. He has served as the Chief Financial Officer of the Company since May 2013. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Arnall was an executive vice president and the chief financial officer of Park Sterling Bank from 2006 to 2010 and treasurer of Park Sterling Bank from 2010 to 2013.
Mr. Kevin Koonts is Chief Accounting Officer, Treasurer of the Company. He has served as the Controller of the Company since 2013. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Koonts served as an audit manager in Dixon Hughes Goodman LLP’s financial services practice. Mr. Koonts is a Certified Public Accountant.
Mr. Richard Wheelahan is Chief Compliance Officer, Secretary of the Company. Mr. Wheelahan has served as the Chief Compliance Officer of the Company since July 2013. Mr. Wheelahan is also the chief compliance officer, general counsel, and a director of Capitala Investment Advisors, LLC and served as an associate, and subsequently, a vice president of the predecessor to Capitala Investment Advisors, LLC, since March 2010.
Mr. M. Hunt Broyhill has been a member of the Board of Directors of Capitala Finance since February 2013. He has been a partner of the investment adviser to the Legacy Funds since 1999. Mr. Broyhill is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Broyhill Asset Management, LLC, a private wealth management firm, and the President and director of BMC Fund, Inc., a registered closed-end management investment company. Mr. Broyhill also holds several senior positions within the Broyhill family offices and is a trustee of the Capitala Trust. Mr. Broyhill received a B.A. from Wake Forest University.
Mr. Larry W. Carroll is member of the Independent Director of Capitala Finance since May 2013. Mr. Carroll has been the President of Carroll Financial Associates, Inc., a financial planning and investment management firm, since 1980. Mr. Carroll currently is a director of Park Sterling Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, Park Sterling Bank (NASDAQ: PSTB). He also currently serves on the Board of Directors of Carroll Financial Associates, Inc., the Board of Trustees of Wingate University, and the Board of Trustees of the Cultural and Heritage Foundation. Mr. Carroll began his career as a public accountant with KPMG LLC (USA). Mr. Carroll received his undergraduate degree in accounting from Austin Peay State University and his M.B.A. from the University of Tennessee.
Mr. H. Paul Chapman is member of the Board of Directors of Capitala Finance since May 2013. Mr. Chapman is a retired partner of KPMG LLP, an accounting firm, where he worked as an auditor for 38 years (1974-2013), serving a variety of large, public multinational companies. During his tenure at KPMG LLP, Mr. Chapman was a senior audit partner who held a variety of leadership positions at KPMG LLP, including 15 years as Partner in Charge-Audit for the Carolinas Business Unit and Managing Partner of KPMG LLP’s Charlotte, NC office. Mr. Chapman has served on the boards of directors of a variety of charitable and community organizations. Mr. Chapman is a Certified Public Accountant and received his B.S.B.A. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Dr. R. Charles Moyer, Ph.D.is member of the Board of Directors of Capitala Finance since May 2013. Dr. Moyer is currently the Dean of the College of Business at the University of Louisville. He is also Dean Emeritus of the Babcock Graduate School of Management at Wake Forest University, having served as Dean from 1996 until his retirement from this position in August 2003, and as a Professor from 1988 until 2005. Dr. Moyer held the GMAC Insurance Chair in Finance at Wake Forest University. Prior to joining the faculty at Wake Forest in 1988, he was Finance Department Chairman at Texas Tech University. He is the author of four textbooks and numerous journal articles. Dr. Moyer was a member of the Board of Directors of King Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“King”) from 2000 until 2011, when King was acquired by Pfizer Inc. Dr. Moyer served on King’s Corporate Governance Committee, Compensation Committee, Risk Committee, and chaired King’s Audit Committee. Dr. Moyer is also currently a director of Kentucky Seed Capital Fund and Summit Biosciences Inc. He is also a member of the Kentucky and Southern Indiana Bridge Authority. Dr. Moyer earned his B.A. in Economics and German from Howard University in 1967, his M.B.A. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1968, and his Ph.D. in Finance and Managerial Economics from the University of Pittsburgh in 1971.
Shares Traded
Wheelahan (Richard G III)
2,576 $9.17
Alala (Joseph B III)
Arnall Stephen A
2,377,399 $0.00
McGlinn (John F)
55,388 $0.00
237,739 $0.00
Broyhill (Markham Hunt)
Carroll (Larry W)
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Inquest of Pilot Pirx
April 21, 2017 December 25, 2017 Mr. Bobinsky's uncle 3 Comments
Director: Marek Piestrak. Starring: Sergei Desnitsky, Alexander Kaidanovsky, Vladimir Ivashov, Zbigniew Lesien, Boleslaw Abart. Poland, USSR, 1978. IMDb: 6.6. My rating 3.5/4. Android and space travel science fiction thriller.
– Brown, do you believe in God?
– It’s not part of my duties.
(a dialogue between Pirx and a crew member)
– Your world is horribly empty for me, your ideals laughable and your democracy is just a reign of schemers chosen by fools.
(one of the main characters)
“Inquest of Pilot Pirx” is one of those good old sci-fi movies I miss sometimes so desperately. Unhurried, detailed, with a smart plot and good acting, the film takes its time to prepare you for everything and develops slowly, but somewhere in the middle you suddenly realize that it’s grasping you right by the throat. Based on a series of short stories by Stanislav Lem, “Pirx” a solid psychological sci-fi thriller about human-like androids and space travel, that with years gained somewhat of a cult following, especially in Poland and ex-USSR countries. It didn’t have a lot of realistic CGI for what was largely criticized, but surprisingly it aged well – what did not seem realistic turned out to be very cool from a graphical point of view.
The style and overall feel of “Pirx” is something like “Blade Runner” vs. “Alien”… but the movie was actually made few years before them. Among all the cool stuff about androids and increasing levels of suspense, “Pirx” featured first-person view 6 years before “The Terminator” and here it’s not just some pure entertaining element, but an organic part of the plot. Good old science fiction, dammit.
”Pirx” also caused a chain reaction in my mind about several important topics:
– Why there has been no progress in A. I. development since the 50-s and do we really need it – in its classic sci-fi understanding? (short answer would be ‘no’)
– Why pre-CGI or early CGI specials effects were often more awesome than the photorealistic CGI we have nowadays?
In retrospective, it’s surprising how popular and important the A. I. question was considered in the 50-s. It was a widespread belief among scientists and writers of that epoch that by 2000-s we would have smart robots with developed A. I. and self-awareness. Almost zero progress has been done so far though. The point is that the A. I. creation is still approached in a purely mathematical and mechanical way since there are no ideas of how to do it otherwise. From philosophical point of view, there is no essential difference between a simple calculator or a self-driving car, but there is an abyss between any of them and a human brain with very little understanding on how the latter actually works.
Still, I think the current direction of mankind’s technological progress actually makes sense. What would be really useful is a complex machine able to perform in autonomy a variety of tasks within different conditions. We are gradually moving to it, don’t we? It shouldn’t be self-aware, which can be considered psychologically an important achievement since this is when a human becomes God. The practical meaning of being self-aware in this case is very low or even dangerous as for the first time humans could have a real competitor (this is what most sci-fi in fact is discussing). What would be a self-aware machine needed for? Do they need emotional intellect to fulfill their role? The answer is obvious.
As for the special effects… There is a curious topic often recurring in recent discussions and forums about CGI, special effects and why few sci-fi movies age well. While it’s obvious that we have reached the point when anything can be created with the help of computer, the real question though is different – is it just the photorealistic quality of special effects that makes our jaw drop? Is this the final aim? I doubt so. Old-style special effects often didn’t look real because of lack of technology – the designers had to find tricky and original way to create something that would look similar. And this is what makes them often exceptional pieces of art, because they were designed to imitate something, substitute it, make you believe in it, rather than be simply photorealistic. In simple words, we like effects when they are a) the means to express something bigger and are connected to the plot b) are cool visually. Photorealism is not on this list.
Accusing old sci-fi movies of simple special effects would be like accusing 2D cartoons that all characters are flat. It’s the ingenuity, improbability and graphics of them that makes us wonder, because they force us to use fantasy and imagination.
Well, both themes surely deserve more attention. Coming back to the movie…
The plot. Our near future. A corporation was able to create human-like robots that are more capable than humans in everything with the exception that they do not possess empathy or emotions, still being able to imitate them though. Pirx, a incorruptible pilot known for his honesty and professionalism, is invited to assess the performance of a mixed team composed of both humans and androids during a flight near Saturn. His verdict will be decisive when evaluating whether to start a massive android production.
The film was based on a series of short stories by Stanislav Lem “More Tales of Pirx The Pilot” (other films based on his works you have probably heard of are “Solaris” and “The Congress”). Predicting inevitable comparisons with some other 70-s and 80-s science fiction, lets admit – “Pirx” was not as innovative as Ridley’s films or as visually stunning as “Stalker” (Kaidanovsky did the main role in the latter right after “Pirx”), but remember for a second that it was shot in 1978 in two communist countries where the technical limitations for filming science fiction and the cultural censorship were still extremely relevant. “Pirx” overcomes it by slowly building up the suspense and developing the plot that actually makes sense. The android and human replacement is approached here from different points of view, dropping hints about some classical Azimov’s stories.
The acting, surprisingly, is one of the strong points of the film. Commander Pirx, played by Sergei Desnitsky (he wasn’t among the most popular Soviet actors), is by no means a hero, rather an everyday normal citizen, trying to stay fair and find the solution in different situations, kind of a space Sherlock Holmes. The rest of the crew are portrayed brilliantly, because you can’t tell who is a human and who is an android. All of them behave mechanically and without any visible emotions, it surely helps to build the suspense.
“Inquest of Pilot Pirx” was produced by Poland/USSR, but on other hand it would be also honest to see it as a Polish/Estonian collaboration since the movie was shot in large parts in Tallinn. The score was recorder by Arvo Pärt, an important Estonian compositor who has been the most performed living composer in the world for 5 consecutive years. When an interviewer asked Polish director Marek Piestrak how he managed to involve the Estonian composer in a sci-fi movie for mass audience, he said that at that time Pärt simply wasn’t that famous. It’s ironic though that later an updated version of the movie was released where the original soundtrack was substituted with 90-s big beat and drum’n’bass music. It was largely criticized but… it’s not that bad and refreshes the movie.
Worth watching? Yes. It’s a good old sci-fi just like we all adore it. Maintaining the intrigue till the end, the androids here are as creepy as humans. Thoughtful, smart, with enough action and thriller, some very good acting and strong script based on Stanislav Lem’s short stories, ”Inquest of Pilot Pirx” takes its time in the first part to build up the pace and story – but once it does, it could really derange you. Highly recommended. It was a real surprise for me.
1970-s, A. I., androids, movie reviews, soviet, space travel, thrillerandroids, Arvo Part, дознание пилота пиркса, Estonian cinema, independent, independent movie review, indie, Inquest of Pilot Pirx movie review, совесткая кинофантастика, Polish cinema, sci-fi, science fiction, Soviet cinema, space, thriller, ussr
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3 thoughts on “Inquest of Pilot Pirx”
Why being honest about AI stifles good storytelling? | indie sci-fi gems says:
[…] similar while covering this wonderful Polish/Soviet 1978 sci-fi film about androids – ”Inquest of Pilot Pirx”, but I couldn’t have said it any […]
Top 10 Soviet science fiction movies says:
[…] “Inquest of Pilot Pirx” is one of those good old sci-fi movies I miss sometimes so desperately. Unhurried, detailed, with smart plot and good acting, the film takes its time to prepare you for everything and develops slowly, but somewhere in the middle you suddenly realize that it’s grasping you right by the throat. ”Pirx” is a solid psychological sci-fi thriller about human-like androids and space travel, that with years gained somewhat of a cult following, especially in Poland and ex-USSR countries. The film doesn’t quiet reach the height of Ridley Scott, obviously, but nevertheless it’s a very sturdy 70-s science fiction. One of the role was played by A. Kaidanovsky, who one year later became the stalker. Full review here. […]
Screamers says:
[…] watching? Absolutely, if you like good old 80-s sci-fi like “Outland“, “Inquest of Pilot Pirx” or “The Abyss“. “Screamers” has all the ingredients in the right […]
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Eric Church Transcends at 2018 Taste of Country Festival
Patrick Tewey
Eric Church proved once again why he's one of the top touring acts not only in country music, but across all genres on the second night of the 2018 Taste of Country Music Festival on Saturday night (June 9).
Church took the stage amid the resplendence of the natural amphitheater at Hunter Mountain in upstate New York just after 9:45PM on Saturday night, and he and his band delivered an incendiary set that was a perfect marriage of songwriting, musicianship and pure entertainment value.
Playing to a sold-out crowd, Church let the fans know this was going to be a bold night of musical adventure from the first song, kicking off his set with "Mr. Misunderstood." That song's mix of plaintive acoustic balladry and breakneck rock, coupled with Church's penchant for lyrics that pack emotional and intellectual depth, established a flight plan for the evening's performance.
Over the next two hours, Church and his musicians delivered a scorching, yet nuanced set that drew on songs from across his career, including, "Smoke a Little Smoke" — which segued into a jam on Black Sabbath's "Sweet Leaf" as a further ode to the "smoke" in question — "The Outsiders," "Drink in My Hand," "Round Here Buzz," "Creepin'" and "Like a Wrecking Ball," offering up such a wide array of different moods and styles that it was like several different concerts in one.
Was it a country show? Absolutely. Arena rock? That, too, with a light show and elaborate staging to rival any rock act on the road. Americana? No doubt about it. Metal? Unmistakably. When those different styles came together at certain musical junctures to create musical tension, the music Church and his band were making virtually defied categorization. Metalcana, anyone?
Church addressed the crowd several times in his low-key manner, talking at length near the mid-show point about how certain songs help to take a show to the next level. He used those remarks to introduce "Jack Daniel's," warning the show would be an "out of control party for the rest of the night" — and from the looks of the audience and its collective reaction, many fans were destined to share in the song's rueful lament, "Jack Daniel's kicked my ass again last night," on Sunday.
Church dug deep into his catalog during the back half of the show, mixing album cuts including "Chattanooga Lucy," "Mixed Drinks About Feelings" and "These Boots" with more familiar radio hits, including "Give Me Back My Hometown," "Homeboy" and "Talladega." Church ventured out into the crowd during "Record Year" before closing with "Springsteen," getting the entire crowd to sing along to its chorus, leaving fans feeling uplifted before returning to deliver a solo acoustic encore performance of "Sinners Like Me." In all, Church and his band delivered a performance at ToC Fest 2018 that was uncompromising, audacious and almost defiant, and pulled it off in a way that no other band in country music could match.
Church's performance followed an earlier set from Justin Moore that was so packed with hits that it served as a constant reminder of how Moore is one of country music's most underrated acts. Moore delivered a strong show highlighted by an amped-up cover of Ricky Skaggs' "Honey Open That Door," which demonstrated once again that Moore is one of country music's strongest live singers.
Moore and Church topped off a jam-packed day of hits from a cross-section of some of country music's biggest artists and up-and-coming rising acts. Sasha McVeigh, Jordan Davis, Ashley McBryde and Rodney Atkins gave the fans at ToC Fest a broad cross-section of styles from different eras, from classic hits to country's cutting edge.
The 2018 Taste of Country Music Festival is slated to wrap on Sunday (June 10) with performances from James Barker Band, Danielle Bradbery, Montgomery Gentry, LeAnn Rimes and headliner Sam Hunt.
Country Music Tours Hitting the Road in 2018
NEXT: The 2018 Country Festival Guide
Source: Eric Church Transcends at 2018 Taste of Country Festival
Filed Under: Eric Church, taste of country music festival 2018
Categories: Country Music News, Original Features, TOC Fest
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