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Cisco Systems Unveils New Network Management Solution
Cisco Systems Inc. today announced the availability of CiscoWorks Windows 5.0. The new solution provides users with a set of tools for detection and resolution of network problems before they become critical. CiscoWorks Windows 5.0 includes Ipswitch Inc.'s WhatsUp Gold, which provides network-wide discovery, mapping, monitoring, and notification capabilities.
WhatsUp Gold also enables users to monitor all network hardware, workstations, servers, and printers from a single application. In addition, CiscoWorks Windows 5.0 includes a threshold manager for remote monitoring (RMON)-enabled Cisco devices; StackMaker, for combining multiple Cisco devices into a single stack and managing them in a single window; and displays router operational information without requiring Cisco IOS commands.
Contact Cisco Systems, (800) 553-NETS, www.cisco.com.
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Conservatives Keep Voting
More writers reveal their ballots.
Jesse Walker | 11.3.2012 12:07 PM
Since I blogged The American Conservative's list of how the magazine's contributors plan to vote this year, I should note Friday's follow-up featuring five stragglers who didn't participate in the first round. A quick summary: Winston Elliott and John Vella are endorsing Mitt Romney, Clark Stooksbury is backing Barack Obama, Samuel Goldman is supporting Gary Johnson, and Daniel Larison didn't register in time to vote but if he did he would probably go for Johnson too. The only one of those five who has written anything for Reason is Stooksbury, so Red Team loyalists should be sure to bring him up the next time they want to tell us that Reason is in the tank for Obama.
Bonus link: Us Reason writers have revealed our ballots too.
NEXT: Defense Contractor Ordered to Pay National Guard Soldiers $85 Million
Books Editor Jesse Walker is the author of Rebels on the Air and The United States of Paranoia.
Election 2012 Media Conservatism Mitt Romney Barack Obama Gary Johnson
I don’t recall anybody here saying Reason was “in the tank” for Obama. Did I miss something?
I’m guessing its just a variation on this “A vote for Johnson is a vote for Obama*” meme.
*Romney safe state? What’s that?
Jerry on the road
That John guy, not?
Tulpa (LAOL-PA)
He’s using hyperbole to be an asshole make a point.
Not a very good one, but a point nonetheless.
BarryD
I don’t recall such a thing, either.
I do recall a surprising number of people in 2008, saying they would, on this site. Few of us could understand why, and it seemed that some Reason types and fellow travelers were as deluded about the Rorschach candidate as lefties were.
But I still want to know: What happened to Craig Newmark? I haven’t seen his wisdom blessing these pages in a long time.
Yes, it does bear mentioning that three prominent members of the Reason staff voted for BO (Bailey, Cavanaugh, and Weigel). Cavanaugh has pretty openly ripped on BO since then so we can assume he’s not a repeat offender. Bailey doesn’t seem thrilled with BO either and has been open about not really being a libertarian himself anyway, he’s just a science writer who happens to hang around here. Weigel, well, we know about him.
Whatever happened to Cavanaugh? Did he formally quit when I was on hiatus?
And why is Lucy still on the staff page? Cathy Reisenwitz, I’m looking at you!
Did Lucy quit?
What did you jerks do?
Shit went down at Reason HQ. Not sure what.
Not sure and no idea, respectively.
Reason is keeping us in the dark. It’s scary.
Can’t you guys use the internet? Welch fired her. She ought to sue that Uinversity for granting her a degree in “professional communications” without teaching her how to spell, or failing that, use spellcheck.
“Can’t you guys use the internet?”
Dahel’s an “Internet?”
I thought she just failed to meet her weekly quota of anti-Romney articles.
Lucy’s career as a reason Associaie Editor
She had to Google Lech Walesa!
That second link is a graveyard of ex-Reason writers. I’m surprised we didn’t see Kerry Howley.
If you had I wouldn’t have posted it.
Good to see Wilkinson actually hates at least one flavor of statism.
The only surprise there is Bailey.
Bailey’s reason was that the republicans needed to be punished.
Really the best case that can be made for voting for Obama in 2008.
Bailey doesn’t seem thrilled with BO either and has been open about not really being a libertarian himself anyway
What the fuck are you talking about?
Isn’t Bailey always the token libertarian at science forums?
Yeah tulpa is being insane again today.
darius404
Compared to the other scientists, yes.
When confronted as to why a libertarian was pushing federal funding of stem cell research so hard, he stated that he wasn’t really a libertarian.
It’s not like there were any good options in 2008. The LP candidate was Bob “Baby Doc’s lawyer” Barr and WAR.
There was always not voting. Plus, Barr wasn’t running on Mike Huckabee’s tax plan as GayJay now is. Chuck Baldwin was probably a better “libertarian” option than Barr in 2008
Any criticism of ROMNIAC or his ilk is secretly an endorsement of Obama.
Bull. I criticize Romney too.
The problem is nitpicking Romney/Ryan to death on economic issues, while only criticizing BO when he says or does something earth-shakingly stupid on economics.
Bull. They’ve criticized his shit for 4 years straight, you just don’t have a memory longer than a few months.
And noting Romney gives next to no details about his “plans” isn’t nitpicking.
Does Romney get credit for being criticized in the 2008 primaries?
Yeah, nobody has said this.
Reason is in the tank for Johnson and not voting… which could obviously lead to Obama winning certain states.
An amazing number of reason writers seem to turn hard left when they leave here.
I mean, yall fucking hired Weigel, who was obviously a leftist.
They also sometimes mirror liberals in their writings. If calling them on that is considered an accusation of being “in the tank” for Obama, so be it.
T o n y
Well liberals are usually right about things. Maybe if you stopped being the bias police and started looking at the real world, you’d know that.
When’s mom going to start charging you rent? The basement’s big, you know.
Now that’s funny!
Don’t know why you are bragging about liberals being right Tony.
When you said two days ago that “Women should be forced to take birth control” you pretty much exposed yourself as a fascist, not a liberal.
Rights-Minimalist Autocrat
Don’t forget the classic “all rights are subject to debate.”
you pretty much exposed yourself as a fascist, not a liberal.
Forgetting the classic definition of a liberal and inserting the current political definition of a “liberal” meaning progressive, isn’t that really the same thing as fascist?
Lord Peter Wimsey
“Well liberals are usually right about things.”
Just the important things, like telling citizens how large their sodas can be, or stopping black women from braiding hair without a license.
Sort of OT: Mormon Solidarity Bolsters Romney in Nevada
http://www.nationaljournal.com…..103?page=2
No mentions of Gary Johnson, so it’s hard to know if he’s just completely, utterly irrelevant or they’re ignoring him.
Either way, my hopes for a significant percentage in Nevada are taking a hit.
Much better article:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/comm…..ry-johnson
UnionBuiltOhioRoads
you cant say that too often about the borderline commie Guardian..
I’m pretty sure the Mormon community won’t be voting for the pro-pot, pro-gay marriage Johnson.
And I tend to think the only people who break ranks because of those issues are Ron Paul supporters (Romney liability) and college-age liberals (Obama liability). Since there are less of the RP supporters I’d say GayJay could screw over Obama in two Western states.
Really, this is just me being frustrated again because the Mormons are voting solely based on religion, rather than on principles of said religion.
protefeed
Mormons are as in the tank for Romney as blacks are in the tank for Obama.
What matters is turnout. And LDS members are trying to get massive turnout.
Obamacin Side Effects
Yuno Hoo
What the hell did she expect? Obamacin is a suppository!
Killazontherun
so Red Team loyalists should be sure to bring him up the next time they want to tell us that Reason is in the tank for Obama.
If the shoe fits, it could belong to someone else. After all, there are hundreds of millions of people with your shoe size. You are not so special.
Fess up. You’ve got a shoe fetish, don’t you? Stilettos?
It’s not like I write about shoes every day! There are some days where I don’t even have time to spare for posting.
. . .Nancy Sinatra thigh high boots lover . . .
Personally, I’m more into uniforms:
http://s12.postimage.org/wtgi95it7/1809.jpg
The Immaculate Trouser
You know who else was into uniforms?
This girl?
http://worstscientist.files.wo…..niform.jpg
f GayJay loses, I’m gonna start a motherfuckin’ riot!
If you feel so empty
So used up, so let down
If you feel so angry
So ripped off so stepped on
Refusing to back down
So get up
Let’s start a riot, a riot
Let’s start a riot
If you feel so filthy
So dirty so fucked up
If you feel so walked on
So painful so pissed off
Refusing to go down
Sounds more like the Occutards.
White riot – I wanna riot
White riot – a riot of my own
Black man gotta lot a problems
But they don’t mind throwing a brick
White people go to school
Where they teach you how to be thick
Oh we’re not going to take it, No, we ain’t going to take it. We’re not going to take it, anymore.
Get-up aside, that could easily be the anthem of the Ron Paul REVOLution
You know who else isn’t going to take it?
There is also Slate, which has not yet revealed whether its staff’s support for Obama this year will be unanimous or merely overwhelming,
So is this going to happen or did Jesse just put that into the article for fun?
IIRC, when they did it in 08 everyone but some dude who works on webdesign voted for Obama.
And I’m just going to assume said dude has been purged so it’ll be straight Obama this time.
Maybe there’ll be an intern or two who vote for Stein. Wouldn’t that be exciting!
Voting is your civic doody, a means to take a shit on your fellow citizens.
http://thehill.com/homenews/ca…..nge-remark
Obama made the remark at a Friday rally after supporters booed Romney. “No, no, no. Don’t boo. Vote,” Obama told a crowd in Springfield, Ohio. “Voting is the best revenge.”
THE GREAT UNIFIER
I have to give the Romney people credit. They turned that into a commercial within 24 hours. What a fucking bumbling moron Obama is. He can’t even lie properly. Is there anything he does well?
My guess is the Republicans learned from their sound trouncing in ’08 the importance of media and having a good marketing team.
The Obama campaign said Saturday that the president’s comment was made in the context of Romney’s “scare tactics.”
Spokeswoman Psaki said a Romney TV ad running in the state that suggests Chrysler was moving production of Jeep models to China was an attempt at “frightening workers in Ohio into thinking, falsely, that they’re not going to have a job.”
You, see it’s not about our guy lowering the office of the presidency with his common mendacity, it’s about the big bad wolf at the door.
Oh, nevermind then. That makes it all better.
LaBolt also took a shot at the Romney campaign for focusing on the comment.
“It’s interesting that that’s the closing argument that the Romney campaign is making. I think that it seems very small,” LaBolt said.
Unlike the current PA Obama ads harping on Romney paying 14% in federal taxes, I suppose?
Clark Stooksbury
I already voted in Tennessee. After two decades of protest voting for various third-party alternatives from Ron Paul to Ralph Nader, I pulled the lever for Barack Obama this time. I did so with some reservations, but with no doubt about whom I prefer to see in office.
I’m concerned primarily with temperament and competence. Mitt Romney and the GOP have shown themselves to be so contemptuous of reality that they can’t be trusted with the levers of power.
I would like to see any number of serious political changes in this country, including but not limited to a non-(or less) interventionist foreign policy, a reduction in the dominance of corporations and the very wealthy, and an effort to deal with climate change and other serious environmental challenges. Seeing no prospect of meaningful reform on the horizon, I am willing to settle for a flawed president and party who actually care about governing.
The stupid really burns in that one. What exactly has Obama done that would indicate he “actually care(s) about governing”? I suppose there are reasons to vote for Obama, most notably the desire to see the current system collapse a little faster in hopes that the Dems will get the full blame and it will be replaced by something better. But these “Obama cares” sorts of justifications are really the height of stupidity.
If you’re strictly voting for temperament and competence, I don’t know why you wouldn’t vote for either Romney or Johnson. Both men have records of excellence in the area of managerial ability, and both men appear to be stable, known quantities.
If that’s all you were looking for in a candidate without regard to ideological content, you’d not be voting for Obama — especially given his appointees and botched reactions to several easy-to-handle crises.
Obama has held one executive job in his life and has fucked the job up from day one. If you take ideology out of it, Obama finishes a distant third and maybe fourth among the choices available.
Seriously. Obama started with a 69% approval rating and supermajorities in Congress. After barely getting through an extraordinarily unpopular healthcare bill that didn’t resemble what he advocated on the campaign trail, he’s lost all of that. As the kids say, and nothing else happened. Clinton did far more to further his agenda and maintain his popularity than Obama did, and Clinton had far less of a mandate and honeymoon period.
I thought Bush was a serial incompetent when I examined his record back in 2000, but man — Obama really takes the cake.
Bush worked with a hostile Congress and got a ton of things through with support from both parties. Obama has three accomplishments; Obamacare, the stimulus and Frank Dodd. All three were passed by brute force through the 08-10 Congress. He has done nothing else since then. He can’t even get a budget to pass.
Take ideology out of it for a second. A President’s job is to work with Congress and the country to make sure the government runs properly. Obama cannot do the basic things that a President is supposed to do.
Bush was a dupe who got rolled by established entities very easily, and had pretty much no managerial talent whatsoever. Failed at business, and quite frankly neither “his” foreign nor domestic policy ever had that much input on his part. NCLB, for example, was mostly the creation of Ted Kennedy — and much of the response to Iraq was crafted by Blair loyalists and various Clinton-era liberal interventionists and a handful of neo-conservative thinkers for good measure.
That record definitely pales in comparison with Obama’s — but it wasn’t a very good record, either.
I think that whatever else you can say about him, Romney is competent and will have both more control over the process and a better idea of what he’s doing than the last two incumbents.
Take the wisdom of those things out for a second. If you are totally not ideological, the President’s job is to work with both parties and get things passed and problems solved. By that standard Obama is a complete and total failure.
I think the President has some responsibility to make sure that his appointees are competent and of good character. Bush did a very slapdash effort on that count.
A President also has the responsibility to make sure that the legislation he publicly supports and spearheads has meaningful input on his part. IMO, Bush fails on that count as well.
OTOH, Bush did have a few appointees that were competent and professional (even though I disagreed with them ideologically): Condi, for instance. He also did have a rapport with the other party and, as you say, was able to pass things in Congress. I can’t think of any Obama appointee for whom I can say the same. It’s not an exaggeration to say that while Bush was a failure, Obama broke the federal government because he was too damned stupid to know how it worked. At least you get the impression that Bush thumbed through the instruction manual before revving up the engine.
Trouser, Bush had people like Cheney and Rumsfeld who at least understood how Washington worked. Obama has morons like Biden, Sibileus, and Napolitano, and Chicago hacks like Axelrod and Jarrett. There isn’t a single competent person in the administration.
Yeah, that’s kind of what I was getting at. Bush at least had a handful of folks who knew where the light switches were and who could clean up other people’s messes. I cannot think of a single Obama appointee like that who wasn’t a Bush holdover. (I was gonna go with Bob Gates, but he was a Bush holdover.)
There isn’t a single person you can point to in the Obama administration and say, “see, Obama knows how to hire the Right People”.
And what does it mean to “actually care about governing”? That has to be the dumbest most meaningless statement you could make about the race. It is like Stooksbury is too stupid or too arrogant to even give the question of who to vote for any serious thought.
Stooksbury is voting for candidate Obama, 2008 version, not Obama the president, or the 2012 candidate. He is a sentimentalist who doesn’t think, and that shit about ‘an effort to deal with climate change and other serious environmental challenges’ is exactly what a lazy minded person says when he is posing as one.
several easy-to-handle crises.
Are you suggesting his Beer Summit was nothing short of masterful? If Romney or Bush, instead of Obama and his ace in the hole, Biden, there would have been mayhem in the streets.
That’s another thing. What is having Biden as your Number Two supposed to say about your intelligence, competence, or the care you take in governing?
Besides turning oxygen into carbon dioxide, what does Joe Biden do that a potted plant could not do just as well?
Make people laugh?
shamalam
Well, to be fair to potted plants they turn carbon dioxide into oxygen, which is useful to mammals.
Just curious, is Stooksbury the dumbest motherfucker who ever wrote for Reason or is there someone worse I’ve never heard of?
“dominance of corporations and the very wealthy” – “deal with climate change” – “president who cares about governing.”
He voted for Uber-statist, 90% tax rate Nader AND libertarian Paul? Wow.
I just can’t decide myself. Should I vote Libertarian or the Socialist Workers Party? You know, as long as I’m for meaningful reform.
Is he worse than Steve Chapman?
Groovus Maximus
There’s always Terry Micheal…
I thought we were going for “stupid” here, not “liberal”. And no they’re not the same.
Old Johnnie Goggabie
This guy is supposedly a conservative? No wonder that the only people who read The American Conservative are liberals.
I’ll just leave this OT article here:
A Liberal Ayn Rand
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/…..66189.html
Don’t read the comments.
Why not? You might be able to learn about how her ideas are invalid because she took Social Security.
I am sorry Warty. I forget you hunger for idiocy.
“Because liberals believe in the existence of other human beings, which is fundamentally anathemic to Ayn Rand.
Next question. ”
How can I deprive you of that kind of idiocy?
Because liberals believe in the existence of other human beings, which is fundamentally anathemic to Ayn Rand
The note other people the same way muggers do. It doesn’t make them more social and definitely not more compassionate.
Why not? The Randroids are out in force knocking down the liberals who are defensively lashing out against the Great Satan Ayn Rand. It’s very fun to read.
They are. It is really not fair. The Randroids are not given that target rich of an environment very often. But the idiocy of the liberal comments is so bad.
Too busy to read HuffPo comment thread.
Best one, in response to the claim that Rand was hypocritical for taking Social Security and that Dagny Taggart wouldn’t be able to climb the corporate ladder in Mitt Romney’s America:
Dan Downes:
But today’s liberals already are profoundly hypocritical, so that shouldn’t be an issue. Example: you make loud noises about ‘keeping the government out of the bedroom’, when you do this you are in agreement with Ayn Rand. However, you then say the government should pay for birth control – thus inviting it into the bedroom – and this is quite aside from the fact that you also invite the government into every other room in your house (e.g. saying what lightbulbs one can use, what washing machines you can buy, etc.), as well as your doctor’s office (via medicare/aid, the FDA, the regulation of health insurance companies) and your place of work (e.g. minimum wage laws, regulations on hiring and firing employees, etc.
No mention of Romney in there though. Did Mittens really buy out the Objectivists with Paul Ryan?
These guys weren’t:
http://www.facebook.com/AynRan…..on?fref=ts
Read the first few and conjectured there would be no positive value of reading the remainder.
While reading the Wikipedia entry for Conan the Barbarian, I found this gem.
Robin Wood, a film critic, suggests that in most cases, there is only a thin veneer between individualism and fascism; he also said that Conan is the only film in that era to dispense with the disguise, openly celebrating its fascist ideals in a manner that would delight Riefenstahl.[193]
THIS IS WHAT LIBERALS ACTUALLY BELIEVE
I think film critics might actually be more stupid that sports writers. They really are bottom feeders.
My calico (well, tortiseshell, same thing) has decided that I’m not allowed to type. She’s walking back and forth on the keyboard and demanding that I pet her. Has yours learned this fun game yet?
I was just wondering about John’s calico this morning at breakfast. I hope you/your cat is not psychic…
My calico is crazy. And has decided I am her person. That is bad news for my wife.
My calico has decided that my hand and arm are her toys. Her favorite game is to get on my bed and attack my hands until I wrestle with her. If I roll her across the bed or off the bed, she returns and leaps at my wrist and arm grabbing with her paws and biting. It is like WWF for kitties.
Looks like you’ve got yourself some wild pussy.
This sounds incredibly violent and yet all I can think is “d’awwww!”
Only a cat can manage to be cute while trying to hurt you.
My hamsters would temporarily loose their abject adorability when they’d decide to chomp down on a finger.
Got a Calico, a slate grey and a white fluffy Siamese mix that live (quite comfortably) on the covered porch in the back. They get in and out as they please, but are not allowed in due to the wife’s allergies. She can even pet them out there, but once inside with them her nose turns red, as does her face.
Favorite trick is to lean against the rails and Slate (btw, fluffy mixed name is Whitey Bulger) will get behind me and paw on my back to get my attention. But once pissed from being ignored, he’ll bat at my ears.
PapayaSF
So does that mean there is a similarly “thin veneer” between liberalism/progressivism and communism?
More like a thin film.
South Park reference FTW!
Pretty much anything written in the 30’s had “only a thin veneer between individualism and fascism”.
That doesn’t really make any sense. Except for Hayek and Von Mises, and others in the classical liberal camp, individualism was loudly denounced in the 30’s by those in the mainstream, and not promoted as a goal in common with fascism.
True. Progressives in the 1930s expressed now-embarrassing admiration for the likes of Mussolini. FDR was no individualist, and he was elected 4 times (i.e. indicative of the mainstream). If anything was promoted as having some commonality with fascism, it was progressivism in the early 1930s. A line was drawn only when it became clear that we’d soon be at war with the fascists and friends — just like all of a sudden, Joe Stalin was a great guy in the American political narrative, since the USSR joined the allies.
I should have specified that I meant ‘pulp fiction’ like Howard and his buddy Lovecraft.
Generic Stranger
It also makes no sense because Fascism is, at its heart, a collectivist ideology. Its name is a direct allusion of this fact: a fasci is a bundle of sticks, which is supposedly collectively than individually, as the allusion goes.
Anyone who confuses Fascism with individualism is a simpering moron who can’t understand simple concepts.
*stronger collectively than indivually
There’s a different kind of individualism inherent in “superman” fascism; the individual achievement of the superman himself (whereas, in socialism/communism, even the leaders are supposedly subordinated to the collective). This is, of course, strongly present in Conan; scant concern is paid to the individual pursuits and desires of all the meat puppets Conan slays on the way to his glory.
It’s easy for lazy/biased thinkers to confuse this narrow individualism with the broad individualism of libertarians, for whom every person is a superman to the extent they can handle it.
Conan is the only film in that era to dispense with the disguise, openly celebrating its fascist ideals in a manner that would delight Riefenstahl.
What the fuck is that even supposed to mean?
Something something Reagan is a Nazi, I think.
It means the critic would have been happier if Conan accepted his life of pushing that donkey wheel.
Oh, I get it. “The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few.”
That, and, if you’ll recall, Conan killed a political leader who was a minority–black snake people.
Not to mention the gay priest and the endangered-species giant snake.
Archduke Pantsfan
Bill Maher on HBO’s Real Time Friday :
“If you’re thinking about voting for Mitt Romney, I would like to make this one plea: black people know who you are and they will come after you”
That’s the kind of thing you would expect from a guy who has missed a few too many vaccine shots.
What is this, kindergarten?
tagtann
Sometimes dude, you just have to roll with it.
http://www.u-privacy.tk
Knutsack
I knew it! The bot is actually Steve Winwood!
“Us Reason writers…”
Ugh, it breaks this English major’s heart when professional writers and editors so flagrantly flout basic grammar. Come on, Jesse.
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Customer Support 800-433-0567
Curry County Inmate Search
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Search Curry County, OR Inmate Records
Curry County Quick Facts
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Curry County Jail Demographics
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CurryCounty Incarceration Rates
Similar Counties to Curry County
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Curry County, OR Jails
Curry County, OR jails hold prisoners after an arrest or people who have been transferred to the county from a detention center. Curry County holds 1 jails with a total of 12,479 inmates. These correctional facilities have private cells for extremely violent criminals or controversial suspects. Curry County jails are subject to health and medical restrictions and have to provide medical care to all its inmates.
Curry County Population Total
6,929 / 58 / 4
Female Population, Rate & Count
6,652 / 481 / 32
Male Population, Rate & Count
Local Jail Rate
Local Jail Count (the average # of people in jail for one day)
Population Total Confined
Pretrial Rate
Admit Rate
Admit Count
Yearly Prisoner Count
Violent Crime Total 8 19 32 15 22 8 14 18
Murder And Nonnegligent Manslaughter 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Revised Rape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Legacy Rape 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Robbery 2 2 1 0 0 1 3 0
Aggravated Assault 3 16 29 15 22 7 10 17
Property Crime Total 131 201 191 192 251 231 272 248
Burglary 36 66 38 55 72 69 71 89
Larceny Theft 86 128 141 115 161 145 179 139
Motor Vehicle Theft 9 7 12 22 18 17 22 20
Arson 1 2 1 3 1 0 5 6
The county has 22,396 people confined with a jail population density of 8 prisoners per jail. When breaking down the population by gender, females are a majority compared to male prisoners, being 6,328 women and 6,151 men.
Male Population
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2005 6,652 6,929
Male Rate
Female Rate
The county has an arrest rate of 3,759 and a local jail rate of 275 inmates per year and a pretrial rate of 134 pre trials per 100,000 residents aged from 15 to 64. The jail admit rate for the area equals 7,168, which is lower compared to the statistics of 2005 - 8,063 incarcerations a year.
The average jail count for Curry is 35 incarcerations in a day. The numbers have increased during the last 10 years, when there were on average 30 imprisonments a day.
Curry County Incarceration Rates
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2005 8,063 74
2009 7,551 102
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Curry County OR Sheriff's Jail
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Scribbling for environmental, social and economic justice
Monitor Shows Carbon Monoxide Spikes to 40,000 Parts Per Billion over California on February 26 — What the Heck is Going On?
Hint: it’s a glitch.
On February 26, The Global Forecast System model recorded an (unconfirmed) intense and wide-ranging carbon monoxide (CO) spike over the US West Coast. A region stretching from British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, and on over most of California experienced CO readings ranging from about 5,000 parts per billion over the mountains of Southwestern Canada to as high as 40,000 parts per billion over Southern California. Very high peak readings appear to have occurred from Northern California near Eureka and along a line south and eastward over much of Central California to an extreme peak zone just north and west of Los Angeles near Palmdale.
(Very large [unconfirmed] CO spike over Western North America near major geological features on February 26, 2016. Image source: Earth Nullschool.)
For reference, these (unconfirmed) readings in the Nullschool Monitor were between 25 and 200 times above typical background CO levels of about 200 parts per billion and up to twelve times higher than second highest peak readings over polluted regions of China during the same period.
Major Spike Appeared in Just 3 Hours Starting February 25th
Human-based carbon monoxide sources are not generally known to produce spike readings so high and so wide-ranging over such a short interval of time. It would typically take a considerable emission many days to build up under a stagnant air mass. And, to this point, we do have a couple of dome high pressure systems which have tended to form near the California region over recent days. That said, surface winds in the region at 5-15 mph over most areas could hardly be considered stagnant. In addition, the current spike appears over an interval of three hours in the Nullschool data — going from zero coverage to covering all of California and parts of Nevada, Oregon, Washington and BC over that single short interval. It’s a very brief period for such a large and wide-ranging peak reading to appear so soon. One that would require a rather extraordinary pulse of pollution to produce the readings indicated on February 25-26.
Wildfires could produce a longer-term emissions spike under stagnant air as well. However, the wildfires now reported for California are small and isolated. They have flared, off and on, under drought conditions, for weeks without resulting in any significant large fire outbreaks or related major pollution spikes. So it appears unlikely that they are the source of the current burst. Other events related to the ongoing California drought may have had an impact (apparently, burning of desiccated trees from California’s orchards is currently quite widespread due to ongoing drought conditions remaining in place since 2012). However, such instances would have to have been very sudden and wide-ranging to produce the spike we saw on the 25th and 26th. Canadian wildfires — of which there have been very small and low intensity hotspot events recently (noteworthy due to their anomalous appearance out of season, if not for their intensity) — were very far from peak readings in California and did not produce even a moderate level of emissions (undetectable from the visible MODIS sensor).
The Earthquake Precursor Hypothesis
A final suspect for this preliminary observation (which has gotten much hype in social media circles over recent days) is geological. As the apparent spike in the monitor occurs over large fault lines, volcanoes, and above other active geological features along the US and Canadian West, it appears that activity within these features might have produced a brief if intense burp of this gas. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) readings — another geological gas — were also elevated in the monitor, with peak readings again appearing in Southwestern California.
It’s worth noting that no major US or Canadian geological organization has yet made any report on this particularly large CO spike. However, a piece of scientific research in Nature Asia, by K. S. Jayaraman notes that major CO and SO2 spikes may be an indication that future earthquake activity is on the way. According to Nature this kind of intense CO spike occurred prior to a 7.6 magnitude earthquake that shook Gujara in 2001 killing 20,000 people:
Singh said that CO levels were taken by an instrument onboard NASA’s Terra satellite — launched in 2009 — circling the earth in a polar orbit at a height of 705 km. The instrument measures CO concentrations at different heights and also computes the total amount of the gas in a vertical column of air above the earth surface.
Analysis of the satellite data showed a large peak in CO concentrations during January 19 and 20 — a week before the main earthquake event. On January 19, the total CO in the vertical column was also higher than usual. After the 26 January earthquake the concentration of the gas dropped.
According to the scientists, CO gas is forced out of the earth due to the build up of stress prior to the earthquake “influencing the hydrological regime around the epicentre.”
But before we tilt too far into alarmism on this particular possibility, we should consider the fact that the above paper appears to have had no confirmation or further comment in the sciences at this time. So the predictive usefulness of large CO spikes prior to earthquakes remains quite uncertain. And, as noted above, no major geological information outlet has made any warning or comment on earthquake risk.
Furthermore, there’s been no observed spike in earthquake activity along any of the major fault lines over the past week according to USGS observations. Contrary to what some irresponsible analysts have been implying, earthquake activity in the California region over the past 7 days was well within the normal range. At 161 over the past week, this small number is not indicative of any abnormal activity near the various active fault lines. Each year, Southern California alone experiences 10,000 earthquakes, most of which are so small that people don’t even feel them.
The US geological survey also maintains that:
There is no scientifically plausible way of predicting the occurrence of a particular earthquake. The USGS can and does make statements about earthquake rates, describing the places most likely to produce earthquakes in the long term. It is important to note that prediction, as people expect it, requires predicting the magnitude, timing, and location of the future earthquake, which is not currently possible.
Thus the apparent, current very large West Coast CO spike near major fault lines (and over regions suffering from what is now a very severe five-year drought) in this particular monitor remains a bit of a mystery.
Or is it all Just a Glitch?
Considering that all the wildfire and human potential sources for the CO pulse are unlikely to produce the spike in the Nullschool data, that we have no warning of potential impending geological activity from the major agencies, and that we have had no other reports from related agencies to confirm the spike, we should also consider that there may well be something wrong with the monitor. Artifacts can appear in the satellite model data and it’s not unheard of to get a spike reading due to other signals impacting how physical models interpret sensor data.
(Hourly carbon monoxide observations in Central San Bernardino do not match high surface CO measures recorded by the GEOS 5 model. Similar lower atmospheric readings come from station observations throughout Southern and Central California. Image source: California AMQD.)
To this point, lack of confirmation at ground reporting stations for high CO readings appearing in the GEOS 5 monitor increase the likelihood that these high peak readings were a glitch or an artifact in the physical data. A cursory view of local warnings shows no local CO air quality alerts for the areas indicated in the Nullschool data set (You can view a list of the local monitors here). Analysis of this data also shows much lower CO readings from these stations in the range of 400 to 1200 parts per billion — quite a bit lower than what the GEOS 5 monitor is showing.
So what we have is one model showing a very high CO spike, but none of the related ground monitors picking it up. Since there are hundreds of ground stations in this region, it seems quite a bit less likely that there is something wrong with each of the readings coming from these stations than from the GEOS 5 model itself.
This begs the question — was there some kind of false positive that confused GEOS 5? Was there some other signal that tripped the model to show such a high reading? But to these points, a general lack of overall confirmation from the hundreds of ground sensors scattered across the region seems to point to the likelihood that such elevated readings in the GEOS 5 monitor were a glitch, an artifact, or a false reading for this atmospheric level.
UPDATED: Final Confirmation — It’s A Model Algorithm Error
Dr. Gavin Schmidt, head of GISS NASA, has confirmed the glitch in his twitter feed which you can read here. He notes:
The Elevated Carbon Monoxide concentrations in the GEOS 5 products since February 25 of 2016 are incorrect. They are the consequence of unrealistic CO emissions computed by our biomass burning algorithm, which is based on satellite observation of fires… GMAO is working to correct this problem.
An excellent further explanation has been given by Bryan, a blogger over at Of Tech and Learning. His explanation is as follows:
“It’s pure coincidence that at MOPITT resumed data collection over western North America while its operating temperature was still stabilizing. Had the instrument’s temperature remained unstable for a few days, it would have looked like the whole globe was erupting gas. If MOPITT has started collecting data over the south pole, open ocean, or some other obscure location, I doubt anyone would have noticed and made a big fuss. MOPITT uses light collected in the infrared part of the spectrum. Based on Terra’s system status, the CO, CO2 and SO2 data collected by MOPITT on the 25th and 26th of February should be highly suspect. On the Earth map, the CO, CO2, and SO2 levels spike sometime between 1pm and 4pm Pacific time on Feb. 25th, which is between 2100 UTC on the 25th and 0000 UTC on the 26th. This is precisely during the time window when MOPITT’s operating temperature is still unstable.”
So a glitch does appear to be the cause of the current CO spike in the Nullschool data.
Earth Nullschool
AMQD Data
Dr Gavin Schmidt’s Twitter Feed
Active Fire Maps
Canadian Fire Maps
The San Andreas Fault Line
Carbon Monoxide May Signal Earthquake
Paradise Burning
Copernicus Monitoring System
An Explanation of Carbon Monoxide Concentrations on US West Coast
Hat tip to Mike
Hat tip to MlParrish
Hat tip to WeHappyFew
Hat tip to Coopgeek
Hat tip to Greg
Hat tip to Bryan
Hat tip to FishOutofWater
Hat tip to Jim Benison
by robertscribbler on February 29, 2016 • Permalink
Posted in Earth, Earth Systems
Tagged California, Canada, Cascadia Subduction Zone, CO Spike, Earth Systems, Earthquake Risk, Fault Lines, geology, Geophysical Systems, Inversion zone, Mystery, nature, Pollution, San Andres Fault, science, SO2 Spike, US West Coast, weather, wildfires
Posted by robertscribbler on February 29, 2016
https://robertscribbler.com/2016/02/29/carbon-monoxide-spikes-to-34000-parts-per-billion-over-california-on-february-26-what-the-heck-is-going-on/
2 C Coming On Faster Than We Feared — Atmospheric Methane Spikes to Record 3096 Parts Per Billion
Gale After Gale After Gale Dumped Two and a Half Feet of Rain Upon Scotland and Wales This Winter
Reblogged this on There Are So Many Things Wrong With This.
Mark from OZ
Strong quake hits near New Zealand’s South Island on anniversary of Christchurch tragedy
http://www.smh.com.au/world/strong-quake-hits-near-new-zealands-south-island-on-anniversary-of-christchurch-tragedy-20160222-gn0am4.html
pekapekapones
Yeah and on the 27th there was a 3-6 hour period where there was up to 721 ppbv of Carbon Monoxide over Christchurch, while the rest on NZ was at around 50 ppbv ??
Christchurch commonly has smog / inversion issues due to surrounding hills and mountains whereas much of the rest of ‘clean green nz’ is better ventilated.
Is CH4 to CO conversion in the atmosphere possible? Just an idle query remembering there was a large CH4 release there recently.
Forget that, the CO concentration is way too high…
labmonkey2
Well…when Mother Earth passes some gas… 😉 you gotta expect the unexpected. I just hope there’s more warning for future tectonic displacement than an SBD.
Thank you Robert, I’ll bring this to the attention of the local authorities. I’ve already emailed low lying friends. I saw the video of this and it was narrated by a fellow who could not believe what he was looking at. Something to take serious, I’d say.
YKD
According to this the normal CO ppm is 0.2.
Link: http://carbon-monoxide-survivor.com/carbon-monoxide-levels-in-the-air.html
EPA data: http://www3.epa.gov/airtrends/carbon.html
Thanks. Will add as update.
frank brunelle
another approach to GHG emissions mitigation. Carbon Tax or Biomass. Co2, and its more dangerous cousin,methane, both impact our biosphere, and hence are on their way tocausing disastrous, if not extinction level problems. First of all,the Republican party has got to acknowledge these scientific factsand to propose remedies. However, the Republican party has beenco-opted by the evil twins Evangelical Christianity which proposesthat mankind cannot affect climate because God created man in hisimage (or whatever specious argument) and false propaganda, or shallwe say, false prophets who fill their bank accounts with cash, inexchange for a declaration of climate denial. Part of this problem is the fact thatthe fossil fuel industry has both a financial incentive to keepproviding fossil fuels for the continuation of civilization as weknow it, which is a real issue, and because without fossil fuels wewill all die anyway and so why give up the profits for a tragic andfatal outcome. And so, any belief no matter how bizarre, is betterthan putting all of our cars in the garage and twiddling our thumbswhile the earth regenerates, and humankind starves to death. But there may be a way out of it. Asimplified version of this way it a more genial form of a carbon taxand one orchestrated by a global organization such as the UnitedNations, but one organized for the specific purpose of amelioratinggreenhouse gas emissions while we reorganize the way in which weinhabit the planet. The general idea is to look at theproblem in terms of the biomass of humanity vs. the biomass of theplanet. Since 1958 we have been measuring CO2 at Mauna LoaObservatory based on the work of one scientist who came up with thebasic concept of how to measure CO2. Since that time, if we look atthe statistics, the increase of CO2 has been steadily rising intandem with humanity. The overall increase has gone up steadily, andthe rate of increase has also gone up and continues to rise steadily.All of the solar, wind, dietary changes, and fuss have not made animpact other than perhaps to slow somewhat the increase in GHGemissions, and the steadily climbing and more important, rate ofincrease. If we look at the population of theUnited States and consider the population in terms of an organismwhich is humanity, then we can observe our species in the same way wemight observe algae or any other species – by its mass. Since 1960the mass of humanity in the United States for example, has doubled inquantity. The population has gone from 175 million to 350 million, aneat and tidy figure to work with. However, at the same time thepopulation of the US through better and more food has increased inweight such that the biomass has not doubled, but risen at the rateof 2.37 times. Likewise, the projected globalpopulation is expected to keep on rising, and another neat and tidycalculation is that within the next 15 years the world populationwill increase by 1 billion people, or about the same amount of thetotal population of the planet in 1800. But again, if we look at thebiomass of this population increase it is not as though the peoplewithin this group are the same biomass as they were in 1800. Peopleare larger now than they were then. We are taller. And so we cannotcompare the biomass directly. Coupled with this increase in heightthe population in question will mainly be Muslim peoples whose diethas traditionally not been heavy in meat and dairy and the projectionis that this diet will change, and that they will be consumingroughly 5 times the amount of meat and dairy what the previousgeneration did within this demographic. And so, again, we have a rateof increase of biomass which is increasing both in absolute numbers,but in the relative strength of those numbers. Now if we look at the planetary supportfor the increases in world population we see several thingshappening. We are cutting down our forests, which have beenabsorbents of GHG emissions. We are using up minerals, all of whichare in finite supply, and some are running out faster than others.Simply put, the idea is this. We need to balance the needs ofhumanity with the needs of the planet which supports us. And so, aglobal organization devoted not only to reforestation andconservation, but in coming to terms with the damage we have done tothe planet and using a global organization to mandate planting,dietary changes, healthier ways of transportation including walkingand bicycling and so on. Simply put, a global watch-guard on theplanet with the influence, support, and power to attempt to balancethe biomass with humanity, with the biomass of the planet whichsupports it. An organization akin to the United Nations, and perhapsan offshoot of it that all nations will agree to follow.
From: robertscribbler To: frankbrunelle@yahoo.com Sent: Sunday, February 28, 2016 11:39 PM Subject: [New post] Carbon Monoxide Spikes to 34,000 Parts Per Billion over California on February 26 — What the Heck is Going On? #yiv2996780487 a:hover {color:red;}#yiv2996780487 a {text-decoration:none;color:#0088cc;}#yiv2996780487 a.yiv2996780487primaryactionlink:link, #yiv2996780487 a.yiv2996780487primaryactionlink:visited {background-color:#2585B2;color:#fff;}#yiv2996780487 a.yiv2996780487primaryactionlink:hover, #yiv2996780487 a.yiv2996780487primaryactionlink:active {background-color:#11729E;color:#fff;}#yiv2996780487 WordPress.com | robertscribbler posted: “On February 26, The Global Forecast System model recorded an intense and wide-ranging carbon monoxide (CO) spike over the US West Coast. A region stretching from British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, and on over most of California experienced C” | |
What I’ll never understand with evangelicals is how little they seem to know their fundamental text – after all, while according to said text God created Earth and then man, this was quickly followed by the Fall and the Flood – surely the mother of all climate change events! after all it was the first time rain was recorded at all: Genesis 2:5 and Gen 7:4 (But I’m hardly a Biblical scholar). At this point perfection is removed from the equation ergo man IS able to alter the Earth (forgive my cod philosophy, but that’s the way I see it, in their terms).
The way in which the wRong wing has always cozied up to Evangelical has always seemed poisonous to me. I was an active Christian for quite some time. When I became an ecologist and read the Bible in that light I became aware of how humanity was told to steward and care for the Earth, and yet I’ve only heard two sermons on actually doing this – and a lot of anti-planet rhetoric. There’s a real unwillingness to view ourselves as a sentient animal (with responsibilities), but instead something above nature and Creation.
There are glimmers of hope (e.g. evangelical Enviro Network and Jesus Radicals) – but little apparently within the traditonal right (which at least in the US has definitely taken an odd path).
On human population growth – I think peak Phosphate will sort that problem out, a nice little Malthusian solution.
Nigel, you’ve read Pope Francis’ encyclical on climate change, Laudato Si’?
http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html
“[The Earth] now cries out to us because of the harm we have inflicted on her by our irresponsible use and abuse of the goods with which God has endowed her. We have come to see ourselves as her lords and masters, entitled to plunder her at will. The violence present in our hearts, wounded by sin, is also reflected in the symptoms of sickness evident in the soil, in the water, in the air and in all forms of life. This is why the earth herself, burdened and laid waste, is among the most abandoned and maltreated of our poor; she “groans in travail” (Rom 8:22). We have forgotten that we ourselves are dust of the earth (cf. Gen 2:7); our very bodies are made up of her elements, we breathe her air and we receive life and refreshment from her waters.”
Population growth is not the root cause of climate change. Fossil fuel companies would love you to believe this, but it doesn’t have much truth in it. The root cause of climate change is a growing number of people using more and more fossil fuels and emitting more and more greenhouse gasses. If we all emitted as much as the subsistence farmers in Africa, then the Earth wouldn’t be under threat. The problem is that economic growth has been saddled to fossil fuels and rising ‘prospects’ for individuals in developing countries are directly tied to increases in fossil fuel use and related carbon emissions. It’s this link between expanding consumerism to 7 billion people and carbon emissions that’s the killer.
If everyone emitted, per capita, as much as US Citizens, then we’d be in huge trouble. And if the world population emitted as much as Donald Trump, then we’d need about 10,000 Earths every century just to keep going. And that’s what business as usual means. It means a world where ‘expanding prosperity’ means setting up this lethal tie between growth and fossil fuels. And that’s the link that needs to be broken. You can’t grow the world economy with fossil fuels and not completely and utterly wreck everything.
dtlange
– Way to go, Mike, MlParrish, WeHappyFew – Robert.
mlparrish
Thanks, DT. I am honored to have a second Robert Hat Tip, though it was Jeremy who put in the first post on the CO explosion.
As many have noted, Robert’s blog is invaluable, and we are lucky to have him. He is even patient when my ignorance begins to show. . .
Cheers ml.
I’m fully with RS, but he thinks I’m trouble maker or something.
Mblanc
I’m not impressed by some of your previous contributions either, Jeremy, but lets move on in a respectful and collegiate manner.
Greetings from the UK!
– Possible earthquakes – groundwater depletion re California.
(Cumulative undermining invites a quake or rock structure failure?)
– Groundwater depletion behind Nepal earthquake?
Extensive groundwater extraction in the Indo-Gangetic Plain over the last five decades has significantly contributed to the killer April 25, 2015, Nepal temblor and “probably all earthquakes” in the region beneath the Himalayan arc, Indian scientists claim.
Researchers at NIT Rourkela; CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad; and National Centre for Seismology (NCS), Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, have gathered evidence of the far-reaching consequences of human actions: how groundwater depletion can “advance the clock” of temblors occurring in the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), under the Himalayan arc where earthquakes originate.
-thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/groundwater-depletion-
… “Plate tectonics is the prime driving force behind earthquakes but in the past decade there is a new trend of research. The focus is also on surface and sub-surface activities such as underground mining, fluid injection and reservoir construction due to hydropower projects as possible contributing factors to seismic activity,” Bhaskar Kundu of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, told IANS.
Earlier it was considered that small magnitude earthquakes are influenced by the seasonal loading and unloading (removal process of groundwater) of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in summer and winter, said NCS director Vineet Gahalaut, one of the authors of the study.
“We have shown that great and major Himalayan earthquakes are influenced by the anthropogenic groundwater unloading process in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, which is probably the most intensely irrigated region in Southeast Asia,” Gahalaut said.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/groundwater-depletion-behind-nepal-earthquake/article8293133.ece
Groundwater depletion leading to more earthquakes along San Andreas fault
Removing the water’s weight is causing the Earth’s crust to rise.
The dry but agriculturally productive San Joaquin Valley is a poster child for groundwater depletion. As groundwater levels have dropped, so has the ground surface. Groundwater between grains of sediment actually provides pressure that counteracts some of the overlying weight. Remove the water, and the sediment will compact, lowering the elevation of the surface. Between 1926 and 1970, the land surface in the valley subsided by as much as 30 feet.
But that’s not the only impact of drawing down groundwater levels. A new study led by Western Washington University’s Colin Amos focuses on the solid rock beneath all that sediment to see how it is responding to being relieved of the burden of that huge weight of water.
http://arstechnica.com/science/2014/05/groundwater-depletion-leading-to-more-earthquakes-along-san-andreas-fault/
“The groundwater lost from the San Joaquin Valley isn’t just an issue of agricultural sustainability. While the valley floor is sinking, the Earth’s crust is actually rising—including, it seems, in the Sierra Nevada mountains to the east. The groundwater loss is even affecting earthquakes on the San Andreas fault.”
-“water vapour”
Singh said observation by other researchers of a sudden increase in water vapour in the atmosphere and changes in the ionosphere a few days prior to the Gujarat earthquake all seem to be connected.
-natureasia.com/en/nindia/article/10.1038
-Methane & CO
“Methane emissions are found to have the most important effect on the future atmospheric CO budget. High methane emissions cause significant depletion of tropospheric OH,
increase of CO concentrations, and lengthening of lifetimes of many chemical species including CO and CH4.
….This study also indicates that climate variations, especially those causing changes in H2O concentrations, can influence atmospheric trends of carbon monoxide.
-Impact of Emissions, Chemistry, and Climate on Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide:
100-year Predictions from a Global Chemistry-Climate Model
Chien Wang and Ronald G. Prinn
Click to access MITJPSPGC_Rpt35.pdf
Alexander Ač
And, if there are no enough problems already, the “runway climate change” CO2 treshold is much lower than thought previously, at 1520 ppm CO2 and in the worst case not much more than 1100 ppm, not impossible in the next century!
http://bit.ly/1n426hq
Abel Adamski
Relevence to last post also, plus I did read an article some years ago relating to magnetic disturbances being noted by the Russians along the Pakistan, Indian , Himalayan fault line prior to some major quakes along that sector
http://www.livescience.com/38488-earthquakes-trigger-methane-release.html
redskylite
All credit to the forum for the early observation and warning of this anomaly and to RS for excellent elaborating and narration. I sincerely hope it is not a precursor to any Earth event, just watch with caution and hope. CO does seem to interact and has climate change effects, and the news is not good. Just wonder how much CO is down there.
“Although carbon monoxide is only a weak greenhouse gas, its influence on climate goes beyond its own direct effects. Its presence affects concentrations of other greenhouse gases including methane, tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide.
Carbon monoxide readily reacts with the hydroxyl radical (OH) forming a much stronger, greenhouse gas–carbon dioxide. This, in turn, increases concentrations of methane, another strong greenhouse gas, because the most common way methane is removed from the atmosphere is when it reacts with OH. So, the formation of carbon dioxide leaves fewer OH for methane to react with,thus increasing methane’s concentration. A NASA report indicates that carbon monoxide is responsible for a 13% reduction in hydroxyl concentrations and through other reactions, a 9% drop in sulfate concentrations. Sulfates are credited for offsetting some of the global warming due to greenhouse gases by reflecting incident solar radiation back to space.”
http://esseacourses.strategies.org/module.php?module_id=170
Mysterious, indeed. Hopefully there’s going to be some reactions from geologists to clarify this ASAP because the study mentioned by Robert opens up horrible possibilities during the next days. Stay safe Californians!
Very curious story, Robert and commentators. Yet further indication of how Earths’ spheres are interconnected. Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere….. the sphere of human activities.
F.Sandstrom
Yes, this goes for everything in this universe, everything from the smallest to the biggest is connected. Our sun is an organism just like earth. The galaxy’s stays together because the galaxy want to be a galaxy even though everything in the universe seems to be speeding up and therefor it should fly apart.
It’s time we start caring for this planet and the rest of the universe we live in.
Maybe a good time for some scribblers and lurkers to take a holiday and that trip they have been considering along with family and pets, that methane spike in conjunction is an interesting combination.
Not the big one but a cautionary warning of the interconnectedness of ice, water, land and ocean, mass balance and distribution on a rotating spheroid
I’m wholly out of my league, here, but looked at ESRL GMD CO for Walnut Grove, California. A large carbon monoxide spike in June 2008. Chino Hills 5.5 quake that July.
“Dr. Peter Gleick of the Pacific Institute of California recently warned, “What is happening in the Arctic now is unprecedented and possibly catastrophic,” Ian Johnston, Arctic Warming: Rapidly Increasing Temperatures are Possibly Catastrophic for Planet, Climate Scientist Warns, Independent, February 25, 2016. “The evidence is very clear that rapid and unprecedented changes are happening in the Arctic.”
http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/02/29/the-arctic-turns-ugly/
wolfhheinl
I think these elevated CO levels may be tied into the Porter Ranch fiasco.
Wolfhheinl,
I dearly hope you are right, given the possible alternative. These hot spots, though diminished (CO @ 40N is now 2239 ppb) are at both ends of the San Andreas fault. If related to Porter Ranch, then the CO must be leaking along the fault.
Fascinating (albeit very worrisome) news Robert et al.
You would think there would be more research on this (link between release of CO and earthquakes). Great comments—as always—as well. I learn so much here!
Re: the link by Alexander Ac;
It is well written piece by Tim Radford that exemplifies why I go through the roof when people’s response to climate change is: “the earth will be just fine without us”.
That flippant remark drives me crazy (apologies if I’ve ranted about this before here!). If humans destroy all the requirements for us to survive on this planet due to our stupidity, greed, egocentric behaviors we will most likely take all of the biosphere down with us. It disregards
the other life forms and the level of destructiveness that we are capable of . . . .
On a final note, I came across a quote from Naomi Oreskes that I wanted to share:
“It’s a cliché to say that knowledge is power. It’s not true actually. Knowledge is knowledge. In our society, knowledge resides in one place, and for the most part, power resides somewhere else. And that disconnect is really the crux of the challenge we face right now.”
http://news.mongabay.com/2016/02/naomi-oreskes-on-climate-change-weve-blown-it-but-pessimism-is-not-acceptable/
The Earth would be fine. Human beings and life on Earth would take a HEAT round.
Marcel Guldemond (@marcel_g)
Nice find Caroline, the quote about the separation of knowledge and power is a refreshing way to look at it, that really drives home the idea that we don’t live in a world governed by powerful actors, it’s really much more like Idiocracy.
climatehawk1
Thanks, scheduling tweet on this.
I have new email address—–hope you put me through! Thanks for all the time you take to make this a denier free zone.
wehappyfew
Thanks for the quick alert, Robert.
My vote is for some kind of sensor or processing glitch. All three Nullschool “Chem” readings are elevated. Starting 2016-2-26-0000 UTC for CO and SO2; while CO2 readings are offset by 1.5 hours, so 2016-2-25 2230 UTC is the first CO2 anomaly.
Compare CO levels on 2016-2-25-2100 UTC to 3 hours later:
http://earth.nullschool.net/#2016/02/25/2230Z/chem/surface/level/overlay=cosc/orthographic=-118.23,39.62,1500/loc=-119.540,37.520
The stripes of suddenly elevated CO are exactly parallel to latitude lines. This can’t be natural – latitude is an arbitrary human construct with no geologic significance.
The same artificial looking lines appear on the SO2 and CO2 charts.
The puzzling thing is that after appearing so suddenly, then intensifying up to 46,000 ppbv, the CO, CO2, and SO2 anomalies start to disperse and dissipate – exactly along the wind flow lines as if they are real, physical blobs of gas being pushed around by the wind.
So they appear suddenly in a strange pattern that might indicate they are artifacts of the sensor or data processing, but then they behave exactly like real, physical masses over the next few days.
I don’t see how this can be related to the Porter Ranch natural gas leak. That leak has been spewing for weeks prior to the sudden onset of these anomalies. Plus it would show up as a single point, not a broad band from Baja to Vancouver.
Thomas Simon
A caution on data from Earth Null School ” To bring the GEOS-5 results closer to contemporary numbers, I have added a uniform offset of +32 ppmv, increasing the global mean to 400 ppmv. This is not scientifically valid, but it does allow the visualization to become illustrative of the discussion occurring today around atmospheric CO2. Without question, I would welcome a more rigorous approach or an explanation why the GEOS-5 model produces the data that it does.
Good points, Thomas.
Arrghh… forgot about the 1 link limit, lost a reply…
Trying again… I think this is a sensor or post-processing glitch. The anomalies in CO, CO2 and SO2 all appear suddenly over a wide area, in straight lines following latitude. That can’t be natural.
This is the nullschool picture before the anomaly appears:
Step through the time with the small arrow to three hours later… 2016-2-26-0000 UTC
The anomaly appears suddenly:
It intensifies… I found 46,000 ppbv for the max a few hours later, then it dissipates.
The puzzling thing is… it dissipates exactly like a real mass of physical gas would. It follows the wind, expands, and no longer appears in artificial-looking straight lines of latitude.
So is it real, or an artifact?
It can’t be related to the Porter Ranch methane release…. not a point source, and the timing doesn’t match at all.
Good thoughts, WHF. The shape and drift don’t look too artifactish to me. Sudden appearance and some features do look a bit odd, though. I wouldn’t rule out a glitch. But the back end fade and dispersal does look natural.
Andy in SD
The appearance of a glitch could be fouling sensors, or the calcs do not factor in such a trend change. Glitch is not out of the question, but it may also be due to sensor / calcs responding to either the amplitude of the spike (railed the sensor) or the trend changes (velocity / acceleration).
todaysguestis
Study: More hazardous tropical cyclones to hit Philippines
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/27/1557353/study-more-hazardous-tropical-cyclones-hit-philippines
Drawing this to your attention, Robert, delete as you see fit. See especially the comments from the helpful fishoutofwater—who mentions “smoke from Canadian fires”. Um, say what? As far as I know, and I could be wrong, there are no fires happening right now in north-western Canada, where winter still has a pretty firm grip on the land.
http://www.dailykos.com/story/2016/2/29/1493107/–There-is-a-Major-Carbon-Monoxide-Explosion-on-the-West-Coast
No. Fish brings up good points that are well worth following up on. I did an analysis of fire data and didn’t find too many active wildfires in the initial pulse region. There were a few in Canada.
The region does tend to be subject to inversions. And we do have a stagnant set of highs over the area. So mass burning of orchards, which has also been reported, may be the initial cause.
Writing an update now.
Curious to know where the Canada fire info can be found? I checked here—maybe this is just wildfires If there were active wildfires (vs planned/controlled burning) anywhere in Canada in February, well—that would be another post for you. 😀
http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/interactive-map
The fire intensity for Canada this winter has been above average. In recent days, there appears to be some indication of fire activity within British Columbia (now linked in the article above). These fires would have been low intensity and resulted in no major fire alerts. We do have hotspot activity all throughout Western and Southeastern Canada. It’s an indication that fire season for the coming year will probably be quite intense. In my opinion, we could see major fires start to break as early as mid to late March, with April being a rather high risk for this year (considering the way high amplitude waves in the Jet and warmth have tended to set up over this region).
But it’s worth noting that any fire activity in Canada over the past week has been mostly hotspot based, small, and self-extinguishing and has not included any major wildfires.
Ah, there we go, got the update. Thanks!
It’s worth noting that the big agency to look at for Canada is the Canada Interagency Fire Center —
http://www.ciffc.ca/firewire/current.php
They tend to put out sitreps only when the fire situation hits a noteworthy intensity. We haven’t had a sitrep from them since late September.
That doesn’t mean we haven’t had active fires or hotspots. It’s just that the recent fires have been at low intensity.
Re the coming fire season in Canada–yes, a dry winter and spring can very well mean early forest fires, which can be quite bad before the woods leaf out. That’s exactly what folk in my area are saying about this snowless winter.
So from the weather prediction standpoint, dry winters are often a precursor to severe drought, heatwave, and wildfire events. Seems like folk lore of the locals matches up well with a scientific basis for trends prediction in this case.
Thanks for the local observations on the ground, Cate.
In any case, I think Fish needs to tone down the breathless commentary a bit. We’re trying to nail this down as best we can and I don’t happen to have a red phone line to his house for calls on expert geological commentary at 1 AM EST. 😉
Wouldn’t everyone in the region have had to decided to light up their orchards not just on the same exact day, but pretty much all on the same hour to give this kind of signal? Wehappyfew’s images show the area going from essentially no CO over land, to having 100x above normal readings in just three hours (the minimum interval available at nullschool, apparently).
Exactly, Wili. Not only do we have this very large excession and plume. But it happens pretty much all at once. If it’s orchard fires, it’s like everyone on the West Coast decided to pour the most polluting form of gasoline on a ridiculously massive pile of dead orchard trees and, as if coordinated in flash-mob fashion, decided to light them off all at once.
The large initial pulse and very rapid ramp up make this a suspect event.
Greg D
Thanks for your article. Before this I had no idea that anything else besides wind was available on earth.nullschol.net!
So for I haven’t found much detail about these plots though. Where can we find a legend for the colors used in these illustrations on eart.nullschool.net??
Click on the “Earth” button at the bottom left of the screen and a screen will pop up showing a color scale and a bunch of different options for displaying data as well as advancing back and forth in time. It also reveals the data sources.
coopgeek
I’d like to offer a less-exciting alternate explanation based on observations on the ground. I spent last Thursday and Friday (2/25-26) driving around the center of that high reading patch that I’m seeing on the first map (a farm survey in Glenn County, about 100 miles NNE of San Francisco). There was a conspicuous abundance of fires all over the valley, many of which were creating towering black plumes of smoke visible for many miles. Really nasty black plumes in some cases. A couple of the fires looked like a refinery or something way off over the horizon.
For those unfamiliar with the somewhat disturbed rhythms of Sacramento Valley agriculture, whenever an orchard loses productivity, they often just cut down the trees, bulldoze the whole thing into a mountainous pile, wait for the right stretch of dry weather (but not too dry!) followed by some nice light breeze and uplift to get most of the smoke aloft, and light er’ up. I would assume that accelerants are usually involved. There’s an unusual amount of orchard retirement tied up in the drought (younger trees take less water and stressed older trees are less productive) and we just had a dry month, so it makes sense that there might be an unusual amount of burning. Incidentally I usually work in an office with a panoramic view, and we don’t often see these kinds of plumes.
Don’t get me wrong, it’s still apocalyptic out there, but this seems like a much better explanation than possible upcoming earthquakes. The CO readings roughly correspond with the Central Valley and northward, which makes sense considering ag patterns and the prevailing winds.
Thanks for input from direct observation. It would be a bit surprising if people all up and down the west coast decided to all light up their orchards on exactly the same day, but what do I know!??
You’re welcome. I suspect the convergence of burning was just that a lot of farmers are tearing out orchards this winter, and we just had several relatively dry weeks (with rain forecast to make a big comeback this week and maybe persist in March – hooray!). So if I had a giant pile of old almond trees to burn, I’d sure do it now, rather than wait since the later you go, the more likely it is for the valley air to stagnate (which means no burning). In any case, my experience (as a lifelong resident who notices stuff) was to wonder “what the hell is up with all the fires?” Interestingly, my wife and I are both experiencing metallic tastes in our mouths, which is a symptom of CO poisoning.
For major fires, folks need permits, and they are, apparently told by authorities exactly when it is safe to burn. This could account for wide spread burning at about the same time.
But if this also corresponded with a major inversion, it would also suggest that some authorities didn’t exactly pick the best moment to allow such a widespread burn (if that is indeed part of what we’re dealing with).
Thanks for the thoughts, Coopgeek. Included in the update. Perhaps the New Yorker will need to do a follow-up?
Do you have any footage of the burning? It may be useful to the overall conversation.
You bet. For some reason I did not film the burning. I didn’t get close enough to see the actual flames on any of them. Bummer, since I usually try to capture that sort of stuff.
There wasn’t an inversion, and I think the authorities picked a pretty good time to allow the burns (assuming they are allowed, which is another story). The smoke was generally rising up nicely, although there was a patch near the hills on Fri afternoon where there was a lot of irritating smoke at ground level over maybe a few dozen square miles.
PS. Cancel that CO-poisoning alert. My wife is not at all convinced and in any case what I’ve got is probably mostly a lung bug.
– Anyone experiencing undue air pollution, smells. acrid tastes, or whatever should refer to local air monitoring for possible data.
– PDX DEQ had a zero reading for CO during period of above posted nullschool data.
– CA: California Local Air District Directory
This page last reviewed February 29, 2016
http://www.arb.ca.gov/capcoa/roster.htm
– USA EPA AirNow
https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.main
– SO Cal Ozone 0229
– Ozone Index @ 100
– San Diego, CA PM 2.5 code orange @ 118 index (0-500)
Ps- If not satisfied with agency data results — complain, loudly.
Their primary duty (usually) is the free floe of commerce — believe it. i see it time and time again.
Black plumes suggest rubbish being illegally burnt too under ‘cover’ of all the other smoke – certainly that’s what happens here; people often light up the really nasty stuff on foggy days – clean green NZ it is not.
Found this related study. Seems that CO releases do not always proceed an earthquake,. http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/13/2513/2013/nhess-13-2513-2013.pdf
Not _always_, yes. But I don’t recall anyone claiming that increased CO concentrations _always_ precede earthquakes. If they did, it probably would have been figured out long ago.
Your study does show that there was such a connection in a number of cases. So thanks for the link.
This looks like a glitch given that local air quality warnings did not start to show up as confirmation to the GOE5 sensor data.
But would air quality alerts kick in at these levels. Though much higher than background, they are still far from toxic levels, iirc.
50 ppm: No adverse effects with 8 hours of exposure.
200 ppm: Mild headache after 2-3 hours of exposure.
400 ppm: Headache and nausea after 1-2 hours of exposure.
800 ppm: Headache, nausea, and dizziness after 45 minutes; collapse and unconsciousness after 1 hour of exposure.
(Data from http://www.nfpa.org/safety-information/for-consumers/fire-and-safety-equipment/carbon-monoxide/symptoms-of-co-poisoning)
(these thanks to solartim at neven’s site.)
Take a look at the historical data for San Bernandino Valley as an example:
http://www3.aqmd.gov/webappl/aqdetail/AirQualityParameterData.aspx?Stationid=70820&AreaNumber=3&res=1680
Planet In Distress
This — THIS — is exactly why the RobertScribbler blog should be a first read for serious people. Here is an important topic — potentially a hugely important topic — approached carefully and without alarmism, and then parsed and dissected by legion of equally careful and well-informed readers.
In my opinion what Robert has created is the equivalent to a carefully tended garden where serious discussion can grow and blossom and produce fruit. And it is a garden that pretty much takes a full-time gardener. Thanks, Robert, for what you do.
Ryan in New England
Well said! I totally agree!
If Climate Change Doesn’t Sink Alexandria, Egypt’s Official Incompetence Will
http://www.takepart.com/feature/2016/02/26/sea-level-rise-alexandria?cmpid=organic-share-twitter
Wow, at the same point that mild sea level rise will cause the Nile Delta to become useless for food production (saw an article recently), Alexandria will start to be abandoned, which would seriously threaten Egypt’s stability. And US coastal and Miami real estate prices will collapse at the same time, when everyone realizes that it will all have to be abandoned in the near future, causing a serious financial crisis all by itself. The ride’s going to get rough.
Thanks for the link todaysguest. That was a good article.
Oh btw….going off-topic for a sec—-
Grabbed this off Arctic Sea Ice Forum, “What’s New in Greenland” thread, post #138 dated today by AbruptSLR. It’s a link to a paper that “documents positive feedback mechanism between Arctic sea-ice loss and increased surface melting of the GIS”.
So, sea-ice loss means ice sheet loss. Whew.
http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0391.1
That’s related to that Paul Beckwith video someone posted here recently isn’t it? Basically, the arctic sea ice is like the ice cube in a glass of water on a sunny day. That water stays at 0C until all the ice is gone, and then the temp goes up at 80x the rate. So once the Arctic starts to get blue sea summers for longer than a few weeks, the climate there heats up dramatically (more than it already has), and the northern part of the Greenland Ice Sheet could very suddenly accelerate its ice loss. Add that on top of the idea that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is doomed, and large parts of it could plausibly collapse within several decades, and I find the remaining estimates of sea level rise of 1-1.2m by 2100 to be really overly optimistic. Frightening really.
Marcel, yes, that was the gist of the video. This paper seems to explain how the effect might work on a very large scale—how the loss of sea ice changes the weather/climate, in essence, so as to accelerate ice sheet melt. I am quite concerned about the effects of Greenland ice sheet melt in particular, since here in Newfoundland we live pretty much right in the way of both the cold fresh water and the giant bergs coming down from there.
Dunno if you saw my comment on the last post—I love your paintings! 😀
I know it’s not much consolation Cate, but I just saw something about the counter intuitive distribution of sea level rise: the ice sheets, with their mass, exert a gravitational pull on the sea water, so as they melt, sea level around them will go down, and this effect extends for 3000 km. Which means that Greenland’s melting will affect Newfoundland and Europe only moderately.
The West Antarctic Ice Sheet, on the other hand, is a real threat, since it’ll distribute more of its sea level rise to the northern hemisphere by that logic, and it looks like it’s going to collapse first.
Also, thanks very much about the paintings! 🙂 I keep wanting to do more climate based art, but that’s a harder sell than what I’m doing, and it’s already a tough business to make money in.
Colorado Bob
How Often Climate Change Has Caused Floods, City by City
Between 1955 and 1964, there were six total days of flooding in Seattle. Between 2005 and 2014, there were 29 total days. The major difference between then and now, of course, is that the world’s average temperatures are warmer due to human activities like cattle farming and the burning of fossil fuels. In fact, between 2005 and 2014, 26 days of flooding in Seattle were attributable to anthropogenic climate change, according to a new analysis. Only three were natural and would have occurred without global warming.
The analysis calculated the number of climate change-caused minor flood days for 27 American cities. You can check out the results below. Maybe your hometown is represented too. (Mine’s Seattle.)
http://www.psmag.com/nature-and-technology/climate-change-floods-by-city
The interactive map is pretty amazing, and the one for Key West is an eye popper.
jimbenison
Being in San Diego only a few meters above sea level I was a bit freaked out when I first saw this. However, it appears to be an artifact. Based on ground measurements no CO spike happened.
Use this link and check out the “Historical Data” tab.
Thanks, Jim. Update in.
Some good news –
It was a big week for two hardship cases in the animal kingdom — manatees and monarch butterflies. Both are on the rebound.
On Friday, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced that monarch butterfly populations were up an estimated 255 percent in a reserve Mexico created for their protection. That good news followed Thursday’s release of a count that showed Florida’s endangered West Indian manatee population rocketed upward for a second year straight.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/02/29/monarch-butterflies-and-manatees-oh-my-these-two-animals-had-major-rebounds/
– Re West Coast Monarch Butterfly Winter Population
– Xerces Society
More monarchs reported in Northern California this year, but monarchs are not yet recovered
… Although more monarchs were counted, the average number of monarchs per site is not significantly different than last year’s count, and this year’s population estimate represents a 39% decline from the long term average. The number of monarchs counted this year is but a fraction of the 1.2 million monarchs recorded in the late 90s.
Less positive is that in southern California, the majority of the sites surveyed had fewer monarchs than last year.
– [Likely due to climate change’s latitudinal warming. Monarchs need the cool moist coastal areas.]
http://www.xerces.org/2016/02/04/assessment-of-western-monarch-butterfly-winter-population-completed/
eleggua
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/waking-the-giant-9780199592265?cc=us&lang=en&#
‘Waking the Giant: How a changing climate triggers earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes’
by Bill McGuire (Professor of Geophysical and Climate Hazards at UCL)
– Draws together research from different areas, introducing a growing area of research
– Looks back at the Earth’s past to consider what our future might hold
– Demonstrates how the various systems of the Earth interact, showing that the scale and range of hazards from climate change may be greater than we have appreciated
“Twenty thousand years ago our planet was an icehouse. Temperatures were down six degrees; ice sheets kilometres thick buried much of Europe and North America and sea levels were 130m lower. The following 15 millennia saw an astonishing transformation as our planet metamorphosed into the temperate world upon which our civilisation has grown and thrived. One of the most dynamic periods in Earth history saw rocketing temperatures melt the great ice sheets like butter on a hot summer’s day; feeding torrents of freshwater into ocean basins that rapidly filled to present levels. The removal of the enormous weight of ice at high latitudes caused the crust to bounce back triggering earthquakes in Europe and North America and provoking an unprecedented volcanic outburst in Iceland. A giant submarine landslide off the coast of Norway sent a tsunami crashing onto the Scottish coast while around the margins of the continents the massive load exerted on the crust by soaring sea levels encouraged a widespread seismic and volcanic rejoinder.
In many ways, this post-glacial world mirrors that projected to arise as a consequence of unmitigated climate change driven by human activities. Already there are signs that the effects of climbing global temperatures are causing the sleeping giant to stir once again. Could it be that we are on track to bequeath to our children and their children not only a far hotter world, but also a more geologically fractious one?”
Thanks, eleggua. I’ve wondered along these lines. Next book on my list.
Montysano
I’m halfway through an hour long lecture by Bill McGuire, and it’s fascinating stuff. You have to think that, while humans certainly affect the climate and that there are things we couild and should do, the modern world really exists on the good graces of a momentarily (in geologic time) temperate world, and how razor-thin and fragile that balance is.
The people who are pushing us to mess up our comfortable climate state are just nuts. Those people would be the fossil fuel corps and national oil companies.
Ahh… wondered if Bill McGuire would pop up on this thread. The book is great, and a little calmer than the title implies to the casual observer, which is a good thing.
Prof McGuire is prepared to stick his neck out in this area, and take the heat which comes with it, which is why I like him. I think the emeritus bit helps!
I’ve been reading his stuff for donkeys.
http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1919
Many of the references in ‘Waking the Giant’ come from the conference (2009), and the above (2010) publication.
Interestingly McGuire’s is a good mates with (former pupil?) and sometime collaborator Dr Ian Stewart. You may have seen some of his most excellent TV work, as the UK’s highest profile geologist, and is also highly recommended by myself. 🙂
PS It isn’t necessarily going to be these geological elements that will give us the most problems going forward, and McGuire certainly isn’t saying that. But they could make a hellish backdrop, and be a complicating and costly factor, in our already jeopardised future.
Let’s look in more detail at the idea that orchard or forest fires are responsible versus earthquake precursor…
After markfromOZ and pekapekapones mentioned NZ quakes and CO levels near Christchurch, I looked back through nullschool pictures of OZ, NZ, and Tasmania looking for anomalies.
I found some…
43.76° S, 171.86° E ✕
90° @ 18 km/h
265 ppbv
This is about 5-6 times above normal South Pacific levels of 40-50 ppbv.
This is 10.75 hours before, and directly downwind from, the largest quake in NZ in the last 30 days:
M5.8 … 17km ENE of Christchurch, New Zealand
2016-02-14 00:13:43 UTC 8.2 km
I looked at NASA Worldview for any sign of major fires…. nothing.
On the other hand, forest fires CAN cause big spikes in CO… I found one in Tasmania:
280° @ 25 km/h
1336 ppbv
Date | 2016-02-13 03:00 UTC
The smoke from the corresponding major fire is very visible on NASA Worldview:
https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/?p=geographic&l=MODIS_Aqua_CorrectedReflectance_TrueColor(opacity=0.97),MODIS_Terra_CorrectedReflectance_TrueColor,Coastlines,Reference_Labels(hidden),Reference_Features(hidden)&t=2016-02-12&v=138.9990234375,-46.0282184495488,155.8740234375,-37.6346637620488
So this fire in Tasmania is big enough to spike CO levels to 30 times background, and is easily seen on Worldview, yet the entire West Coast was 10-30 times higher still, with no major smoke plumes visible on Worldview.
Also, Worldview has a MODIS “Fires and Thermal Anomalies” layer… nothing visible along the entire West Coast except a few small fires in central Oregon and eastern CA (out in the desert).
Local observation datum…
Bruce Steele over on Neven’s blog says that last week was the first day controlled burns were allowed in S. B. county in a long while, so maybe this was true throughout CA, and the pent-up demand for trash burning caused the massive spike without triggering the MODIS thermal imaging, and people burned their trash cleanly enough to prevent a massive smoke plume like an uncontrolled forest fire would.
Since the counties in CA often follow latitude lines, this may explain the artificial looking pattern to the initial outbreak – a few counties maybe did not approve outdoor burning so they show up as linear east-west gaps in the pattern.
I’m liking this explanation the best…. but seriously … 46 ppm just from trash burning??? Maybe those Californians need to take it easy on the accumulation and sudden incineration of so much trash!
A Tragedy of the HyperConsumerist Commons.
Link failure on the Worldview map…
Go to Tasmania on Feb 12-14 to see the smoke from that fire.
Nice link between county lines and the apparently rectilinear patterns we saw.
What do you think of the idea that, besides these fires, an inversion was holding the emissions from these fires low to the ground and so further concentrating them?
Do you think there is still a possibility that it was a glitch in the system?
I’m open to a glitch that magnified the actual levels far above reality. Not sure how that would work though. China has CO levels in 1000’s ppbv routinely. Their emissions are from million, if not hundreds of millions of very small sources. The haze blocks the sun, and is easily visible from space.
Did CA’s central Valley have hundreds of large orchard and agricultural fires, as reported here, that rose up to an inversion layer, but produced little visible smoke? Did the processing algorithm that works for China fail here, due to some peculiar atmosphere conditions? I’m kind of at a loss to see a specific mechanism for how that could happen, especially without expertise in how these data are acquired.
Maybe it’s time to email the keeper of the nullschool website and ask directly…
Also, does the trash/orchard burning scenario explain British Columbia CO levels?
I’d be interested in DT’s take on the local air pollution effects of epic burning. I guess the local mortality rate will have spiked significantly, if those levels are correct
Actually, looking above I see he is well ahead of the game on this, as usual.
Great analysis, wehappyfew. The trash burning hypothesis can explain a lot. A question still lingering for me is, does Canada participate in this practice? Because as Robert pointed out, this extends up into British Columbia.
If it is agriculturally based fires, it’s pretty shocking how much CO is released. Maybe it’s a testament to how dire the drought is. I imagine lots of farmers were banking on a wet Winter, knowing that in the past El Nino has typically delivered lots of precipitation to the west coast. In recent years lots of farmers have had to downsize their orchards due to the drought, and when they do they tear up the old trees and just burn them. Maybe another failed rainy season was the final nail in the coffin, and those hoping for a drought-buster had to cut their losses? And the moment permits were issued thousands of piles of dead trees were all lit at the same time?
Nicky Sundt
Maybe this sheds some light on the elevated CO levels: Tropical fires fuel elevated ozone levels over western Pacific Ocean, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-02/nsfc-tff022416.php, Press Release from NASA Goddard, 24 Feb 2016.
Warmest winter for 300 years but records show it was also second wettest EVER as floods ravaged UK
http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/warmest-winter-300-years-records-7465442
It has also been the second wettest winter on record for the UK, with average total rainfall across the country at 515mm (20.2 inches), second only to the record wet winter of 2013/2014, which saw widespread storms and flooding
We knew it was going to be bad. Sad to say it but they’re in for more of the same.
As for the current article, I hate to admit a little bit of impish glee getting ahead of a very low information media stream and attempting to inject a little sanity. Should have done the same with Zika.
Syd Bridges
But the UK will be fine, because we have David Cameron. Clearly, if you cut money for flood defences, then the floods won’t happen. And it’s not affected any of the rich Tory areas this time, so who cares?
This CO spike is something new to me. I suppose hot steam and carbon in the crust may produce CO and H2 by the water gas reaction. Although it is an endothermic reaction, heat from deep in the Earth could drive it. I certainly hope that it is not a precursor to an earthquake, though the pumping will probably make one more likely.
Whether it is a flash in the pan, or the precursor to something else, it has certainly been a very interesting article. It would be very useful if such a release enables better early warning for quakes.
Thanks Syd. The geology bits are a little outside my bailiwick. However, this particular theory seems very unproven. It might be a case that some earthquakes exhibit this tendency. But it does make sense at a geophysical level — hydrolic heat and stress along the fault lines related to magma movements and crustal stress could well produce these kinds of gasses. Similar precursor gasses are often an indicator of volcanic eruptions. It’s just that there doesn’t appear to be a high certainty yet for an earthquake indicator. USGS is pretty adamant about there being no way to accuratedly forecast earthquakes at this time.
mtflis
GEOS-5 data anomaly likely
– I’ve been hoping this subject would get illumination it surely deserves.
– Not only the anxiety of facing up to climate disruption — but the mental, or cognitive, dysfunctions that allow us to destroy the atmosphere — our sole means of survival.
Climate change is wreaking havoc on our mental health, experts say
Climate change is causing chaos in the environment and beyond; experts are warning we’re “not even close to being prepared” for the damage it does to our mental health.
As a provincial coroner and past palliative care physician, Dr. David Ouchterlony has seen suffering and death up close, experiences that have occasionally led to brief moments of sadness. But Ouchterlony describes such emotions as “trivial” compared to the dread he feels when thoughts about climate change linger, as they often do. He worries almost obsessively about a future he won’t see. How will younger generations be affected? Why are we failing to act on the threat?
“I was completely blind to it, and then five years ago it just hit me,” Ouchterlony, 74, said. “I went through this stage of losing sleep, thinking about my grandchild, wondering what I could do.”
http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/02/28/climate-change-is-wreaking-havoc-on-our-mental-health-experts.html
– “pre-traumatic” stress
… He described the feeling as an “absence of hope” characterized by despair and, at times, exhausting guilt. Some researchers have called it a “pre-traumatic” stress disorder that, in some, is feeding anxiety and depressive thoughts.
Except for the despair part. I’ve been taught to fight, even when the situation seems hopeless. So I guess I’m immune to that kind of despair.
– Maybe, it’s not so much as ‘despair’ — but the feeling of being overwhelmed.
Thanks for that link, dt. I can relate to the pre-traumatic stress feelings. I actually just left a comment below about feeling discouraged lately. If it wasn’t for Robert and all my friends here I would really feel alone over the climate change issue.
I hear him loud and clear. It’s a window into my world.
– I tend to feel the despair — then come out the other ready for action.
Mostly, I worry about the innocent — the children, the wildlife, etc.
That shows your heart is still alive.
… “We may not currently be thinking about how heavy the toll on our psyche will be, but, before long, we will know only too well,” warned a 2012 report from the U.S. National Wildlife Federation.
I think it’s already had a toll. Would Trump even have been a serious candidate in 2012? Climate change denial is just the flip side of despair. And the madness with which the fossil fuel companies and related investors like Buffet and the Kochs keep pushing their deadly products is yet one more side to the insanity.
We live under the darkening clouds of a climate change that could well be described as a result of sickness of the human heart and mind. But there are many, many innocent humans too who would never have contributed to this if they had had the choice and so many more innocent creatures of this world who will suffer if we can’t do what basically amounts to turning on a dime.
It’s a rough time. It seems we are entering what could be considered the bite of history.
Sometimes, when storm clouds gather, you can physically feel it in the air.
I feel a bit like that, but psychologically, this year more than ever.
Off topic…I want to apologize to all my friends here if my mood and outlook has been pessimistic as of late. I usually have hope and optimism on par with Robert, and try and pick out the few rays of sunshine from what has become a perpetually cloudy day. However, I must admit that I’m currently feeling discouraged by the apathy and indifference that the majority of Americans have towards climate change. What’s most horrifying is the ignorance and anti-intellectualism that is so proudly embraced in America. It makes me feel like we are fighting an impossible battle. And this morning I heard probably the most ignorant comment ever about climate change. I never realized a person could be so incredibly uninformed.
I was just reading comments on Robert’s last post, and Steven Blaisdel’s (Sorry if I misspelled that Steven) comment struck a chord with me. He pointed out how we have become so obsessed with more and more consumption we have forgotten everything about the natural world. Well that sentence was perfect after the segment I saw on CBS news this morning. Today is February 29th, and they consulted Michio Kaku, a physicist, to explain the reason for leap year. I thought to myself, why do they need a physicist to explain something so basic and simple I think I learned about it when I learned to use a big-boy toilet? How can any grown person not know that it takes the Earth 365 1/4 days to complete one revolution around the sun?
So they went to the street and asked adults why we have leap year. I’m sure they edited the footage heavily, but not a single person knew!! What’s worse, one girl answered El Nino while another wondered if climate change was the reason we have leap year! That’s as dumb as thinking we have nighttime because the sun gets tired. And they all laughed it off. Proud to be absolutely clueless about something so fundamental. They probably don’t know why we have seasons, or think that the Sun orbits the Earth. Do they even know the Earth is round? In an age when you can answer literally any question you may have, and have access to basically all human knowledge, why are Americans less knowledgeable than a peasant from the Dark Ages?
I may be “young”, but I can rant like I’m twice my age 😉
Good rant, Ryan. I hear ya. I go through dark times too. Mainly it’s when I’m just too tired to try to keep up with the craziness of a mad world. In the proud tradition of Colorado Bob:
What they are doing is so, so fundamentally wrong. And we simply must not let them win.
But I have this suspicion that the stupidity of Americans is a false meme that only serves to reduce our faith in each other. Perhaps I’m wrong. But no-one I know, even climate change deniers, don’t know why we have leap year for crying out loud. That’s my anecdotal evidence. Perhaps rendered incorrect by the quality of the company that I keep.
In any case, I’d take a billion people not knowing the meaning of leap year any day over a million fossil fuel company executives and investors so stupid they can’t keep running the world toward mass extinction full speed ahead.
Imho the American people have been the victims of one of the most comprehensive misinformation campaigns in history, so I’m not sure it is fair to call them stupid.
It’s been a real trench war here in the UK over CC (which still continues), but what I have seen from the US suggests the deniers campaign seems better organised, more sustained, more deceitful and consequently, more successful.
It is perhaps presumptious to say that from over the water, but that is the honest impression I get.
climatehawk1 (@climatehawk1)
Correct on the disinformation campaign. Details are spelled out in Jane Mayer’s “Dark Money,” which I’m currently reading. If anyone would like a sample of the info, she’s featured in a number of YouTube videos discussing the book. Stopping climate action is just one of the items on the right-wing billionaires’ agenda, but of course it is the most important for everyone else on the planet.
Ryan, keep ranting. Never stop. 🙂
– Interesting that this comes from the National Wildlife Federation.
The Psychological Effects of Global Warming on the United States:
And Why the U.S. Mental Health Care System Is Not Adequately Prepared
Click to access Psych_Effects_Climate_Change_Full_3_23.pdf
– WORST STORM OF THE WINTER SEASON BLAST HOKKAIDO
Northern Japan has been blasted by one of the more potent storms of this winter season.
http://www.westernpacificweather.com/2016/02/29/worst-storm-of-the-winter-season-blast-hokkaido/
It looks like Arctic ice has grown a little bit, but not enough to get out of record low territory.
https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/
Good catch Ryan. At this time it appears to me that the only thing that can still strengthen the circumpolar winds is the warming of the mid latitudes with springtime.
dnem
I’d have to imagine any ice forming this late will be pretty thin and vulnerable once the sun angle increases.
If I remember what I’ve read on the Arctic Sea Ice Forum correctly, most of the uptick is from the Sea of Okhotsk, which is a peripheral sea that will be one of the first to melt out, and since it’s not connected to the Arctic Ocean, it almost doesn’t count as far as sea ice health goes. Apparently there was also recently a lot of export of older ice through the Fram Straight, so the Atlantic side is looking especially vulnerable this year. Last year too there was a large area of thick multi year ice in the Beaufort that acted as a buttress to the melting, but that’s not there this year, so if weather conditions line up, this melting season could be a doozy.
Winston’s Damage Highest in South Pacific History; Extreme February Warmth in Eurasia
Dr. Masters
L.A. recorded its hottest February on record
It was supposed to be one of the wettest Februaries on record. Instead, by one measure at least, it became the hottest on record.
With an average high temperature of 77.5, February was almost two degrees hotter than the previous record set in 1954, according to a Times analysis.
http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-la-recorded-its-hottest-february-on-record-20160229-story.html
Central western Queensland towns swelter amid record breaking weekend heat
Julia Creek in the north-west recorded its hottest February day ever at 45.6 degrees.
Longreach also sweltered, reaching 44.4 degrees, its hottest February day since 1960.
Forecaster Kev Hutchins from the Bureau of Meteorology said residents in Winton would have also been feeling the heat.
“It reached 45.5 yesterday,” he said.
“Now that’s the hottest since records have been kept in Winton and that’s going back to 1884 at the Winton Post Office.
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-29/outback-qld-towns-swelter-amid-record-breaking-heat/7207110
roxannesumners
Smells like a big truck running nearby, occasional rotten eggs. I’ve looked (suspiciously) at my dogs… Packing now
All readings coming from the same model … No confirmation coming from the ground reporting stations. Not a peep out of NASA or the earthquake monitors. I’m not comfortable with spreading conspiracy theories.
If we can come up with outside confirmation, outside the ChristChurch example (which is admittedly worth considering), I’ll support a link on this. Otherwise, no dice.
– Gothcha. Makes sense — what you say. Same sensor & minus confirmation.
– So many feedback loops, a very fluid situation, atmospheric chemistry and ratios changing…
The un-forseen always lurking.
– Always on the lookout for a ‘wildcard’ or two.
Keep up your sound reasoning.
This one has me worried a bit. The GEO 5 signature is quite compelling. But the station monitoring data does not confirm. So the unanswered question is — why this signature. We keep an eye out for earthquake swarms now.
The thing with PBs presentation is it would have been fine sans the inaccurate assertion that these readings came from different sources (they were all from GEOS 5) and included the explanation that fault lines in this region produce frequent small quakes. I tend to distrust the source anyway due to political affiliations with an organization that has tended to come across as rather biased and disruptive in my view (esp regarding COP 21). So this fudge just adds to my frustration.
If we can find any other sensor confirmation or if we get a whiff of earthquake swarms, then the story changes. Regardless, of how this progresses, I won’t forget how this one source mis characterized initial data.
Nick in Humboldt
http://earth.nullschool.net/#current/chem/surface/level/overlay=cosc/orthographic=-124.65,40.85,3000
Spiking again on the southern Cascadia subduction zone off Eureka (where I live). There’s no reason COsc should be this concentrated here, a sparsely populated area surrounded by national parks and wilderness. I hope this is just a sensor error
The carbon monoxide pulse is not an instrumentation glitch. 3 separate senors (snip…)
Wrong. All readings for SO2, CO, and CO2 are coming from the same model data — the GEOS 5. It’s dishonest of this source to state otherwise. I’d like to hear that word from NASA you mentioned. Otherwise, I’ll be treating these links as spam. They and the people posting them are making a false assertion.
Look. It’s possible (but less and less likely) that GEOS 5 may be correct. But we don’t have outside confirmation and implying that three separate readings from the same model is coming from different sources is just plain untrue. In addition, the ground reporting stations are producing a contradictory reading to what the GEOS 5 is producing. Furthermore, these two fault lines produce low intensity quakes quite frequently. What we would be looking for is an earthquake swarm. If such a thing were happening, USGS would produce a report and a public statement. So far, it’s crickets.
It’s basically mis characterizing the situation. I’ve had the same problem with this source before. And now he’s at it again.
I recall a Kurt Vonnegut [cautionary] tale about a Royal Astronomer who makes increasingly troublesome observations. Finally he must report his discovery to the King. “The stars, one by one are going out!” The truth, it turns out, is he’s going blind.
Interesting interview with Chomsky.
Says we’re heading for climate change extinction if Trump becomes Pres.
http://sputniknews.com/radio_loud_and_clear/20160229/1035517407/noam-chomsky-trump-presidency.html
Oops, sorry about double post.
West coast ocean die-off continues.
http://enenews.com/la-times-ongoing-fish-famine-along-west-coast-dearth-food-across-ocean-severe-fishery-implosion-govt-expert-looks-very-grim-hard-watch
This is just tragic. I used to catch king salmon off the Sonoma coast when I lived in CA.
I wouldn’t want to pull fish out of those waters now 😦
Fishing in the UK is crap.
Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse
US embassy advises any citizens in Tigris flood plain to leave, and Baghdad government urges Mosul residents to move away from river
The Iraqi government and the US embassy in Baghdad have both issued urgent warnings about the possibility of the Mosul dam collapsing and sending a 20-metre-high flash flood coursing down the river Tigris, putting more than a million people at risk.
The embassy on Monday issued a call for people to evacuate the Tigris flood plain, saying “proper preparation could save many lives”. The embassy had earlier described the threat of collapse as “serious and unprecedented”.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/29/iraq-us-issue-warnings-threat-of-mosul-dam-collapse
Iraq’s prime minister, Haider al-Abadi, issued a statement on Sunday night urging residents of Mosul, Iraq’s second biggest city, 25 miles south of the dam, to move at least 3.5 miles away from the river…
The cities of Tikrit, Samarra and Baghdad itself also lie in the path of a potential flood wave.
The dam, the largest in Iraq, has had structural problems since its construction in the 1980s. The Saddam Hussein regime pressed on with it in the face of warnings from geologists that it was being built on weak, water-soluble rock such as gypsum and anhydrite.
A report by a panel of Iraqi and Swedish geologists and engineers last year described it as “the most dangerous dam in the world”…
– PNW El Nino etc.Weather hitting PNW and avoiding So Cal
You’re not kidding…
Seattle just slogged through it’s wettest winter (Dec – Feb) on record. When I was a kid it used to snow regularly here in the winter. Now snow days are a thing of the past.
http://komonews.com/weather/scotts-weather-blog/congratulations-seattle-youve-made-it-through-the-wettest-winter-on-record
Watch the birds and the animals, they are more in tune with the earth
– So Cal Coast – Santa Barbara – El Nino – SLR – Locales I’ve shared.
– Science in video worth a look.
Special Report: Mapping El Nino Underway by UC Santa Barbara Researchers
Equipment on the beach measures sea level rise and coastal impacts during current winter surges
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, Calif. –
Winter weather has not delivered violent storms to the Santa Barbara County coastline, but the impact of the waves has been more powerful than many expected. Researchers are emersed in the weather pattern using new technology to map the impacts and plan for the future.
UC Santa Barbara graduate student Paul Alessio with the Earth Sciences department is on the front line.
“This is the best place you could possibly be to measure coastal erosion,” said Alessio.
He has already seen areas where the sea level is up a foot, and some of the coastal spots the public may feel safe with but he says, the soils are failing.
http://www.keyt.com/news/special-report-mapping-el-nino-underway-by-uc-santa-barbara-researchers/38262558
Ps The waves indicated were likely generated by storms much farther north up the coast and out to sea.
Aerosols Wet & Dry Jet Trails Water Vapor Dirty Air Western Sky – USA PDX Feb. 25, 2016 00:54 UTC – DT Lange pic.twitter.com/vLSFXP2PRc
— David Lange (@DavidLange2) March 1, 2016
West Virginia votes against science curriculum because it will actually teach science, and every good Republican knows that science and facts are just a liberal scam.
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/02/29/3754731/west-virginia-house-halts-science-standards-over-climate/
NSIDC & Rutgers Snow Lab showing Northern Hemisphere snow cover near (or at?) record low for week 9 of year.
Leland Palmer
Wow, if it was a glitch, it is darn convincing.
Over the next few days, Earthnullschool shows the CO signal gradually spreading, then dissipating. Totally bizarre. I haven’t had time to see if the wind patterns are realistic. NASA Worldview doesn’t seem to see anything similar, at first glance.
Could the spectrometers be confusing radon with carbon monoxide?
I’m in agreement, Leland. That a glitch could look so convincing is downright scary. I watched the plume spread westward across the US and today a tail seemed to hit NC with CO readings of 354, which were 174 on 2/25. GMAO did state today, 3/1/16, that “GMAO is working to correct this problem”, so perhaps subtle sensitivity to usual wind patterns is still persisting. Must be a very delicate glitch, whatever it is. It has caused real havoc.
It was the intensity of the anomaly that made it suspect. That and we didn’t have any confirmation. Two clear warning signs. Single model or sensor hyper-focus can lead to erroneous conclusions.
Earth nullschool does have a prediction capability, that allows it to project data into the future. Not only can you trace the plume up until now, you can also trace it several days into the future. 🙂
I wonder if the site has multiple problems – such that it will take a single image containing a high reading and convincingly predict the dissipation of those high readings into the future, then store that convincing simulation of the plume dissipating, and “like” the glitch better than the real readings?
It’s almost like the site displays the highest value for each pixel, whether it is a predicted value or a real value.
Dunno. I still like the site. But to really screw up requires a computer…
I haven’t used the gasses model on Nullschool very often. But the GFS wind and temperature overlays as well as wave prediction series have been both very accurate and useful in my research. It’s probably an issue that will be refined and improved over time. But I’d defend the model’s overall usefulness. We know a lot more about the climate and Earth System because of the fantastic work done putting this excellent tool together.
I’ve used Earth Nullschool informally but frequently, and have used the carbon monoxide tool to look at forest fires quite a lot, especially the huge ones last summer over Siberia, Alaska, and the Pacific Northwest.. I noticed that the carbon monoxide tool can predict plumes into the future using it back then. I’ve never seen it predict something implausible before, though. The fires back then were quite evident on NASA Worldview, and nothing like those seems to be evident this time.
I love the Earth Nullschool site, don’t get me wrong. I do remember puzzling over the way the CO plumes dissipated back then, but I came to no conclusion about it.
If the high reading was a glitch, though, then there must be a error in the computer code generating this realistic plume dissipation behavior, I think So the developers of this really great site should take a look at that. The real data should take precedence when it is available over the projections. But due to cloud cover and satellite tracks that leave blank spaces, especially over the poles, the real data is not always available. So, I think somewhere in the code that massages the data into a single version of past, present, and future, a mistake was made, maybe.
Maybe the code averages the actual and predicted data, dunno.
Maybe the site developers cut off the data source after the glitch, and the dissipating plume is the result of the predicted data being the only data?
Here’s what GMAO (NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office) is saying as of yesterday:
“Erroneous CO emissions over California cause unrealistic CO concentration in GEOS-5 model
IMPORTANT NOTICE: Elevated carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations over California in the GEOS-5 products since February 25, 2016, are incorrect. They are a consequence of unrealistic emissions derived from satellite observations of fires, which led to elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO (as well as other species).
NASA’s EOS-Terra spacecraft entered safe mode on February 18, 2016, during an inclination adjustment maneuver. This caused the MODIS instrument to enter safe mode, with the nadir and space-view doors closed. When the Terra MODIS transitioned back to science mode on February 24, 2016, the operating temperatures for the SWIR and LWIR (Short-wave Infrared and Longwave infrared) focal planes have not yet stabilized. As a consequence, some data products have been severely degraded. This includes the “Fire Radiative Power” fields that are used by GEOS-5 to compute emissions of CO, CO2, and carbonaceous aerosols by biomass burning.
GMAO is working to correct this problem. The GEOS-5 analyses will be re-run from February 24, 2016, using only the EOS-Aqua MODIS data, in order to exclude the unrealistic CO emissions. EOS-Terra observations will be re-introduced once the instrument has stabilized”
So, it looks like the errors were further upstream, from NASA. The realistic plume dissipation problem, persisting for several days when incorrect data is entered into the system, is something NASA will likely fix, I guess.
Reached out to my brother who works at Goddard. He’s reached out formally to obtain the data team contacts on the Geo5. Will update when I hear back.
I heard back from a NASA contact who gave me all the links to GEO-5 which isn’t a suite of sensors or a given satellite, but a model that incorporates data from various sensors. The carbon monoxide sensor would likely be feeding data from the MOPITT instrument on Terra for the GEO-5 modeling. Does this sound right as the source for the carbon monoxide data or did I go down the wrong road? If correct, I will proceed along that line to reach out to contacts for that satellite.
While carbon monoxide (CO) is not itself a greenhouse gas, CO is chemically linked with methane, ozone, and carbon dioxide, and therefore impacts both climate and air quality. Primary sources of CO include fossil-fuel burning, biomass burning and methane oxidation. MOPITT measurements of CO concentrations in the troposphere are based on observations made with a suite of gas correlation radiometers operating in two CO-sensitive spectral bands. MOPITT CO products are used to study the movement of pollution in the atmosphere, to quantify CO emissions and to support air quality forecasts.
Thanks for this, Greg. Much appreciated. That sounds right to me.
I spent last night looking into this more carefully. The best I can tell, the apparent gas spikes are due to the Terra satellite malfunctioning last week. When it began recording data again on Feb 25, the operating temperature of the satellite’s instruments were still equilibrating. I’ve posted more details here:
http://oftechandlearning.com/bad-data-carbon-monoxide-eruption-not-real/
– Right:
– nullschool disclaimer: “GEOS-5 data (covering all Chem and Particulates layers) comes with the following disclaimer: Forecasts using the GEOS system are experimental and are produced for research purposes only. Use of these forecasts for purposes other than research is not recommended.”
PSA: Twitter/Blog rumours & speculation about GMAO estimates of CO in California are not based on reality. pic.twitter.com/ocuPyacWMK
— Gavin Schmidt (@ClimateOfGavin) March 1, 2016
“It’s pure coincidence that at MOPITT resumed data collection over western North America while its operating temperature was still stabilizing. Had the instrument’s temperature remained unstable for a few days, it would have looked like the whole globe was erupting gas. If MOPITT has started collecting data over the south pole, open ocean, or some other obscure location, I doubt anyone would have noticed and made a big fuss.
MOPITT uses light collected in the infrared part of the spectrum. Based on Terra’s system status, the CO, CO2 and SO2 data collected by MOPITT on the 25th and 26th of February should be highly suspect.
On the Earth map, the CO, CO2, and SO2 levels spike sometime between 1pm and 4pm Pacific time on Feb. 25th, which is between 2100 UTC on the 25th and 0000 UTC on the 26th. This is precisely during the time window when MOPITT’s operating temperature is still unstable.”
Fantastic work, Greg!!
Brilliant. Thanks!
Bryan, you got there first. For future reference NCAR in Colorado invaluable. They even posted telephone numbers and researchers picked up the phone on first call.
Thanks for this, Greg. Great job by you and Bryan both. Will definitely keep NCAR in mind in future cases. I’m sure we’ll get similar instances again.
Good to know, Greg. Thanks!
Well done on an excellent article, Bryan. Fanastic job. I’ve linked you and added in a hat tip.
Thanks Robert. Minor note, but the quote credited to Nullschool, is actually from my blog.
Fix in.
Thank you ALL! Great detective work. You’ve got something rich going on here, Robert. Pursuit of truth is Always messy…..
This was actually kind of liberating and vindicating. More than anything, threat analysis is about dealing with uncertainty. So you have to be adaptive and open to changing the analysis based on new data. You can’t really be too attached to outcomes — being correct or incorrect. It’s also important to have a good filter. Which given the static on the internet can be a bit challenging.
Brett Walton @waltonwater 1h1 hour ago
February was hot — mean temperature was 3-10 degrees F above the 30-yr average for much of the American West
I don’t want to see any more links from PB. This most recent episode has confirmed to me that he is not an honest observer.
– Roger that.
12volt dan
off topic but on our Canadian home front our new PM is trying to get a national carbon tax started.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/first-ministers-climate-change-1.3469667
It looks like a uphill battle so far but at least some one is trying. Not like our previous PM
True Dan, our previous PM made a deliberate smoke screen of pretending they were going to do something while at the same time as pushing pipelines as hard as possible, and letting fossil fuel companies write legislation. I’m still a bit skeptical about it until I see some concrete action from the Libs, but it looks like they are staking actual political capital on this, so it’s a complete 180 degree turn for us. Which I’m very glad to see.
I’d call this very good news.
Fingers crossed here.
Bill Nye keeping it real. 2016 is a turning point (vote well!):
“We have to address climate change deniers in the same way we build wind mills. We have to work all those problems at once:
After the ad:
http://www.techinsider.io/bill-nye-climate-change-deniers-2016-2#ooid=1rNDgzMTE6DyM7x_OLBbDQUY78-pXUgK
I’m reading his book — Unstoppable — now and finding it quite well done.
The Scottish rainfall records are just nuts –
Scotland endures wettest winter on record after highest rainfall in more than a century
THIS winter has been the wettest on record in Scotland.
Met Office statistics show an average of 756mm of rain fell across the country during December, January and February – the highest on records stretching back to 1910.
The downpours brought severe flooding and led to hundreds of people being evacuated from their homes.
Argyllshire was the wettest area in Scotland, recording 1055.7mm of rain from December to February 24 – almost double the average of 697.5mm.
Kirkcudbrightshire also saw almost double the average rainfall, with 1025.6mm compared to 645.1mm.
Two of the last three years have brought record-breaking levels of winter rain, with this year beating the previous record set in 2013/14 of 744mm of rain.
Storms in December led to the national rainfall reaching 351.4mm, more than double the usual total for the month.
Read more at http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/scotland-endures-wettest-winter-record-7471747#6zi3IfsdWTzrKOt3.99
The rainfall trends in Scotland are particularly worrying. It’s my impression, from pretty much the centre of England in Leicester, that it is Scotland, the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the North of England really took the brunt of this winters deluge. Roughly,he further north and west you go, the wetter you got. Now that has always been the case in the UK, but that difference seems somewhat magnified, to me.
This means that the UK’s rainfall totals, as a whole, don’t fully communicate how bad it has been in the worst hit areas. So this Scottish perspective is more useful.
I’ve been aware that the trends in Scottish rainfall are not good, for a number of years. A good graph is this one.
http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/climate_trends_handbook/Chapter02/2_01.html
I contacted Lucy Jones, USGS.GOV. “There’s no known correlation between gases and earthquakes. Also, I can’t find any independent corroboration of the gas reading. I see no reason to treat this as anything but nonsense.”
First, there’s a glitch in the sensor data. Second, the original science that these speculations were based on is unconfirmed. I’d definitely listen to USGS.
Wharf Rat
OT…Make Donald Drumpf Again
– Climate Trends Canada
John Pomeroy, a Canada research chair in water resources at the University of Saskatchewan, points out the amount of water that falls as snow has already declined by 50% on the Prairies. The number of multi-day rains has increased by the same amount.
Milder winters allow mountain pine beetles to survive and infect forests in Alberta and Saskatchewan, killing trees and turning parched and overheated forests into tinder boxes.
Aspens, the most common leafy tree in the boreal forest, are dying at twice their historic norm, “part of a larger-scale pattern of climate-related dieback episodes,” says Natural Resources Canada.
By 2050, look for big parts of the boreal forest’s southern fringe to be brand-new prairie.
“Drought-prone spruce will be lost first, followed by pines and then aspen, to be replaced by some form of prairie grassland,” said a 2009 report from the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers.
Glaciers, an important source of water for western cities during low-snow years, are on their way out, said Mike Demuth of the Geological Survey of Canada.
http://www.fortmcmurraytoday.com/2016/02/29/droughts-floods-dying-forests-new-climate-extremes-for-canada-in-2050
NWS Alaska Region @NWSAlaska 3h3 hours ago
#Alaska Winter trend: Warmest Dec, Jan, Feb of record: Barrow, King Salmon. #AKwx #climate (1/3)
2nd warmest Dec, Jan, Feb: #Anchorage, Kotzebue. 3rd warmest: Talkeetna. #AKwx #Alaska #winter #Climate (2/3)
Driest Dec, Jan, Feb of record: #Fairbanks. 2nd driest #Anchorage #AKwx #Alaska #climate (3/3)
NASA Finds Drought in Eastern Mediterranean Worst of Past 900 Years
A new NASA study finds that the recent drought that began in 1998 in the eastern Mediterranean Levant region, which comprises Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Turkey, is likely the worst drought of the past nine centuries
– For January 2012, brown shades show the decrease in water storage from the 2002-2015 average in the Mediterranean region. Units in centimeters. The data is from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, or GRACE, satellites, a joint mission of NASA and the German space agency.
Credits: NASA/ Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio
http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-finds-drought-in-eastern-mediterranean-worst-of-past-900-years
Ouch. Thanks for this, DT.
– Additional link w focus on Mediterranean:
– Earth Institute, Columbia University
Climate, Natural Disasters
Syria’s Drought Likely Its Most Severe in More than 900 Years
– A new study looks at recent droughts across the Mediterranean in the context of the past 900 years. The charts highlight dry years (brown) and wet years (blue) in three regions. The map, from the Old World Drought Atlas, shows the period from 1980 to 2012. From Cook, et al., 2016.
“We can now say with some degree of confidence that what we’re seeing in that part of the Mediterranean is likely separable from natural variability,” Cook said. “If climate change is having an impact and is making droughts worse, then we should see this in the record over several centuries—and we do.”
http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2016/03/01/syrias-drought-likely-its-most-severe-in-more-than-900-years/
Best blog on the Internet. Hands down and it is not even close. This was amazing to watch unfold.
I’m flat out exhausted.
You should be! I do have to say, thank you for writing this post. The data is out there for the viewing public, but the knowledge of what they are really looking at is not. This blog just went through the entire process of wondering, all the way to finding out. i found it all to be an incredible learning experience. After all, we have grown accustomed to looking at internet data as the window to our greater world. If there is an anomaly, it would be great to see the scientific community grow more accustomed to open discussion. Glitches happen. Not every radar return is a thunderstorm, sometimes simple ground clutter can look ominous. But we have great meteorologists that will openly let us know when these things happen and that it is just part of relying on modern technology. I understand that not every piece of information is something that should be seized upon for discussion. The ongoing super-discussions that surround every run of individual models in an ensemble can get rather ridiculous. But this was not a forecast. The Nullschool readings were observations and therefore carried a little more concern for the layperson. If the data is out there, collected by taxpayer funded satellites, then we should be able to see a little more discussion on the data that they provide. Especially given the population density that was affected by this glitch.
Thankfully, this blog, the readers and Roberts tireless efforts at updating the information, provided more knowledge and comfort than I could find anywhere else. Thank you all who contributed.
This makes me feel a lot better, Griff. I think the big problem was that an information vacuum surrounded this particular bit of data for a number of days. The usual suspects jumped into the gap and started making some pretty radical proclamations. I think it’s always better to start with a question when dealing with something that looks quite anomalous unless you’re pretty darn certain. Even then, proceed with caution. Those who come barging in with a fistful of proclamations are most often the ones likely to be incorrect. Although, in hindsight, I think I got wagged a bit by this. It’s annoying. I should have called NCAR from jump before getting pulled into the social media stream. I feel like I need to sharpen up a bit. But I suppose my engagement here has value in that I’ve, perhaps, helped generate a cathartic clearing of the mud for a few. At least I hope that’s the case.
Well, you said from the beginning that it may be a glitch and we needed more data. For myself, I made a note to follow along and see what more info came in. What was awesome was the amount and quality of the updates. Nobody is perfect, nothing in science ever is. What made this post so special for me was the constant refinement. I just thought it was great to see the whole thing unfold.
And that’s the beauty of the scientific process — constant refinement.
Hah. My usual trolls are telling me to give up. Pretty clear indication that I’m doing the right thing.
Not directed at you, Griffin. Just a general statement.
One thing I do want to say is that Paul Beckwith’s approach to this entire event was completely irresponsible. He didn’t act like a scientist at all. In fact, the process this blog underwent was far more scientific than the bull-headed nonsense he put out.
I have a huge list of what I am now calling spammers who continue to attempt to link his various belligerent claims and commentaries to this and other threads. I will not be supporting them in this forum. The troll push to get him visibility here is just one more indicator that he is probably not a helpful or honest agent.
I’ll take Michael Mann, Gavin Schmidt, James Hansen, Bill Nye, and Jennifer Francis over him any day. I am very sorry to have to call him out like this. But over the past few days his full court press on nonsense has been decidedly unhelpful and misinforming.
Have people seen this Snopes post?
Carbon Monox-Lies
A fear mongering article attempted to link an alleged “carbon monoxide spike” with an earthquake prediction.
http://www.snopes.com/carbon-monoxide-spike-earthquake/
Glad to see Snopes is on this. Not familiar with this source site, but good to keep in mind in the event of future shenanigans.
OT: I seem to recall you posting a study linking sea ice loss to Greenland melt acceleration, but I can’t seem to find it. Do you happen to recall the source?
I happen to have an item on this handy: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0391.1?af=R&utm_source=Daily+Carbon+Briefing&utm_campaign=1876b1bbd0-cb_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_876aab4fd7-1876b1bbd0-303452469
I can’t even imagine how exhausted you are! I’m just one person, 65, in So Cal, bought food, a tent, and I don’t even like camping any more – Ha ha. Thank you SO much for covering this! A great lesson for me, and many (maybe thousands) of us searching for truth but vulnerable to… More than we know. ANYWAY, Thank you for continuing to stay ON IT!!!!!! I owe you – flowers, vino, contribution? 💃🌴❤️🌴
Thank the scientists who honestly work to get the best information possible available to the public. Support NASA, NOAA, the USGS. That’s the best thanks, Roxanne.
Even Denier’s Favorite Graph Showing Big Temp Spike
Spencer adds this:
In addition to the expected tropical warmth, scattered regional warmth outside the tropics led to a record warm value for extratropical Northern Hemispheric land areas, with a whopping +1.46 C anomaly in February…fully 0.5 deg. C above any previous monthly anomaly (!)
http://climatecrocks.com/2016/03/01/even-deniers-favorite-graph-showing-big-temp-spike/
I saw this. Good for Peter.
Good quick video from NASA.
LEAD: A new NASA visualization shows the 2015 El Niño unfolding in the Pacific Ocean. The sea surface temperatures presented different patterns than seen in the 1997-1998 El Niño.
1. This visualization shows how the 1997 event started from colder-than-average sea surface temperatures – but the 2015 event started with warmer-than-average temperatures.
2. The water temperature variations also occur below the surface. And these variations were also different in 2015, compared to 1997. The red in this vizualization indicates warmer than normal temperatres and the blue is cooler.
TAG: In the past, very strong El Niño events typically transition to neutral conditions and then a La Niña event. This current El Niño has been different so it will be interesting to see what happens in the next forecast and the coming months.
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=12162
The manner in which this is progressing is a bit odd. We do still have the CFSv2 models showing a, somewhat moderate, mid Ocean El Nino by Fall. That would tend to worsen rates of global temperature increase for this decade. We’d be looking at near El Nino in 2014, El Nino in 2015, El Nino in 2016 and possible extension of El Nino into 2017.
IRI/CPC models show shift to La Nina. Which would be somewhat more favorable for a cooler decade. But given the big jump we just experienced, it’s kinda relative.
Not sure about the source, but check this out.
‘Using unofficial data and adjusting for different base-line temperatures, it appears that February 2016 was likely somewhere between 1.15 and 1.4 degrees warmer than the long-term average, and about 0.2 degrees above last month—good enough for the most above-average month ever measured. (Since the globe had already warmed by about +0.45 degrees above pre-industrial levels during the 1981-2010 base-line meteorologists commonly use, that amount has been added to the data released today.)’
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2016/03/01/february_2016_s_shocking_global_warming_temperature_record.html?
Correction, source looks pretty solid to me.
The end of February was certainly very warm. The month appears at least to be in the running with December and January — which were pretty extreme.
Christopher Burt has a great analysis of the current state of California’s drought, and a good breakdown of past El Nino years versus this one. It looks like it wasn’t the drought-buster everyone had hoped for. The bulk of west coast storms were diverted north to Washington and Oregon, leaving central California in severe drought. Seattle set precipitation records, while further south it was a different story.
http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/california-drought-update-march-1st
Well done by Dr. Burt.
Climate change institute shut down
Finnegan Schick Mar 01, 2016
After a University decision to cut all its funding, Yale’s Climate & Energy Institute will close by the end of June.
http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/03/01/climate-change-institute-shut-down/
Wow. I’d call this a pretty bad move. Big leap backward for the University.
What concerns me if that is thecase is that Peter Sinclair doesmuch of his work in conjunction with that organisation. He hasdonesome pretty effective videos recently that have been rather expose’s on the Political chicanery i relation to Climate Research. IMO Smacks of Political and or ideological mtyivation
Sorry about the poor typing, getting used to a new fangled tablet and thee print is so small for my ageing eyes
– I liken this CO episode to a surprise FIRE DRILL or response test. Strengths and weaknesses were give quite a workout. Much was learned by me.
A great effort by all – especially Robert.
For those who have asked. No connection has been found between space-based observations of atmospheric gas emissions & future large EQs
— USGS (@USGS) March 1, 2016
Excellent analogy, DT. Complete systems check, including lessons learned. You guys were fantastic information gathering support. A few new faces as well.
So, the dissipating carbon monoxide plume from the “event” abruptly disappeared at 1600 local time on 2016-03-02 from Earth Nullschool, and reasonable values appear to be restored, for current and future projections.
The huge plume is still there for the past, though. Will NASA go back and retroactively correct those images? I think they should, myself. Have they done so already, but this is not being displayed by Earth Nullschool (yet?)?
I wonder if the dissipating plume was the result of the data from EOS Terra being abruptly cut off, so that the data in error was not subsequently overridden by new real data? Maybe it would have been better just to let the system run, so that new real values could replace the predicted values?
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The Power (Paperback)
By Naomi Alderman
In The Power, the world is a recognizable place: there's a rich Nigerian boy who lounges around the family pool; a foster kid whose religious parents hide their true nature; an ambitious American politician; a tough London girl from a tricky family.
But then a vital new force takes root and flourishes, causing their lives to converge with devastating effect. Teenage girls now have immense physical power: they can cause agonizing pain and even death. And, with this small twist of nature, the world drastically resets. From award-winning author Naomi Alderman, The Power is speculative fiction at its most ambitious and provocative, at once taking us on a thrilling journey to an alternate reality, and exposing our own world in bold and surprising ways.
Naomi Alderman is the recipient of the 2017 Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction for The Power. She is also the author of The Liars' Gospel and Disobedience, which won the Orange Prize for New Writers, has been published in ten languages, and has been made into a film by Rachel Weisz.
Alderman was selected for Granta's once-a-decade list of Best of Young British Novelists and was chosen by Margaret Atwood as part of the Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative. She is the cocreator and lead writer of the bestselling smartphone audio adventure app Zombies, Run! She contributes regularly to The Guardian and presents Science Stories on BBC Radio 4. She lives in London.
Praise for THE POWER:
"Electrifying! Shocking! Will knock your socks off! Then you'll think twice, about everything."—Margaret Atwood
"Magnificent. I'm agog. I'm several gogs. Smart and scary and sad but true. It's
a classic, in the way that it's hard to imagine it ever wasn't there."—Joss Whedon
"Alderman has written our era's Handmaid's Tale, and, like Margaret Atwood's classic, The Power is one of those essential feminist works that terrifies and illuminates, enrages and encourages....This book sparks with such electric satire that you should read it wearing insulated gloves."—Ron Charles, Washington Post
"Narratively complex, philosophically searching,
and gorgeously rendered."—Lisa Shea, Elle
"Fierce and unsettling...Through immersive prose and a riveting plot, Alderman explores how power corrupts everyone: those who gain it, and those resisting its loss."—Radhika Jones, New York Times Book Review
"Richly imagined, ambitious, and propulsively
written."—Sophie Gilbert, The Atlantic
"Alderman's writing is beautiful, and her intelligence seems almost limitless. She also has a pitch-dark sense of humor that she wields perfectly."—Michael Schaub, NPR
"Alderman's tilted dystopia is a smartly layered place of slippery slopes and moral ambiguities, a fitting folktale for strange times."—Leah Greenblatt, Entertainment Weekly
"I was riveted by every page. Alderman's prose
is immersive and, well, electric, and I felt a closed circuit humming between
the book and me as I read."—Amal El-Mohtar, New York Times Book Review
"An instant classic of speculative fiction... Smart, readable and joyously achieved."
—Justine Jordan, Guardian
"Bold and disturbing...it's not just a book of the moment. The Power is a major innovation in the overlapping genres of feminist dystopia/utopia, science fiction, and speculative fiction."—Elaine Showalter, New York Review of Books
"Fans
of speculative fiction (see also: Margaret Atwood and Ben Marcus) about
empowered youth will be struck by Alderman's speedy and thorough inhabitation
of a world just different enough from ours to jolt the imagination. Mothers,
lock up your boys."—Sloane Crosley, Vanity Fair
"Alderman has the daring and good sense to
eschew go-girl uplift in favor of terrifying and complex dystopia."—Boris Kachka, Vulture/ New York Magazine
"A suspenseful thrill ride filled with deep, contrasting female leads on a scaffolding of philosophical questions about how different men and women are at heart....Reminiscent of the work of Alderman's mentor Margaret Atwood, The Power is perfect for book clubs, where readers will undoubtedly debate the finer points of nature versus nurture."—Jaclyn Fulwood, Shelf Awareness
"The Power is stupendous. It's gorgeously written, endlessly exciting, fun, and frightening."
—Ayelet Waldman, author of A Really Good Day
"The Hunger Games crossed with The Handmaid's Tale."
"What starts out as a fantasy of female empowerment deepens and darkens into an interrogation of power itself, its uses and abuses and what it does to the people who have it... Alderman's breakout work."
—Claire Armitstead, Guardian
"Outstanding... Alderman imagines a world much like ours, with one difference: teenage girls suddenly have the ability to electrocute people. This is the perfect read if you've been itching for something to get you through to season two of The Handmaid's Tale."—Melissa Ragsdale, Bustle
"The Power is at once as streamlined as a 90-minute action film and as weirdly resonant as one of Atwood's own early fictions... Alderman has conducted a brilliant thought experiment in the nature of power itself...Turning the world inside out, she reveals how one of the greatest hallmarks of power is the chance to create a mythology around how that power was used."—John Freeman, Boston Globe
"This is a thriller that terrifies and leaves behind a
lingering tingle that's part discomfort and part exhilaration. Easy to read,
hard to put down, difficult to forget."—Cory Doctorow, Boing Boing
"The Power is a subtly funny, lyrical and utterly subversive vision of an impossible future. As all the best visionaries do, Alderman shines a penetrating and yet merciful light on to our present and the so many cruelties in which we may be complicit."—A.L. Kennedy
"Please, please, PLEASE read Naomi Alderman's The Power. It'll crack your brain open in all the right ways. Such an important, timely book."
—Literary Death Match
"Audaciously depict[s]...the most extreme
results of a movement that seeks rather than interrogates power: That if
feminism has become a means for domination, it has lost its way."—Bridget Read, Vogue
"Ingenious....Deserves to be read by every woman (and, for that matter, every man)."
—Francesca Steele, The Times UK
"A page-turning thriller and timely exploration of gender roles, censorship and repressive political regimes, The Power is a must-read for today's times."—Lauren Bufferd, BookPage
"Gripping and disturbing, it pushes the reader -- even the confidently feminist reader -- to question the assumptions underlying many of the mechanisms that drive relationships between women and men."
"Alderman's storytelling is visceral and brave; you'll stay up all night reading after a thousand deals with the clock that you'll put it down after just a few more pages. Gleeful, intelligent, clever, and unflinching, The Power is the kind of book to keep a person going."—Fiona Zublin, Ozy
"A searing critique of how power is used in a world in which a long-oppressed class can suddenly fight back."—Renay Williams, Barnes & Noble Blog
"By gleefully replacing the protocols of one gender with another, Alderman has created a thrilling narrative stuffed with provocative scenarios and thought experiments. The Power is a blast."
—Suzi Feay, Financial Times UK
"When we say that The Power is profoundly disturbing and you may well want to argue with it as you read, we mean that in a good way."
—SFX, Five Stars
Publisher: Back Bay Books
Publication Date: January 8th, 2019
Fiction / Dystopian
Hardcover (Spanish) (September 30th, 2017): $19.95
Paperback (Korean) (February 21st, 2020): $38.30
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Sean Vs. Wild
Recorded in kitchens, garages, and studio apartments all across the country, drummer of Uh Huh Baby Yeah and pop culture enthusiast Sean Thriller Smith takes on the wild world of podcasting with "Sean Vs. Wild". Party with Sean as he sits down with up-and-comers, current stars, and legends in the fields of music, movies, modeling, art, and entertainment to discuss life on the road, argue over movies, and deliver insights to influence and inspire others to follow their dreams. All while enjoying a cold beverage or two. Tune In and Wild Out!
Now displaying: July, 2017
EP31 - Foxbat Returns! - Clay Nevels & Joe Brock - Sean Vs Wild Podcast 0
It's Episode 31 and the Smithsonian is transformed into the Batcave as Clay Nevels & Joe Brock of FOXBAT return to the Sean Vs Wild Podcast! Join the gang as they discuss music, getting hustled by children, finding underwear in your front yard, the next iconic band in Rock music, Vanilla Ice's greatest cinematic moments, the importance of writing huge bridges, and the simplistic magic of early 80's music videos. Later on in the show, Foxbat debuts their brutal new untitled single, and answers your questions from social media! Tune in, turn up, prepare to laugh and get wild on this brand new episode of the Sean Vs Wild Podcast!
FOXBAT LINKS:
http://www.facebook.com/foxbatband
SEAN'S LINKS:
Site - http://www.seanvswild.com
Itunes - https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/sean-vs.-wild/id1192530869
Google Play - https://play.google.com/music/m/Iqdwyk4q6aqnzzqffdeoql2n7kq?t=Sean_Vs_Wild
iHeartRadio: https://www.iheart.com/show/263-sean-vs-wild/
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/seanvswild
Instagram - @SeanVsWildPodcast
Twitter - @SeanVsWild
TuneIn - http://tunein.com/radio/Sean-Vs-Wild-p1009380/
Today's podcast is brought to you by AUDIOPHILE INK. You're going to want to use AUDIOPHILE INK for all your screenprinting needs. Shirts, hats, sweatshirts, hoodies, track shorts, underoos, Audiophile Ink can print em all. Audiophile Ink is located in the heart of Louisville, KY. and ships to all 50 states. So whether you're in my neck of the woods, or you're across the country, Audiophile Ink has you covered. High Quality, Competitive Prices, printed on the brands you want, you're not going to find a better deal than Audiophile Ink! Check it out at http://www.audiophileink.com
EP30 - Brittney Slayes - Unleash The Archers - Sean Vs Wild Podcast 0
It's Episode 30 and this week Sean is joined in the "Virtual Smithsonian" by Brittney Slayes, vocalist extraordinaire of Canada's Unleash The Archers! Brittney stops in to chat about music, Stranger Things, Dungeons & Dragons, her favorite comic books, how she maintains her powerhouse vocals on tour, recording in Denmark, hanging out with falcons and eagles, and she gives us all the inside deetz behind the concept of the band's newest release "APEX". Later, we enjoy the brutal metallic sounds of the album's opening track "Awakening", and discuss the time Sean ended up with a trashbag full of free bagels. Tune In, Turn Up, Rock Out, and Get Wild on this week's episode of the Sean Vs Wild Podcast!
BRITTNEY'S LINKS:
http://www.unleashthearchers.com
http://unleashthearchers.bandcamp.com
http://www.facebook.com/unleashthearchers
Merch - http://unleashthearchers.bigcartel.com
Twitter: @UnleashArchers - @BrittneyPotPie
IG: @BrittneySlayes
EP29 - Erica Sellers aka Betty Dead - The Dead Deads - Sean Vs Wild Podcast 0
Tune in as Sean is joined this week by Erica Sellers aka Betty Dead, guitarist for Nashville-based band The Dead Deads! Harnessing the power of modern age technology, Sean and Erica chat in the Virtual Smithsonian about her experiences playing in an all female rock 'n roll band, touring with Motorhead and Bush, the power of asking for what you want, working at a record pressing plant, how she got into music, the origin of the Dead Deads trademark X's, braces and jelly bracelets, and the infrastructure of Nashville. Later in the show, Erica debuts the newest Dead Deads single "Nothing Will Be Fine" and the duo discuss their favorite cooking television shows, Taco Bell surveys, and devise a gameplan to be able to afford eating at fancier restaurants. Tune In, Turn Up, and Rock Out on this week's episode of the Sean Vs Wild Podcast!
Betty's Links:
http://www.thedeaddeads.com
http://www.facebook.com/thedeaddeads
http://longlivethedeaddeads.bandcamp.com
Twitter: @TheDeadDeads
IG: @TheDeadDeads
EP28 - Jared Howell - Light Treasons / Return of the Living Podcast - Sean Vs Wild Podcast 0
It's Episode 28 and Sean is joined in the Smithsonian this Independence Day by Jared Howell of Light Treasons! Jared sits down with Sean to discuss the release of the new album "FORTUNES" (OUT NOW!), give insight into what inspired the album, discuss growing up in the music scene together, playing shows in bakeries and bowling alleys, his favorite version of KISS, and Jared debuts the newest Light Treasons joint "The Rebel". Later in the show, Jared discusses his podcast (Return of the Living Podcast), and his passion for Haunted Houses! Tune in and turn up for the newest episode of the Sean Vs Wild Podcast!
Pick up the new Light Treasons album "FORTUNES" here:
https://lighttreasons.bandcamp.com/album/fortunes
Jared's Links:
http://www.lighttreasons.com
http://www.facebook.com/lighttreasons
Twitter: @LightTreasons
IG: @LightTreasons
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Green, least concern
Best Time to See
Flowers from June to September
Natural Habitat
Almost any grassy habitat
Often found in parks, banks and lawns – any type of grassland habitat – white clover is the commonest of the clovers.
The leaves have the archetypal ‘cloverleaf’ shape: three rounded leaflets often with a pale band. As it’s name suggests, the flowers are white and form a cluster.
Common across the UK.
Vernacular names include Milky blobs, Sheepy-maa’s and Bee-bread. The latter name “Bee-bread” derives from the fact that the white flowers can be pulled out of the heads and sucked for a bead of honey.
Four- and, even better, five-leaved clovers are considered lucky, though ideally you must come across them accidentally. They were pressed and used as bookmarks in prayer books in parts of Buckinghamshire.
www.plantlife.org.uk for more information
SHOP FOR White clover
CLOUD MEADOW
Cloud Meadow is a selection of beautiful all white-flowering native wildflowers that are hugely beneficial to bees and butterflies! Each seed ball contains approximately 150 seeds from a mix of Meadow Sweet, Oxeye Daisy, White Campion, White Clover, and Yarrow. See Full Listing.
PLANTLIFE MIX
The ideal mix for garden flower beds! Curated by wildflower conservation organisation Plantlife, this mix includes five native wildflowers that are most likely to thrive in the nutrient rich soils commonly found in our gardens. Proceeds from the sale of every tin go directly to supporting Plantlife’s new nature reserve – Greena Moor in Cornwall. Do pop across to our conservation pages for more information on our work with Plantlife. See Full Listing.
MUM'S MEADOW
A super wildflower gift tin for your Mum 🙂 This limited edition design is based on our Plantlife Mix – five native wildflowers that are most likely to thrive in the nutrient rich soils commonly found in our gardens. Proceeds from the sale of every tin go directly to supporting Plantlife’s new nature reserve – Greena Moor in Cornwall. See Full Listing.
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A Comprehensive Approach to Will Writing
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By Feisty Ash
See all Articles by Amy DyslexSee Amy Dyslex's Expert PageGet Updates on FamilyGet Updates on Amy Dyslex
You can make your own will in your life because you don’t want the local or state courts to decide how much portion of your wealth goes to who. Writing a will is one of the best things you can do for ensuring a sound life of your loved ones after you are gone.
Requirements for Writing a Will
Before writing a will, you need to make certain that you are in sound mental and physical health and of contractual capacity. However, every will is prone to scrutiny and legal procedures after the death of the will writer.
Using Free Will Forms: Printable/ Non-Printable/ Downloadable
Free will forms both printable and non-printable are available for download on the internet by type and kind. However, it is always recommended that one consults legal help or a lawyer for soliciting a will.
Legal Procedure of Will Writing for Canada, California, Texas and Louisiana
How to Write a Will in Canada?
Writing a will in Canada is a comparatively less binding legal procedure where you can create your own will but involving your estate lawyer or getting legal advice is still a better idea. You can find the guide steps for drafting a Canadian will here and here.
How to Write a Will in California?
To write your own will as a state resident of California follow the step wise guide provided here. However, as a cautionary note, please remember that writing your own will may result in unintended consequences, misinterpretation and perhaps litigation where probate might be unavoidable.
How to Write a Will in Texas?
To write your own will as a state resident of Texas follow the step wise guide provided here. The will might still need witnesses, executioners and other legally binding requirements to be considered complete.
How to Write a Will in Louisiana?
To write your own will as a state resident of Louisiana follow the step wise guidelines provided here while the legal requirements of Louisiana wills can be found here.
Helpful Resources for Drafting a Will or Testament
Generally, there are four ways that make the task of writing a will easier for you. You can opt for any of these methods to get your will prepared accurately and in least possible time.
By hiring a solicitor and depending on his mastery
Download or purchase a do-it-yourself will software
Avail the services of a writer who specializes in writing wills
Take help from the online will writing services
Online will writing service is becoming increasingly popular because it costs less than the fee of a solicitor and will drafting software such as WH Smith.
Types and Formats of Wills
Handwritten or Holographic Wills
Although it is preferred by most courts that a typed will should be made by an individual in his life. However, in some cases, handwritten wills are also accepted although they are not usually drafted on a standard pattern.
While writing a handwritten will, the testator (person who writes a will) must ensure that he writes it in blue ink so that the original can be distinguished from photocopies.
A codicil is an addition to a will. People add codicils to their wills when they want to make any amendments or additions in their previous decisions. Codicil saves the testator from writing a completely new will once again. It is also signed and witnessed like the original will.
Statutory wills are those which are based on standard terms and phrases as per the court of law to simplify the process. This type of will comes in printed form on which the testator is required to fill in checks and blanks.
Oral Wills
Oral Wills are the least authentic of all types of wills and acceptable only in a few regions.
Joint or Mutual Wills
Joint or mutual wills are usually written by married couples and refers to the distribution of mutually owned property. In case of this type of will, if one of the spouses dies, the other is given the right of ownership of all the property.
Sample Will Format /Template
You can download sample free will templates from the list provided below:
Last Will or Testament Template
Living Will Template
Legal Will Template
Feisty Ash is the author of this article. To get more on how to write a will, feel free to visit www.writeawriting.com.
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Why Same Day Delivery Gifts Must be Your Last-minute Choice
3 Things that Children Can Help Us in Running A Business
>> See All Articles On Family
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How to Make Good Life Decisions (from 'Steps to Success, Prosperity and Happiness')
By Craig Lock (Eagle Productions Books)
See all Articles by Craig LockSee Craig Lock's Expert PageGet Updates on Self Help Books Get Updates on Craig Lock
Article Title: How to Make Good Life Decisions (from 'Steps to Success, Prosperity and Happiness')
Shared by: Craig Lock
Category (key words): Decisions, Self Help, Personal Growth, Self Help Books, Empowerment, Communication.
Web Site: http://www.amazon.com/-/e/B005GGMAW4
The submitter's blogs (with extracts from his various writings: articles, books and new manuscripts) are at http://craigsblogs.wordpress.
(Personal growth, self help, writing, internet marketing, spiritual, 'spiritual writings' (how 'airey-fairey'), words of inspiration and money management, how
boring now, craig)
We hope that the following article (an extract from Craig's very "wacky" manuscript, 'STEPS TO SUCCESS, PROSPERITY AND HAPPINESS') written "many moons ago" may be informative and helpful to your ezine readers, or on your web site. If it helps others "out there" in any way, then we're very happy.
"We share what we know, so that we all may grow."
HOW TO MAKE GOOD DECISIONS
and especially the really important ones...
Life is full of decisions; we make hundreds of them every day. Most are automatic and minor ones. However, occasionally we are compelled to make vitally important decisions about major life-goals. These decisions are often practical or ethical ones. For example, we occasionally have to take major decisions like choosing a marriage partner (assuming they'll take you, that is), choosing to leave a partner in marriage, or decisions about what to do with your life (spent most of my life struggling with that one!).
HINTS IN DECISION MAKING (not that I'm the expert decision maker - by a long "chalk"). Yes, teacher.
A positive attitude to life helps make major decision making far easier and less stressful. Here are some general hints on decision making (although it's one of my weakest areas); but I'm trying hard to improve...
1. Get rid of your mental blocks.
2. Give up the notion that there is only one 'right solution' to the problem/dilemma you are confronting.
3. Don't fear making a mistake.
4. View your problems as a normal part of life (is that possible?).
5. See yourself not as an indecisive person; but rather someone who sometimes behaves indecisively...that's a rather kind way of putting it.
6. Develop your intuition and logic, but listen to what your heart says (gut feeling).
7. Stop and think before you act. Stop yourself doing the first thing you think of. That's me for sure!
9. Know what your goals and your values are, the principles of your existence, before taking a major life decision. Ask yourself if the ideal outcome is in alignment with your values.
10. Write down all the positive and negative factors for and against taking a particular course of action. Benjamin Franklin did it in two columns when confronted with major decisions.
11. Think how the decision will benefit YOU first. Do what you and not what other people really want.
12. Try to think calmly and rationally (very difficult for me!).
13 ("lucky"). Do your homework and get all the facts before you make the decision.
14. Get opinions and feedback from others you trust; but don't let them make the decision for you.
15. Establish priorities and "soul-search" (for a "soulmate"??). Ask yourself what are the critical factors? What is the single most
important consideration?
16. Trust your impulses, your "gut-feelings".
17. Don't take your decision too seriously; nothing is that important, no matter how much it appears like that to you. Ask yourself how much will it really matter in one, five or ten years time? Remember, no decision is irreversible; if you find out some way down the track that you've taken the wrong course. But some decisions are pretty important: finding another lover, or trading in the "old man" (I chose that word very carefully; so I
wouldn't be beaten up by the feminists - I am a 55 kg. "hen-pecked" weakling, who has stopped going to the beach, because I always get sand kicked in my face!). After that long soliloquay... Great long word that (hope I spelt it correctly). And a nice name for a girl!
18. Look for OPPORTUNITIES in any decision. Each "mistake" is an`opportunity to learn. I've launched into a writing "career" from a "mistake" coming to the other side of the world. Crazy wife! A problem became a great opportunity to do something I'd never ever thought of (is it the "winds of fate", "the unseen hand of God", perhaps). If you are making mistakes, you are not learning and growing. So say to yourself, "it doesn't really matter", or "so what"...then "get into this world".
19. Accept total responsibility for your decisions. Responsibility is not BLAME - so don't blame others for putting yourself in this predicament. Sorry 'wif'! This attitude helps to relieve your anger or resentment and gives one peace of mind.
20. Change course if your strategy is not working - the quality of your life is at stake. My mistake is that I persist on a chosen course for far too long at times, like writing! Learn when to correct your direction. "If you don't change direction, you'll end up where you're heading".
Bear in mind that pilots are off course on their flight-path 90% of the time... but they still arrive at their destination. Usually! When driving you are also continually making little corrections; so there's a glimmer of hope for me yet.
21. Be prepared to take a few risks in life. Look out for opportunities. Every successful business or venture started out with an idea which was a risk. Nothing is infallible. The knowledge that you can handle anything that comes your way is your key to allowing yourself to take risks. Security is a state of mind. It's not having things, it's handling things.
22. Look ahead to the future - the past is already gone.* See the path ahead as an adventure into the unknown and a time for challenge (unpredented).
23. NB:
Before making major life decisions, meditate or pray (if you are a "religious/spiritual type") about them. Listen to the still voice within, your
soul, the "voice of God"... because that is "divine (or highest) wisdom."
Edwin Hubbel Chapin once said: "Every action of our lives touches on
some chord that will vibrate in eternity."
And that is the definition of a legacy.
The key is choosing the right pathways for YOU. You are where you are today, as a result of the decisions you made yesterday (and the days before)...and where you will be tomorrow, will arise from your decisions you make today.
Cheers to your good... and perhaps even great decisions you will make in the
future...
and in so doing you may even leave a legacy by lighting a torch
for future generations!
Remember one of my favourite inspirational quotations...
"Be bold and unseen forces comes to ones aid".
Shine that bright light that is within you.
Live, love and be happy
Craig Lock (Eagle Productions Books: "Information and Inspiration Distributors, Incorrigible Encouragers and People-builders")
"Your belief determines your action and your action determines your results, but first you have to believe."
- Mark Victor Hansen
"God, the Source of Life", will never give you a desire, a vision, an individual dream without your having the ability/potential for it to come to pass."
- craig
"The task ahead of you can always be overcome by the power within you...and the often seemingly difficult or even
"impassible") path ahead of you is never as steep with the great spirit that lies within you.
"Empowering others through the power of words and thought energy. Together, one mind, one life at a time, let's see how many people we can impact, encourage, empower, uplift and perhaps even inspire to reach their fullest potentials."
Don't worry about the world ending today...
it's already tomorrow in little scenic and tranquil New Zealand
PPS: I love the following quotations...
"We make a living by what we get...but we make a life by what we give."
- Norman MacEwan
"The past is history, the future is a mystery, and this moment is
the gift, that is why this moment is called the present."
- anon
Craig believes in (and loves) sharing information and insights to try to make some difference in this world: to help and especially encourage people along life's magical journey to live their dreams and be all they can be... and that brings him the greatest joy. He truly believes in the great potential of people and their humanity to make a better and more peaceful world. http://www.craiglockbooks.comhttp://www.selfgrowth.com/experts/craig_loc...
The various books that Craig "felt inspired to write" are available at http://www.amazon.com/-/e/B005GGMAW4 https://www.xinxii.com/adocs.php?aid=16831 http://www.creativekiwis.com/books.html http://www.smashwords.com/profile/view/craiglock and www.lulu.com/craiglock
Hard-copies and e-books, fiction and nonfiction: self help, novels, travel, humour, writing, inspiration and money management
All proceeds go to needy and underprivileged children - MINE!
"A book is small enough to hold in your hand; but when you read it, the walls fall away and you're in a room as big as the world."
Make Your Own Job: Anytime, Anywhere, At Any Age A Business Softcover, E-Book, and Audio Book
The Power of Knowing Your Purpose in Life
How to Build Confidence When You’re An Introvert
“I Have To Become Someone Else. I Have To Become Something Else”
How to live in the present and the best books on mindfulness
The Utmost Importance of Prophetic Affirmations
Difference Between Fiberglass Air Filters and Pleated Air Filters
How to earn money by selling college notes?
Promoting Self-care: Four Reasons Why Taking Care of One’s Self is Essential
>> See All Articles On Self Help Books
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EU, UK Each Demand Concessions as Post-Brexit Talks Stall
Business, Digest
British and EU negotiators have dug in their heels and each is demanding more concessions from the other as post-Brexit trade talks dragged on into Sunday, deadlocked on fishing rights.Sources from each side said that unless the other backed down on access to U.K. waters, Britain would leave the single market at midnight December 31 without a deal on cross-channel commerce.”We’re continuing to try every possible path to an agreement, but without a substantial shift from the [European] Commission we will be leaving on WTO terms on 31 December,” a British government source said.But an EU diplomat told Agence France-Presse that Brussels had made Britain its last offer on fishing and it was down now to U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson to decide whether he wanted a deal.”If Britain doesn’t accept the latest EU offer, it will be a ‘no deal’ over fish,” he warned. A European official said: “It’s very blocked.”The tough talk came as both sides engaged in intense negotiations to secure a pact before the end of the month. No deal would risk chaos at EU and U.K. borders, where a pre-deadline rush has caused long lines of lorries.Observers, however, noted that the fishing issue was about finding middle ground between offer and counteroffer in an economically small sector, while the much bigger other main issue, on guaranteeing fair trade competition rules, was closer to settlement.”It’s all down to numbers now,” the European diplomat said.British chief negotiator David Frost arrives at the U.K. delegation office for Brexit talks in Brussels, Dec. 19, 2020. EU fishing rights in British waters were proving to be a hurdle to securing a post-Brexit trade deal.The EU’s lead negotiator, Michel Barnier, has proposed that EU fishermen give up nearly a quarter of the value of the fish they currently catch in U.K. waters. Britain is understood to be holding out for getting back much more than half.The U.K. has suggested this compromise last for three years before it is renegotiated, whereas Europe is holding out for double that.Fishermen ‘sold down the river’EU fishermen fear losing any access to the rich U.K. fishing waters will threaten their livelihoods.”We are in the throes of being sold down the river,” the European Fisheries Alliance said in a statement, urging Barnier to stick to protecting them. “The shape of a deal as currently stands would give a huge blow to the European seafood sector, which is made up of more than 18,000 fishermen and 3,500 vessels with an annual turnover of 20.7 billion euros.”Time is very short to reach an accord. The European Parliament has highlighted a deadline of midnight (2300 GMT) on Sunday to receive a deal for review if its members are to ratify it before the end of the year.Their U.K. parliamentary counterparts are in recess but can be recalled within 48 hours to do likewise.But EU capitals are not binding themselves to the European Parliament’s deadline.France’s European affairs minister, Clement Beaune, said talks would not be called to a halt if they dragged out past Sunday night.’Concerns’ Britain not readyThe urgency of reaching a deal is seen in long lines of trucks at the freight rail link through the Channel tunnel as British companies frantically stockpile.A group of U.K. MPs warned Saturday that Britain had not installed the complex IT systems and port infrastructure needed to ensure trade with the EU runs smoothly.Some disruption is inevitable, deal or no deal, with British and European firms needing to fill out import-export, health and tax forms to send and receive goods to each other.A deal would avoid tariffs but there would still be traffic snarls as checks on truck loads and drivers’ papers are carried out.
UN Report: Ukrainian Measures to Slow COVID-19 Are Inadequate
Trump Downplays Suspected Russia-led Hack
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Browsing Natural Resources Newsletter (1974) by Title
Natural Resources Newsletter (1974)
2Harnessing financial and technical resources in support of the monitoring of the millennium development goals in African countries3: opening remarks by Mr. Abdoulie Janneh United Nations Under Secretary General and Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa 18 January 2010 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa.
“Janneh, Abdoulie; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (2010-01). 2Harnessing financial and technical resources in support of the monitoring of the millennium development goals in African countries3: opening remarks by Mr. Abdoulie Janneh United Nations Under Secretary General and Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa 18 January 2010 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. UN. ECA Statistical Commission for Africa Meeting (2nd : 2010, Jan. 17-22 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/31070"
'Zero Ebola infection' target requires long-term resources - ECA Chief
“United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (2015-02). 'Zero Ebola infection' target requires long-term resources - ECA Chief. Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/35885"
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Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction as an alternative to the official method for the analysis of organic micro-pollutants in drinking water
Live attenuated yellow fever 17D infects human DCs and allows for presentation of endogenous and recombinant T cell epitopes
Publication : Journal of medical microbiology
Identification and characterization of an immunogenic 22 kDa exported protein of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Member: Brigitte Gicquel
Published in Journal of medical microbiology - 01 Nov 2005
Dupont C, Thompson K, Heuer C, Gicquel B, Murray A
J. Med. Microbiol. 2005 Nov;54(Pt 11):1083-92
An exported 22 kDa putative lipoprotein was identified in an alkaline phosphatase gene fusion library of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis. The full nucleic acid sequence of the gene encoding P22 was determined and the ORF was cloned into a mycobacterial expression vector, enabling full-length P22 to be produced as a C-terminal polyhistidine-tagged protein in M. smegmatis. N-terminal sequencing of the recombinant protein confirmed cleavage of a signal sequence. Native P22 was detected in culture supernatants and cell sonicates of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain 316F using rabbit antibody raised to recombinant P22. Investigation of the presence of similar genes in other mycobacterial species revealed that the gene was present in Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and similar genes existed in Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Database searches showed that P22 belonged to the LppX/LprAFG family of mycobacterial lipoproteins also found in Mycobacterium leprae and in members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. P22 shared less than 75% identity to these proteins. Recombinant P22 was able to elicit interferon-gamma secretion in blood from eight of a group of nine sheep vaccinated with a live attenuated strain of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (strain 316F) compared to none from a group of five unvaccinated sheep. Antibody to P22 was detected by Western blot analysis in 10 out of 11 vaccinated sheep, in two out of two clinically affected cows and in 11 out of 13 subclinically infected cows.
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Online platform to match struggling councils with private sector
By Olivia Rutherford | 14 April 2020 | Add a Comment
An online platform will launch later this week matching local authorities facing challenges in maintaining their waste collection services during the Covid-19 outbreak with private contractors that have spare capacity.
The match-making service WasteSupport, developed by the Chartered Institution of Wastes Management (CIWM), will enable authorities to indicate where they need service capacity support, equipment such as PPE (personal protective equipment) or vehicle maintenance engineers. In turn, commercial waste collection firms will indicate via the ‘virtual marketplace’ resources they can supply.
The site will only be accessible to local authorities and licensed or permitted waste operators, with all users required to prove their credentials in order to gain access. Once verified, users will be able to search services provided or needed. Where a match is found, users will have access to contact details, allowing them to begin discussions with a potential partner.
Waste services have been experiencing disruption as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, with services such as garden waste and bulky waste collections being suspended to ensure that high-priority services can continue to be delivered. Defra has published guidance (7 April) for local authorities on which waste and recycling collection services to prioritise during the outbreak.
The platform has been developed in line with public procurement rules, particularly regulation 32(2)(c) of the Public Contract Regulations 2015, which permits an easement of normal public procurement procedures for short contracts ‘for reasons of extreme urgency brought about by events unforeseeable by the contracting authority’, such as the Covid-19 outbreak. The government recently published guidance for local authorities on using this provision, entitled, ‘Procurement Policy Note 01/20: Responding to COVID-19’.
Supporting collaborative working
Commenting on the challenges the coronavirus pandemic has brought to the waste collection sector, Trevor Nicoll, CIWM President and Head of Greater Cambridge Shared Waste Service said: “Local authorities are facing staff shortages as waste operatives are having to self-isolate, either as a precautionary measure or because they are unwell. This may lead to councils having to temporarily change the type or frequency of collection services they offer, as well as place pressure on other waste-related services.
“In parallel, many commercial waste companies are finding that their commercial waste collection workload has reduced as many businesses temporarily close and are faced with having to furlough staff. WasteSupport is intended to bridge this gap and support collaborative working that will benefit both the public and private sector in these difficult times.”
The platform brings together cross sector support from Association of Directors of Environment, Economy, Planning and Transport (ADEPT), the Environmental Services Association (ESA), the Local Authority Recycling Advisory Committee (LARAC), the London Waste and Recycling Board (LWARB), the United Resource Operators Consortium (UROC) and the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), in discussion with the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).
ESA Executive Director Jacob Hayler said: “Although the private sector is still delivering on the frontline of council waste services, many operators have additional resources which are now under-utilised, since commercial and industrial business has declined as household waste volumes ramp up during this crisis. These resources could be put to better use serving pressured local authorities, so this platform provides a great match-making tool to bring both halves of this equation together.”
Wayne Hubbard, Chief Executive Officer of LWARB, said: “LWARB is really pleased to be part of this initiative. It’s fantastic that the whole sector is working together and pulling in the ame direction to support each other and the country to overcome the challenge of the Covid pandemic. When we come through this crisis, I hope we come out stronger as a sector, with new partnerships and open to new opportunities which will help us tackle the larger threat of climate change.”
Jennifer Watts, Chief Executive of UROC, added: “UROC represents independent waste and resource operators and has been inundated with offers from members to help wherever and however they can. The ability for the private sector to respond dynamically and flexibly to waste management needs will be key to making the marketplace a success in connecting the right people in the right places.”
Once WasteSupport goes live, the sign-up link will be shared by partner networks to their members and on their websites.
Dorset Council calls for local views on new waste management centre
Plans include a household recycling centre designed to improve accessibility for local residents
Birmingham council refuse workers in strike vote over cuts
Refuse collection workers in Birmingham have gone to vote over strike action over proposed job cuts amid accusations of council financial mismanagement.
All Carmarthenshire households to receive food waste bin liners
Carmarthenshire County Council has announced that it will be delivering food waste caddy liners to homes across the county from the start of October.
Somerset Waste Partnership ending Keir contract early to implement ‘Recycle More’ strategy
Somerset Waste Partnership will bring an early end to its waste contract with environmental services provider Keir in 2020 in order to implement its ambitious ‘Recycle More’ strategy.
Councils plan to reopen HWRCs in ‘controlled’ manner
Local authorities are planning for a “controlled and consistent” reopening of Household Waste Recycling Centres (HWRCs) once the government publishes its strategy for exiting the Covid-19 lockdown, according to the latest ADEPT local authority impact survey.
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John Lewis to launch new in store spa concept
John Lewis is to launch a brand new in store beauty spa concept called &Beauty.
To be launched at the retailer’s new multi-million pound Birmingham shop when it opens on 24 September, the new John Lewis branded venture will provide a range of salon services and spa treatments.
Customers will be offered a choice of more than 100 treatments with trained stylists and therapists across hair, beauty and spa ranges. This will include express treatments such as manicures, blow dries, pedicures and waxing, to more lengthy services such as facials, massages and hair colour.
The new concept is the latest step in the retailer’s plans to expand the services and experiences within its shops. The announcement follows the success of smaller Beauty Retreats in four John Lewis shops which host a collection of beauty brands, each with their own treatment room.
Paula Nickolds, buying and brand director at John Lewis said: “We know that today shoppers want more than just products when they walk through our shop doors; they also want a space where they can enjoy new experiences and relax with friends and family. We always strive to offer our customers an exciting and inspiring shopping experience and today’s announcement builds on this ambition.
“Our existing beauty and spa offers have been really successful and we wanted to find a way to take these to the next level. We are confident our customers will agree that this is achieved through &Beauty and believe that it will appeal to customers wanting to pop in for a manicure right through to those who want to spend a whole afternoon treating themselves. Birmingham will be our most innovative shop to date and we’re looking forward to revealing our new spa concept when it opens in September.”
Customers will be able to book appointments in store, online and over the phone from mid-September.
Marks & Spencer triggers local anger after confirming store closures
Morrisons hires former Tesco executive Gary Mills as group retail director
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The Public Intelligence Agency
§ 1 – Which type(s) of Tort or Breach of Contract occurred, and which type of Liability exists?
Tort – a wrongful (“tortious”) act that causes a private injury:
Torts – related terms:
Tort Reform – a movement to reduce the amount of tort litigation, usually involving legislation to restrict remedies or capping damages
tortfeasor – someone who commits a tort
tortious – constituting a tort; wrongful; injurious
Tortious Act – an act that subjects the actor to liability under the principles of tort law
Tortious Conduct – an act or omission that subjects the actor to liability under the principles of tort law
Tort-of-Another Doctrine – allows courts to award litigation-related expenses (e.g. attorney’s fees) to a prevailing party forced to bring or defend a suit against a third party for a tort committed by someone else who refused to bring or defend the lawsuit
Basic Classifications of Torts:
intentional tort – committed with intent (i.e. battery, false imprisonment, trespass)
prima facie tort – an unjustified, intentional infliction of harm on another, resulting in damages, by an act(s) that would otherwise be lawful
maritime tort – committed within admiralty jurisdiction (on navigable waters)
mass tort – injures many people (i.e. toxic chemicals, commercial airliner crash)
negligent tort – committed by failure to observe the standard of care required by law under the circumstances
negligence – failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would have exercised
Degrees of Negligence – typically classified as simple, ordinary, gross, or slight negligence:
ordinary negligence – failure to exercise the degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in similar circumstances; failure to use ordinary care or due care
(due) diligence – persevering effort to accomplish one’s business, duty, etc.
ordinary (reasonable) care – the degree of care that a prudent and competent person engaged in the same line of business or endeavor would exercise under similar circumstances
“gross,” “criminal,” or “culpable” negligence – conscious, wanton, reckless disregard for the probability that death or injury could result from one’s actions
slight negligence – failure to exercise the degree of care expected of an extraordinarily prudent person, resulting in liability in special circumstances (esp. those involving bailments or carriers)
reasonable person test – a hypothetical person used as a legal standard, especially to determine if someone acted with negligence
Assessing Liability in Negligence Cases:
comparative negligence (doctrine) – reduces a plaintiff’s recovery proportionally to the plaintiff’s degree of fault in causing the damage, rather than barring recovery completely
pure comparative-negligence doctrine – an absolute, literal translation of the comparative negligence doctrine that is adopted by a court
hybrid comparative negligence doctrine – a court’s adoption of the comparative negligence doctrine, wherein, if the plaintiff’s negligence is great enough (usually 50%), the plaintiff is barred from recovering damages
contributory negligence doctrine – completely bars a plaintiff’s recovery if the damage suffered is partly the plaintiff’s own fault; in most jurisdictions, this defense has been superseded by the comparative negligence doctrine
Types of Negligence:
malpractice – negligence or incompetence on the part of a professional (i.e. by an attorney or physician)
public tort – a minor breach of the law (i.e. a parking violation) that carries a criminal punishment even though its considered a civil offense because it is merely a prohibited act and not inherently reprehensible conduct
quasi-tort – when one who did not directly commit the wrong is liable, such as an employer for a tort committed by an employee
Various Types of Torts § 1:
Abuse of Litigation Procedures (Torts):
malicious defense – defendant’s use of unfair, harassing, or illegal tactics to advance a frivolous or unmeritorious defense
malicious prosecution (use of process) – institution of a criminal or civil proceeding for an improper purpose, without probable cause
abuse of discretion (denial of justice) – an adjudicator or appellate court’s failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal decision-making, unsupported by the evidence
arbitrary and capricious – a concept which permits a court to substitute its judgment for that of an administrative agency’s unreasonable decision which ignores the law or facts of the case
capricious (caprice) – contrary to the evidence or established rules of law; whimsical rather than logistic
abuse of process – improper, intentional, tortious use of civil or criminal process to obtain a result that is either unlawful or beyond the purpose for which such process was designed
discovery abuse – misuse of the pretrial discovery process, especially by (1) requesting unnecessary information; (2) requesting information for an improper purpose; or (3) failing to respond adequately to a proper discovery request
vexatious suit – instituted maliciously and without good grounds, meant to create trouble and expense for the party being sued
Family Law Torts:
Marital Tort – a tort by one spouse against the other (i.e. assault and battery, transmission of STDs, emotional distress)
Preconception Tort – committed before the victim has been conceived
Prenatal Tort – committed against a fetus (including torts a child can sue for after being born)
government tort – committed by a government employee, agent, or instrumentality:
Constitutional Tort – a violation of one’s constitutional rights by a government officer, redressable by a civil action filed directly against the officer
official misconduct – a public officer’s violation of duty by malfeasance, misfeasance, or nonfeasance
feasance – the doing or accomplishment of an act, condition, or obligation
Malfeasance – a wrongful, unlawful, or dishonest act; especially by a public official
abuse of power – misuse or improper exercise one’s authority in a way that is tortious, unlawful, or outside its proper scope
Misfeasance – the performance of a duty or act which one ought or has a right to do, but in a way that infringes on the rights of others
nonfeasance – the negligent failure to act when a duty to act exists
malice exception – a limit on public officials’ qualified immunity, whereby they can face civil liability for willfully exercising discretion in a way that violates a known or well-established right
qualified immunity – a public official’s immunity from civil liability when performing a discretionary function, as long as the conduct does not violate a clearly established constitutional or statutory right
tortious denial of benefits – the improper, often baseless refusal to recognize a valid claim for financial assistance
Tort Claims Acts – federal and state Acts of Congress that waive sovereign immunity, thus allowing governments to be sued for torts committed by its employees and agents
28 U.S.C. § 1346 – United States as defendant
28 U.S.C. §2401 – Time for commencing action against United States:
Civil Complaints against Federal Agencies or Officials must be filed within 6 years of the injury (some exceptions)
Toxic and Environmental Torts:
Environmental Tort – involves exposure to disagreeable or harmful environmental conditions or harm to & degradation of an environment (i.e. land, water, air)
Toxic Tort – a civil wrong arising from exposure to a toxic substance, such as asbestos, radiation, or hazardous waste
Business Tort – a tort that impairs some aspect of an economic interest or business relationship, causing economic loss rather than property damage or bodily harm
Tortious Interference with Prospective Advantage – an intentional, damaging intrusion on another’s potential business relationship, such as the opportunity of obtaining customers or employment
Personal Tort – injury to one’s person, reputation, or feelings
Dignitary Tort – injury to one’s reputation or honor (defamation)
Property Tort – the unlawful interference by one person with the enjoyment by another of his private property, including property loss or damage to such property
Sanctions Tort – a means of recovery for another party’s discovery abuse, whereby the judge orders the abusive party to pay a fine to the injured party for the discovery violation
Tortious Battery – a nonconsensual, intentional, and offensive touching of another, but not necessarily with the intent to do harm or offense as required in a criminal battery
Tortious Interference with Contractual Relations – a third party’s intentional inducement of a contracting party to break a contract, causing damage to the relationship between the contracting parties
breach of contract – violation of a contractual obligation, or interfering with another party’s performance
breach of covenant – violation of an express or implied promise, usually in a contract; a duty to either to do or not do an act
Immediate Breach – a breach of contract that entitles the nonbreaching party to sue immediately
Anticipatory Breach – a breach of contract caused by a party’s unequivocal indication that the party will not perform when performance is due; the nonbreaching party may elect to treat the repudiation as an immediate breach and sue for damages
Total Breach – a breach of contract which goes to the whole consideration, for which the remedial rights provided by law may be substituted for all the existing contractual rights, by the injured party
Material Breach – a breach of contract sufficiently substantial to give the injured party the right to rescind the contract or to maintain an action for damages, or both
Liability – legally obligated or accountable; a debt enforceable by civil remedy or criminal punishment
General Legal Terms pertaining to “Liability”:
apportionment of liability – parceling out of liability or an injury among multiple tortfeasors, and possibly the plaintiff as well
Fault – an error or defect of judgment or conduct; deviation from prudence or duty resulting from inattention, incapacity, perversity, bad faith, or mismanagement
liable – likely to incur a penalty as a result of having commit a civil wrong or breach of contract, answerable by tort
culpable – guilty or at fault; often used in cases of breach of duty
breach of duty – violation of a legal or moral obligation; especially, a fiduciary’s violation of an obligation
tortious liability – arising from the breach of a duty, is redressable by an action for compensatory, unliquidated (and sometimes punitive) damages
breach of duty of care – negligence that results in a foreseeable injury that would not have occurred but for the negligent person’s actions
liability insurance – an insurance policy wherein the company agrees to protect against liability arising from an act or omission of the insured, which causes injury to a third person or to their property
General Classifications for Types of Liabilities:
civil liability – liability imposed under the civil, as opposed to the criminal, law
criminal liability – the penalty or forfeiture imposed as punishment for a crime
liability created by statute – a liability created by statute, as opposed to one created by contract
Types of Liabilities Associated with Civil Law:
alternative liability – when a plaintiff proves that one of two or more defendants caused harm, but they cannot prove which one, the burden of proof shifts to each defendant
derivative liability – liability that a person other than the one wronged has a right to redress (i.e. a widow in a wrongful-death action or liability to a corporation in a shareholder’s derivative suit)
vicarious liability – liability that a supervisory party (i.e. an employer or principal) bears for the actionable conduct of a subordinate or associate (i.e. an employee or agent)
respondeat superior – the doctrine wherein liability is imposed on an employer for the acts of its employees committed in the course and scope of their employment, or on a principal for acts of their agent(s)
Types of Liabilities Associated with Criminal Law:
accomplice liability – criminal responsibility of one who acts with another before, during, or (in some jurisdictions) after a crime
Types of Liabilities Associated with both Civil and Criminal Law:
absolute liability – a type of strict liability based on causation alone, without any other limiting factors
aiding-and-abetting liability – civil or criminal liability imposed on one who assists in, facilitates, or promotes the commission of an act that results in harm or loss
causer liability – civil or criminal liability imposed on the person whose acts resulted in harm or loss
§ 2 – Assess Injuries and Losses:
Injury – the violation of another’s legal right, thereby causing harm to another in person, character, or property
General Types of Injuries:
consequential injury – an injury arising from the results of damage rather than from the damage itself
continual injury – recurs at repeated intervals
Continuing Injury – an injury that is still in the process of being committed
irreparable injury – can’t be adequately measured or compensated by money; therefore remediable by injunction
pecuniary injury – can be adequately measured or compensated by money; a reparable injury
reparable injury – can be adequately compensated by money; a pecuniary injury
physical injury – damage to one’s body or an injury that exists so a person cannot physically enjoy his property
temporary Injury – may be abated or discontinued at any time by either the injured party or the wrongdoer
Terms used to Classify Types of Injuries:
Indivisible Injury – a single injury that has been caused by concurrent tortfeasors and that is not reasonably capable of being separated
Injury in Fact – an actual or imminent invasion of a legally protected interest, in contrast to an invasion that is conjectural or hypothetical
Malicious Injury – a physical or non-physical injury resulting from a willful act committed with knowledge that it is likely to injure another or with reckless disregard of the consequences
Permanent Injury – a lasting injury to person, land, water, or property that is likely to be lasting, and whose consequences cannot be remedied for an indefinite period
Wilful and Malicious Injury – an injury to a person or property inflicted intentionally and deliberately, without cause and with no regard for the legal rights of the injured party; often associated with bankruptcy
Types of Injuries pertaining strictly to Property:
Injuriously Affected – as a condition of the right to damages in eminent domain, the consequences of an act which would have given a right of action if the act had not been authorized by the statute
Injury by the Elements – such injuries that results from the most common destructive forces of nature, against which buildings need to be protected
Injury in His Property – direct or indirect harm or damage to property, including the diminishing of his property by a transfer, or a payment of money, induced by fraud
Injury to Property – something materially affecting the capacity of particular property for ordinary use and enjoyment
Types of Injuries that could Qualify as Other Types of Injuries as well:
Personal Injury – an actionable physical (bodily) injury or invasion of a personal right (i.e. wrongful eviction, slander, false arrest, violation of the right to privacy); an injury to the individual himself, resulting from breach of contract or tort
Bodily Injuries – physical harm or injury to a person’s body
Accidental Injury – a bodily injury resulting from external, violent, and unanticipated causes, especially caused by some external force or agency operating contrary to a person’s intentions, unexpectedly, and not according to the usual order of events
Serious Bodily Injury – a serious physical impairment of the human body that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes serious, permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any body part or organ
dispossession (disseisin, ouster) – deprivation of, or eviction from, rightful possession of property; the wrongful taking or withholding of possession of land from the person lawfully entitled to it
constructive eviction – a landlord’s act of making premises unfit for occupancy, often with the result that the tenant is compelled to leave
Wrongful Eviction – the wrongful dispossession of someone from property:
Partial Eviction – a responsive eviction from a portion of the tenant’s premises
Retaliatory Eviction – a nearly always illegal eviction that is commenced in response to a tenant’s complaints or involvement in activities with which the landlord disapproves of
Legal Injury – an invasion or violation of a legal right
Direct Injury – an injury which the direct result of the violation of a legal right
Types of Injuries Strictly pertaining to Businesses:
Antitrust Injury – damage, loss, or harm caused by anticompetitive conduct that violates antitrust laws (i.e. a vertical maximum-price-fixing conspiracy that results in predatory pricing)
Compensable Injury – a personal injury caused by an accident arising from the employment and in the course of the employee’s work, and for which the employee is statutorily entitled to receive compensation
Economic Injury – an injury to a person’s ability to enter into or profit from a business arrangement
Injury Arising Out of Employment – an injury with a direct cause and effect relationship between the injury and the employment
Scheduled Injuries – types of partially disabling injuries for which a predetermined amount of compensation is allowed under a workers’ compensation statute
Civil Injury – physical harm or property damage caused by breach of a contract or by a criminal offense redressable through a civil action
Injurious Exposure – contact with a substance that would cause injury if the person were repeatedly exposed to it over time
Public Injury – a loss or an injury stemming from a breach of a duty or violation of a right that affects the community as a whole (i.e. official misconduct, crimes, public nuisances)
Types of Non-Physical Injuries –
Advertising Injury – harm resulting from oral or written speech that slanders or libels a person, violates their right to privacy, or disparages their goods, products, services, name, or slogan
Injurious Falsehood – a defamation that causes damage (i.e. disparagement, trade disparagement)
Injurious Words – slanderous or libelous language
Injury to Reputation – a diminution in any manner or degree of the esteem, goodwill, or confidence that a people place in a person, firm, company, etc
Loss – the decrease or total diminishing in value of property, usually in an unexpected or relatively unpredictable way, or the act of losing something that is gone and cannot be recovered, such as a life or friendship, etc.
General Terms used for Describing and Assessing Various Types of Losses:
Pecuniary Loss – a loss of money or of something having monetary value (often used in relation to wrongful death actions and many other cases)
Temporal Loss – a pecuniary loss which causes actual deterioration of person or property, thereby forming an independent and substantive ground of proceeding, as opposed to a spiritual grievance or injury to the feelings, which is not grounds for a proceeding
Progressive Loss – loss that spreads or becomes more expensive to repair over time (i.e. asbestosis)
Consequential Loss – a loss-arising from the results of damage rather than from the damage itself
direct loss – loss or damage resulting from a direct cause, as distinguished from a remote cause
Extraordinary Loss – a loss that is both unusual and infrequent, such as a loss resulting from a natural disaster
Intangible Loss – the damage caused by the disruption of an intangible right or benefit
nonpecuniary loss – a loss resulting from emotional or sentimental loss
Legal Terms used in relation to assessing Losses:
Proximate – very near or close, or happening immediately before or after
Remote – far removed or separated in dime, space, or relation; or slight; little; inconsequential
Specific Types of Losses which are also Insurance-Related Terms:
Partial Loss – partial disability in health, mind, or person, such as the loss of use of ability to use an arm or leg; or – in insurance – damage not amounting to a total loss
Particular Average Loss – a term used primarily in marine insurance in contrast to “general average,” indicating a loss to a ship’s cargo that is absorbed solely by the owner or owners of the particular cargo that has been destroyed
Types of Losses pertaining to Insurance:
Actual Loss – the real and substantial destruction, whether total or partial, of insured property
Actual Total Loss – the same as total loss, although primarily used in marine insurance
Constructive Total Loss – such serious damage to the insured property that the cost of repairs would exceed the value of the thing repaired, or half the value when dealing in marine underwriting
General Average Loss – loss at sea usually incurred when cargo is thrown overboard to save the ship; such a loss is borne equally by all the interests concerned in the venture
Total Loss – the complete destruction of the insured property by fire so that nothing of value remains, and cannot be rebuilt, as distinguished from a partial loss
Types of Losses pertaining to Taxes:
Casualty Loss – a deduction in an income tax return for a loss arising from fire, storm, shipwreck, automobile accident, tornado, or other casualty to property owned by the taxpayer
Disaster Loss – a casualty loss sustained in a geographic area that the President designates as a disaster area which may be treated as having occurred during the previous tax year so that a victim may receive immediate tax benefits
Deductible Loss – a taxpayer’s loss that may be deducted in computing net taxable income, such as losses as a result of property being destroyed, damaged, confiscated, stolen, abandoned, taken by foreclosure, or becoming entirely worthless from other special losses, such as embezzlement or theft, provided the losses are not fully compensated by the insurance or otherwise
Hobby Loss – a nondeductible loss arising from a personal hobby; as contrasted with an activity engaged in for profit
Ordinary Loss – a tax that is deductible from ordinary income in business or trade, from the sale or exchange of an item; more beneficial to the taxpayer than a capital loss
Passive Loss – a loss, with limited tax deductibility, from an activity in which the taxpayer does not materially participate, from a rental activity, or from a tax-shelter activity
Products-Liability Loss – the total of a taxpayer’s products-liability expenses up to the amount of the taxpayer’s net operating loss
Recognized Loss – the portion of a loss that is subject to income taxation
§ 3 – Which form(s) of relief are you seeking to help remedy the situation?
Legal Terms pertaining to Types of Remedies:
redress – the means of seeking relief or remedy:
relief – an award of damages or a judgment, decree, or order requiring an adversary to perform as directed or to refrain from specified conduct
affirmative relief – a court order requiring the losing party to act in a specified manner or desist from specified conduct, or relief sought by a defendant by raising a counterclaim or cross-claim that could have been maintained independently of the plaintiff’s action
alternative relief – a request, in a pleading, asking for both specific performance, and damages that would be averted by specific performance
declaratory relief – request a court to determine the legal status or ownership of a thing
extraordinary relief – exceeds what is typically or customarily granted but is warranted by the unique or extreme circumstances of a situation
remedy – the means of enforcing a right or preventing or redressing an injury; legal (monetary) or equitable (non-monetary) relief
estoppel – a prohibition imposed by law against uttering what may actually be the truth.
Extrajudicial Remedies – may be obtained without a court:
administrative remedy – a nonjudicial remedy provided by an administrative agency (if an administrative remedy is available, it must be exhausted before a court will hear the case)
exhaustion of remedies doctrine – if an administrative remedy is provided by statute, a claimant must seek relief first from the administrative body before judicial relief is available
self-help doctrine – an attempt to redress a perceived wrong by one’s own action rather than through the normal legal process
Judicial Remedies – may be obtained from a court:
extraordinary remedy – not available unless necessary to preserve a right that cannot be protected by a standard legal or equitable remedy
legal remedy – historically available in a court of law, as opposed to only in equity
remedial action – intended to permanently alleviate pollution when a hazardous substance has been released or might be released into the environment, so as to prevent or minimize any further release of hazardous substances and thereby minimize the risk to public health or to the environment
substitutional remedy – wherein the plaintiff receives a sum of money when the very thing that was lost cannot be returned
election of remedies – the act of choosing between two or more concurrent but inconsistent remedies allowed by law, upon the same set of facts
equitable remedy (aka equitable relief) – a form of non-monetary relief that may be requested from the court
specific performance – a court-ordered remedy that requires precise fulfillment of a legal or contractual obligation when monetary damages are inappropriate or inadequate
injunction – a court order commanding an action to be done, or preventing an action from being in order to prevent (further) injury
common injunction – grantable as an order of course, without reference to the merits, when the defendant fails to appear, or to timely plead, answer, or move to dismiss
Injunction – related terms:
Injunctive Relief – relief resulting from an injunction
Irreparable-Injury Rule – the principle that equitable relief (i.e. injunction) is available only when no adequate legal remedy (money damages) exists
permanent injunction – granted after a final hearing on the merits, as distinguished from a temporary injunction granted to provide temporary relief (not necessarily permanent)
Production Injunction – a permanent injunction prohibiting specified conduct in a field or activity that the court has found to embrace misappropriated trade secrets
Use Injunction – a permanent injunction prohibiting the use of specified information that the court has found to constitute a trade secret
Types of Injunctions only used to Prevent Actions:
Anti-Antisuit Injunction – an injunction prohibiting a litigant subject to the jurisdiction of a local court from seeking in a foreign court to restrain the continuation of a proceeding in the local court.
Antisuit Injunction – an injunction prohibiting a litigant from instituting other, related litigation, usually between the same parties on the same issues
Headstart Injunction – an injunction prohibiting the defendant from using a stolen trade secret for a period of time equal to the time between the date of the secret’s theft and the date when the secret became public
Hyperinjunction – a gag order that bars discussing the subject matter or the existence of the injunction itself, except to lawyers of the recipient’s council
Preliminary Injunction – a temporary injunction issued before or during trial to prevent an irreparable injury from occurring before the court has a chance to decide the case
Ex Parte Injunction – a preliminary injunction issued after the court has heard from only the moving party, and without notice to the adverse party
Preventative Injunction – an injunction designed to prevent a loss or injury in the future via commanding a party to refrain from doing a specified act or acts
Quia-Timet Injunction – an injunction granted to prevent an action that has been threatened but has not yet violated the plaintiff’s rights or interest
Special Injunction – an injunction in which the prohibition of an act, in order to prevent irreparable injury, is the only relief ultimately sought
Superinjunction – a type of gag order that forbids the recipient not just to discuss the subject matter but also to reveal the existence of the injunction itself
Types of Injunctions used only for Commanding Particular Action(s) to be Done:
Mandatory Injunction – an injunction that orders an affirmative act or mandates a specified course of conduct
Reparative Injunction – an injunction requiring the defendant to restore the plaintiff to the position that the plaintiff occupied before the defendant committed a wrong
Damage Assessment Made Simple – how much money are you due?
General Legal Terms pertaining to “Damages”:
Accord and Satisfaction – an agreement (accord) to substitute for an existing debt some alternative form of discharging that debt, coupled with the actual discharge of the debt by the substituted performance (satisfaction)
Accord – an agreement, compact, or treaty: an offer to give or to accept a stipulated performance in the future to satisfy an obligor’s existing duty, together with an acceptance of that offer
Satisfaction – the giving of something with the intention, express or implied, to substitute the specified performance, in order to extinguish the existing legal or moral obligation
Compensation – payment of damages, or any other act that a court orders to be done by a person who has caused injury to another, in theory making the injured person whole, or remuneration for services rendered (i.e. salary, wages)
Recompense – repayment, compensation, remuneration, or retribution for something, especially an injury or loss
Remuneration – the act of paying or compensating
compromise and settlement – a compromise agreement followed by the performance of the promises contained in the agreement
Compromise – an agreement between two or more persons to settle matters in dispute between them in which each party surrenders somethings in concession to the other
General Descriptive Terms for Various Types of Damages:
Stigma Damages – damages which caused a permanent loss in the value of the property
Substantial Damages – a considerable sum awarded to compensate for a significant loss or injury, as opposed to nominal damages
Temperate Damages – reasonable damages allowed in certain cases , without proof of actual or special damage, where the wrong done caused actual damage, though, due to the nature of the case, he cannot furnish evidence thereof
Tort Damages – monetary compensation for tangible and intangible harm to persons and property as the result of a tort
Standard Legal Terms used in Initial Damage Assessment:
Additional Damages – usually provided by statute in addition to direct damages, including expenses resulting from the injury, consequential damages, or punitive damages
Compensatory aka Actual Damages – the total damages recoverable in satisfaction of, or in recompense for, loss or injury sustained, including all damages, except nominal damages, punitive, or exemplary damages
Common-Law Damages – a court ordered monetary award intended to return an injured party, as nearly as possible. to their position that party occupied before suffering harm
Lawful Damages – those damages fixed by law and ascertained in a court of law
Measurable Damages – damages whose amount can be determined with a high degree of certainty
Pecuniary Damages – damages that can be estimated and monetarily compensated, as opposed to nonpecuniary damages, which require nonmonetary (equitable) remedies; the term “pecuniary loss” is often used in wrongful death cases
General Damages – damages so reasonably expected to result from the type of wrong complained of that they do not need to be proved; specifically compensatory damages for harm that frequently result from the tort for which a party has sued
Mitigation-of-Damages Doctrine – the principle inducing a plaintiff, after an injury or breach of contract, to make reasonable efforts to alleviate the effects of the injury or breach, or else the plaintiff’s recovery may be reduced
Statutory Damages – damages provided by statute as distinguished from damages provided under the common law
Multiple Damages – statutory damages that are a multiple of the amount that the fact-finder determines to be owed
Double Damages – damages that, by statute, are twice the amount that the fact-finder determines is owed or twice the amount of actual damages
Treble Damages – damages that, by statute, are three times the amount. of actual damages that the fact-finder determines is owed
Accumulative Damages – statutory damages allowed in addition to amounts available under the common law
Writ of Inquiry – to determine the amount of damages suffered by a plaintiff who has won a default judgment on an unliquidated claim
Types of Damages § 1:
Damages to Real Property (land and buildings):
Fee Damages – awarded to the owner of property abutting an elevated railroad for injury caused by the railroads construction and operation to compensate damages to property owner’s easements of light, air, and access, which are parts of the fee
Land Damages – a payment by the government for property it has taken under eminent domain, which must be fair both to the person whose property is taken and to the public, who must pay for it
Severance Damages – in a condemnation (eminent domain) case, compensation awarded to a landowner for the loss in value of the tract that remains after a partial taking of the land
Temporary Damages – damages for injury to, or trespass on, real property caused by intermittent or occasional wrongs that are continuing in character and would require successive actions to make the plaintiff whole, the amount of the recovery being limited to those damages which have accrued to date of suit
Types of Damages That Are Uncertain and Not Immediately Measurable:
Discretionary Damages – not precisely measurable (i.e. mental anguish, pain and suffering, etc.) but are determined by a jury
Future Damages – awarded to an injured party for an injury’s residual or projected effects (i.e. a reduction in a person’s ability to function, expected pain and suffering, loss or impairment of earning capacity, projected medical expenses)
Hedonic Damages – for loss of enjoyment of life or of life’s pleasures
Cosmetic Damages – The amount awarded to compensate for personal disfigurement
Irreparable (Nonpecuniary) Damages – in the law of injunctions, an injury that cannot be satisfactorily or completely compensated with money, so that to refuse the injunction would be a denial of justice
Permanent Damages – damages for past, present, and future harm that cannot be avoided or remedied; technically, injury in real estate which is permanent in character, so that all the damages, whether present, past, or prospective must be recovered in a single action
Special Damages – damages that are alleged to have been sustained in the circumstances of a particular wrong, which must be specifically claimed and proved
Speculative Damages – damages that are so uncertain to occur that they will not be awarded
Uncertain Damages – damages that are not clearly the result of a wrong; the uncertainty refers to allowing recovery for the damages, not to the amount
Unliquidated Damages – damages not agreed on by the parties, and that cannot be determined by a fixed formula and must be established by a judge or jury
Subsequent Damages that Resulted from the Initial Injury:
Consequential Damages – losses that do not flow directly and immediately from an injurious act but that result indirectly from the act
Continuing Damages – ongoing damages arising from the same injury, or damages arising from the repetition of similar acts within a definite period
Intervening Damages – continuing damages to an appellee that accrue during the pendency and prosecution of an unsuccessful appeal
Prospective Damages – future damages that, based on the facts pleaded and proved by the plaintiff, can reasonably be expected to occur
Proximate Damages – compensation for reasonably foreseeable harm that directly, immediately. and naturally results from the wrongful act
Types of Contract Damages – remedies available for breach of contract:
Benefit-of-the-Bargain Damages – damages a breaching party to a contract must pay to the aggrieved party, equal to the amounts that the aggrieved party would have received, including profits, if the contract had been fully performed
doctrine of constructive service – the doctrine that an employee unlawfully dismissed from employment who holds himself ready and willing to perform the work for which he was employed shall be regarded in law as having actually performed it, and may sue on the breached contract for the wages that he or she would have earned during the remaining contract period
Expectation Damages – compensation awarded for the loss of what a person reasonably anticipated from a transaction that was not completed
Foreseeable Damages – damages a breaching party knew or should have known when the contract was made would likely result from a breach
Liquidated Damages – an amount contractually stipulated as a reasonable estimation of actual damages to be recovered by one party if the other party breaches
Nominal Damages – where no substantial loss occurs, however a tort or breach of contract occurred and the action is filed in order to make the existence of right known, so as to deter future violations
Reliance (Loss) Damages – damages awarded or reimbursement for losses incurred by the plaintiff in reliance on the contract, to restore the plaintiff to the economic condition the plaintiff enjoyed before the contract was formed; violation of trust or confidence that was depended on, acitonable as fraud, deceit, and/or a granting of promissory estoppel
Damage Adjustments Demanded After the Judgment in the Initial Trial:
Damages Ultra – additional damages claimed by a plaintiff who is not satisfied with the amounts the defendant paid into court
Excessive Damages – an award of damages by a verdict which appears to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice; an award so large as to shock the judicial conscience, out of proportion to the damages proved
Inadequate Damages – damages insufficient to fully and fairly compensate the parties; damages bearing no reasonable relation to the plaintiff’ s injuries, indicating prejudice, mistake, etc.
Damages Used When Defendant Acted with Malicious Intent:
Punitive Damages – awarded in addition to actual compensatory damages as a fine imposed as a form of punishment when the defendant acted with recklessness, malice, or deceit, or oppression against the plaintiff(s)
Rescissory Damages – used primarily when the defendant’s fiduciaries unjustly enriched themselves by exercising their fiduciary authority deliberately to extract a personal financial benefit at the expense of the corporation’s shareholders; the amount of damages measured by the fair value of the stock at the time of judgment, awarded to restore a plaintiff(s) to the position occupied before the defendant’s wrongful acts, including either returning the property to the original owner or if that is not possible then to pay the monetary value of the property to the owner
Restitution Damages – damages awarded to a plaintiff when the defendant has been unjustly enriched at the plaintiff’s expense
Enhanced Damages – patent infringement ~3x the compensatory damages depending on defendant’s conduct
Types of Damages Explicit to Businesses:
Headstart Damages – damages for profits lost by a corporate plaintiff because of competition from a defendant who misappropriated or misused the plaintiff’s property
Incidental Damages – commercial term for consequential damages; losses reasonably associated with or related to actual damages
Lost Profits Damages – a measure of damages that allows a seller to collect the profits that would have been made on the sale if the buyer had not breached a contract or commit a tort
Lost-Volume Damages – amount of profit lost because of lower sales
§ 4 – Provide Notice, then file a Claim:
Provide “Notice” – an essential element of “due process”; ensure all parties are property notified:
Types of Notices essential to (Court) Procedure:
Notice of Appeal – filed with a court (according to statute), stating intention to appeal a trial court’s judgment, order, or decree and the relief sought; the clerk sends copies to all parties’ attorneys and to court of appeals
Notice-of-Alibi Rule – a criminal defendant who intends to call an alibi witness at trial must give notice of who that witness is and where the defendant claims to have been at the time of the alleged offense; the government is, in turn, is must give due notice to the defendant of any witness it intends to call to rebut the alibi testimony
Types of Notices mentioned in the UCC:
File a Claim – a legal demand for compensation, payment, or reimbursement, for a loss or injury caused by a breach of contract or a tort
General Legal Terms Pertaining to Claims:
Claimant – one who claims or makes a claim; an applicant for justice; a plaintiff
Claims Adjuster – a person who makes a determination of the value of a claim against an insurance company for the purpose of arriving at the amount for which the claim will be settled
Claims Courts – a federal or state court for asserting claims against the government
General Terms for Various Types of Claims:
Ancillary Claim – a claim that is collateral to, dependent on, or auxiliary to another claim
28 USCA § 1367 – Supplemental jurisdiction
Supplemental Claim – a claim for further relief based on events occurring after the original claim was made
Antecedent Claim – a preexisting claim
U.C.C. § 3-303. VALUE AND CONSIDERATION.
Apportionable Claim – a claim for economic loss or damage to property where, more than one wrongdoer is liable in proportion to his or her responsibility for the harm done
Honest Claim – made by someone who believes they have a right to something or that there is a chance that such right exists
Liquidated Claim – a claim with a definite amount that was agreed upon, can easily be determined, or has already been determined
Matured Claim – a claim based on a debt that is due for payment
Unliquidated Claim – a claim whose existence or amount is not agreed upon by the parties; or that cannot determined by applying rules of law or mathematical calculation
Various Types of Claims:
Claim Against Decedent’s Estate – a debt that could have been enforced in a court against the decedent during his lifetime
Claim and Delivery – the name of an action to recover personal property wrongfully taken or held and, in some circumstances, to recover damages
Enhanced-Injury Claim – a cause of action in which a defendant’s liability stems from the defendant’s negligence or defective product that resulted in harm caused by another to be more serious than it would have been
Terms for Claims which have No Merit:
Colorable Claim – a claim that appears legally well founded, but may actually be false or invalid
False Claim -an assertion or statement that is untrue, especially overbilling
Fraudulent Claim – a claim for any benefit or payment based on an intentional fraudulent misrepresentation
Frivolous Claim – a claim that has no legal basis or merit
Stale Claim – a claim that is barred by the statute of limitations or the defense of laches
Types of Claims generally pertaining to Business & Commerce:
Commercial Tort Claim – business-related claim arising in tort pertaining, typically relating to fraud and conversion, etc.
Consumer Claim – a person’s legal claim based on having purchased defective goods or services for a noncommercial purpose
False-Association Claim – based on the wrongful use of a distinctive name, mark, trade dress, or other device to misrepresent sponsorship, origin of goods or services, or affiliation
Maritime Claim – a claim related to a ship or a carriage of cargo by ship
Types of Claims asserted after a Civil Action has been Commenced:
Claim (Prayer) for Relief – a complaint and any pleading which sets forth a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim
Counterclaim – a cause of action within the defendant’s answer which may have been used to sue the plaintiff in a separate action; used in opposition to or as a setoff against the plaintiff ’s claim
Legal Terms pertaining to Counterclaims:
Recoupment – reduction of a plaintiff’s damages because of a demand by the defendant arising out of the same transaction (as opposed to a different transaction, which is a setoff)
setoff (offset) – a counter demand which a defendant holds against a plaintiff, arising out of a separate transaction than the plaintiff’s cause of action, which serves to counterbalance the amount otherwise owed
Types of Counterclaims:
Compulsory Counterclaim – if a defendant fails to assert a compulsory counterclaim in the original action, that claim may not be brought in a later, separate action
Permissive Counterclaim – does not arise out of the same subject matter as the opposing party’s claim or involves third parties over which the court does not have jurisdiction, and may be brought in a later. separate action
Cross-Claim – a claim asserted against a codefendant(s) or coplaintiff(s) in a case and that relates to the subject of the original claim or counterclaim
Third-Party Claim – a claim to property held by the defendant, set forth in a third-party complaint
§ 5 – Commence a Civil Action to enforce, redress, or protect a private or civil right:
“Civil Action” – Related Terms:
action – a civil or criminal judicial proceeding
lawsuit (“suit”) – a broader term than “action” for a judicial proceeding of a civil kind, in pursuit of a legal or equitable remedy
Types of Civil Actions § 1:
Action (Suit) in Equity – a civil suit that seeks (non-monetary) equitable relief (an injunction or specific performance) as opposed to damages (money)
action in rem – wherein the named defendant is real or personal property, to determine who owns the title, and who has rights in such property
action to quiet title – to establish a plaintiff’s title to land by compelling the adverse claimant to establish a claim or be forever estopped from asserting it
Possessory Action – an action to obtain, recover, or maintain possession of personal or real property, but not title to it
Action at Law – an action where the only relief obtainable, appropriate, or sought is a legal remedy (a money judgment to recover damages)
Actions to Recover Money Wrongfully Paid
Action Quasi In Rem – brought against a person, generally to subject certain property to the discharge of the claims asserted
The 11 Historical Common-Law “Forms of Action”:
Forms of Action (& Writs) for Breach of Contract or (non-written) Agreement:
Action of Account – violation of fiduciary relation or to recover certain fixed sum of money for business contract breach
Action of Covenant – to claim damages as a result of breach of contract, deed, or other covenant, to fine someone
Debt – liability based on breach of contract or agreement, for the purpose of claiming a fixed sum of money
Special Assumpsit – Breach of Contract
General Assumpsit – Breach of (non-written) Promise or Agreement
Forms of Actions to Recover Wrongfully Imprisoned, Detained, or Withheld Persons or Property (and damages):
Action of Ejectment – an owner or occupier who was wrongfully ejected recovers possession, damages, & costs
Action for Mesne Profits – following a successful act of ejectment, a suit brought by a landowner to recover from losses resulted from 1.) the use of the land during the wrongful occupation 2.) the costs of the ejectment
Federal Law Protects Indian Landowners from being Denied Right of First Refusal during Land Buyback Program
detinue – recover personal property” (movable or intangible assets, but not “real property” such as land or buildings)
Writ of Detinue – recover “personal property” (movable or intangible assets, but not “real property” such as land or buildings)
Trover – recovery damages for property wrongfully taken & sold, given away, lost, etc.
replevin – repossess personal property wrongfully taken, or persons wrongfully detained, imprisoned, or encumbered (i.e. probation)
“Extraordinary Writs” (for extraordinary relief) for Replevy (Habeas Corpus):
writ of habeas corpus – command that a prisoner (or detainee or probatee) be brought before the court to challenge the legality of their custody and demand their release
U.S. Code Title § 2241. Power to grant writ
U.S. Code Title 18 § 2254 – State custody; remedies in Federal courts
U.S. Code Title 28 § 2255. Federal custody; remedies on motion attacking sentence
personal replevin – a historical term for an action to replevy a person out of prison or out of another’s custody; replaced by the writ of habeas corpus
replevin in the cepit – an action for the repossession of property wrongfully taken and wrongfully detained
replevin in the detinet – an action for the repossession of property rightfully taken but wrongfully detained
replevin in the detinuit – an action for damages resulting from the wrongful taking and detention of goods that have since been returned to the owner
Writ of Deliverance – Order the Redeliver of Goods to the Owner
Trespass On The Case – action to recover damages which occurred as a consequence for another’s action or inaction such as negligence, fraud, slander, deceit, omissions, etc.
(Vicontiel) Writ of Trespass – Wrongful Entry on Another’s Real Property
Types of Actions pertaining to the Recovery of Real Property (Land and/or Buildings):
Local Action – an action that can be brought only in the jurisdiction where the cause of action arose because that is the only place such action could possible arise (i.e. involving real property)
Petitory Action – an action for the recovery of real property by showing an proving title to ownership
Penal Action – a civil action to prove a wrongdoer violated a statute, thereby subjecting the wrongdoer to pay a fine directly to the wronged party in addition to punitive damages
personal action – brought against a person (“in personam”) for recovery of debt, damages, or personal property relating to any type of breach of contract or tort; must be brought by the person injured, not his representative
Action ex contractu – a personal action arising out of a contract
Action ex delicto – a personal action arising out of a tort
Wrongful Eviction Action – a lawsuit brought by a former tenant or possessor of real property against one who has put the plaintiff out of possession, alleging that the eviction was illegal
Legal Precepts Adopted into U.S. Law from Europe:
Equity Jurisprudence – the legal science of applying the principles of fairness that supersede otherwise literal translation of common or statutory law
Counterbalancing Legal Considerations of a Court in Determining Equity:
Business Owners’ Equity – the aggregate of the owners’ financial interests in the assets of a business entity:
Perfect Equity – an equitable title or right that, to be a legal title, lacks only the formal conveyance or other investiture that would make it cognizable at law (i.e. the equity of a real-estate purchaser who has paid the full amount but has not yet received a deed)
Contravening Equity – a right or interest that is inconsistent with or contrary to a right sought to be enforced
Countervailing Equity – a contrary and balancing equity, equally deserving of consideration
Latent Equity – an equitable claim or right known only by the parties for and against whom it exists, or that has been concealed from one who is interested in the subject matter
Negative Equity – the difference between the value of an asset and the outstanding amount of the loan secured by the asset when the asset’s current value is less than the loan’s balance
Court of Chancery – the English court of equity, where one appealed to the “King’s Conscience”
Chancellor – a judge of a court of chancery
Lord High Chancellor – the highest judicial officer in England, speaker of the House of Lords, member of the Cabinet, and presides at appellate judicial proceedings
Master in Lunacy – a judicial officer appointed by the Lord Chancellor to conduct inquiries into the state of mind of people alleged to be incapable of handling their own affairs, and to ensure their property is properly managed for his or her benefit
Master of Chancery – an assistant of the chancellor having the function of performing judicial or ministerial acts, including inquiring into matters referred by the court, examining cases, taking oaths and affidavits, hearing testimony, and computing damages
Roman “Civil Republic” State Law – a “fixed body of statutes” designed to eliminate crime & secure private property rights
State Law Consists of Two Parts:
Adjective Law – the body of rules governing procedure and practice (“procedural law”)
(Rules of) Procedure – the judicial rule or manner for carrying on a civil class suit or criminal prosecution:
Proceeding – the regular and orderly progression of a lawsuit, including all acts and events between the time of commencement and the entry of judgment
process – the means of compelling a defendant to appear in court (civil or criminal cases), and all the acts of the court from the beginning to the end of an action or proceeding
due process – the conduct of legal proceedings according to established rules, forms, and principles for the protection and enforcement of private rights, including notice and the right to a fair hearing before a tribunal with the power to decide the case
Various Forms of Due Process:
Procedural Due Process – a regular course of justice, which is not unreasonable or arbitrary, with minimal requirements of notice and a hearing especially if the deprivation of a significant life, liberty, or property interest may occur, in pursuance of an effective remedy secured by the law and the state
Substantive Due Process – the doctrine that the Due Process Clauses of the 5th and 14th Amendments require legislation to be fair and reasonable in content and to further a legitimate governmental objective, and the freedom from arbitrary or capricious in making, interpreting, or enforcing the law
Economic Substantive Due Process – the doctrine that certain social policies, such as the freedom of contract or the right to enjoy property without interference by government regulation, exist in the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, particularly in the words “liberty” and “property”
Essential Components of Due Process:
Due Notice – receiving “notice” is an essential component of “due process”, ensuring ensures a person (1) has actual knowledge of it; (2) has received information about it; (3) has reason to know about it; (4) knows about a related fact; (5) is considered as having been able to ascertain it by checking an official filing or recording
Fair Hearing – a judicial or administrative hearing conducted in accordance with due process
Practice – the procedural methods and rules used in a court of law
Substantive Law – creates, defines, and regulates the rights, duties, and powers of parties
Officer – holds a position of trust or authority (an “office”) in either the government, a private organization, or in the armed services
28 U.S.C. § 2671. “Employee of the government” (definition)
Officers of the Court – charged with upholding the law and administering the judicial system
Judge – a public official appointed or elected to hear and decide legal matters in in court; a judicial officer who has the authority to administer justice
Lawyer – someone licensed to practice law, and thus qualified to advise about legal matters, prepare contracts and other legal instruments, and represent others in court
Cause Lawyering – the practice of a lawyer who advocates for social justice by combining the activities of litigation, community organizing, public education, and lobbying to advance a cause past its current legal limitations and boundaries
practice of law – the professional work of a lawyer (i.e. conducting court cases, preparing transaction-related paperwork, preparing legal opinions, drafting estate-planning documents, advising clients)
Unauthorized Practice of Law – practice of law by a nonlawyer who has not been licensed or admitted to practice law in a given jurisdiction
Sheriff – usually an elected office, duties include custodian of the county jail, executes civil and criminal process, and carries out judicial mandates within the county
posse comitatus – a group of citizens summoned by a sheriff or other peace officer to assist him in maintaining order or making an arrest
Sheriff’s Sale –
Deputy Sheriff – an officer who, acting under the direction of a sheriff, may perform most of the duties of the sheriff ’s office
Marshal – judicial officer who provides court security, executes process (carries out orders), and performs other tasks for the court
The Five Books of Modern Germanic Civil Code:
Family Law – marriage, divorce, adoption, child custody and support, child abuse and neglect, paternity, assisted reproductive technology, and other domestic-relations issues
General Principle of Law – a principle recognized in all kinds of legal relations, regardless of the legal system to which it belongs, or the fundamental tenets of an individual law system
Law of Obligations – the category of law dealing with the modes of acquiring property in personam (relating to persons), particularly relations between the obligor and the obligee
Law of Property – the category of law dealing with proprietary rights in rem (relating to “things”), such as personal servitudes, predial servitudes, and rights of real security
Law of Status – the category of law dealing with personal or nonproprietary rights, whether in rem (relating to “things”) or in personam (relating to persons)
Carried throughout Europe by Royal Judeo-Danish Viking Order (Western Roman Catholic Germanic Empire)
Praetorium Law – magistrates responsible for identifying and framing legal issues in a case and for ordering a lay judge (judex) to hear evidence and decide the case in accordance with the formula
Praetor AErarius – a praetor connected with the treasury
Praetor Fideicommissarius – a special praetor having jurisdiction over cases involving trusts
Praetor Peregrinus – a praetor who decided cases between citizens and foreigners and cases between foreigners
Praetor Tutelaris – a praetor who dealt with the affairs of minors
Praetor Urbanus – a praetor who decided cases between citizens
Admiralty Law – international commercial law exercising jurisdiction over maritime issues:
Commerce – the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale involving transportation between cities, states, and countries
Droits of Admiralty – the Lord High Admiral’s rights to goods which have been abandoned or captured at sea in time of war by a non-commissioned ship, to be redistributed to the public
Common Law – body of royal decrees, customs, and judicial decisions based on moral reason instead of statutes or constitutions
Common Law Pleadings
right to homestead (“homestead exemption”) – the right to occupy land for use as a home, with the land, house, and outbuildings remaining exempt from execution and forced sale for collection of a debt by creditors
declaration of homestead – a statement filed with the county recorder, describing the property and showing the world that the occupant claims their homestead exemption rights in the property
homestead – an artificial estate in land, devised to protect the possession and enjoyment of the owner against the claims of his creditors, by withdrawing the property from execution and forced sale, so long as the land is occupied as a home; includes the house, outbuilding , and adjoining land
homesteader – the claimant, who either acquires or occupies, a homestead
Cultural Roots of Indo-European Systems of Law and Equity:
“Scottish Rite” founded by the Picts and Gaels 800-900 A.D.
Law Merchant – a system of customary law (modern day U.C.C.) that developed in Europe during the Middle Ages and regulated the dealings of mariners and merchants in the commercial countries of the world until the 17th century
Law of Shipping – the part of maritime law relating to the building, equipping, registering, owning, inspecting, transporting, and employing of ships, along with the laws applicable to shipmasters, agents, crews, and cargoes
Law of the Flag – the law of the country whose flag is flown governs a ship’s affairs
Laws of the Barbarians – customary laws of Germanic tribes during the Middle Ages
Law of the Bugundians – the law of the (Germanic) Burgundians, first published about AD. 495
Law of the Visigoths – early 6th century code of Roman law applied to Hispano-Roman and Gallo-Roman peoples ruled by the Germanic Visigoths
Salic Law – principal compilation of early Germanic law developed by Salian Franks
Presentment of Englishry –
Historical Legal Dialects:
Law French – the corrupted form of the Norman French language that arose in England in the centuries after William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, being used for centuries afterward
Law Latin – corrupted form of Latin (mixed with French and English) used in law and legal documents, including writs, royal charters, and private deeds
§ § of Law Embedded into U.S. Law Pursuant to the American Revolution:
The First Amendment Re-Inforces Freedom for those Aligned with The Preamble:
“Fair Use”; Copyrighted Materials May Be Used “To Clarify Something” or for Educational Purposes
“Giving Money” (& other things) may be done as “A Form of Expression”
Filming Public Officials is a Well-Established Right
“First Amendment Activities” protected in Front of Shopping Centers
State Employees Swear to Uphold The U.S. Constitution and State Constitution – bound to uphold Local, State, and Federal Laws
Public Officials are “Liable” if they violate their Constitutional Oath
Erasure of “Sovereign Immunity” Legal Defense – administrators, officers, and lawmakers may be held accountable for violating civil rights
U.S. Embassies; Designed to Protect the Rights of People Overseas & to Stop Wars
The 14th Amendment guarantees “Equal Protection of the Laws” to Non-Citizens
Indian Country Law:
Legal Term Definitions pertaining to Indian Country § 1:
American Indian Tribe – a definable group with sociological, cultural, and familial links who resides on one reservation
(Indian) Treaty – a contract formally signed, ratified, or adhered to between two countries or sovereigns, or a contract between two or more states that is governed by international law
Reservation – a country’s formal declaration, upon signing or ratifying a treaty, that it becomes party to the treaty conditioned on the modification or amendment of one or more provisions of the treaty as applied in its relations with the other parties to the treaty
Indian Reservation – an area that the federal government has designated for use by an American Indian tribe, where the tribe generally settles & establishes a tribal government
Indian law – the body of law dealing with American Indian tribes and their relationships to federal & state governments, private citizens, & each other
§ § of The Constitution pertaining to Indian Country – coming soon.
Bureau of Indian Affairs – a unit in the U.S. Department of the Interior responsible for helping Indian and Alaskan native people manage their affairs under the trust relationship with the U.S. and for promoting programs for their benefit
Commerce with the Indian Tribes – governed by a separate set of laws known as Admiralty
Indian Marriage, Adoption, and Divorce – subject to local laws and established customs
Indian title – a right of occupancy, constituting possession rather than ownership, that the federal government grants to an American Indian tribe based on the tribe’s immemorial possession of the area
Tribal Court – a quasi-independent court composed of tribal members, usually situated on a reservation and varying in procedure according to local custom
Tribal-Exhaustion Doctrine – the general principle that when an Indian tribal court has jurisdiction, the parties must pursue all remedies available under tribal law before turning to nontribal courts
Indian Country – all land within the borders of any Indian reservation together with the land occupied by any Indian community not on a reservation
Indian Allotment – a conveyance of land by the U.S. to an individual Indian or to a tribe, the title of which is held in trust by the U.S.
Indian Land – land owned by the U.S. but held in trust for & used by the American Indians
Tribal Land – any part of an Indian reservation not allotted to or occupied by individual Indians but instead held in common by tribal members
Supreme Court Rulings affecting Indian Country:
National Farmer’s Union Ins. Co. v. Crow Tribe – unedited
Pre-Contact Indian Country Political Associations:
19 Pueblo Indian Tribes – coming soon
The Pueblo Core Values
Desert Southwest American Indian Tribes – coming soon
Great Plains Tribes – coming soon
The Oceti Sakowin (“7 Fires”) – Siouan-Speaking Great Plains Tribes – coming soon
The Iroquois Confederacy – includes the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora tribes
The Great Law of Peace – the legal system of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy
jurisdiction – a gov’t’s power to exercise authority over all persons and things within its territory, and a court’s power to decide a case or issue a decree
Subject-Matter, Personal, & Territorial Jurisdiction:
personal jurisdiction – a court’s power to bring a person into its adjudicative process; jurisdiction over a defendant’s personal rights rather than merely over property interests
“Persons” and “Parties” – litigation terms:
Party – a person interested in the outcome of litigation, who may or may not be a party of record, &/or a person who has engaged in a transaction
Natural Person – a human being
Artificial Person – has rights but not privileges or immunities, and may be held liable:
corporation – an artificial, intangible entity acting as a single person distinct from the shareholders who own it, existing only in contemplation of law; operated by an association of persons who have the power, in accordance with the corporation’s constitution and bylaws, to contract, issue stock, and form lawsuits and legal defense in favor of the person
Body Politic (and Corporate) – a body of Citizens and the public corporation that governs them under a social compact by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by laws for the common good
Nonstock Corporation – a “membership corporation” not organized for profit, which does not issue shares of stock as evidence of ownership, but instead is owned by its members, who have no ownership or proprietary interest in the corporation, which operates in accordance with a charter or agreement
Nonprofit Corporation – a corporation without stockholders, created for or devoted to charitable purposes or supported by charity, usually afforded special tax treatment
Private Corporation – founded by and composed of private individuals principally for a nonpublic purpose (i.e. manufacturing, banking, railroad corporations (including charitable and religious corporations), whose stock is not traded on the stock market
Public Corporation – created by the state as an agency in the administration of civil government, and managed by a publicly appointed board
municipal corporation – a public corporation created for political purposes and endowed with political powers to be exercised for the public good in the administration of local civil government
Town – a center of population that is larger and more fully developed than a village, but that (traditionally speaking) is not incorporated as a city
Village – a modest assemblage of houses and buildings for dwellings and businesses or a municipal corporation with a smaller population than a city
Organization – a body of persons formed to engage ina common activity or to pursue a common purpose
Association – an unincorporated collection of persons with no legal existence independent of its members; if it has sufficient corporate attributes (i.e. centralized management, continuity of existence, limited liability), it may be classified and taxed as a corporation
Interest Group – an association of people who join together to try to influence popular opinion or government action
Partnership – a voluntary association of two or more persons who jointly own and carry on a business for profit as co-owners
Pressure Group – an interest group or an organization that engages in a campaign to sway public opinion and change government policy
Special Interest Group – an organization that seeks to influence legislation or govern policy in favor of a particular interest or issue, especially by lobbying
Political-Action Committee – An organization formed by a special-interest group to raise and contribute money to the campaigns of political candidates who seem likely to promote its interests; a group formed by a business, union, or interest group to help raise money for politicians who support the group’s public-policy interests
State – a system of relations by which jurisdiction and authority are devised and maintained by a community of politically organized people aiming to secure the prevalence of justice via self-imposed law
Types &/or Conditions of States:
Client State – a country that is obliged to cede some control of its external relations to some foreign power or powers
Code State – a state that has procedurally merged law and equity into one system, and having only one form of civil action
Composite State – a state that comprises an aggregate or group of constituent states
Federal State – wherein the sovereignty of the entire state is divided between the central or federal government and the local governments of the several constituent states, and the external international relations of all member states is handled by the central government
Imperial State – a composite state wherein the central government possesses sovereignty from and over the states
Failed State – has lost of physical control of its territory, ability to provide reasonable public services, &/or having an erosion of legitimate authority
Free State – a political community organized independently of all others
Microstate – consists of a small territory and a small population and that is recognized as a state for international-law purposes
Sovereign State –
Terms for a State Located along the Coast:
Coastal State – a country that borders on an ocean or sea
Littoral State – a state that has a coast
Litigant – one of several types of plaintiffs or defendants in a court action
Technical Terms for Various Types of Litigants on the Offense:
Complainant – a person who files a formal accusation of a crime or a plaintiff in a civil suit (court of equity)
Plaintiff – a person who brings a civil suit in a court of law
prosecutor – an attorney who represents the state or federal government in criminal prosecution, or a private person who carries on a criminal or civil action
Appellant – a party who appeals a lower court’s decision, usually seeking reversal of that decision
Petitioner – a party who presents a petition to a court or other official body, especially when seeking relief
Technical Terms for Various Types of Litigants on the Defense:
appellee – a party against whom an appeal is taken from a lower court to a higher court & whose role is to respond to that appeal
Defendant – a person sued in a civil proceeding or accused in a criminal proceeding
Respondant – the party against whom an appeal is taken to a higher court; the appellee or the defendant in a suit in equity
Third-Party Defendant – a party brought into a lawsuit by the original defendant
subject-matter jurisdiction – jurisdiction over the nature of the case (the material which is the subject of a lawsuit) and the type of relief sought
in rem Jurisdiction – a court’s power to adjudicate the rights to a given piece of property (i.e. action to quiet title; civil forfeiture) as opposed to the rights of a person.
territorial jurisdiction – jurisdiction over cases arising in or involving persons residing within a defined territory
Federal, State (County, Municipal), & Tribal Courts – what’s the difference?
state courts – includes county, municipal, superior, and other courts
Jurisdiction of State Courts
municipal court – a local court whose territorial jurisdiction is limited to the municipality, and subject matter jurisdiction is confined to enforcing municipal ordinances, petty offenses, and small civil cases
Various Types of State Courts:
county court – a state court with powers and jurisdiction dictated by a state constitution or statute
Counties operate under the Uniform Commercial Code:
State Appellate Courts; for Appealing “Superior” Court Cases
State Supreme Courts; Operate under State Constitutions & State Interests
federal courts – jurisdiction over claims arising under the U.S. Constitution, an act of Congress, or a treaty. or cases involving diversity of citizenship of parties
Article III “Constitutional Courts” – tribunals established to handle litigation, having greater independence from the other two branches of government
U.S. Supreme Court – located in Washington D.C., reviews unprecedented cases and announces Supreme Court Decisions which may be cited in court
Supreme Court Rulings Neatly Categorized:
Batson v. Kentucky (1986) – an opposing party cannot use a peremptory challenge to exclude a potential juror on the basis of race, ethnicity, or sex
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – ended segregation in school, declaring that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938) – In interpreting the common law, the federal court is bound by declaration of the highest state court on the state law
Supreme Court Rulings – use of highway for purpose of travel and transportation is a right which cannot be deprived (no license needed)
Supreme Court Rulings favoring Pro Se Litigants
Wallace v. Kato (2007) – for false arrest cases, the statute of limitations begins to run on the date of the arrest – not at the end of the criminal trial
U.S. Courts of Appeal for the Federal Circuit – review cases appealed from federal district courts, and in some cases from administrative agencies; aka “Circuit Courts”
U.S. Federal District Courts – original jurisdiction over virtually all cases, where the factual record is established, the only federal courts wherein attorneys examine and cross-examine witnesses; aka “Trial Courts”
U.S. Court of International Trade – nationwide jurisdiction over civil actions arising out of the customs and international trade laws of the U.S.
Article I “Legislative Courts” – have administrative, quasi-legislative, and judicial duties used for the express purpose of helping to administer specific congressional statutes
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces – worldwide appellate jurisdiction over members of the armed forces on active duty and other persons subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice
U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims – reviews Board of Veterans’ Appeals decisions appealed by claimants who believe the Board erred in its decision
U.S. Tax Court – a trial court to expeditiously resolve disputes between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service
U.S. Court of Federal Claims – Handles Complex, Often Large, Unprecedented Cases
Jurisdiction of Federal Courts:
diversity jurisdiction – jurisdiction of a federal court in all civil actions when parties are from different states (or foreign states) and the matter in controversy exceeds $75,000 in value
Diversity of Citizenship – A basis for federal-court jurisdiction that exists when (1) a case is between citizens of different states, or between a citizen of a state and an alien, and (2) the matter in controversy exceeds ~$75,000
federal-question jurisdiction – exercise of federal-court power over claims arising under the U.S. Constitution, an act of Congress, or a treaty
Tribal Courts – & Legal Information
equity jurisdiction – a court’s power to grant relief not available at law when justice so demands
Original and Appellate Jurisdiction:
appellate jurisdiction – the power of a court to review and revise a lower court’s decision
original jurisdiction – a court’s power to hear and decide a matter before any other court can review the matter
Terms used in Civil and Criminal Proceedings:
All About Jury Trials:
How to Demand either a Jury Trial or Bench Trial:
Jury Fee – a (usually minimal) fee that a party to a civil suit must pay the court clerk to be entitled to a jury trial
Types of Juries Available:
General Descriptive Terms for Various Types of Juries:
Foreign Jury – a jury obtained from a jurisdiction other than that in which the case is brought
Impartial Jury – a jury that has no opinion about the case at the start of the trial and that bases its verdict on competent legal evidence
Jury of Peers – a jury comprised of persons equal in status, rank, &/or character as the accused
Jury of the Vicinage – a jury from the county (“vicinity”) where the crime occurred
Mixed Jury – a jury composed of both men and women or persons of different races
Petit “Common” Jury – usually consisting of 6 or 12 persons, summoned and empaneled in the trial of a specific case
Types of Juries in Criminal Cases:
Anonymous Jury – a jury whose identities cannot be disclosed because, for example, the individual jurors may be subjected to intimidation or violence
Death-Qualified Jury – a jury that is fit to decide a case involving the death penalty because the jurors have no absolute ideological bias against capital punishment
Life-Qualified Jury – in a case involving a capital crime, a jury selected from within a jury panel wherein the judge has excluded anyone unable or unwilling to consider a sentence of life imprisonment, instead of the death penalty, if the defendant is found guilty.
Types of Juries used in Specific, Complex Cases:
Blue-Ribbon Jury – consists of persons of particular advanced education or special training in order to hear a complex civil case or to sit in a grand juries
Dual Juries – two separately impaneled juries for two (or two sets of) defendants in a single trial — some evidence being common to both defendants, and some not — in which each jury renders a separate verdict
Sheriff’s Jury – selected and summoned by a sheriff to hold inquests for various purposes (i.e. assessing damages, ascertaining the mental condition of an alleged lunatic, or to render verdict re: ownership of personal property seized under execution
Special or “Struck” Jury – usually at a party’s request, “striking a jury” from a panel drawn specifically for an unusually important or complicated case, followed by allowing parties to alternate in striking from a list any person whom she does not wish to have on the jury
Types of Juries used to Determine Cause of Death:
Coroner’s Jury – summoned by a coroner to make an inquiry into the cause of death of a person
Inquest Jury – summoned by a coroner, medical examiner, sheriff, or other ministerial officer in order to determine the cause of death which involved violence or other unlawful means
Types of Juries that Deliver Non-Binding Verdicts:
Advisory Jury – a jury impaneled in a case in which the parties are not entitled to a jury trial as a matter of right, wherein the verdict is not binding on the case
Shadow Jury – a group of mock jurors paid to observe a trial and report their reactions to a jury consultant hired by one of the litigants, to provide counsel with information about the jury’s likely reactions to the trial
Summary Jury Trial (SJT) – a court-ordered settlement technique sometimes used by the federal courts in complex cases that would otherwise require a lengthy jury trial wherein which the parties argue in a mini-trial before a mock jury, generally in order to settle the case based upon the nonbinding verdict presented by the jurors
Types of Juries used Historically:
Homage Jury – historically, a jury in a court baron, consisting of tenants who made homage to the lord
Jury de medietate linguae – historically, a jury comprised of half natives and half aliens, allowed when one of the parties is an alien (foreigner)
Jury of Matrons – a jury of “discreet and lawful women” impaneled to try a question of pregnancy, as when a woman sentenced to death pleads, in stay of execution, that she is pregnant, to determine if she is feigning pregnancy
Amendment VII – guarantees “right of trial by jury” and “common rules of evidence” for civil suits
Jury Selection Process:
Jury Panel Selection Process:
Jury Commissioner – an official who is responsible for compiling jury lists, drawing jurors for a panel, and then summoning them for duty
Jury Duty – the obligation to serve on a jury or the act thereof
Jury List – a roster of all people within a jurisdiction who possess the necessary legal qualifications for jury duty, or a list of people who have been placed on a jury panel
Jury Panel aka “Venire” – the jury (list) empaneled for the trial of a particular case
Jury Process – the papers served on or mailed to potential jurors to compel their attendance, and the procedure by which jurors are summoned and their attendance is enforced
Jury Shuffle – a process for rearranging jury panel members whereby cards are shuffled to rearrange them before voir dire (juror elimination) begins
Jury Wheel – a physical device or electronic system used for storing and randomly selecting names of potential jurors
Veniremember – a prospective juror; a member of a jury panel
Jury Selection – the process of systematically eliminating potential jurors from a jury panel:
Voir Dire (Examination) – a preliminary examination of a prospective juror by a judge or litigant(‘s counsel) to decide whether the prospect is qualified and suitable to serve on a jury
(Types of) Challenges to Eliminate Jurors:
As-Applied Challenge – a claim that a law or governmental policy, though constitutional on its face, is unconstitutional as applied, usually because of a discriminatory effect
Batson Challenge (and Batson Rule) – object that an opposing party has used a peremptory challenge to exclude a potential juror on the basis of race, ethnicity, or sex
Challenge for Cause – a party’s objection to a juror, supported by a specified reason, which should disqualify the potential juror
Peremptory Challenge – a final, absolute challenge to a juror that a party may exercise without having to give a reason
Talesmen – a juror summoned from among bystanders in the courthouse to complete a jury panel when, because of challenge or other cause, there is not a petit jury to determine a civil or criminal case because the original jury panel has been exhausted
General Legal Terms pertaining to Juries:
Jury Box – that portion of the court room in which the jury are seated during the trial of a case
Sequestration of Jury – a court order prohibiting the members of a jury from having public contact, reading newspapers, watching television (etc) while the trial is in progress until after they deliver their verdict
Jury Speech – the opening or closing statement of counsel in a jury trial
Deliberation and Verdict:
Deliberation (Deliberate) – carefully considering issues and options before making a decision or taking some action; especially, the process by which a jury reaches a verdict, as by analyzing, discussing, and weighing the evidence after closing arguments
Jury Question – a question of fact, which a jury decides, as opposed to a question of law, decided by a judge
Jury Room – the room in a courthouse wherein the jury conducts its deliberations
Jury Verdict Form – a document announcing the judgment or verdict of the jury
Polling the Jury – a procedure whereby each juror who participated in the verdict is asked individually if they support the verdict, or if they were coerced or induced into agreeing
Presiding Juror – usually elected by the jury at the start of deliberations, chairs the jury during deliberations and speaks for the jury in court by announcing the verdict
Request for Instructions – a written request to the judge for jury instructions, made by either party, usually after both sides have rested
Special Interrogatory – a written question about the facts (as a form of discovery), directed to the jury, whose answer is required to supplement a general verdict (upon request for a special verdict or special findings)
Types of Verdicts a Jury can Render:
Hung Jury – a jury that cannot reach a unanimous verdict or a verdict supported by the requisite number or jurors by the required voting margin
Jury Nullification – a jury’s knowing and deliberate refusal to apply the law, generally because the law itself is contrary to the jury’s sense of justice, morality, or fairness
Jury Pardon – a rule that permits a jury to convict a defendant of a lesser offense than the offense charged if sufficient evidence exists to convict the defendant of either offense
Jury Instructions (types) – given by a judge to a jury concerning the law of the case
“Obstructions of Justice” associated with Jury Trials:
Embracery (tampering) – the crime of attempting to corrupt, influence, instruct, or induce a judge or jury other than by evidence or arguments in open court (i.e. threats, bribes); “jury-tampering”
Jury-Fixing – illegally procuring the cooperating of one or more jurors to influence the outcome of the trial
Packing a Jury – contriving to have a jury composed of persons who are predisposed toward one side or the other
Rogue Jury – ignores the law and evidence, reaching a capricious verdict based on unrevealed, deeply held prejudices; on undue sympathy or antipathy toward a party; or on chance (as by tossing a coin), resulting in inappropriate awards, punishments, convictions, or acquittals
Separation of Jury – the failure of the officer in charge of the jury to keep them together after they have retired for deliberation, sometimes is in itself ground for a new trial
Stealth Juror – deliberately fails to disclose a relevant bias in order to qualify as a juror and bases a decision on that bias rather than on the facts and law; may be fined or prosecuted for perjury
Court Rulings, Orders, Decrees, Judgments, etc.:
Court Order – a written final judgment or interlocutory direction or command issued by a court
Types of Court Orders § 1:
Final Judgment – last action that settles the rights of the parties and disposes of all issues in controversy, except for the award of costs and enforcement of the judgment
Subpoena – command a person to appear in court, subject to a penalty for failing to comply
Show Cause Order – directs a party to appear in court & explain why the party took (or failed to take) some action or why the court should or should not impose some sanction or grant some relief
Peremptory Mandamus – an absolute command to the defendant after they default on, or fail to show sufficient cause in answer to, an alternative mandamus
Additur – with the defendant’s consent, increases the jury’s award of damages to avoid a new trial on grounds of inadequate damages
Interlocutory Order – a judicial determination found within a case that does not constitute a final resolution of the whole controversy
Mandate (i)- judicial command directed to an officer of the court to enforce a court order
Mandate (ii)- order from an appellate court directing a lower court to take a specified action
Minute Order – recorded in the minutes of the court rather than directly on a case docket
Remittitur – an order requiring a Plaintiff to choose between a new trial or lowering the damages amount below what the jury had awarded
Writs – written court orders commanding the addressee to do or refrain from doing a specified act:
Various Types of Writs, Generally:
Conventional Writ – standard writ seeking damages to be recovered
Original Writs – initial writs used to commence an action – usually the Summons
Warrant – a writ used to direct or authorize someone to do an act, usually a law enforcer to make an arrest, a search, or a seizure
Subsequent Writs – Writs issued *After* Original Writs
“Patent Writs” & “Close Writs”- “Publicly-Accessible Writs” & “Classified Writs”
extraordinary writs – issued by a court exercising unusual or discretionary power; used for providing extraordinary remedies:
Writ of Certiorari – issued by an appellate court, directing a lower court to deliver the record in the case for review
writ of mandamus – issued to compel performance of a particular act by a lower court or a governmental officer or body, usually to correct a prior action or failure to act
Alternative Mandamus – issued upon the first application for relief, commanding the defendant either to perform the act demanded or to appear before the court at a specified time to show cause for not performing it
Writ of Consultation – issued by an appellate court ordering a lower court to proceed in a matter the lower court previously refused to hear
Writ of Prohibition – issued by an appellate court to prevent a lower court from exceeding jurisdiction or to prevent a nonjudicial officer or entity from exercising a power
All Types of Writs § 1:
(Writs of) Injunction – a variety of writs to command or prevent an action that the plaintiff has shown to be necessary to prevent injury
Writs for Releasing Inmates or Persons in Custody:
Writ of Deliverance – court’s order directing that a person in custody be released
Writ of Habeas Corpus – command that a prisoner (or detainee or one on probation) be brought before the court to challenge the legality of their custody & demand their release
Writs for Claiming Damages or Fining Someone Due to Breach of Written or Implied Contract:
Writ of Covenant – claim damages as a result of breach of contract, deed, or other covenant, to fine someone
Writ of Debt – to claim a fixed sum of money due to breach of written or implied contract
Writs for Recovering Property, Estates, or Damages as a Result of Loss Thereof:
Writs Pertaining to the Recovery of Land &/or Damages as a Result of Unlawful Loss of Land:
Writ of Ejectment – used for the recovery of land
Writ of Entry – allows a person wrongfully dispossessed of real property to enter & retake the property
Writ of Escheat – allows a lord to take possession of lands that had reverted to him when a tenant dies without heirs
Writ of Estrepement – to prevent waste by a tenant while a suit to recover the land is pending against the tenant (replaced by injunction)
Proprietary Writ – ownership of something is sought to be restored, whether lands, goods, or money, including writs of debt, detinue, & account
Writ of Attachment – orders legal seizure of a property or person to satisfy a creditor’s claim
writ of execution – directs officers to enforce a judgment, often, but not always, by seizing & selling the judgment debtor’s property
Writs to Recover Property (estates) of Ancestors/Relatives:
Alternative Writ or Optional Writ – command the defendant do a specified thing, or show why it has not been done or should not be done
Writ of Ne Exeat – restrain a person not to leave the jurisdiction of the court or the state
Writs Issued by Higher Courts Mandating Lower Courts:
(Writ of) executione judicii – directs a judge of an inferior court to issue execution on a judgment in that court, or return reasonable cause why the judge has delayed execution
Writ of Error – directs a lower court to deliver the record in the case for review
Writ of Certiorari – Extraordinary writ similar to Writ of Error but available when Writ of Error is not
Writs to Counteract Various Forms of Fraud:
Writ of Deceit – against one who deceives & damages another by acting in the other’s name
“Vicontiel” Writs & Writs of Capias – Directed to the Sheriff
Vicontiel (Sheriff/County) Writs founded on Torts:
(Vicontiel) Writ of Replevin – for repossession of personal property wrongfully taken or detained (withheld)
Writ of Distringas – orders the sheriff to seize jurors’ goods to compel them to appear for jury service
Writ of Exigent – to declare someone an outlaw &/or demand immediate summons
Writ of fieri facias – directs a marshal or sheriff to seize & sell a judgment debtor’s property to satisfy a money judgment
Writ of Justice – commands the Sheriff to do Justice when a Contract is breached
Writ of levari facias – order a sheriff to seize a judgment debtor’s goods & income from lands until the judgment debt is satisfied
Writ of Ventitioni – requires a sale of goods that were seized under an earlier writ
Writs of Replevin – return of property that has been taken to another county
Miscellaneous Writs:
Writ of Audita Querela – a judgment debtor seeks a rehearing due to newly discovered evidence or newly existing legal defenses
Writ of Conspiracy – to indict someone who wrongfully accused another of treason or a felony
Writ of coram nobis – correct a previous error to achieve justice when a judgment was rendered without full knowledge of the facts
Writ of Dower – to assign dower (inheritance of 1/3 of husband’s land upon his death)
Writ of Extent – seizure of property secured for the recovery of a debt
Writ of False Judgment –
Writ of Formedon – for claiming a right to an inheritance including land
Writ of Right – issued to enforce a right which exists
Uncategorized Writs
Writ of Association – directs a Clerk to assist justices & sergeants to ensure an adequate supply of commissioners for a court session
Writs that have been Abolished
History, Purpose, & Usage of Writs
Unsorted:
“Cease & Desist”; Halt Rights-Violating Activity of an Individual, Executive Branch Agency, OR Organization
“Restraining Order”; Keep Another “Person” Away from a Designated Perimeter
Dismissal – a court order for a case, motion, or prosecution to be terminated
“Stay of Execution”; Halt a Judge’s Order or Past Ruling by Submitting “Unconsidered Information” to the Federal Judicial System
“Notice of Constitutional Question”; Overturn Any Statute, Code, Ordinance (etc.) or Act of Congress Ever
“Rescission of Contract”; Exit a Written Contract if Full Terms & Conditions were Not Disclosed OR were Deceptively Confusing
Disposition –
judgment – final determination of rights and obligations of each party, or a formal declaration to the accused, with legal consequences
adjudication – may refer to the process of judicially deciding a case, or a court’s final judgment, usually made after the trial
declaratory judgment – declares conclusively the rights, duties, or status of the parties, but orders no executory or coercive relief
decree – modernly, synonymous with “judgment”
default judgment – rendered upon an omission by the defendant to take a necessary step in the action within the proper time
Ruling – a determination made during the course of a trial, or the final decision in a case
Evidence – testimony, documents, and tangible objects which prove or disprove the existence of an alleged fact
Burden of Proof –
Burden of Persuasion – a party’s duty to convince the fact-finder (judge or jury) to view the facts in a way that favors that party
Exhibit – a document, record, or other tangible object formally introduced as evidence in court
Fact – a deed; an act; that which exists and is real and true — which actually took place — not that which might not have occurred
preponderance of evidence – in civil suits, the party whose evidence is more convincing has a “preponderance of the evidence” on its side and must, as a matter of law, prevail in the lawsuit because it has met its burden of proof
Proof – the effect of evidence; the establishment of a fact by evidence
Sufficient Evidence – evidence such as will satisfy an unprejudiced mind of the truth of that which the court or jury has found to be the fact
Hearing – a judicial session, usually open to the public, held for the purpose of deciding issues of fact or of law, sometimes with witnesses testifying
Administrative Law Hearings:
Daubert Hearing – conducted by federal district courts, usually before trial, to determine whether proposed expert testimony meets the federal requirements for relevance and reliability
Family Law Hearings:
Pretrial –
Deposition – a transcript of a witness’s out-of-court testimony, given under oath, usually before the hearing, in response to written interrogatories or oral examination
Interrogatories – written questions, which are a form of discovery, submitted to an opposing party in a lawsuit, or , in limited situations, to a witness in advance of trial
Pleadings – formal documents setting forth or responding to claims, allegations, denials, defenses, or charges
Pleadings (civil):
Initial Civil Pleadings:
Civil Complaint – commences the civil action, stating the basis for the court’s jurisdiction, the plaintiff’s claim, and specified demand(s) for relief
Amending or Adding Information to a Complaint that was Previously Filed
Petition – a formal written request presented to a court or other official body
Juvenile Petition – a juvenile-court petition alleging delinquent conduct by the accused
Petition for Highway – an application by property owners for the opening of a highway
Petition for Improvement – a property owner’s petition for the construction of a public improvement
Petition for Probate – to request the court to admit a will to probate
Petition in Intervention – to join the plaintiff in claiming what is sought or to join the defendant in resisting what is sought, or to take a position adverse to both the plaintiff and the defendant
Petition of Rights – for recovery of wrongfully detained property &/or person(s) held in custody
Referendum Petition – a petition demanding that newly proposed, or previously enacted, legislation be submitted to the people for their approval or rejection
Types of Petitions pertaining to Bankruptcy Court:
Types of Petitions pertaining to Patents:
Types of Petitions pertaining to Rehearings, Appeals, and Appellate Courts
Petition the Government for a Redress of Grievances
2. Answer – defendant’s first pleading, either to deny the allegations of the complaint, demur to them, agree with them, or introduce affirmative defenses intended to defeat or delay the lawsuit
Objection in Point of Law – a defensive pleading by which the defendant admits the facts alleged by the plaintiff but objects that they do not make out a legal claim
Pleadings (criminal):
Historical Pleadings Not Included or Replaced within current Fed. Rules:
Counter-Complaint – a complaint filed by a defendant against the plaintiff, alleging that the plaintiff has committed a breach and is liable to the defendant for damages
Demurrer – a pleading stating that although the facts alleged in a complaint may be true, they’re insufficient for the plaintiff to state a claim for relief or for the defendant to have to frame an answer
Demurrer Book – a record of the pleadings in an action which lead up to an issue of law; used by the court and counsel in formulating their argument as to why they came to a decision
Demurrer ore tenus – presented orally rather than as a written pleadings, often to point out a defect in the opponent’s case as grounds for a dismissal
Demurrer to Evidence – an admission that although the evidence is true, but argues that such facts do not, in law, establish a right to recover (replaced by Motion for Directed Verdict)
Demurrer to Interrogatory – when a witness refuses to answer a question, giving a reason for her refusal, she “demurs to the interrogatory”
General Demurrer – an objection pointing out a substantive defect in an opponent’s pleading (i.e. “lack of subject-matter jurisdiction”)
Speaking Demurrer – cannot be sustained because it introduces new facts not contained in the complaint
Special Demurrer – states grounds for an objection and specifically identifies the nature of the defect (i.e. the pleading is defective in form and thus violates the rules of pleading or it violates practice)
Joinder – uniting, into a single complaint, two or more elements of a lawsuit (i.e. joinder of claims; joinder of parties; joinder of issue), each of which could have been the basis for a separate suit
Joinder in Demurrer –
Joinder of Issue – a party’s written acceptance or adoption of an opponent’s issue, argument, or formerly disputed point as the basis of argument in a controversy, submitted jointly for decision
Replication – a plaintiff’s or complainant’s reply to a defendant’s answer or plea
Complaint for Modification – a post-final-decree motion asking the court to change one of its earlier orders
Issue – a material point or question arising out of the pleadings in a case, which is disputed by the parties and which they wish the court to decide
Issue of Law – a point on which the evidence is undisputed, however the parties disagree on the the law’s interpretation of the particular issue, and therefore they must rely on the court’s discretion
Every Type of Motion – request a specific ruling or order:
Legal Terms generally pertaining to Motions:
Affidavit – a voluntary declaration of facts, presenting a great deal of evidence, written down and sworn to by a declarant, usually before an officer authorized to administer oaths; a sworn statement
Discovery – in advance of trial, request documents and facts that are within the knowledge or possession of the other side
Brady Material – information or evidence that is favorable to a criminal defendant’s case and that the prosecution has a duty to disclose; the prosecution’s withholding of such information violates the defendant’s due-process rights
Jencks Act – defendant has the right to examine government papers to be better able to cross-examine or impeach government witnesses, but only after the witness has testified: 18 USC § 3500
Jurisdictional Discovery – discovery that is limited to finding facts relevant to whether the court has jurisdiction, sometimes allowed by a court prior to ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction
Merits Discovery – discovery to uncover facts that support the claim or defense, or that might lead to other facts that will support the allegations of a legal proceeding
Reciprocal Discovery – the corresponding rights and duties of both sides of litigation to engage in discovery
Motion Day – a day regularly scheduled by courts or commissions to hear all motions, such as every Tuesday or the third Monday of the month
Movant – a party who makes a motion
Move – to make a motion to the court for a ruling, order, or some other judicial action
Notice of Motion – written certification that a party to a lawsuit has filed a motion or that a motion will be heard or considered by the court at a particular time; most courts require all motions to include a certificate of service, indicating that all parties have received due notice
Own Motion – a disposition made by a court or other tribunal during the course of a proceeding, without a party having requested it
Various Types of Motions, Generally:
Contradictory Motion – a motion likely to be contested or that the non-moving side should have an opportunity to contest
Cross-motion – a competing request for relief or orders similar, but contradictory to that requested by another party
Dilatory Motion – a meritless motion made solely to delay the proceedings
Enumerated Motion – directly related to the proceeding or the merits of the case
Ex Parte Motion – a motion made to the court without notice to the adverse party, that a court considers and rules on without hearing from all sides
Pretrial Motions – reschedule an appearance, request multiple forms of relief, compel discovery, suppress inadmissible evidence, etc.:
Calendar Motions – to Reschedule Court Appearances:
Motion to Advance – request an earlier hearing date
Motion to Continue – request a new trial date for a criminal case due to a logical reason (i.e. conflicted schedule, finding of new evidence, the case depends upon the rescheduling)
Motion to Reset Hearing – reschedule the hearing date
Pretrial Motions Pertaining to Transferring Venue to different court:
Motion to Transfer Venue – transfer the case to another district or county, usually due to improper jurisdiction or local prejudice
Motion to Remand – in a case that has been removed from state court to federal court, a party’s request that the federal court return the case to state court, usually because the federal court lacks jurisdiction or because the procedures for removal were not properly followed
Pretrial Motions Pertaining to Discovery:
(Pretrial) Motion to Compel Discovery – force the opponent to procure all evidence they plan to present during the proceedings
Motion for Protective Order – request the court protect you from a potentially abusive action by the other party, often pertaining to suppressing damaging evidence
Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Prosecute – dismiss case if prosecution cannot proceed, as when a critical witness or crucial evidence is missing & speedy trial deadline has passed
Motion to Suppress – prohibit the introduction of illegally obtained evidence at a criminal trial
Omnibus Motion – in Criminal cases, as a form of relief, a defense pretrial motion to suppress inadmissible evidence from being brought up during the trial
Motion in Limine – pretrial request that certain inadmissible evidence not be referred to or offered at trial
Omnibus Motion – to request multiple forms of relief
Motion to Sever – a party’s or defendant’s reasonable request to have all or some claims or defenses tried separately from those of coparties or codefendants
Byrd Affidavit – in criminal cases, a defendant’s affidavit in support of a motion to sever on the grounds that a codefendant will give exculpatory testimony for the defendant
Midtrial Motions – made during the proceedings, before the final judgment:
Midtrial Motions to Demand Opponent Amend a Vague or Incorrect Pleadings:
Motion to Strike – to delete insufficient defenses or immaterial, redundant, impertinent, or scandalous statements from an opponent’s pleading, or that that inadmissible evidence be deleted from the record & that the jury be instructed to disregard it
Motion for More Definite Statement – to request that the court require an opponent to amend a vague or ambiguous pleading to which the party cannot reasonably be required to respond
Motions to Compel Immediate Judgment (depending on various factors & Rule of Law):
Dispositive Motion – to decide a claim or case in favor of the movant without further proceedings
Ex Parte Motion – made to the court without notice to the adverse party, which the court then considers & rules on without hearing from all sides
Motion for Directed Verdict – request the court to rule in a party’s favor before the case is submitted to the jury, or after a contrary jury verdict, because there’s no legally sufficient evidentiary basis on which a jury could find for the other party
Motion for Judgment of Acquittal – upon criminal defendant’s request, at the close of the government’s presentment of evidence, to be acquitted because there’s not legally sufficient evidentiary basis. If granted, the government cannot appeal
Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings – to request the court rule in your favor based on the pleadings on file, without accepting evidence
Motion for Summary Judgment – request that the court enter judgment without a trial because the evidence is legally insufficient to support a verdict in the opponent’s favor
Motion of Course – request that the court may grant as a matter of routine, without investigating or inquiring further
Speaking Motion – to address matters not raised in the pleadings
Special Motion – to seek the court’s discretion rather than ruling as a matter of course
Interlocutory Application – to seek equitable or legal relief before a final decision
Motion to Withdraw – defendant’s request for a court’s permission to change the defendant’s plea or strike an admission
Posttrial Motions – made after a final judgment is entered (i.e. challenge or alter a ruling, amend paperwork, etc.):
Motions to Request a Re-Trial, Rehearing, or Appeal:
Application for Leave to Appeal – ask an appellate court to hear an appeal when the party has no appeal by right or when the party’s time limit for an appeal by right has expired
Motion for Leave to Appeal – request an appellate court review a relevant interlocutory order that was found to be irrelevant & thus was not admitted within the previous court’s trial
Motion for New Trial – request a court to vacate its final judgment & order a new trial due to insufficient evidence, newly discovered evidence, jury misconduct, etc. Often this motion is required before raising such a matter on appeal
Motion for Rehearing – request another hearing of a case, motion, or appeal usually to consider an alleged error or omission in the courts judgment or opinion
Motion for Repleader – an unsuccessful party’s posttrial motion asking that the pleadings begin anew because the opponent joined the issue on an immaterial point
Posttrial Motions to Contest, Alter, or Attain Relief from the Judgment:
Motion for Relief from the Judgment (a) – to necessarily relieve a party from a judgment due to reasonable cause
Motion in Arrest of Judgment – a defendant’s postjudgment motion in a criminal case claiming that a substantial error appearing on the face of the record invalidates the whole proceeding & the judgment
Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment – within 10 days after a judgment, request the court change its judgment due to obvious error of law or fact
(Posttrial) Motion to Compel Discovery – after judgment, force the opponent to procure essential evidence, usually to determine the nature of the judgment debtor’s assets or to obtain testimony for use in future proceedings
coram nobis Motion – Exonerate a Person who was Unlawfully Convicted
Show-Cause Motion – to compel a litigant to appear in court & explain why they have failed to comply with a legal requirement
Posttrial Motions pertaining to Marriage & Child Custody:
Motion for Reduction – a posttrial motion to lessen the amount of child support payments
Motion to Modify – a post-final-decree motion requesting the court to change its previous child support, visitation, or similar order
Posttrial Motions to Request a Court Amend its Paperwork to Accurately Reflect the Court’s Determination:
Motion for Relief from the Judgment (b) – to correct a clerical mistake in the judgment which incorrectly reflects the courts intentions
Motion for Resettlement – request to clarify or correct the form of an order or judgment that does not correctly state the court’s decision
Versatile Motions – circumstantially applicable pretrial, midtrial, & posttrial:
Brady Motion – a criminal defendant’s request that a court order the prosecution to turn over evidence favorable to the defendant when the evidence is relevant to the defendant’s guilt or punishment
Motion to Dismiss – due to settlement, voluntary withdrawal, or one of several procedural defects
Motion to Quash – request the court nullify process or an act instituted by the other party or previous court decision (i.e. nullify a warrant or subpoena)
Omnibus Motion – to request multiple forms of relief depending upon the circumstances
Motion to Divide the Question – to break a long or complex motion, usually one covering more than one subject, into shorter motions to be considered independently
Motion to Withdraw – attorney’s request for a court’s permission to cease representing a client
Motions pertaining exclusively to Bankruptcy, Patents, & Trademarks:
Motion to Correct Inventorship – add one or more unnamed co-inventors to a patent application
Motion to Dissolve Interference – request by the senior party to dismiss challenges to its priority as the first inventor
Motion to Lift the Stay – request to bankruptcy court to alter the automatic bankruptcy stay to allow the movant to act against the debtor’s property, as when a creditor seeks permission to foreclose on a lien because its security interest is not adequately protected
Motion for Protective Order – request the court protect you from a potentially abusive action by the other party, usually relating to protecting Trade Secrets from being open to the public through Discovery
Objections – oppose something that occurred or is about to occur: seek an immediate ruling on the point
Continuing Objection – a single objection to all the questions in a given line of questioning
Frivolous Objection – a petty, often baseless, objection
General Objection – an objection made without specifying any grounds in support of the objection
Speaking Objection – an (often prohibited) objection that contains more information (often in the form of argument) than needed by the judge to sustain or overrule it
Specific Objection – accompanied by a statement of one or more grounds in support of the objection
Standing Objection – made to an opposing lawyer’s entire line of questioning instead of repeating question-by-question objections
Vexatious Objection – made to delay, annoy, or otherwise impede a proceeding solely for tactical reasons
Civil Proceedings:
1. Process – the Plaintiff files a Complaint and Summons:
Burden of Pleading – a party’s duty to plead a matter in order for that matter to be heard in a lawsuit
Statute of Jeofails – a law permitting a litigant to correct or amend an error in a pleading without risking dismissal of the claim
Civil Complaint Form Self-Help Walkthrough
Injunctive Relief – various types of non-monetary “equitable remedies” that may be awarded by a court:
Choose which Civil Complaint Form Matches Your Case
in forma pauperis – impoverished persons may request a court fee waiver
2. Case Preparation – discovery of evidence; witness depositions and pretrial motions:
Initial Disclosure – the requirement that parties make available to each other, without first receiving a discovery request, contact information for all involved parties, a copy of all relevant documents and data compilations, a damages computation, and relevant insurance agreements
pretrial discovery (civil) – conducted before trial to reveal facts, develop evidence and prevent parties from surprising each other at trial
3. Settling Difference – parties urged to reach settlement to avoid the need for trial:
4. Trial Process – evidence is presented, and witnesses testify:
5. Closing – final findings of law and fact are concluded; judgment:
Jury Trials (civil):
Pleas (Civil Law):
Criminal Proceedings:
1. The Arrest, Search and Seizure, and Booking:
i. The Arrest – lawful or unlawful?
Types of Unlawful Arrests:
arbitrary arrest – an arrest of a person without probable cause to believe the person permitted a crime
Dragnet Arrest – a sweeping arrest of people suspected of possible involvement in criminal activity or a civil disturbance
false imprisonment – restraint of a person in a bounded area without either legal authority, justification, or consent
false arrest – unlawful restraint of one’s physical liberty under an asserted legal authority to enforce the processes of the law
10 U.S.C. (UCMJ) § 897. Art. 97. Unlawful detention
25 U.S.C. § 11.404 – False imprisonment
malicious arrest – causing an arrest by maliciously bringing a suit upon false charges, or maliciously making a false affidavit, or arresting without probable cause for an improper purpose
Supreme Court Rulings re: Unlawful Arrests/False Imprisonment
Various Forms of Lawful Arrests:
Warranted Arrest – an arrest made under authority of a warrant
Arrest Warrant – issued by a disinterested magistrate shown probable cause; directs a law-enforcement officer to arrest and take a person into custody
Return of Warrant – a return of an arrest warrant, by the officer to whom it was given, showing substantially that the officer operated within the scope of proper execution
material-witness arrest – arrest and detention of a witness to a crime for the purpose of inducing the witness to provide material evidence to investigators or prosecutors
Warrentless Arrest – a legal arrest, without a warrant, carried out by a peace officer or private citizen, when there’s absolute certainty or probable cause that a crime was committed by the suspect
civil arrest – arrest and detention of a civil-suit defendant until bail is posted or a judgment is paid; prohibited in most states
parol arrest – ordered by a judge or magistrate from the bench, without written complaint, and executed immediately; often used in cases of contempt of court, etc.
rearrest – a warrantless arrest due to escape from custody, violation of parole or probation, or failure to appear in court
turnover arrest – made by a security guard who holds the suspect, usually a shoplifter, until the police arrive and then turns the suspect over to them
Citizen’s Arrest – on grounds that (1) a public offense was committed in their presence, or (2) they have reasonable cause to believe suspect committed a felony
Probable Cause for Arrest – lawful or unlawful?
ii. Search and Seizure – reasonable or unreasonable?
search – upon probable cause, examination of a person’s body, property, or other area the person considers private, by a law enforcement officer, for the purpose of finding evidence of a crime
Search Warrant, various types of:
no-knock search warrant – a type of search warrant that authorizes exception to the knock-and-announce rule because a prior announcement would probably lead to the destruction of the objects searched for or someone(s) safety
Various Types of Lawful Warrantless Searches:
consent search – conducted after a person with the authority to do so voluntarily waives Fourth Amendment rights
seizure – the actual or constructive taking possession of a person or property by color of legal right or process
Seizure Warrant – allows law-enforcement to seize particular property, usually believed to be the fruit of a crime or an instrument used to commit a crime; often combined with a search warrant
search-warrant affidavit – sets forth facts and circumstances supporting the existence of probable cause, requesting the judge to issue the warrant
Stop-and-Frisk – brief detention, questioning, and “pat down” for a concealed weapon, with reasonable suspicion suspect committed or is about to commit a crime
iii. Booking – standard procedure:
knock-and-announce rule – officers must knock and announce their identity, authority, and purpose before entering a residence
The Fourth Amendment
4th Amendment – Supreme Court Rulings re: “Unreasonable Search and Seizure”
curtilage – the land or yard adjoining a house, usually within an enclosure; it is protected by the 4th Amendment’s guarantee against unreasonable warrantless searches
messuage – a dwelling house together with the curtilage, including any outbuildings; all protected by the 4th Amendment’s guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure
Interrogation – formal, systematic, intensive questioning by police, usually of suspects who have been arrested
Miranda rule – a criminal suspect in police custody must be informed of certain constitutional rights before being interrogated
2. Possible release on Bail, on promise to make next appearance:
Recognizance – a person’s bond or obligation to the court to appear in court to enter a plea or stand trial in a criminal case
Forfeiture of Bail – the consequence of a breach of the condition of a bail bond
3. Arraignment – defendant hears the charges and enters a plea:
Plea Colloquy – an open-court dialogue, usually just before the defendant enters a plea, where the judge ensures the defendant understands the consequences of the plea
Pleas (Criminal):
Guilty Plea – the defendant’s formal admission in court of having committed the charged offense
Alford Plea – a guilty plea, entered as part of a plea bargain, while not admitting guilt
Blind Plea – a guilty plea made without the promise of a concession from the judge or prosecutor
Plea Affidavit – a sworn, notarized, written guilty plea to a misdemeanor, traffic violation, or other lesser offense, usually submitted in absentia
No Contest (“nolo contendere”) – a plea by which the defendant does not contest or admit guilt
Not Guilty Plea – denial of having committed the charged offense
Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity – based on the insanity defense
Insanity – a mental disorder severe enough to prevent a person from having legal capacity, excusing them from criminal or civil responsibility; constitutes an Insanity Defense
Appreciation Test – requires clear, convincing evidence that at the time of the crime, the defendant suffered from a severe mental disease or defect preventing them from appreciating the wrongfulness of the conduct
Currens test – requires no more than the jury must be satisfied that as a result of mental disease or defect, the accused lacked substantial capacity to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law
Durham Test – holds that a defendant is not criminally responsible for an act that was the product of mental disease or defect
Irresistible-Impulse Test – holds that a person is not criminally responsible for an act if mental disease prevented them from controlling potentially criminal conduct
McNaghten Test – the “right and wrong test” to determine a person’s sanity
Substantial-Capacity Test – the Model Penal Code’s test for the insanity defense; determines if the person lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of the conduct or to conform their conduct to the law
Plea Bargain – a negotiated agreement between a prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant pleads guilty or no contest to one of multiple charges, usually in exchange for a more lenient sentence or dismissal of other charges
Standing Mute – to remain silent when required to enter a plea; the equivalent of a “not guilty” plea
4. Preliminary Hearing or Grand Jury Proceedings:
Fact-Finder – one or more persons who hear testimony and review evidence to rule on a factual issue; the judge (in a bench trial) or a jury
Preliminary Hearing – any number of “Probable Cause Hearings” to determine if there’s sufficient evidence to hold trial, or if any evidence ought be suppressed due to 4th Amendment violation:
Independent-Source Hearing – a hearing to determine whether evidence was obtained illegally, and if so, whether the evidence is admissible
Information – a complaint or affidavit, made by a prosecutor, alleging probable cause to suspect a crime, in order to bind a defendant over, to await action by the grand jury
Mapp Hearing – held to determine if evidence was obtained via an illegal search and seizure, and should therefore be suppressed
Probable Cause – a reasonable amount of suspicions, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong to justify a prudent and cautious peron’s belief that certain facts are probably true
Types of Hearings pertaining Solely to Criminal Cases:
pretrial discovery (criminal) – conducted before trial to reveal facts, develop evidence and prevent parties from surprising each other at trial
Jencks Material – a prosecution witness’s written or recorded pretrial statement that a criminal defendant, upon filing a motion after the witness has testified, is entitled to have in preparing to cross-examine the witness; the statement may may be used to impeach the witness
Jencks Rule – defendant has the right to examine government papers to be better able to cross-examine or impeach government witnesses
Reverse Jencks Material – a defense witness’s written or recorded pretrial statement that a prosecutor is entitled to have, via pretrial discovery, in preparing to cross-examine the witness; discoverable statements include a witness’s signed or adopted written statement, and transcripts or recordings of the witness s oral statements, including grand-jury testimony
exclusionary rules – rules that exclude or suppress evidence obtained via unreasonable search and seizure:
Fruit-of-the-Poisonous-Tree Doctrine – evidence derived from an illegal search, arrest, or interrogation is inadmissible because the evidence (the “fruit”) was tainted by the illegality (the “poisonous tree”)
attenuation doctrine – evidence obtained by illegal means may be admissible if the connection between the evidence an the illegal means is sufficiently remote: the Fourth Amendment violation and the obtaining of the evidence are not causally related
independent-source rule – an exception to the fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree doctrine whereby evidence obtained by illegal means is admissible if that evidence is also obtained by legal means unrelated to the original illegal conduct
good-faith exception – an exception to the exclusionary rule whereby evidence obtained under a warrant later found to be invalid (especially because its not supported by probable cause) is nonetheless admissible if officers reasonably relied on the notion the warrant was valid
inevitable-discovery rule – evidence obtained indirectly from an illegal search is admissible, and the illegality is harmless, if the evidence would have been obtained nevertheless in the ordinary course of police work
primary-evidence rule – when evidence sought in an illegal search is seized during that search, the inevitable-discovery doctrine does not apply
Grand Jury – usually 16 to 23 people who sit one month to a year in ex parte proceedings, to decide whether to issue an indictment
Bill of Indictment – an instrument containing a criminal charge, presented to a grand jury by a prosecutor, used by the jury to determine if there’s enough evidence to formally charge the accused with a crime
Indictment – a formal written accusation of a felony, made by a grand jury and presented to a court for prosecution against the accused person
True Bill – an indorsement that a grand jury enters onto a bill of indictment when it indicts a criminal defendant; by writing “true bill” on the bill, the determination that a criminal charge should go before a petty jury for trial is officially indorsed by the grand jury
No Bill – an indorsement by a grand jury on a bill of indictment, indicating “not found” or “not a true bill”; the party is then discharged without further answer
Presentment – a written accusation returned by a grand jury on its own motion, without a prosecutor’s previous indictment request, which may be used by the prosecutor as the basis for a true bill or indictment
5. Pretrial Motions (criminal):
6. Trial – the prosecution bears the burden of proof as both sides are heard, witnesses are cross-examined; defendant found guilty or not guilty
Closing Argument – a final request to the fact-finder to consider the evidence and to apply the law in one’s favor; afterward (in a jury trial) the judge ordinarily instructs the jury on the law that governs the case
Guilt Phase – in a criminal trial, where the fact-finder determines if the defendant committed a crime
Trial by Jury (criminal):
Amendment VI – guarantees speedy, public (criminal) trial with an impartial local jury, to be informed about the accusation and be confronted with witnesses, and to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in one’s favor, and have assistance of counsel
Bench Trial – a trial before a judge; a “nonjury” or “juryless” trial
Opening Statement – each attorney previews of the case, the evidence to be presented, and the issue(s) at hand
Allocution – a trial judge’s formal address to a convicted defendant, to ask if they wish to make a statement or present information that could lessen or cancel the sentence
Penalty Phase – in a criminal trial, where the fact-finder determines the punishment for a defendant who has been found guilty
7. Sentencing:
Victim-Impact Statement – a statement read into the record during sentencing to inform the judge or jury of the financial, physical, and psychological impact of the crime on the victim and their family
Victim Allocution – a crime victim’s address to the court before sentencing, usually urging a harsher punishment
8. The Appeal:
Types of Property:
personal property – any movable or intangible thing that is subject to ownership and not classified as real property: i.e. money, goods, chattels, movables, a right of action, evidence of debt, stock, bond, mortgages
Movable Property – tangible or intangible property that is not land or buildings: can be moved or displaced
Chattel – visible, tangible, movable personal property:
Chattel Mortgage – an instrument which conveys a mortgage on personal property on installment, whereby the seller transfers title to the buyer but retains a lien securing the unpaid balance
Chattel Paper – a writing that shows both a monetary obligation and a security interest in or a lease of specific goods
Electronic Chattel Paper – chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information stored in an electronic medium and retrievable in perceivable form
Tangible Chattel Paper – chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information inscribed on a tangible medium
Chattel Vegetable – a movable article of a vegetable origin, such as timber, undergrowth, corn, or fruit
Local Chattel – personal property that is affixed to land
Personal Chattel – a tangible good or an intangible right (such as a patent)
Real Chattel – an interest in real property that is less than a freehold or fee, such as an estate for years in land (i.e. a leasehold)
Unique Chattel – a chattel that is absolutely irreplaceable because it is one of a kind
Intangible Movable – a physical thing that can be moved but that cannot be touched in the usual sense, such as a legal right, light, electricity, and radioactive waves
real estate (real property) – land and anything growing, attached to, or erected on it, excluding anything that may be severed without injury to the land
Immovable Property – land, and objects so firmly attached that they are regarded as part of the land
common property – real property held by two or more persons with no right of survivorship
Intellectual Property – intangible rights protecting commercially valuable products of the human intellect:
Hard Intellectual Property – excludes others from using the invention without the holder’s consent even if others find the innovation independently
Patent – the governmental grant of a right, privilege, or authority to exclude others from making, using, marketing, selling, offering for sale, or importing an invention for a specified period (20 years from the date of filing); also the name for the official document so granting)
Practice – (patents)
Office Action – pertains to patents and trademarks
Trademark – word, phrase, logo, or other sensory symbol that serves as a signature for the manufacturer or seller to distinguish its products or services from those of others and to designate the source of goods or services
Soft Intellectual Property – does not preclude independent creation by third parties:
Copyright – a property right in an original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, giving the holder the exclusive right (for a period of time) to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform, and display the work
Copyright Laws – Past and Present:
copyrightability test – a common judicial test for determining whether a contributor to a joint work is an author for legal purposes
Types of Copyrights:
ad interim copyright – a limited five-year US. copyright granted to the author of a foreign edition of an English language book or periodical under certain circumstances
common-law copyright – a property right that arose when the work was created, rather than when it was published
future copyright – A copyright that will come into existence upon the occurrence of a particular event
Conditions of Property:
abandoned property – wherein all right, title, claim, and possession is voluntarily surrendered, relinquished, or disclaimed by the (former) owner, and not vested in another person
found property – appears to be lost or abandoned, and is recovered by another person
absolute property – wherein the owner has full and complete title and control over
adventitious property – property coming to one from a stranger or anyone other than the paterfamilias
ancestral property (estate) – acquired by descent, especially when the owner’s family has held the property for several generations
appointive property – property interest that is subject to a power of appointment
complete property – the entirety of the rights, privileges, powers, and immunities that it is legally possible for a person to have with regard to any thing
corporeal property – can be perceived, having physical, tangible substance
distressed property – must be sold because of mortgage foreclosure or it is part of an insolvent estate
divisible property – an asset a court is statutorily permitted to divide between divorcing spouses
incorporeal property – a property interest in a legal right, having no physical (tangible) existence, but recognized at law
intangible property – an incorporeal right unrelated to a physical thing, but which evidences something of value
lost property – personal property involuntarily parted with through accident, negligence, neglect, carelessness, or inadvertence
mislaid property –
ownership – the “bundle of rights” to possess, use, manage, enjoy, &/or convey property, by the person who has both title and dominion over it
title – the legal link between a person who owns property and the property itself, without any rightful participation by any other person in any part of it
Essential Elements of Title:
custody – control or care, and obligation of safeguard, of a thing or person for inspection, preservation, or security; not possession
good (clear, marketable) title – legal and equitable title free from litigation, palpable defects, and grave doubts, not dependent upon any question of fact, and fairly deductible of record, with no outstanding interest, lien, encumbrance, or claim that could defeat or impair the interest; a person of reasonable prudence and intelligence, guided by competent legal advice, would be willing to pay fair market value
legal title – evidences apparent ownership but not necessarily full and complete title or a beneficial interest; must be marketable to be considered legally sufficient
equitable title – indicates a beneficial interest in property, recognized as ownership in equity, but not legal title, that gives the holder the right to have the legal title transferred to him
bad (defective, unmarketable) title – a reasonable buyer would refuse to accept it because of a conflicting claim, possible conflicting interests in, or litigation over the property
dormant title – an unclaimed title in real estate; a title to real estate held in abeyance, unasserted
abeyance – a lapse in succession during which no person is vested with title, although the law considers it as always potentially existing and ready to vest when a proper person in whom it may vest appears
doubtful title – open to reasonable doubt regarding any question of law or fact; would probably cause a purchaser to be involved in litigation with an adverse claimant
Transfer or Acquisition of Title:
derivative title – title that results when an already existing right is transferred to a new owner; a transferee acquires only the rights held by the transferor and no more
escheat – the right of the state to take title to property after the death of a person who has not disposed of the property by will and has left no heirs to inherit it
after-acquired title – the ownership interest in land which a person acquires after purporting to sell the property to the buyer
title – related terms:
chain of title – the ownership history of a piece of land, from its first owner to the present one
cloud on title – a defect or potential defect in the owners’ title to a piece of land arising from some claim or encumbrance (i.e. a lien, easement, court order)
Types of Ownership:
record owner – the owner of real estate or other property (e.g. stocks, bonds) at the time of question according to public or corporate records
Unqualified (Absolute) Ownership and related terms:
corporeal ownership – actual and complete ownership of land or chattels with the right to use and control
nested ownership – wherein the title is perfect; absolute ownership
perfect ownership – the complete bundle of rights to use, enjoy, and dispose of property without limitation
cross-ownership – ownership by a single person or entity of two or more related businesses such that the owner can control competition
qualified ownership (interest) – shared, restricted to a particular use, or limited in the extent of its enjoyment; less than absolute ownership
imperfect ownership – ownership party subject to a usufruct interest held by another
usufruct -the right to the use, enjoyment, profits, and avails of property belonging to another
joint ownership – undivided ownership shared by two or more persons wherein an owner’s interest, at death, passes to the surviving owner(s) by virtue of the right of survivorship
Ownership in Common – shared by two or more persons whose interests are divisible, and, at death, pass to the dead owner’s heirs or successors
Public Ownership – government owns at least 51% or controlling share of the company
Shareholders (Stockholders) – owns a proportional part (share) of a corporation’s capital, granting the right to participate in the company’s general management and to share in its net profits or earnings
Types of Shares –
Types of Shared Ownership Without Controlling Interest:
Incorporeal Ownership – ownership interest in land or chattels without the right to use or control, as with mineral rights
Stakeholder – someone who has an interest or concern in a business or enterprise, though not necessarily as an owner, and whose interest may possibly be contested
Forms of Ownership (Interest) pertaining to Trusts:
Beneficial Ownership – a beneficiary’s interest in trust property &/or a corporate shareholder’s power to buy or sell the shares
Trust Ownership – a trustee’s interest in trust property
Ownership regarding Oil & Gas:
Nonownership Theory – used in a minority of jurisdictions, holds that the owner of a severed mineral interest does not have a present right to possess the oil and gas in place but only to search for, develop, and produce it
Ownership-in-Place Theory – used in a majority of jurisdictions: holds that the owner has the right to present possession of the oil and gas, as well as the right to use the land surface to search, develop, and produce from the property, but that the interest in the minerals terminates if the oil and gas flows out from under the owner’s land
Ownership – related terms:
Bonitary Ownership – a type of equitable ownership recognized by the praetor when the property was conveyed by an informal transfer, or by a formal transfer by one who is not the true owner
Contingent Ownership – wherein title is imperfect but is capable of becoming perfect on the fulfillment of some condition
control – power or authority to manage, direct, or oversee, or physical retention of possession of an item or its maintenance in a secure place
domain – an estate in land by one who has paramount title and unqualified ownership , or the land itself rather than the ownership and control thereof
public domain – government-owned land, or a composition, devise, or process so well known and in such common use, or explicitly dedicated, so as not to be patentable
eminent domain – the power of a government to authorize the taking of private property for a public use or public purpose without the owner’s consent, conditioned upon the payment of a just compensation
dominion – ownership and control, or control and possession
Owner’s Policy – a title-insurance policy covering the owner’s title as well as the mortgagee’s interest (real estate)
Vest – to confer ownership to or give fixed right of present or future enjoyment (of property) to a person
interest – all or part of a legal or equitable claim to or right in property; a share, claim, or title
estate – the amount, degree, nature, and quality of a person’s interest in property, usually “real estate interest which may become possessory”
estate in land – the degree, quantity, nature, or extent of interest which a person has in real property
absolute estate – a full, complete estate in real property wherein the owner has complete, unqualified and unconditional possession, control, dominion, and right of disposition, which descends to his heirs upon his death, if his will does not otherwise direct
contingent estate – an estate in land that vests (transfers in ownership) only if a specified event does or does not happen
estate on condition – an (contingent) estate in land that vests, is modified, or is defeated upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of some specified event
estate on condition expressed – a contingent estate in which the condition upon which the estate will fail is stated explicitly in the granting instrument
estate on condition implied – a contingent estate having some condition that is so inseparable from the estate’s essence that it need not be expressed in words
freehold estate (interest) – an estate in land held in fee simple, fee tail, or for term of life; any real property interest that is or may become possessory
Charter Land – “freehold land” held under royal charter or deed (generally for churches and leaders)
determinable estate – an estate that is defeasible (capable of being cancelled) by operation of a special limitation
fee (simple absolute) – the broadest real property interest (estate in land) allowed by law; exclusive, hereditable ownership
Arriere Fee – a fee dependent on a superior one; a subfief
base fee (estate, tenancy) – a hereditable estate in land that may last forever, but with a qualification (limitation) annexed to it which terminates such interest if a certain event(s) occurs
Fee Simple Conditional – an estate conveyed to a man conditionally upon his having an heir
Fee Simple Subject to a Condition Subsequent – an estate subject to the grantor’s power to end the estate if some specified event happens
fee tail – a legal or equitable estate in lands that is heritable only by specified descendants of the original grantee, enduring until its current holder dies without issue, at which time it reverts to the original donor or his heirs
fee expectant – a fee tail created when land is given to a man and wife and the heirs of their bodies
Historical Types of Fee Simple Estates:
great fee – historically, in feudal law, a fee received directly from the Crown
knight’s fee – historically, the amount of land that gave rise to the obligation of knight service
lay fee – a fee interest in land held by ordinary feudal tenure, generally for use in agricultural labor, and not for religious purposes
plowman’s fee – a species of tenure for peasants or small farmers by which the land descended in equal shares to all the tenant’s sons
Quasi-Fee – an estate in fee acquired wrongfully
Types of Qualified Fee:
Fee Simple Defeasible – an estate that ends because there are no more heirs of the person to whom it is granted or because a special limitation, condition subsequent, or executory limitation takes effect
Fee Simple Determinable – an estate that will automatically end and revert to the grantor if some specified event occurs
Flying Freehold – the part of a freehold property that encroaches on another owner’s property, not on the ground but above it, as with a balcony that extends over the property line
life estate (tenancy) – held only for the duration of a specified person’s life, usually the possessor’s
estate by the curtesy – an freehold estate owned by a wife, to which the husband is entitled upon her death, as a life estate
Movable Freehold – real property capable of being increased or diminished by natural causes, such as the land a seashore owner acquires or loses as water recedes or approaches
Perpetual Freehold – an estate given to a grantee for life, and then successively to the grantee’s heirs for life
nonfreehold estate – any estate in real property without seisin; any estate except a fee simple, fee tail, or life estate
estates less than freehold – an estate for years, estate at will, or estate at sufferance:
insolvent estate – the estate of a decedent which is to be administered according to a special statutory method because its assets are insufficient to cover its debts, taxes, and administrative expenses
derivative estate – a particular interest that has been carved out of another, larger estate
Estate – legal or equitable?
equitable estate – an estate or interest in property recognized only in equity, especially a trust
equitable life estate – an equitable estate (interest) in real or personal property that lasts for the life of the holder of the estate (e.g. a life estate held by a trust beneficiary)
legal estate – an interest (estate in property) recognized by and enforced in law rather than in equity
estate by purchase – an estate acquired by any method except descent
Number of Persons Holding an Estate, and the Manner in Which its Held:
estate in severalty – held by a tenant separately, without any other person being joined or connected in interest
concurrent estate – ownership or possession of property by two or more persons at the same time
Types of Estates Held as a Security, as Collateral, or to Satisfy a Debt:
estate by elegit – held by a judgment creditor, entitling the creditor to the rents and profits from land owned by the debtor until the debt is paid
estate by statute staple – an estate held under a bond as security for a commercial debt, giving the lender a possessory right in the land of a debtor who failed to repay a loan
estate in gage – an estate that has been pledged as security for a debt
Types of Interest:
beneficial interest – a right or expectancy of value, worth, or use in property one does not own.(i.e a trust or estate) as opposed to legal title; a beneficiary’s interest
Carried Interest – the share of any profits produced by a partnership’s investment, paid to the general partner as compensation for managing the investment
Contingent Interest – an interest that the holder may enjoy only upon the occurrence of a condition precedent
Defeasible Interest – an interest that the holder may enjoy until the occurrence of a condition
Direct Interest – a certain, absolute interest
encumbrance – any property right (claim or liability) that is not ownership interest (e.g.. lien, mortgage, easement), attached to real property (or the title or record thereof), that may lessen its value
Entailed Interest – an interest that devolves through lineal descendants only as a result of a fee tail
Equitable Interest – held by virtue of an equitable title or claimed on equitable grounds, such as the interest held by a trust beneficiary
Security Interest – an interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation, or with respect to real property, a mortgage or other lien
Types of Controlling Interest:
Absolute Interest – not subject to any condition
Controlling Interest – sufficient ownership of stock in a company to control policy and management; especially, a greater-than-50% ownership interest in an enterprise
Entire Interest – a whole interest or right, without diminution
Types of Heritable Interest in Land:
tenancy – possession or occupancy of real or personal property by right or title:
Various Forms of Tenancy:
Cotenancy – a tenancy with two or more cotenants who both have the right of undivided possession of the property as a whole:
joint estate (tenancy) – held by two more more persons jointly, with equal rights to share in its enjoyment during their lives, and having as its distinguishing feature the right of survivorship
estate in partnership – a joint estate that is vested in the members of a partnership when real estate is purchased with partnership funds and for partnership purposes
tenancy (estate) by the entirety – an (tenancy and) estate in land or in personal property that exists between husband and wife; jointly owned with right to survivorship
Tenancy in Common – a tenancy by two or more persons, in equal or unequal undivided shares, each person having an equal right to possess the whole property but no right of survivorship
tenancy (estate) at sufferance – when a person who was in lawful possession of property wrongfully remains as a holdover after their interest has expired, when their right to possession has ended
periodic tenancy – tenancy where no definite time is agreed upon and the rate is fixed at so much per month (year, etc.)
tenancy (estate) at will – the tenant holds possession with the landlord’s consent but without fixed terms; may be terminated by either party upon fair notice
tenancy (estate) for a term – an interest (estate) securing a tenancy, arising from an agreement or lease (or other contract) which must expire at a certain period, fixed in advance
tenancy attendant on the inheritance – a tenancy for a term vested in a trustee in trust for the owner of the inheritance, as a form of personal property to the trustee
tenancy in gross – a tenancy for a term that is unattached or disconnected from the estate or inheritance, such as one that is in the hands of some third party having no interest in the inheritance
possession – detention or use of a physical thing with intent to hold it as one’s own; asserting dominion
adverse possession – method for obtaining real property from a record owner via occupancy
acquiescence – a tacit (silent, implied) approval or at least an indication of lack of disapproval
Adverse Possession – related terms:
adverse claim – in adverse possession, a claim to possession which is hostile to the true owner
adverse enjoyment – possession or use of land under a claim of right against the property owner
adverse user – using real property in an “open, notorious, hostile manner” under a claim of right, contrary to the interests of the true owner
claim of right (title, ownership) – entry and occupation of land with intent to claim and hold it for one’s own
doctrine of presumed dereliction – property is considered “abandoned” when…
occupying claimant – someone who claims the right under a statute to recover for the cost of improvements done to land that is later found not to belong to the person
Occupying Claimant (Betterment) Acts – statutes which provide a recovery by an occupying claimant, since dispossessed by the true owner, for improvements made while occupying the premises in the belief that he had good title
improvement (betterment) – an addition to property (usually real estate), whether permanent or not, that increases its value and goes beyond repair or restoration
improvement lien – A lien recognized in equity in a proper case for the benefit of one who clims compensation for an improvement made on the land of another. 27 Am
presumed grant – a theoretical basis for the acquisition of title or prescriptive right, by adverse use
title by prescription (adverse title) – a title acquired by prescription (or adverse possession)
prescription (prescription) – acquisition of title to a thing by open, continuous possession over a statutory period, or the extinction of a title or right by failure to claim or exercise it over a long period
negative (extinctive) prescription – extinction of a title or right by failure to claim or exercise it over a long period
period of prescription – the period fixed by local law as sufficient for obtaining or extinguishing a right through lapse of time, and other circumstances
positive (acquisitive) prescription – acquisition of title to a thing by open and continuous possession over a statutory period
prescription acts – statutes establishing the periods of time required for various rights or titles to be acquired by prescription
prescriptive right – a right obtained by prescription
tacking – adding one’s own period of land possession to a prior possessor’s in order to establish continuous adverse possession for the statutory period
“Rights” Associated w/ Adverse Possession, Prescriptive Easements:
right of entry – the right to take or resume possession of real property in a peaceable manner, including entering onto another person’s property for a special purpose, without committing a trespass
right of possession – a person’s right to occupy and enjoy property
Forms of Possession that pertain to Adverse Possession:
actual possession – in adverse possession cases, actual entry upon the premises, actual occupancy such as to indicate exclusive ownership
exclusive possession – possession of land by a claimant for himself, as his own, and not for another
hostile possession – open, notorious possession of land under a claim of an exclusive right thereto, including against the record owner’s claim
open and notorious possession – possession of real property that is so conspicuous its considered as sufficient notice to a reasonable landowner that their land is subject to an adverse user (adverse possession)
interruption of possession (or prescription) – a break in the continuity of the possession of an adverse claimant in order to restore constructive possession to the owner
(action for) ejectment – a legal action by which a title holder who has been dispossessed and suffered damages seeks to recover possession, damages, and costs
dispossessor (disseissor) – someone who wrongfully deprives another of the freehold possession of property
eviction – the act or process of legally dispossessing a person of land or rental property
actual eviction – physical expulsion (dispossession) of a person from land or rental property, as distinguished from constructive eviction
eviction by paramount title – eviction by judicially establishing title superior to that under which the possessor claims, by evidence of one’s deed
summary eviction – a prompt, juryless trial (for an eviction) using a simplified legal procedure
forcible entry and detainer – (1) entry onto real property peaceably in the possession of another, against his will, without authority of law, by actual or threat of force, followed by the withholding of such property; or (2) a quick and simple legal proceeding for regaining possession of real property from someone who has wrongfully taken, or refused to surrender, possession (or their right to possession has expired or been lawfully terminated)
unlawful detainer – unjustifiable retention of the possession of real property by one whose original entry was lawful
adverse possession statutes (by state):
California Adverse Possession Statutes (CCP §§ 1159 – 1179a) – Summary Proceedings for Obtaining Possession of Real Property in Certain Cases
California Adverse Possession Statutes (CCP §§ 315-330) – The Time of Commencing Actions for the Recovery of Real Property
California Adverse Possession Statutes (CIV §§ 1000-1002, 1006-1009) – Modes in Which Property May Be Acquired (Occupancy)
constructive adverse possession – a type of adverse possession in which the claim arises from the claimant’s payment of taxes under color of right rather than by actual possession of the land
constructive possession (possession in law) – control or dominion over a property without actual possession or custody of it, or possession of an entire property by virtue of occupying a portion of it
lawful possession – possession based on a good-faith belief in and claim of right
natural possession – physical detention or control over a thing, as by occupying a building or cultivating farmland, with or without intent to keep it permanently
occupancy – holding, possessing, or residing in or on something, especially a dwelling or land, coupled with the performance of act(s) to manifest a claim of exclusive control, and to indicate to the public that the actor has appropriated the land, with intent to obtain legal ownership
legal instruments – formal documents evidencing the granting of right(s) and/or an agreement (duties, entitlements, & liabilities):
contract – a written agreement between two or more parties creating obligations enforceable &/or recognized at law:
Forfeiture Clause – a contractual provision stating that, under certain circumstances, one party must forfeit something to the other
Types of Contracts § 1:
Absolute Simulated Contract – a simulated contract that the parties intend to be wholly ineffective
Accessory Contract – entered into primarily for the purpose of carrying out a principal contract; especially for the purpose of obtaining by surety, mortgage, etc
Adhesion Contract – a standard-form contract prepared by one party, to be signed by another party in a weaker position, usually a consumer, who adheres to the contract with little choice about the terms
Aleatory Contract – where at least one party’s performance depends on some uncertain event that is beyond the control of the parties involved (i.e. insurance contracts and life annuities)
Alternative Contract – the performing party may elect to perform one of two or more specified acts to satisfy the obligation, usually permitting that party to choose the manner of performance
Assessment Contract – wherein the payment of a benefit is dependent on the collection of an assessment levied on persons holding similar contracts
Best Efforts Contract – wherein a party undertakes to use best efforts to fulfill the promises made rather than to achieve a specific result
Bilateral Contract – wherein each party promises a performance, so that each party is an obligor on that party’s own promise
Blanket Contract – covers a group of products, goods, or services for a fixed period
Bona Fide Contract – wherein equity may intervene to correct inequalities and to adjust matters according to the parties’ intentions
Build-to-Print Contract – requires the contractor to build a product according to exact technical specifications provided by the customer
Certain Contract – performed in a stipulated manner
Jury Wheel –
Collateral Contract – a side agreement made before or at the same time that relates to a contract that, if unintegrated, can be supplemented by evidence of the side agreement
Commutative Contract – at the time it is formed, the parties’ obligations and advantages are certain and determinate so that nonperformance by either affords a defense to the other
Conditional Contract – enforceable only if another agreement is performed or if another particular prerequisite or condition is satisfied
Consensual Contract – arising from the mere consensus of the parties, without any formal or symbolic acts performed to fix the obligation
Construction Contract – sets forth the specifications for a building project’s construction, usually secured by performance and payment bonds to protect the owner and the subcontractors
Consumer Contract – between a merchant seller and an individual who buys or contracts to buy goods to ensure the buyer intends to use them primarily for personal, family, or household purposes
Bottomry – a contract executed by the master of a vessel, promising repayment of advances made to supply the ship plus interest: the performance is secured by a pledge. of the “bottom” of the ship (the ship itself): payment of principal and interest are risks of the lender, as repayment depends upon successful voyage
Continuing Contract – calls for periodic performances
Contract for Sale – for the present transfer of property for a price, or to sell goods at a future time
Contract for Services – for a job undertaken by an independent contractor, as opposed to an employee
Contract in Restraint of Trade – limits the free exercise of business or trade (esp. stipulating that one who sells a business cannot open a similar business within a specified distance of the business being sold)
Contract of Pledge – wherein a debtor gives a creditor property to hold as security for a debt or the performance of a promise
Contract of Record – declared by a court and entered into the court’s record (not a true contract)
Writ of Justice – command to the sheriff to do justice between the parties when a Contract is breached
Rescission of Contract – a remedy to undo an unjust contract or to undo by mutual agreement
negotiable instrument – formal document signed by the maker or drawer; with a promise or order to pay, on demand or at a certain time, an amount of money, to order or to bearer
Drawers, Drawees, and Makers (Negotiable Instruments):
Drawee – the person upon whom a draft or bill of exchange is drawn; the person to whom the paper is presented for acceptance and payment (the drawee is always a bank)
Drawer – someone who directs a person or entity, usually a bank, to pay a sum of money stated in a draft or bill of exchange (i.e. a person who writes a check)
maker – one who obligates himself by entering into a contract, executing (signing) a promissory note, drawing a bill of exchange, or, in the case of lawmakers, framing, promulgating, or ordaining
Accommodation Maker – the drawer of a bill, or the maker of a note as a surety, to which he has put his name for the purpose of accommodating, by a loan of his credit, some other person who is to provide for the bill or note when it falls due
Prime Maker – The person who is primarily liable on a note or other negotiable instrument
Surety – a person who promises to pay the debt or to satisfy the obligation of another person (the principal); as opposed to the obligation of the guarantor, the obligation of a surety is both primary and absolute; that is, not depending upon a default by the principal
Negotiable Instruments – related terms:
negotiable – capable of being transferred by delivery or indorsement when the transferee takes the instrument for value, in good faith, and without notice of conflicting title claims or defenses
Transfer – negotiation of an instrument according to the forms of law: the four methods of transfer are by indorsement, by delivery, by assignment, and by operation of law:
Assignment – the transfer of property or right in property, or the instrument of such transfer
Assignee – a person to whom a property right is assigned, that is, the one to whom an assignment is made
Assignor – a person who transfers property rights or powers to another by assignment, whether he be an original owner or an assigner
The four methods of transfer:
delivery – the (actual, constructive, or symbolic) voluntary transfer of possession
indorsement – the signing of one’s name on the back of a negotiable instrument, to transfer title to the paper to another person, usually to guarantee payment
Acceptor – a person or entity that accepts a negotiable instrument and trust binds himself to its payment or performance
indorser – a person who transfers a negotiable instrument by indorsement
Indorsee – a person to whom a negotiable instrument is transferred by indorsement
operation of law – the means by which a right or a liability is created for a party through law, not by contract, act, or intent of a person
Transferee – a person to whom a transfer is made
Transferor – a person who makes a transfer
Suretyship – a contractual relation, resulting from a primary, original, absolute, and unconditional engagement, whereby one person, the surety, engages to be answerable for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another, the principal
principal – the person for whose debt or default a surety is responsible under a contract of suretyship
Types of Negotiable Instruments:
bill of exchange (aka “draft”) – an unconditional written order (often a check) signed by the drawer, directing the drawee or payor to pay a sum of money, on demand or at a definite time, to a third person (either the payee or the bearer)
presentment – the formal production of a negotiable instrument as a demand to “accept” or “pay” to the payor by or on behalf of the holder
presentment for acceptance – production of a negotiable instrument, to the drawee, acceptor, or maker, for his acceptance and agreement to pay the bill, usually at some time in the future
presentment for payment – production of a negotiable instrument, by the holder, to the drawee, acceptor, or maker, on or after the date the instrument matures, to demand payment
Security – any interest or instrument relating to finances
mortgage – a conveyance of title to property given as security for the payment of a debt or performance of a duty, that will become void upon payment or performance according to the stipulated terms
Stock – a proportional part of a corporation’s capital represented by the number of equal units (or shares) owned, granting the holder the right to participate in the company’s general management and to share in its net profits or earnings
bond – a written promise acknowledging the obligation to pay a debt; either as money or to perform some act if certain circumstances occur or a certain time elapses
Bonds that ensure obligation to pay money if a certain event takes place:
Examples of Indemnity and Penal Bonds:
Appeal Bond – a bond that an appellate court may require from an appellant in a civil case to ensure payment of the costs of appeal, as a condition to bringing an appeal or staying execution of the judgment appealed from
Attachment Bond – a bond a defendant gives to recover attached property; the plaintiff then looks to the bond issuer to satisfy a judgment against the defendant
Bid Bond – a type of performance bond filed in public construction projects in order to indemnify the public against the consequences of a bidder’s failure to follow through on the bid
Completion Bond – a surety bond guaranteeing payment of the cost of completing a construction contract if the contractor fails to complete it in accordance with the terms of the contract
Peace Bond – a bond that a court requires as security to be posted by a person who has breached or threatened to commit a breach the peace
Fidelity Bond – a bond in the form of an insurance contract which indemnifies an employer or business for loss due to embezzlement, larceny, or gross negligence by an employee or other person holding a position of trust
Indemnity Bond – a bond to reimburse the holder for any actual or claimed loss caused by the issuer’s or some other person’s conduct
Penal Bond – a bond conditioned upon the performance of duties of office, or other obligations undertaken by the principal obligor in the bond or collateral things to be done by him
Penal Sum – the monetary amount specified as a penalty in a penal bond
Surety Bond – a bond that secures the performance of an obligation
Bail Bond – a bond given to a court by a criminal defendant’s surety to guarantee the defendant will duly appear in court and, if the defendant is jailed, to obtain the defendant’s release from confinement
Performance Bond – a contractor’s bond which guarantees that the contractor will perform the contract, and usually provides that if the contractor defaults and fails to complete the contract, the surety can itself complete the contract or pay damages up to the limit of the bond
Fiduciary Bond – a type of performance bond required of a trustee, administrator, executor, guardian. conservator, or other fiduciary to ensure the proper performance of duties, as a condition for managing an estate
Legal Terms pertaining to Bonds:
Indemnity – a duty to make good any loss, damage, or liability incurred by another, or the right of an injured party to claim reimbursement for its loss, damage, or liability from a person who has such a duty
Indemnify – to compensate or reimburse a person for a past or future loss or damage caused by one’s own or a third party’s act or default
Indemnitee – someone who receives indemnity from another
Indemnitor – a person whom indemnifies another
Obligation – a formal, binding agreement (bond) or acknowledgment of a liability to pay a certain amount, or to perform, or forbear from performing, a certain duty for a particular person(s), whether the duty is imposed by law, contract, promise, oath, duty, or moral responsibility
Obligee – the person to whom the duty of an obligation is owed, to whom a bond is made payable, and who is entitled to enforce a guaranty; a promisee, creditor, or donor beneficiary
creditor – a person or entity with a definite claim against another, to whom a debt is owed by a debtor; an obligee
Obligor – a person who has undertaken an obligation; a promisor or debtor
Joint Obligor – a person liable with one or more others on a negotiable instrument or a contract; a person liable on a joint obligation or a joint and several obligation; a joint obligor
Principal Obligor – someone who is under a duty of indemnity
Bottomry Bond – a contract for the loan of money on a ship, usually at extraordinary interest, for maritime risks encountered during a certain period or for a certain voyage, which can be enforced only if the vessel survives the voyage
Investment Bonds – bonds that represent debt and pay interest:
Debenture – a voucher for an indebtedness, issued by a corporation, and though unsecured, it is secured only by the debtor’s earning power based on a pledge of income, not by a lien on any specific asset
Investment bonds issued by corporations:
Convertible Bond – a bond or debenture issued with the privilege of converting them into other securities, usually the common stock of the issuing corporation
Coupon Bond – a bond in which the interest, which is payable separately from the principal, is represented by detachable coupons
Government Bonds – various types of investment bonds issued by governments:
Municipal Bond – a tax-exempt, negotiable bond which serves as an evidence of indebtedness issued as one of a series of instruments issued at the same time by a nonfederal government or governmental unit in order to finance state or local improvements
Guaranteed Bond – a bond issued by a corporation and guaranteed by a third party (sometimes by a parent corporation)
Junk Bond – a bond that pays interest at a high rate because of significant risks — often issued to raise money quickly in order to buy the shares of another company
Registered Bond – a bond or security which specifies a person entitled to the security or to the rights it evidences and the transfer of which may be registered upon books maintained for that purpose or on behalf of an issuer
Serial Bonds – bonds of a corporation or a municipality issued at the same time but redeemable at different specified dates
Term Bond – bonds issued at one time, all of which fall due at one time
lien – a legal right or proprietary interest a creditor retains in property until the debt &/or duty that it secures is satisfied:
Types of Liens utilized by Professionals § 1:
Accountant’s Lien – the right of an accountant to retain a client’s papers until the accountant’s fees have been paid
Agister’s Lien – a lien upon an animal provided by contract or statute for the benefit of a person who has fed or cared for the animal (an agister)
Agricultural Lien – a statutory lien that protects a seller of farming equipment by giving the seller a lien on crops grown with the equipment
Architect’s Lien – a statutory lien on real property in favor of an architect who has drawn the plans for and supervised the construction of improvements on the property
Attorney’s Lien – the right of an attorney to hold or retain a client’s money or property or to encumber money payable to the client until the attorney’s fees have been properly determined and paid
Charging Lien – an attorney’s lien to secure their fee, on a specified property in the debtor’s possession, acquired from from the claim that the attorney has helped the client perfect, as through a judgment or settlement
Retaining Lien – an attorney’s to retain possession of a client’s papers, books, documents, securities, moneys, and property as security for the general balance due to him until the client has paid for the attorney’s services
Auctioneer’s Lien – the right of an auctioneer to retain property, goods, and documents held on the seller’s behalf until the winning bidder has paid all that is owed
Banker’s Lien – the right of a bank to satisfy a customer’s matured debt by seizing the customer’s money or property in the bank’s possession
Carrier’s Lien – a carrier’s right to retain possession of cargo until the owner of the cargo pays its shipping costs
Demurrage Lien – the lien of a carrier by ship or rail upon a shipment for unpaid demurrage (delay in shipping) charges
Hospital Lien – asserted by a hospital against any judgment, compromise, or settlement received by a hospital patient either from a third person who caused the patient’s injuries or from the third person’s insurer, to recover the costs of emergency and ongoing medical and other services
Undertaking – a written promise, pledge, or engagement which binds the signatory to an obligation; unlike a bond, the principal isn’t required to sign
guaranty – a written promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another person, provided such person does not respond by payment or performance
guarantor – someone who makes a guaranty or gives security for a debt, either guaranteeing payment or collection if the principal debtor defaults
charging instrument – any of three formal legal documents used to officially charge someone with a crime
covenant – a formal agreement or promise, usually in a contract or deed, to do or not do a particular act; a compact or stipulation
deed – a written instrument conveying real property or an interest therein
fiduciary relationships – one person has a duty to act with a high degree of care for the benefit of another(s) on matters within the scope of the relationship
Fiduciary – someone owes to another the duties of good faith, loyalty, due care, & disclosure in managing another’s money or property
Guardian/Ward Fiduciary Relationship – one person with legal authority has duty to care for another’s person or property, especially because of the other’s infancy, incapacity, or disability
Guardian – someone who has the legal authority and duty to care for another’s person or property, especially because of the other’s infancy, incapacity, or disability
Ward – a person, usually a minor, who is under a guardian’s charge or protection
Settlor/Trustee/Beneficiary Fiduciary Relationship – one person must act with a high degree of care (fiduciary-trustee) in managing the estate of whoever sets up the trust (Settlor) in a manner that benefits a Beneficiary or Beneficiaries
Settlor – the creator of a trust, who becomes so by conveying or transferring property to another (the trustee) to hold in trust for a third person (the beneficiary)
Trust – a property interest held by one person (the trustee) at the request of another (the settlor) for the benefit of a third party (the beneficiary)
Trustee – someone with legal title to property that holds it in trust, with duties to convert to cash all debts and securities that are not qualified legal investments, to reinvest the cash in proper securities, to protect & preserve the trust property, and to ensure that it is employed solely for the beneficiary
Beneficiary – someone who is designated to receive something as a result of a legal arrangement or instrument
master and servant relationship – same as employer-employee relationship, similar but not identical to a principal-agent relationship
principal and agent –
agency – a fiduciary relationship which arises when one person (a principal) manifests assent to another (an agent) that the agent will act on the principal’s behalf, subject to the principal’s control, and. the agent manifests assent or otherwise consents to do so
administrative (government) agency – a single officer, board, bureau, commission, office, or department of the executive branch of government, with the authority to implement and administer particular legislation
administrative law – governs the organization and operation of (executive and independent) administrative agencies, and their relations to legislature, executive, the judiciary, and the public
agent –
Fed. Rules Simplified
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure- Simplified:
Fed. Rules Civil Proc. Titles I through Title VI:
Title I- Scope of Rules; Form of Action
Rule 1– Scope and Purpose
Rule 2– One Form of Action
Title II– Commencing an Action; Service of Process; Pleadings, Motions, & Orders
* Rule 3– Commencing a Civil Action: Filing a Complaint *
* Rule 4– Serving a ‘Summons’ to the Defendant(s) *
Rules 4(a) and (b) – Clerk of Court must Sign & Seal the Summons
Rules 4(d) and (k) – Notice of Lawsuit & Request to Waive Service of Summons
Rule (c), and (e) through (m) – How to Serve the Summons to the Defendant
Rule 4(e) – Serving an Individual Within a Judicial District of the United States.
Rule 4(f) – Serving an Individual in a Foreign Country.
Rule 4(g) – Serving a Minor or an Incompetent Person.
Rule 4(h) – Serving a Corporation, Partnership, or Association.
Rule 4(i) – Serving the United States and its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.
Rule 4(j) – Serving a Foreign, State, or Local Government.
Rule 4.1– Serving Other Process
Rule 5- Serving and Filing Pleadings and Other Papers
Rule 5.1– Constitutional Challenge to a Statute
Rule 5.2– Privacy Protection for Filings Made with the Court
Rule 6– Computing and Extending Time; Time for Motion Papers
Title III- Pleadings & Motions
Rules 7 through 11:
Rule 7– Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions and Other Papers
Rule 7.1– Disclosure Statement
Rule 8 – General Rules of Pleading
Rule 9 – Pleading Special Matters
Rule 10 – Form of Pleadings
Rule 11 – Signing Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers; Representations to the Court; Sanctions
Rules 12 through 16:
Rule 12 – Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing
Rule 13 – Counterclaim and Crossclaim
Rule 14 – Third-Party Practice
Rule 15 – Amended and Supplemental Pleadings
Rule 16 – Pretrial Conferences; Scheduling; Management
Title IV- Parties
Rule 17 – Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity; Public Officers
Rule 18 – Joinder of Claims
Rule 19 – Required Joinder of Parties
Rule 20 – Permissive Joinder of Parties
Rule 21 – Misjoinder and Nonjoinder of Parties
Rule 22 – Interpleader
Rule 23- Class Actions
Rule 23.1 – Derivative Actions
Rule 23.2 – Actions Relating to Unincorporated Associations
Rule 24 – Intervention
Rule 25 – Substitution of Parties
Title V- Disclosures & Discovery
Rule 26 – Duty to Disclose; General Provisions Governing Discovery
Rule 27 – Depositions to Perpetuate Testimony
Rule 28 – Persons Before Whom Depositions May Be Taken
Rule 29 – Stipulations About Discovery Procedure
Rule 30 – Depositions by Oral Examination
Rule 31 – Depositions by Written Questions
Rule 32 – Using Depositions in Court Proceedings
Rule 33 – Interrogatories to Parties
Rule 34 – Producing Documents, Electronically Stored Information, and Tangible Things, or Entering onto Land, for Inspection and Other Purposes
Rule 35 – Physical and Mental Examinations
Rule 36 – Requests for Admission
Rule 37 – Failure to Make Disclosures or to Cooperate in Discovery; Sanctions
Title VI- Trials
Rule 38 – Right to a Jury Trial; Demand
Rule 39 – Trial by Jury or by the Court
Rule 40 – Scheduling Cases for Trial
Rule 41 – Dismissal of Actions
Rule 42 – Consolidation; Separate Trials
Rule 43 – Taking Testimony
Rule 44 – Proving an Official Record
Rule 44.1 – Determining Foreign Law
Rule 45 – Subpoena
Rule 46 – Objecting to a Ruling or Order
Rule 47 – Selecting Jurors
Rule 48 – Number of Jurors; Verdict; Polling
Rule 49 – Special Verdict; General Verdict and Questions
Rule 50 – Judgment as a Matter of Law in a Jury Trial; Related Motion for a New Trial; Conditional Ruling
Rule 51 – Instructions to the Jury; Objections; Preserving a Claim of Error
Rule 52 – Findings and Conclusions by the Court; Judgment on Partial Findings
Rule 53 – Masters
Fed. Rules Civil Proc. Titles VII through Title XIII:
Title VII- Judgment
Rule 54 – Judgment; Costs
Rule 55 – Default; Default Judgment
Rule 56 – Summary Judgment
Rule 57 – Declaratory Judgment
Rule 58 – Entering Judgment
Rule 59 – New Trial; Altering or Amending a Judgment
Rule 60 – Relief from a Judgment or Order
Rule 61 – Harmless Error
Rule 62 – Stay of Proceedings to Enforce a Judgment
Rule 62.1 – Indicative Ruling on a Motion for Relief That is Barred by a Pending Appeal
Rule 63 – Judge’s Inability to Proceed
Title VIII- Provisional & Final Remedies
Rule 64 – Seizing a Person or Property
Rule 65 – Injunctions and Restraining Orders
Rule 65.1 – Proceedings Against a Surety
Rule 66 – Receivers
Rule 67 – Deposit into Court
Rule 68 – Offer of Judgment
Rule 69 – Execution
Rule 70 – Enforcing a Judgment for a Specific Act
Rule 71 – Enforcing Relief For or Against a Nonparty
Title IX- Special Proceedings
Rule 71.1 – Condemning Real or Personal Property
Rule 72 – Magistrate Judges: Pretrial Order
Rule 73 – Magistrate Judges: Trial by Consent; Appeal
Title X- District Courts & Clerks: Conducting Business; Issuing Orders
Rule 77 – Conducting Business; Clerk’s Authority; Notice of an Order or Judgment
Rule 78 – Hearing Motions; Submission on Briefs
Rule 79 – Records Kept by the Clerk
Rule 80 – Stenographic Transcript as Evidence
Title XI- General Provisions
Rule 81– Applicability of the Rules in General; Removed Actions
Rule 82 – Jurisdiction and Venue Unaffected
Rule 83 – Rules by District Courts; Judge’s Directives
Rule 84 – Forms [Abrogated]
Rule 85 – Title
Rule 86 – Effective Dates
XIII- Supplemental Rules for Admiralty or Maritime Claims & Asset Forfeiture Actions
Rule A – Scope of Rules
Rule B – In Personam Actions: Attachment and Garnishment
Rule C – In Rem Actions: Special Provisions
Rule D – Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions
Rule E – Actions in Rem and Quasi in Rem: General Provisions
Rule F– Limitation of Liability
Rule G– Forfeiture Actions in Rem
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure- Simplified:
Title I – Applicability
Rule 1. Scope; Definitions
Rule 2. Interpretation
Title II – Preliminary Proceedings
Rule 3. The Complaint
Rule 4. Arrest Warrant or Summons on a Complaint
Rule 4.1 Complaint, Warrant, or Summons by Telephone or Other Reliable Electronic Means
Rule 5. Initial Appearance
Rule 5.1 Preliminary Hearing
Title III – The Grand Jury, the Indictment, and the Information
Rule 6. The Grand Jury
Rule 7. The Indictment and the Information
Rule 8. Joinder of Offenses or Defendants
Rule 9. Arrest Warrant or Summons on an Indictment or Information
Title IV – The Arraignment and Preparation for Trial
Rule 10. Arraignment
Rule 11. Pleas
Rule 12. Pleadings and Pretrial Motions
Rule 12.1. Notice of an Alibi Defense
Rule 12.2. Notice of an Insanity Defense; Mental Examination
Rule 12.3. Notice of a Public-Authority Defense
Rule 12.4. Disclosure Statement
Rule 13. Joint Trial of Separate Cases
Rule 14. Relief from Prejudicial Joinder
Rule 15. Depositions
Rule 16. Discovery and Inspection
Rule 17. Subpoena
Rule 17.1. Pretrial Conference
Title V – Venue
Rule 18. Place of Prosecution and Trial
Rule 19. [Reserved]
Rule 20. Transfer for Plea and Sentence
Rule 21. Transfer for Trial
Title VI – Trial
Rule 23. Jury or Nonjury Trial
Rule 24. Trial Jurors
Rule 25. Judge’s Disability
Rule 26. Taking Testimony
Rule 26.1 Foreign Law Determination
Rule 26.2 Producing a Witness’s Statement
Rule 26.3 Mistrial
Rule 27. Proving an Official Record
Rule 28. Interpreters
Rule 29. Motion for a Judgment of Acquittal
Rule 29.1 Closing Argument
Rule 30. Jury Instructions
Rule 31. Jury Verdict
Title VII – Post-Conviction Procedures
Rule 32. Sentencing and Judgment
Rule 32.1 Revoking or Modifying Probation or Supervised Release
Rule 32.2 Criminal Forfeiture
Rule 33. New Trial
Rule 34. Arresting Judgment
Rule 35. Correcting or Reducing a Sentence
Rule 36. Clerical Error
Rule 37. Indicative Ruling on a Motion for Relief That Is Barred by a Pending Appeal
Rule 38. Staying a Sentence or a Disability
Title VIII – Supplementary and Special Proceedings
Rule 40. Arrest for Failing to Appear in Another District or for Violating Conditions of Release Set in Another District
Rule 41. Search and Seizure
Rule 42. Criminal Contempt
Title IX – General Provisions
Rule 43. Defendant’s Presence
Rule 44. Right to and Appointment of Counsel
Rule 45. Computing and Extending Time
Rule 46. Release from Custody; Supervising Detention
Rule 47. Motions and Supporting Affidavits
Rule 48. Dismissal
Rule 49. Serving and Filing Papers
Rule 49.1 Privacy Protection For Filings Made with the Court
Rule 50. Prompt Disposition
Rule 51. Preserving Claimed Error
Rule 52. Harmless and Plain Error
Rule 53. Courtroom Photographing and Broadcasting Prohibited
Rule 55. Records
Rule 56. When Court Is Open
Rule 57. District Court Rules
Rule 58. Petty Offenses and Other Misdemeanors
Rule 59. Matters Before a Magistrate Judge
Rule 60. Victim’s Rights
Rule 61. Title
Federal Rules of Evidence- Simplified:
Article I- General Provisions
Rule 101 – Scope; Definitions
Rule 102 – Purpose
Rule 103 – Rulings on Evidence
Rule 104 – Preliminary Questions
Rule 105 – Limiting Evidence That Is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other Purposes
Rule 106 – Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements
Article II- Judicial Notice
Rule 201 – Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts
Article III- Presumptions in Civil Cases
Rule 301 – Presumptions in Civil Cases Generally
Rule 302 – Applying State Law to Presumptions in Civil Cases
Article IV- Relevance and Its Limits
Rule 401 – Test for Relevant Evidence
Rule 402 – General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence
Rule 403 – Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons
Rule 404 – Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts
Rule 405 – Methods of Proving Character
Rule 406 – Habit; Routine Practice
Rule 407 – Subsequent Remedial Measures
Rule 408 – Compromise Offers and Negotiations
Rule 409 – Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses
Rule 410 – Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements
Rule 411 – Liability Insurance
Rule 412 – Sex-Offense Cases: The Victim’s Sexual Behavior or Predisposition
Rule 413 – Similar Crimes in Sexual-Assault Cases
Rule 414 – Similar Crimes in Child Molestation Cases
Rule 415 – Similar Acts in Civil Cases Involving Sexual Assault or Child Molestation
Article V- Privileges
Rule 502 – Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product; Limitations on Waiver
Rule 501 – Privilege in General
Article VI- Witnesses
Rule 601 – Competency to Testify in General
Rule 602 – Need for Personal Knowledge
Rule 603 – Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully
Rule 604 – Interpreter
Rule 605 – Judge’s Competency as a Witness
Rule 606 – Juror’s Competency as a Witness
Rule 607 – Who May Impeach a Witness
Rule 608 – A Witness’s Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness
Rule 609 – Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction
Rule 610 – Religious Beliefs or Opinions
Rule 611 – Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence
Rule 612 – Writing Used to Refresh a Witness’s Memory
Rule 613 – Witness’s Prior Statement
Rule 614 – Court’s Calling or Examining a Witness
Rule 615 – Excluding Witnesses
Article VII- Opinions and Expert Testimony
Rule 701 – Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses
Rule 702 – Testimony by Expert Witnesses
Rule 703 – Bases of an Expert
Rule 704 – Opinion on an Ultimate Issue
Rule 705 – Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert
Rule 706 – Court-Appointed Expert Witnesses
Article VIII- Hearsay
Rule 801- Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay
Rule 802 – The Rule Against Hearsay
Rule 803 – Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay
Rule 804 – Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable
Rule 805 – Hearsay Within Hearsay
Rule 806 – Attacking and Supporting the Declarant
Rule 807 – Residual Exception
Article IX- Authentication and Identification
Rule 901 – Authenticating or Identifying Evidence
Rule 902 – Evidence That Is Self-Authenticating
Rule 903 – Subscribing Witness
Article X- Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographers
Rule 1001 – Definitions That Apply to This Article
Rule 1002 – Requirement of the Original
Rule 1003 – Admissibility of Duplicates
Rule 1004 – Admissibility of Other Evidence of Content
Rule 1005 – Copies of Public Records to Prove Content
Rule 1006 – Summaries to Prove Content
Rule 1007 – Testimony or Statement of a Party to Prove Content
Rule 1008 – Functions of the Court and Jury
Article XI- Miscellaneous Rules
Rule 1101 – Applicability of the Rules
Rule 1102 – Amendments
Rule 1103 – Title
Federally-Recommended Law Dictionaries Used to Help Build This Site:
“Barron’s Law Dictionary Third Edition” by Steven H. Hifis (1975, 1991)
Ballantine’s Law Dictionary with Pronunciations 3rd Ed. (1930, 1969)
Ballantine’s Law Dictionary Legal Assistant Edition (1994)
Black’s Law Dictionary Deluxe Tenth Edition (2014)
“Essential Supreme Court Decisions” (16th Ed.) by John R. Vile (2014)
“The Law Enforcement Handbook” by Desmond Rowland and James Bailey (1983, 1994)
“Constitution of the United States; Its Sources and Application” by Thomas James Norton (1941)
Uncategorized:
Civil Law Guide
Criminal Law Self-Help:
Classifications of Laws, Crimes, and Punishments:
Types of Laws:
Code – the published statutes of a jurisdiction, arranged in a systematic form by chapters and sections
Model Penal Code – a proposed criminal code prepared jointly by the Commission on Uniform State Laws and the American Law Institute, used as the basis for criminal-law revision by many states
Penal Code – the published criminal statutes of a jurisdiction, usually defining and categorizing offenses, and setting forth their respective punishments
Uniform Commercial Code – a uniform statute that governs commercial transactions, adopted in some form by every state and the District of Columbia
United States Code – the official codification of general and permanent laws enacted by congress
Court Rules – regulations having the force of law and governing practice and procedure in the various courts
Ordinance – a municipal regulation, usually forbidding or restricting an activity
Policy – A standard course of action that has been officially established by an organization, business, political party
Public Policy – the policy (course of action) in relation to the administration of the law, to protect and promote the general welfare of the public
Statute – a legislation (aka act or law) enacted by any lawmaking body, such as a legislature, administrative board, or municipal court
Varying Degrees of Crimes:
Misdemeanor – less serious than a felony, usually punished by fine, penalty, forfeiture, or a brief term in jail
Offense – synonymous with “crime”
Bailable Offense – a criminal charge for which a defendant may be released from custody after providing proper security
indictable offense – a crime that can be prosecuted by indictment, usually only felonies or serious misdemeanors
substantive offense – a crime that is complete in itself and not dependent on another crime for one of its elements
Felony – a serious crime usually punished by more than one year in prison, or death
Infraction – a violation, usually of a rule, regulation, or local ordinance, not punishable by incarceration
Legal Terms used in Assessing Types of Crimes:
Corrupt – subverting the instrumentalities of government to personal profit; impeding or obstructing the administration of justice
malice – intent to commit a wrongful act; reckless disregard of the law or of a person’s legal rights
express malice – intent to kill or inflict injury arising from a deliberate, rational mind, or, in defamation cases, uttering or publishing a defamatory statement that is false, or with reckless disregard about whether the statement is true
malice aforethought – intent to kill or injure, or deliberate commission of a dangerous or deadly act in disregard of peoples’ lives or safety
unjustifiable – legally or morally unacceptable; devoid of any good reason that would provide an excuse or defense
Simple – (of a crime) not aggravated
Aggravated – a more serious crime due to violence, presence of a deadly weapon, or intent to commit another crime
Types of Punishments:
Fine – a monetary penalty imposed as punishment upon a person convicted of a crime
Forfeiture – a divestiture of property without compensation, in consequence of a default or an offense
penalty – punishment imposed on a wrongdoer, usually in the form of imprisonment or fine
Restitution – in cases of unjust enrichment (i.e. fraud, theft), compensation paid by a criminal to a victim, ordered as part of a sentence or as a condition of probation
Unjust Enrichment – unlawful, unjustifiable retention of property, without consent from the transferor(s), for which the beneficiary must make restitution or recompense
action de in rem verso – an action for unjust enrichment wherein the plaintiff must show (i) an enrichment was bestowed (ii) it caused an impoverishment (iii) there is no justification (iv) the plaintiff has no other adequate remedy at law, including no remedy under an express or implied contract
Types of Crimes and Corresponding Laws § 3:
Election Fraud and Electioneering (Crimes)
Corrupt Practices Acts – federal and state statutes that regulate expenditures by candidates for election, and contributions to their election campaigns
Gerrymandering – manipulating boundary lines of political districts to give an unfair advantage to one political party or to dilute the political strength of voters of a particular race, color, or national origin
Delineational Gerrymandering – gerrymandering by varying the districts’ shape, generally by methods known as cracking, packing, and stacking
Lobbying – addressing or soliciting members of a legislative body, in the lobby off the chamber or elsewhere, for the purpose of influencing their votes
Treason – attempting to overthrow one’s state or the United States, either by making or inciting war against the government or by materially supporting its enemies
Bribery – the corrupt payment, receipt, or solicitation of anything of value with intent to influence the action of a public official
18 U.S.C. § 201 – Bribery of public officials and witnesses
Subversion – the process of overthrowing, destroying, or corrupting the government, often through infiltration to undermine domestic policy
Various Crimes and corresponding laws § 1:
Color of Law Crimes – abuse of authority by government employees:
18 U.S.C. § 242 – Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law
Color of Law Crimes – related terms:
state action – action by state or local government, or conduct sanctioned by state or local authorities, such as the enforcement of a restrictive covenant; such action may potentially violate a person’s rights
Deprivation of Rights – Federal and State Statutes:
Deprivation of Rights Statute (California) – Cal 2 PEN § 422.6
Extortion – the unlawful taking by an officer of the law, by color of his office, of any money or thing of value not due to him, or taking more than is due, or taking it before it is due
18 U.S.C. § 872 – Extortion by officers or employees of the United States
False Statements, Writings, Concealments, etc., by Government Employees:
18 U.S. C. § 1001 – Statements or entries generally
28 U.S.C. § 1746 – Unsworn declarations under penalty of perjury
Perjury and False Swearing – lying under Oath of Office, in an Affidavit, in a judicial proceeding or administrative proceeding, or to an Insurer
42 U.S.C. § 1621 – Perjury generally (Perjury of Oath)
Crimes Necessarily Committed by Two or More Persons:
Conspiracy – two or more persons operating in tandem, directly or indirectly, to perform an criminal act using lawful means, or a lawful objective using criminal means
18 U.S.C. § 241 – “Conspiracy against rights”
Rules and Doctrines pertaining to Conspiracy Cases:
coconspirator’s rule – an exception to the hearsay rule: one conspirator’s acts and statements, if made during and in furtherance of the conspiracy, are admissible against a codefendant even if made in the codefendant’s absence
Corrupt-Motive Doctrine – a defunct rule that conspiracy is punishable only if the agreement was entered into with an evil purpose, not merely an intent to do the illegal act
Wharton’s rule – an agreement by two or more persons to commit a crime cannot be prosecuted as a conspiracy if it was committed mutually, and not involving anyone other than themselves
withdrawal from conspiracy – a conspirator who withdraws from a conspiracy before it is carried out may avoid prosecution if she discloses the conspiracy to law enforcement authorities
42 U.S.C. § 1985 – “Conspiracy to Interfere with Civil Rights” – 2 or more persons depriving rights
42 U.S.C. § 1986 – “Action for Neglect to Prevent” – powerful code works together with “Conspiracy to Interfere with Civil Rights”
Racketeering – a pattern of illegal activity (i.e. bribery, extortion, fraud, murder) carried out as part of an enterprise owned or controlled by the conspirators
RICO Laws – criminalizes racketeering that affects interstate commerce or persons or businesses engaged in interstate commerce
18 U.S.C. § 2 “Aiding & Abetting” – knowingly and willingly assisting a crime
Fraud – concealing a fact or misleading, to induce someone(s) to part with property or surrender a legal right
Legal Terms that pertain to Fraud:
Badges of Fraud – suspicious circumstances that indicate the possibility of fraud
Statute of Frauds – a statute (based on the English Statute of Frauds) designed to prevent fraud and perjury by requiring certain contracts to be in writing and signed by the party to be charged
Actual Fraud – intentionally or recklessly concealing a fact or misleading, in a way that injures another(s)
advance-fee fraud – persuading victimes to pay a “fee” in anticipation of receiving a larger benefit which isn’t delivered
affinity fraud – tailoring a fraud to target members of a particular group
Bank Fraud – attempting to defraud a financial institution (i.e. to obtain property owned by or under control)
18 U.S.C. § 1344. Bank fraud
bankruptcy fraud – fraudulent acts (i.e. destroying, withholding, or falsifying documents, concealing assets) to defeat bankruptcy-code provisions
18 U.S.C. § 152. Concealment of assets; false oaths and claims; bribery
consumer fraud – intentional deceptive acts or practices,or false pretense, promise, or misrepresentation, to induce someone(s) to buy something
Extrinsic Fraud – intentional misrepresentation or deception which deprives someone(s) of informed consent, full participation, or due process
Constructive Fraud – unintentional deception or misrepresentation which injures another
Embezzlement – fraudulent taking of personal property to which one is entrusted, especially as a fiduciary
Fraudulent Conversion – an essential element of the crime of embezzlement: appropriation of money or other property to one’s personal use after obtaining lawful possession of it, or using it for the benefit of anyone other than its owner
fraudulent misrepresentation – words spoken or written while knowing that they are false in order to deceive and induce action in reliance
Mail Fraud – using the U.S. Postal Service to make false representations in order to obtain money or anything else of value
Theft – taking something to which one is not entitled, by any means
Larceny – the unlawful taking and carrying away of someone else’s tangible personal property with the intent to deprive the possessor of it permanently
Grand Larceny – larceny of property worth more than a specified value (usually $100); the minimum differs from state to state
Various Types (and degrees) of Larceny (and corresponding laws):
robbery – the felony of stealing from a person (body) or in the person’s presence, with violence or intimidation (aggravated larceny)
Intellectual-Property Crime – illegally copying and selling someone else’s intellectual property
Environmental Crimes – harm to air, water, soil quality, or endangered species:
42 U.S.C. §7 401 – Clean Air Act of 1963 and Subsequent Amendments
Homicide – the killing of another human
Criminal (felonious) Homicide:
Murder – the killing of a human being with malice aforethought
first degree murder – willful, deliberate, or premeditated murder, or murder committed during the course of another dangerous felony
felony murder – occurs during the commission of a dangerous felony (often limited to rape, kidnapping, robbery, burglary, and arson)
felony-murder rule – death which occurs by accident or chance during the course of the commission of a felony is first degree murder
murder by torture – murder preceded by intentional infliction of pain and suffering on the victim
third degree murder – a wrong that does not constitute first or second degree murder; few states have third degree murder within their legal codes
second degree murder – committed with intent to kill, but not premeditated or deliberate
depraved-heart murder – a murder resulting from an act so reckless and careless of the safety of others, it demonstrates the perpetrator’s complete lack of regard for human life
Manslaughter – the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought
Involuntary Manslaughter – homicide with no intention to kill or do grievous bodily harm, but committed with criminal negligence or during the commission of a crime not included within the felony-murder rule
voluntary manslaugher – homicide committed with provocation or in the heat of passion
Heat of Passion – rage, terror, or furious anger suddenly aroused by another person’s words or actions, thereby reducing a murder charge to manslaughter
Noncriminal (nonfelonious) Homicide:
Excusable Homicide – homicide by accident or self-defense
Justifiable Homicide – the killing of another person in self-defense, to prevent a crime or a criminal’s escape, or as execution for a capital crime
Rules of Self-Defense – justifiable or unjustifiable?
retreat rule – unless at home or at work, a victim of assault generally has a duty to retreat instead of using deadly force, so long as there is a safe avenue of escape
Obstruction of Justice – impeding or hindering the administration of justice (i.e. tampering with evidence, witness, juror, or judge)
Trespass – a misfeasance, transgression, or offense which damages another’s person, health, reputation, or property
Burglary – breaking and entering any building with the intent to commit a felony (i.e. larceny, murder)
forcible entry (and detainer) – entry upon real property peaceably in the possession of another, against his will, without authority of law, by actual force or threat of potentially employing force
File a Criminal Complaint:
History: The First Civil Law Code in the U.S.
Police Jury – the governing body of a parish
Uncategorized Cases
Kern Cty. Sheriff’s Deputies Disregard Couple’s Adverse Possession Claim, Arrest on False Pretenses, and Dispossess Them of Property
Las Vegas – Evidence of More Than One Shooter, Plausible Motive, Additional Potential Suspects. Recent Leaks May be a Diversion
Wilson v. COUNTY OF NEVADA
Event #3: I filed 2 Liability Claims w/ The City of Grass Valley
Wilson v. County of Nevada Video Footage
Event #1: Footage & Transcript from 5-17-14 (aka “Pack the Courtroom!” pre-trial documentary pt.1)
Event #2: Footage & Transcript from 5-21-14 (aka “Pack the Courtroom!” pre-trial documentary pt. 2)
Event #4: June 25th, 2014: The Pre-Trial Hearing: “Right to Audio Record Hearing & Trial Illegally Denied Under Nevada County Superior Courthouse’s Faulty Media Policy”
Event #5: I posted both “Pack the Courtroom!” documentaries within this In-Depth “Evidence Webpage” that was available to The Public before to Trial
Civil Law and Criminal Law – what’s the difference?
Time Limits for Filing Cases:
Laches – unreasonable delay in pursuing a right or claim, thus causing a court to deny relief that would otherwise be granted
Nonclaim Statute – sets a time limit for creditors to bring claims against a decedent’s estate; usually not subject to toiling and not waivable
statute of limitations – sets time limits for civil actions or criminal prosecutions to be filed
accrual of cause of action – a cause of action generally accrues at the time of the injury, not at the time the damage is discovered
accrual rule – delays the limitations period to when the plaintiff discovers the facts which form the bases for a cause of action (often in fraud cases)
cause of action – a group of operative facts which give rise to one or more bases for suing
identity of causes of action – two actions asserting the same rights, demanding the same relief, and founded on the same fact
joinder of causes of action – union of two or more causes of action, each of which could be made the basis of a separate suit, in the same complaint, declaration, bill, or petition
misjoinder of causes of action – improper joining of two or more causes of action which should not be joined due to the lack of consistency between the causes
separate counts – Two or more charges of distinct offenses in an indictment or information, each count being in contemplation of the law a separate indictment, and constituting a separate cause of action
splitting causes of action – bringing separate actions upon separate and distinct causes of action against the same person instead of joining all causes in one action
occurrence rule – a limitations period that begins to run when the alleged wrongful act or omission occurs; applies in most breach-of-contract claims
discovery rule – delays the limitations period for injuries that are difficult to detect (i.e. medical malpractice) to when the plaintiff discovers (or reasonably should have discovered) the injury
Statutes of Limitations for Federal Cases:
statute of limitations for federal conspiracy cases – five or more years
statute of limitations for federal non-capital offenses – five years
Supreme Court Rulings re: Statute of Limitations:
suspension of statute of limitations (“toiling the statute”)
equitable tolling – the statute of limitations will not bar a claim if the plaintiff did not discover the injury until after the limitations period ended, or extraordinary circumstances prevented earlier filing
tolling agreement – an agreement between a potential plaintiff and a potential defendant by which the defendant agrees to extend the limitations period on the plaintiff’s claim so that they have more time to resolve their dispute without litigation
Statute of Repose – unlike a statute of limitations, establishes a maximum period of time in which an action can be brought, whether or not there has been an injury
Representing Yourself “Pro Se” and Assisting Others as a Non-Lawyer:
Lawyer? Attorney? Counselor? What’s the Difference?
Attorney – an attorney at law or attorney in fact; unless otherwise indicated, generally means attorney at law
attorney at law – an officer of the court, licensed to practice law; a lawyer
barrister – in England or Northern Ireland, a lawyer who is admitted to plead at the bar and who may argue cases in superior courts; similar function as an American trial lawyer
District Attorney – an appointed, or, usually elected public officer who conducts actions, generally criminal prosecutions, on behalf of his state in his district, usually a county
United States District Attorney – a lawyer appointed by the President to represent, under the direction of the Attorney General, the federal government in proceedings within a federal district.
prosecuting attorney – an elected or appointed attorney at law, who serves as a public officer, to conduct criminal prosecutions on behalf of his jurisdiction
Attorney General – chief law officer of a state or of the United States; advises the government on legal matters and represents it in litigation
attorney-in-fact – one who is authorized, via a power of attorney, to act as legal agent in order to transact business, on behalf of his principal
attorney’s fee – the charge for services (i.e. hourly fee, flat fee, or contingent fee)
Private Attorney General’s Act – enables private attorneys who bring lawsuits in the public interest to collect attorney’s fees
42 U.S.C. § 1988. Proceedings in vindication of civil rights
Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., (1968) – one who succeeds in obtaining an injunction under Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 should ordinarily recover an attorney’s fee under § 204(b)
power of attorney – an instrument granting someone authority to act as agent or attorney-in-fact for the grantor, thus creating an agency relationship
counselor – a lawyer or barrister, a term usually used to reference one who is acting as a courtroom advocate
Last-Link Doctrine – the rule that an attorney need not divulge nonprivileged information protected by the attorney-client privilege, especially if it could lead to indictment or conviction
solicitor – an attorney at law acting as head of the law department of a municipal corporation or other division of government; in England, similar to a paralegal
Good Samaritan Action – brought by a person or group for the benefit of all or part of a community; often immunizes those acting in good faith from liability
equity-of-the-statute rule – a statute should be interpreted according to the legislators’ purpose and intent, even if this interpretation goes well beyond the literal meaning of the text
golden rule (1) the doctrine that legal terms should be taken into context to avoid absurdity or inconsistency; or (2) an argument given to jurors to consider a litigant’s position
purposivism – texts are to be interpreted to achieve the social, economic, and political objectives that drafters had in mind
Filing against Government Agencies and/or Employees:
Determine: Did the Officer follow or violate Protocol?
Wrongful Death – a death caused by someone’s negligent or willful act or omission
File Records Requests to Gather All the Facts:
Effective Terms for Successful Fact-Finding:
File – a lawyer’s complete record of a case
Inquiry – A seeking of information; an examination or investigation
Investigation – trying to find out the truth about something, such as a crime, accident, or historical issue via a systematic examination of some intellectual problem or empirical question, as by mathematical treatment or use of the scientific method
Record – information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that, having been stored in an electronic or other medium, is retrievable in perceivable form
How to Obtain a Law Enforcement Investigation Report
How to Perform a FOIA Requests to obtain information from a federal agencies
Officers are Considered “Employees in Law Enforcement Activities”
Privacy Act of 1974 – obtain records “that pertain to you”
Filing against a State or Local Employees and/or Agencies:
42 U.S.C. § 1983. Civil action for deprivation of rights
Amendment: ‘A Coalition of Nations for Human Rights’
Land Grants & Resources Issued for Productive, Eco-Wise Homesteaders & Sustainability Projects
Petition: Allow Citizens to Register With More Than One Political Party
Radio Interviews on “Treaty Talk” Radio
Heavy Hitters – build a Landmark case to Mandate
Build Cases to Challenge & Bust Monopolies
Class-Action Lawsuits, Monopoly-Busting, and
Mandatory Class Action – a class action in which the court does not allow class members to opt out
Miscellaneous Uncategorized Terms:
Claim Jumping – taking advantage of the failure of a person who is mining public land to perfect her claim in the manner required by law, by perfecting a claim at the same location in order to obtain it for oneself
Claim of Right – an entry upon land with the intent to claim and hold it for one’s own, even though the claimant does not have title to the land and has no right to be on it
Claim of Right Doctrine – the tax law doctrine that a taxpayer who receives money that he may have to repay, because his right to retain it is in dispute, must nonetheless pay income tax on it for the tax year in which it was received
A state is a type of artificial person known as a body politic and corporate, with the state government having the capacity to create various public corporations which serve the general interest.
Excerpt from Edwin E. Bryant’s The Law of Pleading Under the Codes of Civil Procedure (2d ed. 1899):
“The body of law in a State consists of two parts, substantive and adjective law. The former prescribes those rules of civil conduct which declare the rights and duties of all who are subject to the law. The latter relates to the remedial agencies and procedure by which rights are maintained their invasion redressed, and the methods by which such results are accomplished in judicial tribunals.“ [1]
adjective law – the body of rules governing procedure and practice (“procedural law”).
procedure – the judicial rule or manner for carrying on a civil class suit or criminal prosecution.
practice – the procedural methods and rules used in a court of law.
substantive law – creates, defines, and regulates the rights, duties, and powers of parties. [2]
Disclaimer: All material throughout this website is pertinent to people everywhere, and is being utilized in accordance with Fair Use.
[1]: Edwin E. Bryant, The Law of Pleading Under the Codes of Civil Procedure (2d ed. 1899).
[2]: Black’s Law Dictionary Deluxe Tenth Edition by Henry Campbell Black, Editor in Chief Bryan A. Garner. ISBN: 978-0-314-61300-4
Back to Intro to U.S. Law
Legal Precepts Adopted (from Europe) into The U.S. Constitution
§ § of Law Embedded into the Constitution Pursuant to the American Revolution
Indian Country Law
Federal Rules of Procedure
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July 19, 2013 adraghastar@gmail.com 1 Comment
suspension of statute of limitations (“tolling the statute”) – circumstances that suspend or interrupt of the statute of limitations
equitable tolling – the doctrine wherein a statute of limitations will not bar a claim if the plaintiff did not discover the injury until after the limitations period ended, or extraordinary circumstances prevented earlier filing
statute of limitations for conspiracy cases – usually 5+ years
False Arrest &/or Imprisonment – an arrest and/or restraint and/or imprisonment made without proper legal authority
Types of Crimes (and corresponding laws) § 1:
Color of Law Crimes – abuse of authority by government employees
false arrest – unlawful restraint of the physical liberty of another under an asserted legal authority to enforce the processes of the law
Crimes Generally Committed by Two or More Persons Working Together:
Conspiracy – an agreement by two or more persons, to reach an objective by unlawful means; any action or conduct that furthers the agreement
18 U.S.C. § 241. Conspiracy against rights
U.S. Code Title 18 § 2: “Aiding & Abetting” – knowingly & willingly assisting a crime
Robbery – the felony of stealing from a person (body) or in the person’s presence, with use violence or intimidation (aggravated larceny)
Environmental Crimes – harm to air, water, soil quality, or to endangered species
forcible entry (and detainer) – entry on real property peaceably in the possession of another, against his will, without authority of law, by actual force or threat of potentially employing force
comparative negligence doctrine – reduces a plaintiff’s recovery proportionally to the plaintiff’s degree of fault in causing the damage, rather than barring recovery completely
Government Torts – committed by a government employee, agent, or instrumentality:
Tort-of-Another Doctrine – in some states, a statutory rule authorizing courts to award litigation related expenses (i.e. attorney’s fees) to a prevailing party forced to bring or defend a lawsuit against a third party for a tort committed by someone else who refused, after notice, to bring or defend the lawsuit
respondeat superior – the doctrine wherein liability is imposed upon an employer for the acts of its employees committed in the course and scope of their employment, or on a principal for the acts of their agent(s)
irreparable injury – cannot be adequately measured or compensated by money and is therefore often considered remediable by injunction
extrajudicial remedy – a remedy not obtained from a court, obtained outside a court
suit – a broader term than “action” for a judicial proceeding of a civil kind, in pursuit of a legal or equitable remedy
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Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force
Atsushi Yamaguchi, Yoichiroh Hosokawa*, Guillaume Louit, Tsuyoshi Asahi, Chisa Shukunami, Yuji Hiraki, Hiroshi Masuhara
Department of Applied Chemistry
An impulsive force, which was generated by focusing tightly a femtosecond laser into a cell culture medium, was applied to inject nanoparticles into local areas of a single mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cell. When the impulsive force was induced near the cell, the nanoparticles adhering on the cell membrane were introduced, which was directly confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Femtosecond lasers Chemical Compounds
Nanoparticles Chemical Compounds
Animals Chemical Compounds
Confocal microscopy Chemical Compounds
Fluorescence microscopy Chemical Compounds
Fibroblasts Chemical Compounds
Cell membranes Chemical Compounds
Yamaguchi, A., Hosokawa, Y., Louit, G., Asahi, T., Shukunami, C., Hiraki, Y., & Masuhara, H. (2008). Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force. Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, 93(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4637-5
Yamaguchi, Atsushi ; Hosokawa, Yoichiroh ; Louit, Guillaume ; Asahi, Tsuyoshi ; Shukunami, Chisa ; Hiraki, Yuji ; Masuhara, Hiroshi. / Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force. In: Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing. 2008 ; Vol. 93, No. 1. pp. 39-43.
@article{48619b4019384036b317c0abbb376dcb,
title = "Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force",
abstract = "An impulsive force, which was generated by focusing tightly a femtosecond laser into a cell culture medium, was applied to inject nanoparticles into local areas of a single mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cell. When the impulsive force was induced near the cell, the nanoparticles adhering on the cell membrane were introduced, which was directly confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy.",
author = "Atsushi Yamaguchi and Yoichiroh Hosokawa and Guillaume Louit and Tsuyoshi Asahi and Chisa Shukunami and Yuji Hiraki and Hiroshi Masuhara",
journal = "Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing",
publisher = "Springer Heidelberg",
Yamaguchi, A, Hosokawa, Y, Louit, G, Asahi, T, Shukunami, C, Hiraki, Y & Masuhara, H 2008, 'Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force', Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4637-5
Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force. / Yamaguchi, Atsushi; Hosokawa, Yoichiroh; Louit, Guillaume; Asahi, Tsuyoshi; Shukunami, Chisa; Hiraki, Yuji; Masuhara, Hiroshi.
In: Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, Vol. 93, No. 1, 01.10.2008, p. 39-43.
T1 - Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force
AU - Yamaguchi, Atsushi
AU - Hosokawa, Yoichiroh
AU - Louit, Guillaume
AU - Asahi, Tsuyoshi
AU - Shukunami, Chisa
AU - Hiraki, Yuji
AU - Masuhara, Hiroshi
N2 - An impulsive force, which was generated by focusing tightly a femtosecond laser into a cell culture medium, was applied to inject nanoparticles into local areas of a single mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cell. When the impulsive force was induced near the cell, the nanoparticles adhering on the cell membrane were introduced, which was directly confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
AB - An impulsive force, which was generated by focusing tightly a femtosecond laser into a cell culture medium, was applied to inject nanoparticles into local areas of a single mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cell. When the impulsive force was induced near the cell, the nanoparticles adhering on the cell membrane were introduced, which was directly confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
JO - Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing
JF - Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing
Yamaguchi A, Hosokawa Y, Louit G, Asahi T, Shukunami C, Hiraki Y et al. Nanoparticle injection to single animal cells using femtosecond laser-induced impulsive force. Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing. 2008 Oct 1;93(1):39-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4637-5
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Fragrance: Subtle Invitation or Nasty Chokehold?
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Tag Archives: scent-free
July 6, 2015 CJ Lewisfragrance, fragrance-free, harm, health, health risks, hurt, impact, lifestyle, mental health, scent-free, scented products, scents, unscented products Leave a comment
Photo Courtesy of George Hodan http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=15121&picture=parejas
I bubble over with excitement as I scan the program and then gaze around the theatre taking in the audience, the ambiance. What an excellent view of the stage. This is going to be a great performance. I wonder if – through sheer concentration – I can will the cast onto the stage immediately. Presto! They would suddenly appear as if by magic.
But then my excitement fades. I start feeling dizzy, nauseous and confused. My throat hurts and I’m dimly aware that the unsuspecting person sitting in front of me is in imminent danger of wearing my dinner.
What’s happening to me? I’m now part of the roughly thirty percent of the population that is sensitive to scent. Never again will I look forward to a public performance with such unadulterated anticipation.
I try to avoid scent after that but it emerges unbidden from the pages of magazines, stalks me in the aisle at the grocery store, takes me captive at meetings and sometimes causes me to gaze balefully at utter strangers I might otherwise have taken a liking to.
My choices are a) remain seated as long as I can stand it (and feel increasingly ill), b) move to a different seat (possibly feel better; maybe get people wondering why) or c) leave altogether (probably feel resentful; possibly neglect my responsibilities).
Does this sound far-fetched to you? Welcome to the world of the scent-sensitive. But it is not just those with scent allergies that suffer from exposure to scent; a variety of medical conditions are aggravated by it.
Did you know that asthma attacks are triggered by scented products? Scents trigger migraine headaches. Chronic respiratory conditions like bronchitis, emphysema and sinusitis are all worsened by exposure to fragrances. People with depressed immune systems are often sickened by scent, as are those undergoing chemotherapy.
Derived primarily from petroleum, fragrance chemicals are increasingly recognized as significant sources of indoor air pollution. Thousands of scent chemicals are in use today. Many have never been tested for human safety, alone or in combination, or they have only been tested for skin contact, without addressing their effects on nervous and respiratory systems.
With a little research, it becomes increasingly clear that exposure to scented products poses health risks for everyone. Unfortunately, knowledge about the health risks associated with scented products is not widespread. A lot of people react adversely to their own scented products without realizing it.
And, often people don’t understand how negative the impact of scent can be. Those sickened by scents may have to leave their jobs. They may become increasingly isolated from community, avoiding public events and even essential services, as they withdraw to avoid scented products.
Choosing unscented products (which sometimes still contain scent but have much less of it combined with masking agents), helps those with health issues aggravated by scent be part of the community and it is better for your health and the health of your family, also.
Please remember, too, that heavy use of scent not only detracts from intimacy but also imposes itself on everyone in the vicinity.
July 1, 2015 CJ Lewisfragrance, fragrance-free, harm, health, health risks, hurt, impact, lifestyle, scent-free, scented products, scents, unscented, unscented products Leave a comment
Photo Courtesy of Charles Rondeau http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=19394&picture=threatening-sky
In a research paper presented at an American Chemical Society meeting in 2010, a fragrance designer candidly admits that “anywhere from 800 to 1500 chemicals … can be found in a product, depending on its complexity” (http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2010/august/secrets-of-scents-designing-the-smells-that-sell-household-products.html).
The multi-billion dollar chemical industry would have us believe that exposure to scent chemicals – some that should scare the pants right off us – is safe. We’re apparently okay because it’s only a small amount of 800-1500 chemicals in just the one product, right? But what about all the other scented products around us? Plus, unlike other indulgences, scent exposure is continuous, especially if it’s on your body, in your home and work environment.
Isn’t this rather like sprinkling a little arsenic on your cereal every day and expecting to be safe? No one can predict with certainty how our bodies will respond, especially in the long term. The chemical industry’s priority is to create the “smell that sells” by manipulating emotions and memory. Profits take precedence over health.
Should we trust an industry that commonly includes toluene in its formulations even though toluene can cause autism and asthma? (http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422%2813%2970278-3/fulltext; http://www.bc.lung.ca/mediaroom/scents.html )
Fragrances have become such a ubiquitous part of our culture that people often wear them even when they don’t intend to, particularly if they haven’t checked the label of every hair, skin and laundry product for the term “fragrance,” “perfume,” “parfum” or “aroma.”
Carefully selecting unscented products may help reduce the health risks we all face from the onslaught of chemical scents. The Guide to Less Toxic Products (http://lesstoxicguide.ca/), Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/) and the Environmental Working Groups’ Guide to Healthy Cleaning (http://www.ewg.org/guides/cleaners) are helpful resources.
Photo Courtesy of Junior Libby http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=27191&picture=the-mask
To discover 1498 scientific research papers on the toxicity of fragrance, click on the link, “Research: Studies on the toxicity of fragrance cited in Pub Med,” located near the bottom of the webpage found at http://safecosmetics.org/article.php?id=222.
Yet as I write to you, shoppers are buying their loved ones scented products laced with respiratory irritants, sensitizers, registered pesticides, carcinogens and nerve toxins. Others are applying them to their skin and hair, clothing and homes. And doctors aren’t warning pregnant women to keep scented products out of their homes even though they are a primary source of exposure to phthalates or endocrine disruptors (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404651/).
How can there be so much evidence about the toxicity of fragrance yet such widespread use of scented products? Obviously, there is a gap between what scientists know and what the public knows. This gap is deliberately maintained by the fragrance industry.
If you think it’s impossible to keep people in the dark about adverse or even dire health consequences from commonly used products, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, consider this: In the 1940s and 50s, cigarette smoking was unequivocally proven to be the cause of the global epidemic of lung cancer yet 50 % of American doctors were still smoking by 1960 and only 1/3 believed that smoking causes lung cancer (http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/21/2/87.full).
The tobacco industry used propaganda to cast doubt on the validity of the research. Note that they did not actually have to prove anything. All they had to do was cast doubt. Doubt breeds inaction. We see the same phenomenon with big industry casting doubt about the greenhouse effect so they can carry on with business as usual.
The fragrance industry uses similar strategies as the tobacco industry, including propaganda. They label incriminating research papers, “Bad Science.” They liken today’s intense, persistent chemical concoctions with the plant-based fragrances of days gone by. They fail to disclose. They use misleading labels. They target young people. They attack the experts. They discredit those who have scent reactions as neurotics in need of psychiatric help. They claim they are a highly regulated industry yet Health Canada relies on them to voluntarily regulate themselves.
They form powerful lobbies to protect their interests. They create associations composed of fragrance industry members to “educate” the public yet their true purpose is to spread propaganda. They encourage wearers to keep their fragrance within an arm’s length but their products are designed to disperse widely, settling and sticking to every available surface, including the food we eat. They’ve even created food-approved fragrance chemicals (aroma chemicals) which are used in packaged foods.
We are all at the mercy of the runaway fragrance industry in ways that few of us have considered. Unfortunately, unlike cigarette smoke, the toxic VOC’s in scented products waft around us invisibly, day and night, indoors and even outdoors from dryer vent emissions. And, unlike the tobacco industry which created one type of product, cigarettes, the fragrance industry’s chemicals permeate a profuse array of products.
So, what can we do about it? We can carefully select the products we bring into our homes using websites like the non-profit Guide to Less Toxic Products (http://lesstoxicguide.ca/), Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/) and the Environmental Working Groups’ Guide to Healthy Cleaning (http://www.ewg.org/guides/cleaners). We can minimize how many types of body products we use. We can try to avoid using too many packaged foods. We can ask for scent-free policies and we can speak up when people ignore them.
Finally, we can hope it won’t take too long for knowledge about the health risks of fragrance to flow from researchers to the public and for the government to start reigning in the industry.
July 1, 2015 CJ Lewisfragrance, fragrance-free, harm, health, health risks, hurt, impact, lifestyle, scent-free, scented products, unscented, unscented products Leave a comment
Photo Courtesy of Petr Kratochvil http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=47413&picture=potion-bottles
Perhaps after learning about the harmful ingredients in scented products, you wonder whether fragrance chemicals are triggering a family member’s asthma attacks, insomnia or headaches. Maybe you suspect you’ve been led down the garden path by the fragrance industry.
But phasing out scented products can seem like a daunting proposition, once you start looking at labels and find synthetic scent in every hair and body product you own, plus the laundry and cleaning supplies. There it is in the toilet and tissue paper, candles and potpourris. Why, it’s even in the diapers, kitty litter and garbage bags.
You could ease into it by replacing each scented product that runs out with an unscented one. An “unscented” product may still contain a masking fragrance to cover up the smell of other chemicals. “Fragrance free” usually indicates that the product is free of scent chemicals.
I started by feeding the brand names of my personal care products into the Environmental Working Group’s Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/) and was dismayed to learn that my shampoo and conditioner had high toxicity ratings because of respiratory irritants, hormone disruptors, common allergens and sensitizers. Like so many people today, I had inadvertently made unhealthy, uninformed choices.
I used the Cosmetics Database to learn which products had lower toxicity ratings, consulted lists of less toxic products at the user-friendly Guide to Less Toxic Products (http://lesstoxicguide.ca/) and phoned around until I found stores that carried those products.
Sure, it was a hassle at first, not very convenient and some products were more expensive. But then, I also found recipes for making natural products out of ingredients in the kitchen and these were much less expensive. I began to feel better. I found products I liked and, after a while, choosing safer products became second nature.
It is not only possible but highly desirable to replace unhealthy scented products with healthier alternatives. The BC Lung Association says, “The only safe assumption about scented products is that they contain numerous toxic chemicals, which constantly vaporize into the air and attach themselves to hair, clothing, and surroundings” (http://www.bc.lung.ca/mediaroom/scents.html). Keep in mind, too, that the impact of multiple exposures day after day has never been studied.
July 1, 2015 CJ Lewisfragrance, fragrance-free, harm, health, health risks, hurt, impact, lifestyle, mental health, scent-free, scented products, scents, unscented, unscented products Leave a comment
Photo Courtesy of Tammy Sue http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=77459&picture=bronze-children-statues
They’re everywhere; in our homes and schools, theatres and work places, in and on our bodies. Fragrance even wafts from our dental floss. Those that don’t like fragrance are supposed to grin and bear it. Those that get sick from it are supposed to suffer in silence. But, maybe there are valid reasons why some instinctively recoil and others get sick.
It’s not common knowledge that registered pesticides, probable human carcinogens and hazardous, toxic and polluting volatile organic compounds constantly vaporize and disperse around us from scented products (www.drsteinemann.com/Articles/Steinemann%20et%20al.%202010.pdf).
If that’s not enough to rattle your cage, consider this: hormone-disrupting chemicals called phthalates are routinely used to stabilize scent in scented products. Phthalates are endocrine disruptors. The endocrine system of glands produces our hormones.
Scientists at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Cornell University and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention link prenatal exposure to the phthalates in scented products to attention and behavioural disorders in children (http://ehsehplp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901470). In their public release statement, Dr. Engel says, “There is increasing evidence that phthalate exposure is harmful to children at all stages of development” (http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-01/tmsh-msf012710.php).
Why is that? Phthalates are classified as both developmental and reproductive toxins so not only can they affect the unborn child, they can interfere with child development (http://www.cela.ca/publications/regulating-toxic-substances-consumer-products).
An Environmental Health Perspectives study of a wide range of consumer products, Endocrine Disruptors and Asthma-Associated Chemicals in Consumer Products, found that scented products are a primary source of exposure to phthalates. Other than vinyl products which contain very high concentrations of phthalates, they discovered that scented products and sunscreens contain the highest concentrations and kinds of phthalates (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404651/).
Phthalates are implicated in childhood cancers, in addition to prostate, testicular, breast and ovarian cancers. Yet none of this is disclosed on product labels nor is the general public aware of the phthalates in scented products or the many toxic and hazardous compounds emitting from scented products. Don’t consumers have the right to know so they can make informed choices about the risks they are willing to take with their health and the health of their families?
Consumers baffled about how to change over to healthier products might find the non-profit Guide to Less Toxic Products (http://lesstoxicguide.ca/), Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/) and the Environmental Working Groups’ Guide to Healthy Cleaning (http://www.ewg.org/guides/cleaners) excellent resources.
Additional Sources:
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Dept. of Preventive Medicine: Dr. Shanna Swan (http://shswan.com/articles/)
Women’s exposure to phthalates and personal care products:
Lifestyle behaviours associated with exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals in a Mennonite population
Environmental Health Perspectives Paper of the Year, 2009: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702420/
Chemical Exposure Linked to Attention Deficit Disorder in Children: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/children-chemicals-fragrences-cosmetics-pthalate-attention-deficit-womb/
Breast Cancer Fund: http://www.breastcancerfund.org/reduce-your-risk/tips/choose-safe-cosmetics/
Metametrix Library: Phthalates & Paraben Profile: Urine https://www.gdx.net/product/phthalates-parabens-test-urine
Healthy Child Healthy World: Avoid Phthalates: Find Phthalate- Free Products Instead http://healthychild.org/easy-steps/avoid-phthalates-find-phthalate-free-products-instead%E2%80%A8%E2%80%A8/
Photo Courtesy of Lynn Greyling http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=88828&picture=figure-in-statue-curbed-freedom
Those with environmental sensitivities look like others do but their bodies react differently to substances like automobile exhaust, mould, fragrance, tobacco smoke and pesticides. While reactions vary, neurological symptoms such as headaches, depression, insomnia, anxiety and difficulties with coordination, memory and concentration are almost universal. Symptoms like these strongly impact employability.
Though the Canadian and Ontario Human Rights Commissions formally recognize environmental sensitivities as a disability, people tend to respond differently to those with non-evident disabilities than they do to visibly-disabled persons. What happens when accommodating the needs of someone with a non-evident disability involves personal sacrifice? Let’s explore the impact that environmental sensitivities may have on personal relationships, when a person – like many afflicted with environmental sensitivities – has adverse reactions to synthetic fragrance.
Say a scent-sensitive person wishes to attend a function and asks someone attending to please reduce or refrain from wearing a fragrance that has made them ill before. The person may be outraged that someone would presume to suggest what they can and cannot wear. Why should they change their personal habits? They may feel controlled and suggest the person making the request has an overly developed sense of self-importance. They may delegitimize the person and trivialize their concerns by suggesting the disability is psychosomatic. Thus they rationalize their decision to wear fragrance anyway.
And what of the person with the disability? As they struggle to come to terms with being exposed to fragrance in virtually every indoor environment, as they grieve the loss of rights and freedoms, do they lash out? Most likely. When everything from buying eggs to going to work becomes complicated by fragrance sensitivity, do they talk about it too often? Perhaps they speak out while anxious or disoriented from a fragrance reaction. How sensitive are they when they make their request? Yet, how can a request for someone to alter personal care habits be sensitive?
Actually, the person making the request may feel as uncomfortable as the person being asked. According to Dalhousie University’s scent-free program, although such a request may seem intrusive, “when the scents from these products affect the health and well-being of other people, it then goes beyond just being a … personal and private matter” because it involves “real harm to real people.”
Those unwilling to resign themselves to a life of either sickness or isolation, may repeatedly request that others respect their health needs. Do they grow weary with frustration and despair? Do they find themselves viewing others with fresh eyes? Do others begin to see them differently? These types of dynamics can lead to the stigmatization of people with environmental sensitivities.
Going back to our hypothetical situation, is the refusal to accommodate the request, the equivalent of a person placing a barrier across a wheelchair ramp and then going in to enjoy the function while the person with the disability sits alone outside? No, it’s not similar, is it? The effect may be the same – in both cases, a person with a disability experiences a barrier that prevents them from experiencing a full and normal life – but, in one situation, a person creates a physical barrier, whereas, in the other, a person creates a chemical barrier by wearing fragrance.
Some might suggest that the person with environmental illness can still attend. But, if they do, they may be ill for 2-3 days. Should they wear a mask? A mask impedes breathing and talking which can compound feelings of alienation. Others may not know how to respond since they cannot see their facial expressions. A mask can lead to ostracism and is not conducive to personal comfort or dignity.
Though it is not common knowledge, “about one-third of the Canadian population is sensitive to fragrances,” according to Nancy Bradshaw, community outreach coordinator for the Environmental Health Clinic at Women’s College Hospital in Toronto. Will society continue to ignore the needs of those with sensitivities? Are we to fight the good fight unsupported, even stigmatized, by community? Alternatively, need we resign ourselves to a life of isolation from others?
“All truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is accepted as being self-evident.” ~ Arthur Schopenhauer
Canadian Human Rights Commission, Accommodating Environmental Sensitivities: State of Knowledge, Balancing Conflicting Interests, see introductory section and Section 4: http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_legal_hypersensibilitee/page4-en.asp
Canadian Human Rights Commission, Initiating factors, triggers and symptoms of environmental sensitivities, and their impacts in the workplace, Table 6: Typical agents that trigger reactions in susceptible individuals (and may contribute to initiation of environmental sensitivities): http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_hypersensibilitee/page4-en.asp
Canadian Human Rights Commission, Initiating factors, triggers and symptoms of environmental sensitivities, and their impacts in the workplace, Table 7: Environmental sensitivity symptoms/reactions: http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_hypersensibilitee/page4-en.asp
Canadian Human Rights Commission, What are “environmental sensitivities”?, Summary: http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_hypersensibilitee/page2-en.asp#2
Dalhousie University, History of Dal’s Scent-Free Program: http://www.dal.ca/dept/safety/programs-services/occupational-safety/scent-free.html
Dalhousie University, Questions & Answers: http://environmentalhealthandsafetyoffice.dal.ca/radiatio_7451.html
Dalhousie University, Statement on the Use of Scented Products: http://environmentalhealthandsafetyoffice.dal.ca/radiatio_7450.html
Ontario Human Rights Commission, Policy and guidelines on disability and the duty to accommodate, 2.2 A broader approach to understanding disability: a social perspective: http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/Policies/PolicyDisAccom2?page=disability-2_.html#Heading119
Ontario Human Rights Commission, Policy and Guidelines on disability and the duty to accommodate, Section 4.1.1, Respect for Dignity: http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/Policies/PolicyDisAccom2?page=disability-4_.html#Heading176
The Environmental Illness Resource, Secondary Reactions and Effects of Having MCS, excerpted from Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A Survival Guide by Pamela Reed Gibson, PhD: http://www.ei-resource.org/articles/multiple-chemical-sensitivity-articles/secondary-reactions-and-effects-of-having-mcs/
Women’s Health Matters, Why Fragrance Free Works at Work: http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/resources/show_res.cfm?ID=43933
June 30, 2015 CJ Lewisfragrance, fragrance-free, harm, health, health risks, hurt, impact, lifestyle, scent-free, scented products, scents, unscented, unscented products Leave a comment
Photo Courtesy of Shayna Michaels
http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=1283
Does the idea of pesticides, probable human carcinogens and hazardous air pollutants constantly vaporizing and dispersing in a cloud around you or your home seem appealing? I think not. Yet, many people are unintentionally emitting these and other toxic compounds from scented products on their hair, skin and clothing. Emissions from air “fresheners” and surfaces cleaned with scented products also contribute to this soup of unhealthy chemicals in the air.
In 2010, Dr. Anne Steinemann, along with her team of scientists from the US Environmental Protection Agency, University of Washington and Battelle Memorial Institute, investigated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by 25 fragranced consumer products (personal care, laundry, cleaning supplies and air fresheners). Over half the products tested were top sellers, all in common usage and in the top 5 for annual sales (Environmental Impact Assessment Review: Fragranced consumer products: Chemicals emitted, ingredients unlisted www.drsteinemann.com/Articles/Steinemann%20et%20al.%202010.pdf).
They identified 24 VOCs classified as toxic or hazardous compounds, some of which formed the most dominant emissions. 13 kinds of registered pesticides were noted with many products emitting more than one type of pesticide (Table 2, FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act – Registered Pesticide).
They also identified 4 probable human carcinogens with no safe exposure level. Examples of other toxic or hazardous VOCs they found include 8 hazardous air pollutants, 20 air contaminants and 2 priority pollutants under the Clean Water Act.
I doubt that anyone wants to breathe clouds of pesticides, probable human carcinogens or hazardous constituents in our public buildings, homes and streets (from dryer vents). If you want to use safe products though, be cautious. The supposed “greening” of mainstream products is deceptive. The labels of many of the products tested in this study used words like “organic,” “non-toxic,” “essential oils” or “natural” yet there was no statistically-significant difference found between these and the other products.
The non-profit Guide to Less Toxic Products http://lesstoxicguide.ca/, Skin Deep Cosmetics Database http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ and the Environmental Working Groups’ Guide to Healthy Cleaning (http://www.ewg.org/guides/cleaners) are excellent resources for identifying safer product lines.
Additional studies, article summaries and press releases may be viewed at http://drsteinemann.com/publications.html
June 30, 2015 CJ Lewisfragrance, fragrance-free, harm, health, health risks, hurt, impact, lifestyle, mental health, scent-free, scented products, scents, unscented products Leave a comment
Photo Courtesy of Michael Drummond http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=2310&picture=woe-is-me
Hundreds of Canadians have contacted the Canadian Human Rights Commission to find out whether their rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are being violated because they are unable to access basic services or social and cultural events in their community without becoming ill from fragrance exposure.
Legal rights under the Canadian Charter include equality of person, freedom of association, the right to pursue a livelihood, the “right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.” It can be argued that Canadians have the right to clean air and an environment that is conducive to their health since the Charter includes the right to life and security of person.
Under the UN’s, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone “is entitled to realization … of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality,” “the right of equal access to public service” and “the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community.”
Yet, many Canadians with health conditions aggravated by respiratory irritants, asthma triggers and neurological toxins in scented products do not experience the same freedoms enjoyed by other Canadians. What about their rights? The degradation of the quality of life for these Canadians can range from mild to severe.
Those suffering from environmental sensitivity – a poorly understood disability recognized by both the Canadian and Ontario Human Rights Commissions – experience varying degrees of adverse reactions to chemicals and other environmental factors that many people are able to tolerate. The Canadian Human Rights Commission (CHRC) reports that scents in perfumes, personal care products and air fresheners are “typical agents that trigger reactions in susceptible individuals.”
The choices made by others can impact the quality of life for those afflicted by environmental sensitivities enormously. The CHRC points out that “the health and ability to work for those with environmental sensitivities rests with the choices and actions of others, such as building managers, co-workers and clients.”
Environmental illness is often misdiagnosed and ranges in severity, so reliable statistics on the number of affected Canadians is unavailable. According to the CHRC, while 1 million Canadians have been diagnosed by doctors with environmental sensitivities, evidence suggests that “up to a third of the population may be experiencing discomfort.” Environmental sensitivities worsen with age and women are twice as likely as men to be affected by them.
But those suffering from environmental sensitivities are not the only ones whose fundamental right to be part of community is degraded by exposure to scented products. The Asthma Society of Canada urges asthmatics to “avoid … triggers in order to keep airway inflammation to a minimum and reduce the symptoms.” Perfume is listed as a symptom trigger for asthma. Yet how can asthmatics realistically avoid exposure to perfume if they wish to be involved in community? They cannot.
Significant numbers of Canadians with chronic respiratory problems and other medical conditions aggravated by scented products are in the same position.
The Canadian Lung Association notes that reactions to scent range from mild to severe and lists common symptoms such as “headaches, feeling dizzy, feeling tired or weak, shortness of breath, nausea, cold-like symptoms and worsening asthma symptoms.”
Additional symptoms reported to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health include lightheadedness, fatigue, insomnia, malaise, confusion, loss of appetite, depression, anxiety, numbness, upper respiratory symptoms, shortness of breath, difficulty with concentration and skin irritation.
The Centre notes that “the severity of these symptoms can vary. Some people report mild irritation while others are incapacitated and/or must give up many ‘normal’ activities in order to avoid exposure (such as going to public places).”
Why do we continue to passively tolerate or contribute to the constant bombardment of fragrance in offices, stores, churches, restaurants, theatres, malls and virtually every indoor environment when so many of us experience reduced quality of life because of it? Do preferences for the intense fragrances manufactured today really outweigh health needs? Is it morally acceptable for heavy scent users to enjoy their “scentual” pleasure at the expense of the rights and freedoms of others?
Asthma Society for Canada, Common Asthma Triggers: http://www.asthma.ca/adults/about/triggers.php
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, Scent-Free Policy for the Workplace, See “Can Scents Cause Health Problems?”: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/scent_free.html
Canadian Human Rights Commission, The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities by Margaret E. Sears, “Initiating factors, triggers and symptoms of environmental sensitivities, and their impacts in the workplace, See Table 6 & Summary”: http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_hypersensibilitee/page4-en.asp
Canadian Human Rights Commission, The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities by Margaret E. Sears: http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_hypersensibilitee/toc_tdm-en.asp
Canadian Human Rights Commission, The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities by Margaret E. Sears, p. 2 See “What are “environmental sensitivities?” & “Summary”: http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_hypersensibilitee/page2-en.asp#2
Canadian Human Rights Commission, The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities by Margaret E. Sears, p. 7 See “Scents”: http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_hypersensibilitee/page7-en.asp
Canadian Human Rights Commission, Policy on Environmental Sensitivities:
http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/legislation_policies/policy_environ_politique-en.asp
Canadian Human Rights Commission, Personal Communication, Jan. 5, 2010 1-888-214-1090
Department of Justice Canada, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms:
http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/charter/1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_I-gb:s_1
Office of the Auditor General of Canada, Right to Clean Water, Clean Air and a Healthy Environment, Petition: No. 163A:http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/pet_163A_e_28897.html
Ontario Human Rights Commission, Policy and Guidelines on disability and the duty to accommodate, Section 2.3: Non-evident disabilities: http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/Policies/PolicyDisAccom2?page=disability-2_.html#Heading119
The Canadian Lung Association, Pollution and Air Quality, “How can scented products affect my health”: http://www.lung.ca/protect-protegez/pollution-pollution/indoor-interieur/scents-parfums_e.php:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 21, 22 & 27: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
June 30, 2015 CJ Lewisfragrance, fragrance-free, harm, health, health risks, hurt, impact, lifestyle, mental health, scent-free, scented products, scents, unscented, unscented products Leave a comment
Photo Courtesy of Charles Rondeau http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=42323&picture=two-dices
If you stepped from the shower and abruptly felt confused, nauseous and disoriented, would it occur to you that you might be having a scent reaction? If you use scented products, this could happen to you even if you’ve never had a scent reaction before, because the fragrance industry routinely includes sensitizers in its formulas (http://safecosmetics.org/article.php?id=222).
Sensitizers are chemical agents which, upon repeated exposure, can lead to permanent sensitivities or allergies. Once a person is sensitized, every exposure – even to increasingly smaller amounts – causes an adverse reaction. Reactions may set in more quickly and increase in severity over time (http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/fragrance-allergies-a-sensory-assault).
The fragrance industry’s refusal to disclose the common allergens in its formulas makes it difficult or impossible to figure out which sensitizer to avoid. Avoidance of all scented products becomes necessary yet complete avoidance is impossible because we are all subject to second-hand scent. Of all known allergens, fragrances are ranked among the top five and the most frequently reported (http://safecosmetics.org/article.php?id=644).
Often people are unaware that they are even having scent reactions and they may not realize that symptoms from scent reactions can be mental, emotional and/or physical. Mental symptoms may include problems with memory and concentration, dizziness or light-headedness. Emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety, irritability or mood swings may also be experienced.
An incomplete list of physical symptoms includes headaches, nausea, sore throat, fatigue, insomnia, respiratory difficulties, asthma attacks, pain, dizziness, eye irritation, contact dermatitis or eczema (BC Lung Association: When No Scents Makes Sense; Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety: Scent-Free Policy for the Workplace).
The routine use of scented products on the body and in the home is risky. The older we get, the less our bodies can cope with chemical insult, thus increasing the risk of activating that irreversible switch – fragrance allergies.
If you’d like to reduce your risk of developing scent allergies, the user-friendly, non-profit Guide to Less Toxic Products (http://www.lesstoxicguide.ca/), the Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/) and the Environmental Working Groups’ Guide to Healthy Cleaning (http://www.ewg.org/guides/cleaners) are excellent resources to help ease the transition to unscented products.
Photo Courtesy of Petr Kratochvil
http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=15614&picture=headache
I once gave a handout about scented products to a person on 3 puffers per day for asthma. After reading it and doing a bit more research, she replaced the scented products in her home with unscented ones. Even though she continued working in a highly scented environment, she was able to reduce her use of puffers from 3 to 1 per day. She’d been having scent reactions to her own scented products yet she’d never made the connection between her asthma attacks and the fragranced products she used.
Surprisingly, it’s common for people to have scent reactions without realizing it. This is partly because reactions may occur almost right away, a few hours or even a day later. Often people who are constantly exposed to scent at work and/or home experience chronic symptoms. This state of ill health soon becomes the norm for them. Because they never get a break away from scent, they don’t realize how much better they would feel if they didn’t breathe it all the time. In this way, scented products can significantly impact quality of life even when a person is completely unaware of it.
What’s not surprising is that scented products make people sick. According to the BC Lung Association, over 5000 fragrance chemicals are used in personal care products and a single perfume may contain over 500 chemicals. We’re talking petrochemicals here; not natural ingredients made from flowering plants.
The BC Lung Association publication, When No Scents Makes Sense, indicates that “a short list of chemical overload symptoms can include headaches, nausea, pain, and fatigue; depression, anxiety, irritability or mood swings; difficulty sleeping, concentrating or remembering things; difficulty breathing or swallowing, or frequent asthma attacks” (http://www.bc.lung.ca/mediaroom/scents.html) It is also not uncommon to experience cold-like symptoms such as watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing or to develop rashes. Taking additional medications to cope with symptoms further complicates health.
Photo Courtesy of Karen Arnold http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=42362&picture=spring-garden-window-frame-view
In the Spring we want to throw our windows wide and let the freshness in. We may be unpleasantly surprised though by chemical odors wafting into our homes from clothes dryer emissions. Admittedly, there are those among us who enjoy chemical fragrances but many don’t. Aside from aesthetic considerations, neighbourhood dryer emissions are far from harmless.
According to Dr. Anne Steinemann’s newest study, Volatile Emissions from Common Consumer Products (http://www.drsteinemann.com/publications.html), the major difference between scented and non-scented versions of the same products is the presence of an abundance of terpenes in the scented products.
Terpenes react with ozone to create dangerous secondary pollutants which can cause cancer. They can also irritate eyes, skin, sinuses and lungs, induce or aggravate heart and lung disease, raise blood pressure, cause inflammation, etc. Dr. Steinemann notes that cancer-causing emissions from “green” scented products are not much different from those emitted by regular scented products (p. 2).
Switching to unscented laundry products will not only help reduce air pollution in your neighbourhood, it is also the considerate thing to do for your neighbours. If you wish to learn which laundry products are safest, check out the Guide to Less Toxic Products (http://lesstoxicguide.ca/), Skin Deep Cosmetics Database (http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/) and the Environmental Working Groups’ Guide to Healthy Cleaning (http://www.ewg.org/guides/cleaners).
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Sortiwa Portal
We Pretend To Know Everything
Corona virus (COVID -19) World statistics
New indicator could help mitigate food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa — ScienceDaily
Increase corresponds with obesity rates, linked to low socioeconomic status in women — ScienceDaily
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The bizarre features of this mammal have scientists perplexed as to how it could have evolved — ScienceDaily
by sortiwa 2k Views
New research published today in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology describes a bizarre 66 million-year-old mammal that provides profound new insights into the evolutionary history of mammals from the southern supercontinent Gondwana — recognized today as Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, the Indian subcontinent, and the Arabian Peninsula.
Named Adalatherium, which, translated from the Malagasy and Greek languages means “crazy beast,” it is described based on a nearly complete, exquisitely preserved skeleton, the most complete for any mammal yet discovered in the southern hemisphere prior to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
The research, carried out over 20 years, demonstrates that Adalatherium was a “giant” relative to the mostly shrew- or mouse-sized mammals that lived during the Cretaceous period.
Its “bizarre” features include more trunk vertebrae than most other mammals, muscular hind limbs that were placed in a more sprawling position (similar to modern crocodiles) coupled with brawny sprinting front legs that were tucked underneath the body (as seen in most mammals today), front teeth like a rabbit and back teeth completely unlike those of any other known mammal, living or extinct, and a strange gap in the bones at the top of the snout.
A team of 14 international researchers led by Dr David Krause (Denver Museum of Nature & Science) and Dr Simone Hoffmann (New York Institute of Technology) published the comprehensive description and analysis of this opossum-sized mammal that lived among dinosaurs and massive crocodiles near the end of the Cretaceous period (145¬-66 million years ago) on Madagascar.
The 234-page monographic treatment, consisting of seven separate chapters, is part of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) Memoir Series, a special yearly publication that provides a more in-depth treatment of the most significant vertebrate fossils. Initial announcement of the discovery was made in the journal Nature earlier this year.
Adalatherium, from Madagascar, belongs to an extinct group of mammals known as gondwanatherians, which were first discovered in the 1980s and, until recently, were only represented by a few isolated teeth and jaw fragments. But even those meager remains already indicated that gondwanatherians were very different from other contemporaneous mammals. So many mysteries had surrounded gondwanatherians that it was unclear how they fit into the mammalian family tree.
Now the research team presents the first skeleton for this mysterious group that once roamed much of South America, Africa, Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent, and even Antarctica.
The completeness and excellent preservation of the skeleton of Adalatherium opens new windows into what gondwanatherians looked like and how they lived, but the bizarre features still have the team perplexed.
“Knowing what we know about the skeletal anatomy of all living and extinct mammals, it is difficult to imagine that a mammal like Adalatherium could have evolved; it bends and even breaks a lot of rules,” Krause explains.
Although the life-like reconstruction of Adalatherium is superficially similar to a run-of-the-mill badger, its “normality” is only skin deep. Below the surface, its skeleton is nothing short of outlandish.
As Hoffmann puts it, “Adalatherium is simply odd. Trying to figure out how it moved, for instance, was challenging because its front end is telling us a completely different story than its back end.”
While its muscular hind legs and big claws on the back feet may indicate that Adalatherium was a powerful digger (like badgers), its front legs were less brawny and are more similar to those of living mammals that can run fast.
The limbs of Adalatherium also indicate that its posture was a hybrid between those of living mammals and more ancient relatives. Its forelimbs were tucked underneath the body (as seen in most mammals today) but its hind limbs were more sprawling (as in crocodiles and lizards).
This is not were the strangeness stops.
The teeth of Adalatherium, reconstructed by employing high-resolution micro-computed tomography and extensive digital modeling, are indicative of herbivory but are otherwise beyond bizarre.
Not only did Adalatherium have rabbit- or rodent-like ever-growing front teeth, but the back teeth are completely unlike those of any other known mammal, living or extinct. If just these teeth had been found, the mystery of what this animal was would likely not have been solved! Added to the seeming chaos is a hole in the top of the snout for which there is simply no parallel.
About the size of a Virginia opossum, the 3.1 kg Adalatherium was very large for its day. While not particularly large by today’s standards, it was a giant compared to the mostly shrew- and mouse-sized mammals living in the Cretaceous.
The geological history of Gondwana provides clues as to why Adalatherium is so bizarre.
Adalatherium was found in rocks dated to near the end of the Cretaceous, at roughly 66 million years ago. At this time Madagascar had already been an island separated from Africa for over 150 million years and from the Indian subcontinent for over 20 million years. “Islands are the stuff of weirdness,” says Krause, “and there was therefore ample time for Adalatherium to develop its many extraordinarily peculiar features in isolation.”
“Adalatherium is an important piece in a very large puzzle on early mammalian evolution in the southern hemisphere, one in which most of the other pieces are still missing,” adds Hoffmann.
More than anything, the discovery of Adalatherium underscores how much more remains to be learned from new finds of early mammals in Madagascar and other parts of the southern hemisphere.
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prandisound » Rock » Creedence Clearwater Revival - Bad Moon Rising / Lodi
Creedence Clearwater Revival - Bad Moon Rising / Lodi mp3 download
Creedence_Clearwater_Revival Country_Rock 1969 US
Performer: Creedence Clearwater Revival
Title: Bad Moon Rising / Lodi
Style: Country Rock
Format: MP3 FLAC VOC ASF MP3 AHX AC3 DMF WMA
Lyrics to "Bad Moon Rising" song by Creedence Clearwater Revival: I see the bad moon a-rising I see trouble on the way I see earthquakes and lightning I see bad times. Rolling Stone magazine put "Bad Moon Rising" at number 364 position on its "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list in 2010. C. Creedence Clearwater Revival Lyrics. album: "Green River" (1969). Green River Commotion Tombstone Shadow Wrote A Song For Everyone Bad Moon Rising Lodi Cross-Tie Walker Sinister Purpose The Night Time Is The Right Time.
Creedence Clearwater Revival have a sense of impending doom on their 1969 hit Bad Moon Rising. The song was the lead single from Creedence Clearwater Revival’s third studio album, Green River. The song reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in September 1969. Lead singer and songwriter John Fogerty told Team Rock that the name Bad Moon Rising came from a book of song titles that he kept. he said, I didn’t even know what it meant, I just liked how the words sounded.
Главная Переводы песен C Creedence Clearwater Revival Bad Moon Rising. 6 7 8 9. Bad Moon Rising (оригинал Creedence Clearwater Revival). Восход Несчастливой Луны (перевод Ермек из Алматы). I see the bad moon arising. Вижу восход несчастливой луны. There's a bad moon on the rise. Ведь восходит несчастливая луна. I hear hurricanes ablowing.
Bad Moon Rising (Karaoke Version) Originally Performed By Creedence Clearwater Revival. Прослушать Скачать 02:20. Bad Moon Rising (Karaoke Version). Прослушать Скачать 02:21. Rockabye Baby! Bad Moon Rising (Lullaby Rendition of Creedence Clearwater Revival). Прослушать Скачать 02:29. Bad Moon Rising (Originally Performed By Creedence Clearwater Revival) Karaoke Version. Прослушать Скачать 02:15. Bad Moon Rising (Complete version originally performed by Creedence Clearwater Revival). Прослушать Скачать 02:18.
by Creedence Clearwater Revival. Album: Green River (1969). Charted: 1 2. Get the Sheet Music License This Song. Bad Moon Rising" is the signature walkout song for UFC fighter Jim Miller. Fogerty performed this song for Howard Stern at Stern's 2014 Birthday Bash. In his memoir, Fogerty said he borrowed the guitar lick for this song from Scotty Moore's work on Elvis Presley's "I'm Left, You're Right, She's Gone.
Shop 146 records for sale for album Bad moon rising by Creedence Clearwater Revival on CDandLP in Vinyl and CD format. All fields Artist Title Artist + Title Label Seller Item Select a specific format: All formats Album CD CD Album CD Single CD Maxi Vinyl records LP 7 inchs 7 inchs (SP) 7 inchs (EP) 12 inchs 78 rpm 10 inchs DVD VHS Cassette Clothing T-Shirt Others. Creedence clearwater revival bad moon rising.
I see the bad moon arising. I see trouble on the way. I see earthquakes and lightnin'. I see bad times today. Don't go around tonight, Well, it's bound to take your life, There's a bad moon on the rise. I know the end is coming soon. Things got bad, and things got worse, I guess you will know the tune. Oh ! Lord, stuck in Lodi again. Rode in on the Greyhound, I'll be walkin' out if I go. I was just passin' through, must be seven months or more. Ran out of time and money, looks like they took my Friends. Oh ! Lord, I'm stuck in Lodi again. The man from the magazine said I was on my way. Somewhere I lost connections, ran out of songs to play
Lodi - Creedence Clearwater Revival 1969-b Green River. B3. Cross-Tie Walker - Creedence Clearwater Revival 1969-b Green River. 07 Cross-Tie Walker - Creedence Clearwater Revival 1969 Green River. 1 Down On The Corner A2 Green River A3 Suzie Q A4 Good Golly Miss Molly A5 Bootleg A6 Bad Moon Rising B1 Fortunate Son B2 Proud Mary B3 Born On The Bayou B4 I Put A Spell On You B5 Lodi B6 Commotion - Creedence Clearwater Revival 1970. Bad Moon Rising - Creedence Clearwater.
A Bad Moon Rising 2:17
B Lodi 3:08
Arranged By – John Fogerty
Producer – John Fogerty
Written-By – J.C.Fogerty*
Matrix / Runout (A): F-2731
Matrix / Runout (B): F-2730
Fantasy 622 Creedence Clearwater Revival Bad Moon Rising / Lodi (7", Single) Fantasy Fantasy 622 US 1969
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17009 Creedence Clearwater Revival Bad Moon Rising / Lodi (7", Single) America Records 17009 France 1969
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650 Million Child Brides Worldwide Says GFA World
Oct 9, 2020 | World
Special report coincides with International Day of the Girl, Oct. 11.
STONEY CREEK, ON, October 09, 2020 /24-7PressRelease/ — Girls face greater exploitation than ever, with 650 million child brides in the world today, a shocking new report reveals.
As women’s rights take centre stage in North America and many parts of the world, the reality for millions of girls worldwide is sexual exploitation and forced marriage before the age of 13.
The horrific treatment of girls — including sex trafficking, sex-selective abortions, and denial of education — is exposed in a special report titled Rewriting the Tragedies of Girlhood, released by GFA World, www.gfa.ca to coincide with the U.N. International Day of the Girl, Oct. 11.
In 2014, the kidnapping of 200 schoolgirls in Nigeria by Boko Haram terrorists grabbed the headlines, but rampant abuse of girls across Africa and Asia continues largely under the radar:
• In Bangladesh, a survey of 375 sex workers revealed nearly half of them were child brides, married as young as 11, and trafficked into prostitution
• In China, sex-selective abortions resulted in a national shortage of women, fueling demand for child brides and sex workers
• North Korean girls who escape across the border to China are forced to stay “invisible” and often end up in brothels and the cybersex trade
• Girls in Asia as young as nine are forced to perform sex acts in front of webcams, live-streamed to a pay-to-view global audience
“Globally, millions of girls — nearly double the entire U.S. population, in fact — are trapped in a web of exploitation,” said GFA World founder Dr. K.P. Yohannan. “Girls living in areas of political instability, conflict, or oppression are especially vulnerable to forced marriage and sex slavery.”
In China, girls are trafficked from neighbouring countries, lured by the promise of jobs. Victims are forced to cohabit with men who don’t speak their language, keep them locked in tiny rooms, and rape them at will. Often, girls are beaten and drugged.
UNICEF — the U.N. children’s agency that stages the annual International Day of the Girl every October to raise awareness — estimates there are 650 million child brides globally, including women who married in childhood. Girls are often forced to marry early because their parents don’t want them, placing a far higher value on boys.
‘You Should Have Been A Boy’
One of four sisters, Ruth was treated cruelly by her father who flew into a rage when she was born. “You should have been a boy,” he later told her. When Ruth decided to go to Bible college, she knelt at her father’s feet to get his blessing. Instead, he kicked her in the face.
“While Ruth was at college, her father’s heart softened and he came to know the love of Jesus,” said Yohannan. “When she traveled home and stepped off the bus, her father ran to hug her. Change happens when people see every single girl is precious because she’s created by God in his image.”
Giving girls the opportunity to pursue education is key in the battle against exploitation and child marriage — with GFA World’s Bridge of Hope program providing schooling and safety for tens of thousands of at-risk girls in Asia.
When 13-year-old Krupa realized she was being roped into a childhood marriage, she alerted workers at the Bridge of Hope centre she attended. Within minutes, “they arrived at our house like angels” and intervened to stop the ceremony, she said. Today, Krupa has achieved her goal of becoming a teacher — and married of her own choice when she was 20.
GFA World’s full special report is at https://www.gfa.ca/special-report/child-marriage-child-trafficking-girl-problems/.
GFA World, www.gfa.ca is a leading faith-based mission agency, helping national workers bring vital assistance and spiritual hope to millions, especially to those who have yet to hear about the love of God. In GFA World’s latest yearly report, this included more than 70,000 sponsored children, free medical camps conducted in more than 1,200 villages and remote communities, over 4,800 clean water wells drilled, over 12,000 water filters installed, income-generating Christmas gifts for more than 260,000 needy families, and spiritual teaching available in 110 languages in 14 nations through radio ministry. For all the latest news, visit our Press Room at https://press.gfa.org/news.
PHOTO CUTLINE: 650 MILLION CHILD BRIDES: Girls face greater exploitation than ever, with more than 650 million “child brides” in the world today, a startling new report reveals. Rewriting the Tragedies of Girlhood — a special report by GFA World, www.gfa.ca — coincides with the U.N. International Day of the Girl, Oct. 11.
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Sisters Rodeo
Sisters Rodeo History
Sisters Rodeo Queen
2020 Sisters Rodeo Queen
2020 Rodeo Queen Application
Royalty Information
Specialty Act
Xtreme Bulls
The PRCA Xtreme Bulls Tour showcases the PRCA’s top bull riders and some of the rankest bulls the world has to offer. Xtreme Bulls competitors include the top bull riders from the PRCA World Standings as well as contestants who advance through Xtreme Bulls qualifying events. In most Xtreme Bulls events, every contestant competes in the first round, with the top performers advancing to the final round. The winner of the two-head average after the final round earns the title for that Tour stop. (A few Xtreme Bulls events are one-headers.) Money won on the PRCA Xtreme Bulls Tour counts toward the PRCA World Standings for bull riding, which determine the qualifiers for the Wrangler National Finals Rodeo, but does not count toward the all-around standings.
Extreme Bulls will be held on Wednesday June 10, 2020 6:30PM
Team Bronc Riding
In this event, three-man teams must catch a wild horse, halter and saddle it, and then a team member mounts to ride the horse past a barrel at the far end of the arena. The team has a mugger, an anchor and a rider. The horses are ranch-raised but unbroke animals who may grow up to be in bucking strings if they like the job. This was one of the first events in Sisters Rodeo history. It is action-filled and therefore a fan favorite of spectators.
Steer Wrestling
The fastest timed event in rodeo, steer wrestling pits the cowboy against a big, strong steer with the goal of “bulldogging” the steer to the ground. The steer is released before the “ hazer,” a second rider who herds the steer straight, and the bulldogger, who is charged with diving from his horse onto the steer. He needs to bring the animal fully to the ground by rolling its head and stopping forward motion with his heels into the ground, causing the steer to fall. Riders must not “break the barrier” before the steer or are disqualified.
Saddle Bronc Riding
In this “rough stock” competition, cowboys return to the historical means of breaking a horse to ride. This is a very technical event because the rider must “spur” the horse in a fluid movement of motion, keeping time with the horse’s action. This rider must mark the horse with his feet touching the horse’s shoulders at the exit from the chute. He holds a thick halter rope and uses this as his means of control while he continues to spur the horse in action. This spurring, turn out of toes and his control of the horse with only a lead rope, along with the buck of the horse, determine his score. An eight-second ride is required.
Team Roping
This event requires extremely fine timing and coordination between two cowboys and their horses. One rider is the header, who will lasso a steer’s horns and take the steer into a left turn, exposing his back end to the healer. The healer ropes both hind feet and the riders stop, create tension in their ropes and finish their time. A missed back leg carries a 5-second penalty. These horses are finely trained and specialized as headers or healers. Team roping is still used on ranches for treating or branding.
Timing in barrel racing comes down to thousandths of a second. Cowgirls run a cloverleaf pattern placed precisely at the far end of an arena, racing across a starting line, circling the barrels and returning across the same line for their time. At full speed, it is not a simple task for these horses to slow enough to spin around a barrel, regain speed and do it again. The horses are typically a cross between a Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred for both agility and speed. This popular Women’s’ Professional Rodeo Association event is seen at nearly every rodeo in the nation and inspires little girls everywhere to become rodeo competitors.
Tie-Down Roping
Tie-Down Roping is the means by which cowboys historically captured cattle to treat for injuries or do branding. In rodeo, the calf is given a brief head start before the rider breaks in chase. The rider throws his lariat, ropes the calf, and the horse skids to a stop to hold tautness in the lasso to keep the calf still. When the rider throws the calf, he then ties any three legs together with a “pigging string,” and raises his arms to signal his finish. The time is dependent on the calf remaining tied for six seconds after the rider remounts and creates slack in the lasso.
Bareback Riding
One of the most physically demanding sports in rodeo, bareback riding is compared to riding a jackhammer. The rider is judged on spurring, turned-out toes and “exposure” in allowing the horse to buck unimpeded. The rider holds a rigging that is cinched to the horse, and must “mark out” the horse by having his feet ahead of the horse’s shoulders in the first leap from the chute. His goal is to keep his feet forward of the shoulders. A good buck by the horse increases the score of the cowboy by ½ the points. The rider must remain on the horse for eight seconds.
Not exactly a normal ranch-work event, bull riding is more an extension of what cowboys are willing to do for sport. On a 2,000 pound bull, a rider has virtually no control. He holds a flat rope that is strung around the bull’s rib cage and wrapped around his hand. In eight seconds, he must maintain balance and have the quickest reflexes a man can possess. Supreme flexibility is a necessity. The bulls spin, twist, leap and kick, adding points for the rider’s score. This sport has also resulted in the specialty of bullfighters in any rodeo arena, credited with saving many cowboys from injury.
Sisters Rodeo, also known as The Biggest Little Show in the World, takes place June 9-13, 2021.
67637 Highway 20 Sisters, Oregon
info@sistersrodeo.com
Copyright © 2021 Sisters Rodeo.
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Strengthening all of us as individuals, as an organization and as one world
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Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Pride Month is celebrated in June to honor the Stonewall Uprising in 1969. The events at the Stonewall Inn in New York City served as the tipping point for the Gay Liberation Movement, which pursued equal treatment for this community.
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Healing hearts. Inspiring minds.
As the eldest son of a Kurdish family that fled persecution in Syria, Dr. Heval Mohamed Kelli knows struggle. After living in German refugee camps for six years, his family immigrated to the United States two weeks after 9/11 and settled in one of the Atlanta area’s poorest communities.
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Mourinho orders Man Utd to break club record for most expensive defender with fresh target
Posted October 14, 2018 11:46 by
Manchester United have reportedly made Fiorentina a bid of around £53 million to seal the signing of young defender Nikola Milenkovic.
Jose Mourinho watched the 21-year-old in action for the Serbian national team this week and was said to have been so keen on the player he immediately contacted United and ordered the club to make an offer.
That is according to La Nazione, as translated by the Metro.
READ MORE: The £100m+ duo Mourinho plans to scout when Montenegro host Serbia
They claim United have now bid £53 million for Milenkovic, which would make him the most expensive defender in United’s history if it were to go through.
As things stand, Victor Lindelof, who cost £31 million from Benfica over a year ago, was United’s most expensive defender – a record we’d like to see broken…
That would be quite a statement by United if a deal can be done at that price when Milenkovic is showing signs of getting even better.
He has only played 24 Serie A matches so far, but looks like one of the most promising up-and-coming talents in European football, as far as defenders are concerned.
It’s also an area of the pitch United really need to improve, especially with the likes of Chris Smalling still starting most weeks.
More Stories Nikola Milenkovic
Manchester United repeatedly approach Serie A defender’s agent over transfer
Man United join race for €35m Fiorentina star also linked to two Serie A giants
Opinion: 5 centre backs who could partner Harry Maguire at Man Utd
November 19, 2019 7:41
BBC journalist provides update on two reported Man Utd transfer targets
Man Utd make enquiry after having bid rejected for €50m-rated Serie A defender
July 11, 2019 8:09
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Photo: Arianespace/ESA/CNES/Optique Video du CSG
Europe’s Ariane 5 workhorse reached its launch pad on the edge of the Amazon jungle on Wednesday in preparation for a Thursday night liftoff with a pair of landmark communications satellites from the United States and Europe.
Hidden under the protective payload fairing of the 55-meter tall rocket are the ViaSat-2 and Eutelsat 172B communications satellites, both marking milestone achievements for the respective manufacturers and operators. Known as VA237 in Arianespace’s numbering system of Ariane 5 flights, the mission has a one-hour launch window opening at 23:45 UTC and Ariane 5 will be in operation for 41 minutes to send its two high-profile passengers into a highly-elliptical Geostationary Transfer Orbit.
ViaSat-2, built by Boeing, will become the highest-throughput satellite ever launched to support ViaSat’s goal of connecting millions of homes, businesses and airline passengers to the Internet. Eutelsat 172B is the first all-electric satellite launched by Ariane 5 and introduces a new variant of the Airbus Defence and Space Eurostar-3000 satellite platform, responding to a trend toward hybrid and all-electric satellites.
ViaSat-2 – Image: ViaSat
ViaSat, headquartered in Carlsbad, California, has become one of the world’s leading telecommunications providers via a fleet of satellites parked in Geostationary Orbit beaming high-speed Internet to households, small businesses, airline passengers and deep sea vessels. Initially leading development for satellite Internet modems and IP terminals, ViaSat acquired two satellites in 2009 and launched its first craft in 2011 which, at the time, set a new record for total data throughput at 140 Gigabits per second.
ViaSat-2 will take the company’s vision of making the Internet available and affordable to the next level, doubling the first satellite’s capacity and increasing its coverage area by a factor of seven. Built by Boeing based on the high-power version of the BSS-702 satellite platform, the $625 million ViaSat-2 weighs in at 6,418 Kilograms and hosts a powerful Ka-Band package capable of a data throughput of 300Gbit/s with coverage spanning across North America and much of the Atlantic Ocean.
>>ViaSat-2 Overview
ViaSat’s ultimate goal of global Internet coverage will be realized by the ViaSat-3 constellation of three Terabit-per-second satellites currently in production for launch in late 2019 or 2020.
Eutelsat 172 B – Photo: Airbus Defence & Space
The ViaSat-2 spacecraft was originally booked on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket for liftoff in late 2016, but the company decided to switch to Ariane 5 after it became clear the project would not be able to stay anywhere close to its original schedule due to persistent delays to Falcon Heavy’s debut mission.
The lower-berth passenger of the VA237 mission is Eutelsat 172B, built by Airbus Defence and Space based on the latest evolution of the Eurostar-3000 platform known as the EOR for Electric Orbit Raising. It is the first all-electric satellite delivered by Airbus DS and the first to be launched atop an Ariane 5.
As ion propulsion matured as an operational propulsion technology, numerous satellite manufacturers incorporated ion thrusters in their satellite platforms to extend the operational lives of the spacecraft beyond what is possible with chemical propulsion alone. All-electric satellites are a relatively new trend, but provide an attractive solution given their lower launch cost plus higher mass budget available for the communications package.
Normally, E3000 satellites ride in the upper payload slot on the Ariane 5 as they weigh around five or six metric tons. Relying purely on ion propulsion, the satellite’s launch mass reduces to 3.5 metric tons, allowing it to take the cheaper lower slot on the launch vehicle. Airbus currently has orders for six E3000EOR satellites from Inmarsat, SES, Eutelsat and the French Government.
Image: Eutelsat/Airbus Defence & Space
Eutelsat 172B hosts a tri-band communications package with 14 C-Band transponders, 36 Ku-Band transponders and a 1.8Gbit/s high-throughput payload generating eleven high-power Ku-Band beams.
Joining Eutelsat 172A, the satellite will provide coverage over a large area from from the U.S. West Coast throughout the Asia-Pacific Region including focused beams on Australia – creating a coverage zone from LA to Beijing and Anchorage to Perth. Services supported by the satellite cover the entire palette of telecommunications needs – in-flight and maritime connectivity via the HTS transponders, cellular backhaul, corporate networks, video distribution and government services.
>>Eutelsat 172B Overview
The VA237 is one of three quick-fire Ariane 5 missions planned in May and June to allow Arianespace to catch up with its planned manifest of a dozen orbital launches in 2017 after missions were held up for nearly two months by a general strike in French Guiana that caused operations at the spaceport to come to a halt in March and April. A planned gap of launches in May and early June is being used to fully catch up with the planned manifest.
Preparations for the VA237 mission started well before the strikes when the components of the Ariane 5 rocket arrived on one of two sea-going vessels employed by Arianespace to ship rocket parts from Europe to South America. The assembled Ariane 5 rocket was kept safe in the Vehicle Assembly Building during the social unrest while another Ariane 5, already with its payloads on top, endured the delay inside the Final Assembly Building.
Eutelsat 172B in particular suffered impacts from the strike, arriving in French Guiana in late March and spending several days on the tarmac at Cayenne Airport with no clear path to the space center. The satellite was flown back to Europe and returned to French Guiana one month later to enter its final processing flow.
Ariane 5 was transferred to the Final Assembly Building in mid-May to meet its two passengers – Eutelsat 172B taking the lower slot atop the second stage and under the Sylda while ViaSat-2 is hosted atop the Sylda payload adapter. Final mission simulations and arming of the rocket was completed over the weekend and managers convened for the Launch Readiness Review on Tuesday, clearing the rocket for rollout to the ELA-3 launch site.
Ariane 5 emerged from the Final Assembly Building on Wednesday for a 2.7-Kilometer trip over to the ELA-3 launch pad where the rocket was carefully placed atop its launch table for the final 24-hour launch preparation process. Countdown operations will formally begin at 12:22 UTC, eleven hours and 23 minutes before the day’s hour-long launch window opens at 8:45 p.m. local time.
>>Ariane 5 Launch Vehicle
After initial checks of the launcher’s systems, teams will press into the cryogenic tanking sequence to fill the two stages of the rocket with 184 metric tons of -183°C Liquid Oxygen and -253°C Liquid Hydrogen, starting at L-4 hours and 38 minutes on the first stage and 70 minutes later on the ESC-A second stage.
VA235 Launch Photo – Credit: Arianespace/ESA/CNES/Optique Video du CSG
Ariane 5 will repeat a series of communication and telemetry checks before entering final preparations for the seven-minute synchronized sequence where computers take over to transition the vehicle to a fully autonomous launch configuration. Checking off dozens of steps in the last seven minutes, Ariane 5 will pressurize its propellant tanks, switch to battery power, arm the various pyrotechnic charges on the vehicle and assume full control of all the vehicle’s functions just before ignition of the main engine.
When clocks strike zero, Ariane 5 will ignite its Vulcain 2 main engine to soar up to a launch thrust of 960 Kilonewtons, under close supervision by computers to ensure the engine operates as advertised before triggering the ignition of the twin Solid Rocket Boosters – marking the point of no return.
The VA237 mission is carrying a total payload mass of 10,865 Kilograms into Geostationary Transfer Orbit, making it one of the heavier hauls for the workhorse launcher.
Upon ignition of the twin boosters, Ariane 5 will jump off its launch pad with a thrust of 1,420 metric ton-force, balancing in a vertical position for six seconds before initiating the pitch and roll maneuvers that aligns the rocket with its due easterly departure path across the Atlantic Ocean. Ariane will pass the speed of sound 49 seconds into the flight followed twenty seconds later by Maximum Dynamic Pressure.
The 31.6-meter long boosters will finish their job two minutes and 21 seconds into the mission via a pyrotechnic separation from the core stage which will continue uphill powered by the single Vulcain 2 main engine, guzzling down 300 Kilograms of cryogenics every second of flight.
>>Launch Profile
Ariane 5 Launch Profile – Credit: Arianespace
Three minutes and 22 seconds into the launch, Ariane 5 will be sufficiently high in altitude to drop its two fairing halves, revealing the dual-payload stack for the rest of the journey into orbit. The core stage will shut down at T+8 minutes and 56 seconds and separate from the upper stage six seconds later to clear the way for ignition of the 62.7-Kilonewton HM-7B engine at T+9:06.
The upper stage will fire for 16 minutes and 20 seconds to boost the vehicle’s speed to 9.4 Kilometers per second in order to reach the desired elliptical orbit of 250 by 35,706 Kilometers, inclined 6 degrees. After injection, 25 minutes into the flight, Stage 2 will employ its cold gas thrusters for an elaborate orbital dance – separating ViaSat-2 at T+29 minutes, dropping off the Sylda at T+32 minutes and sending off Eutelsat 172B at T+42 minutes – all headed into slightly different directions to ensure no close encounters in the hours and days after launch.
Thursday’s launch will be the 93rd flight of the Ariane 5 rocket, the 62nd in the ECA configuration. Arianespace plans to follow up on the VA237 mission within four weeks with Ariane flight VA238 carrying the Inmarsat-S/HellasSat-3 and GSAT-17 satellites into orbit.
← Photos: Ariane 5 Rocket Assembly for Dual-Payload Delivery
Photos: Ariane 5 rolls out for Dual-Payload Delivery with high-power Broadband Satellites →
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Kylie Jenner’s Alleged $400K Security Bill Explained By Expert: Here’s What She’d Get For That squib
After Caitlyn Jenner revealed that Kylie spends $300-400,000 on security every month, an expert EXCLUSIVELY revealed to HL the intense amount of protection that she's likely provided with for such a high price.
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Solution home Kotobee Library Manage User Access to Your Library
User Management Print
Learn how to add, edit, give access or restrict access to users as well as manage your user dashboard in Kotobee Author.
Managing your library users
One of the most important areas in your library management is user management. You must be capable of adding, removing, activating, and deactivating users any time you want. Note that user management only applies when the library is set to private. Public libraries by definition allow for any users to access their books.
For a play by play on how to manage Library user permissions, watch the video below:
Go to the Manage tab.
Click on the Libraries item in the left column.
Select your library from the dropdown list. For library management, you will spend most of your time in this part of Kotobee Author.
Select Users from the left column under Libraries. You will see a listing of all the users in your system.
Library permissions
Depending on the library permission settings, you can choose to show or hide unauthorized books from users. It is worth first going through the Adjusting your library settings article before continuing with this one.
Scopes of permission
With Kotobee Library, there are three scopes of permission that you can give a user:
The first scope can give global access to the library. With this scope, the user has access over all books in the library, and future books uploaded to the library.
The next scope is category permissions. The user here is assigned permissions to access all books that are under a certain category/genre. You can wisely use this by creating a category named "free", another named "basic", and then a third one named "premium". Each category can hold a number of books. Depending on your user's payment, you can give them access to one of those categories. It is worth mentioning that you may hide the category name from the Customize subsection.
The final scope is book permissions, where the user is given access to a particular book.
Permission mediators
In addition to applying different scopes of permissions directly to a user, you can do that using two different mediators:
By applying a promo code to a user (or them applying it themselves), or setting a user role to a user, that user will gain all permissions included in the promo code or user role.
When adding a new user, it is important to be aware of what scope of permission they are given. There are two ways to control a permission scope.
The first way is by being inside the scope of a certain entity before adding the users. Elaborating further:
To give global access: Simply click on the Users subsection.
To give category access, click on the Categories subsection, and click Users next to the appropriate category.
To give book access, click on the Books subsection and under the appropriate book, click on Users.
All three actions will take you to the Users subsection but in different scopes.
You should notice whether the top title of the subsection says Registered Users, has a book name, or a category name.
The second way to control a user's permission scope happens after adding the user, by clicking on his Permissions button (which will be explained later).
To add a new user for this permission scope, enter their email address and click on + Add user (in the case of global access, the button will be + Add global user). You will see the user added to the list, but they won't be able to access the library unless they've activated their account. Besides the user’s email, you will find a number of action shortcuts to choose from:
Activate/Deactivate: Immediately activates the user. They will receive an email asking him to reset his password.
Send activation email: This will send an email to the user with an activation email, confirming the validity and ownership of their email.
Change password: Changes the user's password.
Devices: Displays the list of devices authorized to access the ebook (read below).
Permissions: Edits the user's permissions to books, categories, or the entire library.
Delete: Deletes the user. This button only appears under the All Users list.
Remove access: Removes access to the current scope. This button only appears under the Global Users or Users with Access lists.
Editing user permissions
Click on the user's Permissions button to view the list of current permissions allowed. Permission scopes will be highlighted in different colors. You may delete any of the current permissions from the list. To add global access to the library, click on the Add global access over library button. To add access to a certain book or category, simply type in the first few letters in the relevant fields, and select the book or category from the list that will appear. If you're giving access to a certain book, by clicking on the 3 dots options button (before the delete button) you will be able to optionally set which chapters you'd like to restrict access to.
The user dashboard shows all the information you have on a particular user on the same page, along with the permissions given and action buttons.
Default activation for new users
Under the Actions button, the Enable for new users option allows newly registered users to immediately receive access to the current permission scope (global, category, or book). Depending on the user or category you have selected, users will be able to open the relevant books. You may also set a default user role for newly registered users.
Device DRM
In the case of private libraries, you can limit the number of devices that can access the library, using Kotobee's Device DRM, which can be set from the library's Settings subsection. When clicking on Devices for any user, you will see the different devices used to connect to the library. If the user complains that they've replaced their device, you can simply click on Clear all devices to reset the list for them.
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Interagency Q&A APPENDIX A to Part __ – 1: Must an institution’s performance fit each aspect of a particular rating profile in order to receive that rating?
Compliance > Regulation BB - CRA
Q APPENDIX A to Part __ – 1: Must an institution’s performance fit each aspect of a particular rating profile in order to receive that rating?
A: No. Exceptionally strong performance in some aspects of a particular rating profile may compensate for weak performance in others. For example, a retail institution other than an intermediate small institution that uses non-branch delivery systems to obtain deposits and to deliver loans may have almost all of its loans outside the institution’s assessment area(s). Assume that an examiner, after consideration of performance context and other applicable regulatory criteria, concludes that the institution has weak performance under the lending criteria applicable to lending activity, geographic distribution, and borrower characteristics within the assessment area(s). The institution may compensate for such weak performance by exceptionally strong performance in community development lending in its assessment area(s) or a broader statewide or regional area that includes its assessment area(s).
This Interagency Q&A, and others, was released in July 2016. The 2016 Q&As consolidates and supersedes all previously published “Interagency Questions and Answers Regarding Community Reinvestment,” and were noted as being effective immediately. They may be found here: http://www.ffiec.gov/cra/qnadoc.htm
Article ID: 446, Created: October 8, 2010 at 5:07 PM, Modified: July 20, 2016 at 11:18 AM
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Home » Blog » Children who nap midday…
Children who nap midday are happier, excel academically, and have fewer behavioral problems
SVDPA Admin
News & Opinion, Some Advice
Penn Today (Link to Original)
Michele W. Berger, Writer
Ask just about any parent whether napping has benefits and you’ll likely hear a resounding “yes,” particularly for the child’s mood, energy levels, and school performance. New research from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of California, Irvine, published in the journal SLEEP backs up that parental insight.
A study of nearly 3,000 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders ages 10-12 revealed a connection between midday napping and greater happiness, self-control, and grit; fewer behavioral problems; and higher IQ, the latter particularly for the sixth graders. The most robust findings were associated with academic achievement, says Penn neurocriminologist Adrian Raine, a co-author on the paper.
“Children who napped three or more times per week benefit from a 7.6% increase in academic performance in Grade 6,” he says. “How many kids at school would not want their scores to go up by 7.6 points out of 100?”
Sleep deficiency and daytime drowsiness are surprisingly widespread, with drowsiness affecting up to 20% of all children, says lead author on the study Jianghong Liu, a Penn associate professor of nursing and public health. What’s more, the negative cognitive, emotional, and physical effects of poor sleep habits are well-established, and yet most previous research has focused on preschool age and younger.
That’s partially because in places like the United States, napping stops altogether as children get older. In China, however, the practice is embedded into daily life, continuing through elementary and middle school, even into adulthood. So, Liu and Raine, with Penn biostatistician Rui Feng, UC Irvine sleep researcher Sara Mednick and others, turned to the China Jintan Cohort Study, established in 2004 to follow participants from toddlerhood through adolescence.
From each of 2,928 children, the researchers collected data about napping frequency and duration once the children hit Grades 4 through 6, as well as outcome data when they reached Grade 6, including psychological measures like grit and happiness and physical measures such as body mass index and glucose levels. They also asked teachers to provide behavioral and academic information about each student. They then analyzed associations between each outcome and napping, adjusting for sex, grade, school location, parental education, and nightly time in bed.
It was the first comprehensive study of its kind, Mednick says. “Many lab studies across all ages have demonstrated that naps can show the same magnitude of improvement as a full night of sleep on discrete cognitive tasks. Here, we had the chance to ask real-world, adolescent schoolchildren questions across a wide range of behavioral, academic, social, and physiological measures.”
Predictably, she adds, “the more students sleep during the day, the greater the benefit of naps on many of these measures.”
Though the findings are correlational, the researchers say they may offer an alternative to the outcry from pediatricians and public health officials for later school start times. “The midday nap is easily implemented, and it costs nothing,” says Liu, particularly if accompanied by a slightly later end to the day, to avoid cutting into educational time. “Not only will this help the kids, but it also takes away time for screen use, which is related to a lot of mixed outcomes.”
Future directions could look at why, for example, children with better-educated parents nap more than children with less educated parents, or whether, by investigating the influence of culture and personality, nap interventions could be advanced on a global scale. Ideally, a randomized control trial would get at causation questions like whether napping leads to better academic achievement or whether they’re linked in some other way. However, none of this is yet in the works.
For now, the researchers say they hope the results of this current study can inform future interventional work that targets adolescent sleepiness.
DepEd sets recommended screen time for online students
By Claudeth Mocon-Ciriaco, September 2, 2020 The Department of Education (DepEd) said schools should consider…
As e-Sports Take Off, High School Leagues Get In The Game
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MT 480 Unit 2 Multiple Choice Assignment Multiple Choice Question 25The three different perspectives
December 14, 2020 /in Uncategorized /by Superbprofessors
MT 480 Unit 2 Multiple Choice Assignment Multiple Choice Question 25The three different perspectives on financial statement analysis are those of the:manager, regulator, and bondholder.manager, shareholder, and creditor.regulator, shareholder, and creditor.shareholder, creditor, and regulatorMultiple Choice Question 26Shareholders analyze financial statements in order to:assess the cash flows that the firm will generate from its operations.all of these.focus on the value of the stock they hold.determine the firm’s profitability, their return for that period, and the dividend they are likely to receiveMultiple Choice Question 27The creditors of a firm analyze financial statements so that they can focus on:the firm’s amount of debt.the firm’s ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet its legal obligations first and still have sufficient cash flows to meet debt repayment and interest payments.the firm’s ability to meet its short-term obligations.all of these.Multiple Choice Question 32Which of the following is NOT true of common-size income statements?Income statement accounts are represented as percentages of net sales.Each income statement item is standardized by dividing it by net sales.Common-size income statements analysis is a specialized application of ratio analysis.Each income statement item is standardized by dividing it by total assets.Multiple Choice Question 33Common-size financial statements:are a specialized application of ratio analysis.allow us to make meaningful comparisons between the financial statements of two firms that are different in size.are prepared by having each financial statement item expressed as a percentage of some base number, such as total assets or total revenues.all of these are true.Multiple Choice Question 34Which of the following is a benefit of a common-size income statement?It reveals a great deal of information about the adequacy of a firm’s net working capital.It is very useful to assess how effectively a firm collected its accounts receivable.It can tell the analyst a great deal about a firm’s efficiency and profitability.It reveals how effectively a firm has increased its assets.Multiple Choice Question 47Lionel, Inc., has current assets of $623,122, including inventory of $241,990, and current liabilities of $378,454. What is the quick ratio? (Round your final answer to two decimal places.)1.650.641.01None of theseMultiple Choice Question 52If Viera, Inc., has an accounts receivable turnover of 3.9 times and net sales of $3,436,812, what is its level of receivables? (Round your final answer to the nearest dollar.)$1,340,357$81,234$881,234$13,403,567Multiple Choice Question 57Trident Corp., has debt of $3.35 million with an interest rate of 6.875 percent. The company has an EBIT of $2,766,009. What is its times-interest-earned ratio? (Round your final answer to nearest number.)13 times12 times11 timesNone of theseMultiple Choice Question 58Sectors, Inc., has an EBIT of $7,221,643 and interest expense of $611,800. Its depreciation for the year is $1,434,500. What is its cash coverage ratio? (Round your final answer to two decimal places.)15.42 times18.34 times14.15 timesNone of theseMultiple Choice Question 63RTR Corp. has reported a net income of $812,425 for the year. The company’s share price is $13.45, and the company has 312,490 shares outstanding. Compute the firm’s price-earnings ratio. (Round your final answer to two decimal places.)4.87 times8.12 times5.17 timesNone of theseMultiple Choice Question 69Why is the quick ratio considered by some to be a better measure of liquidity than the current ratio?The current ratio does not include accounts receivable.It measures how “quickly” cash flows through the firm.The quick ratio more accurately reflects a firm’s profitability.It omits the least liquid current asset from the numerator of the ratioMultiple Choice Question 72Which of the following is true of a firm that has both debt and equity?Its return on equity (ROE) will be greater than its return on asset (ROA).Its return on equity (ROE) will be lesser than its return on asset (ROA).Its return on equity (ROE) will be equal to its return on asset (ROA).None of these.Multiple Choice Question 73Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?The DuPont system is based on two equations that relate a firm’s return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE).The DuPont system is a set of related ratios that links the items of balance sheet and the income statement.Both management and shareholders can use this tool to understand the factors that drive a firm’s return on equity (ROE).All of these are correct.Multiple Choice Question 74The DuPont equation shows that a firm’s (return on equity) ROE is determined by three factors:net profit margin, total asset turnover, the return on assets (ROA).net profit margin, total asset turnover, and the equity multiplier.operating profit margin, return on assets (ROA), and the total assets turnover.return on assets (ROA), total assets turnover, and the equity multiplier.Multiple Choice Question 76Which one of the following is NOT an advantage of using return on equity (ROE) as a goal?ROE is highly correlated with shareholder wealth maximization.ROE and the DuPont analysis allow management to break down the performance and identify areas of strengths and weaknesses.ROE does not consider risk.All of these are advantages of using ROE as a goal.Multiple Choice Question 79There are people who believe that the analysis of financial statements has limitations. Which of the statements below would qualify as a limitation of financial statement analysis?Ratio analysis requires the analyst to evaluate a firm’s performance over a period of time to be of any value.Ratio analysis requires the analyst to utilize accounting data that is based on historical costs instead of current market values.Proper ratio analysis requires the analyst to rely upon audited financial statements, which can be easily manipulated.Thorough ratio analysis requires the analyst to refer to benchmarking, which is very easy to misinterpret.Multiple Choice Question 80Which one of the following statements about trend analysis is NOT correct?It allows management to examine each ratio over time and determine whether the trend is good or bad for the firm.A ratio value that is changing typically prompts the financial manager to sort out the issues surrounding the change.It uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System to benchmark firms.The benchmark for trend analysis is based on a firm’s historical performance.Multiple Choice Question 82Which of the following is NOT a method of “benchmarkingâ€?Identifying a group of firms that compete with the company being analyzed.Evaluating a single firm’s performance over time.Utilizing the DuPont system to analyze a firm’s performance.Conducting an industry group analysis.Multiple Choice Question 83Which of the following is a limitation of ratio analysis?Ratios depend on accounting data based on historical costs.Differences in accounting practices like FIFO versus LIFO make comparison difficult.Trend analysis could be distorted by financial statements affected by inflation.All of these are limitations of ratio analysis.
PLACE YOUR ORDER TO GET STARTEDThe post MT 480 Unit 2 Multiple Choice Assignment Multiple Choice Question 25The three different perspectives appeared first on Essay Gem.
https://superbprofessors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Superbprofs-logo-300x120.png 0 0 Superbprofessors https://superbprofessors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Superbprofs-logo-300x120.png Superbprofessors2020-12-14 16:45:412020-12-14 16:45:41MT 480 Unit 2 Multiple Choice Assignment Multiple Choice Question 25The three different perspectives
This assessment task relates to the following course objectives: a) Describe... Usually there are three ways in which a mutation can affect a trait of an animal;...
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Robots and security
Researchers of five European universities have developed a cloud-computing program that allows robots
connected to the Internet direct access to the powerful computational, storage and communications
infrastructure of modern data centers for robotics tasks and robot learning
What does this mean for security?
Will Robots Run Security soon?
How will this impact Cloud Technology jobs?
Additional resources should also be considered.
https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/84122-cloud-platform-could-lead-to-faster-smarter-robots
Propose at least three control measures that organizations need to put in place to ensure that they remain
compliant with emerging technologies and in a continually changing IT environment.
Examine the correlation of effective configuration management and change control procedures to remain
compliant with emerging technologies and IT security changes.
Greek life at school colleges has been examined because of the terrible activities of a bunch of sorority and crew individuals. Brotherhoods and sororities have famously been in the news for having certain blemishes, for example, prejudice, inception ceremonies, savagery, inappropriate behavior, and liquor related passings (Schulten). Aja Frost and Cal Slo, writers of USA Todays’ article Viewpoint: The opportunity has arrived to end frats, unequivocally accept that individuals from Greek life have manhandled the benefit of association in a magnanimous network, and have rather distorted Greek life into a real existence concentrated on interminable celebrating and inordinate drinking. The various news reports and generalizations related with Greek life give guardians and approaching green bean a slanted idea of Greek life. Preceding coming to Penn State, I had no expectation of joining a sorority dependent on the generalizations that tangled my contemplations. So, it is imperative to not just teach myself on the upsides of section contribution, yet in addition instruct the individuals who are ignorant of these advantages. In spite of Frost and Slo’s convictions about prohibiting Greek life, I feel the advantages and favorable circumstances related with section inclusion ought to urge colleges to keep Greek life present on their grounds. The fundamental contention Frost and Slo address in their article is that part associations “encourage a culture of drinking on grounds” and even set “a standard for overwhelming drinking” (Frost and Slo). Drinking on school grounds is pervasive paying little respect to a grounds’ interest in Greek life because of the absence of supervision. Besides, The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism finds that four out of five understudies (Greek and non-Greek grounds) expend liquor (“College Drinking”). Perceived cliques and sororities have controlled new conventions to guarantee security at their occasions. For example, at the University of Virginia, cliques have assigned certain siblings to be calm siblings at parties and have commanded the sorts of liquor served at these occasions (Jacobs). So as to consider individuals from the Greek people group responsible for their activities, the college has the ability to expel a part from grounds or put a section on post trial supervision on the off chance that they break national part or college rules. Sections that are commenced grounds keep on rehearsing their ceremonies in a progressively “underground” way; they aren’t managed by the national part or college and in this manner aren’t under any locale. On the off chance that colleges boycott Greek life, they are making the danger of “underground” sections which can be risky to undergrads because of the absence of supervision. Numerous pundits partner Greek existence with poor scholastic achievement. Ice and Slo record an amazing and changeable measurement that “(Greek associations) are likewise multiple times as prone to perform severely on a test or task” (Frost and Slow). The contention that sections invest a lot of energy in celebrating and mingling just doesn’t agree with the realities. Individuals are required to keep up a specific GPA to take an interest in the section, and a significantly higher GPA on the off chance that they need to hold a position, for example, president. All things considered, crew siblings have a higher GPA than non-partnered understudies at numerous schools the country over as indicated by the North American Interfraternity Conference (Jacobs). Contribution in Greek life widens the measure of college assets understudies can take a few to get back some composure of. Part individuals have set up study hours, coaches, and projects to improve scholarly achievement (Why Go Greek?). Graduation paces of Greek life individuals are even 20% higher than non-Greek partnered understudies (Glass). A few insights to demonstrate scholarly achievement incorporate the accompanying: 40 of 47 U.S. Incomparable Court Justices since 1910 were clique men, of the country’s 50 biggest partnerships, 43 are going by crew men, 76% of all Congressmen and Senators have a place with an organization, and each U.S. President and Vice President, with the exception of two in every office, conceived since the principal social clique was established in 1825 have been individuals from a society (Daley). Not exclusively do Greek individuals exceed expectations scholastically, however there are additionally post-graduation benefits. An examination led by Harvard University and Syracuse University found that joining a Greek association “had a drastically constructive outcome on long lasting achievement” (Jacobs). Administration is one deep rooted advantage ensured by section association. Individuals can hold board positions, for example, president, VP, social seat, raising support seat, and part discipline (Burrell). Exchanges for how associations can be improved permit individuals who hold positions to voice their conclusion at the National Leadership gatherings held both broadly and locally (Why Go Greek?). Greek individuals have a greater amount of a motivating force to keep up a specific GPA so as to keep their situation in their association. Another deep rooted advantage of taking an interest in Greek life, are the unbreakable securities individuals structure with their “siblings” and “sisters.” Gene Marks who graduated 30 or more years back, wrote in the Philadelphia Magazine, that despite everything he keeps in contact with most of the siblings of his brotherhood (Marks). For some first year understudies, the progress to school may not go easily in light of the fact that they are isolating from their family and dear companions. A society graduated class claims, “particularly on an enormous school grounds, where Greek life will in general be generally mainstream, brotherhoods can offer a home away from home for understudies who may some way or another vibe lost in the group” (Jacobs). A feeling of having a place makes a fraternity or sisterhood which details long lasting kinships. A dubious contention that is raised in Frost and Slo’s article needs to manage the way that schools without Greek inclusion have distinctive humanitarian open doors for understudies to engage in. The article states, “there are a lot of non-Greek affiliations that exist precisely for those reasons” (Frost and Slo). Pundits contend that there are numerous clubs that offer an opportunity for understudies to make social fellowships and take an interest in network administration. In spite of the fact that clubs and different associations at Penn State raise reserves, Greek life is engaged with THON, the biggest understudy run altruism on the planet. Crews and sororities have their very own canning excursions to fund-raise explicitly for THON on various occasions a year. Made in 1973 by every single Greek Student, THON’s principle objective is to fund-raise for pediatric malignant growth. A year ago, Greek understudies alongside the assistance of THON Organizations and Committees by and large raised $13.34 million for pediatric malignant growth (Penn State). Greek associations have likewise been around much longer than clubs and have an enormous graduated class arrange who still return to help the associations magnanimous occasions. Besides, Greek associations are perceived broadly in this manner the sisterhood or fellowship goes past one explicit college. The clubs Penn State has may not be broadly perceived which makes the graduated class organize a lot littler. Altogether, there are 26 national sororities and 75 national organizations (Giacobbe). Every association has its own generosity they raise assets for. For example, fund-raising for the Ronald McDonald House, Service for the Sight, Building Strong Women, and abusive behavior at home. Without these Greek associations giving assets, the philanthropy establishments would be denied. While I do differ with numerous focuses in Frost and Slo’s article, I can set up shared belief with issues related with inception customs. Inception ought not be trifled with and the platitude “children will be kids” doesn’t frame a substantial contention against right of passage ceremonies. Right of passage isn’t just illicit but at the same time is risky and now and then lethal for undergrads. Similarly as Peter Jacobs stated, “in any event one right of passage demise each year for as far back as 43 years is a frightening measurement” (Jacobs). The college needs to screen the organization and sorority vowing process all the more near guarantee that right of passage doesn’t happen. Despite the fact that I share shared conviction about preliminaries ceremonies, I don’t figure right of passage alone ought to be the explanation Greek life is restricted from grounds since a club or sorority has such huge numbers of advantages to offer. The exploration and measurements I found alongside my own encounters of being in a sorority at Penn State demonstrate to me that Greek life ought not be restricted from school grounds. Section contribution enables understudies to figure out how to deal with their public activity while succeeding scholastically. The administration positions offered by every association plan individuals for the work power and make them an all the more balanced person. Above all, the altruistic occasions show the individuals to work for a reason and see a completion bring about the entirety of their undertakings whether it be from a more minor perspective or a huge scale. Web based life decides to show the defects related with Greek life which makes it simple for Anti-Greek opinion to spread. Notwithstanding, one rotten one doesn’t ruin the entire pack and generally speaking Greek associations produce solid, certain people who are set up to interpretation of “this present reality.”>
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Citharacanthus
Vivian M. Montemor
Taxonomy of the genus Ischnocolus in the Middle East, with description of a new species from Oman and Iran (Araneae: Theraphosidae)
Vivian M. Montemor, Rick C. West, Alireza Zamani, Majid Moradmand, Volker von Wirth, Ingo Wendt, Siegfried Huber, José Paulo Leite Guadanucci ,2020
Spider material collected from Oman and Iran revealed a new species of the genus Ischnocolus Ausserer, 1871, which is described as I. vanandelae sp. n. New records of I. jickelii L. Koch, 1875 from Saudi Arabia, Yemen and United Arab Emirates show a larger distribution of this species than previously known. The natural history of I. vanandelae sp. n. and I. jickelii is described and the rather unusual colour polymorphism of the latter is discussed. The genus now includes eight species, whose distribution is mapped.
Zoology in the Middle East
Ischnocolus vanandelae
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A Year of Activism: Perspectives on the 2020 U.S. Elections, Part 1
Today, 18 December 2019, Donald Trump may be impeached. Last night, thousands of people across the United States—from Times Square to Doral, FL and beyond—held rallies supporting a House of Representatives vote for impeachment. These activists took to the streets to demand impeachment and, in some cases, removal from office. Twitter blew up with the hashtags #ImpeachmentMarch and #MerryImpeachmas. “No one is above the law” served as a constant refrain on protestors’ signs and in social-media posts. While this mantra may be emotionally satisfying for some people, it covers over the ways in which the Trump administration has simultaneously violated laws and rewritten them in order to push a white supremacist agenda and to dismantle hundreds of years of progress made by various social movements in the US and abroad. It also covers over the ways in which social movements fought to change laws in order to win rights.
This moment is so heavily weighted down with the machinations of impeachment, and with kleptocratic plutocracy and festering racism—all amid a climate of austerity, anti-intellectualism, and rising authoritarianism that it is hard to imagine moving forward. How do we respond? How do we survive? How do we fight back?
To extend these conversations beyond impeachment, Spark and TSA, are joining together in the months leading up to the 2020 U.S. elections. Each month, from December 2019 to November 2020, we will feature a blog post written by a different scholar. We have asked scholars from various disciplines, institutions, and ranks to discuss their work and contextualize it within the high stakes of our current moment. Blog posts might address:
How these elections reflect a particular political, cultural, or social context and history
Where particular politicians who are running in these elections stand and the implications of their proposed policies
Background on issues in national, state, or local elections that need more attention
Problems that the 2020 elections will and won’t resolve
What academics can or are doing beyond voting
Each month, a different scholar will share their perspectives and describe how to pursue activist interventions.
The perspectives serve to inspire discussion and action; some provide hopeful examples of the local, regional, and national activism in which we can engage. Even though this moment is heavy and ugly, and likely to be uglier and more painful, we want these posts to show the possibilities for courageous work that resists and reframes this moment.
The series begins with a post from Holly Hassel, professor at North Dakota State University. She has a long history working toward shared governance during the assault on two-year colleges and higher education perpetuated by the Walker administration in Wisconsin. In her post, Hassel provides a framework for activism within academic institutions. This framework connects social change to struggles over everyday issues. In the coming months, the series will feature other contributors who address this moment from a number of critical perspectives, e.g., how the 2020 US elections relate to white supremacy and how to combat neoliberal politics in higher education through and beyond the election process. We encourage readers to share these posts and to discuss the ideas with people in your communities, classrooms, and workplaces.
Liz Lane & Don Unger, Managing Editors—Spark
Darin Jensen, Editor—Teacher, Scholar, Activist
Service, Activism, and Writing Teachers
By Holly Hassel
“Though our culture celebrates innovation, at times it encourages and rewards compliance. When we look across our schools, it can seem that the people who move forward are the ones whose loyalty to mandate outlasts their bonds to creativity. We talk about entrepreneurial spirit while worshipping at the altar of status quo.”
–Cornelius Minor, We Got This: Equity Access, and the Question to Be Who Our Students Need Us To Be, p. 123
When I was first introduced to the concept of the “teacher-scholar-activist,” coined by Patrick Sullivan, a two-year college teacher scholar I have long admired, it resonated with me. A lifelong two-year college English teacher, Sullivan invites readers of his 2015 article to “theorize activism as a foundational part of the two-year college English teacher’s professional identity and philosophical orientation,” connecting this work to writing program administrators as change agents (McLeod) and to marshal our “vision, knowledge, and ethos to alter institutional philosophies and practices (quoted in Sullivan 331). I want to use this post as an opportunity to reflect on what teacher-scholar-activism means in writing studies. In kicking off this new and exciting blog series, I invite readers to reflect on, and strategize about, what teacher-scholar-activism and Spark’s mission—activist work taking place within writing studies spaces—seeks to accomplish, and how they can find ways into that work in their own places and spaces.
Here, I offer my thinking on two terms this series is framed around: activism, which is central, and service, which is absent. This is because my own professional identity is deeply connected to the idea and practice of service, and because the term “activism” can be a signifier that has a range of meanings. Reflecting on these two ideas, I hope, will help my writing studies colleagues see avenues into their own teacher-scholar-activism.
Considering Service
We know that the impact of our work in higher education looks different in the various components of our jobs–teaching is an immediate avenue toward increasing good in the world in that our classrooms can be spaces that are exciting, generative, and where student success and growth are central. Those students go forward–largely to futures that we won’t and can’t track or see the outcomes of, but if we have done our jobs, they have more skills, knowledge, and focus than they did before they arrived at college. Scholarship, likewise, we can imagine having a long-lasting impact, on unforeseen audiences now and in the future, across time and spaces, which can feel rewarding because publications, in theory, endure beyond us.
Service, however, is undervalued in the range of academic activities that we undertake (not to mention disproportionately distributed)—and its impact on the shape of our professional environments is similarly underestimated. The work we do in task forces, committees, senates, boards—these are spaces that can fundamentally shape how we experience those spaces. Whether it’s revising the general education program, launching new degrees, undertaking an exploration of curricular change or adjusting policies for degree programs that offer greater flexibility and respond to students’ needs—the work that happens in meetings and committees changes our work lives. It is essential to transforming our classrooms, and to do creating ethical and equitable educational spaces.
What I wish is that we would and could do two thing—define our service work more broadly, not just committees and shared governance, but also activist efforts that seek to build a sustainable, ethical infrastructure (for example, fair evaluation and assessment practices, support services and curriculum, and professional resources that support our best work); that include developing (and challenging) policies, practices, and structures that are transparent and equitable, and second, to see that work as valuable, to make it visible, and to reward it. Our service—often seen as a kind of drudgery work in academia—is as important as our teaching and research, and it has the capacity to extend values of social justice, equity, and ethical conduct. What would it look like to embrace our service to students, colleagues, and the profession as activist work?
Advocacting, Acting, and Risk-Taking
In volume 1 of Spark, Berte Reyes writes “Activism requires a means of using a moment to build momentum, then coordinating the resulting movement—both in terms of movement toward the next moment and in developing and sustaining a social justice movement.” What stands out to me about Reyes’ guidance is that effective activism is strategic—it is forward-thinking, and it is purposeful.
I see a model for this kind of forward-thinking and purposeful service work in the profession—where colleagues on various Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) and other organizational committees are working on developing strategies: for example, the Committee for Change (convened by CCCC chair Asao Inoue and led by Janelle Jennings-Alexander and Bernice Olivas), is working to challenge policies, practices, and unwritten rules within CCCC that reinforce hegemonic and exclusionary practices. The newly approved “CCCC Statement of Professional Guidance for Mentoring Graduate Students” and the Writing Program Administrators-Graduate Organization (WPA-GO) led “Report on Graduate Student Instructor Labor Conditions in Writing Programs” are examples of efforts emerging from professional service seek to change problematic and inequitable cultures in the field. I saw this service activism as a member of the WPA-List Reimagining Working Group, led by Iris Ruiz (UC Merced), in which I participated in difficult conversations and time-intensive reading and writing tasks. I had to practice listening and learned from group members about what changes were possible, what change would make a difference to them, as well as the reservations, disappointments, and cynicism about the list as a professional space. This was service that I not only participated in but also learned from. Every service activity I engage in, I learn more about the profession, if I am willing to listen.
Listening in Order to Act
Cornelius Minor’s book, quoted at the start of this post, is aimed primarily at K-12 teachers and introduces the concept of authentic listening that I find applicable not just to our classrooms but to our service work in higher education. Minor writes, “I pose authentic listening and the actions that result from it as the most radical of all teacher behaviors. When we seek to create better realities for our students and our peers, our listening has to be informed by what we know, by what we are learning, and by our desire to actually hear what our students, communities, and partners are telling us” (14-15). I see authentic listening as one part of the equation in making sure that the organizations that we are part of—whether our academic departments, our professional organizations, or the larger profession of postsecondary teaching—change work. But I also want to argue for a process of asking. We can hear when students, colleagues, or constituent groups are expressing their views—but responsive service-leadership also means asking. We have to listen, and we have to ask.
Transparent efforts that ask about people’s experiences who are different from ours (which is to say everyone) is the way that we have transparency. This is the most visible to me in my work in shared governance—as a faculty senate chair, senator, member of the CCCC and the Two-Year College English Association (TYCA) executive committees, and now an elected officer in CCCC. A responsive organization doesn’t just wait to hear complaints. So often the burden is placed on people with less power in the hierarchy (whichever one—students in a classroom, constituents in an organization) to “voice concerns” or “just ask for what they need” Why aren’t we asking people what they need and want? Why aren’t we asking students what their experience is in our programs and classrooms, and figuring out how to meet them? When students or colleagues tell us about their experience—through course evaluations, through letters or requests, through emails, conversations, and reports, through surveys—this is an opportunity not to communicate but to hear and act.
In this moment, acting can feel challenging. In the wake of public policy efforts that strip rights and resources from marginalized populations and communities, and the privatization of the public structures that have built engines of opportunity and mobility for generations (e.g., public institutions with low tuition; stable employment for college faculty; loan forgiveness programs; commitments to accessibility; Title IX protections for victims of assault; pathways to college for DREAMers) efforts to resist such political moves, let alone take care of ourselves and those we care about—students, colleagues, families, communities—can seem overwhelming.
I also recognize that service and activism, and the time available to engage in them, is limited, and inequitably distributed. Our labor conditions differ, and responsibilities outside of the profession differ. Yet, I have seen how labor efforts, particularly in states without union representation, largely take place through our committee and governance work—my experience has included senate recommendations to rectify compensation inequity that affected non-tenure track faculty, and most recently departmental support for compensating instructors for service work that is outside their contractual obligations, allowing them to have a voice and participation in department decision making. These took place through committees, senates, and faculty commitment to equity.
I hope that through valuing service and using it as an opportunity to strategically and intentionally move work forward that truly serves the interests of stakeholders rather than the agendas of the powerful, we can find meaning in this work in ways that are possible within our other responsibilities.
I am grateful to Darin, Liz, and Don for leading this new collaboration. I amplify Carolyn Calhoon-Dillahunt’s February 2019 TSA post, “NCTE/CCCC/TYCA: A Community of Advocacy” where she invites readers to consider several questions: “Where are your spheres of influence? What problems can you convert into possibilities? How can we, your professional community, help?”, and I would add, how can your service—to students, colleagues, and communities—be a place of effecting change? How can you hear what those who you serve are saying? How can you invite their voices into the conversation, and use it to advocate for change in support of justice?
Holly Hassel teaches at North Dakota State University, and previously taught at the University of Wisconsin-Marathon County, an open-admissions two-year college, for 16 years. She is completing her term as editor of Teaching English in the Two-Year College. She begins her service as CCCC assistant chair this month.
Calhoon-Dillahunt, Carolyn. “NCTE/CCCC/TYCA: A Community of Advocacy.” Teacher-Scholar-Activist. https://teacher-scholar-activist.org/2019/02/22/ncte-cccc-tyca-a-community-of-advocacy/. 22 February 2019.
Minor, Cornelius. We Got This: Equity, Access, and the Question to Be Who our Students Need to Be. Heinemann, 2019.
Reyes, Berte. “Moments and Movements: On Scholar-Activists Considering the Connection between Activism and Organizing.” Spark: A 4c4Equality Journal. March 2019. https://sparkactivism.com/volume-1-intro/moments-and-movements-on-scholar-activists-considering-the-connection-between-activism-and-organizing/
Sullivan, Patrick. “The Two-Year College Teacher-Scholar-Activist.” Teaching English in the Two-Year College. Vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 327-350.
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Home / iPhone / Google tests Dark Mode support for browser search results
Google tests Dark Mode support for browser search results
admin December 13, 2020 iPhone Leave a comment 35 Views
Users of Google search may soon see it in a new light, with the search giant finally testing out adding a dark mode to its search results, one that could possibly match the rest of a Mac or iPhone’s interface.
Dark Mode has been a staple of iPhones and Macs since its introduction in macOS Mojave and iOS 13, with developers quick to add support for the darker user interface to their apps. While there are still some apps that have yet to enable such support, it seems Google’s search results in a browser may cross over in the future.
Google’s search result pages are white by default, though they can be changed via a wide range of browser extensions to enable Dark Mode compatibility. According to 9to5Google, the company is now performing A/B testing of a dark interface for desktop-based browser searches.
For the test, users who are selected at random see the search results with a dark gray background and lighter text. Some elements of the page are also altered to match the background, such as the white Google logo, as well as light blue icons to represent the search filtering.
One user posting to Reddit discovered the change worked in Chrome 87 on Windows, with all color-changing browser extensions disabled. For the brief test, only the results pages were dark, leaving the front page its traditional white.
This is not the first test Google has performed concerning a dark mode. In May, Chrome for Android added a flag to “show darkened search pages,” making the search results seem similar to those that appear in the Google search app when Dark Mode is enabled.
The testing of a dark mode in browser searches without requiring a flag to be enabled certainly Google is becoming more accepting of Dark Mode in operating systems, and could enable such a view for all users in the future.
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Flowspace secures $12 million in Series A funding to advance its cloud software platform, expand network and accelerate growth
Nickie Louise Posted On April 16, 2019
Flowspace, an on-demand warehousing and fulfillment technology startup, today announced it has raised $12 million in Series A funding to advance its cloud software platform, expand network and accelerate growth. The round was led by Silicon Valley-based Canvas Ventures, with participation from Moment Ventures, 1984 Ventures and Y Combinator. Flowspace had previously raised $3.4M in seed funding.
Founded in 2017 by Ben Eachus and Jason Harbert, the Los Angeles, California-based Flowspace is a next generation logistics company that provides on-demand warehousing and fulfillment services to businesses of all sizes. The company handles the storage, transportation and services of inventory on a month-to-month basis. By using the company’s easy-to-use online cloud platform, Flowspace customers gain immediate access to hundreds of professionally operated warehouses that are strategically located throughout the U.S.
Flowspace is transforming how businesses manage warehousing and fulfillment, especially for ones that have multi-channel needs. The growth of e-commerce is requiring all businesses to develop new capabilities. Flowspace offers modern cloud-based inventory, order and warehouse management software, a nationwide warehouse network reaching every major U.S. market, and flexible month-to-month pricing to partner with growing businesses. Its solution is setting the new benchmark for customers to store, fulfill and transport products across the U.S.
“Flowspace customers – enterprise, small and mid-size businesses, importers, manufacturers, and e-commerce retailers – rave about its platform and best-in-class service. The company has truly transformed every customer’s approach to warehousing and fulfillment, especially for those who have multi-channel needs,” says Paul Hsiao, General Partner at Canvas Ventures and Flowspace’s newest board member. “I’ve been impressed with the team, their pace of innovation and ability to scale. Flowspace continues to raise customer expectations for the space every day and is well-positioned to lead this category.”
“Our vision is to become the fulfillment infrastructure for any company with inventory. We provide a massive warehouse and fulfillment network, real-time visibility into inventory levels, and an easy-to-use software. I am proud of what our team has built and grateful to the hundreds of customers and warehouses who use Flowspace today,” said Flowspace co-founder and CEO Ben Eachus. “We look forward to expanding our footprint, accelerating growth, and increasing investment in our platform.”
Jun-Sheng Li, who was previously SVP Global E-Commerce Supply Chain at Walmart and founder and CEO of Transplace, commented, “Flowspace is embarking on a massive opportunity. Ben’s experience leading warehousing and fulfillment at high-growth e-commerce companies gives him a unique insight into what customers need to do in order to be successful. His team has innovated rapidly and they are well positioned to execute on this vision.”
Scientists are calling for suspension of Pfizer's mRNA vaccine among the elderly following the deaths of 23 people in Norway
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Texas Hill Country News
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Kansas Bans Bevo at Black Friday Longhorns Game
By Spring Sault | November 21, 2018
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If you’re looking for UT to win a bid to the Big 12 title game, you’ll be sorely disappointed if you think they’ll do so as a result of Bevo’s presence. Is he their star quarterback? Is he a prized running back? Is he a massive defensive end? No. But, he’s been integral to their game for ages. Bevo is the beloved Texas mascot and their biggest supporter – literally. He’s traveled to many Texas Longhorns away games, but Kansas is banning poor Bevo from their upcoming gridiron battle.
Bevo is actually Bevo XV. He is a three-year-old longhorn steer representing 73 years of stellar Texas mascot service. He can’t attend the upcoming Longhorns football game due to the Kansas Jayhawks rule that prohibits live mascots from being present in the stadium. According to UT, this upcoming Thanksgiving game will be only the second that the Texas Longhorns’ beloved mascot couldn’t be present in the more than seven decades he’s been supporting the team.
Photo: Facebook/Texas Longhorns
A long-time part of Texas Longhorn football, the original mascot was brought to a Thanksgiving Day game in 1916. At the time, the campus magazine editor, Ben Dyer, gave him his moniker – it’s believed either referencing a non-alcoholic drink that went by the same name, or due to the fact that beeves is the plural of beef. At any rate, Bevo XV is part of a long-standing tradition and a pillar in the Longhorn football community, particularly during Thanksgiving football games. He can typically be found behind the end zones throughout the course of a game. XV’s real name was Sunrise Spur, but since all Texas Longhorn mascots are renamed Bevo, that became his title as well.
Photo: Facebook/Donald Acrey
UT, with a record of 8-3, travels to Kansas, with a record of 3-8, on Friday, November 23. A win for the Longhorns would see them have a berth in the Big 12 championship game, playing either West Virginia or Oklahoma. There’s been no word as to where good ole Bevo will be during the game. Keeping him comfortable has got to be no small feat in itself. Although no official weight has been listed for XV, his predecessor weighed-in at 1,800 pounds. Eating 30 pounds of food per day, you can bet Bevo XV is well on his way there, if he hasn’t surpassed that! If he’s a true UT fan, like many of us he’ll probably be eating his way through the upcoming game.
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Board games draw players to the table
Spielwiese shop and café in Berlin, Germany.
THE colours have the somewhat muted hue of being worn down from repeated use, fingers of all ages pulling the boxes from the shelves to yank off the lids and see the maze of pieces and labyrinth of rules.
Almost every corner of Spielwiese1 has a game of some variation of design or language, catering to an international popularity of being the extreme version of the home closet containing a small pile of board games and entertainments.
The café, on Kopernikusstraße in Berlin’s eastern Friedrichshain district, has been open for eight years and survived the gaming community themselves taking bets against it, says owner Michael Schmitt.
He started in sociology in university, working for a government commission in Germany before deciding to raise his first daughter while his wife – a headhunter in the fashion industry – worked. And then he began the idea of the games shop, where you can book tables to play any game, buy new ones, or rent ones to play at home or other cafés. Business has been so good in the past two years that Spielwiese can barely accommodate the growing interest in the evenings and weekends.
“It was hard when I first opened eight years ago,” says Mr Schmitt, a dad of two whose daughters dart between the shop and home nearby. “Computer games became a little more popular but this doesn’t mean people didn’t play board games.
“The digital and analogue exist side by side. People wanted to come together physically.
“More than 60 per cent of people coming to the shop are non-German – there are some times when I’m the only one speaking German. Sometimes I think I’m more known outside German than in Berlin. I survived a lot of competitors.”
The King family, originally from San Francisco but visiting from Sweden, arrive on a quiet afternoon with their two boys pulling all manner of games they already know from the shelves, their parents insisting they put them back afterwards.
One points out Jenga in the window to his dad, Warren.
“We didn’t come all this way to play Jenga,” he says.
They settle down to learn a new game and Mr Schmitt, 44, says that despite the variety of options out there, Monopoly still outsells all other games in Germany combined.2 And many first-time visitors of Spielwiese go for Monopoly by the default of familiarity.
“I hate Monopoly,” says Mr Schmitt. “It happens quite often – they grab the game they know, but during the game, they decide to ask for suggestions of something else. People don’t have to play Monopoly – it’s 30 years since I played my last game of Monopoly. I have a mission to attract people to other games.
“My parents had the tradition that every Christmas there was a new game that the whole family played. We still do this. I’m lucky that my wife really enjoys playing.”
Mr Schmitt could expand and easily fill the space with people and games, but not at the price of the continually up-and-coming Friedrichshain. He said the rent for a café space has increased to seven times what he originally paid eight years ago.
A woman arrives and rents Mastermind.
“I really enjoy Catan, and I love co-operative games like Pandemic and minimalistic games with few materials,” he says, pulling out Love Letter, rated one of the best new games of 2012. “The rules are so easy but the game is so challenging – it’s really a gem. Most people are overwhelmed when they come in. It’s not necessary to play here – you can play in other cafes if we’re full.
“One of my greatest fears was people would not look after the games, but during the years I saw people that rent games or play them look after the games – most of them.
“On the weekends, I would need a place double this size. We have to send away more people than we can accept.
“People who come here want to have fun.”
A 35mm film photography special on a Berlin board games shop and café.
Spielwiese is a board game shop and café in Kopernikusstraße, Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany. All images in this series are Creative Commons, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported.
Spielwiese has been open for eight years.
The tables are almost fully booked every evening and weekend for avid gamers.
Games are in a variety of languages to suit a very international set of customers.
Shop owner Michael Schmitt said about 60 per cent of visitors are non-German.
Though many games have small pieces, Mr Schmitt said those who rent games from him rarely lose them.
Coffee and other drinks and sweets add to the communal space for gamers.
The fact is that Monopoly is the biggest selling game, though Mr Schmitt said he hates it.
Mr Schmitt said it is his mission to introduce people to new games.
The King family try something different. "We didn't come here to play Jenga."
All variety of games are dotted around the shop, for rent, sale or to play there and then.
Love Letter is a particular recommendation from Mr Schmitt.
The King family visited Spielwiese on the recommendation of friends. Mr Schmitt said word of mouth keeps the shop going.
Left to right, Warren King, sons Genta and Tatsuya, and wife Rochelle, try something new.
What's your favourite game?
Correction: An earlier version of the story referred to Mr Schmitt’s wife as being a headhunter in the “business industry”.
http://www.spielwiese-berlin.de/ ↩
Monopoly firm Hasbro would not confirm its sales. Nicole Agnello, senior manager with global brand publicity at Hasbro said the game has sold 275 million copies around the world. ↩
This entry was posted in Features and tagged Berlin, board games, Germany on March 4, 2014 by Tristan Stewart-Robertson.
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Colorado Narrow Gauge Railroads 2021 Wall Calendar
Colorado Narrow Gauge Railroads 2021 Wall Calendar 1549211382
https://www.amazon.com/Colorado-Narrow-Gauge-Railroads-Calendar-dp-1549211382/dp/1549211382/ref=dp_ob_image_bk
Author: Willow Creek Press
Brand: Willow Creek Press Calendars
Format: Wall Calendar
Details: Product Description From the Durango & Silverton to the Pikes Peak Cog Railway, the Colorado Narrow Gauge Railroads are the stuff of legend. This calendar will take you back to the golden age when trains to cut through Colorado's mountain splendor on routes inaccessable by other forms of transit. Printed with soy-based inks on FSC certified paper, this wall calendar features large monthly grids that offer ample room for jotting notes, along with six bonus months of July through December of 2020. Also includes moon phases (CST), standard U.S. and international holidays. About the Author Our location in the Wisconsin northwoods helps keep Willow Creek Press off the publishing world's radar. Around here, we're more accustomed to landing walleyes and muskies than big books and authors - events hardly worthy of note in Publisher's Weekly. But, a few years ago we did get noticed with the release of Just Labs, a unique and colorful tribute to Labrador retrievers. The book quickly became a bestseller (now with 500,000 copies in print) and frankly startled us with its success. We were not surprised for long, however, and now an entire line of popular Willow Creek Press titles evokes the myriad joys of dog and cat ownership. Today we are known for high-quality, light-hearted books and the best Just breed calendars in the country.
spreadr-amazon-title Colorado Narrow Gauge Railroads 2021 Wall Calendar 1549211382
spreadr-amazon-url https://www.amazon.com/Colorado-Narrow-Gauge-Railroads-Calendar-dp-1549211382/dp/1549211382/ref=dp_ob_image_bk
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Surfing Vacations in Mexico
Snorkeling in Playa Samara, Costa Rica
Hotels on the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica
Trent Jonas, Leaf Group
Healthy, active lifestyles and natural beauty draw vistors to Costa Rica's Nicoya Peninsula. (Photo: Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images )
Remote Mexican Vacations
All-Inclusive Costa Rica Resorts
The Nicoya Peninsula, on Costa Rica's northern Pacific Coast is a pocket of some of the happiest and healthiest people in the world, where ambulatory centenarians are more common than in most developed countries (Buettner). Great weather, good food and water, natural beauty and healthy lifestyles are the factors that led to this phenomenon and also draw visitors to the region. Rain forests teem with monkeys, turtles nest on the beaches and some of Central America's best surf breaks are mercifully uncrowded, the Nicoya Peninsula's tourist infrastructure is still developing. What this means for you is a wide array of accommodation choices that range from surfer dorms to bed-and-breakfasts and tranquil resorts, all at lower price points than you would find in the overdeveloped, high-rise resort jungles of other vacation destinations. Several locally-owned lodgings in the region stand out for taking particular advantage of the Nicoya Peninsula's natural assets to enhance the traveler's experience.
Tamarindo Surf
Located in the most developed town on the peninsula, the quaint surfing village of Tamarindo, Hotel Laguna del Cocdrilo (lalagunacocodrilo.com) lies on the beach where the Tamarindo Estuary flows into the Pacific and kicks up the Estero surf break. Home to both a crocodile (in an adjacent lagoon) and a French bakery, the hotel offers packages tailored to surfers, golfers and yoga enthusiasts, and is able to arrange any number of other activities, such as jungle tours or deep sea fishing, for you. Need to relax after a busy day? Grab a croissant and take a few steps to the 2 mile strand of Playa Tamarindo and watch the sun set into the Pacific, curling your toes into the orange-tinged sand.
Mal Pais Nature
Tucked into 225 acres of rain forest above the dramatic beaches of Mal Pais, Star Mountain Jungle Lodge (starmountaineco.com) is a small, low-impact resort where you can experience the unspoiled natural beauty of the Nicoya Peninsula. Featuring yoga and horseback riding packages, the lodge is adjacent to Cabo Blanco National Park and only a mile from the beach. Because its acreage is undisturbed by park visitors, the lodge's property serves as a refuge for many of the species that live in the park, such as monkeys, ocelots, jaguarundis and dozens of bird species.
Samara Beach
A popular beach destination for Ticos (Costa Ricans), Samara is also gaining favor among European tourists, as well. Known for its laid-back authentic feel, the heart of the easygoing village pulses around beach life. Many businesses, including the discotheque, are located on the golden crescent of sand that defines Samara. Its islet-studded bay are ideal for swimming, snorkeling and kayaking. To take advantage of Samara's beach lifestyle, stay in one of the stilted beachfront bungalows at the Tree House Inn (samaratreehouse.com).
Gulf of Nicoya Adventure
Located on the gulf side of the Nicoya Peninsula, Paquera is a short distance from the Curu Wildlife Reserve, where the estuarine and mangrove ecosystems attract a variety of wildlife species, including monkeys, macaws, toucans and crocodile. The relatively calm, nutrient-rich water of the gulf also affords excellent angling and paddling opportunities for the traveler. To maximize all that the Paquera area has to offer, stay at the Bahia Rica Fishing and Kayak Lodge (bahiarica.com), which offers rooms with in a jungle setting as well as guided fishing and kayak tours.
"The Blue Zones"; Dan Buettner; 2008 (National Geographic)
Hotel Laguna del Cocodrilo
Star Mountain Jungle Lodge
Samara Tree House Inn
Bahia Rica Fishing and Kayak Lodge
NicoyaPeninsula.com
Trent Jonas accepted his first assignment in 1988 from "The Minnesota Daily" and has been writing professionally ever since, primarily as a copywriter. He is an experienced traveler with a background in advertising, entrepreneurship and as an attorney. Jonas has a Bachelor of Arts in English writing from the University of Minnesota and a Juris Doctor from Hamline University.
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Dolores teacher chosen to serve on state education cabinet
Local Four Corners Business & Agriculture Education Nation & World
Kevin Vaughn will advise education commissioner
By Stephanie Alderton Journal Staff Writer
Monday, July 17, 2017 4:54 PM
Updated: Wednesday, July 19, 2017 7:52 PM
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Kevin Vaughn
A Dolores art teacher is one of 20 educators chosen from across the state to serve on the Colorado Department of Education’s new Commissioner’s Teacher Cabinet.
Kevin Vaughn, who has worked for Dolores Elementary School for 15 years, was chosen for the cabinet in late June. According to a Department of Education news release, the cabinet will meet regularly with Colorado Education Commissioner Katy Anthes to provide teachers’ perspectives on policies that affect their schools. The cabinet will meet about four times per year beginning in August, according to the release.
When the Dolores Schools Superintendent Scott Cooper told him the state was seeking candidates for the cabinet, Vaughn said he didn’t hesitate to apply.
“I thought it would be an interesting group to join,” he said.
“I think it’s a wonderful idea, because so many policies at the state level have had an effect on my classrooms over the last couple of years – sometimes positively, but more often in a negative way.”
He said he believed serving on the teacher cabinet would give him a chance to help the state avert negative consequences from those policies in the future.
Vaughn’s career in education has spanned 21 years and multiple teaching positions in three states, he said. In Dolores, he worked as a fifth-grade teacher for 12 years before switching to art. His wife, Lisa, also works for the school district as a librarian.
Vaughn said he believes his experience with teaching in multiple grades and school districts will make his insight particularly helpful to the cabinet.
At first, the Department of Education sought applicants for 15 cabinet positions, but after more than 170 people applied, the cabinet was expanded to 20, the news release said. According to the release, a review panel that was also made up of teachers from across the state selected the finalists based on “expertise, accomplishments and dedication to Colorado’s students,” among other factors.
In addition to Vaughn, the cabinet will include teachers from Denver and Colorado Springs, as well as a few rural school districts such as Archuleta and Platte Valley. The 2017 Colorado Teacher of the Year, Sean Wybrant, will also serve on the cabinet.
Each cabinet member will serve a two-year term as a volunteer, although the release said the teachers’ travel and substitute teacher expenses will be reimbursed.
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Song Review: OnlyOneOf – A Song Of Ice And Fire
Posted on August 27, 2020 by Nick 3 Comments
OnlyOneOf’s spring single Angel was a sleeper hit for me, thriving on its catchy funk-pop groove and airy vocal delivery. That song came from the first part of a “produced by” project, in which the group has worked with a variety of big-name producers and tagged them as part of their song titles. New single A Song Of Ice And Fire (얼음과 불의 노래) pairs OnlyOneOf with duo Groovyroom. Groovyroom were everywhere a couple of years ago, emerging as one of K-pop’s trendiest producers. We haven’t heard nearly as much from them lately, and they’ve hardly ever worked with idol groups.
Make no mistake, A Song Of Ice And Fire is first and foremost a production showcase. To a certain extent, OnlyOneOf act as vessels for the song’s groove and effects. This gives the track a unique soundscape. Most of the vocals are heavily processed, teasing out the groups’ already-airy tones and using heavy layering to give the performance a seamless, overlapped sound. In this way, it feels as if the guys have melded into one, delivering the song in a single voice. Apart from the second-verse rap break, the texture never really changes. This is both a strength and hindrance. It creates a beguiling aesthetic, but it’s stretched a bit thin as the track goes on.
Because of this, A Song Of Ice And Fire would have benefited from a stronger melody. Its verses and chorus tend to run together, all in service to the same sensuous atmosphere. Given its evocative title, you might expect a greater sense of contrast. And without a knockout hook at its core, the song has a hard time compelling attention all the way through. Still, I applaud OnlyOneOf’s willingness to embrace new techniques and collaborators.
Hooks 7
Longevity 8
Tags: k-pop, kpop, onlyoneof, rating 7, review. Bookmark the permalink.
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3 thoughts on “Song Review: OnlyOneOf – A Song Of Ice And Fire”
mymagoogle says:
I have to admit, the band sounded vaguely familiar and then it hit me. Yes! This is the muppet hair band. All guys in kpop all have the same damn haircut except for that guy with the muppet hair on a broomstick. I mean this really truly lovingly, as I adore Jim Henson.
This song is a lot more straight ahead typical boy group fare, falling back to their earlier style with “savannah” and “sage”. They do dance with an earnestness. There are a few pleasing high tenor and falsettos in there. I prefer “Angel” from May, neon, more of a beat.
Rating is about right.
BUT THEN then I read the agency’s commentaries on their videos, and I have to think OH COME ON.
For example, here is an excerpt of the youtube texty commentary for this song: “Existence precedes essence (l’existence précède l’essence).” (Jean-Paul Sartre)” … “The main single, “a sOng Of ice and fire,” produced by Groovyroom, borrows the fantastical perspective of George R. R. Martin. In a virtual space, one season repeats itself for years andyears. And love is like a fantasy that takes place in that virtual space. As long as you and I exist. As long as we love and fight each other. It forms our own story that’s different from the flow of time for others. Like fire and ice.”
Yes this song is inspired by Sartre! You have got to read the whole thing, it is a work of art. Meanwhile, I looked up the lyrics, and they are basic metaphor of how our love is like fire and ice and chemistry.
This is an excerpt the texty commentary from their debut “Savannah”: OnlyOneOf aims to have understandable music and two titled songs while 21st boy group’s music is nowhere understanding to the public, filled with their own anger. The song ‘savanna’ is actually for fandoms and filled with OnlyOneOf’s attraction more manly than the boy’s beauty. “savanna” is mainly urban dance beat, unlikely be heard at K-POP, a tune that is like decadence raising its aesthetic criterion, approaching it more like Charles Pierre Baudelaire or Arthur Rimbaud’s point of views.
Right, Baudelaire. Rimbaud.
This band also made a song called “dOra maar”. Let’s take a poll. How many know who Dora Maar is before looking it up? Agency, knock off the fake intellectualism. What’s next, a drift into architecture? Their next song will be inspired by Le Corbusier. Or Avant Garde cinema like TXT did this summer (which wasn’t so bad actually). Alphaville! Oh wait, that name is taken already in pop music … I know, Proust! Ah, they should quote Proust next. How about Brancusi?
Jerz says:
Nothing but unrelated to Game of Thrones’ references that already almost died down. OnlyOneOf still looked like disappointment to me because of unusual rare boyband name.
Chris Derick says:
Did you hear the full album, Nick? Off angel caught me completely off guard, it has everything to enter my list of all time favorite ballads, i think you will like it too!
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The Chase Rugby
Attack analysis: Ireland vs. England, 27 Feb
England have operated an impressive defence in this year’s 6 Nations, and in the 3 games so far it has been the platform for their success: the intensity that Paul Gustard’s scheme has injected into their play makes it difficult for opponents to get on to the front foot in attack, and with the ball they have been able to feed off the turnover opportunities it creates. Athletes like George Kruis, Maro Itoje and James Haskell thrive in a system that requires them to work off the line, cut down space and win physical battles in the contact area; on the outside, Owen Farrell and Jonathan Joseph couple similarly sound physical capabilities in the tackle with excellent lateral movement and tracking of runners.
This image from the second half at Twickenham is a good example of their excellent defensive structure. This is the third phase after an Ireland scrum on halfway, in the left-hand 15m channel; Andrew Trimble made yards up the right touchline on first phase, and after a carry by Devin Toner off 9 Jonny Sexton (who stood uncharacteristically deep at first receiver for much of the game) knocked on as he shaped to kick towards the right corner over the head of the retreating Mike Brown. England undoubtedly showed good organisation and work rate in thwarting Ireland’s attack for the majority of the game, but there were certain aspects of the away side’s execution that played into their hands.
In the first half, Ireland came out with the intention of moving England’s pack around the field – even in their own 22. On two early attacking sets (beginning inside their own territory after receiving a kick-off or kick from hand) they looked to play a wide pattern, moving the ball from touchline to touchline before setting up in either the left or right 15m channel for a box kick from Conor Murray or a high ball from Sexton in the pocket. In these sequences, they resourced rucks well and did not isolate runners; while on the one hand probing wider channels to see whether England – who started off the game with aggressive – would overcommit, they ensured that the search for space was on their terms.
They continued to look for this space on the outside of the English defence throughout much of the game. A feature of Jonny Sexton’s play was a tendency to transfer the ball to the second receiver from a deep position and without taking a step towards the gain line, likely in order to work the ball to the outside of England’s forwards who were swarming the inside with good line speed:
You can see from Sexton’s footwork and body position in the above image the desire to spread the ball early to the outside of a defensive line comprising Robshaw, Kruis, Vunipola and Hartley inside the excellent Joseph. The spacing of the four players forming the first attacking pod, however, is far from optimal. Josh van der Flier offers himself on a decent line, but Mike Ross is static. In order to get the outside edge of England’s initial line of defenders, the backs should look to hit the ball at pace behind the screening forwards and run straight in order to hold the inside defenders; here, Andrew Trimble is too close to the forward pod to offer a viable option out the back, and he also cuts off the wider pass to Henshaw.
Both Ireland’s centres and their outside backs hampered attempts to play in the wider channels with their initial alignment and consequent lateral movement during this match. On numerous occasions they started too flat and were catching the ball on the back foot, as we can see in the examples below.
Alignment and timing problems on first phase are particularly criminal: off a decent lineout platform inside their own half, and with George Ford in his crosshairs, debutant Stuart McCloskey has already had to plant his left foot to check his run by the time the ball leaves Conor Murray’s hands. There is always another side to the analysis of the timing of a run – the scrum half hesitating a split second can have the same effect as a runner starting too flat – but McCloskey and the other Irish backs found themselves in this position too often over the course of the 80 minutes.
The second image is also from a set piece move, with Josh van der Flier peeling off the back of the maul and looking to hit Trimble (or Murray) behind the screen of Henshaw. The target here is likely George Ford’s channel, and Dylan Hartley’s planted feet here show that the first part of the move has worked well. The flanker has straightened towards Haskell, and the England captain has been held by Henshaw’s strong run, but Trimble is set up slightly narrow and shallow and ends up running into Henshaw’s space – if he is even a pace wider, he is likely to make Ford execute a one-on-one tackle. However, his alignment causes hesitation and the running lines do not flow in harmony as planned, and the pass from van der Flier to Trimble is spilled.
Joe Schmidt’s backline selection for this weekend’s game has become even more of a hot topic now that Jared Payne has been declared fully fit, and it will be interesting to see how the New Zealander – whose reading of the game and defensive composure have made him a firm favourite of his compatriot since he became eligible for Ireland – fits into the picture against Italy. The two most likely scenarios are Payne replacing Stuart McCloskey and reprising a partnership with Robbie Henshaw in the midfield, and a straight swap with Rob Kearney at fullback, allowing Schmidt to retain his promising midfield duo. Kearney is one of the former Leinster coach’s most trusted lieutenants – he had not missed a minute of 6 Nations rugby under his leadership coming into this campaign – but Payne has impressed in his natural position when given the opportunity for Ulster. One of his best attributes is the ability to straighten the attack and pick good angles from both 13 and 15, and at times the alignment of both the fullback and the centres limited Ireland’s attacking opportunities at Twickenham.
In the image below, Murray has hit Sexton behind the screen of McCloskey after an attempted lineout maul was collapsed. England show good line speed to quickly cut down space as Sexton attempts to loop around Robbie Henshaw, but it is the positioning of Kearney outside his 13 which could be called into question:
Jonathan Joseph in England’s outside centre channel defended excellently in open space throughout the game, but this is one example where the Irish backline could have challenged him more than they did. After attempting to flood George Ford’s channel with bodies – both McCloskey and Andrew Trimble from the blindside wing – the ideal attacking scenario is isolate Joseph on the outside and force him to commit to a decision before the ball-carrier does. When Robbie Henshaw receives the ball, his three feasible options are to carry hard and straight himself, feed Sexton on the loop behind Kearney or hit Kearney short if Joseph commits to the drift on Sexton. The speed off the line of England’s 10, 12 and 13 here forces Ireland across the pitch, and Kearney is not able to readjust to facilitate Henshaw’s second and third options. We can see above that even before Henshaw receives the ball he has strayed flatter than he would like, and on receiving his centre’s pass Farrell is able to drift off his man to complete a double tackle with Joseph.
In the final five minutes of the second half, the away side looked to a variation of the strike move that has proved so successful for many Irish sides in the last few seasons. Again, however, English line speed has forced Kearney into a position where he was not able to readjust and caused the timing of the move to break down. As Josh van der Flier lurks directly behind the ruck (the role which Kearney himself played so well at Twickenham a few years ago), the fullback cuts back on a switch off Sexton before looking to send the flanker at George Ford’s blind spot: Ford, Daly and Joseph’s line speed is excellent once more, and Kearney once more is not able to readjust; his starting position means that he must cut at too wide an angle (note how his body is pointed back towards the ruck rather than at George Ford, the defender he is looking to attack) to receive Sexton’s pass, and the this adjustment throws off the timing of van der Flier’s run. Again it’s a combination of English intensity and Irish imprecision that causes the play to break down, as Ireland are forced to move laterally in the face of the English defence.
The final example is from Ireland’s final attacking set of the first half. A scrum on the right-hand side of their own 22 seemed to engender indecision in Conor Murray: Heaslip passed right off the base to his scrum-half, who turned back to his left to feed Sexton on the strong side. This immediately put England’s midfield defence on the front foot as Ireland begun to run a loop play in order to move the ball towards the left touchline. In the image below, the most telling aspect is the body position of Owen Farrell:
The backline has been forced to move laterally as a result the work of Haskell, Ford and Farrell even before McCloskey receives the ball as the link man; England are once more dictating the movement of play and moving Ireland’s runners out of their intended channels. McCloskey’s consequent movement into Henshaw’s space removes the threat of the 13 being used as a strike runner, and Farrell can pay him little attention in this phase of play – his eyes are fixed on Sexton arcing behind, and along with Joseph’s lateral quickness the centres have the 25m channel between ball and touchline amply covered. The debutant’s options are limited by the circumstances, but the alternative we might like to see him take is to step off his left and take the ball into contact against Ford – a physical matchup in Ireland’s favour, but one which was perhaps underused in the first half.
England’s midfield defended very well in space for much of the game, and forced Ireland’s runners into taking options that favoured the defending side throughout. The away side’s three best line-breaks came from good one-on-one footwork to beat defenders and cut back against the grain (Henshaw’s carry at the end of the first half), savvy blocking from Nathan White (Sexton’s break before Jack Nowell’s try-saving tackle in the corner) and breaking a first-up tackle (Ultan Dillane’s burst into the England 22 late in the game) – structurally England looked mostly untroubled by Ireland’s set-up in phase play. While the home side’s defensive intensity and organisation played a big part in this, Ireland were undoubtedly not as precise in their execution as Joe Schmidt would have liked; the attacking alignment and running lines which the examples above illustrate will be one aspect that they will be hoping to correct this weekend.
Attack analysis
Ben Wylie
March 7, 2016 January 28, 2018
Gustard
Articles of the week, 13 February
Try analysis: Chiefs vs. Southern Kings, 12 Mar
One thought on “Attack analysis: Ireland vs. England, 27 Feb”
Jeff Wylie (@Jeff__Wylie) says:
Excellent analysis. Really well thought out and written.
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Pedestrian Killed at Dangerous Intersection, Despite Efforts to Improve Safety
By Jonna McKone September 22, 2010
18th St and Florida Avenue intersection. North is at the top. Photo from Greater Greater Washington.
Two recent incidents involving careless drivers and bikers in the D.C.-Maryland-Virginia region have area residents wondering whether the new and proposed bike routes and safety measures are actually generating on-the-ground results.
Natasha Pettigrew, who was running for Maryland State Senate as the Green Party candidate, was struck in Largo, Md. at 5:00 a.m. on September 21, 2010. Pettigrew was training for a triathlon early in the morning and she died later that same day in the hospital. The driver, Christy Littleford, made it all the way to her home in Upper Marlboro, Md. – three miles away – before she realized what had happened. The bike remained lodged in her car the entire way. The woman said she thought she had struck an animal and did not call the police until she reached her home.
In another collision earlier this month, Chamica Adams was charged with criminal aggravated assault after she struck and killed a Johns Hopkins student and injured another woman while driving drunk in Adams Morgan. The driver was heading south on 18th Street and attempted to turn left onto Florida Avenue when her vehicle jumped the center median and hit the two women as they waited to cross the street. Her vehicle ended up inside Keren Restaurant on Florida Avenue.
Back in June 2009, a post on WashCycle said the proposed streetscape reconstruction where 18th Street intersects Florida Avenue — the exact location where the crash occurred — was supposed to begin back in the fall of 2009. However, nearly a year later, it looks like construction is just now slated to begin. The article detailing the 18- to 24-month project was written only five days before the fatal crash on September 8, and it states specifically that the improvements will yield “a safer pedestrian experience.” However, David Alpert of Greater Greater Washington states, “DDOT has not done a good job in recent years of managing these streetscape projects,” citing delays, negative impacts on local businesses and unattractive construction sites.
Even more troubling, this same intersection was the topic of an involved discussion on the citizen activism website, SeeClickFix. You can view the discussion thread and details on the intersection here. A number of D.C. officials posted to the site, starting in October 2009, leaving their contact information. What follows is a summary of the conversation.
Wilson Reynolds, director of constituent services in Ward One, said that plans were in the works for a streetscape reconstruction project and provided links (which now do not work) to the plan, which he said received overwhelming approval.
A commenter on SeeClickFix, Lucy Barber, said of the intersection:
“18th/Florida/U street intersection is both dangerous and confusing enough to deserve some intermediate changes. I think in the 3.5 years since I’ve been here cars have taken out the stoplight on the median for the left turn lane from the 18th street to U/Florida. Couldn’t we just turn off that option now and require everyone to make the “hard” left at 18th/Florida? If we have to wait for the streetscape project, then I would also wonder when that portion will be addressed.”
Ward One Councilmember Jim Graham got involved in the SeeClickFix conversation, directing the issue to DDOT Director Gabe Klein:
“Residents have identified a serious safety hazard for pedestrians crossing U Street just east of 18th Street NW. Drivers are confused by the traffic signal and routinely run the light. Fast moving cars are in direct conflict with pedestrians who have the right-of-way. This is a tragedy waiting to happen.” He continues, “I know that this intersection will be redesigned during the 18th Street Streetscape, but we need an immediate fix here. Please advise what DDOT can do.”
David Daddio, TheCityFix’s full-time blogger at the time, provided an update in November, observing that DDOT installed one or two “yield to pedestrian” signs, which he said were unsatisfactory given the complexity of the intersection. Barber continued the discussion:
“One of the new signs actually blocks the crosswalk sign. I am somewhat resigned to no real fix until the ‘redesign.’ The problem is two-par: Drivers are impatient and can’t see pedestrians (a no turn on red from 18th to U/Florida would help). Pedestrians also routinely ignore the ‘don’t walk’ symbols because the timing is so long to deal with the complexity of the intersection.”
The response to the issue on the streetscape redesign from Aaron Rhones of DDOT said in December that the improvements will soon begin and include a shortened pedestrian crosswalk at U Street and Florida Avenue as well as a widened sidewalk at south side of the corner. He also said the two median islands will be become one, larger island. David Alpert details the plan in a Greater Greater Washington blog post.
Three months after the initial discussion on SeeClickFix, Rhones provided an update listing a number of important and requested changes. However, a few months after his comment, Barber again responded saying most of the issues that Rhones had said were fixed had not been resolved. The SeeClickFix dialog ends four months ago with Barber asking, “When is it reasonable to expect clearer marking and more pedestrian friendly walk signals?”
Her question echoes tragically with this month’s death and serious injury at the same intersection. With all the new bike lanes, lighting and signage, is safety improving in D.C?
Deadly for Pedestrians
Struck in DC, a new Twitter feed and accompanying blog, has started keeping track of pedestrian and cyclist injuries and fatalities in D.C. since June this year. You can report an incident anonymously here.
A recent infographic by GOOD magazine shows that D.C. has 5.74 pedestrian deaths per 100,000 residents, compared to 4.42 in Boston, Mass., 3.39 in Portland, Ore. (comparable with Amsterdam), and, the lowest of the bunch, Stockholm, Sweden, which has only 1.23 pedestrian deaths per 100,000 residents. Washington is also ranked as one of the top 10 most deadliest metro areas for pedestrians, according to a report, “Dangerous by Design,” published by Transportation for America. In 2007, 21.7% of all traffic deaths in the D.C. metro area were people on foot.
While D.C. isn’t the most deadly U.S. city for walking (New York City is ranked highest), the recent bicycle and pedestrian injuries and deaths show a city that either has lax traffic enforcement, poor drivers, badly designed (or not enough) bike facilities, sidewalks or crosswalks, or all of the above. D.C. needs to improve each of these elements, and city officials need to respond more quickly and nimbly to citizen alerts of unsafe crossings, if for no other reason than to prevent avoidable injuries and deaths.
Pedestrian Infrastructure Essential to Safer Roads Worldwide
Tags: DDOT, fatalities, injuries, road safety
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Sorry, AOC and Bernie Sanders: Scandinavia Is No Socialist Paradise
“Whatever you think about Sweden and what we did, you have to realize that we had a great society first,” Johan Norberg, a Swedish historian, filmmaker, and Cato Institute senior fellow, said in a recent lecture titled “No, Bernie! Scandinavia Is Not Socialist!”
by Kaylee Greenlee | The National Interest
Liberals like Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., frequently hold up Scandinavian countries as successful experiments in “democratic socialism.” A historian and native Swede, however, is speaking out against their failure to observe the clear capitalistic traits of Scandinavian markets.
“We were incredibly wealthy, we trusted each other socially, there was a decent life for everybody. That’s what made it possible to experiment with socialism; then it began to undermine many of those preconditions,” Norberg said during the June 20 event hosted by The Fund for American Studies and the office of Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky.
“That’s the one thing that it’s important for people to get, because if they just look at Sweden and think, ‘Oh look, they’re socialist and seem to be doing quite all right,’ then they’ve sort of missed the point,” Norberg added.
It appears both Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez have missed the point, according to the historian.
In April, Sanders explained his views on democratic socialism to an audience gathered in Burlington, Iowa:
I think that countries like Denmark and Sweden do very well. I think it depends on what we mean by socialism. If we mean socialism is what the old Soviet Union was, that’s not my thing. If you think of socialism as what China is, that’s not my view. My view is that you have an economy in which you have wealth being created by the private sector, but you have a fair distribution of that wealth, and you make sure the most vulnerable people in this country are doing well.
Earlier this year, Ocasio-Cortez said in a “60 Minutes” interview that her policies “most closely resemble what we see in the U.K., in Norway, in Finland, in Sweden.”
“Ocasio-Cortez pointed out that in a progressive tax rate system, not all income for a high earner is taxed at such a high rate,” Politico reported. “Rather, rates increase on each additional level of income, with dramatic increases on especially high earnings, such as $10 million.”
However, the Constitutional Rights Foundation explains how the Swedish government places its heaviest taxes on the middle and lower classes, and all of the benefits they have such as universal health care and government-sponsored college education comes from steep taxes. Norberg pointed to the same data in his speech.
According to a Tax Foundation report, “Scandinavian income taxes raise a lot of revenue because they are actually rather flat. In other words, they tax most people at these high rates, not just high-income taxpayers.”
A report published June 24 from J.P. Morgan highlights the misconception of Nordic countries as socialist, which the prime minister of Denmark at the time took issue with:
Some point to Nordic countries as democratic socialism in action, but some Nordic countries object to this, such as Danish Prime Minister [Lars Lokke] Rasmussen: ‘Some in the U.S. associate the Nordic model with some sort of socialism. Therefore, I would like to make one thing clear. Denmark is far from a socialist planned economy.’
Mette Frederiksen of Denmark’s “center-left” Social Democrat Party was elected as the nation’s youngest prime minister earlier last month, CNN reported, noting: “Denmark will be the third Nordic country this year to form a leftist government after Social Democratic parties formed governments in Finland and Sweden earlier this year.”
“The bottom line: Copy the Nordic model if you like, but understand that it entails a lot of capitalism and pro-business policies, a lot of taxation on middle-class spending and wages, minimal reliance on corporate taxation, and plenty of co-pays and deductibles in its health care system,” the J.P. Morgan report adds.
This first appeared in The Daily Signal here.
Image: Reuters.
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The addictive power of Black Dresses's dark, delirious noise pop
The Canadian duo makes catchy, haunted-sounding music about surviving as trans women in an antagonistic world.
By Sasha Geffen
Photographer Maya Fuhr
The FADER's longstanding series GEN F profiles emerging artists to know now.
A riot breaks out across WASTEISOLATION, the debut album from Canadian noise pop duo Black Dresses. It’s not the kind that flares up in public, not a propulsive display of collective energy, but a private fury, the feeling that grips you when you want to burn down everything inside your own head and start anew. A collaboration between Dizzy, who records solo as Girls Rituals, and Rook, Black Dresses came together online. The whole album, Rook and Dizzy tell me, was assembled via Twitter DM: one musician would put together a synth loop or a beat and fire it off to the other, who would lay down her vocals or work in a new riff. They recorded this way over a period of three months in late 2017 and early 2018, often working until sunrise, shipping audio files back and forth between Vancouver and Toronto until they had a raw, abrasive, and deliriously catchy album about surviving as trans women in an antagonistic world.
Rook is visiting Dizzy in Toronto when we speak over video chat. It’s only their second time hanging out together in person; they first met IRL late last year when they both happened to be visiting their girlfriends in Oakland, California. (Rook is planning to move to Montreal so she can rehearse with the band without having to cross the continent.) We’re talking hours after the album’s release, which they celebrated on a YouTube livestream, dancing along to their songs in Dizzy’s room. They haven’t slept much since. “We’re running on evil energy from the PayPal money that’s coming in,” Dizzy says. “Capitalist dark magic.”
“It’s very friend-oriented music, even though it’s about isolation.” — Dizzy
Both Rook and Dizzy have made music since before they were teenagers. Rook was homeschooled through high school, and Dizzy dropped out when she was 15; both cite the internet as a reprieve from the isolation they experienced as teens. In the years since they each started selling their own music on Bandcamp in 2015, they’ve turned to it for both emotional and financial survival. “We’re both really serious about music,” Dizzy says. “We do it on our own and we do it with a shoestring budget. It’s do or die.” In a tone that’s more serious-sounding than Dizzy’s wry humor, Rook adds, “If we couldn’t make shit we’d probably be dead.”
Though each has a singular sound in her solo work — Rook's songs seem to spring up from her bold, industrial drum patterns, and Girls Rituals blends playful raps with synth-pop hooks — Black Dresses gives both musicians a chance to push each other past the limits of what they’d be comfortable making alone. “It’s very friend-oriented music, even though it’s about isolation,” Dizzy says. Although they were never in the room together, Rook and Dizzy spurred each other on throughout the making of the album; an especially gritty vocal from Dizzy might encourage Rook to up the stakes during her turn at the mic, for example. “It’s almost compensating for the energy that’s not in the room,” Rook says.
The energy they did generate is palpable across songs like “In My Mouth,” with its raucous bass line that locks teeth with Dizzy’s vocal fry, and “Wound,” on which drums spray shrapnel around Rook’s sullen vocals. These songs recall the sort of chemistry that powers Sleigh Bells or Linkin Park, both of which Black Dresses cite as influences. On the fast-clipped “Thoughts and Prayers,” Rook and Dizzy rap simultaneously over an agitated beat: “Leave us alone / We don’t want to fucking hurt anyone / We just want to feel anything before we’re done.” It’s one of many barbs leveled at a society sick with transmisogyny, a rallying cry for basic human rights — like safety, survival, and being left the hell alone.
Other songs on the album delve into the aftermath of formative trauma, a subject neither Rook nor Dizzy anticipated tackling. “We had a much more lighthearted idea starting out, and it got really personal,” Dizzy says. On the haunted carousel ride that is “Eternal Nausea,” Black Dresses complicate the pop-psychological idea that trauma has an end date. “It’s not like you go back to being who you were — you’re just a different shape and you have to live with that shape,” says Rook. “It’s really hard to take something as heavy as child abuse and turn it into a song,” adds Dizzy. “Sometimes stuff never gets resolved, unfortunately. It doesn’t get resolved and the energy stays around.”
By alchemizing that tension into pop, Rook and Dizzy make music that doesn’t force listeners into an arbitrarily optimistic mindset. “The intention is for people to resonate with it if they’ve been in that dark place,” Dizzy says. “I just want to bring that dancing energy.” Black Dresses’s songs offer comfort and catharsis not because they promise that everything will get better but because they show you how to riot through hell.
WASTEISOLATION is out now.
GEN F, Issue 113, Noise, Pop
The addictive power of Black Dresses’s dark, delirious noise pop
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Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Expands with New Season Two Content
By The Game of Nerds February 14, 2020 February 12, 2020
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Call of Duty®: Modern Warfare® expands with new Season Two content today, jam-packed with free multiplayer maps, modes, and weapons available for all players. Throughout Season Two, players across all platforms can continue the fight alongside their favorite Operators in all-new and returning fan-favorite maps, fresh in-game challenges and rewards, limited-time game modes, and playlists among the community celebrations.
In addition, the Battle Pass system gets all brand-new content, with Season Two starting today, as all players can unlock for free up to two new functional weapons, 300 COD points, calling cards and more just by playing. Those who want to bring their game to a whole new level with over 170 earnable items can also purchase the Season Two Battle Pass for 1,000 Call of Duty Points for access to unlock up to 100 tiers of new content.
“The community response to Modern Warfare since launch has been incredible and we’re thrilled to bring back some legendary fan-favorite maps and an iconic beloved Modern Warfare character, Ghost,” said Patrick Kelly, Co-Studio Head and Creative Director, Infinity Ward. “We’re committed to continuously fueling the fun with more and more content for everyone and can’t wait for players to experience what’s to come with Season Two.”
Picking up from where the story left off previously, in Season Two Coalition and Allegiance forces must put their differences aside to work together in averting a catastrophic nuclear disaster and find out where Al-Qatala has taken a Soviet nuclear warhead. Season Two features a steady stream of fresh new Modern Warfare content for all players, with additional content and new playlists to be released weekly.
New Multiplayer Maps: In Rust, a beloved multiplayer map returns from Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, as players drop into intense, fast-paced combat amid an oil yard in the middle of the desert. In the all-new Atlas Superstore, players set foot into a large-scale supercenter warehouse taken over by Al-Qatala forces with unique lines of sight. Later in the season, Khandor Hideout will join the rotation with an isolated desert turned battleground, suitable for versatile tactics and diverse playstyles.
New Ground War Map: In Zhokov Boneyard, an expansive airplane junkyard in Verdansk, bulldoze through buildings with a tank, find the ideal sniping position, or go rogue with a run-and-gun mentality.
New Gunfight Maps: The Modern Warfare Classic, Rust will also make its appearance as a Gunfight map, delivering a new setting for intense, close-quarters 2v2 matches. In Bazaar, coming later in the season, experience a tension-filled Gunfight amongst a tightly contained cross-section of the streets of Urzikstan.
New Multiplayer Modes: In the Call of Duty League Ruleset Playlist available now, all fans can play like the pros. Later in Season Two, Gunfight Tournaments will make a return as players enter the single-elimination 2v2 firefight and battle to win rewards. Throughout the season, additional modes will be available including fan-favorite mode Demolition, pitting two teams against each other with the objective of attacking or destroying bomb sites.
New Trials: Four new trials will be included in Season Two for players to put their skills to the test and earn up to a three-star ranking and XP. In Quad Race, hop onto an ATV and master the course for the fastest time. In Fire in the Hole, practice throwing skills by tossing lethal equipment on a target. In Price’s Alley, sharpen decision-making and eliminate the enemy as you face waves of hostiles mixed with civilians. In Behind Enemy Lines, find and eliminate all hostiles in the area of operations as quickly as possible.
Players that own the Season Two Battle Pass will be instantly rewarded with an unlock for iconic and fan-favorite Special Forces Operator Simon “Ghost” Riley, playable across all Multiplayer and Special Ops modes, along with access to even more Weapon Blueprints, XP tokens, Operator Skins, challenges, and watches. Plus, players who reach tier 100 will have unlocked a total of 1,300 COD points that can be used to pick up even more cool content in the Store.
The Battle Pass Bundle, which includes 20 Tier skips to immediately unlock new equipment and accelerate progress, is also available for those who want access to the same earnable content.
In addition to the Battle Pass, throughout Season Two players can also acquire even more content from the Modern Warfare Store, including two new Operators, all-new Call of Duty League customization items, Blueprints, Operator skins, and more through various Store bundles. For the most up to date information on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, check out the Activision Games Blog.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare is available on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC.
Tags: Call Of Duty Call of Duty: Moder Warfare Gaming
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The Propel Program + NYC 2019
Posted on October 11, 2019 by Yasmeena Faycurry • Posted in Articles
For the second year in a row, the Propel program traveled to New York City, where The Garage has built relationships with notable alumni and some of the best known companies in the world.
Our group of eight student ambassadors, women entrepreneurs representing McCormick, Medill, SESP, Weinberg, and the School of Communication, was joined by Hayes Ferguson, Associate Director of The Garage; Elisa Mitchell, Assistant Director of Finance and Operations at The Garage; and Lilia Kogan, Propel Program Manager and longtime mentor at The Garage.
We started the trip off with an amazing tour of the New York Stock Exchange. Inside, the walls were decorated with pop art hundred dollar bills, bears, and bulls. It was a capitalist’s heaven! From the trading floor, we saw hospitality services company Ashford Inc. ring the opening bell and television personality Jim Cramer shoot Squawk on the Street. We even chatted with Stacey Cunningham – the first female President of the NYSE in its 200+ year history. She encouraged us to work toward returning to the NYSE when our own companies are IPO ready!
The Propel group outside the NYSE
The Propel group with NYSE President Stacey Cunningham, the first female President in the NYSE 227 year history!
After a starstruck morning, we walked to the 9/11 Memorial and paid our respects to the victims and brave heroes from that day. From there, we walked to Spotify’s New York based offices in one of the new World Trade Center buildings. We met with Lauren Siegal Wurgaft, the music streaming company’s Senior Manager of Social Impact. We toured the eleven-story office space, which includes an arcade room, a crafts room, a meditation room, a sleeping room, a movie theater, a snack room…and the list goes on!
The Propel group visiting Spotify
Next, we Ubered to Soho to spend the afternoon with Stephanie March, School of Communication ’96. You may know her from her time on Law & Order Special Victims Unit; she’s also an entrepreneur building her bespoke cosmetics brand, SheSpoke.
The Propel group at SheSpoke with founder Stephanie March, SoC ’96
Sophie Davis, Medill ’21, Stephanie March, SoC ’96, and Avantika Raikar, McCormick ’22 pictured at SheSpoke
Stephanie shared her journey starting the brand, including successes and failures, and stressed the importance of pivoting. SheSpoke is a makeup bar where customers can make personalized lipsticks and highlighters. We also got to personalize our own lip glosses and lipsticks.
That evening, we met up at Jane Restaurant for a delicious dinner. We were joined by Katherine and Steve Elms, MBA ’92 and Heather and Andrew Zuckerman, Weinberg ’91, who have generously funded Propel, as well as other alums who have supported the program by sharing their experiences as professional women: Erica Futterman, Medill ’06, Deputy Director of Newsroom Strategy Operations at the New York Times; Melanie Greifer, Weinberg ’93, renowned gastroenterologist; Linnea Perelli-Minetti, Weinberg ’09, Platform Product Lead at Square Capital; and Bethany Crystal, Medill ’09, General Manager, USV Network at Union Square Ventures.
The Propel group enjoyed an intimate dinner in NYC!
Students talked one on one with the alums and learned about their career journeys. This was such an impactful evening. The opportunity to find out that not all careers are as linear as they seem encouraged us to pursue our own passions – wherever they may take us. We then headed back to the Wall Street Inn, where we slept very soundly after having such a fun-packed day.
The next morning, we made our way to the Northwestern NY offices at Rockefeller Plaza to meet with alumnae for a roundtable discussion: Lauren Bradley, Weinberg ’07, Equities COO at Cantor Fitzgerald; Elise Densborn, Kellogg ’14, COO at Splendid Spoon; and Kathryn Haydon, Weinberg ’99, Founder of Sparkitivity. We listened in depth to each alum as they shared their life stories and career experiences. Afterward, we explored the city and networked with friends.
The Propel group at the Northwestern NY offices at Rockefeller Center with established NY-based alumnae
Now that we’re back in Evanston, it’s our turn to give back, by recruiting entrepreneurial-minded women students on campus to apply for Propel. In addition to being eligible to participate in next year’s Propel trip, those accepted into the program are included in networking events and can receive up to $1,000 to work on their ventures. Learn more here.
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Ontario's COVID-19 cases in schools, child-care centres for 2020
CTVNewsToronto.ca Staff
Published Monday, September 14, 2020 11:15AM EDT Last Updated Thursday, January 7, 2021 3:32PM EST
A physically distanced classroom is seen at Kensington Community School amidst the COVID-19 pandemic on Tuesday, September 1, 2020. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Carlos Osorio
TORONTO -- Ontario students slowly returned to the classroom in September amid concerns over rising COVID-19 infections in the community.
So far, there have been a total of 7,292 lab-confirmed positive cases of COVID-19 in Ontario schools and 1,219 in licensed child-care facilities.
CTV News Toronto will be updating this breakdown with the latest information as it becomes available. A full list of affected schools and child-care centres is updated on the Ontario government's website on a daily basis.
Winter break: The government has stopped providing school-related COVID-19 case data as of Dec. 22 as kids are on their winter break. Schools will be closed for an extended break across the province due to Ontario's new lockdown orders.
December 21: There were 154 new cases of COVID-19 reported in schools across Ontario Monday. Of those cases, 119 were reported in students and 35 were reported in staff members.
There are 976 schools in the province with a lab-confirmed case of COVID-19.
Meanwhile, 18 more infections were found in Ontario child-care centres. Eight of those cases were recorded in children and 10 were recorded in staff members.
At least 229 of those facilities have reported a confirmed case of the disease since the beginning of the pandemic. Fifty-two of those centres are closed as a result.
December 18: There were 133 new cases of COVID-19 reported in schools across Ontario Friday. Of those cases, 111 were reported in students and 22 were reported in staff members.
There are 957 schools in the province with a lab-confirmed case of COVID-19. Twenty-two of those schools are currently closed.
Meanwhile, 13 more infections were found in Ontario child-care centres. Nine of those cases were recorded in children and four were recorded in staff members.
At least 225 of those facilities have reported a confirmed case of the disease since the beginning of the pandemic. Fifty of those centres are closed as a result.
December 17: Another 170 COVID-19 infections were reported by schools in Ontario Thursday. Of those new cases, 143 are in students and264 are in staff members. The details of one other case were not released.
In the last 14 days, 1,826 cases of COVID-19 were recorded in Ontario schools.
Right now, there are 955 schools in the province with a confirmed case of the disease. Twenty-two of those schools are closed as a result.
Twenty-nine more cases were logged in child-care centres across the province.Twelve of those cases were reported in children while 17 others were found in staff members.
There are 237 Ontario child-care centres with a confirmed case and 53 facilities are currently closed.
December 16: Another 223 COVID-19 infections were reported by schools in Ontario Wednesday. Of those new cases, 188 are in students and 34 are in staff members. The details of one other case were not released.
Right now, there are 933 schools in the province with a confirmed case of the disease. Twenty of those schools are closed as a result.
Thirty-five more cases were logged in child-care centres across the province.Twenty-two of those cases were reported in children while 13 others were found in staff members.
December 15: There were 319 new cases of COVID-19 recorded in schools across Ontario Tuesday. Of those new cases, 270 are in students and 48 are in staff members. The details of the one other case have not been released.
There are currently 913 schools in Ontario with a confirmed case of COVID-19. Twenty of those schools are closed as a result, including all schools in Windsor-Essex.
Meanwhile, 55 more cases were identified in child-care centres throughout the province. Thirty of those cases were in children and 25 were in staff members.
At least 226 child-care centres have a confirmed case of COVID-19 and 43 facilities are closed.
December 14: Ontario reports another 137 cases of COVID-19 in schools. Of the new cases, 114 are among students and 23 are among staff.
There are currently 889 schools across the province with a confirmed infection. Eighteen schools remain closed.
Twenty-five more cases were reported in child-care centres across Ontario. Of those new infections, 14 are among children and 11 are among staff.
There are 208 child-care facilities across the province with a confirmed case. Thirty-nine of those centres remain closed.
December 11: Ontario confirms 151 more cases of COVID-19 have been found in schools. Of the new cases, 125 are among students and 26 are among staff.
There are 878 school across the province with a confirmed case. Eleven schools remain closed.
Twenty-seven more infections were recorded in child-care centres across Ontario. Of those new cases, 13 are among children and 14 are among staff.
There are 211 child-care centres across the province with a confirmed case. Thirty-nine facilities remain closed.
There are 878 school across the province with a confirmed case. Ten schools remain closed.
Thirty-one more infections were recorded in child-care centres across Ontario. Of those new cases, 20 are among children and 11 are among staff.
There are 208 child-care centres across the province with a confirmed case. Thirty-five facilities remain closed.
December 9: Another 207 cases of COVID-19 were found in Ontario schools Wednesday. At least 174 of those infections are in students and 33 were found in staff members.
There are 866 schools in the province with a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. Eleven of those schools are closed as a result.
Forty-two more cases were recorded in child-care centres across the province.Of those cases, 26 are in children and 16 are in staff members.
There are currently 200 child-care centres in Ontario with a confirmed case of the disease. Twenty-six of those facilities are closed.
December 8: Health officials say that 333 new cases of COVID-19 were recorded in schools across Ontario. Of those cases, 278 of those were found in students and 55 in staff members.
At least 853 schools in the province currently have a confirmed case, forcing the closure of 11 facilities.
Meanwhile, 51 more infections were reported in child-care centres and homes in Ontario. Twenty-one of those cases are in children and 30 are in staff members.
The province says 158 centres currently have a confirmed case, 22 of which are closed as a result.
Meanwhile, 23 more infections were reported in child-care centres and homes in Ontario. Nine of those cases are in children and 14 are in staff members.
December 4: Health officials say that 129 cases of COVID-19 were recorded in schools across Ontario Friday. Of those cases, 102 of those were found in students and 27 in staff members.
At least 776 schools in the province currently have a confirmed case, forcing the closure of eight facilities.
Meanwhile, 20 more infections were reported in child-care centres and homes in Ontario. Twn of those cases are in children and 10 are in staff members.
December 3: Health officials say that 122 cases of COVID-19 were recorded in schools across Ontario Thursday. Ninety-four of those cases were found in students and 28 in staff members.
At least 755 schools in the province currently have a confirmed case, forcing the closure of five facilities.
Meanwhile, 17 more infections were reported in child-care centres and homes in Ontario. Eleven of those cases are in children and six are in staff members.
December 2: Ontario logged 166 new cases of COVID-19 in schools across the province Wednesday. At least 140 of those cases are in students and 26 are in staff members.
Currently, there are 742 schools in Ontario with a confirmed case of the disease. Six of those schools are closed as a result.
Another 28 more cases were found in Ontario child-care centres. Twelve of those infections are in children and 16 are in staff members.
Eighteen of the 151 centres with a confirmed case are closed.
December 1: Another 299 cases of COVID-19 were logged in Ontario schools Tuesday. Of those cases, 253 are in students and 46 are in staff members.
Right now, there are 737 schools across the province with a lab-confirmed case of COVID-19. Six schools are currently closed as a result.
There were 40 more cases recorded in child-care centres across the province. Twenty-one of those cases were in children and 19 were in staff members.
Of the 154 centres with a confirmed case, 18 are closed.
November 30: Another 102 cases of COVID-19 were logged in Ontario schools Monday. Eighty-six of those cases are in students and 15 are in staff members, while the details of one other individual have not been released.
Right now, there are 670 schools across the province with a lab-confirmed case of COVID-19. Four schools are currently closed as a result.
There were 14 more cases recorded in child-care centres across the province. Twelve of those cases were in children and two were in staff members.
November 27: Another 122 cases of COVID-19 were logged in Ontario schools Friday. Ninety-nine of those cases are in students and 23 are in staff members.
There were 15 more cases recorded in child-care centres across the province. Eleven of those cases were in children and four were in staff members.
November 26: Another 88 cases of COVID-19 were logged in Ontario schools Thursday. Seventy of those cases are in students and 18 are in staff members.
There were 12 more cases recorded in child-care centres across the province. Six of those cases were in children and six were in staff members.
November 25: Another 162 cases of COVID-19 were logged in Ontario schools Wednesday. One hundred and thirty-eight of those cases are in students and 24 are in staff members.
There were 23 more cases recorded in child-care centres across the province. Eleven of those cases were in children and 12 were in staff members.
November 24: Ontario reported 270 new cases of COVID-19 in its schools on Tuesday. Of those, 223 were students and 47 were staff. The province says 703 of its 4,828 publicly-funded schools have at least one active case of novel coronavirus infection and four schools are closed.
The Ministry of Education says data released on Tuesday is a reflection of over three days of data and includes any cases identified in schools on Friday from 2 p.m., Saturday, Sunday and Monday until 2 p.m. It also includes cases from some boards that did not report to the ministry on Friday due to a P.D. day.
It also includes an outbreak and school closure in Windsor, which is contributing 38 confirmed cases.
There were 22 more cases recorded in child-care centres across the province. Seventeen of those cases were in children and five were in staff members.
November 23: Another 60 cases of COVID-19 were logged in Ontario schools Monday. Fifty-one of those cases are in students and nine are in staff members.
Right now, there are 676 schools across the province with a lab-confirmed case of COVID-19. Three schools are currently closed as a result.
There were 13 more cases recorded in child-care centres across the province. Seven of those cases were in children and six were in staff members.
November 20: Health officials logged 87 new cases of COVID-19 in schools across Ontario Friday. Of those new infections, 60 are in students and 27 are in staff members.
There are currently 681 schools with a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus, three of which are closed as a result.
Another 14 cases were added in child-care centres across the province. Four of those cases are in children and 10 are in staff members.
There are 124 Ontario child-care centres with a confirmed case, including 16 facilities that are closed.
November 19: There were 91 new cases of the novel coronavirus reported in Ontario schools. Seventy-five of the new infections were among students and 16 were among staff members.
Currently, 680 schools across the province have a positive case of COVID-19. Three schools remains closed.
There were also 19 more cases found in child-care centres. Six of those cases were among children and four were among staff.
Currently, 121 child-care centres in Ontario have a confirmed infection and 16 of those remain closed.
November 18: There were 109 new cases of the novel coronavirus reported in Ontario schools. Ninety-two of the new infections were among students and 17 were among staff members.
There were also 25 more cases found in child-care centres. Thirteen of those cases were among children and 12 were among staff.
November 17: There were 133 new cases of the novel coronavirus reported in Ontario schools. Seventy-three of the new infections were among students and 23 were among staff members while the details of 37 other individuals were not released by officials.
Currently, 670 schools across the province have a positive case of COVID-19. One schools remains closed.
There were also 20 more cases found in child-care centres. Twelve of those cases were among children and eight were among staff.
November 16: There were 106 new cases of COVID-19 reported in schools across Ontario on Monday. Sixty-three cases were among students and 14 were documented in staff members. The details of 29 other cases were not released by the province.
In Ontario, 683 schools currently have a positive case of the novel coronavirus. Only one school across the province is closed due to the virus.
Meanwhile, 15 more cases were found in child-care centres, with eight cases among children and seven among staff members.
There are currently 123 child-care centres with a confirmed case, 16 of which are closed.
November 13: There were 116 more cases of COVID-19 reported in schools across Ontario on Friday. Fifty-six infections were documented in students and 13 in staff members. The details of 47 other cases were not released by the province.
Since classes resumed in mid-September, 670 schools have reported a lab-confirmed case of the disease. Only one school in Ontario is currently closed as a result of a positive case.
Meanwhile, 22 more cases were found in child-care centres, with 11 cases in both children and staff members.
November 12: Another 103 new cases of COVID-19 have been found in Ontario schools. The province reported that 51 of those infections are among students and 14 are among staff, while the details of the other 38 individuals have not been released.
In Ontario, 653 schools currently have reported a positive case of the novel coronavirus. One school remains closed.
Ten new cases were also found in child-care centres in Ontario. Five of those are among staff and five are among children.
Across the province, 126 child-care facilities have reported an infection and 20 of them remain closed.
November 11: Another 198 new cases of COVID-19 have been found in Ontario schools. The province reported that 116of those infections are among students and 21 are among staff, while the details of the other 61 individuals have not been released.
In Ontario, 654 schools currently have reported a positive case of the novel coronavirus. Two schools remain closed.
Nineteen were also found in child-care centres in Ontario. Thirteen of those are among staff and six are among children.
November 10: Another 159 new cases of COVID-19 have been found in Ontario schools. The province reported that 103 of those infections are among students and 23 are among staff, while the details of the other 33 individuals have not been released.
In Ontario, 601 schools currently have reported a positive case of the novel coronavirus. Three schools remain closed.
Twenty-two cases were also found in child-care centres in Ontario. Nine of those are among staff and 13 are among children.
November 9: Another 79 new cases of COVID-19 have been found in Ontario schools. Thirty-nine of those infections are among students and 13 are among staff, while the details of the other 27 individuals have not been released.
Ten cases were also found in child-care centres in Ontario. All of the COVID-19 cases are among children.
November 6: Another 85 new cases of COVID-19 have been found in Ontario schools. Forty-nine of those infections are among students and eight are among staff, while the details of the other 28 individuals have not been released.
Eight cases were also found in child-care centres in Ontario. Three of those are among children and five are among staff.
November 5: Another 68 new cases of COVID-19 have been found in Ontario schools. Thirty-seven of those infections are among students and seven are among staff, while the details of the other 24 individuals have not been released.
Twenty new cases were also found in child-care centres in Ontario. Eight of those are among children and 12 are among staff.
Across the province, 118 child-care facilities have reported an infection and 2 of them remain closed.
November 4: Another 116 new cases of COVID-19 have been found in Ontario schools. Eighty-one of those infections are among students and seven are among staff, while the details of the other 28 individuals have not been released.
In Ontario, 581 schools have reported a positive case of the novel coronavirus. One school remains closed.
Sixteen new cases were also found in child-care centres in Ontario. Eight of those are among children and eight are among staff.
November 3: There are 134 new cases of COVID-19 found in Ontario schools. Eighty-two of those cases are among students and 13 are among staff, while the details of the other 39 have not been released.
Across the province, 578 schools have reported a positive infection since classes resumed in September. One school remains closed.
There are also 23 new cases of the disease in child-care centres. Seven of those cases are among children and 16 are among staff.
In Ontario, 122 child-care facilities have reported an infection and 33 of those remain closed.
November 2: There are 71 new lab-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in schools across Ontario. At least 41 of those cases were reported in students and eight were in staff members. The details of 22 other cases were not released.
So far, 558 schools in the province have reported a positive case of the disease since classes resumed in September. One school is currently closed.
At the same time, there are six new cases connected to Ontario child-care facilities. Five of those infections are in children and one is in staff members.
There are 125 child-care facilities across Ontario with a confirmed case, 34 of which are closed as a result.
October 30: There are 61 new lab-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in schools across Ontario. At least 40 of those cases were reported in students and four were in staff members. The details of 17 other cases were not released.
So far, 551 schools in the province have reported a positive case of the disease since classes resumed in September. There are no schools currently closed.
At the same time, there are nine new cases connected to Ontario child-care facilities. Two of those infections are in children and another seven are in staff members.
October 29: There are 99 new lab-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in schools across Ontario. At least 55 of those cases were reported in students and nine were in staff members. The details of 35 other cases were not released.
At the same time, there are 16 new cases connected to Ontario child-care facilities. Nine of those infections are in children and another seven are in staff members.
October 28: There are 92 new lab-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in schools across Ontario. At least 40 of those cases were reported in students and 13 were in staff members. The details of 39 other cases were not released.
At the same time, there are nine new cases connected to Ontario child-care facilities. Seven of those infections are in children and another two are in staff members.
October 27: There are 144 new lab-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in schools across Ontario. At least 82 of those cases were reported in students and 12 were in staff members. The details of 50 other cases were not released.
At the same time, there are 26 new cases connected to Ontario child-care facilities. Eleven of those infections are in children and another 15 are in staff members.
October 26: Seventy-two new cases of COVID-19 were reported in schools across Ontario on Monday morning. Of those new infections, 39 were reported in students and four in staff members. The details of 29 other infections were not disclosed.
Since classes resumed in September, 548 schools have reported a confirmed case of COVID-19. However, for the first time in weeks, no schools are currently closed as a result of the disease.
Meanwhile, there are nine new cases connected to Ontario child-care facilities. Three of those infectons were among children while six were in staff members.
At least 131 centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Thirty-eight centres are currently closed as a result.
October 23: Officials recorded another 72 new cases of COVID-19 in Ontario schools. Thirty-nine infections were found among students and six were found among staff members, while details on 27 positive cases were not disclosed.
In Ontario, 514 schools have reported a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. Five schools are currently closed as a result.
There are eight new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Four infections were among children and four were among staff.
At least 133 centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Forty centres are currently closed.
October 22: Seventy-four new cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Forty-nine infections were found among students and five were found among staff members, while details on 20 positive cases were not disclosed.
There are seven new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Three infections were among children and four were among staff.
At least 135 centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Forty-four centres are currently closed.
October 21: Ontario recorded 144 new cases of COVID-19 in schools on Wednesday. Sixty-six of those cases are among students and 13 cases are in staff members. The information regarding 65 other positive cases was not disclosed.
The current numbers of schools with a reported case of the disease now stands at 518. A total of four schools are currently closed.
Also, there are 19 new infections connected to child-care facilities in Ontario. Ten are among children and nine are among staff.
The current number of centres with a confirmed infection is 133. Forty-three centres are closed.
October 20: Ontario recorded 121 new cases of COVID-19 in schools. Seventy-five were among students, 22 were among staff members and the details on 24 other individuals were not disclosed.
The current numbers of schools with a reported case of the novel coronavirus is 508. Four schools are currently closed.
There are 21 new infections connected to child-care facilities in Ontario. Fourteen are among children and seven are among staff.
The current number of centres with a confirmed infection is 128. Forty centres remain closed.
October 19: Ontario recorded 74 new cases of COVID-19 in schools. Forty-eight were among students, 10 were among staff members and the details on 16 other individuals were not disclosed.
There are 10 new infections connected to child-care facilities in Ontario. Six are among children and four are among staff.
The current number of centres with a confirmed infection is 122. Thirty-five centres remain closed.
October 16: Ontario recorded 98 new cases of COVID-19 in schools. Fifty-five were among students, 12 were among staff members and the details on 31 other individuals were not disclosed.
The current numbers of schools with a reported case of the novel coronavirus is 485. Five schools are currently closed.
There are 11 new infections connected to child-care facilities in Ontario. Seven are among children and four are among staff.
The current number of centres with a confirmed infection is 127. Thirty-four centres remain closed.
October 15: Ontario logged 109 new cases of COVID-19 in schools. Fifty-five were among students, 17 were among staff members and the details on 37 other individuals were not disclosed.
There are 20 new infections connected to child-care facilities in Ontario. Fifteen are among children and five are among staff.
The current number of centres with a confirmed infection is 129. Thirty-two centres remain closed.
October 14: Ontario recorded 96 more cases of COVID-19 in schools. Fifty-one were among students, 13 were among staff members and the details on 32 other individuals were not disclosed.
According to the province, the current number of schools with a reported case of the novel coronavirus is 421. Five schools are currently closed.
There are 15 new infections connected to child-care facilities in Ontario. Nine are among children and six are among staff.
The current number of centres with a confirmed infection is 119. Twenty-nine centres remain closed.
October 13: The province logged 72 more cases of COVID-19 in Ontario schools. Forty-nine infections were reported in students and eight were reported in staff members. The details on 15 other individuals infected with the novel coronavirus were not disclosed.
In Ontario, 436 schools have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Three schools are currently closed.
There are 10 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Five were among children and five were among staff.
Currently, 107 centres have reported a case of the disease and 27 of those remain closed.
October 9: The province logged 56 more cases of COVID-19 in Ontario schools on Friday. Thirty-two infections were reported in students and nine cases in staff members. The details on at least 15 other confirmed cases were not disclosed.
The number of schools that have reported a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus now stands at 429. Four of those schools are currently closed.
There are 20 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Nine were among children and 11 were among staff.
Now, 107 centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Twenty-six centres are currently closed.
October 8: The province logged 100 more cases of COVID-19 in Ontario schools on Thursday. Fifty-one infections were reported in students and 22 cases in staff members. The details on at least 27 other confirmed cases were not dicslosed.
October 7: 111 more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Sixty-nine were found among students and 15 were found among staff, while details on 27 individuals were not provided.
The number of schools that have reported a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus now stands at 379. Two of those schools are currently closed.
There are 23 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Fourteen were among children and nine were among staff.
101 centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Twenty-three centres are currently closed.
October 6: Seventy-four more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Of those cases, 41 were among students, 10 were in staff, while details on 23 individuals were not provided.
In total, 347 schools in Ontario have reported a lab-confirmed positive case of COVID-19. Two schools are currently closed.
There are 17 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities. Twelve were in children and five were among staff.
Eighty-eight centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Twenty centres are currently closed.
October 5: Fifty-six more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Thirty-one were found among students and eight were found among staff, while details on 17 individuals were not provided.
In Ontario, 335 schools have reported a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. Three schools are currently closed.
There are 14 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Eleven were among children and three were among staff.
Seventy-six centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Seventeen centres are currently closed.
October 2: Thirty-seven more cases of COVID-19 were recorded in Ontario schools. Thirty were found among students and two were found among staff, while details on five individuals were not provided.
In Ontario, 318 schools have reported a confirmed case of COVID-19. Three schools are currently closed.
There are 12 new COVID-19 cases linked to child-care centres in the province. Eight were among children and four were among staff.
A total of 68 centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Fifteen are currently closed.
October 1: Sixty-five more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Twenty-nine were found among students and 15 were found among staff, while details on 21 individuals were not provided.
There are eight new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Five were among children and three were among staff.
Fifty-nine centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Fifteen centres are currently closed.
September 30: Fifty-two more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Thirty-two were found among students and eight were found among staff, while details on 12 individuals were not provided.
There are 10 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Nine were among children and one was among staff.
Fifty-five centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Thirteen centres are currently closed.
September 29: Sixty-four more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Thirty-seven were found among students and seven were found among staff, while details on 20 individuals were not provided.
In Ontario, 250 schools have reported a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. Two schools are currently closed.
There are 11 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Seven were among children and four were among staff.
Fifty centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Eleven centres are currently closed.
September 28: Thirty-six more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Twenty-seven were found among students and three were found among staff, while details on six individuals were not provided.
In Ontario, 224 schools have reported a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. One school is currently closed.
There are six new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province. Four were found among children and two were found among staff.
Forty centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease.
September 25: Twenty-nine more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Ten were found among students and 10 were found among staff, while details on nine individuals were not provided.
There are two new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province, both in in children.
Thirty-six centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Ten centres are currently closed.
September 24: Thirty-one more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Twenty-four were found among students and three were found among staff, while details on four individuals were not provided.
There are three new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province, two in children and one in staff members.
Thirty-seven centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Eleven centres have closed.
September 23: Forty-two more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Twenty-one were found among students and six were found among staff, while details on 16 individuals were not provided.
There are 13 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province, five in children and eight in staff members.
Thirty-seven centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Nine centres have closed.
September 22: Fifty-one more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Twenty-six were found among students and seven were found among staff, while details on 18 individuals were not provided.
In Ontario, 116 schools have reported a confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. Two schools have been closed.
There are 15 new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province, 11 in children and four in staff members.
Thirty centres have reported a confirmed case of the disease. Eight centres have closed.
September 21: Eighteen more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Eight cases were found among students and four were found among staff, while details on six individuals were not provided.
Seventy-five schools have reported a confirmed case of COVID-19. One school has been closed.
There are four new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities in the province, three in children and one in a staff member.
Nineteen centres have reported a confirmed case of COVID-19. Four centres have been closed.
September 18: Eleven more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Five cases were found among students and none were found among staff, while details on six individuals were not provided.
Sixty schools have reported a confirmed case of COVID-19.
New GTA schools with a COVID-19 case:
St. Cecilia Elementary School in Brampton
Nottingham Public School in Ajax
Emily Carr Public School in Oakville
Folkstone Public School in Brampton
Goldcrest Public School in Brampton
York Memorial Collegiate Institute in Toronto
Blue Willow Public School in Woodbridge
There are four new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities, one in a child and three in a staff member. Regional breakdown of child-care facilities with a COVID-19 case:
Toronto: 5
Durham: 1
Peel: 4
York: 1
September 17: Twenty-one more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Five cases were found among students and four were found among staff, while details on 12 individuals were not provided.
St. Raphael Elementary School in Mississauga
St. Valentine Elementary School in Mississauga
Eden Rose Public School in Brampton
Ingleborough Public School in Brampton
Mountain Ash Public School in Brampton
Robert J. Lee Public School in Brampton
Tribune Drive Public School in Brampton
William Parkway Public School in Brampton
School for Experiential Education in Toronto
Sir Wilfrid Laurier Public School in Markham
There are two new COVID-19 cases connected to child-care facilities, one in a child and one in a staff member. Regional breakdown of child-care facilities with a COVID-19 case:
September 16: Twelve more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Six cases were found among students and four were found among staff, while details on two individuals were not provided.
The Valleys Senior Public School in Mississauga
Twin Lakes Secondary School in Orillia
York Mills Collegiate in Toronto
Brookhaven Public School in Toronto
Regional breakdown of child-care facilities with a COVID-19 case:
September 15: Fourteen more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. Four of those cases were in students and four were in staff member, health officials said. Six were not identified. The province has previously said they will not say if a parent or family member of a student enrolled in a school has been diagnosed with the novel coronavirus.
As it stands, there are 29 lab-confirmed cases in Ontario schools and 64 in child-care facilities.
GTA schools with a COVID-19 case:
École Ronald-Marion in Pickering
St. Joseph Secondary School in Mississauga
Mapleridge Public School in Pickering
St. Marguerite d’Youville Catholic Elementary School in Oakville
Oodenawi Public School in Oakville
Briar Public School in Mississauga
John Fraser Secondary School in Mississauga
Louise Arbour Secondary School in Brampton
North Field Office in Brampton
Ross Drive Public School in Brampton
Ruth Thompson Middle School in Mississauga
Bloordale Middle School in Toronto
Charles G Fraser Junior Public School in Toronto
Don Mills Middle School in Toronto
Earl Haig Secondary School in Toronto
Little Rouge Public School in Markham
These cases come as Ontario confirms 251 new novel coronavirus infections in the province.
September 14: Two more cases of COVID-19 were reported in Ontario schools. One of those cases was in a child and another was in a staff member, health officials said. As it stands, there are 15 lab-confirmed cases in Ontario schools and 58 in child-care facilities.
Oodeenawi Public School in Oakville
Briarwood Public School in Mississauga
These cases come as Ontario confirms more than 300 new novel coronavirus infections in the province.
September 11: Officials launched a new website dedicated to tracking cases of COVID-19 in Ontario schools and child-care centres. On this day, they said there were a total of 13 school-related cases of COVID-19. Four of those cases were in students while nine were in staff. Here are the school breakdowns:
Ottawa: 6
Pickering: 1
Oakville: 2
Brampton: 2
Mississauga: 1
Waterloo: 1
There has also been 56 positive novel coronavirus cases in licensed Ontario child-care facilities. Thirty cases were in children while 26 were in staff. Eighteen child-care centres and 64 home child-care agencies have been closed.
COVID-19: Full list of affected schools and child-care centres in Ontario
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Quick Answer: Who Is The God Of Brahmins?
Who is the first God?
How many castes are there in Brahmin?
Which god do Brahmins worship?
Is Lord Shiva Brahmin?
Where do Brahmins come from?
Which gotra is higher in Brahmin?
Which is the big caste in Hindu?
Is Brahman a God?
Who is the God Brahman?
Which is the highest caste in Brahmins?
Which caste is highest in India?
Who found caste system?
What are the 5 castes in Hinduism?
Which religion came first in the world?
Do Brahmins eat meat?
Brahma is the first god in the Hindu triumvirate, or trimurti.
The triumvirate consists of three gods who are responsible for the creation, upkeep and destruction of the world..
6000 castesThis is how Brahmins across the country occupy dominant positions in virtually all fields. The use of caste names is the rule for all 6000 castes in India. One could be identified as Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Sudhra or Panchama by name and accordingly, demarcation lines are drawn.
Hindus are often classified into three groups according to which form of Brahman they worship: Those who worship Vishnu (the preserver) and Vishnu’s important incarnations Rama, Krishna and Narasimha; Those who worship Shiva (the destroyer)
Lord Shiva taught Yoga, he is a Brahmin. Once in a while he kills bad guys, he is a kshatriya.
These Brahmins had travelled from Kashmir and the banks of the Saraswat river, via Bengal, to the Konkan coast. Another migration happened when Brahmins were called to Madurai and Tanjore, from Maharashtra. This is how the Sanskrit cosmopolis spread across India during this period.
They are (1) Shandilya, (2) Gautama Maharishi, (3) Bharadwaja, (4) Vishvamitra, (5) Jamadagni, (6) Vashista, (7) Kashyapa and (8) Atri . To this list, Agastya is also sometimes added. These eight sages are called gotrakarins, from whom all 49 gotras (especially of the Brahmins) have evolved.
The four classes were the Brahmins (priestly people), the Kshatriyas (also called Rajanyas, who were rulers, administrators and warriors), the Vaishyas (artisans, merchants, tradesmen and farmers), and Shudras (labouring classes).
Brahman is male, female and even animal. Brahman is also commonly understood as the Trimurti – three gods with three key functions: Brahma – the source of all creation. Vishnu – responsible for keeping all good things on Earth and bringing harmony when needed.
Brahma is the Hindu creator god. He is also known as the Grandfather and as a later equivalent of Prajapati, the primeval first god. In early Hindu sources such as the Mahabharata, Brahma is supreme in the triad of great Hindu gods which includes Shiva and Vishnu.
A Brahmin Gotra (Sanskrit ब्राह्मण गोत्र) is an exogamous unit used to denote the paternal lineage of individuals belonging to the Brahmin caste in the Hindu Varna system. In Hindu culture, the Brahmin caste considered to be the highest of the four major social classes of the Varna system.
The highest of all the castes, and traditionally priests or teachers, Brahmins make up a small part of the Indian population. The British colonial authorities gave Brahmins influential clerical jobs. They now dominate the key positions in science, business and government.
The Aryans arrived in India in around 1500 BC. The Aryans disregarded the local cultures. They began conquering and taking control over regions in north India and at the same time pushed the local people southwards or towards the jungles and mountains in north India. The Aryans organised themselves in three groups.
The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation.
Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating back more than 4,000 years. Today, with about 900 million followers, Hinduism is the third-largest religion behind Christianity and Islam.
Many Hindus are indeed vegetarian but many, including Brahmins, eat meat. In fact, for the warrior castes, meat was an important part of their diet, vital in building the physical strength needed for battle. It is the belief of one high-ranking caste, the Kayastha, that vegetarianism is for rabbits.
Quick Answer: Can I Still Listen To Downloaded Apple Music Without Subscription?
How do I not pay for Apple music? Open the Apple Music
How Long Does An IPhone Last On Average?
How often should you replace your iPhone?
Question: What Duty Of Care Do You Have As A Care Worker?
What is an example of duty of care? A duty of care
Quick Answer: What Are The Scrum Principles?
What is difference between agile and scrum?
Quick Answer: Can You Take Your Swift Truck Home?
Does Swift let you take the truck home? Yes, but Swift
Question: What Are Milestones In A Business Plan?
How do you set a milestone? How to Set MilestonesSpecific.
Question: What Is Process Agility?
What does business agility mean? Adapt quickly to market
What Is Popcorn Lung?
Does vaping cause popcorn lungs? No. There’
Question: What Is The Antonym For Tomorrow?
What is a day after tomorrow called in one word?
What Should I Use GitHub For?
Is GitHub good for beginners? No. GitHub is not a place
Quick Answer: How Do You Analyze Survey Data?
How do you measure survey responses? Categorical Data.
Question: What Is The Difference Between Tier 3 And Tier 4?
What is Tier 3 and Tier 4 data center? Tier 2 = Tier
Question: Is Google An Application Software?
Which is not application software? windows NT is not
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Fauci offers support for Trump
By Morgan Chalfant - 04/13/20 06:15 PM EDT
Anthony Fauci Anthony FauciSlew of Biden orders on COVID to include resuming WHO membership Biden to sign flurry of executive actions in first hours of presidency COVID-19 is a precursor for infectious disease outbreaks on a warming planet MORE on Monday sought to squash any notion of a fissure between himself and President Trump Donald TrumpLil Wayne gets 11th hour Trump pardon Trump grants clemency to more than 100 people, including Bannon Trump expected to pardon Bannon: reports MORE, saying at the opening of a coronavirus task force briefing that the president repeatedly and immediately backed social distancing recommendations from Fauci and other public health officials despite the economic pain.
“The first and only time that I went in and said we should do mitigation strongly, the response was, ‘yes, we’ll do it,’” Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters in the White House briefing room on Monday evening.
Fauci, a key member of the White House coronavirus task force, was seeking to clarify remarks he made a day prior in an interview with CNN when he said that more lives could have been saved if the federal government had moved forward with social distancing guidelines directing Americans to avoid public places and travel earlier than mid-March.
The remarks followed a New York Times report saying that public health officials went to Trump during the third week of February to recommend he issue such guidelines.
Fauci said Monday evening that he didn’t know the date he and Deborah Birx went to Trump to make a formal recommendation but insisted that Trump listened to the advice from public health experts, offering solidarity with Trump amid criticism of the White House response to the pandemic.
“We discussed it. Obviously, there would be concern by some that in fact that might have some negative consequences. Nonetheless, the president listened to the recommendation and went to the mitigation,” Fauci told reporters.
He also described as a “poor choice of words” his remarks to CNN when he said there was “pushback” to shutting the country down at the end of February.
Asked by a reporter if he was clarifying his remarks voluntarily, Fauci shot back.
“Everything I do is voluntarily,” Fauci said. “Please, don’t even imply that.”
The developments came 24 hours after Trump stoked questions by retweeting a conservative account that called for him to “#FireFauci.” The White House earlier Monday issued a statement denying Trump was planning to fire the top public health official, dismissing talk of it as “ridiculous” media speculation.
The top public health official has endured criticism from conservative circles in recent days, particularly following the remarks on CNN over the weekend.
“Obviously, you could logically say that if you had a process that was ongoing and you started mitigation earlier, you could have saved lives. Obviously, no one is going to deny that,” Fauci told CNN’s Jake Tapper Jacob (Jake) Paul TapperOfficials brace for second Trump impeachment trial Sunday shows - Capital locked down ahead of Biden's inauguration Durbin says he won't whip votes for Trump's second impeachment trial MORE when asked if more lives could have been saved if social distancing measures had been implemented earlier than Trump issued them.
Fauci on Monday took issue with the hypothetical nature of the question while largely standing by his answer that lives could have been saved.
“Yes, obviously, mitigation helps,” Fauci said. “If mitigation works and you initiate it earlier, you will probably have saved more lives. If you initiated it later, you probably would have lost more lives.”
Fauci also said Trump listened to recommendations from public health officials to extend the social distancing guidelines until the end of April, despite concerns from some about the economic damage caused by the measures.
“Obviously, there were people that had a problem with that because of the potential secondary effects,” Fauci said. “Nonetheless, at that time, the president went with the health recommendations.”
Fauci’s remarks come as Trump mounts an increasingly aggressive defense of his handling of the coronavirus outbreak. The president has been scrutinized for downplaying the threat from the virus early on, and his administration has been faulted for delays in testing that experts say hampered the overall response to the virus.
Trump has decried a New York Times report describing him as slow to respond to the outbreak as “fake” and during Monday’s briefing aired a campaign-style clip that highlighted measures he has taken to combat the virus and praise from state’s governors for his response.
"The press has not treated these incredible people who have done such a great job — they haven’t treated them fairly. They’re way off. We were way ahead of schedule," Trump said. "Everything we did I was criticized because I was too early."
Tags Anthony Fauci Donald Trump Jake Tapper Coronavirus
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31 Days of Oscar
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Bernardo Villela is like a mallrat except at the movies. He is a writer, director, editor and film enthusiast who seeks to continue to explore and learn about cinema, chronicle the journey and share his findings.
BAM Best Picture Award Profile: Let the Right One In (2008)
Posted on December 31, 2013 by bernardovillela
Each year, I try and improve the site, and also try to find a new an hopefully creative and fun way to countdown to the unveiling of the year’s BAM Awards. Last year, I posted most of the BAM Nominee and winner lists (Any omissions will be fixed this year). However, when I picked Django Unchained as the Best Picture of 2012 I then realized I had recent winner with no write-ups. I soon corrected that by translating a post and writing a series of my own. The thought was all films honored as Best Picture should have at least one piece dedicated to them. So I will through the month of December be posting write-ups on past winners.
Let the Right One In (2008)
Not that long before Twilight descended on the world Let the Right One In crept up on the United States in limited release. And I’m fairly sure that I got to see it before I subjected myself to that first work that purports to be a New Age vampire tale. Let the Right One In concerns a bullied boy, Oskar, who finds a most unusual ally, Eli, and is a film that’s surgically precise and brainy enough for viewers of all ages; demanding rather than seeking serious consideration and easily sustaining gravitas.
There are a lot of things that stand out about this film, not the least of which is that it was my first introduction to the work of John Ajvide Lindqvist. He’s the latest Swedish literary sensation and the most recent, most naturally presumed successor to the horror in commonplace crown that the still-alive-and-kicking Stephen King wears so well. I’ve not yet read this book, but I’ve read Lindqvist since this time and plan to continue doing so. What’s evidenced in this film is not just Alfredson’s fine direction (which is re-iterated in his follow-up Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy) but also the quality and depth of Alqvist’s narrative.
Another testament to this tale that I can cite without even delving into the picture itself too deeply is the fact that this is one of the few foreign films of any ilk, much less one in the horror genre, that has spawned an American remake that comes anywhere near having the same tonal quality, emotional complexity, and performances on par with the original. Yes, as I cite in my review, Matt Reeves and crew get full marks for their Americanization, but the bones are there and if well-reproduced can create an engaging tale in almost any nation and language.
Getting down to the film in an of itself perhaps the most brilliant thing about this film is indeed the balance and the unusual co-existence of so many seemingly disparate elements. You have in this film horror and a coming-of-age, however, they co-exist in such a way that it’s not gimmickry or even overt commentary on either state of being. The given parameters of the situation complement each other so perfectly that once you’re eased in to the tale it seems like the most natural combination in the world.
Then you, of course, have the performances of Lina Leandersson and Kåre Hedebrant who have to play two very opposite characters and come to a mutual understanding. Leandersson is guarded, as one in her condition must be, and carefully examines her new friend to see if, in fact, he is the right one that must be let in. Hedebrant’s natural sensitivity allow him to convey a state or near perpetual petrification that is usually broken only by his fascination with his new friend and neighbor.
All this reasoning aside there is a moment, usually a more enigmatic, intangible one wherein a film’s Best Picture status makes itself clear; something I feel right in my gut. With this film it was the fact that, for the first time since early childhood, I was watching a movie I literally didn’t want to see the end of. That’s a kind of magic that’s hard to capture, but this film had the right elements in place, and a proper pace to make such a thought possible.
There are a few rarities and a first in this selection: although the second in a row, a foreign language film isn’t often my Best Picture, and as much as I love horror, it’s the only horror film to have claimed the top prize. Here’s hoping both those categories are represented again. If they are in the same film odds are Alqvist will have something to do with it.
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Review- Meek's Cutoff
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Favorite TV Show Episode Blogathon: You Can't Do That on Television, Adoption (S08 E02)
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The Hits and Misses in The Globalization of Casting
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TNW News
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Microsoft stock pumps after it sees two years of digital transformation in two months
Microsoft made $10.8 billion profit in the first three months of 2020
David Canellis
Microsoft just dropped its earnings for the first quarter of 2020 and — as one might expect — worldwide coronavirus lockdowns were great for its bottom line.
The Redmond tech giant posted $35 billion revenue and $10.8 billion net income in Q1, up 15% and 22% respectively when compared with the corresponding period last year.
[Read: Microsoft reportedly plans to invest in India’s payments giant Paytm]
Microsoft‘s commercial cloud arm grew fast, up 39% year-on-year to hit $13.3 billion. In fact, Microsoft‘s flagship cloud platform Azure posted 59% more revenue than in the same quarter in 2019.
CEO Satya Nadella commented that the company has seen “two years’ worth of digital transformation in two months.”
The company’s career-orientated social hellscape LinkedIn is also making more money, with revenue up 21%.
No coronavirus bump for Microsoft’s Xbox
One might’ve thought home entertainment system Xbox would be making big bucks for Microsoft, especially with most of the world’s school systems effectively closed due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
Still, Xbox content and services revenue only rose by 2%. Microsoft Surface experienced similar, subtle growth, with its revenue up by 1%.
All things considered, its shareholders are likely to be well pleased. Microsoft said it returned $9.9 billion to shareholders in the form of share buy-backs or dividends, with those rewards increasing 33% compared with the third quarter of the 2019 fiscal year.
Traders too responded positively to the news, with $MSFT up 4.5% at Wednesday’s market close.
Published April 30, 2020 — 11:26 UTC
April 30, 2020 — 11:26 UTC
Twitter shares fall 7% in pre-market trading after Trump’s removal
The Heart of Tech™
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In just 5 months, Fab snags 1 million members (that’s twice as fast as Facebook)
by Courtney Boyd Myers — in Insider
In December of 2010, Fabulis, a social network for gay men turned into Fab.com, a daily deals site for gay men. Then, this spring, Jason Goldberg, Fab’s CEO turned the ship in yet another direction, dropping its niche demographic to become a top destination for quality designed objects at below retail prices.
With a little help from viral promotions, Demi Moore, Ashton Kutcher, and the New York City venture community, Fab has been hotter than hot. Since launching in June, it’s on target to hit over $20 million in revenue by the end of the year. Today, Fab announced it has crossed the 1 million member mark after just five months of existence.
To put that in context it took Facebook 10 months to reach 1 million members and took Twitter 24 months to reach 1 million members. Meanwhile it took e-commerce competitor One King’s Lane 26 months to reach 1 million members.
Check out Fab’s hockey stick growth here:
Fab has added more than 250,000 new members in just the last 30 days alone. And, by their 15th week on Fab.com, 20% of every cohort of members has made a purchase. Additionally, Fab is also seeing 33% monthly revenue growth. Fab CEO Jason Goldberg explains the company’s secret sauce:
Positive word-of-mouth from our members and an extraordinary high rate of social sharing on sites like Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Pinterest has been fueling our growth. That, and our commitment to presenting daily “wow” products that people get excited about and want to tell their friends about, are the reasons behind our hitting 1 million members in just 5 months. We can directly trace 50% of our membership back to social sharing.
If there’s one absolute truth about social media it is that it has to be authentic. You can’t make people share. People share when they are inspired and excited and passionate about a website, a product, a service. In our case, we hear constantly that people are inspired by the design of our website & apps and most importantly, by the products we suprise and delight them with day-in and day-out on Fab.com. You can’t force that. It has to be authentic.
To celebrate, Fab is offering all 1 million members $10 in credit to put towards any purchase on Fab.com during the next 24 hours and share with their friends. Need somewhere to spend it? Check out our recent feature on Fab’s holiday shops here.
➤ Fab.com
Featured image: Shutterstock/Vakhrushev Pavel
Read next: Famigo Sandbox creates a kid-safe gaming environment on your Android phone
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Is Carmageddon worth the mess?
by Steve Hymon , July 15, 2011
The carpool lane on the southbound 405 through the Sepulveda Pass. Photo by Matt Pagel, via Flickr.
For all the hype and talk about this weekend’s upcoming 405 closure — aka Carmageddon — I’ve also been a little surprised there hasn’t been more discussion of a pretty basic question: is the 405 project really worth the hassle of closing the freeway?
The I-405 Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project may not be a panacea for all that ills the oft-congested 405. But I think it’s certainly better than the status quo, which most reasonable people would agree is pretty bad — unless you’re really into mind-melting, greenhouse gas-spewing traffic jams.
The project’s big ticket item is the addition of 10 miles of carpool lane on the northbound side of the 405 to match the carpool lane that has already been built on the southbound side (don’t ask why they weren’t built at the same time). The project is also realigning and/or expanding 27 on- and off-ramps on the 405 between the 10 and 101 freeways and widening bridges over the freeway, including the Mulholland Drive Bridge that is being partially torn down this weekend.
In my view, the ramp improvements are a vastly under-rated part of the project. One of the ironies of our freeway system is that it’s intended to get people where they’re going in a speedy fashion. But throughout So Cal, the junction of freeways and surface streets often causes significant traffic disruptions because of all the cars trying to get on and off the freeway.
It’s a particularly noxious situation on the Westside where surface streets carrying freeway-like volumes of traffic. Better ramps and traffic signals and wider bridges over the freeway should improve that situation.
But the real hot-button issue with the 405 project is the addition of the carpool lane.
It’s generally agreed (although there are certainly skeptics) by most engineers that at peak hours carpool lanes can carry more people than a regular traffic lane. The reason is obvious: There are more people per vehicle in the carpool lanes.
Speed is a separate issue. As anyone knows who has driven a local freeway during the height of rush hour, the carpool lane can — and often does — get as congested as the regular lanes.
The idea behind carpool lanes is to offer greater speed as an incentive for people to carpool. So it’s not a good thing when traffic in those lanes slows down. That said, the carpool lane is still partially succeeding by carrying more people than the other lanes — at least at some hours. If there is only so much room to build freeways, that’s a good thing.
I also suspect that over the course of the day, most carpool lanes offer faster trips than do the regular lanes, particularly in the busier freeway corridors. The reason is simple: as critics of HOV lanes often note, the lanes are not always at full capacity — meaning there’s room to actually drive.
“I don’t think of this as just a local project for the 405,” says Borja Leon, the Deputy Mayor for Transportation for Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa. “It’s really a regional project. Once we put together a regional carpool lane network, it really starts giving more options for those trying to carpool from point A to point B anywhere in the region.
“If there is a real network of carpool lanes, people will start believing in it and will consider it as an option,” Leon added.
The good news on that front is that there are now more than 500 miles of carpool lanes in L.A. County — there was just 58 in 1993 — and more are on the way. However, on the down side, there are still key corridors without them, including the Santa Monica Freeway and the Ventura Freeway.
Carpool lanes aren’t just used by carpoolers. Buses and van pools use them and may use them more as more lanes are built. There is also the option to manage the lanes differently in the future to make them as effective as possible.
Of course, if you don’t have a carpool lane to begin with, you also can’t manage it differently.
For example, the Metro ExpressLanes project is turning the carpool lanes on parts of the 10 and 110 freeways into so-called HOT lanes in which single occupant vehicles can use extra capacity in the lanes in exchange for a toll. It’s an experiment. But it has worked in other places and it makes sense to spread traffic better around all of a freeway’s lanes.
The other point I want everyone to consider is that the 405 carpool lane and other improvements is hardly the end of the story for the 405 corridor. The Measure R sales tax increase approved by L.A. County voters in 2008 included more than a billion dollars in funding for a transit project to connect the Westside and San Fernando Valley via the Sepulveda Pass.
Formal studies have yet to begin, but when they do, many transit options will undoubtedly be considered and scrutinized. It doesn’t take much imagination to guess what some might be. Enhanced bus service in the corridor. A subway. Maybe even — just to be pie in the sky — a tunnel with toll lanes and rail or bus lanes.
As someone who moved to the L.A. area in 1994, I can’t even begin to offer a rationale explanation of how it got to be the year 2011 without a serious transit option through the Sepulveda corridor. I do know, as has been widely discussed in recent weeks, that Carmageddon likely wouldn’t be the big hoo-ha that it is if such transit service existed.
And here’s the thing: that transit project won’t exist any time soon unless Congress gets serious about helping local areas build transit. The America Fast Forward program could do that if — and it’s a big if — the Congress and President Obama make it law as part of the next big transportation spending bill.
As for this weekend of traffic inconvenience, it will pass. In the cosmic scheme of things, think of it this way: the freeway has been open pretty much nonstop for nearly 50 years and there are very few other pieces of public infrastructure that can stand that kind of daily beating without shutdowns.
Categories: Projects
Tagged as: 405 closure, America Fast Forward, carmageddon, carpool lanes, Congress, HOV lanes, I-405 Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project, Measure R, Santa Monica Freeway, Sepulveda Pass Transit Project, transportation funding, Ventura Freeway
Transportation headlines, Friday, July 15
Transit guide to Carmageddon: where to find the free rides, increased service and other tips
I agree that it is not good to have this 10 mile gap in car pool lanes, especially in the busiest section and this project will modernize some bridges and on-off ramps (namely Wilshire, which needs it). I still wish, we’d have done a transit tunnel under the pass first. I’d like to see the 405 carpool lanes turned into HOT lanes with toll proceeds going to build transit in this corridor.
Gold line rider says:
Is the car pool lane going to a be a toll road in the near future? Some type of alternative transit like rail, subway, busway ect. is needed, but it will be years before anything is done.
Todd Markle says:
The pass is targeted for a transit link under Measure R. I’ve heard that rail will be a struggle due to the grades involved. So my question would be, can the carpool lane serve some sort of Rapid Bus? Or will it be possible, now that a carpool lane has been added, to take a lane out for some sort of transit?
Without that, it feels like all of this will need to get repeated in a few years in order to add transit.
It’s a disgrace that the alternative to build a new Mulholland Bridge in place and then demolish the old bridge in one weekend was abandoned because of the NIMBY’s in Bel Air. That alternative would have saved 18 months of construction and $10 million, according to an article in the L.A. Times. Shame on anyone that opposed the more logical and cost-efficient alternative that was on the table.
Connor Gilliland says:
“I can’t even begin to offer a rationale explanation of how it got to be the year 2011 without a serious transit option through the Sepulveda corridor.”
Couldn’t have put it better myself.
We need to start thinking of our lack of extensive rail as one giant “gap” so to speak. Because that’s where the real problems exist when it comes to our transportation infrastructure, the shear lack of non-road modes for the most part. There is this prevailing urge to fill small gaps in our already vast freeway network but its fine to ignore gigantic swaths of the LA area when thinking of rail (the sepulveda pass is a perfect example). It just doesn’t make sense. Rail (dedicated transit) should be thought of as needing to be as extensive as our freeways if not more.
Or, instead of spending one billion dollars on a whopping TWO lanes so that car traffic may hypothetically be improved (which it won’t, as Bostons Big Dig has shown us), you could have spent that money on a subway under the 405 so that there may have been a viable alternative to driving. It makes so much sense, I know, but Metro is too avant-garde to make sensible decisions like that.
Carter Rubin says:
To clarify, it’s one 10-mile HOV lane that’s being added. Thanks for commenting.
Contributor, The Source
Y Fukuzawa says:
Rail doesn’t have to be above ground. If technology allows cities to create subways, digging a 10 mi tunnel that goes through the Santa Monica Mountains is always an option. We already have one subway that goes from the LA Basin to NoHo underneath the Hollywood mountains.
All it is where to find the money to make it happen (and cross fingers that NIMBYs don’t make a fuss about it that delays it even further).
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Gary V’s heart surgery successful
Friday, May 18th, 2018. Filed under: Entertainment Filipino Stars
MANILA, May 8 (Mabuhay) — On Gary V’s Viber public chat Sunday evening, Angeli Pangilinan updated fans, followers, friends, and family that Mr. Pure Energy Gary Valenciaisrecovering from a successful heart surgery. “As of today, May 6, at 7:30pm, Gary’s heart surgery was successful. Paolo, Gab, Kiana and I visited him at the coronary recovery room and doctors have said he is doing very well. In behalf of our family, I request for prayers for my husband’s speedy recovery,” Angeli said.It was a post-script to Gary’s statement, which he wrote on Saturday, the eve of his emergency open heart surgery. In it, he explained how, while celebrating his 35th year in show business with a dance performance with his son Gabriel, Gary felt a sensation he’s never felt. “I felt a tightness and pain in my chest,” Gary wrote. He diligently consulted with his doctors who told Gary his heart was in excellent condition, except for one blood vessel that was “95% blocked and now has very thin walls, because of diabetes.” Gary said he quickly issued a statement to own the narrative himself and prevent gossip and speculation. “Do not worry please, only pray – I have an expert team of gifted doctors, some of them have taken great care of me for many, many years now.” His statement was met with loving messages from celebrities including Chito Miranda of Parokya ni Edgar, Aiza Seguerra, and Pops Fernandez. On Monday morning, Angeli herself posted a photo of Gary’s hand, needles and all and captioned it, “By His stripes Gary IS HEALED!” On Instagram, Gary’s daughter, model and musician Kiana posted an old photo showing herself with her dad. She captioned it “superman.”
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BOKO HARMA’S CHILD JIHADIS TRAINED IN THE NAME OF KILLING FOR ISLAM…….
Islam 101 Islam in Africa Islamic Child Abuse
By KGSaccess_time6 years agochat_bubble_outline1
Mohamed would be nodding in approval.
Ten-year-olds armed to the teeth and trained to kill in the name of Islam: Boko Haram release images of their child soldiers being trained in Nigeria
Terrorists were said to be kidnapping children to use during their attacks
Pictures emerge days after Boko Haram snatched 30 children from a village
The terrorists are said to have killed at least 10,000 people in 2014
Their attacks have been likened to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda
Nigeria calls on the international community to help them fight terrorism
By STEVE HOPKINS FOR MAILONLINE
PUBLISHED: 10:57 GMT, 28 January 2015 | UPDATED: 12:04 GMT, 28 January 2015
Nigerian terror group Boko Haram is training child soldiers how to use semi-automatic weapons.
The group has released pictures showing more than a dozen children posing with, and learning how to aim, AK-47’s.
The images appear to have been taken in northern Nigeria where Boko Haram has committed most of its attacks.
Written by KGS
Previous Post Previous Post POSSIBLE DEAL IN ISLAMIC STATE HOSTAGE EXCHANGE………
Next Post Next Post SWEDEN STATE TV QUESTIONS CROWN PRINCESS OVER PAST ROYAL MEMBERS AFFINITY FOR NATIONAL SOCIALISM……..
Contact the TT @ tundratabloids@gmail.com
The conflation of Islamofauxbia with that of traditional Jew-hatred has got to be one of the most insidious propaganda efforts by sharia supremacists in the modern age…
Melting pot societies are the only way to secure the individual…
Multiculturalism is a gross failure. Assimilation, where celebrating one’s own heritage but as a full member of the dominant culture, wins.
There Is No Such Thing As White Cultural Heritage. The West’s Legacy Is Open To All….
There’s No Common Cultural Legacy For The Alt-Right
Still, is there something to it? Is there a common heritage that will cover El Greco and Hume and Dostoyevsky? Is there one that can include the Jacobites and the Jacobins? There is, but it is not racial, and white supremacists reject it because it rejects them. The unifying heritage of Europe is religious and philosophical. It is Jerusalem and Athens, in one famous formulation. Christian religion and Greek philosophy, filtered through Roman law and culture, are the foundation of European culture. The tensions, agreements, developments and settlements between these have shaped the Western world, and these roots of Western civilization are not congenial to white supremacy.
Christianity is universal in its message and Jewish in its origins. For centuries after its founding, Christianity’s center was the Mediterranean world, including Asia Minor and North Africa. Christianity has never been defined by race, and locally-grown racist heresies are only sustainable among those ignorant of Christianity’s teachings, origins and history.
Greek philosophy is likewise ill-suited to serve as a basis for white identity. It is either too universal (addressing the human condition in general) or too local—none of us live as citizens of an ancient Greek polis. Later philosophical developments in Europe, such as the philosophies of the Enlightenment, likewise tend to be too universal for white supremacists seeking a tribal identity. As for the scientific revolution that developed within Western culture (albeit with much borrowed from outside Europe), math doesn’t care what color someone is.
"More here"
Daniel Greenfield explains Islam 101:
"Every devout Muslim is an "Islamist". Islam is not a personal religion. It is a religion of the public space. A "moderate" Muslim would have to reject Islam as a religion of the public space, as theocracy, and that secularism would be a rejection of Islam.
Nothing in Islam exists apart from anything else. While liberals view culture and religion as a buffet that they can pick and choose from, it is a single integrated system. If you accept one part, you must accept the whole. Once you accept any aspect of Islam, you must accept its legal system and once you accept that, you must accept its governance and once you accept that, you lose your rights.''
Trending Israeli News…
IDF wrapping up Gaza border crisis probes - exclusive 14 criminal probes, 2 convictions later, IDF likely moving on By YONAH JEREMY BOB JANUARY 6, 2021 08:48
Ex-Israeli envoy reveals large number of Ashkenazi Jews lived in Cairo "Cairo was like a railway terminal, Jews coming and going," ambassador Rosen said. By BENJAMIN WEINTHAL JANUARY 6, 2021 08:33
Israel’s abortion rate continues 32-year decline Experts credit increased access to contraception, sex-ed By TARA KAVALER/THE MEDIA LINE JANUARY 5, 2021 18:54
Must watch video! Diana West interviewed on her book “The Red Thread”…….
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=601&v=xZhDlf7sOaE
Diana West’s book offers compelling evidence of the ideological corruption of the US intelligence community in such a stunning way. The very institutions that were created to safeguard the Republic from Marxist, Communist influences, have been not only subverted, but run by the proponents of that demonstrably evil ideology…
GW/CC debunked by premier climatologist Prof.Richard Lindzen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2q9BT2LIUA
Climate change hoax, how to destroy it…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpxAIYrtGLw
Trending European News…
Malmö Man Charged in Connection with Brussels 2016 Terror Attack
Farage: Boris Set to Sell the UK ‘Down the River’ on Immigration
Mr. Bean’ Star Rowan Atkinson Compares Cancel Culture to a ‘Medieval Mob Looking for Someone to Burn’
(Than you President Trump) Israel-Europe ties improving, warming up to Abraham Accords - exclusive The Foreign Ministry is also in dialogue with the EU and individual member states to stop illegal construction in Area C of the West Bank and to coordinate any further building with Israel.
The Svensmark “The Cloud Mystery”, what really drives Global Warming…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZ7IEUBUe4s
Trending Middle East News…
US Targets Iran's Steel Industry With New Sanctions Treasury Department measures come in last days of Trump presidency
(They loved the deal that allowed them to cheat) EU 'Highly Concerned' About Iran Nuclear Enrichment Spokesman says alliance seeks to preserve nuclear agreement
Iran Tests Drones in Military Exercise Iran and regional forces it backs have increasingly relied in recent years on drones in Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Strait of Hormuz at mouth of Persian Gulf
Iran temporarily frees Jewish prisoner for her crime of visiting Israel By BENJAMIN WEINTHAL
SECULARISM AND RELIGION: THE ONSLAUGHT AGAINST THE WEST’S MORAL CODES
War is being waged against Western culture from within which is in essence a war against Christianity and its moral origins in the Hebrew Bible. By attacking these Biblical foundations in the name of reason and human rights, the culture warriors of secularism are sawing off the branch on which they sit. The only way to defend Western civilisation is to reaffirm and restore its Biblical foundations. My argument is a development of ideas I first explored in my 2012 book The World Turned Upside Down: The Global Battle over God, Truth and Power.
We are living in an era which extols reason, science and human rights. These are said to be essential for progress, a civilised society and the betterment of humanity. Religion is said to be their antithesis, the source instead of superstitious mumbo-jumbo, oppression and backward-thinking.
Some of this hostility is being driven by the perceived threat from Islamic terrorism and the Islamisation of Western culture. However, this animus against religion has far deeper roots and can be traced back to what is considered the birthplace of Western reason, the 18th-century Enlightenment.
Actually, it goes back specifically to the French Enlightenment. In England and Scotland, the Enlightenment developed reason and political liberty within the framework of Biblical belief. In France, by contrast, anti-clericalism morphed into fundamental hostility to Christianity and to religion itself.
“Ecrasez l’infame,” said Voltaire (crush infamy) — the infamy to which he referred being not just the Church but Christianity, which he wanted to replace with the religion of reason, virtue and liberty, “drawn from the bosom of nature”.
Perfecting society
But this Enlightenment did not remove religion so much as pervert it. It took millenarian fantasies, the idea that the perfection of the world was at hand, and it secularised them. Instead of God producing heaven on earth, it would be mankind which would bring that about. Reason would create the perfect society and “progress” was the process by which utopia would be attained.
More here"
Middle East expert Mordechai Kedar: The Muslim Mind
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sL_8BvqHo0
What mainstream Islam really teaches, what they believe…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4OCTslNeT8
ADL, Protecting American Muslims, Fooling American Jews…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVqqPx-Cq8k
Lord Baron Pearson on Brexit…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dh-xT6951kc
Mohammed’s Koran: Why Muslims Kill For Islam by Peter McLoughlin (Author), Tommy Robinson (Author)
Jenin: Massacring Truth (This documentary was made long before the term #FakeNews got started…
© 2021Tundra Tabloids.com. All Rights Reserved.
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First Analysis of ScenarioMIP Projections from UKESM1 in the Context of Global Warming Thresholds
Ranjini Swaminathan1,2, Colin Jones1,3, Robert Parker1,2, Douglas Kelley1,4, Jeremy Walton1,5
1UKESM Core Group, 2National Centre for Earth Observation, 3National Centre for Atmospheric Science, 4Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, 5Met Office Hadley Centre
The sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) coordinates future climate projections, sampling a range of emission scenarios produced by integrated assessment models [O’Neill et al. 2016]. ScenarioMIP simulations are identified by a combination of an underpinning Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) number, which ranges from 1 for a sustainable future to 5 for a fossil fuel intense future, and the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) value, denoting the global mean top of the atmosphere radiation perturbation (in units of Wm-2) for the year 2100 (specifically, 1.9, 4.5, 7.0, 8.5). More detail on the RCPs can be found in Moss et al. 2010 and Taylor et al. 2009. UKESM1 [Sellar et al. 2019] ScenarioMIP simulations for SSPs 1-2.6, 2-4.5, 3-7.0 and 5-8.5 are already available on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) node, comprising at least 5 members for all SSPs and 13 members for SSP3-70 and (shortly) SSP1-26. We analyse when UKESM1 ScenarioMIP ensemble members will exceed key global warming thresholds. We then assess the patterns of regional climate change simulated in UKESM1, centred on these “exceedance dates” to give a snapshot of how the future Earth System might look when we reach these GWTs. We present some early results from this analysis.
We define a Global Warming Threshold (GWT) as a specific value of Global Mean Surface Air Temperature (GSAT), calculated as an anomaly with respect to the GSAT value averaged over the period 1850-1900. To limit the influence of short-term variability, we apply a 21 year centred running mean to the ScenarioMIP GSAT values from each UKESM1 ensemble member. A GWT exceedance year is calculated for individual ensemble members (as well as the ensemble mean) as the year at which the 21 year mean GSAT anomaly exceeds a given GWT (e.g. a GSAT value 3°C warmer than 1850-1900 mean – see Figure 1). We use GWTs and years of exceedance to help answer questions such as (a) What is the regional pattern and magnitude of climate change at different levels of global mean warming? (b) What regional changes and associated impacts can we avoid if we restrict warming to a given GWT compared to warmer values? Our initial focus is on changes at specific GWTs in several key climate variables such as surface temperature, precipitation and soil moisture that are of particular importance for human activities.
Figure 1: Global Warming Threshold (GWT) exceedance year computation: For each UKESM1 historical member and subsequent SSP, a 21 year centred running mean GSAT anomaly is calculated with respect to 1850-1900 mean GSAT. The first year this anomaly exceeds a given threshold temperature value for a given ensemble member (or ensemble mean) is taken as the year of exceedance for that ensemble member (or ensemble mean). Calculation of the exceedance year for a 3°C GWT is shown in the figure.
Figure 2. Zonal mean surface temperature anomalies shown for the European winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) seasons under SSP3-7.0 and for different warming thresholds.
The zonal mean surface temperature anomalies in Fig. 2 highlight the significant Arctic amplification we can expect to see in the boreal winters of the future. While there is amplification at both poles, the magnitude of increase in the Arctic is much higher and also increases with increasing warming thresholds. One important reason for this is sea ice loss in the summer months – Arctic sea ice melts in the summer, increasing the area of open ocean exposed to the atmosphere [Dai et al. 2019]. Regions with extensive sea ice or snow cover have high values of surface albedo and reflect away most of the sun’s radiation, keeping temperatures low. When sea-ice melts, this cover is lost and the exposed ocean with a lower albedo, absorbs significantly more solar radiation, warming the surface further. As the climate warms to higher temperature thresholds, increasing loss of Arctic sea-ice drives a substantial amplification of winter warming, in excess of 25°C in the central Arctic for a GWT of 5°C. Arctic amplification will begin to decrease once the majority of sea ice has melted, and the strength of the sea-ice albedo feedback decreases. However, amplified Arctic warming may still occur, mainly as a result of increased water vapour absorption of terrestrial radiation.
As the primary goal of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement was to limit the increase in global mean surface temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels [Rhodes, C.J 2016], we explore the state of the Earth System at GWT = 2°C in greater detail (Figures 3 and 4). We plot land temperatures only to help focus attention onto changes that impact human activities on land.
Figure 3: Seasonal mean surface temperature anomaly averaged across the UKESM1 SSP3-70 ensemble and centred on the year of exceedance at GWT = 2°C. Anomalies are calculated with respect to 1850-1900 mean and shown for the northern hemisphere winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) seasons.
The primary signal is a strong amplification of winter warming across the high latitude Northern Hemisphere, with most areas north of 60°N warming in excess of 4°C. Over central Europe and North America summer warming exceeding 3°C, and summer precipitation decreasing by 20-30% will lead to major impacts on human activities in these two critical agricultural regions. Meanwhile, local warming in the Amazon is amplified relative to the global mean value by 50-75% which, combined with projected drying of the wet season (~30% in DJF) may have negative impacts on the long-term health in a rainforest already experiencing savannafication and deforestation.
Conversely, looking at areas with projected increases in precipitation, we see a significant increase in monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent, likely explaining the relatively smaller seasonal increase in temperature across this region. While increased monsoon rains can be favourable for agriculture, such increases may also be associated with significant flood risk.
Figure 4: Projected seasonal changes in precipitation at 2oC global mean warming under SSP3-7.0. Changes are shown as a percentage change relative to the 1850-1900 period and for northern hemisphere winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) seasons. Values below 0.5mm/day in the 1850-1900 period are greyed out.
Figure 5: Absolute change in seasonal surface temperature anomalies between 2°C and 4°C mean warming under SSP3-7.0 for norther hemisphere winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) seasons.
In order to motivate the scale of mitigation required to stay below 2°C global warming, it is useful to consider the scale of regional changes seen across different global warming thresholds. In Figure 5, for example, we plot the increase in seasonal mean surface temperatures as mean global warming increases from 2°C to 4°C and see that some of the earlier patterns of regional change continue to be visible. In particular, the high Northern latitudes continue to experience an amplified warming rate, as does the Amazon region.
A similar analysis extended to a broader range of climate variables will provide a more complete picture of the benefits of restricting global warming to 2°C. We will also expand our analysis to include other models from CMIP6, focusing on sensitive regions such as the Mediterranean, Amazon and studying the co-variability of changes across different components of the coupled Earth System.
O’Neill, Brian C., Claudia Tebaldi, Detlef P. Van Vuuren, Veronika Eyring, Pierre Friedlingstein, George Hurtt, Reto Knutti et al. “The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6.” (2016).
Moss, Richard H., Jae A. Edmonds, Kathy A. Hibbard, Martin R. Manning, Steven K. Rose, Detlef P. Van Vuuren, Timothy R. Carter et al. “The Next Generation of Scenarios for Climate Change Research and Assessment.” Nature 463, no. 7282 (2010): 747-756.
Taylor, Karl E., Ronald J. Stouffer, and Gerald A. Meehl. “An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93.4 (2012): 485-498.
Sellar, Alistair A., Colin G. Jones, Jane P. Mulcahy, Yongming Tang, Andrew Yool, Andy Wiltshire, Fiona M. O’connor et al. “UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the UK Earth System Model.” Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 11, no. 12 (2019): 4513-4558.
Dai, Aiguo, Dehai Luo, Mirong Song, and Jiping Liu. “Arctic Amplification is Caused by Sea-ice Loss Under Increasing CO 2.” Nature communications 10, no. 1 (2019): 1-13.
Rhodes, Christopher J. “The 2015 Paris climate change conference: COP21.” Science progress 99.1 (2016): 97-104.
Download this Newsletter as a PDF
Atmospheric Blocking and Greenland Melt
3D visualization of CMIP6 data
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Review: Under Contract by Jeffe Kennedy
Posted July 13, 2015 by Jen in Contemporary Romance, Erotic Romance, Rating B, Reviews Tags: BDSM, Carina Press, Falling Under Series, Jeffe Kennedy, Jen Review
Author: Jeffe Kennedy
Reviewer: Jen Twimom
What I’m Talking About:
It is not Celestina Sala’s best day. As a waterscape landscaper in the middle of a California drought, she lost her job. Everything has gone bad for her lately, and losing her job was the proverbial straw. She’s in debt and living well beyond her means; however, it wasn’t a life of excess, but rather a series of unfortunate events that landed her there. Now she has to figure out what is best for herself and her two nieces she is raising alone.
Ryan Black, an eccentric tycoon, thinks it’s serendipitous seeing Tina the day she loses her job. When she did work for his company a few years ago, only her wedding band kept him from acting on his desires for her. Now she’s in trouble, and he’s got a solution to both of their problems: he’ll pay her to be his sexual playmate.
The plot line for Under Contract isn’t necessarily new, but how main character Ryan views his “payment for services” adds an interesting and unique element to the story. This story is not that of Indecent Proposal. This is a man who wants a woman, but discovers she’s not in a place in her life where he can take her to lunch and sweep her off her feet. Ryan is not black and white and doesn’t see his proposal how Tina does: prostitution. Rather, to him it’s a win-win, and no one needs to label it.
What makes Ryan’s proposition palatable is that 1) Ryan intrigues Tina, 2) he gives her complete control, and 3) Tina’s problems are serious and real. She’s borderline desperate. Ryan makes her see the truth of her situation, which is utterly dire. The author does such a fabulous job outlining Tina’s financial troubles that I felt her desperation and was stressed out. So when Ryan makes her a deal, I love Tina’s honest reactions ranging from disgust with herself for being a prostitute to being seriously turned on by Ryan. She’s out of her league and knows it, but also realizes she’s got to do something to change her situation. I’ll admit feeling a bit uncomfortable in my skin because Tina feels that way. Ms. Jeffe doesn’t sugar coat her story or the proposal: it is prostitution, but Ryan wants to possess Tina and sees it as a means to the end.
Under Contract explores a darker side of sex, but it isn’t overly graphic or extraordinarily kinky. Ryan likes to control and enjoys his games, all the while helping Tina accept and embrace her own desires. While the money part of the equation causes some problems, I feel the author does a fantastic job moving from the initial proposition into a true romantic relationship, without muddying the waters unnecessarily. Having the story shared from both Tina and Ryan’s point of views allows the reader to better understand both characters’ motives, thoughts, and feelings, making the entire story all the better.
In the end, I really enjoyed Under Contract. While the initial premise was a bit uncomfortable, the author does a great job growing the relationship and showing how Ryan doesn’t see it as buying sex, but as a means to possess the woman with whom he is obsessed. Ms. Kennedy takes the time needed to grow the relationship and develop the characters, giving the book a lot of emotional depth. It’s not a cliched Pretty Woman. It’s about learning to love and trust again. It’s about forgiveness. It’s about allow one’s self to indulge in the dark side of sex for the pleasure and release. Ryan and Tina play well together, and while their journey isn’t completely smooth, each brings out the best in the other.
Although part of a series, this book is a standalone story and romance.
My Rating: B+ Liked It A Lot
Ryan Black has admired Celestina Sala from afar for years, her lush body and sensual nature calling to the dominant in him. For just as many years, Celestina was off-limits—married, proud and self-sufficient. But all that has changed, and now Celestina is in debt and in need…and available. Ryan proposes a contract: he’ll pay off her debt if she gives herself to him in bed, yielding control in exchange for the pain and pleasure he’ll bring them both.
There are words for women who take money for sex, and none of them are nice ones. Celestina never thought she’d have to sink this low, but giving up control sounds more enticing than ever before. And suddenly it’s not about having to give in to Ryan. It’s about wanting to.
But when Ryan’s dark past comes to light, they may both be in over their heads. The terms of his contract say her body is his…but her heart may be another story.
One thing is for sure—now that Ryan has Celestina, he can never let her go.
Series: Falling Under #3
ISBN: #978-1459290013
Genre: Contemporary Romance, Erotic, BDSM
Format(s): e-book
Book Source: NetGalley
Purchase Info:
Under Contract (Falling Under #3)
5 responses to “Review: Under Contract by Jeffe Kennedy”
I do like her books, but these might be too much for me
Very different from her fantasy books! These are erotic romance for certain.
UnaReads
This sounds really interesting. I love her fantasy series, I’d be willing to try this as well.
If you don’t mind the darker side of sex, it’s a great read!
Sunday Snippet: Under Contract by Jeffe Kennedy | That's What I'm Talking About...
[…] Under Contract Author: Jeffe Kennedy Publisher: Carina Press Released: July 13, 2015 Series: Falling Under #3 Genre: Erotica Author contact links: Facebook, Goodreads, Twitter, Website Purchase links: Amazon, Barnes ‘N Noble, Carina Press, iBooks, Kobo REVIEW HERE […]
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Encyclopedia of World Problems - Archived Information
You are currently in UIA's online document archive. These pages are no longer maintained. To search the full archive click here.
The Encyclopedia is currently undergoing redevelopment !
4.2 Classification and section attribution
1. Complexity of problem classification
The approach to problem classification is treated quite separately from the administrative question of providing a filing point for information (whether physically or electronically). In the first edition (UIA, 1976), problems were quite deliberately not classified in any way -- other than under the arbitrary filing number. The principal reason for this approach is that it was considered desirable to separate the logistical issues of managing the information from the highly controversial issues of how problems should be grouped. As has been argued elsewhere (Judge, 1981), classification is a highly political act - especially, when dealing with "world problems". These points are discussed further in the Introduction.
Problems may be classified by the object susceptible to the disease (problems of plants or animals), by the age of the object (problems of youth or elderly), by part of the object (problems of the eye or foot), by type of symptom (inflammation of tissue or dry rot), by location of occurrence (problems in transit or in storage), by geopolitical region (problems of industrialized or developing countries), or by causal agent (deficiency problems or problems of pests). Other bases for classification might also be envisaged.
2. Subject classification of problems
With the development of the Yearbook of International Organizations into a 3-volume publication in 1983, the third volume (UIA, 1989) entitled Global Action Networks (classified directory by subject and region) has been used up to 1993 to group together by subject both international organizations described in the first volume and the world problems from this Encyclopedia.
In a research oriented system it has been considered desirable to create an information processing context in which the manner in which the problems were grouped could be continually reviewed. This is the approach taken with successive annual editions of Global Action Networks. For each edition efforts are made to fine-tune the thesaurus structure currently numbering some 3,000 categories. New categories are added and the attribution of organizations and problems to categories and category combinations is modified.
The system of classification was developed after examining the possibility of using other international systems (UIA, 1989c, Appendix). It was partly inspired by the system developed by Ingetraut Dahlberg (Dahlberg, 1982) and partly by structural features of the periodic table of chemical elements (van Spronsen, 1969). It was deliberately designed to highlight integrative or interdisciplinary relations between categories. The thesaurus is continually redesigned as a system of categories to reflect the systemic relation between the preoccupations of international organizations.
A computer programme is used to reallocate problems to categories whenever a significant number of thesaurus modifications have been made. This is usually done annually. Interim changes are however relatively easily made. During the editorial process, any change made to indexed names results in the problem being reindexed and allocated to any relevant categories associated with the new words indexed. At any time therefore problems can be accessed via word, via specific subject category, via subject group, or via various Boolean combinations of these elements.
3. Section (or Type) attribution of problems
The policy of resistance to subject classification has also been applied to the international organizations in the Yearbook of International Organizations But in the latter volume the organizations are grouped into sections (A through U) which are based partially on degree of internationality. Although having little theoretical justification, the system has proved to be useful in practice in dealing with many exceptional forms of international body. Experience with this system led to the development of an equivalent one for world problems. This was tentatively presented in the 1986 edition as a special index (see Section PX in 1986 edition).
For the thrid and fourth editions of the Encyclopedia, this system has been refined and used to order the actual descriptions in Sections PB through PG (which absorbed entries originally allocated to Sections PP and PQ of the 1986 edition). Within the sections, problems are filed by their arbitrary number as in the Yearbook of International Organizations. Part of the editorial process, from edition to edition involves decisions on the appropriateness of any reassignment between the B through G sections. This resulted in the following sections, which in the on-line version are effectively type codes (A through G):
� Section PA: Used in the 1991 edition for ubiquitous, fundamental, "abstract" problems, which tend not to be considered sufficiently tangible to appear on the agendas of international organizations (e.g. apathy, corruption, greed, etc). Now handled through Section V.
� Section PB: Used for major cross-category world-wide problems (or problem complexes), which tend to be prominent on the agendas of international organizations (e.g. war, environmental degradation, etc) and to group many subsidiary problems.
� Section PC: Used for major cross-sectoral problems of a specific nature.
� Section PD: Used for detailed problems.
� Section PE: Used for emanations/combinations of other problems.
� Section PF: Used for exceptional, "fuzzy", potential problems.
� Section PG: Used for very specific problems on which it is not considered appropriate to provide descriptions. (Entries are not printed, although problems are indexed to any parent problem in earlier sections).
� Section PJ: Used for editorial purposes as a temporary section for new, unconfirmed or inadequately named problems. (Entries are not printed, although problems are index as for Section PG)
� Section PS: Used for editorial purposes as a provisional reject section for "problems" which are considered inappropriate for this volume. (Not included in this volume).
� Section PU: Used for editorial purposes as a semi-permanent reject section for "problems" which are considered inappropriate for this volume, or very low priority. (Not included in this volume).
4. Derivation of section (or type) attributions
The following overlapping guidelines were used in allocating the section code letter during the editorial process:
� General to specific: Classes of phenomena, such as living species, are allocated "B" at the kingdom level (eg plants) down to "G" for a specific species (eg bald eagle), or a specific disease or commodity.
� Universality: All classes ("B") of living beings, for example, through to particular classes or specific types ("E"), such as tropical islanders.
� Fundamental to dependent: ("B" through "E")
� Hierarchical level: Top of several hierarchies ("B") to a specific feature of a single hierarchy ("D" or "G")
� Discipline specificity: Transcending any group of disciplines ("B"), through major conjunction of disciplines ("C") to single discipline ("D") and sub-discipline ("E").
� Geographical/cultural locus: From global ("B"), without any specified region or division, through intercontinental ("C"), such as developing, industrialized or socialist, to specific ("D"), such as mountain or tropical regions, through multiple qualifiers ("E") such as "disabled women in developing countries", to problems of one single country which are of wider significance ("G"), such as apartheid.
� Set membership: Where the problem name suggests the possibility that the problem is a member of a set of similar problems, they are coded "C" or lower. For example "blindness in children" suggests "blindness in the elderly".
� Fashionable problems: Care has been taken not to give exaggerated prominence to highly-publicized specific problems (eg endangered species of whale, AIDS).
� Exceptions: The code "F" has been used for potential problems, dormant problems, extra-terrestrial problems and various subtle or intangible problems.
Attribution to a particular section n(or type) is not considered definitive and is continually reviewed for the on-line version. It is a pragmatic convenience. Some problems coded "F" could well have been coded otherwise. Problems which otherwise would have been coded "G", but have nevertheless acquired a description, are coded "E" so that they could be incorporated in the hardcopy version.
‹ 4.1 Concept refinement process up 4.3 Language games ›
World Problems and Global Issues
World problems project: summary
Entry content and organization
Content and technical issues
Reservations and disclaimer
World problems - index to notes and commentaries
Methods Used
Patterning Problems
4.1 Concept refinement process
4.3 Language games
4.4 Patterning the problematique
4.5 Computer representation of problem networks
Global Strategies and Solutions
Research relating to the Encyclopedia
Index to notes and commentaries
Potential uses and application
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IDC Revises 2009 IT Spending Forecast Downward Again
Market researchers at IDC, who produce one of the most widely watched forecasts for IT spending, have revised the forecast for 2009 -- and it's "downward ho."
Framingham, Mass.-based IDC released the new projection on Wednesday, revising a forecast first released in August that was later substantially downgraded in a revision released in November as global economic conditions deteriorated.
"Fourth quarter data from a number of key markets and geographies clearly shows that companies have been very quick to pull back their spending," said John Gantz, chief research officer at IDC, in a statement describing the new forecast.
"The data also provides a clearer picture of how companies are curbing their expenditures," Gantz said. "Investments in software and services are being maintained in pursuit of productivity and efficiency gains while hardware spending is being slashed in an attempt to stretch refresh cycles and squeeze more out of existing assets."
IDC now forecasts that worldwide IT spending will total $1.44 trillion in 2009, an increase of 0.5 percent over 2008. That's down from IDC's 2.6 percent growth forecast from November and way down from the 5.9 percent growth IDC had anticipated in its August report.
By far the biggest drag on the forecast is hardware. IDC now projects that global spending will contract in the hardware market by 3.6 percent. The hardest-hit subsectors in hardware include servers, PCs and printers/multi-function printers. In November, IDC was still projecting global hardware sales to grow, but by a tiny 0.5 percent.
The new projection calls for software sales growth of 3.4 percent, down from a 4.6 percent growth expectation in November. IT services are now also expected to grow by 3.4 percent, down from an earlier expectation of 3.7 percent growth.
The U.S. market is expected to lag global growth rates. IDC's new February forecast projects 0.1 percent growth in overall IT spending, down from a 0.9 percent growth forecast in November and a 4.2 percent growth forecast in August.
The U.S. hardware sector is in for a bruising 2009, if IDC's projections prove correct. The analysts now believe U.S. hardware sales will contract by 7.4 percent this year. Software sales in the United States are forecast to grow by 4 percent, while services revenues are expected to increase by 3 percent. Overall, U.S. IT spending is now forecast to hit $491 billion in 2009. In a news release about the new forecast, IDC also warned, "If recent exchange rate trends continue, this will translate into a significant decline in revenues for U.S.-based IT suppliers."
IDC expects growth in Western Europe to parallel the United States, with 0.1 percent IT spending growth in 2009. Spending in Germany and the United Kingdom is expected to be flat, while France and Italy are projected to experience contractions.
The Asia/Pacific region, excluding Japan, could do slightly better. IDC's new forecast pegs A/P growth at 1.4 percent, a decline from the 4 percent growth that IDC anticipated in November. IDC sees China and India still growing fast, but not at the double-digit or near-double-digit rates it had expected in November. The new forecasts are for 6.5 percent IT spending growth in China and 5.7 percent growth in India.
The brightest spots from a regional perspective are Latin America, where the projection is for 4 percent IT spending growth, and the Middle East and Africa, a region still anticipated to increase its IT spending by 8 percent.
Lowlights are Japan and Central and Eastern Europe. IDC's forecast for Japan now calls for a contraction in IT spending of 1.8 percent, a 2.8 percentage point downward swing from November. The Central and Eastern European region, meanwhile, is expected to have an IT spending growth rate of -7.5 percent.
Despite the steep drop in expectations for 2009, IDC Vice President Stephen Minton wrote that the firm sees some light at the end of the tunnel. "While the outlook for 2009 is now worse than we thought just three months ago, we still expect IT spending to recover somewhat in 2010 and gain momentum [in subsequent years]."
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Sans Peur
To Voyage Without Fear
Arthur’s Seat and Salisbury Crags
Just as Edinburgh Castle looms over the Royal Mile, the same can be said of the hills Arthur’s Seat and Salisbury Crags over Edinburgh. Arthur’s Seat is the largest of a set of peaks in Holyrood Park, Salisbury Crags being its smaller sibling. Bereft of tall trees, they look majestic any way the sun hits them. After spending weeks touring cities and other places of bustling civilization, we decided to get some fresh air and climb them.
Guiding signs for wary travelers in Holyrood Park
From the base of the Royal Mile at Holyrood Palace, the trails leading up to Arthur’s Seat or Salisbury Crags are just a stone’s throw. We walked…well, we walked a mile down the Royal Mile to get to the trailheads, but our energy for the hike was unfazed after stopping for a full Scottish breakfast at Clarinda’s Tea Room. Salisbury Crags is the hill closer to the Royal Mile, and looks to be the tallest peak, but Arthur’s Seat is deceptively hidden behind it and is in fact much taller. We were careful to choose the right path up as it is easy to get confused, although less so now that some considerate person has staked in a laminated signpost with “ARTHUR’S SEAT THIS WAY” for befuddled tourists like us.
Clayton enjoying the super soft moss in Holyrood Park
The sky was overcast but not darkly so, and the day promised to be temperate. There were far fewer tourists than we expected given the popularity of the hike, but the early forecast had claimed rain all day, so thankfully that kept many indoors. We had a few sprinkles now and again, but happily nothing more serious. We enjoyed the scenery as we began to climb, watching out for rabbit droppings. The landscape was remarkably familiar to the Channel Islands off the coast of California – tan, windswept hill sides with pockets of deep green, craggy cliff faces, and no tall trees. The moss interspersed with the grass was incredibly soft and I began to believe that maybe characters in fantasy novels are able to get a good night’s sleep on a bed of moss, but Clayton didn’t have as much luck testing the cushiness.
About a quarter of the way up to Arthur’s Seat is the first point of interest. St. Anthony’s Chapel dates from no later than the early 15th century, and was part of Kelso Abbey. Not much else is known about it, except that the ruins look spectacular when hit with sunlight over the crags. (“Crag” is not a common word in the States, and it means a steep or rugged rock face.) After pausing to admire the view from St Anthony’s, already spectacular as it showed us an aerial view of Holyrood Palace and grounds, we turned and continued our ascent.
The ruins of St. Anthony’s Chapel, Holyrood Park
After a few steps, we overheard a gentleman recommending a very different path up the crag to two other tourists. We eavesdropped, naturally, and began to follow him as he veered off to the right. A sandy patch of earth followed him, finally sitting still long enough to be recognized as a scrappy border terrier in a blue harness. The gentleman noticed us following them and struck up a conversation. It turns out that ever since Robert retired, he comes walking in Holyrood Park everyday with his dog Alfie, and takes a slightly different path each time. He explained that the path most tourists take to the top of Arthur’s Seat is fine if crowded, and because it’s through a gully, you don’t get any views like you do if you climb the ridge itself. As we crested the ridge, we could see out across Edinburgh, and we paused as he explained to us what we were looking at. We asked what some Roman-like ruins were on a hilltop and he said that was Calton Hill. Everyday, a “time ball” drops from the top of Nelson Monument at exactly one o’clock. This was installed in the 1800s so that ships in the port could sync up their chronometers (aka clocks), and just a few years later they wisened up, added the firing of the one o’clock gun so that everyone could be on time despite fog obstructing the time ball. As Robert explained this to us, his dog, Alfie, sat patiently and quietly a few yards off, clearly very used to his chatty owner. Our impromptu tour guide was extremely friendly, but not without opinions, and as we entered onto the subject of Scots and golf he emphatically exclaimed “Och, it’s a waste of a good walk, isn’t it Alfie?”. His thick, melodic Scottish brogue was a pleasure to listen to. I must admit, Clayton and I enjoy the Scottish dialect more than any other. Clayton says that if English was a colorful picture, the Scottish brogue is as if someone slid the saturation way up.
Approaching Arthur’s Seat
We parted ways with Robert and Alfie as we approached the top. He wasn’t planning on going to the peak today, and we watched the pair continue on, Alfie never too far away from his owner despite no leash. Luckily, we can continue to enjoy Alfie’s walks since you can find Robert on Instagram as @holyroodparkphotos if you are so inclined – he takes wonderful pictures of the scenery!
We finished climbing the last few yards to the peak of Arthur’s Seat, stumbling over skree and delicately passing other climbers on narrow passageways. The view from the peak is stunning, and you get a sense for just how big Edinburgh really is. It’s easy to think of Edinburgh as just the Royal Mile and New Town, but in fact Holyrood Park and it’s peaks are in the center of a sprawling urban center. It’s not so large that you can’t see farms out in the distance, however, which I think makes for a perfect city size. We caught our breath with several other tourists, but soon moved on since the strong winds felt much colder now that we weren’t huffing and puffing up the crag.
Photos can’t do the views from Arthur’s Seat justice, so here is Lil’ Tartan enjoying the view instead
The mysterious digging dog of Holyrood Park
We descended down a different way than we came up, using a mixture of careful foot placement and planned sliding in some places. We were taking a trail that Alfie’s owner had pointed out earlier, one that would lead us over to hike Salisbury Crags as well. About to turn onto this trail, we spied a flying chunk of earth. On closer inspection, we noticed an extremely thin white dog digging furiously into the side of the hill. The dog had a collar, but we believed that she was probably lost and a stray, poor thing. We watched as she determinedly dug further and further into the side of the hill, most likely after a rabbit. We pitied the dog, since it seemed like the rabbit was long gone. Every now and then, the dog would look out from the hole, her glorious white snout covered in dirt. Yet her tail continued wagging, and she persisted with her fruitless efforts. We left her to it and continued on our way. Perhaps five minutes later, we heard gasps from behind. Whirling around, we saw the white dog sprinting down the hill towards us, pleased as punch, with an absolutely enormous rabbit in her jaws. She shot past us and continued down the trail right through crowds of tourists, as if purposefully showing off her kill. It was almost comical, the way a wake of gasps and hands covering mouths followed her in her victory lap.
View from Salisbury Crags – Edinburgh Castle visible right in the center
We left the throng of tourists and took the lesser traveled path between the peaks. I could say something about Robert Frost here, but I won’t. We passed some wild blackberries and tasted a few as we walked. They were tart and delicious, and breakfast already seemed too far gone. Several locals passed us at a dead run on their way up the mountainous crag, which honestly just made me feel pathetic, as happy as I was for them and their fitness levels. Salisbury Crags may be lower than Arthur’s Peak, but there is a lot more space to enjoy the view since the peak is more of a cliff’s edge that goes on and on. We hunkered down and ate some sea salt fudge we had purchased the previous day, until the biting wind convinced us it was time to move on. We did stop for a while to watch the crows at the cliff’s edge. There were several pairs of them, large and black as night. They sat on the cliff’s edge until some unspoken agreement led them all to catapult themselves off into the air. They danced on the air currents, tossing and turning for the joy of it. It was silent except for the sound of the wind and the flutter of their wings. They always seemed to fly in pairs, and it was hard to tell if it was out of camaraderie or competition for the most daring trick. We were hypnotized by the crows until our reverie was shattered by the sound of a gun from across the city – it was one o’clock.
We returned to the base of the crags just in time for a large, late lunch. We felt wonderfully exhausted, as only getting your heart rate up and a healthy dose of fresh air will do. Hiking the crags in Holyrood Park was by far one of the best things we did in Edinburgh, and it left us hungry for hiking the Highlands on a future trip to Scotland.
Published by voyagersanspeur
Currently traveling the world with my partner to see what there is to see and learn what there is to learn, without rushing. We will WWOOF, house sit, and tour our way across the globe! View all posts by voyagersanspeur
Arthur's Seat, dogs, edinburgh, Great Britain, hiking, Holyrood Park, Salisbury Crags, scotland, travel, uk, United Kingdom
And Then I Lost My Heart to Edinburgh
The Art of Glasgow
One thought on “Arthur’s Seat and Salisbury Crags”
heiseheise says:
haha, I like your line – “the Scottish brogue is as if someone slid the saturation way up.” and then the next picture is with the saturation turned way, way down.
Glad to see they fixed the darn sign – if only they’d had that a decade ago when I was doing the same hike! https://www.heiseheise.com/21/edinburgh-abcs-actors-bluffs-and-castles
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2 edition of Guide to Belgium found in the catalog.
Guide to Belgium
Ward, Lock and Company, ltd.
including the Ardennes and Luxemburg, with map of Belgium and plans of Brussels, Antwerp, Ostend, Bruges, Ghent, Liége, Luxemburg, Spa and environs, the river Meuse, and the battlefield of Waterloo. Upwards of fifty illustrations and reproductions of famous pictures.
by Ward, Lock and Company, ltd.
Published 1909 by Ward, Lock in London .
Belgium -- Description and travel.
Pagination viii, [2], 200 p. front., plates, maps, plans.
Download the Belgium Travel Guide: Step by step Create an empty book First step: Press the first button - it will open a WikiVoyage page in the new window and create an empty book there. Then it will close the page and you can continue with the second step. (Tip for experienced users: Do not press this button if you just want to add a new content to a previously prepared one.). The Good Beer Guide to Belgium and Holland (Camra/Storey Book Series) (ISBN )/5(6).
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Sentinel to the Cimarron
The guide to politeness
Booze exploits the war
Rainforest (DK Revealed)
Sun, Moon and Earth (Wooden Books)
Conservation, evaluation and dissemination of groundnut germplasm and foundation seed production and distribution for the West African Region
Clinical Importance of Surfactant Defects (Progress in Respiration Research)
Universal Challenges in Faculty Work: Fresh Perspectives from Around the World
year of arrival, 1986/87
Art of the calendar.
Psychology and life.
Easing east-west tensions in the third world
Primary schooling in north India
Guide to Belgium by Ward, Lock and Company, ltd. Download PDF EPUB FB2
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I have been doing most of my travel planning online recently, but I still feel that it's worth bringing at least one guide book along on every trip. If you have been to Belgium recently, can you recommend a guide book. I'm traveling to Antwerp, Ghent and Brussels, so I'd like the guide book. With hundreds of full-color photographs, hand-drawn illustrations, and custom maps that illuminate every page, DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Belgium & Luxembourg truly shows you /5(85).
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Belgium is the rudest word in the Universe, yet by a strange coincidence, also the name of a country on the Secondary Phase of the radio series, it is stated as "completely banned in all parts of the Galaxy, except in one part, where they don't know what it means, and in serious screenplays.".
It is used as a single-word expletive by Zaphod Beeblebrox and Ford Prefect in the film and First appearance: Fit the Tenth. First published inthe Good Beer Guide to Belgium has developed a cult following among committed beer lovers and beer tourists.
It is the definitive, totally independent guide to understanding and finding the best of Belgian beer and an essential companion for any discerning beer drinker visiting Belgium or seeking out Belgian beer in Britain/5.
‘A fun book. Having spent several years living in Belgium I can clearly recognise the characteristics described. An recently update too. Well done!’ Reviewed by Mrs B from the UK ‘Fun. I am Irish and live in Brussels and I bought this book to try to get an idea of what to expect from the Belgians.
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It is the definitive, totally independent guide to understanding and finding the best of Belgian beer and an essential companion for any discerning beer drinker visiting Belgium or seeking out Belgian beer in Britain/5(10).
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| Bruges canals, Antwerp fashion, decadent chocolate, mussels and chips, belfries and castles, crazy carnivals, Tintin and Trappist beers how could anyone call Belgium boring. This Belgium Travel Guide aims to provide you with simple and stress-free travel planning information and inspiration for planning a trip to Belgium.
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Home Guide Books Europe Belgium Europe. FILTERS. Series. Fast Talk (2) Multi Country Guide (3) Phrasebook (4) Pocket (1) Shoestring (1) City.
Antwerp (1) Bruges (2) Brussels (1) Ghent (1) Luxembourg City (1) Compare Guide Types. More in Belgium. Belgium & Luxembourg travel guide. Guidebook. Pocket Bruges & Brussels. Guidebook. Europe on a. The People's Guide to Belgium This is a Wikipedia book, a collection of Wikipedia articles that can be easily saved, imported by an external electronic rendering service, and ordered as a printed book.
But no travel guide to Belgium could overlook the country’s star: Brussels. The bilingual capital of the European Union practically rolls out the red carpet as far as diplomacy goes. Candy connoisseurs, celebrated chocolatiers and royal cathedrals come together to create a .,Belgium Bruxelles Brüssel La Grand Place Maison du Roi Gebäude and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at Get information on Belgium hotels, restaurants, entertainment, shopping, sightseeing, and activities.
Read the Fodor's reviews, or post your own.
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Tag Archives: Royal Observatory Greenwich
Events, Heatwaves, History, newspaper reporting of weather, Weather
Premier league of heatwaves (1850-2020)
June 26, 2015 wansteadmeteo 11 Comments
The media are always keen to say ‘a heatwave is on the way’ when it is more likely to just be a short spell of fine weather with temperatures a few degrees above average.
The Daily Express, which usually goes over-the-top when there is any sign of heat on the horizon, has been relatively quiet of late
Forecasts of 30C and above see editors up and down the land reaching for their stock pics of office workers and kids enjoying ice creams in parks.
‘Hotter than the Costas’ and other hackeneyed headlines are wheeled out as photos of scantily-clad women frolicking in the sea at Brighton illustrate this amazing fact – the more ubiquitous shirtless lorry drivers on the capital’s roads never seem to make the final editions.
So how do you quantify a heatwave? Even in an average year the UK normally sees at least one spell of very warm weather that can often feel much warmer than it actually is.
Looking at data for the London area stretching back to the early 1800s there has been plenty of hot spells, including the summer of 1808 where birds reportedly ‘dropped out of the sky’ from heat exhaustion.
The term ‘heatwave’ does not appear in any publication in the British Newspaper Archive until 1867. The Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser on May 11th 1867 features a letter from Mr R.H. Allnatt. Writing from the British Hotel, Jersey, he states that “…the atmosphere became most oppressive. A heat-wave seems to have passed over the island, and from noon till sunset the thermometer stood in shade at 90 deg.”
The World Meteorological Organization’s description of a heatwave is “when the daily maximum temperature on more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, the normal period being 1961-1990″. Though it has no official definition the UK Met Office, working with the Department of Health, provides a ‘Heat-Health Watch System’ for England which is triggered when a threshold temperature in the South East is 31°C by day and 16°C overnight for at least two consecutive days.
A mean daily temperature of 23.5°C or higher has been achieved in this area on 199 days since 1852. To qualify for the Met Office’s Heat-Health Watch System the list, which goes back 163 years, narrows. However, to make my job easier, I have narrowed the list further to 3 consecutive days where the mean has been 23.5°C or higher. Though I loathe really hot weather in my experience I can put up with it for a couple of days. It is only when it gets to the third day of hot, sleepless nights that it starts becoming unbearable.
The 500mb renanalysis chart of the heatwave of August 1876
The first heatwave that fits my parameters, and ranks 7th in the heatwave premier league, began on August 13th 1876. Obviously in those days news would have taken a while to filter through. On the front page but tucked away at the bottom of the far right column of Reynolds’s Newspaper on August 20th a report talked on “excessive heat in Norfolk”:
“The weather has been intensely hot in Norfolk, and two fatal cases of sunstroke are reported from Blofield. A similar casualty occurred at Thorndon. A spark from a Great Eastern Railway engine has fired a barley field near Wherstead, Suffolk, in consequence of the extreme drought. The damage done is estimated at £300.”
A report on the “Glorious Twelfth” in the London Daily News on Monday 14th says:
“Not a cloud obscured the burning rays of the sun, and in the middle hours of the day moving about on the moor was not unattended with danger.” The weather was the complete opposite of the previous two years where “rain fell so continuously that only the keenest of the keen ventured abroad”.
500mb reanalysis of the 1893 heatwave
It would be another 26 years before Greenwich would see another heatwave of the same magnitude. Tucked away on page 16 of Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper on Sunday 20th August 1893 a national round-up column spoke of ‘The Excessive Heat’ of the past week of that heatwave which ranks 11th in the league of heatwaves.
“A farmer, named Calvert, of Barlow, died of sunstroke on Tuesday whilst engaged in harvest work. A man named George Wight fell down in the street at Birmingham on Tuesday, and was taken to the hospital, where it was stated that he was suffering from sunstroke. The intense heat had a remarkable effect on the temperature of the sea in the Channel. A Sandwich correspondent said the water was the warmest it had been for 25 years.”
Several cases of sunstroke were recorded among soldiers from Plymouth Garrison. A regiment from West Riding were ordered off parade while some regiments took the unprecedented step of parading in shirtsleeves. An engine-driver, when running the express into Stoke station, became seriously ill and died directly after his admission to hospital. His death is attributed to the intense heat. Harvesters in Ashford, Kent, also downed tools after a fatality and several cases of sunstroke.
National newspapers of the day took a broader view of proceedings. The Daily Telegraph‘s assumption on the cause of the heatwave and prognosis of conditions was actually better than it is today.
“Not more than twice or thrice in the present century probably has heat as intense and persistent as that now registered been experienced in England. Since Saturday, when announced the formation of an anticyclone over the British islands, there has been a nearly constant and slowly progressive increase of temperature, until yesterday the maximum thermometric reading of the year so far was attained, 90 degrees in the shade being recorded at the Meteorological Office, Westminster.”
The Times on the same day remarked on how people were dealing with the intense heat:
“Such is the force of habit that the social mechanism still keeps working, though nobody really cares for anything except the heat. In the shops, in the Stock Exchange, even in Parliament, people meet and go through the form of doing business, but their langour tells its own story — that the sun has been too much for them.”
The paper describes a “great thunderstorm that had kept everyone in the south of England awake a week earlier” that was assumed to have been the end of a hot summer. But the heat built again.
“Sunday was one of the most exhausting days in human memory; and Tuesday and yesterday, at all events in London, were days to be remembered and quoted. Nothing more like a Italian scirocco has ever been felt here than the west wind which blew at midday yesterday. Very scientific thermometers, indeed, pretend that the heat was nothing exceptional, but the skin, the brain, and the temper of the average man told a different story.”
It would appear that the return of the heatwave took forecasters by surprise and the paper continues on with a familiar ‘why weren’t we warned’ tone:
“And the worst was that the forecast, to which our excellent Meteorological Office has taught us to look with so much confidence, promised quite other things. It spoke of weather unsettled, thundery, and showery later,” and in the north it promised ” westerly and varying breezes; changeable, showery, thundery, cooler. “What tricks were the barometers playing ? Was Ben Nevis having its little joke, or was the office itself suffering from sunstroke?”
On its front page on Saturday, August 19th, The Yorkshire Evening Post featured a prominent sketch of a City gent
Picture courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
The Daily Chronicle turned its editorial attentions to the “alarming” effects the heat was having on peoples’ attire
“The social effects began to operate at an early stage at Westminster, on temper as well on habiliments. They have now penetrated that last refuge of conventional respectability, the City, where the chimney-pot de rigueur has been dethroned by the straw of comfort, and the waistcoat has actually disappeared before the coloured silk scarf.”
The paper reports of people falling ill with fever in the heat, possibly caused by water supply. While the Thames, thanks to reforms by the County Council, was not smelling Glaswegians close to the Clyde were not so fortunate, the river being “overpoweringly odorous all the summer”.
“We must grin and bear it, as may. We shall grumble when the temperature falls, pretty much as we are doing now. For, Macanlay somewhere says, man is never satisfied with what he has, but is always straining after what he has not. And this is particularly true of Britons and their weather.”
Little is written of the 17th ranked 1906 heatwave that ran from August 31st to September 2nd though a diary note on page 3 of the Portsmouth Evening News on Thursday 6th September said the effect of the heat proved decidedly detrimental to education in Portsmouth. It reports:
“Not that the attendance has fallen off to any appreciable extent as result of the very trying weather, but its effect has been very marked, nevertheless, as the youngsters have proved very heavy and slack, with the result that the lot has been decidedly trying.”
The glorious summer of 1911, surprisingly, did not produce a spell that would satisfy my heatwave criteria.
August 9th, 1911, saw the first incident of 100F (37.8C) being recorded in London. The record beat the previous high on 97F. The report also makes mention that many areas recorded at least 97F
The season, which produced hot weather throughout July and August, is worthy of mention, however, because August 9th saw the first occasion 100°F was recorded in London. Considering the magnitude of this milestone the media of the day seemed reluctant to go overboard with the coverage, simply reporting the facts. The day after the hottest day ever the Dundee Evening Post had some advice on attire for hot weather, including a reported sighting of Keir Hardie in a “duck suit”.
By 1923, a heatwave that placed 14th, reports were going beyond records of temperature and heat-related deaths. On July 16th a reader of the Gloucester Citizen was bemoaning the fact that visitors to London were being subjected to “heatwave profiteering”.
Ice was in short supply and only available in restaurants and cafes and the price of fruit and salad had risen “beyond reason”. The author writes:
“A Fleet Street shop, for example, lemons have suddenly risen from a modest penny to a more formidable threepence, and the explanation is: “There has been an eruption at Etna, you know”. “To point out that the present stock of lemons was received long before Etna began to make its dangerous influences felt is merely to invite a shrug of the shoulders and gesture indicating “take it or leave it.”
The London Letter column in the Hull Daily Mail on Friday 13th July mentions MP’s braving the stifling heat to hear Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin’s statement on European policy, and also “London The Boil”.
“The heat wave continues to keep in its fiery grip. It absolutely dominates the daily lives of our seven million population, whose habits are rapidly approximating to those much nearer the equator. Hyde Park ladies fashionably attired may be seen sitting under sunshades beneath the shadiest trees in their stockinged feet. Their shoes rest beside them on the parched grass.”
“In Fleet Street there has been a long queue, as nondescript as an old-time butter queue during the war ration period, outside a shop where ice cream wafers are sold at the rate of about two hundred a minute. Men are wearing white suits, waistcoats have vanished, straw hats are at a premium. Most of the licensed bars are doing little more than pussyfoot trade in long iced teetotal drinks. An actor appearing in So This is London, says that he gets home half-an-hour earlier nowadays. Though the theatre is quite well filled, the audience is too hot to applaud. So the show goes slick through.”
The column, written decades before the advent of air conditioned comfort became the norm, also gives advice on where to keep cool in the capital. Previous favourites had included the cold-storage warehouses along the riverside at Blackfriars Bridge, the Monument and Westminster’s “Byzantine” tower.
“I am quite certain the coolest place in London is in a boat under the stone bridge that spans the Serpentine. Scores of overheated Londoners seek these cool arches. There, if you can crush in, you may smoke a cigarette, in almost too chilly comfort, while London boils just outside.”
The Yorkshire Evening Post on Friday, August 29th 1930
Image courtesy of British Newspaper Library
The heatwave of August 27th – 29th 1930, which ranks 15th, produced another interesting ‘London Letter’ column in the Portsmouth Evening News about too-hot cabs and heatwave profiteering: a greengrocer raising the price of lemons from 1d to 13d, despite there being crates available in storerooms!
This ‘Sainsbury & Son’ advert appeared on p7 of The Bucks Herald on Friday, August 19th, 1932
Two years later and newspapers were reporting the ‘hottest day for a generation’. The heatwave of August 18th – 20th August 1932 saw the temperature reach 99°F (37.2°C). This heatwave ranks 9th.
“Tragedies attributable to the heatwave were reported from all parts the kingdom yesterday. From the provinces 14 heat deaths were notified. Three cases of suicide which the Paddington coroner said were attributable to the effects of the intense heat and ill health were subjects of inquests Paddington yesterday afternoon.”
The Leicester Chronicle reported cases of heat exhaustion and the curious sight of people carrying home butter in jugs while the 7.25pm and 7.30pm express trains from King’s Cross to the Western Highlands had shower baths installed in sleeping cars to help passengers cope with the heat.
The heatwave of August 6th – August 8th 1947, which ranks 18th, was sparsely reported save for the usual heat stroke casualty stories and the fact that Cheltenham recorded 11 hours of sunshine on one sweltering day.
By 1948 signs of a move away from straight reporting of heatwaves were beginning to appear. An Hour in the Heatwave, a report taken during the hot spell of July 28th – 30th, ranked 12th, was published in the Essex Newsman.
The reporter, Gilbert Saunders, gave a simple but highly readable account of people going about their daily life in the heat.
“In the stadium The other side of the river, where Chelmsford have their stadium, Ted Boxall, private builder, was getting on with a job that he started on Wednesday and hopes to finish by today. He is making a surround and small archway for the counter over which cups of tea are passed to directors and guests in the board room under the grandstand. Ted (who asked : “You’re not mistaking me for Mr. Rowe, are you?”) was surrounded with litter of Essex boarding and sawdust. He paused to wipe a hot brow, explained that he does “lots of odd jobs” for the club. Ted gets a hand from the players when its needed. Earlier this week he finished off two sets of concrete steps, one each side of the grandstand, so that fans will be able to get on the raised ground without having to scramble up the sides of a small mountain of ash and clinkers.”
An hour in the heatwave, published in the Essex Newsman – Friday 30th July 1948
“On the Corner At London Road corner, his face red from the heat but bearing the everpresent grin, Special Constable Thorn clicked and swivelled his 6ft 3in and kept the traffic moving, all unaware that the next day’s Essex Chronicle was already printing a letter suggesting that his courtesy, service, and goodwill should be rewarded with the Freedom of Chelmsford.”
“In the Newspaper Office And inside the building of the Essex Chronicle, Norman White, bespectacled family man, sat down at the side of the roaring press and took a bite at some sandwiches. The first of seven editions was streaming out. “Ought to be pretty early tonight,” he shouted above the din. “With luck we should all be away between half-past nine and ten …… “
The Aberdeen Journal, in its edition published on Friday 30th July, reported on conditions in London and how the population was coping (or not!) with the heat:
“The metropolis last night was like a large restless household—with all the lights ablaze, doors and windows thrown open, the family fretful, and endless pots of tea brewing far into this morning.
“Perhaps one in ten among the 8,000,000 of us slept after midnight. For the rest, we tossed and turned and saw out this heatwave night, when temperatures were never below 71 degrees, a variety of ways. About midnight I walked past the gaunt old Edwardian mansions in Kensington. With the exception the lights that burned from every window, the scene was reminiscent of the early days of the Blitz.
“Families trekked across the roadway in varying stages of undress to their little bits of ornamental gardens. With them went camp beds, bed linen, umbrellas, “in case,” the children, and the household pets, choose a cool open-air camping spot and feel wonderfully adventurous and spartan in the process.”
Yorkshire Evening Post – Thursday 14 August 1947
“At regular intervals the adolescent members of the squatting colonies were dispatched to the tea and coffee stalls on the corner, and perhaps for the first time in years these traders ran out of stocks. On the Kensington-Chelsea boundary, where life becomes noticeably less inhibited and on occasions less swish, a mixed group of young artists was sleeping on the pavement off Fulham Road.
“Round the next corner, where many theatrical and film stars live, several had slung hammocks on their meagre front lawns – one actually suspended between the bathroom windows of two adjacent houses. Midnight street wear for both sexes was cool if unconventional —silk pyjamas, bath robes, tennis shorts, and one in kilt and bathing costume top who could have gone straight into the arena at Lonach.”
The column goes on to describe the situation in the House of Commons where the heat had reached “almost Turkish bath intensity”.
“Some members were in natty tussore silk suitings, but this helped little, and it was many of their number who appealed to the Speaker to have more windows opened. The Speaker, panting like the rest of us, said they were all open. If they wanted more cool breezes from the Thames, members would have to smash the windows.”
More evidence of reportage became evident during the June 1952 heatwave which ranks 8th.
A report on life in the heatwave published on July 5th 1952
Image courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
Peter Chambers, of the Evening Express, wrote:
“London is hot. It is going to get hotter. That merry mercury column is poking up into the eighties already. That’s what faces us at the height of a heatwave.
“Bus tyres sizzle on the melted tarmac in the streets. At office windows, the girls are pattering away at their typrewriters with damp, discouraged fingers.
“It’s a scorcher. Even the sparrows are panting.”
The reporter describes the scene at London Bridge at 9.30am: “Well, as I came over London Bridge with the 9.30 surge of sweltering suburbia, a bus conductor hopped off his traffic-jammed vehicle and grabbed a couple of ice chips off a Billingsgate lorry. One for him, one for the driver. “What I want, mate,” said the driver ungratefully, “is a ‘ole block of the freezin’ stuff – to sit on.” That is the male reaction to the heatwave.
“The female reaction is typified by the secretary in this office, who buzzes off to the ladies’ room every half-hour to atomise herself with eau de cologne. Ever since she read that fragrant publicity handout, which said “It’s not enough, girls, NOT to be hot and sticky, you’ve got to smell NICE-TO-BE-NEAR…”
The author takes a walk past Embankment and up to Trafalgar Square: “The girls are in topless frocks. Even the men have got their jackets off – a sight abhored further east, where the rigid convention of the City demands that you sweat it out in your dark worsted, regardless.”
At 1pm he finds foreigners feeding the pigeons by Nelson’s Columns and Londoners feeding themselves on bags of strawberries priced at 1/9. By 3pm he’d made it to the Serpentine Lido along with 3,000 other people. He describes at like “Margate on a Bank Holiday”.
The summer of 1959 was glorious but many cool nights saw the season fall short of my 23.5C threshold. It would be a long time before summers were nice again.
The top 6 of my league of heatwaves are all occupied by much more recent events, including 1976 and 1990, both of which are dealt with in the blog I wrote last year – 50 years of London heatwaves. The heatwave that topped them all, in terms of sheer intensity and produced the UK’s hottest day ever, happened in 2003.
I have vague memories of the weeks of sunshine in 1976 but the hot spells that stick in my mind the most are August 1990, when the UK temperature record was set in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, and August 2003 when an 8-day hot spell saw the all-time UK temperature record broken when 38.5C was reached at Brogdale, near Faversham, Kent.
In terms of length, heat and sunshine, therefore, 2003 comes out on top. Though many people will argue that 1976 is the more impressive summer that year produced two spells that satisfy my criteria, coming in second and fifth. The first heatwave saw temperatures soar above 31° C for six consecutive days from June 23. The start of the second, on July 3, saw Bjorn Borg win the first of five Wimbledon mens’ titles as he prevailed over Ilie Nastase in 35°C heat. The summer of 1995, which saw my driest-ever August with just 0.7mm of rainfall all month, comes in 3rd, with six days of mean temperatures of 23.5°C or higher.
Looking back through history it is not really surprising that 2003 comes out on top. While it was hot in London the heatwave across the Channel contributed to the death of over 70,000 people throughout Europe, France being the most affected.
A complete set of 500mb reanalysis charts have been uploaded and can be watched as a GIF movie
make animated gifs like this at MakeaGif
” target=”_blank”>here
* There were hot spells before 1852 but I have excluded these: Luke Howard’s maxima observations from Plaistow, Stratford and Tottenham were taken under non-standard conditions and may be on the high side. I have instead focused my investigation on data recorded at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
** For some reason the data during a couple of years in the 1950s was incomplete – to fill in these gaps I used official data gathered at Kew. The data is completed up to the present day using my own observations taken since 1988.
*** As already mentioned prior to these dates data is unreliable as conditions for collection were not strictly controlled. However, there are many records of extreme heat. On Sunday, August 1, 1868, the Gloucester Journal published a report on the “Heat of previous years” detailing an account of hot spells going back to 1806. “Mr. G. J. Symons gives a number of interesting particulars in reference the heat of previous seasons in this country. We abstract the following
1806: Very hot in parts of June and July. At Plaistow the temperature was 95 degrees on June 10th, and 90 degrees or upwards on three days.
1808: Very hot from July 12th to 19th. On the 12th a thermometer in perfect shade in a window in St James’s Park was 81.5 degrees at 3pm, and on the 13th at the same hour, 94 degrees. On the same day four men and seven women were killed by sunstroke in various parts of the Midland counties, and numerous coach and other horses were also killed. On the 15th a very violent and destructive thunderstorm in Gloucestershire, Monmouthshire, and surrounding counties.
1818:July a very hot month. At Tottenham on the 24th Luke Howard registered 93 degrees at Somerset House on the same day it was 89 degrees, and in the Strand 87 degrees at noon. The mean temperature of that day at Greenwich was 79.2 degrees, which was higher than any other day between 1814 and 1863. The following paragraph appeared in the Gentleman’s Magazine for September, 1818: “It is worthy of remark that the heat of the present summer has been universal. From the north to the south of Europe the heat has been greater and more lasting than for 40 years On July 24th the thermometer here (where!) was 98 degrees, which had never been reached except on July 16th, 1793. At Paris July 31st it was 93 degrees and at Philadelphia 100 degrees.” From 19th to 21st violent thunderstorms in the west of England.
1825: July remarkable, if not unique, in its constant and excessive temperature. At Stratford Luke Howard registered 90 degrees or upwards on seven days, the highest being 97 degrees on the 18th.
1826: The heat was very great. In May the thermometer reached 76 degrees, June 92, July 89, August 85. Two men were killed by sunstroke near London. The fields were as brown as the roads. After two months’ drought the rivulets were gone, and many of the wells dry. The hay crop was deficient from long drought. Country is parched, and corn in some places, though only a few inches above ground, was shooting into ear. Several hills and moors caught fire. In Worcestershire the excessive heat and drought almost wholly destroyed the pasturage, and trees were lopped to feed the cattle.
1846: July 5 was very hot, 93.3 degrees being registered at Greenwich, and 94 degrees at Clapham (94 degrees has been recorded there again in the only other instance at that station.
1852: July of this wet year was remarkably hot, the mean monthly temperature (66.6 degrees) having only been exceeded by July 1778 when it was 67 degrees; and July 1859 when it was 68.1 degrees. Tho extreme heat, however, was only 90.3 degrees at Greenwich.
1857: On June 28, 92.7 deg. was recorded at Greenwich.
1858: June was a very hot day, 94.5 degrees being reached at Greenwich.
1859: Temperatures of 92, 92.5, and 93.0 degrees were recorded at Greenwich.”
1876 heatwave1893 heatwave1906 heatwave1911 100f in London1923 heatwave1930 heatwave1932 heatwave1947 heatwave1948 heatwave1952 heatwave1976 heatwave1990 heatwave1995 heatwave2003 heatwaveAldersbrookbritish summerBrogdaleDaily Express weatherGlorious Twelfth 1876GreenwichLondon's hottest day everRoyal Observatory GreenwichwansteadWanstead Park
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Tempt In-Store Productions Invests in Platform and Expands Capabilities to Deliver More Value for Retailers
Tempt strengthens product and service offerings with two new large-format digital UV presses and expanded operations
SUSSEX, Wis. - To keep pace with double-digit growth and continue its commitment to deliver the best value in the industry, Tempt In-Store Productions, a Quad/Graphics company, is enhancing its large-format digital press platform, already one of the most powerful and advanced in North America, and expanding its operations.
“Strategically investing in our in-store platform now makes perfect business sense for the future of Tempt and its growing customer base,” said Joel Quadracci, Quad/Graphics Chairman, President & CEO. “This is an exciting time for Tempt because the sizeable opportunities that exist in the market for in-store signage and point-of-purchase materials. The investments in new equipment and expanded facilities take our in-store platform to the next level, enabling us to become even faster and more efficient, adding value for our clients across the country.”
Tempt is adding a new Inca S50i large-format digital UV flatbed press at its New Berlin, Wis., facility, and a new Inca Q40i large-format digital UV flatbed device to its Southern California operations.
The Inca S50i is extremely fast, capable of producing up to 172 large-format prints per hour. It also delivers graphics up to 63 inches by 123 inches in size, even larger than Tempt’s Inca S70 presses can produce, according to Mike Draver, President of Tempt In-Store Productions.
“The new S50i greatly reinforces our large-format digital UV printing horsepower and offers new options for our retail and brand clients to more efficiently and cost-effectively provide a colorful, customized and satisfying visual experience for their customers,” Draver said. “The new press is a perfect example of Tempt’s passion and commitment to providing our customers with a one-stop resource for innovative in-store marketing solutions. At Tempt we make the visually impossible possible.”
Tempt’s West Coast operation will relocate in September from its present facility in Irvine, Calif., to a building more than twice the size in Huntington Beach, Calif., where the new Inca Q40i will be installed. “We are excited about the opportunities in Southern California created as a result of Quad/Graphics’ acquisition of Vertis, and the strong potential for sales growth in this market,” Draver said. “While the Irvine operation is well-equipped with multiple large-format digital presses and related capabilities, the bottom line is we see an even greater need to support our current and future customers on the West Coast. This newly created facility, combined with the exceptional quality and speed of the Q40i, will enhance our ability to offer a wider array of options for our luxury retail, brand and entertainment customers.”
In addition to the new equipment and a larger West Coast facility, Tempt recently doubled the space devoted to finishing and kit-packing in the Midwest, relocating a portion of its finishing, assembly, kitting and fulfillment operations from its plant in New Berlin, Wis., opened in 2011, to a new facility nearby. “The benefit of the relocation for our customers is we more than double the space we have for our mounting, die-cutting, display construction and kitting operations in the Midwest to support our regional, national and multinational clients,” Draver said.
To learn more about one of the first Inca S50i installations in North America and how this expansion benefits marketers and retailers, watch this short video http://pixvid.me/tmptprfeaturing Tempt President Mike Draver.
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PMC Colleges (Cadet Corps and Penn Morton College) 2
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Pennsylvania Military College
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Promotional Bulletins, Senior Projects Presentations, Engineers Week. PMC Engineering Centennial Award Medal. Photographs of engineering classrooms from School of Engineering. Brochures from Ethics and Technology Lecture Series co-sponsored by the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering 1992 and 1993. Photographs were donated in 2001. Engineering Summer Camp. Summary of history of the Engineering Curriculum from 1856 to 1867 describing first beginnings of a true engineering curriculum and the first true engineering graduates. Material taken from Course Catalogs of the period. Issue of Widener Magazine devoted to the Engineering Program. Article was written in honor of the 150th Anniversary of the School of Engineering. Program from the 150th Anniversary of the School of Engineering in the fall of 2012. CD of images related to the history of the Engineering program. The following are important dates in the history of the engineering program at Pennsylvania Military College and Widener: Pennsylvania Military Academy (1862 - 1892): 1865 Scientific Curriculum at Pennsylvania Military College was given an engineering direction for the first time. 1867 First class of three engineers graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering. 1868 Pennsylvania Military College began offering the degree of Civil Engineer, with more mathematics and scientific studies required than had been previously for the B.S. in Civil Engineering. Pennsylvania Military College (1892 - 1966): 1934 Degree returned to being a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. 1947 Pennsylvania Military College was divided into two divisions, the College Division and the Engineering Division PMC Colleges (1966 - 1972): 1966 Masters of Engineering Program started. The first two graduates received a Master of Engineering Degree in Systems Engineering. 1966 Undergraduate program in Engineering accredited by the Engineering Council for Professional Development. 1967 The Engineering Division was renamed the School of Engineering 1967 The graduate program in Engineering received approval by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Public Instruction. Widener College (1972 - 1979): 1972 The School of Engineering was renamed the Center of Engineering Widener University (1979 - present): 1982 The Center of Engineering was renamed the School of Engineering The above material was taken from Dr. Clarence Moll's thesis "A History of Pennsylvania Military College, 1821 - 1954" and from institutional Course Catalogs. Drawings about engineering from 1902 yearbook.
Academic Programs - Surveys
Engineering - Program Changes
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Academic Programs - Engineering
https://widenerarchives.org/en/permalink/descriptions231
Annual Centennial Dinner Programs: 1963 (Recipient of Medal Edward Teller), 1967 (Recipient of Medal Donald Hornig), 1968 (Recipient of Medal Michael Hader); 1969 Centennial Dinner Invitation (Recipient of Medal Edward Cole); Pamphlet of speech given by Dr. Lee A. DuBridge Recipient of Medal in 1962); School of Engineering - Pennsylvania Military College - clippings 1962 about proposed Engineering Building, Survey of Education for Engineering, Objectives of Engineering Program, Viewbook of Engineering Program, 1963 - 1964 Bulletin, Pamphlets 1963 - 1967; PMC Colleges - Press Release 1971 about student designed electric car, Graduate Study Courses 1968 - 1970, Bulletin 1967 - 1968 & 1968 - 1969, Pamphlets 1966 - 1971; Widener College - Brochures on Internship Program 1969 - 1971, Pamphlets, Clippings and dates of Press Releases 1970 - 1971 Senior Project Presentation Programs 1965 - 1975, 1980. 1982, 1986; Operation Crossroad 1971 - pamphlets, procedures, application, clippings, television press release; A completed questionnaire for review of Engineering Curriculum of School of Engineering of PMC Colleges 1969; Reports 1966 - 1967 - grade distribution, enrollment, degree data, curriculum, and more. Engineering Alumni comments excerpted from letters, Fall 1970 Fall 1970 Impact Magazine featuring the School of Engineering, includes small booklet on Conversion Factors for the Engineer, 1964 The following are important dates in the history of the engineering program at Pennsylvania Military College and Widener: Pennsylvania Military Academy (1862 - 1892): 1865 Scientific Curriculum at Pennsylvania Military College was given an engineering direction for the first time. 1867 First class of three engineers graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering. 1868 Pennsylvania Military College began offering the degree of Civil Engineer, with more mathematics and scientific studies required than had been previously for the B.S. in Civil Engineering. Pennsylvania Military College (1892 - 1966): 1934 Degree returned to being a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. 1947 Pennsylvania Military College was divided into two divisions, the College Division and the Engineering Division PMC Colleges (1966 - 1972): 1966 Masters of Engineering Program started. The first two graduates received a Master of Engineering Degree in Systems Engineering. 1966 Undergraduate program in Engineering accredited by the Engineering Council for Professional Development. 1967 The Engineering Division was renamed the School of Engineering 1967 The graduate program in Engineering received approval by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Public Instruction. Widener College (1972 - 1979): 1972 The School of Engineering was renamed the Center of Engineering Widener University (1979 - present): 1982 The Center of Engineering was renamed the School of Engineering The above material was taken from Dr. Clarence Moll's thesis "A History of Pennsylvania Military College, 1821 - 1954" and from institutional Course Catalogs.
Promotional Brochures
Jill M. Borin, MA, MLIS
Head of Archives & Distinctive Collections
jmborin@widener.edu
Kayla Van Osten, MLIS
kmvanosten@widener.edu
Wolfgram Memorial Library
Wolfgram Reference
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हिन्दी साहित्य
More Language And Literature (5988)
Books > Language and Literature > History > Tamil Siddhas (A Study from Historical, Socio-Cultural and Religio-Philosophical Perspectives)
Tamil Siddhas (A Study from Historical, Socio-Cultural and Religio-Philosophical Perspectives)
by S. A. Sarma
From the Jacket
Tamil Siddhas have been know as iconoclastic in their writings and tendencies. Here this misunderstanding is cleared and correct knowledge of the writings is given. For the first time also, the dasa diksa and gymnosophy of the Tamil Siddhas are adumberated here in a new light, which the student of the Tamil Siddhas will appreciate.
The author has attempted, successfully to prove some of the concepts and the yogic practices of the Siddhas by quoting from the Upanisads and explaining them. The modern discoveries and medical science have helped him to assert the scientific and medical qualities of the prescriptions of the Siddhas for perfect health and steady spiritual progress.
It the world of humanity today still carried a semblance of peace and well-being. It is by the Grace and Guidance of these Elders, the Siddha Brotherhood. May their Grace continue to guide humanity is the prayer in this study.
Shuddhananda Sarma is a registered practitioner of Ayurvedic and Unani systems of Indian medicine. Since 1966 he has been living in Australia where he has founded his School of Oriental Studies dedicated to the dissemination of Hindu vidya of its.
Philosophical and socio-cultural traditions and the Hindu Way of Life. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science in 1988 and is now completing his Master of Social Science (Honours) Studies in World Politics and International Relations.
Lest the student of the Tamil Siddhas fails to appreciate the truth of this, it may be pointed out that Australia has rightly claimed the first in many fields such as sport and science. Even so, this work on Tamil Siddhas claims the first to introduce: the analysis and interpretation of Tirumular's versification; the definition and interpretation of Siva and His Dance attended by His chief disciple, Nandi, who happens to be his metronymical name assumed by virtue of his mask of a Bull's Head; to impart a meaning to the funeral rites of Kapilar, the Tamil Siddha; so, too, Pattinattar is being interpreted here in a new fashion, substantiated by the facts of the matter.
Kanjamalai Siddhas are one who are not found in the Tamil versions, but added here as one who counts. Kudambai and Kaduveli Siddhas have received translations of their work in a new light, even as Subramania Bharathiar has in his poems and as a Tamil Siddhas; Siddha Ramalingam is one who has not been understood as a Tamil Siddha, but here he is treated as one whose compositions indicate the fact.
Studies in Tamil Siddhas is undertaken for the following reasons:
Almost all available accounts of the lives and teachings of these venerable elders of the Tamil lands appear to be marred by profoundly misleading conceptions, which may briefly be listed thus:
The special characteristics that distinguish these elders from their counterparts of the northern regions, the Natha school, are invariably ignored and on a parallel inquiry, a compare and contrast mode is adopted.
Missionaries (Caldwell or Pope) and writers (Barth) from West have seen fit to observe Christian and Sufi influence in the teachings of these elders, as though the Tamil-speaking Dravidians never were awere of love. Where the Siddhas have been somewhat vocal in their tirade against caste or against stifling social arrangements and practices, they have been branded as anti-Brahminical or anti-social in their attitudes and therefore, by implication, undesirables. Unless the earnest student of such studies cares to enquire into the matter closely and delve into the origins of such customs and prevailing practices and finds out how and at what juncture such otherwise healthy practices turned out to be stifling, this aspect of misconception may remin unresolved. It has thus become necessary for this present undertaking to treat this matter to the extent it merits, discussing in the course such issues as the origin of caste-systems or the question of who indeed were the main, if not the original occupants of the Indus Valley civilisations and who were the Bhrgu. Much has been written about this Indus Valley times and the people, but since their relationship with the people generally termed as Dravidians becomes recognised, and since the currently available accounts in this regard have failed to shed convincingly correct pictures of the situation and circumstances that gave rise to this civilisation, this matter also is presented here in a light all its own, drawing on available "facts."
Yet another incorrect representation, if not misconception, is that whereas "oral" traditions invariably mention "floods" and the three samgamas to the Tamil- speaking people and maintain that the southern landscape was diffently structured, claiming great antiquity, such accounts are totally ignored or merely treated as "legends" and "folklore" not deserving of serious consideration by the soi dissant scholars. It can well be noticed that such of these arguments were derived from the old logic of "All swans are white." Now that black swans have been found, such irrational claims need to be corrected. Floods and sarhgamas receive this correction here.
Furthermore, some of the native scholars too, out of a cultural bias and caste- prejudice, have accused these elders of opium-eating and of having recourse to a lifestyle that may be likened to the modern day "drop-out." It may here be pointed out that Idaikkadar and Agappei Siddhas have expressly condemned such "evil ways" and warned that nemesis unfailingly follows such transgressions. These Siddhas also have been charged with harming the interests of classical Tamil language by their compositions and writings couched in colloquial terms; Ramalingam, for one, to disprove this, composed a chapter entirely based on the recognised canons of classical Tamil, a chapter that to this day remains beyond the ability of the scholars to understand and interpret its meaning.
As regards the true identity of the Tamil Siddhas and their respected leader, Siva, since no definite particulars are available to construct such identities, either in the iconographically transmitted or written traditions, or in the oral reports, the present study, adopts the approach of treating such "names" as being "metonymical" in essence and thus has presented its version of the identities constructed from what may seem as "circumstantial" evidence. This is not a problem peculiar to Tamil literature or history; Sanskrit literature, too, faces this question of establishing correct and proper identity of many of its authors, but in vain; Kapila for instance, remains unidentified or Bhrgu; Patanjali and Nandikesvara seem to suffer the same fate. But the student of these studies will grant that the approach assumed here appears sensible and furnishes the most trustworthy statement in this regard. But it needs to be remembered that such an approach in no manner denies the reality or the historicity of such entities of Tamil history and culture or religion.
The question of "identity" in the Western tradition has been resolved by its specifically chronology-based historical approach, which claims the advantage of benefiting by the conclusions of anthropology, archaeology or the earth sciences. Further, the ''Word was God" has been interpreted in the West consistently as meaning that, as much as the Word, God too has His history! But it has always been different in Indian thought: Indian schools of philosophy, history and culture have always maintained that though the word, vak, may have its history, the arta or its essence and meaning, its origin as God or Spirit transcends such empirically valid means,of assessment, while they do recognise the undeniable union of the two, of the word and its meaning. Meaning is eternal and constitutes what is aptly termed as Perennial Philosophy. It is immutable, whereas the word, its expression, invariably changes in accord with the specific temporal and spatial circumstances warranting such expression, which is history. The present study is mainly concerned with this Perennial Philosophy as expounded by the elders. It is this selfsame Perennial Philosophy that finds such eloquent poetic expression in the Nasadiyasukta and the Hiranyagarbhasukta of the Veda.
Nasadiyasuktam, the "Hymn of Enlightened Agnosticism" occurs in the Rgveda, book ten, composed around 1200 BC. It derives its title from the word nasadasit with which the hymn begins. Profound in its questioning not only of the origins of the world, but also of the materiality itself, not only of the gods, but of the Being itself, sophisticated in its recognition of the limitations of language and rationality in dealing with this issue and its tolerance of other possible answers, the hymn in its unique humility admits that the answer may always elude human understanding.
"Who knows the secret? And who can declare it?" asks the Vedic seer, casting doubt even on the first-created God whether he knows it or not!
Historical Insight 5
Dravidians 7
Religion of the Tamils 15
2 Who are the Tamil Siddhas? 25
3 Sivayavasi 29
4 Nandi 35
5 Tirumula Nayanar 41
6 Kanjamalai Siddhar 47
7 Agattiyar 49
8 Kudambai Siddhar 57
9 Kaduveli Siddhar 63
10 Subrahmania Bharatiar 67
11 Pattinattar 71
12 Kapilar 75
13 Auvvaiyar 87
14 Tiruvalluvar 89
15 Siddhar Ramalingam 99
16 Were the Siddhas Iconoclasts? 103
17 Man: The Moving Temple 107
18 Dasa Diksa: Tenfold Initiation 111
19 Gymnosophy of the Tamil Siddhas 117
20 Psychology and Alchemy 145
21 Mani 157
22 Ettu Irandu 163
23 Muppu 167
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
179 (17 B/W Figures Illustrations)
weight of book 513 gms
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Trump takes credit…
Trump takes credit for air safety system run by Obama holdover
President Donald Trump is taking credit for the safety of the U.S. Aviation system even though it is being run by using a holdover from the preceding management and has prevented any industrial passenger fatalities for several years before he took office.
“Since taking workplace I had been very strict on Commercial Aviation,” Trump stated in a tweet Tuesday morning. “Good news — it changed into simply suggested that there were zero deaths in 2017, the first-class and most secure yr on record.”
If via “industrial aviation” he approaches scheduled passenger airline flights, the file truly stretches lower back to July 2013, while an Asiana Airlines plane struck a seawall as it changed into about to land in San Francisco, killing 3 humans. The ultimate loss of life on a U.S.-registered airline changed into in 2009 close to Buffalo, New York.
Commercial aviation typically refers to paying customers on planes of every kind. The National Transportation Safety Board said at least 13 deaths ultimate yr in seven crashes regarding commercial charter flights in the U.S.
The last yr changed into unusual in a single regard: there have been no fatalities concerning scheduled passenger jet airliners everywhere within the global, consistent with the Aviation Safety Network. But there had been 10 airliner injuries resulting in forty-four occupant fatalities and 35 deaths of people on the floor worldwide last year when charter and load planes have been covered.
This makes 2017 the most secure 12 months ever, both by using the range of fatal accidents as well as in phrases of deaths. In 2016, ASN recorded 16 injuries and 303 lives misplaced.
“I’m unaware that the president has had any impact on aviation oversight policy or practice,” said Bob Mann, president of aviation consultancy R.W. Mann & Co. “Social media is not ‘oversight.'”
“In truth, his stated preferences — less ‘red tape,’ fewer regulations — could advise a desire for less oversight, now not strictness.”
The trend toward more secure flying has been building for years as U.S. Regulators, the airways and protection investigators introduced onboard new safety technologies, higher tracking of capability dangers and improved education.
Indeed, the pinnacle of the Federal Aviation Administration at some stage in the first year of the Trump administration Michael Huerta changed into appointed with the aid of former President Barack Obama. Huerta’s 5-year term expires on Jan. 6.
Last yr’s aviation safety report is the culmination of a long time of labor by using enterprise and governments global and need to be applauded as an achievement tale, stated John Cox, leader executive officer of consultant Safety Operating Systems and a former industrial airline pilot.
“It’s a tremendous thing, however, I don’t suppose any person individual can take credit for it,” Cox said. “As the top of the federal authorities, I think you may take credit score for the excellent work the FAA has completed through the years, however, it’s the paintings the people inside the trenches have finished that has brought about this result.”
The FAA referred all questions to the White House.
“President Trump has raised the bar for our state’s aviation protection and protection,” Raj Shah, a White House spokesman, said. He noted anti-terrorism efforts and a plan to privatize air-site visitors manipulate that has languished in Congress.
“The President is pleased there were no commercial airline deaths in 2017, and hopes this remains steady in 2018 and past,” Shah said.
Trump had harsh phrases for the FAA’s air-site visitors control device closing yr all through the talk over whether it should be privatized and spun off to a non-profit. He stated an era modernization program he said become no longer progressing speedy sufficient.
“They failed to recognize what they were doing,” he said of previous efforts to modernize the system. “A general waste of money.”
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A Skydiving Romance – Brad and Kelsey
The Unstoppable Two-Way
The Love Story of Brad Strock & Kelsey Perkins: A Skydiving Romance
This love story starts where all great love stories start–in Croatia, naturally.
Brad Strock and Kelsey Perkins were on vacation, hiking and sailing around the country. The two lovebirds–hard-charging professionals–had met at work, first knowing each other tangentially and then gradually transitioning into closeness. The two started dating about a year after meeting, and it was becoming clear to both of them that this was forever.
“It is so easy as professionals to just blink and notice that a year has gone by,” Brad says. “In Croatia, we got to get away by ourselves for two weeks and really reset. We made a pact to each other out there to make sure that we are always growing together.”
“On vacation, you have a lot more time to reflect on how you want to spend your time in the real world,” Kelsey adds. “So the two of us spent a lot of time talking about the things that we can do so that we can continue to grow as a couple and also as individuals. We both really enjoy having goals to work towards that aren’t work-related.”
It’s not surprising that skydiving came up as a way to do so.
“I had wanted to get my skydiving license since I was a teenager,” Kelsey grins. “I lived across the street from a small airport and they would occasionally do demos at the airport. I just thought it was the coolest thing, seeing these really experienced skydivers come in for an air festival or whatever other event they were putting on.”
She didn’t wait long to join them. As a matter of fact, Kelsey did her first tandem jump at the first possible moment: on her 18th birthday, much to her mother’s chagrin. Soon afterward she started an AFF course, because her school–Ohio State University–offered an Intro to Skydiving for elective credits, where local skydiving instructors would come to campus to administer ground school. She did a couple jumps with them, but her starving-studenthood caught up with her. She ran out of time and money, so she put skydiving on a high shelf while she focused on her education.
As it turns out, Brad wasn’t brand-new to the idea of jumping, either.
“I did my first tandem in Australia,” he enthuses, “And loved it. I loved the focus of it.”
“When I mentioned it to him, it just seemed perfect,” Kelsey grins. “Everything that was standing in the way had dissolved. I said, ‘Now that we’re adults with salaries, we could probably actually do this thing,’ and he was, like, ‘Yeah, I am totally into that.”
When the pair got back from their trip, they made a beeline to the Wisconsin Skydiving Center, knocked out their ground training and made a respectable number of jumps.
“It was the Fourth of July weekend, so that was helpful,” Kelsey remembers. “The long weekend meant that had a couple of extra days off to make a lot of jumps. We made a lot of friends who were all out at the dropzone for the Fourth of July as well. That kicked off our AFF journey together on a high note.”
A month and a half went by. Brad and Kelsey did their check dives and spent the next two weeks dialing in their parachute packing skills. Licenses finally in hand, the pair were stoked: They were officially able to jump together. What Kelsey didn’t know was that Brad had been spending quite a bit of this time scheming in the background. His plans were about to come to fruition.
The first thing you need to know, dear reader, is that skydiving connects with Kelsey much more profoundly than her simplified story would imply. Skydiving is a connection she shares with her departed father, and she feels that connection very deeply.
“Anything that Kelsey can do that helps her connect with the memory of her father is really important to her,” Brad explains, “So I knew this was the way I wanted to propose. I couldn’t imagine not having skydiving be part of the proposal itself.”
“My dad was a paratrooper,” she explains. “Like me, he was always very fascinated with air shows and flight in general and had racked up a good number of jumps himself. He passed away from cancer when I was quite young.”
“My family’s symbol for my dad,” she continues, “Has always been a Monarch butterfly. He was a big Monarch butterfly enthusiast when he was with us, and Monarchs tend to show up at opportune times in our lives. For example: When I was getting ready for my first AFF jump, a Monarch flew right by me at the dropzone.”
A Monarch also flew by Brad at the dropzone the day after he asked Kelsey’s family for her hand–and again while he was speaking in private with Bo to discuss his proposal plans, though she didn’t know what they were talking about at the time.
“They were sitting on a picnic table at the dropzone,” she muses, “And I was standing back, just watching them chatting. I saw Monarch flew between them. How cool is that?”
“I finally got the ring,” Brad laughs. “It was delayed for a while, and I was really nervous about it. I wanted my proposal to be on our first licensed skydive together, but the ring kept getting delayed. I had to delay my licensure a little bit to make it work.”
It was August 26th: a gorgeous Saturday, mantled with perfect blue skies. The couple were getting ready to celebrate their first licensed jump together, but there was something else in the air that Kelsey couldn’t quite put her finger on.
“I noticed that people were being weird,” Kelsey grins, “But I didn’t put together why. One of the girls that we were jumping with was super giggly about the dive flow–a girl who usually doesn’t act like that.”
“One of the most terrifying parts of the whole process was going up in the plane with the ring in my jumpsuit pocket,” Brad remembers. “I was tapping on it the whole time to make sure it was still there.”
“We did a linked exit,” Kelsey says, “And thought we were going to get a bunch of points, but ended up just chasing each other around in the sky, having fun. When I was under canopy in my pattern, I saw what looked like a bunch of people driving out to the landing area in golf carts. It didn’t make sense. We didn’t have any tandems on the load and it wasn’t windy.”
Kelsey landed and started picking up her canopy, still oblivious, as Brad took off his harness and came marching over.
“I thought how nice it was that he was coming over to give me a kiss,” she smiles. “And then he held out a ring and got down on one knee.” She immediately gave her enthusiastic yes–and burst into happy tears.
Brad proposes to Kelsey in the landing area.
“And that,” Kelsey laughs, “Is when everybody ran over with their GoPros.”
When the twitterpated pair walked back over to the hangar, they saw the whole Wisconsin Skydiving Center community standing around with their binoculars out.
“I guess Bo had been out there giving a play-by-play of what was happening,” Kelsey says. “It was adorable. There were congratulations and hugs all around. It was the perfect group to be with to celebrate. WSC feels like a second family.”
“They make you feel like family the minute that you get there for your very first class,” she continues. “It’s not the kind of place where you have to do hundreds of jumps before they’ll take you seriously. They really want you to be successful; to celebrate your successes with you. They are there for you when you mess up. It is just really cool to walk in there with only three jumps under your belt and have everybody greet you with hugs and asking about how your weekend is going and get really excited about what you are about to learn that day.”
“Every person there looks out for each other,” she adds, “And prioritizes connecting with each other and growing with each other. From all of the instructors to all of the people that you are jumping with, everybody at WSC is just really excited for you to learn new things and have new experiences.”
Brad and Kelsey are showing no signs of slowing down. On the contrary, they’re out here with us pretty much every weekend. The couple’s plans going forward contain lots more skydiving: a jumping honeymoon, for instance–and recruiting all their friends to jump, too.
“I was talking to loads of our friends about skydiving at our engagement party,” Brad grins, “And we’re trying to get as many of them as we can to do tandems this weekend. Two are already sold on it, and I’m trying to get two or three more up there just because I want everyone I care about to experience it. It’s fantastic.”
Catching Up With Erica Dalziel
9 months ago by wisconsinskydivingcenter
Catching Up With Kelsey Strock
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A stock fund or equity fund is a fund that invests in stocks, also called equity securities. Stock funds can be contrasted with bond funds and money funds. Fund assets are typically mainly in stock, with some amount of cash, which is generally quite small, as opposed to bonds, notes, or other securities. This may be a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund. The objective of an equity fund is long-term growth through capital gains, although historically dividends have also been an important source of total return. Specific equity funds may focus on a certain sector of the market or may be geared toward a certain level of risk.
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Sir Godfrey Kneller
Portrait of King William III 1650-1702
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Portrait of King William III 1650-1702 Sir Godfrey Kneller
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Bollywood – Where Indian Fashion Trends Are Born
>> Aug 29, 2016
If one were to examine the history of Indian fashion trends, one would discover that most of them have their genesis in Hindi film industry. The start was made in the decade of the 60s with pairs that dazzled on the silver screen like Madhubala and Dilip Kumar, Mala Sinha and Rajendra Kumar, Meena Kumari and Raj Kumar, not to forget Nargis and Raj Kapoor, and has continued to this very day with the likes of Alia Bhatt and Sahid Kapoor, and Katrina Kaif and Siddharth Kapoor. All these big names and many more trendsetters have played very important roles in setting fashion benchmarks that have been adopted and followed by generations of fashion-conscious females in India.
The Beginning of the Fashion Obsession
It perhaps all started with the iconic pair of Madhubala and Dilip Kumar. Ironically, they were more recognized for their tragic character portrayals than for their fashion sense. However, the public’s hearts were won over by Madhubala with her winsome looks and fetching smile. Small wonder that the ladies of that generation were heavily influenced by her beautiful sarees, and also later came under the sway of Mala Sinha’s body-hugging churidars and kurtas, not to speak of her ‘bird’s nest’ type of ornate wigs. Then there was Sharmila Tagore, the quintessential Bengali beauty, who made men’s hearts beat faster with her seductive backless cholis.
In the decade of the 70s, the silver screen was set aflame by Hema Malini, truly a dream girl if there was one in the Indian film industry. She sported the most glamorous looks with her designer sarees with the alluring blouse neck designs that created a sensation. On the other hand, Meena Kumari’s simple appearance that was a personification of serenity, though much appreciated, never had the ladies in frenzy for obvious reasons. Another tragedy queen, Nargis, however, created quite an impact with the ladies of that era with her flowing white sarees and salwar-kameez with an umbrella cut.
Image:fashionbuzzer.com/blog/boat-neck-blouse-design-gives-trendy-look-silk-saree/
The Dare to Bare Attitude
For those who are inclined to think that the early days of Indian color cinema were dominated by fashion trends that were wholly ethnic, it will come as a surprise that it was as early as the 60s that leading ladies like Nutan and Tanuja shed their inhibitions and their clothes to don swimming costumes for the first time ever in the history of Indian cinema. After these two, Sharmila Tagore and Saira Banu continued the trend with their shiny one-piece swimming costumes that had the eyes of scandalized audience riveted. Sharmila went a step further by wearing a polka dot bikini in the movie ’Amne Samne’. One cannot, of course, really say that the swimming costumes sparked off any fashion trends in Indian society, but what it did was to bring them out of the closet and open it up for discussion, which in itself was a very bold step for the time not so much for the dress itself but for the morality involved.
What cannot be ignored was the fact that even the male leads of the times like Dharmendra, Jeetendra, Biswajit and the Mukeherjees, Joy and Deb were not far behind in going topless. While they donned swimming costumes in an effort to blend into the screenplay, our very own macho man Salman Khan apparently needs no excuse to rip his shirt off and display his awesome muscles. Leading ladies of today performing item numbers have also almost erased the contribution to the fashion industry of screen vamps like Helen, Bindu, Jayshee T, Padma Khanna, etc. Sadly, there is almost none today that is really challenging the fashion industry quite like the stars of yesteryears. Of course, even today the actors are very well-dressed thanks to the efforts of the fashion designers who are very much clued into international fashion designs but fashion trends, on the whole, are far more transient than before.
Author bio: Monica Fernandez is a fashion designer who has been dressing up quite a few of the top stars of Bollywood. She has recently unveiled a new line of ethnic wear with extremely bold blouse neck designs that has received critical acclaim.
Label: Online Shopping
Weekend-Windup August 29, 2016 at 9:43 PM
That's great, I would say Indian fashion trends born across the country :)
priya Mishra October 24, 2016 at 3:58 PM
Yes, Indian Fashion are growing because of Bollywood. There are growing trends in fashions with different Styles and Designs. Nihal Fashions are coming With great offers in this diwali. So go grab your chance.
Ravi Kumar August 1, 2017 at 8:42 PM
Yes, Indian Fashion are growing because of Bollywood. There are growing trends in fashions with different Styles and Designs. everyday fashion are coming on todayofferdeal . So go grab your chance.
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Samsung: Innovation Sells in a Recession
By Elaine Wong
The budding, 3D light-emitting diode (LED) TV category is about to get a blast of advertising from Samsung. The leading TV maker this week unveiled its largest marketing campaign for the launch of new 3D LED television sets. (Rival Panasonic rolls out a similar product this week.) Samsung’s ads, by CHI & Partners, London, will run globally. They show a street team installing TVs in unexpected public places, and consumers, as a result, cherishing the depictions of real life as they’re captured on the screens. The U.S. version of the campaign, via Leo Burnett, kicked off with a spot called “Wonder,” during Sunday’s Academy Awards. It shows a family bringing home the “wonder” of 3D entertainment. Brandweek chatted with Samsung CMO Sue Shim, who explained why a downturn is actually a good time to launch pricey, but innovative products. (Samsung’s 3D LED TVs start at $1,700.) Excerpts from that conversation are below.
Brandweek: Samsung is rolling out new, global ads as part of its launch for the new, 3D LED TV next week. What’s the general theme/gist of the ads?
Sue Shim: The set up of the advertising is that [it takes place] within a day. The 3D LED TV is the first to market in a city, so the filming in that city [the global spots, by CHI, London, were shot in two locations: Buenos Aires and at Iguazu Falls] takes place from dawn to evening. [The crew] is setting up Samsung 3D LED TVs in unexpected locations—on a tree or floor or the street—and they are showing how those 3D dimensions [capture] a real, life-like picture quality that can enrich people’s lives. Otherwise, it’s just a mundane life for consumers. We wanted to capture that wonder and excitement for the consumer.
BW: What kind of consumer are you targeting?
SS: Our target consumer is someone who is looking for entertainment and [they’re deeply] immersed in the TV experience. They are early adopters of new technologies and innovations, and they’re considered thought or opinion leaders among their peers. They are very vocal about what they like and know, and they [in turn] spread that [knowledge] to their family, friends and peers. They like this kind of innovative stuff.
BW: So, the Samsung 3D LED TV starts at an average retail price of $1699. Do you think consumers are willing to pay up for that kind of value—and quality—in a downturn?
SS: When we launched [our LED TVs] in 2009, our internal people in management, competitors and industry analysts were concerned about the launch of new, high-end TVs during an economic downturn. What we learned was that during an economic downturn, consumers are more concerned about value, [i.e.] what they are getting by paying that much money to buy [a particular] brand or product. So, if the value meets the consumers’ wants and needs, they are willing to pay for it. Another [insight is], consumers tend to spend more time at home in an economic downturn, so they are spending more [money] on home entertainment devices and products than before. So, combining those two [factors], we had a huge success with our LED TVs last year, and we expect it to continue with the launch of our 3D LED TVs [this year].
BW: Any interesting focus group of consumer market research insights/findings you can share—and that went into the making of this new campaign?
SS: [What we found was true of the U.S., and other markets as well, was that] more than 90 percent of consumers are aware of 3D, but only one-third of them actually experience it in the theater. When we offered them [the chance to] actually experience 3D via our TVs, a very high percentage of consumers were willing to buy and pay for it. Some of the consumers during our focus group interviews said 3D TVs will help them strengthen the family [bond]. Family members [nowadays] can watch TV anywhere—kids, teenagers watch it on their computers—but they can’t have a 3D TV everywhere in the house, so [this product] brings the family together.
Elaine Wong
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Unum Insurance Standardizes on Security Revolving Doors
Subscribe to FREE newsletter Oct 13, 2014
Lillington, North Carolina. Through a decades-long partnership with Boon Edam Inc., Unum Group has standardized its approach to building entrance security for its multiple locations across the United States.
Unum is a leading provider of financial protection benefits for employees, including disability, life, accident and critical illness insurance that it markets under the Unum and Colonial Life brands. Security is of primary importance to its business, not only in the form of information security, but also the protection and well-being of its nearly 9,000 employees in the U.S.
“We needed a cost-effective solution for our entrances that also provided security at the same level as human monitoring,” said Ron Demers, Unum Corporate Security Manager. “We needed a solution that would fit our specific building needs and allow for comfortable flow of employees in and out of the offices.”
After a full evaluation of options, Unum installed its first security revolving door – a Boon Edam Tourlock 180+90 – at their Portland, Maine, location in 2003. The selling points were quite compelling for Demers, “It gave us the same security as a security officer. And, depending on the entrance and the installation costs, we were looking at an ROI of only two to three years.”
To date, Unum has installed 21 Boon Edam Tourlocks at their buildings in Portland, ME; Chattanooga, TN; Columbia, SC; and Worcester, MA.
With up to 8,000 entries and exits per week at its busiest doors, Demers has been surprised at the large amount of usage and the durability of the product. “If an employee experiences any mechanical issue with the door, we hear about it right away,” Demers said. “Over all of these years, we’ve only had minor maintenance given the usage of the doors.”
“Security revolving doors are now a standard part of our construction package, and we have a real partnership with Boon Edam,” Demers continued. “From the initial sales presentation 12 years ago with now-CEO Mark Borto to today, it’s been great. Mark still considers us his account and when we call into Technical Services, they know exactly who we are. We’re not a huge account, we know, but we’re treated like we are.”
Looking forward, Demers and the security team are starting to evaluate all of their building lobbies, and they are considering moving toward a containment area strategy, to augment their higher level security at each building entrance.
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Home » UFC » Conor McGregor urged to snub Manny Pacquaio boxing match for Khabib rematch by Dana White
Conor McGregor urged to snub Manny Pacquaio boxing match for Khabib rematch by Dana White
01/11/2021 Comments Off on Conor McGregor urged to snub Manny Pacquaio boxing match for Khabib rematch by Dana White
Conor McGregor should avoid agreeing to fight Manny Pacquiao in another mega-money boxing match to concentrate on becoming the UFC’s top dog once more, insists Dana White.
The Irishman is currently preparing for his first fight in 12 months at UFC 257 on Sunday January 24 at around 5am UK time [9pm PT/midnight ET Saturday January 23] when he faces Dustin Poirier in a rematch of their UFC 178 bout seven years ago.
Former two-weight world champion McGregor contests the lightweight clash at Abu Dhabi’s Etihad Arena on Yas Island as he looks to improve his record to 23-4-0 with a second defeat of the American.
But after that, the Notorious could once more swap the octagon for the squared circle to take on boxing legend Pacquiao, the only eight-division world champion in the sport’s history.
The oldest welterweight champion ever, Pacquaio, now 42, is coming towards the end of his career and has commitments outside of boxing as the Senator of the Philippines, now in his fifth year of a six-year term.
But he could make time for a lucrative crossover showdown similar to the one McGregor put on against Floyd ‘Money’ Mayweather Jr in Las Vegas in 2017 with a high-profile showdown having been mooted for over a year.
MUST READ: Conor McGregor tipped to thrash Khabib Nurmagomedov in any rematch
But UFC president White would prefer to see McGregor concentrate on MMA in lure of a potential rematch with Khabib Nurmagomedov, although the unbeaten lightweight king, who choked out McGregor in their explosive October 2018 battle, insists he has retired after stretching his record to 29-0 by beating Justin Gaethje.
White said to ESPN of McGregor: “The way that this kid is right now, mentally, physically, emotionally: this kid is on and ready to fight.
“I would love to see him focus on what he could do in the UFC. Whether it is taking another shot at the title against Khabib or fight for the title against somebody else if Khabib retires and then defend that title.
“A boxing match with any of these guys, that sort of stuff is always going to be there. You are the absolute best in the world right now at MMA.
“The timing is right now. [You are] not getting any younger. I would love to see him go for it here [in UFC] in the next year.
“If he wants to fight one of these boxing guys, do that next year because those fights are always going to be there.”
Discussing McGregor’s fight with Mayweather, which reportedly earned the former around £96m, White added: “That was the perfect storm and all came together perfectly with Floyd and it was fun. It was a fun thing to do. But it is a one-and-done thing for me.
“I told you guys a few weeks ago at the fight that there are a lot of fights which could be made and which could make money.
“You have got people running around talking stuff all the time. It is not really what I do. Poirier vs McGregor? That is what I do.”
Dagestani great Khabib has repeatedly declared his intention to retire despite there being huge demand for him to face off against rival McGregor once more but White is eager to convince him to fight again.
He added: “I’m obviously meeting with him because I think that he should fight again. Look at what he did to Justin Gaethje [in October]. Look at what he’s done to every opponent he has faced.
“I think he should fight again and I’m going to press him as hard as I can for one more.”
But Khabib said back in December: “My [lightweight] belt will [eventually] be taken by the winner of Dustin and Conor. Dana and I are in touch and did not discuss the moment with the vacant belt.
“This is because they want me to continue. This is clear – I have been in the league for nine years and have not lost. I have a story, a big fanbase.
“I don’t blame them and their desire is understandable. They persuade, I will not hide, but this is not surprising. They offer conditions and fighters, but it’s hard to surprise fighters.
“I finished half of the top 10 ahead of schedule. And so yes, I repeat: there are conditions and offers. In a couple of weeks, Dana and I will discuss all the points.”
Conor McGregorManny PaSports
Sources: Pelicans-Mavs off due to COVID issues
Carlo Ancelotti says Premier League has not told clubs to stop celebrating goals
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Taylor Swift Previews New Version of ‘Love Story’ in Ryan Reynolds’ Commercial
Taylor Swift has finally given fans a taste of the new version of her iconic 2008 hit, "Love Story."
On Wednesday (December 2), Swift's buddy Ryan Reynolds released a commercial for Match.com through his creative company, Maximum Effort. "A match made in hell is still a @match. Latest work from @MaximumEffort #2020LoveStory," he captioned the video.
The commercial shows the devil matching with someone on the dating app. He meets up with the woman who is "the year 2020." A "love story" is formed and Swift's new version of the song can be heard playing in the background.
"Okay so while my new re-records are NOT done, my friend @VancityReynolds asked me if he could use a snippet of one for a LOLsome commercial he wrote so...here’s a sneak peak [sic] of Love Story," Swift tweeted. "Working hard to get the music to you soon!!"
Listen to the country track and watch the hilarious commercial, below.
Swift is hard at work re-recording her first six albums, which she will own the rights to. During the June 2019 sale of Big Machine, the rights to her records' masters were transferred to Scooter Braun's Ithaca Holdings. Shockingly, Braun recently sold the rights to another company, Shamrock Holdings.
Songs Artists Regret They Recorded
Source: Taylor Swift Previews New Version of ‘Love Story’ in Ryan Reynolds’ Commercial
Filed Under: Ryan Reynolds, Taylor Swift
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A Writer's March
Keeping your butt in the seat one spring day at a time
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March 27, 2014 March 26, 2014 Jennifer Lynn Krohn Writing Advice
Recently, a student told me about how a graduating senior claimed that she couldn’t be a writer until she read War And Peace. My first reaction was to roll my eyes and ask if he had read it. Apparently, he was only halfway through the book. Obviously the unnamed senior was wrong; people had been writing great works of literature for millennia before Tolstoy sat down to write the first words of his famous tome. However, I kept wondering about the senior and his reasons for making such a snobbish statement. Maybe he was trying to express how this book was revolutionizing his view of writing, and in his excitement made an overgeneralization. Maybe he was repeating something that a personal hero had said; I’ve known of tons of people claim that you can’t write “until you see the world,” “until you learn to depend on yourself,” “until you get your heart broken” and so on. And maybe, he was just a jerk who felt threatened by my student’s intelligence and talent and was trying to make himself feel better by putting her down.
Jane Austen: someone else who never read War and Peace.
This is a common story. I’ve had a student who was brilliant and articulate but paralyzed herself with panic whenever she had to write because a teacher had said, “Please, don’t ever write again.” I’ve been in workshops where my fellow students’ critiques were something along the lines of “this subject matter isn’t worthy of a poem.” I’ve had strangers come up to me and tell me not to waste my time “reading that trash” (Jane Austin and Jack Kerouac). There are many creative writing teachers who forbid students from writing in genre or about a particular topic. All in all, we’re regularly told what we can’t write, and often we’re told that we’re not even writers. After a while we start telling ourselves that we’re not writers, which is ridiculous.
When I first started writing poetry, I thought all poems had to be about big emotions—emotions that start with capital letters—or about deep philosophical truths. In my first year of graduate school, I struggled to find subjects to write about. Everything fell flat. I finally turned in a fairy tale poem that I didn’t think very good (its subject matter was so very small). My professor told me that she thought I’d found my voice with that poem and suggested that I might write more. In other words, she gave me permission to write about fairy tales: fairy tales that most people think are only for children, fairy tales that aren’t well known, fairy tales that are silly and gruesome. Subconsciously, I’d been moving towards fairy tales, but consciously I’d been trying to stick with subject matter that was “appropriate for poetry.”
We’re always going to find someone who is more than willing to tell us that we’re not a writer. Someone who is more than happy to point out that what we’ve written doesn’t really count. The best thing that I’ve ever done was to ignore (or at least actively try to ignore) them. Today, I suggest you think about that subject matter, that genre, that form or lack of form, that thing that you’ve been avoiding writing about because it doesn’t count, and, of course, write about it. If it helps, know that you’re under no obligation to show it to anyone, as Bob advised in Monday’s post. Yet also remember, you don’t have to keep it hidden—if you’re proud of something that “breaks the rules” share it with the world.
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4 thoughts on “Prove Them Wrong”
Very well put. Sometimes the little things are the gateways to those “big emotions that start with capital letters.” A poem that starts out about a pair of dirty socks on the floor and winds its way around to “Love with a capital L” is a much more interesting journey to go on than a poem that starts “I’m in Love, Love is great,” and so on.
burqueboy
Jennifer Lynn Krohn
Such a great post. Been letting my students write whatever they want this semester because I wanted to remember to write what I want!!
Samantha Tetangco
late to the party here… but YES YES YES! Write what you want, let it be fun, and let the small things stand in for those things that are too big to write about. Great post, Jenn
Jennifer Simpson
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Women's Soccer Express
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Tag: Vlatko Andonovski
USWNT: 26 Players Called In Ahead of the 2020 SheBelieves Cup
With Olympic qualification successfully out of the way, the United States Women’s National Team will hold their first post-qualifying camp later this month as Vlatko Andonovski’s squad prepares for the upcoming SheBelieves Cup, and more importantly, the Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
Andonovski has called back all twenty players from the USA’s CONCACAF Women’s Olympic Qualifying Championship roster, plus six additional players, including uncapped Washington Spirit midfielder Jordan DiBiasi.
The five other additions are goalkeeper Jane Campbell, defender Tierna Davidson (who missed qualifying primarily due to a minor injury), outside back candidate Margaret Purce, outside back Casey Short, and forward Mallory Pugh. Continue reading “USWNT: 26 Players Called In Ahead of the 2020 SheBelieves Cup”
Author RD WelchPosted on February 17, 2020 February 17, 2020 Categories USWNT, USWNT RostersTags roster, SheBelieves Cup, USWNT, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
USWNT: Roster For 2020 Olympic Qualifying Announced
For his first official tournament roster, recently installed United States Women’s National Team head coach Vlatko Andonovski elected not to make any significantly surprise selections, choosing only experienced players, including 18 players from last year’s FIFA Women’s World Cup squad, for the upcoming CONCACAF Women’s Olympic Qualifying Championship.
With no retirements after last year’s FIFA Women’s World Cup and all core WWC players available, except for the pregnant Alex Morgan, Andonovski chose just two players who were not in France last year: NC Courage forward Lynn Williams and Washington Spirit midfielder Andi Sullivan. Continue reading “USWNT: Roster For 2020 Olympic Qualifying Announced”
Author RD WelchPosted on January 20, 2020 January 20, 2020 Categories USWNT, USWNT RostersTags CONCACAF (Women's), CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying, roster, USWNT, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
Finally! U.S. Soccer Officially Announces 2020 SheBelieves Cup Teams and Schedule
Today, U.S. Soccer finally confirmed the teams and venues for the 2020 edition of the SheBelieves Cup, which will be hosted by the United States Women’s National Team. The other three teams will be England, Japan, and first-time participant Spain.
The Cup’s matches will be played on Thursday, March 5th; Sunday, March 8th; and Wednesday, March 11th. All USWNT matches will be televised live via ESPN channels (English language) and TUDN (Spanish language). Tickets officially go on sale on Friday, January 17th, although there will be a Visa cardholder “pre-sale” on Thursday, January 16th. Continue reading “Finally! U.S. Soccer Officially Announces 2020 SheBelieves Cup Teams and Schedule”
Author RD WelchPosted on January 13, 2020 Categories Opposition Research, Upcoming Opponents, USWNTTags England WNT, Japan WNT, SheBelieves Cup, Spain WNT, USWNT, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
USWNT: Roster Announced For Last Camp Before Olympic Qualifying
On the last Friday of 2019, U.S. Soccer released the roster for the United States Women’s National Team’s first camp of 2020, which will run from Sunday, January 5th to Wednesday, January 15th, and will be held in Florida. This will be the last camp before CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying, which kicks off on January 28th.
External Link: Andonovski Names 28-Player Training Camp Roster To Kick Off 2020 For The U.S. Women’s National Team (U.S. Soccer)
New USWNT head coach Vlatko Andonovski has called in 28 players, including 22 member of the USA’s 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup squad. Of that squad, all but Alex Morgan (pregnancy) have been named to this roster. Continue reading “USWNT: Roster Announced For Last Camp Before Olympic Qualifying”
Author RD WelchPosted on January 5, 2020 February 17, 2020 Categories USWNT, USWNT RostersTags roster, USWNT, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
USWNT: Another Addition for the 2019 Identification Camp
On Tuesday, U.S. Soccer announced that Penn State center back Kaleigh Riehl will be attending this year’s United States Women’s National Team identification camp, which officially began on Sunday, December 9th.
Riehl was a member of two FIFA Under-20 Women’s World Cups, playing every minute of the USA’s six matches in 2016 while being an unused substitute during the 2014 tournament.
She recently wrapped up her NCAA career, logging a record 8847 minutes over her 101 matches, besting the record that had been held by current USWNT center back Becky Sauerbrunn (Virginia, 2003-2007; 8523 minutes, 91 matches). Continue reading “USWNT: Another Addition for the 2019 Identification Camp”
Author RD WelchPosted on December 11, 2019 January 22, 2020 Categories USWNT, USWNT RostersTags roster, U23 USWNT, USWNT, USWNT ID Camp, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
USWNT: The 2019 Identification Camp – Additions and Subtractions
Update #3 (11-Dec-2019): Center back Kaleigh Riehl was added to the roster on Tuesday. For more about her, see the next article.
On Monday, U.S. Soccer announced that two players from the Washington State women’s soccer team, Morgan Weaver and Makamae Gomera-Stevens, have been added to the roster for this week’s United States Women’s National Team identification camp, while three players, Danielle Colaprico of the Chicago Red Stars, plus Madison Haley and Naomi Girma of Stanford, all due to unspecified injuries.
These changes are in addition to the previously announced replacement of North Carolina’s Emily Fox, due to an ACL injury, by Jaelin Howell of Florida State.
Summary capsules for the three additional players – Howell, Weaver, and Gomera-Stevens – are included at the bottom of this article. Continue reading “USWNT: The 2019 Identification Camp – Additions and Subtractions”
Author RD WelchPosted on December 10, 2019 December 13, 2019 Categories USWNT, USWNT RostersTags roster, U20 USWNT, U23 USWNT, USWNT, USWNT ID Camp, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
USWNT: December 2019 Identification Camp Roster Announced (Overview)
Update #1 (09-Dec-2019): Emily Fox has been replaced by Florida State junior Jaelin Howell, who is primarily a holding midfielder. (U.S. Soccer) Also, per Jenn Hildreth (during the College Cup final broadcast), Catarina Macario had been invited to this camp, but declined due to a family commitment in Brazil. The camp also overlaps with finals week at Stanford. (stanford.edu)
Update #2 (09-Dec-2019): Naomi Girma, Madison Haley, and Danielle Colaprico will not attend due to injuries. Two NCAA players, both from Washington State, forward Morgan Weaver and midfielder Makamae Gomera-Stevens, have been added to the roster. (U.S. Soccer)
Update #3 (11-Dec-2019): Center back Kaleigh Riehl was added to the roster on Tuesday. For more about her, go here.
Last Wednesday, U.S. Soccer officially announced that the United States Women’s National Team will hold an identification camp during the second week of December (Monday, the 9th, to Saturday, the 14th) in Bradenton, Florida. New head coach Vlatko Andonovski has called in 24 players, including 10 current collegiate players. Of the remaining 14 players, all but one, UCLA alumna Hailie Mace, played in the NWSL during the 2019 season. Of the ten collegiate players, four are age-eligible for next year’s Under-20 Women’s World Cup: Maycee Bell, Naomi Girma, Brianna Pinto, and Sophia Smith.
External Link: Andonovski Names 24-Player Roster For U.S. Women’s National Team December Identification Training Camp In Florida (USSoccer.com)
Among the 24 players, 14 players have attended at least one prior USWNT camp, while 7 of those players have at least one senior USWNT cap. The most capped player called up is the Houston Dash’s Kristie Mewis, who has 15 senior USWNT caps and 1 senior USWNT goal, with her last cap coming back in March 2014.
Not yet Now confirmed by U.S. Soccer: North Carolina junior Emily Fox is apparently a scratch due to an ACL tear suffered during UNC’s NCAA Championship quarterfinal match versus USC .
Continue reading “USWNT: December 2019 Identification Camp Roster Announced (Overview)”
Author RD WelchPosted on December 3, 2019 December 11, 2019 Categories USWNT, USWNT RostersTags roster, U20 USWNT, U23 USWNT, USWNT, USWNT ID Camp, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
USWNT: Roster for Sweden and Costa Rica Friendlies (November 2019)
Last week, Vlatko Andonovski announced his first call-ups (USSoccer.com) as the brand new head coach of the United States Women’s National Team. Of the 24 players, three were called into their first USWNT camp: goalkeeper Aubrey Bledsoe, the NWSL’s 2018 Rookie of the Year, Imani Dorsey and dual national defender Alana Cook. A third uncapped player, Margaret “Midge” Purce, had been called into at least two previous USWNT camps, in 2018 and 2017. Other players called in who were not on the USA’s 2019 Women’s World Cup roster include outside back Casey Short, midfielder Andi Sullivan, and forward Lynn Williams.
Six players from the WWC roster are not available due to medical reasons: Tierna Davidson, Crystal Dunn, Ali Krieger, Kelley O’Hara, and Megan Rapinoe, all for injuries, plus Alex Morgan, who recently announced via People magazine that she is pregnant, with an expected delivery date of April 2020. Continue reading “USWNT: Roster for Sweden and Costa Rica Friendlies (November 2019)”
Author RD WelchPosted on November 5, 2019 Categories USWNT, USWNT RostersTags Alana Cook, Alex Morgan, Aubrey Bledsoe, Imani Dorsey, Midge Purce, USWNT, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
USWNT: Vlatko Andonovski News Round-Up
On Monday, October 28th, U.S. Soccer officially announced that then-current Reign FC head coach, Vlatko Andonovski, would be the next head coach of the United States Women’s National Team. Here’s a summary and round-up of useful articles about Andonovski and his hiring. Continue reading “USWNT: Vlatko Andonovski News Round-Up”
Author RD WelchPosted on November 5, 2019 Categories USWNT, Week in ReviewTags Kate Markgraf, National Women's Soccer League, USWNT, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
Last Week in Review: NWSL Semifinals, NWSL Expansion News, Is It Vlatko? (21-Oct-2019)
Things that happened last week (October 14th-20th):
NWSL Semifinals: NC Courage and Chicago Red Stars Advance
NWSL Expansion: Louisville Announcement Expected, Sacramento in “Advanced Talks”
The Next USWNT Head Coach: If Not Vlatko Andonovski, Then Who?
Continue reading “Last Week in Review: NWSL Semifinals, NWSL Expansion News, Is It Vlatko? (21-Oct-2019)”
Author RD WelchPosted on October 21, 2019 October 21, 2019 Categories Week in ReviewTags NWSL, NWSL Expansion, Vlatko Andonovski, women's soccer
UEFA Women’s Euro 2021 Qualifying Guide
(Updated February 2020) A 24-page printable guide for keeping track of all 200 group qualifying matches, with basic predictions and more.
Download the Guide (PDF, 1.86MB)
NWSL News of Note: Sauerbrunn Traded to Portland, Commissioner Hired, Schedule Announced March 3, 2020
U-15 USGNT: 34 Players Called In For First Camp of 2020; Six ‘New’ Names March 2, 2020
Roster Round-Up: March 2020 International Window March 1, 2020
2020 SheBelieves Cup: Updated Rosters, USA TV Schedule, and News Updates March 1, 2020
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Raiders coach Ricky Stuart savages standard of NRL and refereeing
By Marc Churches
Raiders coach Ricky Stuart has unloaded on the standard of refereeing following a number of controversial moments during Canberra's 26-14 win over the New Zealand Warriors on Sunday.
Despite getting the win which kept Canberra's hopes of a top-four finish alive, Stuart was livid post-game at the inconsistency of the match officials after his side was on the wrong end of a 7-1 penalty count in the first half.
Following a string of penalties conceded by the Raiders, referee Chris Sutton felt enough was enough and sent five-eighth Jack Wighton to the sin-bin late in the first half. The playmaker was penalised for offside as the Warriors were attacking from 10 metres out.
Replays would bring doubt though, with the offside call against Wighton proving to be within just a matter of inches.
Former Bulldogs premiership-winner Braith Anasta told Fox Sports the decision "didn't warrant 10 in the bin" during the game's broadcast.
Wighton sent to the sin-bin
Responding to the lop-sided penalty count from early in the match, Stuart said he was frustrated with the referees for only picking up on decisions that came against his side.
The Raiders coach said the decision to bin Wighton was an "error" and one that can't happen again, especially come finals time.
"If my team was making and giving those penalties away, that's well and good, we get penalised for it," Stuart told reporters after the match.
"[But the Warriors] were doing the same types of things and not getting penalised for it.
"This is not the first time. It really frustrates me. I don't think it went both ways in regard to what we were being penalised for.
"The Jack Wighton sin-bin - would that have been the same decision if it was a semi-final? I hope not. He wasn't offside.
"You can't make that error."
NRL Highlights: Raiders v Warriors - Round 19
Stuart was asked if the captain's challenge rule should be allowed to question the type of sin-binning issued, such as in Wighton's case, but the coach said it was a decision for NRL head of football Graham Annesley.
But Stuart revealed he and Annesley aren't always on the same page while making a brutal suggestion that the game - in its current state - would struggle to sell tickets even if the COVID-19 outbreak wasn't around.
"That's a question for Graham," he said.
"Graham Annesley is a really nice man. He's been in the game for a long time, but in regards to rugby league, Graham Annesley and myself, are planets apart.
"Thank god COVID is in, because I tell you, we won't get any more than 6,000 to these games."
Players scuffle during the round 19 (Getty)
Another incident in the first half saw the Raiders penalised for a hair-pulling incident.
A scuffle between Raiders and Warriors players broke out after Warriors prop Lachlan Burr lashed out at Josh Papalii. Replays appeared to show someone had pulled his hair.
Papalii was then involved in another incident and was pinged by the referee for pulling the hair of Tohu Harris just moments later.
Stuart said the game overall was a "shocking" spectacle and said it could've been a rugby union match, if there had been lineouts.
"I wasn't happy with too much," he said.
"It was a shocking game of football.
"If we had have put some lineouts in when the ball went out, there would've been two rugby union games here in two days. Disgraceful."
Raiders and Warriors get into scuffle
When asked if he would raise any of the issues with the NRL, Stuart said he would focus on his own review while taking aim at the NRL for "hiding" results when incidents come under the microscope.
"No, I won't be raising any points," Stuart added.
"I will be doing my review and they will do their review, go into hiding with their results and it will be game on next week.
"I've been around the game to long enough to know and see, where we create an incident, where were we get penalised – I understand and get that.
"But when you see the opposition do the exact same thing. I expect the penalty to be there too."
jack wighton
Raiders coach Ricky Stuart tosses his water bottle after 'controversial' sin-binning
Newcastle Knights defeat 'soft, ordinary' St George-Illawarra Dragons
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2 dead following Centro Galleria Morley..
2 dead following Centro Galleria Morley Explosion.
The company that employed the two men killed as a result of a Perth shopping centre explosion has pledged to fully co-operate with investigations into the horrific blast.
The two dead men – along with two more who were seriously injured – were employees and subcontractors of privately-owned High Energy Service Pty Ltd and were undertaking maintenance work at Morley’s Galleria Shopping Centre.
"This is a truly tragic day and our thoughts and prayers are with the family and friends of the deceased persons, and those of the injured employees," the firm said in a statement.
Aftermath: The scene outside the Russell Street side of the Galleria Shopping Centre in Morley after the explosion.Photo: James Mooney
"Our staff are currently working with [the Department of Fire and Emergency Services] to ensure the site is safe.
"We will be fully co-operating with all the relevant authorities in their investigations and will be conducting our own investigation.
"Our focus at this moment is supporting those injured people and their families and our other employees."
It was revealed on Tuesday afternoon that a second man had died in Royal Perth Hospital as a result of injuries sustained in the explosion.
The blast occurred inside the shopping centre some time around 9.30am near the Woolworths loading bay area on Russell Street.
Jonathan McDonagh, who was among the first people at the scene, told Radio 6PR he saw three people running from the building and a puff of smoke but did not hear an explosion.
"As I came driving into the Galleria I (have) seen one guy coming running out and he was on fire," he said.
"And I (have) seen two guys coming out from the same door and they were on fire. And I knew straight away what was happening.
"The first fella came running out and he was lying on the ground in the shade and he was the one I was putting out.
"There was another lad lying on the ground and two other boys lying on the ground. One of them was dead.
"The other fella was getting put out by other people. I was running back and forth trying to put one person out at a time.
"When I seen (the) man was out and there was no more flames anymore and he was not breathing… I had to leave after seeing it."
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Nets point guard Kyrie Irving buys George Floyd's family a house
Pier 1 Imports to close its 450 stores nationwide
The announcement comes as other retailers have filed for bankruptcy and closed stores, including Dallas-based Neiman Marcus and Plano-based J.C. Penney.
Author: Tasha Tsiaperas (WFAA)
Published: 9:06 AM MDT May 19, 2020
Updated: 9:06 AM MDT May 19, 2020
Fort Worth-based Pier 1 filed a motion Tuesday seeking to wind-down the company's retail operations as part of its bankruptcy proceedings.
The retailer filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in February, about a month after announcing it was closing 450 stores nationwide.
As part of the wind-down, the company plans to sell "its inventory and remaining assets, including its intellectual property and e-commerce business," the retailer announced Tuesday.
Because of the challenges the company already faced, combined with the "uncertainty of a post-COVID world," the retailer said the wind-down is the best way to "maximize the value of Pier 1's assets."
Once Pier 1 stores can reopen, the company will start permanently closing the locations and sell off its products.
Pier 1 has been struggling with increased competition from house goods online retailers. In a 2018 presentation to investors, the company acknowledged that shoppers thought its merchandise was outdated and expensive.
RELATED: Pier 1 files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy amid talks with potential buyers
The move to wind down was prompted by the company's inability to find a buyer.
"This decision follows months of working to identify a buyer who would continue to operate our business going forward," said CEO Robert Riesbeck in a written statement. "Unfortunately, the challenging retail environment has been significantly compounded by the profound impact of COVID-19, hindering our ability to secure such a buyer and requiring us to wind down."
In bankruptcy proceedings, the company has recommended July 1 as the asset bid deadline, with a July 8 auction date and July 15 as the sale hearing date.
RELATED: JC Penney to close more than 240 stores as part of bankruptcy plan
RELATED: Neiman Marcus files for bankruptcy amid coronavirus pandemic
More on WFAA:
President Trump to discuss supporting farmers, food supply chain
Annie Glenn, widow of astronaut and Senator John Glenn, dies at 100
Walmart becomes a lifeline and online sales surge 74%
Trump criticizes WHO in letter for virus response
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Home All issues Volume 617 (September 2018) A&A, 617 (2018) A3 Full HTML
Volume 617, September 2018
2 Observation and ...
Detection of 40–48 GHz dust continuum linear polarization towards the Class 0 young stellar object IRAS 16293–2422
Hauyu Baobab Liu1, Yasuhiro Hasegawa2, Tao-Chung Ching3, Shih-Ping Lai4, Naomi Hirano5 and Ramprasad Rao5
1 European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
e-mail: baobabyoo@gmail.com
2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
3 National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
4 Institute of Astronomy and Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
5 Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, PO Box 23-141, Taipei 106, Taiwan, PR China
Accepted: 4 May 2018
Aims. The aims of this work are to test the feasibility of observing dust polarization at frequencies lower than 50 GHz, which is the optically thinner part of the modified black body spectrum, and to clarify whether or not the polarization mechanism is identical or similar to that for (sub)millimeter observations.
Methods. We performed the new Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) full polarization observations at 40–48 GHz (6.3–7.5 mm) towards the nearby (d= 147 ± 3.4 pc) Class 0 young stellar object (YSO) IRAS 16293–2422, and compared these with the previous Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations. We observed the quasar J1407+2827, which is weakly polarized and can be used as a leakage term calibrator for <9 GHz observations, to gauge the potential residual polarization leakage after calibration.
Results. We did not detect Stokes Q, U, and V intensities from the observations of J1407+2827, and constrain (3σ) the residual polarization leakage after calibration to be ≲0.3%. Limited by thermal noise, we only detected linear polarization from one of the two binary components of our target source, IRAS 16293–2422 B. The measured polarization percentages range from less than one percent to a few tens of percent. The derived polarization position angles from our observations are in excellent agreement with those detected from the previous observations of the SMA, implying that on the spatial scale we are probing (~50–1000 au), the physical mechanisms for polarizing the continuum emission do not vary significantly over the wavelength range of ~0.88–7.5 mm.
Conclusions. We hypothesize that the observed polarization position angles trace the magnetic field, which converges from large scale to an approximately face-on rotating accretion flow. In this scenario, magnetic field is predominantly poloidal on >100 au scales, and becomes toroidal on smaller scales. However, this interpretation remains uncertain due to the high dust optical depths at the central region of IRAS 16293–2422 B and the uncertain temperature profile. We suggest that dust polarization at wavelengths comparable or longer than 7 mm may still trace interstellar magnetic field. Future sensitive observations of dust polarization in the fully optically thin regime will have paramount importance for unambiguously resolving the magnetic field configuration.
Key words: radiation mechanisms: thermal / stars: formation / radio continuum: ISM / ISM: magnetic fields
Imaging linear polarization of dust continuum is becoming a mature technique for probing interstellar magnetic field configuration (e.g., Hildebrand et al. 2000) and dust properties (e.g., Kataoka et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2016; Stephens et al. 2017; Hull et al. 2018). The previous high angular resolution polarimetric surveys of dust continuum emission towards star-forming regions were mostly carried out at 230–690 GHz bands (~0.43–1.3 mm). This is to take the advantage of the bright dust emission at these bands, and the not too poor atmospheric transmission for the ground-based observatories with large apertures (e.g., Matthews et al. 2009; Dotson et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2014). However, for sources which remain embedded, such as most of the OB star-forming cores and the Class 0 and I low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs), dust emission may be highly optically thick at these frequency bands. In fact, instruments prior to the existence of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) were likely limited by sensitivity, such that the detection of linear polarization was biased towards the optically thicker and brighter sources. It remains important to observe dust polarization at optically thinner, lower frequency bands, to penetrate inside the obscured sources and thereby unambiguously resolve how magnetic field is connected from circumstellar cores to rotating disks, and how dust properties (e.g., size, asymmetry) evolve in these regions. For regions where the maximum grain size is above a few millimeters due to dust grain growth (e.g., Vorobyov et al. 2018), and if large dust grains can still be efficiently aligned with magnetic field (e.g., Hoang & Lazarian 2016; Seifried et al. 2018), polarimetric continuum observations at ≳3 mm bands may trace local magnetic field configuration without being seriously confused by foreground and background, which do not emit efficiently at long wavelengths due to small grain sizes.
To our knowledge, presently there were only two attempts to constrain the linear polarization of dust continuum at frequencies lower than 50 GHz (Cox et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2016a). Both of them targeted the deeply embedded Class 0 YSO, NGC 1333 IRAS4A. The angular resolution of the 29 and 37 GHz observations reported by Cox et al. (2015) was very high, and the detection of polarization was limited to a region with rather high brightness temperature, where dust emission may be optically thick. They stressed that the detected polarization percentages were strikingly high. The 40–48 observations of Liu et al. (2016b) verified that the polarization position angles on ~500–1000 au scales agree with those detected from the Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations at 345 GHz. Within the central ~50 au radius of NGC 1333 IRAS4A1, it became rather difficult to ignore the difference between the polarization position angles observed at 40–48 and 345 GHz, although part of the difference can be attributed to residual polarization leakage (up to ≲1%) of those 40–48 GHz observations. Moreover, the observed polarization position angles in this region at 40 GHz and 345 GHz are both offset from what was resolved by Cox et al. (2015) at 29 and 37 GHz, while the reason behind this is not yet clear at least to us.
To expand our experience on the observations of dust polarization at <90 GHz, we performed ~0.′′3 angular resolution polarization observations at 40–48 GHz1 towards another nearby (d ~ 147 pc; Ortiz-León et al. 2017) Class 0 YSO, IRAS 16293–2422, using the NRAO Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA). The details of our observations and data reduction are outlined in Sect. 2. Our results are presented in Sect. 3. Our interpretation of the present observations is discussed in Sect. 4. A brief conclusion is given in Sect. 5. We provide our measurements of Stokes I, Q, and U intensities at certain sampling positions in Appendix A. More comparison of our 40–48 GHz observations with the 341.5 GHz observations of SMA is shown in Appendix B. In Appendix C, we build on our interpretation in Sect. 4 to outline a radiative transfer effect that can anomalously polarize spectra lines.
2 Observation and data reduction
We performed JVLA Q band polarization observations toward IRAS 16293–2422 in CnB array configurations on January 18 2015 (UTC 14:49:47.0-16:49:21.0; project code: 14B-053). The observational setup was similar to that of the previous observations of the Class 0 object NGC 1333 IRAS4A, which were taken from the same JVLA project (Liu et al. 2016a). However, it is less easy to calibrate the observations of IRAS 16293–2422 in general, and the polarization leakage term (D-term, hereafter) in particular, due to the low declination and thereby the low elevation (31.2° → 31.6° → 30.9° from beginning to transit to end) of the target source, the not-ideal local sidereal time (LST) for high-frequency operation during our observations, the very small parallactic angle ranges covered for all observed sources (e.g., <15° for the gain calibrator), and the fact that the available low-polarization leakage calibrator for this particular target source was approximately 100 times fainter than the low-polarization leakage calibrator used for the NGC 1333 IRAS4A observations. Nevertheless, our observations and data calibration appear successful, as described in the following.
The Q band receivers of the JVLA use circular feeds, and therefore the Q and U parameters that define linear polarization are relatively unaffected by amplitude calibration errors (e.g., EVLA memo 113). We took full RR, RL, LR, and LL correlator products. These observations had an overall duration of 120 min, with 46 min of integration on the target source. After initial data flagging, 25 antennas were available. The projected baseline lengths covered by these observations are in the range of 77–4580 m (~11–670 kλ), which yielded a ~0.′′3 angular resolution (~44 au), and a maximum detectable angular scale (i.e., the recovered flux ~1/e of the original flux) of ~10′′ (~1470 au; Wilner & Welch 1994). We used the three-bit sampler and configured the backend to have an 8 GHz bandwidth coverage by 64 consecutive spectral windows, which were centered on the sky frequency of 44 GHz. The pointing center for our target source is on RA = 16h 32m22s620 (J2000), Dec = –24°28′32′′50 (J2000). The complex gain calibrator J1625–2527 was observed for 54 s every 222 s to calibrate the atmospheric and instrumental gain phase and amplitude fluctuation. We observed the bright but weakly polarized (<1%) quasar J2355+4950 for 594 s for polarization leakage (i.e., D-term) calibrations. We integrated on the standard calibrator 3C286 for 465 s for passband calibration and to reference the absolute flux scaling and the polarization position angle. We further integrated on a likely very weakly polarized faint source J1407+2827 for 270 s to estimate the upper limit of residual polarization leakage after implementing the D-term solution derived from J2355+4950. During our observations, we performed antenna reference pointing calibration when any calibrator source was observed for the first time. We performed antenna reference pointing calibration on J1625–2527 at the beginning (UTC 15:19:58.0–15:23:04.0) and the middle (UTC 15:58:18.0–16:01:12.0) of the target source loop, which should have adequately suppressed the potentially relatively large pointing errors and the induced larger spurious polarization due to beam squint effect during the sunrise.
We manually followed the standard data calibration strategy using the Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA; McMullin et al. 2007) package, release 5.1.1. After implementing the antenna position corrections, weather information, gain-elevation curve, and opacity model, we bootstrapped delay fitting and passband calibrations, and then performed complex gain calibration, cross-hand delay fitting, polarization leakage calibration (using J2355+4950), and polarization position angle referencing. When solving D-term, spectral channels in each spectral window were pre-averaged to yield adequate signal-to-noise ratios (S/N). We applied the absolute flux reference to our complex gain solutions, and then applied all derived solution tables to the target source and J1407+2827. We performed gain phase self-calibrations for our target source to remove the residual phase offsets, particularly phase jumps. Finally, we performed one iteration of gain amplitude self-calibration assuming that the antenna-based gain amplitude errors were constants during our observations. The measured fluxes of J1407+2827, J1625–2527, and J2355+4950 at 43.97 GHz returned from the CASA task fluxscale are 0.077± 0.000097, 1.6 ±0.0035, and 0.23 ± 0.00062 Jy, respectively. We achieved an root mean square (rms) noise level of 77 μJy beam−1 in the Stokes Q, U, and V images of J1407+2827, and did not find any detection. The 3σ detection limits of the Stokes Q, U, and V images of J1407+2827 constrain the residual polarization leakage to be ≲0.3% after applying the D-term, cross-hand phase, and cross-hand delay solution. However, we caution readers that our measurements of polarization percentage from the target source can still be positively biased, due to the missing fluxes in the Stokes I intensity images.
We generated images using the CASA task clean. The image size is 3200 pixels in each dimension, and the pixel size is 0.′′ 05. The achieved synthesized beams in the Briggs Robust = 0 and Robust = 2 weighted images are θmaj × θmin = 0.′′ 39 × 0.′′ 24 (PA = 74°) and θmaj × θmin = 0.′′ 49 × 0.′′ 38 (PA = 66°), respectively. The measured rms noise level is ~35 μJy beam−1 in the Robust = 0 weighted Stokes I, Q, and U images, and is ~30 μJy beam−1 in the Robust = 2 weighted images.
We produced polarization intensity images, polarization percentage images, and polarization position angle images using the Miriad task impol (Sault et al. 1995), and set the S/N cut off to be 3.0 to suppress the positive bias in the polarization intensity images (see discussion in Vaillancourt 2006).
Figure 1 shows the Robust = 2 and Robust = 0 weighted total intensity (Stokes I), polarization intensity (PI), and polarization position angle (PA) images, which were produced from our JVLA 40–48 GHz continuum observations. In Fig. 1, the line segments representing our polarization position angle (E-field) measurements are hexagonally packed and are separated by 0.4 times themedian synthesized beam size (θmaj + θmin)/2. The Stokes I images resolve the two binary components, namely IRAS 16293–2422 A and B. Our 40–48 GHz observations detect dust polarization at position angles and percentages very similar to those of the SMA observations at 341.5 GHz reported in Rao et al. (2009) and Rao et al. (2014). Our quantitative measurements are listed in Appendix A. We caution that for regions with low Stokes I intensities, the measurements of polarization percentage may be biased by missing Stokes I flux (see Sect. 4.2 for more discussion). The Robust = 0 images only detect polarization intensity from the inner region of IRAS 16293–2422 B, and therefore the presentation is limited to a small area around it. The lower angular resolution JVLA images generated by tapering are provided in Appendix B, which, however, should not be used in any quantitative studies due to low S/N and poor image fidelity.
From the Robust = 0 weighted image, the observed peak flux density of Stokes I continuum emission is 21 mJy beam−1 (~141 K), detected from the IRAS 16293–2422 B component. The previous VLA observations towards IRAS 16293–2422 B (e.g., Chandler et al. 2005; Rodríguez et al. 2005) have shown that dust emission is dominant even at the frequency of ~8.5 GHz. In this case, it is not trivial to observationally constrain the fluxes of free–free continuum emission at our present observing frequency of ~44 GHz. Nevertheless, based on the previously reported fluxes at ~4.8 GHz (Wootten 1989; Chandler et al. 2005; Rodríguez et al. 2005), we expect that free-free emission contributed to ≪1% of the observed 44 GHz intensity around IRAS 16293–2422 B, which can be safely neglected for our following analysis.
We note that the peak brightness temperature of our target source at 44 GHz (6.9 mm) is comparable with that reported from the ALMA bmaj × bmin = 0.′′ 32 × 0.′′ 18, observations at 0.45 mm (~160 K; see Loinard et al. 2007, 2013). Here we quote an empirical and nominal ~20% absolute flux calibration error for ALMA observations at 0.45 mm wavelength. This comparison suggests that dust continuum emission from the inner ~50 au diameter of IRAS 16293–2422 B is likely optically very thick at <6.9 mm wavelengths. Our tentative interpretation for the polarization mechanisms at both frequencies will be discussed in the following section. We refer to Flett & Murray (1991), Tamura et al. (1993), and Akeson & Carlstrom (1997) for earlier (sub)millimeter observations on our target source, and note that we are not yet able to consistently interpret all of them with our own observations and those of Rao et al. (2009, 2014). The discrepancy may be related to missing short-spacing (see Appendix C for more discussion) or other calibration effects that we cannot trace back.
JVLA 40–48 GHz continuum images of IRAS 16293–2422. Panels a and b: Robust = 2 weighted images [θmaj × θmin = 0.′′ 49 × 0.′′ 38 (PA = 66°)] and the Robust = 0 weighted images [θmaj × θmin = 0.′′ 39 × 0.′′ 24 (PA = 74°)], respectively. Panel b only shows a small area around IRAS 16293–2422 B since the Robust = 0 weighted images only detect polarized intensity at >3σ from this region. The synthesized beams are shown in the bottom left of these panels. Contours present the Stokes I intensities.The polarized intensities are presented in grayscale. Contours in panels a and b are 0.03 mJy beam−1 (1σ, ~0.10 K) × [–3, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384] and 0.035 mJy beam−1 (1σ, ~0.24 K) × [–3, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384], respectively. Contours of negative intensity are dashed. Color bars are in mJy beam−1 units. The line segments present the measured polarization (E-field) position angles: blue, cyan, green, orange, red, and black colors represent the <1%, 1–2%, 2–3%, 3–5%, 5–10%, and >10% polarization percentages, respectively. The polarization percentages and polarization position angles measured at the centroids of these line segments are given in Tables B.1 and B.2.
Around star-forming cores or circumstellar disks, the probable and non-mutually exclusive mechanisms to linearly polarize dust continuum emission include (1) aligning elongated dust grains with magnetic field (e.g., Hildebrand et al. 2000), (2) radiative torque alignment of asymmetric dust grains by anisotropic emission field (e.g., Tazaki et al. 2017), (3) mechanical alignment (e.g., Lazarian et al. 1996), and (4) scattering of anisotropic radiation field (e.g., Kataoka et al. 2015).
For the particular Class 0 YSO IRAS 16293–2422, the previous chemical modeling based on the molecular abundance ratios reported by Chandler et al. (2005) suggested that the maximum grain size is in the range of 10–100 μm (Harada et al. 2017). In addition, the previous studies of (sub-)millimeter Stokes I spectral indices from a group of Class 0 YSOs found no evidence about grain growth (Li et al. 2017). Therefore, we argue that on the spatial scale and wavelength range probed by our JVLA observations and the previous SMA polarization observations, dust scattering opacity may be too low (see Kataoka et al. 2015 for more estimates), such that scattering may not be a significant polarization mechanism (cf. Alves et al. 2018). Scattering may become more prominent at shorter wavelengths and in the inner ≪50 au region of IRAS 16293–2422 B, where the maximum grain size is not yet well constrained by any previous observations due to the very high optical depth of dust (Rodríguez et al. 2005).
We are not yet able to discern case (1), (2), or (3). Individuals of these mechanisms may be prominent on different spatial (and/or dynamic time) scales or in different physical environments. In Sect. 4.1, we elaborate on the resulting polarization in optically thick and optically thin regimes without distinguishing the grain alignment mechanisms. Tentatively, we favor case (1) since in star-formingregions, the observed polarization position angles are often well connected over a wide range of spatial scales (for a review, see Li et al. 2014, and references therein). Having this in mind, and based on the quantitative estimates in Sect. 4.1, our interpretation for the specific case of IRAS 16293–2422 B is briefly described in Sect. 4.2. We caution that in any case our present interpretation is likely to be oversimplified. Understanding radiative alignment and dust scattering requires full three-dimensional radiative transfer modeling in the high and low optical depth regimes, which is well beyond our expertise. In addition, in the optically thin regime, the polarized dust emission from aligned dust grain may be subject to non-trivial line-of-sight canceling when the field configurations are very complicated. We refer to Kataoka et al. 2012 and Yang et al. 2017, and references therein, for the more advanced modeling frameworks.
4.1 Polarization mechanism by aligned dust grains
Limited by atmospheric transmission, sensitivity, and the calibration difficulties of the present generation instruments (e.g., James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy, SMA, JVLA), most of the existing dust polarization measurements towards circumstellar disks and envelopes are targeted on warm and bright sources at millimeter bands, which are well within the Rayleigh–Jeans limit. We expect this to remain true in the upcoming decade, with only some exceptional cases that perform deep integration towards low-temperature starless cores with extremely accurate polarization calibration, and some observations using the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera-plus (HAWC+) of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) towards very nearby sources (e.g., Novak 2016). Given that in the Rayleigh–Jeans limit flux of dust emission is not sensitive to temperature, modeling a very detailed three-dimensional temperature distribution may not be necessary. Therefore, in the following discussion, we consider a highly simplified yet comprehensive scenario that includes only two dust components in a line-of-sight. In addition, we assume that individually these two dust components are isothermal.
For one line-of-sight, the dust fluxes in a locally and arbitrarily defined orientation (E), and the orientation (B), which is orthogonal to E, may be approximated by the equation (1)
where Ωfg,bg are the solid angles of the foreground and background components, Bν (T) is the Planck function for a certain temperature (T) of the source, and Tfg,bg are the dust temperatures of these components. Finally, , , , are the dustoptical depths of the background and foreground component in the orthogonal orientations E and B, at the observing frequency ν. For high-angular resolution observations towards Class 0/I YSOs specifically, the background and foreground components may correspond to the central part of the accretion disk (or disk-like structure), and the outer part of the disk(-like structure) or the inner envelope, respectively. Equation (1) is essentially a polarized generalization of Eq. (6) in Li et al. (2017), but drops the free–free emission term for simplicity. We refer to Li et al. (2017) for the implications of the Stokes I spectral slopes, and some comparisons with multi-frequency interferometric observations towards nine Class 0/I objects. For our convenience in the following discussion, we define , , and define FB−bg and FB−fg in similar ways. When the foreground is very optically thin, Eq. (1) can be simplified as (2)
To mimic the case of the observations towards inner star-forming cores that may have radial density gradients, we assume that the background component is optically very thick at all discussed frequencies (i.e., ≫ 1, ≫ 1). In this case, the intensities of the background in the E and B orientations are approximately
Therefore, the emission from the background component is essentially unpolarized, and the exact values of and are not relevant to either the total intensity or polarization. We note that the optically thick background component attenuates the contribution from the cosmic microwave background. If the optically thick background component does not exist in a realistic case study, we could equivalently consider Tbg = TCMB.
Under the assumption of optically very thick background, in the case that the foreground is optically very thin (e.g., Eq. (3)), the polarized intensity is contributed nearly solely by the foreground component, while the total intensity is contributed by both foreground and background emission. Otherwise, due to foreground attenuation, the actually observed dust emission from the background component can be polarized with a polarization percentage
which is nonzero if . This can be due to the fact that dust grains are not spherically symmetric, and are aligned with magnetic field, radiative field, or H2 gas flows, which can be expressed as without losing any generality for our discussion.
For the following discussion we define (3)
with a 0 ≤ α < 1 convention.
The polarization percentage of the emission from foreground component is thereby
which is approximately
when τ ≪ 1. Apparently, the polarization position angle of the foreground-attenuated background emission is 90° offset from that of the polarized foreground emission, since the more the foreground emits in one orientation, the more the electromagnetic wave from the background is attenuated in that orientation by foreground absorption. The overall polarization percentage
and the polarization position angle (PA) are determined by a competition between the foreground and background terms. In ideal high angular resolution observations, we may assume that locally Ωbg ~Ωfg = Ω. Therefore, the key factors which affect the observed polarization properties are τ, α, Tbg, and Tfg. However, we caution that in some interferometric imaging, one may nearly completely filter out the rather smooth and extended foreground component, which effectively makes Ωfg → 0. For regions where the actual polarization position angle (i.e., determined by and ) is identical to that of the foreground (alone) emission, filtering out the foreground component will make the derived polarization position angle from observations flipped by 90° since the polarized intensity is then dominated by the foreground-attenuated background emission. We outline the related effects in spectral line polarimetric observations in Appendix C.
To provide a quantitative sense of the overall polarization after considering foreground attenuation, we show in Figs. 2–4 the estimates of polarization percentage and position angles for τ = 0.1, 0.6, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, and 10.0 at the observing frequency ν = 44, 345, and 690 GHz (e.g., ALMA Band 1, 7, and 9). We limit ourselves to a generic case of α =10%. The results based on other assumed α values are qualitatively similar, and can be easily reproduced based on our provided equations. We show the estimates of Stokes I and polarization intensities in Fig. 5, but only for ν = 44 GHz. The results can be summarized as follows:
When Tfg > Tbg, the polarization position angle is identical to that determined by the foreground emission alone. Otherwise, the polarization angle is orthogonal to that determined by the foreground emission alone. The polarization percentage increases with the |Tfg− Tbg|. When Tfg = Tbg = T, . In this case, the dust continuum is essentially unpolarized.
If α has no frequency dependence, then the estimated polarization percentages have weak dependence on the observing frequency ν from the Bν (T) term, except in the low Tfg or Tbg limits such that the observations are no longer in the Rayleigh–Jeans limit. Taking the τ = 0.1 cases for example (Fig. 2), the foreground emission becomes more dominant when Tbg drops below the Rayleigh–Jeans limit, which occurs earlier at ν = 690 GHz than 345 and 44 GHz. As a result, at low Tbg (e.g., 5–10 K) the polarization percentages are higher at higher observing frequencies, and eventually saturate to the value of α. For the case of τ ≳ 6 and Tfg ≲ 10 K, the foreground component does not emit (total and polarized) flux efficiently at high frequencies, but its absorption can lead to strong polarization of the background component. Therefore, when Tfg ≲ 10 K, we see that the polarization percentage increases significantly with observing frequency. Observing optically thin regions at multiple frequencies that are in the Rayleigh–Jeans limit of the target sources may probe the frequency dependence of α, which is related to the shapes of the dust grains and the grain alignment efficiency.
For regions where Tbg < Tfg, the highest observable polarization percentage is α, which is achieved when τ ~ 1. When τ is larger, the polarization percentage starts decreasing with τ since the intensities at the orthogonal orientations are both saturating toward the black body intensity.
For regions where Tbg > Tfg, the polarization percentage can be ≳50%, even when α is only 10%.The foreground attenuation appears to be a very efficient polarization mechanism when the difference between Tfg and Tbg is large. This effect is already prominent when the foreground is not completely optically thick (e.g., τ ~ 0.6). The polarization percentage due to foreground attenuation increases when the total intensity becomes dominated by the lower temperature foreground, while the polarized intensity becomes dominated by the foreground-attenuated, high temperature background (see Fig. 5). The polarization percentage starts decreasing with τ when the foreground becomes so optically thick, such that the total intensity saturates to the brightness temperatureof the foreground, and the polarized intensity from the background terms saturates to ~ 0.
The dust polarization in fully or marginally optically thick regimes outlined in this section complicates the interpretation for observations on target sources that have non-uniform density, temperature, or magnetic field direction. Taking the specific case of a circumstellar disk in which magnetic field is perfectly toroidal and dust is aligned predominantly with magnetic field as an example, when dust emission is optically thin, in the face-on projection, the observed E-field position angles may appear either perfectly toroidal or poloidal depending on the optical depth and temperature structure in the line-of-sight direction. In the edge-on projection (e.g., Segura-Cox et al. 2015), when the disk has a radially decreasing dust temperature profile, the observed E-field position angle will appear perpendicular to the disk rotational axis in the optically thick regime, and appear parallel to the disk rotational axis in the optically thin regime.
Polarization because of polarized foreground attenuation may to some extent explain the observed uncertain alignment in between the polarization position angle and the disk or outflow axes (e.g., Hull et al. 2014, 2017; Galametz et al. 2018, and for some cases explain the distinct polarization components (i.e., parallel or perpendicular to the long axes of gas structures) observed around star-forming cores (e.g., Tang et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2012; Koch et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2014; Li et al. 2015; Cortes et al. 2016; Ching et al. 2016; Pattle et al. 2017; Ward-Thompson et al. 2017; Monsch et al. 2018). When missing Stokes I flux is not a serious concern, polarization by dust absorption may be the most natural explanation when the observed polarization percentage appears anomalously high. Generically, we may put an operational definition of “anomalously high polarization” by which the observed polarization percentages appear considerably higher than those detected from the lower frequency, optically thinner observations towards the same region. For regions with very high optical depths (e.g., τ > 3), higher than ~1% polarization percentage may favor polarization due to foreground attenuation (Fig. 4). We hypothesize that the foreground-attenuation polarization is very prominent for observations at ≳345 GHz towards hot cores that are embedded in low-temperature infrared dark clouds. In these cases, the contrast between Tbf and Tfg is large. For detailed case studies of such sources, synthetic observations generated from hydrodynamics simulations based on an isothermal assumption (e.g., Kataoka et al. 2012; Hull et al. 2017; Mocz et al. 2017) may compare better with observations in the fully optically thin limits. Finally, to avoid the ambiguity in the interpretation of the observed polarization position angle, one can either observe in the fully optically thin regime, or observe sources with Tbg ≫ Tfg, for example, against a bright background ultra compact HII region. These suggested observations may be routinely carried out with ALMA, once the Band 1 (30–50 GHz) receivers are equipped.
We remark that the foreground-absorption-induced polarization is not only limited to the cases where the background dust component is optically very thick. Setting the optical depth of the background component to be ≫1 is merely to simplify the considerations in our toy model (Eq. (1)), such that the polarization percentage of the background component can be safely ignored.
Derived polarization percentage (color) from the two-component model introduced in Sect. 4.1 (Eq. (1)), with α = 10% (Eq. (4)), and observing frequency ν = 44 (left column), 345 (middle column), and 690 GHz (right column). Color bars are in % units. Horizontaland vertical axes are dust temperatures of the background and foreground components Tfg and Tbg; the resolutions of Tfg and Tbg in our calculations are the same with the horizontal and vertical grids. White dashed lines show Tfg = Tbg. Top and bottom rows show the cases of τ = 0.1 and 0.6, respectively. The orange line segments indicate that the observed polarization position angle is identical tothat of the emission of foreground component; otherwise the observed polarization position angle is 90° offset from that of the emission of the foreground component. Vertical white lines show the extinction corrected peak brightness temperature of IRAS 16293–2422 B (141 ± 14 K)∕e−τ.
Similar as Fig. 2, but for τ = 1 and 3 (α = 10%).
Similar as Fig. 2, but for τ = 6 and 10 (α = 10%).
4.2 Tentative interpretation for IRAS 16293–2422 B
We stress the uncertainty of our present interpretation, given that the density and temperature structures of our target sources are not yet constrained in a sufficiently detailed way on our resolved spatial scales. In addition, our 44 GHz observationsare still subject to missing short-spacing, which nevertheless should not impact regions with high intensity. To provide a quantitative sense of how missing short-spacing biased the observed Stokes I intensity fractionally, we assume that exterior to the disks (or disk-like structures) around IRAS 16293–2422 A and B there is ~2 M⊙ of gas on ≳10′′ scales (Mundy et al. 1990), and assume that the gas to dust mass ratio is 100. The averaged dust mass column density is Σdust ~ 0.1 g cm−2. Assuming the dust opacity at 230 GHz is κ230 GHz = 0.5 cm2 g−1 (c.f., Draine 2006), and the dust opacity spectral index is β ~1−1.75 (Li et al. 2017), the derived averaged dust optical depth at 44 GHz is 2.8 10−3. Assuming a nominal 20–30 K dust temperature on 10′′ scales (van Dishoeck et al. 1995; Ceccarelli et al. 2000; Chandler et al. 2005), the brightness temperature of the extended dust emission is ~ (25 ± 5) × (1 − e−τ44 GHz) = 0.069 K. This is approximately how much missing short-spacing can bias the Stokes I intensity. If we take regions where the observed brightness temperature in the Robust = 0 weighted 44 GHz image is above 1.4 K (i.e., 6σ; the second contour from bottom in the right panel of Fig. 1) for example, missing flux can bias Stokes I intensity by at most ~(0.64 K)/(1.4 K + 0.64 K) ~ 31%. For structures detected at the 6σ significance, clean errors and thermal noise (e.g., 3σ) may dominate the errors in the measured polarization percentages. The brightness temperature of the missing flux can be comparable with the 6σ detection limit of our Robust = 2 weighted 44 GHz image (~0.6 K), and therefore the observed polarization percentages can be biased by over ~50% in the low intensity (3–6σ) area in that image (Table B.1). Our assessment is that for our present 44 GHz images, missing short-spacing biased the observed polarization percentages of the detected, spatially-extended, dust emission component. Since the brightness temperature of the extended component is low (Fig. 1) such that dust is likely to be optically thin (i.e., Tbg = TCMB), missing short-spacing does not dramatically flip the observed polarization position angles by 90° (Sect. 4.1; Figs. 2–4).
We base our work on the hypothesis that the system within the inner ~100 au radius around IRAS 16293–2422 B is an approximately face-on rotating accretion flow, which may be supported by the observed low velocity gradient across this area (e.g., Pineda et al. 2012). We do not know the geometric scale height of the system, but expect that it is geometrically relatively thick due to a high gas temperature. Gas flows on the larger spatial scales are collapsing towards this 100 au scale rotating system, which is supported by the detection of redshifted absorption features against the dust continuum emission (Zapata et al. 2013). There may be an overall temperature gradient, such that the higher excitation molecular lines are preferentially detected towards the central region (e.g., van Dishoeck et al. 1995; Ceccarelli et al. 2000; Chandler et al. 2005; Oya et al. 2016, 2018; Murillo 2017; and see Young et al. 2018 and references therein for the more general theoretical models). The surface layer of the rotational accretion flow may have lower temperature than the mid plane in general. However, at the approximately central synthesized beam area, dust at the surface layermay be significantly heated by the irradiation from the host protostar, such that the detected peak brightness temperature by the 690 GHz ALMA observations is higher than that detected from our 44 GHz observations, which have comparable angular resolutions.
We assume that for all resolved spatial scales in our 44 GHz observations, the dominant polarization mechanism for the 44 GHz continuum is by the aligned dust grain. We assume that on >100 au scales, the dominant polarization mechanism for the 341.5 GHz continuum is by the aligned dust grain with magnetic field. We derive the speculated projected axis of grain alignment (i.e., the projected long axis of dust grains) based on the following assumptions:
We quote the ~3′′ angular resolution, 341.5 GHz observations from Table 4 of Rao et al. (2009), and assume that these measurements are mostly in the optically thin limit. The optically thin assumption is consistent with our estimates of the averaged dust mass column density Σdust ~ 0.1 g cm−2, assuming that the dust opacity at 345.1 GHz is ~1 cm2 g−1 (Ossenkopf & Henning 1994). In this case, the observed polarization position angle is parallel to the long axis of aligned grains.
For the Robust = 0 weighted JVLA images, we assume a nominal ~30 K average temperature of the system, and define regions with brightness temperature lower than 30 K × (1 − e−1) to be in the optically thin limit. Similarly to case 1, the observed polarization position angle is parallel to the long axis of aligned grains.
For the Robust = 0 weighted JVLA images, at regions where the observed brightness temperature is higher than 30 K × (1 − e−1) but lower than 80% of the peak brightness temperature, we consider that the polarization is dominated by the polarized attenuation of a cooler foreground layer. The emission from the optically thicker, warmer background component is considered to be essentially unpolarized. In this case, the observed polarization position angle is perpendicular to the long axis of aligned grains in the cooler foreground layer.
For the Robust = 0 weighted JVLA images, for regions where the observed brightness temperature is higher than 80% of the peak brightness temperature, we consider that the foreground surface layer may be hotter than the optically thick background component. In this case, the observed polarization position angle is parallel to the long axis of aligned grains in the surface layer.
For the Robust = 2 weighted JVLA images, which have poorer angular resolution thus does not constrain brightness temperatureas well as the Robust = 0 weighted images, we only consider regions in the optically thin limit selected based on rule 2.
Based on these assumptions, and assuming that the long axis of dust grains on the resolved spatial scales are aligned perpendicular to magnetic field lines, the inferred magnetic field orientation is given in Fig. 6. It appears like a transition from a poloidal field configuration on >100 au scales to a toroidal field configuration on smaller spatial scales, which is consistent with the aforementioned geometric and kinematics pictures of IRAS 16293–2422 B. On ~1000 au scales, our proposed magnetic field configuration may be similar to the case of Class 0 YSO, B335 (Maury et al. 2018). This overall scenario is also similar to the magnetic field configuration suggested from the observations towards some intermediate or high-mass star-forming cores (Liu et al. 2013; Qiu et al. 2013; Juárez et al. 2017). The most uncertain part is the central, approximately one synthesized beam area, where the optical depth is very high. In this region, a small temperatureperturbation in the line-of-sight direction can cause the observed polarization position angle to flip by 90°, while the low polarization percentage is consistent with the simplified models presented in Sect. 4.1 (see Figs. 2 and 3). We remark that the detected polarization percentages from the Robust = 0 weighted JVLA images are well in the ranges that can be explained by a constant value α ~10%, except for two polarization line segments that may be biased by missing Stokes I flux since they are located at regions with low total intensity (e.g., ≤0.3 mJy beam−1; see Table B.2). The polarization percentages derived from the previous SMA 341.5 GHz observations are in a similar range.
We emphasize that the magnetic field segments presented in Fig. 6 are non-trivial and non-unique interpretations of the directly measured E-field segments presented in Fig. 1. For the sake of objectivity, we stress the importance of presenting the direct measurements for similar types of observational studies. Figure 6 is a rather qualitative picture about how the magnetic field configuration may change from large scales to the inner ≲200 au region. We are fundamentally limited by the high dust column density, such that the observations of dust continuum are either fully in the Rayleigh–Jeans limit, or are in the extremely high optical depth limit. Therefore, observationally it is extremely challenging to derive the constraint on the temperature and density profiles along the line-of-sight unambiguously. Nevertheless, our proposed magnetic field configuration may be partly tested by the JVLA observations at the optically thinner bands (e.g., 8–18 GHz), as long as dust emission is still polarized at such a low frequency. In general, to address the magnetic field configurations in the Class 0 and I disks or disk-like structures unambiguously, we may require the sensitivity and angular resolution of the Next Generation Very Large Array (Isella et al. 2015).
Derived polarization (PI) and total intensities (I) from the two-component model introduced in Sect. 4.1 (Eq. (1)), with α = 10% (Eq. (4)), and observing frequency ν = 44 GHz. Color bars are in mJy beam−1 units. Horizontal and vertical axes are dust temperatures of the background and foreground components Tfg and Tbg. White dashed lines show Tfg = Tbg. From top to bottom, the rows show the cases of τ = 0.1, 1, and 3, respectively.
Suggested magnetic field line segments (i.e., B-segments) around IRAS 16293–2422 B. Line segments bound by white lines are the inferred magnetic field orientations from the Robust = 0 weighted JVLA 40–48 GHz images, and the color coding for them is the same as that in Fig. 1; those bounded by green lines are the inferred magnetic field orientations from the Robust = 2 weighted 40–48 GHz JVLA images and those bounded by blue lines are the inferred magnetic field orientations from the Robust = 0 weighted SMA 341.5 GHz images. More details of how this figure was generated are introduced in Sect. 4.2.
We performed JVLA 40–48 GHz continuum polarimetric observations towards the Class 0 YSO, IRAS 16293–2422. We obtained significant detections in linear polarizations. The derived polarization position angles and polarization intensities are comparable to those derived from the 341.5 GHz SMA observations reported by Rao et al. (2009, 2014). This may imply that both the 40–48 GHz observations and the 341.5 GHz observations trace the same polarization mechanisms that are operating on the same material in our line-of-sight. In the case that the polarization mechanism is dominated by aligned dust grains with magnetic field lines, our suggested magnetic field configuration may be consistent with a poloidal field component converging from ≥100 au scales down to a toroidal field component within the inner 100 au area. Our hypothesis may be tested by the observations at the lower frequency bands, which are optically thinner.
The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica (Ho et al. 2004). The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Y.H. is currently supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. SPL acknowledges support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan with Grant MOST 106-2119-M-007-021-MY3. Some ideas of HBL in the present manuscript were stimulated during a disk formation workshop organized by John Tobin, Catherine Walsh, and Daniel Harsono at Leiden in the summer of 2017.
Appendix A Polarization measurements
Figure A.1 shows the tapered JVLA 40–48 GHz Stokes I cleaned image and Stokes Q/U dirty (i.e., not cleaned) images. They were generated by setting the “outertaper” parameter in the CASA-clean task to [“3 arcsec”, “3 arcsec”]. These tapered images look qualitatively similar to the cleaned, ~3′′ resolution polarization images taken with the SMA at the central frequency of 341.5 GHz, which were reported by Rao et al. (2009). The tapered JVLA Stokes I image is subject to significant missing flux, and therefore the imaging was dynamic-range limited. We do not have enough S/N and image fidelity for robustly cleaning the JVLA Stokes Q and U images. Therefore, we caution that the polarization position angles derived from the tapered JVLA Stokes Q and U dirty images should not be compared with other observations in a quantitative sense, and require great care even for the qualitative comparisons. Nevertheless, the polarization position angles derived from these tapered JVLA images show similarity with those derived from the 341.5 GHz SMA observations.
Tapered JVLA 40–48 GHz continuum images of IRAS 16293–2422. The synthesized beam [θmaj × θmin = 3.′′ 3 × 2.′′ 6 (P.A. = –5.8°)] is shown in at bottom left. Contours present the Stokes I intensity. The Stokes Q and U dirty (i.e., not cleaned) images are presented in colors in panels a and b, respectively. Contours are 0.09 mJy beam−1 (1σ, ~0.0066 K) × [3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192]. Color bars are in mJy beam−1 units. Line segments are similar to those presented in Fig. 1, although we caution that the polarization position angles and percentages derived from Stokes Q and U dirty images are largely uncertain. In addition, in panel a, the SMA measurements at 341.5 GHz quoted from Table 4 of Rao et al. (2009) are overplotted as gray line segments which are bounded by blue lines. The baseline range covered by these SMA observations is 7–70 m, which corresponds to the uv distance range of 8–80 kλ.
We note that our JVLA observations cover the shortest uv distance of ~11 kλ, which is slightly longer than that of the compared SMA observations (~8 kλ). This may result in some differences in the observed polarization position angles. However, the major uncertainty in the present comparison is the likely domination by the synthesized beam pattern and thermal noise in the tapered JVLA (dirty) images.
Appendix B Tapered Stokes Q and U images
Tables B.1 and B.2 show the Stokes I, Q, and U intensities, polarization position angle (PA), and polarization percentage (P) taken at the positions of the polarization segments presented in Fig. 1. Details of the observations, data reduction, and imaging are outlined in Sect. 2.
Table B.1
Polarization measurements from Robust = 2 weighted images [θmaj × θmin = 0.′′ 49 × 0.′′ 38 (P.A. = 66°)].
Polarization measurements from Robust = 0 weighted images [θmaj × θmin = 0.′′ 39 × 0.′′ 24 (PA = 74°)].
Appendix C Anomalous spectral line polarization due to continuum subtraction or missing short-spacing
In this section we base our work on a toy model to introduce how, in the optically thick regime, dust continuum subtraction and missing short-spacing (e.g., in interferometric observations) may anomalously polarize the observed spectral lines. We use the terms defined for Eq. (1), and additionally include a spectral line (e.g., 12CO) emission component, which is foreground to all dust components assumed for Eq. (1). We refer to Girart et al. (1999), Lai et al. (2003), and Ching et al. (2016) as some likely relevant observational case studies.
For spectroscopic observations of which the observing frequency (or velocity) is offset from that of the foreground line emission, the observed fluxes in the locally defined, orthogonal E and B orientations can be expressed as (C.1)
otherwise, (C.2)
where Tmol is the equivalent excitation temperature of the observed molecular line transition, and are the optical depths of the foreground molecular component, and Ωmol is the solid angle of the foreground component, which we assume to be identical to those of the background dust components.
When and , approximately . In all single-dish (sub)millimeter obser- vations and most of the interferometric observations, the continuum baseline levels are subtracted in post processings. The continuum baseline subtraction is fundamentally required for all present and previous generation single-dish telescopes, for removing the atmospheric and passband features. If the continuum subtraction is performed for individual polarizations separately, then the continuum-subtracted spectral line fluxes are (C.3)
For opticallythick regions, may be comparable with . If , which is typical for the observations of optically thick line emission (e.g., 12CO), and assuming due to any polarization mechanisms introduced in Sect. 4 for example, then we obtain . As a result, the spectral line can appear (potentially very largely) anomalously polarized after continuum subtraction, with the polarization position angle 90° offset from that of the background dust continuum, even in the case that the molecular line emission is not polarized by itself. On the other hand, in the case that , we will detect an absorption line with negative intensity after performing continuum subtraction, with the polarization position angle identical to that of the background emission source. As an extreme case with , the CI line absorption at 492 GHz against the Sgr A* was found to have a similar polarization property to the continuum emission of Sgr A* (Liu et al. 2016b). As a conclusion, for single-dish spectral polarimetric observations towards optically thick regions, it is necessary to jointly interpret the spectral line data with some complementary continuum polarimetric mapping observations. When the targeted spectral line is optically very thick, it is useful to check the spectral line polarization before performing continuum baseline fitting and subtraction.
We can further consider the case that the background continuum component is spatially more extended than the observed lines. It is usual that the spectral line emission in each narrow (e.g., ≲0.3 km s−1) velocity channel is spatially less extended than dust emission around star-forming cores. In addition, we consider the case that dust grains are aligned with a rather uniform, large-scale magnetic field. In this case, we can express as + , where the first term denotes the spatially uniform component, and the second is the local perturbation. After considering the missing short-spacing (i.e., high pass filtering), approximately we have , B −off, although this also depends on exactly how the telescope (array) responds to structures of various angular scales. The observed fluxes of optically thick lines after considering missing short-spacing are approximately (C.4)
After performing continuum baseline fitting and subtraction, we are left with the line fluxes (C.5)
which may be further approximated by (C.6)
if the local perturbation is small (i.e., ).
Observationally, in the case that continuum emission is subject to a serious missing short-spacing issue, and spectal lines are spatially compact over a narrow velocity range, what we can directly and independently measure are and . In other words, the spatially compact and optically thick line components can serve as small-scale masks that preserve the polarization information of the spatially extended continuum emission background to the line emission component, even in the case that the spatially extended continuum emission component is completely filtered out in the observed continuum image (or visibilities in the case of interferometric observations). In the case that the foreground line brightness is much lower than that of the background continuum (i.e., , a comparison of the polarization position angles observed from spectral line and continuum may provide a less biased sense of how magnetic field is locally perturbed (e.g., by turbulence) than by analyzing the high-pass filtered continuum image alone, which may help derive magnetic field strength more accurately (Chandrasekhar & Fermi 1953).
The caveat is that in these derivations we assume that there is only one dominant magnetic field component in a line-of-sight. If the magnetic field is tangled, it may require observations of spectral line and continuum polarization at a distribution of excitation conditions and frequencies, and then a study of the system in a tomographic sense. In any case, any interpretation of continuum or line polarization in the optically thick regime needs great care.
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Observations at the frequency range of 50–80 GHz are challenging for ground-based observatories due to low atmospheric transmission.
Cloud formation in the atomic and molecular phase: H I self absorption (HISA) towards a giant molecular filament
[C II] 158 μm self-absorption and optical depth effects
The ALMA-PILS survey: Stringent limits on small amines and nitrogen-oxides towards IRAS 16293–2422B
The shadow of the Flying Saucer: A very low temperature for large dust grains
The ALMA-PILS survey: first detection of methyl isocyanide (CH3NC) in a solar-type protostar
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2021 is off to a bumpy start, but ABC Radio Melbourne's Libbi Gorr has tips to survive and thrive
ABC Radio Melbourne
By Libbi Gorr
Posted ThuThursday 14 JanJanuary 2021 at 12:42amThuThursday 14 JanJanuary 2021 at 12:42am , updated ThuThursday 14 JanJanuary 2021 at 1:17amThuThursday 14 JanJanuary 2021 at 1:17am
Together we can survive whatever 2021 throws at us. (ABC News: Chris Kimball)
Well, hasn't 2021 started in a tempest?
The year definitely seems to have woken up on the wrong side of the bed.
Victorians queued, deli-style, on the first day of the year to get back across into the Victorian–New South Wales border by midnight, accepting two weeks of binge-watching and iso that lay ahead in return for a leave pass home.
Others were a little luckier.
There were reports of people waiting for hours just to travel a few kilometres to the Victorian border. (Supplied)
They drove stupid hours and kilometres to get home to Victoria from NSW by the stroke of midnight on the last day of 2020 to avoid the full home quarantine after a negative COVID test.
Folk slept on the banks of the Murray, on the side of the road, in their cars given they couldn't nap in motels and hotels on the way.
Toddlers watched episodes of Bluey five times over on that long ride, with parents only finding solace in the fact that they weren't watching Peppa Pig.
Those who flew home to make the deadline risked hotel quarantine on arrival, regardless of exemptions or permits or zones or anything.
And some of you haven't even been able to get home yet. You're still locked out.
Libbi Gorr says 2021 may have gotten off to a bad start, but this year will be all about maintaining equilibrium. (ABC)
Surviving 2021
And that's how we began the year — with people desperate to get home to Victoria, people unable to leave lest they were unable to return, holiday plans dashed, deposits relinquished and, on New Year's Eve across Victoria, party hosts took to the phones to start 15 of their 30 invited treasured friend's New Year with the words, "You're uninvited to the party".
Hello 2021. The mayhem is still here.
The holiday conversations at my place are certainly interesting, straying way beyond the "who wants pistachio and who wants chocolate gelato" of old.
Last night our beautiful boy, now 15, asked us how a civil war in America would happen. Like, who starts it? Does someone say, 'Go'?
I served him the last of the chocolate, which in fact his sister wanted, and let her demonstrate the process.
While they were distracted, I polished off the pistachio and wondered quietly if the civil war in America had already begun.
2021 is here to toss us around a bit. But I'm ready. And I'm here to make sure you are too.
Firstly, no taking the stress out on ourselves. Health rules.
Doctors Michael Mosely and his wife Clare Bailey spoke to me on ABC Radio Melbourne about shedding those COVID kilos loitering around your butt. Or my butt. I tend to project my issues on you.
Duration: 12 minutes 11 seconds 12m
Why losing weight quickly might help you keep it off later
Download 5.6 MB
Let's keep talking
Secondly, a commitment from all my colleagues and me to keep talking with you — supporting your world and everything that affects you so we can get answers on your behalf.
Because what we take into this year is the knowledge our greatest strength lies in our ability to talk with each other.
Person to person, us to you, you to government and government department to government department. It's the only way.
And although some of the talk is going to make us cringe — like when we talk of "leakage" — we will persist.
The science of sticking to New Year's resolutions
New year, new you: the science of making, breaking and replacing habits
What? I hear you think, 'I can deal with "leakage", but that other bit is a bit ridiculous. Government department to government department? Are you mad?'
There's nothing like being given the run–around — to make you KNOW you are dealing with government.
It's so often the way it goes when you are dealing with bureaucracy.
My new word for the year is "bureauplasticity", where our government departments actually learn new ways to talk with each other to help us all as a community reach solutions. That'd sure help the year be better.
2021 will be all about maintaining equilibrium and NOT losing your calm. Even when the world around us is behaving like it's got out the wrong side of bed.
A happier new year to you all.
Love Libbi
Posted 14 JanJanuary 2021ThuThursday 14 JanJanuary 2021 at 12:42am , updated 14 JanJanuary 2021ThuThursday 14 JanJanuary 2021 at 1:17am
Victoria closes NSW border as Melbourne restaurant cluster rises to 10 cases
Victoria closes border to all of Sydney and NSW Central Coast
How neuro-knowledge can help us find happiness and defuse uncertainty bombs
'I was just applying vigorously': Unemployment figures drop as Australians get back to work
Djokovic writes letter to 'Australia' after quarantine requests backlash
Men fined for illegally lighting campfire that sparked major Fraser Island bushfires
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Lights go out, roads dicey as wintry storm batters Northeast
by: RODRIQUE NGOWI and WILSON RING, Associated Press
Posted: Dec 5, 2020 / 07:48 AM MST / Updated: Dec 5, 2020 / 10:10 PM MST
A man runs through heavy snow, Saturday, Dec. 5, 2020, downtown in Marlborough, Mass. The northeastern United States is seeing the first big snowstorm of the season. (AP Photo/Bill Sikes)
WARREN, Mass. (AP) — The first big wintry storm of the season began dropping what forecasters say could be more than a foot of wet, heavy snow Saturday on parts of the Northeast, making travel treacherous and cutting off power to tens of thousands.
Morning rain gave over to snow in the afternoon in New England. Accidents littered the Massachusetts Turnpike, where speed limits were reduced to 40 mph (64 kph).
As of late Saturday night, about 200,000 customers were without power in Maine, according to the utility tracking poweroutage.us. Another 53,000 customers didn’t have power in New Hampshire and about 22,000 were without power in Massachusetts.
Forecasters warned the windy nor’easter could result in near-blizzard conditions and could dump a foot (30 centimeters) of snow on suburban Boston. In Canada, southern Quebec and New Brunswick also expected a wallop.
Authorities in Connecticut urged drivers to be careful.
“Troopers are responding to accidents all over the state,” state police tweeted. “We ask motorists, if they can stay home please do. And if you have to go out please drive slow and ditch all distractions.”
Unitil Corp., an electric and gas utility in New England, reported that crews stood ready to respond to power outages.
“The chief hazards with the current forecast include hazardous driving conditions in the early hours, the volume of wet snow forecasted to fall and possible gusty winds in coastal areas,” said spokesperson Alec O’Meara.
In some areas, snowfall of 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) per hour was possible, said National Weather Service meteorologist Michael Clair in Gray, Maine.
“This is the first big one,” Clair said of the beginning of the winter season. “There has been some snow up in the mountains, but this is the first one across where most people live.”
Localized totals of more than 18 inches (46 cm) are possible in higher terrain, Clair said. But the more populated areas just inland are expected to get about a foot.
Areas south of New England, including the New York region, expected heavy rain and strong winds.
Ring reported from Stowe, Vermont.
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Demand for performance recorded rams at highest level ever
Sep 10, 2014, 7:50am
Photo O'Gorman Photography.
The demand for performance recorded rams this year is at its highest level ever, thanks in no small part to the Sheep Technology Adoption Programme (STAP) according to Sheep Ireland.
In its latest update it said that the ram sale season is at its peak now and there are regional breed society sales taking place all over the country and the vast majority of these sales contain the €uroStar evaluations within the sales catalogue.
Sheep Ireland says every society has a different approach to incorporating this important data in their sales catalogues. For the Texel, Belclare, Vendeen and Galway societies, all sales catalogues are generated directly from the Sheep Ireland database which results in the relevant €uroStar information appearing automatically.
All other breed societies generate their own sales catalogues independently, with the Sheep Ireland €uroStars then manually incorporated into these catalogues. Sheep Ireland are providing €uroStar information to these breed societies on a daily basis upon request.
Sheep Ireland noted that unfortunately it is are hearing reports from some farmers that they are attending some breed society sales where the visibility of €uroStar information is non-existent.
It said that this is very disappointing from Sheep Ireland’s point of view as we have made it clear that we are more than happy to provide this information for inclusion in sales catalogues at any time.
A full directory of performance recording breeders is available on www.sheep.ie for farmers still looking for €uroStar rams for the coming season.
Sheep Ireland also invite calls from farmers and breeders where there is any doubt about where to find €uroStar rams and we will continue to work with societies to ensure that this information is available in all ram sale catalogues, provided that there are recorded animals present in the sale in question.
Lamb Prices
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Ann Mitchell
Chance Chronicles: Stills
Chance Chronicles: Animation
The Razor's Edge
Encaustics: Home and Away
Multiple Viewings: LA Icons
Family Stories and Unmade
American Triptych
Ann Mitchell is a Southern California-based artist and educator who uses photography to explore our sense of place, actively engaged in creating worlds of poetic experience. She received a BFA in Photography from Art Center College of Design and worked as an award-winning advertising and editorial photographer for over a decade. Wanting to commit to her own artistic practice, she returned to Claremont Graduate University and completed her MFA in 1997. During her time at CGU, in addition to producing her own work, she discovered her love of organizing and community while curating several large group exhibitions and has continued that commitment through the organizing of photo-related events. After graduation she joined the Art Department at Long Beach City College, where she taught for over two decades, hosted multiple visual media festivals, served as Chair and as Digital Media Program Coordinator.
Her photographs have been included in a large number of solo and group exhibitions in the United States and internationally and have been featured in numerous publications. In 2008 Balcony Press released Austin Val Verde: Impressions of a Montecito Masterpiece, a monograph of her Val Verde project. She continues with her photographic practice in her most recent series The Chance Chronicles, a photomontage set of imagined landscapes.
Ann Mitchell’s mother is a painter and her father was a film-maker. Over time, she’s come to realize that her photography…and her thoughts about the medium in general has been deeply influenced by both those artists. She’s always seen photography as an expressive medium that plays with the “real” but is not bound by it. She wants to create images that people can get lost in, that give the essence of a time or place in a way that speaks to the heart.
1997 Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA. M.F.A.
1984 Art Center College of Design, Pasadena, CA. B.F.A.
SOLO EXHIBITIONS:
2019 The Chance Chronicles, (with Rhonda Lashley Lopez), Emerald Art Center, Springfield, OR
2016 The Chance Chronicles, Groundspace Project, Los Angeles, CA
2015 The Razor's Edge, Viewpoint Photographic Art Center, Sacramento, CA
2014 The Razor's Edge, Stone Rose Gallery, Long Beach, CA
2013 The Razor's Edge, Chez Shaw Gallery, Long Beach, CA
2012 Unmade & Winter's Light, LA Harbor College, Los Angeles, CA
Resonance, Kamikaze 2012, POST, Los Angeles, CA
2011 Ordinary Beauty, Cypress College Photography Gallery, Cypress, CA
2010 Family Stories, Phantom Galleries, Long Beach, CA
American Triptych, Cypress College Photography Gallery, Cypress, CA
2009 American Triptych, Gallery 478, San Pedro, CA
Ann Mitchell, Val Verde, LBPG, Long Beach, CA
2008 Val Verde (with Beth Dow, In the Garden) Photographic Center NW, Seattle WA
2007 A Sense of Place, Metro Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
2006 Ann Mitchell, Val Verde, Fine Art Gallery, Golden West College, CA
2004 Gardens & Graffiti, Avenue 9 Gallery, Chico, CA
2002 Spartus: Not Technicolor, J. O. Gallery, San Pedro, CA
1999 Ann Mitchell, recent work, Photography Gallery, Santa Monica College, CA
1997 Through a Glass, Peggy Phelps Gallery, Claremont Grad School, Claremont, CA
1997 Landscape Photography, Vromans Gallery, Pasadena, CA
1994 Ann Mitchell, A & I Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
SELECTED GROUP EXHIBITIONS:
2020 domicile, Jurors: Amanda Smith and Kevin Tully, A Smith Gallery, Johnson City, TX
Reimagined Landscapes, Juror: Ann Jastrab, Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA
Project 2020, Honorable Mention, Juror: Douglas Marshall, Los Angeles Center of Photography, Los Angeles, CA
2019 International Juried Exhibition, Juror: Paula Tognarelli, Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA
Portal, Juror's Award, Juror: Ann Jastrab, A Smith Gallery, Johnson City, TX
Chasing the Ephemeral, Roswell Space, Eagle Rock, CA
4th Annual Alternative Process Exhibition, Jurors: Ann Jastrab, Christina Z. Anderson, Unai San Martin, The Image Flow, Mill Valley, CA
The Handmade Photograph, El Museo Cultural, Santa Fe, NM
The Curious Compendium, Bite Art Collective, Shoebox Projects, Los Angeles, CA
2018 Foresome, 515 Bendix, Los Angeles, CA
Practice and Pedagogy, Long Beach Museum of Art Xchange, Long Beach, CA
2017 Secret Garden, Seoul Museum of Art, Seoul, South Korea
It’s a Wonderful World, Juror: Betty Ann Brown, Groundspace Projects, Los Angeles
2016 Imagined Realities, Director's Award, Juror: Tom Chambers, Photo Place Gallery, MIddlebury, VT
Los Angeles: Detailed, Annenberg Beach House, Los Angeles, CA
POST Invitational Auction, , POST Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
2015 Spring/Idiom, Coastline Community College Art Gallery, Newport Beach, CA
Sarah Lee Projects, Photo LA, Los Angeles, CA
The Mandala Project, SCA Project Gallery, Pomona, CA
2014 Photography 2015, CSULong Beach Art Gallery, Long Beach, Ca
2013 Family, The Center for Fine Art Photography, Fort Collins, CO
Photography 2013, Another Year in LA, Los Angeles, CA
Dream a Dream, PYO Gallery LA, Los Angeles, CA
Stories, Memories and Histories, Center for Fine Art Photography, Fort Collins, CO
Mysterious Visions: Dreams, Fantasies, Mirages, PhotoPlace Gallery, Middlebury, VT
Group 4.5, Groundspace Projects, Los Angeles, CA
2011 I Love LA, Duncan Miller Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
The Los Angeles Collection, International Pink Art Fair, Seoul, Korea
Summertime, Duncan Miller Projects, Los Angeles, CA
Pro'Jekt LA Part Two - Pacific Resonance, MOPLA, Los Angeles, CA
2010 Summer Mix, Creative Photography Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
Family Stories, SlideLuck PotShow, Center for Photography, Woodstock, NY
2009 Divas: A Group, Robert V. Fullerton Art Museum, CSUSan Bernardino
Santa Monica Pier Project, Santa Monica, CA,
2008 Photographer's Eye Friends of Photography Series, LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA
L.A.River Project, Bridge Gallery Los Angeles City Hall, Los Angeles, CA
Urban Landscapes, Topanga Art Gallery, Topanga, Ca
Amateur, BC Space Gallery, Laguna Beach
2007 Urban: Public + Personal, 3P Gallery, Long Beach, CA
American Triptych, Guest Artist, www.Filmwasters.com
2006 Everyday LA, Metro Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
2005 Gala Awards, Center for Photographic Arts, Carmel, CA
2004 National 2004 Photography Now, Juror: Marita Holdaway, Larson Gallery, YVCC, WA
Through a Lens: Urban Landscapes, Juror: Richard Newman, CAL Museum, Half Moon Bay, CA
In the Garden, Avenue Nine Gallery, Chico, CA
1999-12 Group Views, Long Beach City College, Long Beach , CA
1999-01 Next Wave I & II, Andrew Shire Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
1998 Faculty Exhibition, Santa Monica College, Santa Monica, CA
1997 3 Weeks in L.A., Bergamot Station, Santa Monica, CA
1996 The Scene, West Gallery, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA
New Photography, L. A. County, Pomona, CA
The House of Art, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA
Dillingham/Caples Gallery, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA
1995 West Gallery, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA
Faculty Exhibition, Santa Monica College, Santa Monica, CA
1989 Women's Advertising Council, Los Angeles, CA
1988 The Belding Exhibit , Pacific Design Center, Los Angeles, CA
1987 Best of the West, Art Directors Club of Los Angeles
1984 Main Gallery, Art Center College of Design, Pasadena, CA
1982 Western Artists and Their Work, California State University, Chico, CA
2019 Muse, Ann Mitchell, AnotherYearInLA.com, January/February
Ann Mitchell: Chance Chronicles, FloatMagazine.com
Ann Mitchell: Invisible Body of Reality, Don’t Take Pictures.com
2016 The Razor's Edge, Ann Mitchell, WomenArts Quarterly Journal, V6, Issues #2, #4
2014 The Razor's Edge, Ann Mitchell, Lensculture.com
2013 Jill Enfield's Guide To Photographic Alternative Processes, Focal Press
The Razor's Edge, Ann Mitchell, Lenscratch.com
2012 The Revisiting Project, Ann Mitchell, The Times Quotidian.com
2011 Ordinary Beauty, Ann Mitchell, New Landscape Photography.com
The Medium is the Message, Lenscratch.com
2010 Still Life Photography, Lenscratch.com
2009 Impermanence Blog, LensWork Newsletter, LensWork Publications
West Coast Photographers, Lenscratch.com
Austin Val Verde, The Photo Book, thephotobook.wordpress.com
2008 Austin Val Verde, Impressions of a Montecito Masterpiece, Hardcover Monograph, Balcony Press
American Triptychs, January/February, LensWork Extended Portfolios & Audio Interviews
Val Verde, January/February LensWork Magazine
Polaroid: Last, Best, Issue 11, Light Leaks Magazine
2007 American Triptychs, View Camera Magazine
2005 Documentation & Interpretation: Ann Mitchell, View Camera Magazine
2004 Boundaries and Interpretation, News & Review, Chico, CA
2004 Pick of the Week, Buzz, Enterprise Record, Chico, CA
2001 Photography Salon, EyeCarumba.com
Ann Mitchell, Canadian Photo Guide, Canada
1999 Art Pick, Fine Arts Calendar, News and Review Weekly, CA
1996 Pair of Aging Houses now Modern Art, Inland Valley Daily Bulletin, Ontario, CA
1996 House of Art, Orange County Weekly, CA
1996 A Picture Perfect House, Claremont Courier, CA
1988 Design: Los Angeles , Julie Prendiville.
1987 Best of the West. Art Directors Club of Los Angeles, CA
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES:
2015-17 Organizer & Lecturer, Intersect Project, Long Beach City College, CA
2008-12 Organizer & Lecturer, PhotoFest @ LBCC, Long Beach City College, CA
2010 Reviewer, SPE Western Conference, San Diego, CA
2007 Contributor, PhotoVision Award Exhibition, The Photographic Center Northwest, Seattle, WA
Contributor, Cultural Landscape Foundation, San Francisco, CA
2004 Instructor, Polaroid Workshop, Avenue 9 Gallery, Chico, CA
2002, 2003, Organizer, Spring Arts Exhibit, Hellada Gallery, Long Beach, CA
1999 Curator, A Mixed View, Hellada Gallery, Long Beach, CA
1998 Curator, Element Silver, Gallery 1078, Chico, CA
1997 Contributor, The Show , Robert Miller Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
1996 Curator, Search for Aesthetics, Humanities Center, Claremont CA
Curator, House of Art, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA
Curator, Work of Body, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA
TEACHING & ADVISORY EXPERIENCE:
Professor of Art, Photography and Digital Media Coordinator, Visual and Media Arts Department, Long Beach City College, CA
Chair, Art & Photography Department, Long Beach City College, CA
Advisory Board Member: Freestyle Photographic Supplies, Los Angeles, CA,
Adjunct Faculty & Lecturer: Art Center College of Design, Woodbury University, CSU Northridge, Claremont Graduate School, Santa Monica, Citrus, Santa Ana, Coastline and Antelope Valley Colleges.
COMMERCIAL EXPERIENCE:
1983 - 1995 Ann Mitchell Photography, Editorial and Advertising
Partial client list includes: Paramount and Universal Studios, Teleflora, Knudsen,
Contadina, Xerox, Apple Computers, Random House and Better Homes & Gardens Magazine.
Copyright © Ann Mitchell, All rights reserved.
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Tribal Courts Council
Enhancing the Fairness and Function of Native American Tribal Courts
The Tribal Courts Council (TCC) is a free-standing committee of the Judicial Division. It was formed to respond to the need for educating and advising ABA members and the public about issues affecting Indian Country and the far-reaching but little-known effect of those issues on all areas of the legal profession. The Tribal Courts Council was also created as a means of advancing the ABA goal of promoting diversity in the legal profession. Finally, the Tribal Courts Council was formed in response to the potential for a large membership base of diverse peoples involved in tribal justice, many programmatic opportunities, the desire among tribes for affiliation with the ABA and the Judicial Division, and interest in tribal issues on the part of other members of ABA entities.
The Tribal Courts Council is dedicated to engaging in programs and projects that enhance the effectiveness of those who appear, work, and practice before and within tribal courts and their governing bodies. In the process, the Council contributes to efforts to improve the fairness and functioning of Native American tribal courts and to correct misperceptions about tribal courts and governments. It strives to:
Build public and legal-profession awareness of, and respect for, tribal courts;
Encourage lawyers to become familiar with laws relating to Native Americans and to consider practicing in Indian Country;
Press Congress to nominate more Native American federal judges and pass legislation of importance to Native American tribes and individuals; and
Encourage Native American law students to pursue judicial clerkships and internships.
The Tribal Courts Council has sponsored or co-sponsored many important programs, including those relating to the Violence Against Women Act and other programs relating to criminal jurisdiction in Indian Country. The Council presented “Spotlight on the Violence Against Women Act of 2013: A Practical Guide to the Special Domestic Violence Criminal Jurisdiction Pilot Projects and What to Expect After March 2015” at the 2015 ABA Midyear Meeting in Houston, TX.
Join the Tribal Courts Council
Become a member of the Tribal Courts Council and give Tribal Courts a voice in the American Bar Association.
Judicial Division members may join the Tribal Courts Council through its online Tribal Courts Community page within JD Connect. or contact Julie Peacock with your member ID.
If you are not a member, please call (800) 285-2221 or visit ABA Membership to join the ABA and the Judicial Division, prior to enrolling.
ABA Supports Tribal Justice Issues
Resolution 115C, 2019: Supports the constitutionality of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) in the effort to strengthen tribal jurisdiction over their child welfare system, uphold tribal kinship and set standards specific for American Indians/Alaska Natives child and youth placement.
Resolution 115A, 2019: Urges Congress to ensure that the health care delivered by the Indian Health Service (IHS) is exempt from government shutdowns and federal budget sequestrations on par with the exemptions provided to the Veterans Health Administration.
At the August 2014 ABA Annual Meeting, the House of Delegates voted to allow individuals in good standing of a tribal court of any federally recognized tribe to be full members of the ABA.
Resolution 111A, 2013: RESOLVED, that the American Bar Association urges the full implementation of, and compliance with, the Indian Child Welfare Act (25 U.S.C. §§1901-63).
Resolution 115, 2010: RESOLVED, That the American Bar Association urges Congress to re-authorize and fully fund the Violence Against Women Act and similar legislation that...
Resolution 117A, 2008: RESOLVED, That the American Bar Association urges Congress to support quality and accessible justice by ensuring adequate, stable, long-term funding for tribal justice systems.
ABA/NHTSA Tribal Courts Fellow
ABA Journal News: Tribal Law/Courts
The Judges' Journal Volume 55 No. 4: Tribal Courts
Additional Tribal Justice Resources
Administering Justice in Tribal Courts During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Virtual Talking Circle
Sponosred by the National American Indian Court Judges Association
National American Indian Court Judges Association
Tribal Access to Justice Innovation
National Tribal Justice Resource Center
National Judicial College National Tribal Judicial Center
Tribal Law and Policy Institute
Tribal Court Clearinghouse
Julie Peacock, Committee Staff
julianna.peacock@americanbar.org
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Select a City All Cities Basel Berlin Bregenz, Austria Buffalo Cologne Dakar, Senegal Dublin Greenwich, Connecticut London Los Angeles Milan New York Paris Prague São Paulo Seoul Southampton, UK Vancouver Vienna Wellington, New Zealand Zurich
PRINT October 2014
Bregenz, Austria
View of “Bloodflames Revisited,” 2014.
“Bloodflames Revisited”
Kasmin Sculpture Garden
“Bloodflames Revisited” commemorated the swan song of late Surrealism in exile. Despite much that was praiseworthy in the show, its major failing was that the work of its twenty-five artists—complexly installed in the two Kasmin venues—ignored the mad swish and sheer bliss of the original event. What intrigued, after all, was the promised revival of a feckless gay sensibility of theatricalized femininity, worlds away from gay pride, ACT UP, and queer theory.
The first “Bloodflames” was organized in 1947 by the young Alexander Iolas, a well-heeled balletomane (and former dancer) of Greek origin possessed of a whimsy of iron. Sir John Richardson fondly remembers this famous heartthrob of the Marquis de Cuevas, ballet’s Maecenas, as being “as camp as a row of tents.” Held at New York’s Hugo Gallery, that show included grand talents such as David Hare, Arshile Gorky, Roberto Matta, Gerome Kamrowski, and Isamu Noguchi, whose sculptures back then often doubled as stage sets for Martha Graham. Indeed, the late phase of Surrealism could easily be called “ballet Surrealism.” Its grand monuments are not the striving sculptures of Max Ernst, Victor Brauner, or the duo Lalanne—on the sale of whose dubious work Iolas eventually built an international network of galleries—but the exquisite miniature boxes of Joseph Cornell assembled in obsessional devotion to the stars of the Romantic ballet, such as Marie Taglioni.
To create the original show, Iolas brainstormed with Nicolas Calas, a lean wraith of a Greek national poet whose verse mined the double imagery of Salvador Dalí’s paranoiac critical method. During the rum years from the Spanish Civil War through World War II, Dalí brought an avid publicity hunger to a Surrealist world that had been miraculously transferred to Manhattan. The original “Bloodflames” was, in a sense, an adieu to all that—though, at the time, most did not know it.
Although the fingerprints of Iolas and Calas are rather lost in the Kasmin revisit, the signature of the original show’s third collaborator, Frederick Kiesler, was writ large. Once in New York, Kiesler, a Austro-Hungarian-born architect and designer of window displays, turned his back on the Bauhaus-inflected geometries on which his initial reputation was founded. Determined to destroy the white box of the modernist gallery, he designed installations that negotiated both floor and wall at the same instant, or created free-form, architecturally energizing furniture. His interiors for Peggy Guggenheim’s gallery Art of this Century are his best-remembered legacy; meanwhile, a shot of the helter-skelter placement of several Matta paintings in the “Bloodflames” exhibition still floats about the Internet.
Phong Bui, the Brooklyn polymath, in addition to curating this “revisitation” is also the cofounder and editor of the Brooklyn Rail, the art newspaper at the center of that borough’s renaissance. Taking his cues from Kiesler’s madcap designs, Bui painted the gallery walls yellow, arranging catwalks that connected gallery spaces strewn with hay; the grassy odor mattered, not just the dried stalks’ association with flammability. Works were displayed at disparate heights, set upon the hay or hung high on the wall or close to the floor—they even included, as the final straw (so to speak), Burning Car, 2008, a flaming video projection by Superflex.
Other works of note in the show included tiny, sexually referential, quasi-transparent sculptures by Do Ho Suh, from his “Specimen Series,” 2013. Tunga’s sexually coded towers of found and created objects were also particularly germane, insofar as their affinities with the work of Brauner brings them closest (among the works here) to the spirit of the Surrealist model. Of the work by veteran figures, I admired Dorothea Rockburne’s Three Point Manifold, 2008; unlike many of the artists with whom she emerged, Rockburne never foundered in the “once was” of post-Minimalism. Joanna Pousette-Dart’s 3 Part Variation, #3, 2011–13, is also particularly crisp and elegant. The show’s perhaps overly engulfing theme of red was intriguingly exemplified by an Alex Katz close-up of Rose Bud, 1967, and Cindy Sherman’s swirling, virtually indecipherable red Cibachrome print Untitled, 1994. G. T. Pellizzi’s striking Constellation in Red (Figure 1), 2013, is an illuminating—in the double sense—wall installation of red lightbulbs, porcelain, wire, and steel. Indeed, all the artists shown were represented by characteristic works; unfortunately, their sheer number beggars individual notice—a situation perfectly in tune with an exercise in sophisticated sensibility rather than common sense.
—Robert Pincus-Witten
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2.7 3 TDV6 XS 5d 188 BHP
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Finance is available to UK residents aged 18 years or older, subject to status. Terms & Conditions apply. Indemnities may be required. Other finance offers may be available but cannot be used in conjunction with this offer. We work with a number of carefully selected credit providers who may be able to offer you finance for your purchase, commission may be received. We are only able to offer finance products from these providers. Postal Address: Ashton Car Sales, Scotland Street, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire OL6 6SP. Find contact details here.
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Grant helps Habitat For Humanity Roaring Fork integrate disabled workers into community
Local Local |
Scott Condon
scondon@aspentimes.com
Habitat for Humanity employee Brian Wilson laughs while bantering with a coworker at the downvalley ReStore on Wednesday. Wilson received a plaque acknowledging him as "The Most Enthusiastic Team Member 2017."
Anna Stonehouse/The Aspen Times |
Brian Wilson broke into a big smile Wednesday when he was presented with Habitat For Humanity Roaring Fork’s “Most Enthusiastic Team Member” award for 2017.
A smile comes easily for the 32-year-old and it’s apparent while visiting Habitat’s ReStore warehouse why he was chosen for the award.
Wilson’s got a keen awareness of where everything is located in the cavernous warehouse between Carbondale and Glenwood Springs. He’s known as “King of the Appliances.” He accepts donations, rotates merchandise in the second-hand shop and occasionally assists shoppers.
“I like seeing all my co-workers,” Wilson said.
He was hired for the job with the help of Mountain Valley Developmental Services, a nonprofit serving Pitkin, Eagle, Garfield and Lake counties. It helps individuals with disabilities prepare for employment, land and keep a job.
For Wilson, the preparation included brushing up on interviewing skills and making sure he was comfortable taking the bus from his home in Glenwood Springs to the Restore about 4 miles south.
“Brian is super capable and reliable,” said Jay Slater, supported employment manager for Mountain Valley Developmental Services.
Mountain Valley has three full-time job coaches and one manager who cover Aspen to Parachute. They will work with the employee and employer after a hire to make sure everything is going well.
“This is the fastest I’ve seen the support getting dialed back,” Slater said, noting that Wilson blended in well and fast.
“Brian wants to be here,” said Scott Gilbert, president of the local Habitat chapter.
Habitat hired two part-time workers through Mountain Valley in 2016 and has since added two other workers through the program. A $10,000 grant from the Bob Young Foundation helps Habitat employ the four workers from Mountain Valley. Young is founder of Alpine Banks of Colorado.
“That money will have twice the impact,” Gilbert said, referring to the benefits for Habitat and Mountain Valley.
Charlene Romero also has worked at Habitat for nearly two years via the Mountain Valley Developmental Services program.
“I do everything,” she said. Charlene has “pretty good computer skills,” so she inputs a lot of customer information into Habitat’s computer system, according to Slater.
The supported employment program promotes independence and lets the workers “have as regular of a life as possible,” he said. The jobs must pay at least minimum wage at a business where the workforce is not primarily made up of people with disabilities.
People with physical or developmental disabilities often are forced to live in a bubble, shut off from normal life in many ways, Slater said. The Roaring Fork Valley is a more welcoming place, he said.
“It’s good for Brian in a million different ways but good for the community, as well,” Slater said.
The interaction shows that people with disabilities can play a vital role in the community fabric.
Wilson comes from a family rooted in western Garfield County for multiple generations. He previously lived in Rulison but now lives in Glenwood Springs in an apartment complex overseen by Mountain Valley staff. The goal is to get him into an independent apartment.
“The main benefits are the community interplay,” Slater said.
The supported employment program has grown threefold since 2012. There were 15 people placed in jobs in 2012. Now there are 43. They work at a variety of jobs from sales associates, customer service, janitorial, office assistants and ranch hands, hostesses and dishwashers.
The program is regularly rated first or second in the state compared with similar agencies. The workers it places work an average of 8.5 hours per week and make an average salary of 17 percent above minimum wage.
Slater said the collaboration between Habitat and Mountain Valley Developmental Service has definitely paid dividends in encouraging self-confidence, self-esteem and a sense of self-worth in the four employees.
“The staff of Habitat Restore has been amazing to work with,” he said, “helping to challenge and enable our individuals to do the best job they can.”
The majority of COVID-19 public health order complaints in Aspen have been around masks, restaurants and social distancing.
Aspen COVID-19 vaccine clinic inoculating at a fast clip
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►$25 AT AT TIME: Solving Arizona's affordable housing problem with small donations
Arizona homebuyers can help put a roof over the heads of people who can’t find a home they can afford.
A new, voluntary program is collecting $25 donations to put toward growing metro Phoenix's stock of affordable housing available to rent.
► RISING RENTS: Apartment rents climb faster in Phoenix than anywhere in the U.S.
The average monthly cost to rent in the Phoenix area jumped 8.1%, more than twice the U.S. average.
That increase added $103 to the average apartment renter’s monthly bill, according to a national researcher.
► RECORD HOME PRICES: Metro Phoenix home prices expected to hit new record high in November
The area's median home price was expected to climb from $280,000 to $285,000 in November 2019, based on pending sales.
Bidding wars for homes below $350,000 are common. A growing number of first-time buyers are getting beat out by investors, who are driving up prices.
► AFFORDABILITY: Phoenix has long been the West's most affordable city. That might change.
The gap between what Phoenix-area residents earn and what they pay for housing is growing and putting the squeeze on many.
The only other time the Valley was less affordable than the national average was when housing prices shot up 50% during the boom in 2005 and 2006.
► AN EYE ON INVESTORS: New home sales climb in metro Phoenix, but are investors getting back in the game?
Investors were behind about 14% of metro Phoenix’s home sales in 2019.
That's nowhere near 2006 levels when investors were behind at least 40% of all Valley home sales.
Still, we're keeping watch. During the last boom, investors snapped up a record number of new Phoenix-area homes, then dumped them fast when prices started falling. Those investors played a big role in the housing market crash of 2008 to 2011.
► DISAPPEARING MOBILE HOMES: Luxury townhomes will replace former Tempe Mobile Home Park
New luxury condominiums will fill the vacant space once occupied by a mobile home park, with work starting months after residents were forced to move out.
The development has faced backlash and spurred concerns that new developments are driving up home prices and displacing poor and working-class families.
► NEW BUILDS: A starter home for $145K? Here are 10 developments with the lowest prices.
New-home buyers still can find real-estate bargains in metro Phoenix, but long drives are part of the deal.
Suburbs that were hardest hit by the housing crash and posted the highest foreclosure rates are now offering some of the least expensive new homes.
► HOMELESSNESS: Phoenix residents report 1,500 homeless encampments
Homelessness in Maricopa County continues to rise, and shows no signs of stopping.
The rise is partly a byproduct of fewer shelter beds in Maricopa County, experts say.
For the sixth straight year, unsheltered homelessness — people living on the streets, in desert washes, in vehicles or in another place not meant for habitation — increased.
VALLEY HOMELESS ENCAMPMENTS
► AFFORDABLE HOUSING: Arizona spending $15M on affordable housing and shelters for homeless
More people searching for affordable housing and temporary shelter in Arizona will receive some much-needed help from the $15 million devoted to the state's housing trust fund.
Plans for the money call for funding new homes for people who were homeless, including veterans, and housing for people with mental health needs.
This one-time bump is the biggest increase to the fund since the Great Recession in 2009.
► CITIES RETHINK HOMELESSNESS: Arresting people for sleeping outside is 'cruel,' U.S. Supreme Court affirms
In 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court essentially affirmed a lower court ruling that governments can't enforce a law that prohibits homeless people from sleeping on the streets when no alternative shelter is available.
Cities across the country, including in metro Phoenix, are now grappling with the impacts of the court ruling as they try to reduce the blight caused by encampments.
Tempe stopped enforcing its prohibition on urban camping after the ruling. Glendale and Surprise tweaked their laws to say they can only be enforced if shelter is available.
Phoenix kept its law, but officers are instructed to offer services before citing violators.
► TALKING ABOUT HOMELESSNESS: East Valley cities join forces to tackle homelessness
Tempe, Chandler, Scottsdale, Mesa, Gilbert and Apache Junction have banded together with Phoenix, Maricopa County and the Maricopa Association of Governments to fight the growing issue of homelessness across municipal boundaries.
The group unveiled a joint resolution in 2019 pledging to share data, discuss current practices and explore ways to mitigate the issue.
Tempe City Manager Andrew Ching said he hopes the joint effort ultimately leads to the creation of the East Valley’s first permanent shelter.
► INCOME AND PRICES: How Phoenix's home prices and income levels compare to other U.S. cities'
Phoenix-area home prices are lower than in many other big cities, but so are its household incomes, a crucial piece of the affordability equation.
The median home price in the Phoenix area is about $273,000 — still a relative bargain compared with places like San Francisco and Los Angeles.
► INCOME OUTPACED BY INFLATION: How well Phoenix-area neighborhoods and cities have recovered since the recession
Arizona's average household income is back to what it was before the Great Recession, but that doesn't say much when considering inflation. Income growth has kept up with inflation since 2007 in only two of Arizona's large cities — Gilbert and Scottsdale, according to the data.
► TURMOIL IN TEMPE: City gets creative with housing. But is it enough?
The need for affordable housing is front and center in Tempe, where older apartments and mobile homes have been cleared out for high-end options.
The city is looking at ways to increase affordable housing, but some residents say it's not enough.
About 37% of Tempe households spend more than 30% of their incomes on rent or mortgages — and that's too much, experts say.
► MODEST HOME, TALL ORDER: You need to work 71 hours a week for a 2-bedroom
An Arizona renter with a minimum-wage job must now work 71 hours to afford a modest two-bedroom home, according to a report released Tuesday by the National Low Income Housing Coalition. In the Phoenix metro area, that figure rises to 75 hours of labor.
Under a widely accepted standard for affordability, a household should spend no more than 30% of its income on housing costs.
► PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT: Developer of Mesa Artspace Lofts in talks for affordable housing project in Tempe
Tempe is entering negotiations with the developer who opened the Mesa Artspace Lofts, an affordable housing project that provides live-work space for artists and their families.
The project would go on land leased from the city near Dorsey Lane and Apache Boulevard.
► LET THE MARKET DECIDE? Lack of housing in Chandler divides leaders and advocates
In Chandler, city leaders and community agencies are divided on how to best address affordable housing needs.
Some council members believe it's not the government’s role to provide affordable housing and that the market should dictate prices.
Social service groups say that view edges out those who work in industries that support the high-wage jobs the city is trying to attract.
LIVE Inauguration updates: Latest news as Biden is sworn in After mistake on Google, Scottsdale woman bombarded by calls from strangers How could the Biden administration's first 100 days affect Arizonans? The Gaggle Podcast finds out Which grocery stores deliver or offer curbside pickup in metro Phoenix? Here’s a guide
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CBA holds another foreign exchange auction
12 November 2020 18:44 (UTC+04:00)
The Central Bank of Azerbaijan (CBA) sold $63.4 million to banks at the foreign exchange auction held with the participation of the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) on November 12, 2020, Trend reports citing the country's CBA.
The demand from banks at the auction increased by 1.1 percent compared to the previous indicator and was fully met.
At the end of the auction, the weighted average rate of the manat to the dollar amounted to 1.7 AZN / USD.
On March 10, 2020, the first foreign exchange auction in a long time was held with the participation of the SOFAZ, during which Azerbaijani banks purchased $323.2 million.
The CBA began to conduct currency auctions through a one-way sale of currency in a competitive environment from mid-January 2017.
In March 2020, the CBA decided to hold extraordinary currency auctions in connection with the increased demand of the population for foreign currency amid the failure of the OPEC+ deal, which led to a sharp drop in oil prices.
#CENTRAL BANK OF AZERBAIJAN (CBA)
CBA unveils amount of foreign currency sold to local banks
Growth in demand for foreign currency in Azerbaijan temporary - Central Bank
CBA to auction deposits in liquidity-required cases
Baku Stock Exchange holds first auction in 2021on placement of Central Bank's notes
6 January 18:32
Amount of foreign currency sold to Azerbaijani banks disclosed
Central Bank of Azerbaijan announces priorities of monetary policy for 2021
Demand of Azerbaijani banks for foreign currency revealed
Azerbaijan names target inflation rate for upcoming year
CBA reveals factors affecting monetary policy in 2020
Supply surpasses demand at deposit auction of Azerbaijan's Central Bank
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Posted in | Nanomagnetics | Nanofabrication
New Design Tool Develops Nanostructure 3D-Printed Templates for User-Given Colors
Written by AZoNanoAug 20 2018
A majority of objects universally are colored by pigments, but using pigments has drawbacks: industrial pigments are mostly toxic, colors can fade, and certain color effects are difficult to achieve.
Light hits the 3D-printed nanostructures from below. After it is transmitted through, the viewer sees only green light—the remaining colors are redirected. (Image credit: Thomas Auzinger)
The natural world, however, also displays structural coloration, where the microstructure of an object causes several colors to appear. Peacock feathers, for example, are pigmented brown, but - due to long hollows within the feathers - reflect the stunning, iridescent greens and blues one sees and admires. Latest advances in technology have made it practical to fabricate the kind of nanostructures that lead to structural coloration, and computer scientists from the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria) and the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) have currently developed a computational tool that automatically forms 3D-print templates for nanostructures that match user-defined colors.
Their research shows the significant potential for structural coloring in industry, and paves the way for possibilities for non-experts to develop their own designs. This project will be presented at the top computer graphics conference, SIGGRAPH 2018, by first author and IST Austria postdoc Thomas Auzinger. This is one of five IST Austria presentations at the conference this year.
The varying colors of a chameleon and the iridescent greens and blues of the morpho butterfly, among many others in nature, are due to structural coloration, where nanostructures cause interference effects in light, resulting in a range of colors when seen macroscopically. Structural coloration has certain benefits over coloring with pigments (where specific wavelengths are absorbed), but until recently, the boundaries of technology meant fabricating such nanostructures required extremely specialized techniques. New “direct laser writing” arrangements, however, cost about as much as a top-quality industrial 3D printer, and allow for printing at the scale of hundreds of nanometers (hundred to thousand time thinner than a human hair), paving the way for scientists to try out structural coloration.
The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in 3D Printing
Magma and Chinese Academy of Sciences Establish Nanotech Lab - News Item
Experimental Evidence of Nanometre-Scale 3D Defects in Cr2AlC Thin Films
Thus far, researchers have largely experimented with nanostructures that they had observed in nature, or with simple, standard nanostructural designs (for example, row after row of pillars). Thomas Auzinger and Bernd Bickel of IST Austria, together with Wolfgang Heidrich of KAUST, however, took an advanced new approach that varies in several critical ways. First, they solve the inverse design task: the user enters the color they want to imitate, and then the computer forms a nanostructure pattern that gives that color, instead of trying to reproduce structures found in nature. Furthermore, “our design tool is completely automatic,” says Thomas Auzinger. “No extra effort is required on the part of the user.”
Second, the nanostructures in the template do not adhere to a specific pattern or have a standard structure; they appear to be haphazardly composed—a fundamental break from earlier approaches, but one with a number of advantages. “When looking at the template produced by the computer I cannot tell by the structure alone, if I see a pattern for blue or red or green,” explains Auzinger. “But that means the computer is finding solutions that we, as humans, could not. This free-form structure is extremely powerful: it allows for greater flexibility and opens up possibilities for additional coloring effects.” For example, their design tool can be used to print a square that looks like red from one angle, and blue from another (termed as directional coloring).
Lastly, earlier efforts have also stumbled when it came to real fabrication: the designs were frequently difficult to print. The new design tool, however, ensures that the user will obtain with a printable template, which makes it very useful for the future development of structural coloration in industry. “The design tool can be used to prototype new colors and other tools, as well as to find interesting structures that could be produced industrially,” adds Auzinger. Preliminary tests of the design tool have already produced successful results. “It’s amazing to see something composed entirely of clear materials appear colored, simply because of structures invisible to the human eye,” says Bernd Bickel, professor at IST Austria, “we’re eager to experiment with additional materials, to expand the range of effects we can achieve.”
“It’s particularly exciting to witness the growing role of computational tools in fabrication,” concludes Auzinger, “and even more exciting to see the expansion of ‘computer graphics’ to encompass physical as well as virtual images.”
Advanced Alloys
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Media & Audio Labs
Media Lab Home
Streaming Video Collections
Guide to Music Research
Audio Lab Home
Library A-Z
Music Department Home
The Audio Lab is open to current ATU students, faculty, and staff where they can record their voice for podcasts or film narrations, record their piano or guitar playing, mix beats and pop songs, and post-produce pre-recorded audio files with high quality mastering software. Please refer to our Use Guidelines and make a Reservation.
The ATU Library's audio recording facility, located on the second floor, room 204.
Spring semester Hours
Monday: 9am-11pm
Tuesday: 9am-5pm / 7pm-11pm
Wednesday: 9am-11pm
Thursday: 9am-5pm / 7pm-11pm
Saturday: 2pm-6pm
Sunday: 2pm-10pm
Please Note: The Media Lab will be closed for Martin Luther King Day on Monday, January 18.
Book the Audio Lab
Podcasts consist of digital audio or video files that are presented by a "podcaster" who provides original recorded content with commentary and other supporting digital documents such as photos and text. Common places to find podcasts are from video content providers (YouTube, Vimeo), blogs (Blogger, Wordpress), social media (Facebook, Soundcloud), and a host of personal and organizational websites.
The ATU Audio Lab provides high quality microphones, an iMac digital workstation, and excellent software to support podcasting projects.
AUDIO EDITING & MASTERING
Audio editing and mastering are two processes that differ from "mixing." Editing and mastering a basic mono, stereo or surround sound recording is usually the final process completed after mixing several audio tracks into one file. In many cases where mixing is not needed, we simply record a stereo track, edit the parts not needed or desired, and enhance or "sweeten" the sound for final production known as "mastering."
The audio editing and mastering programs we have available include Audacity, Adobe Audition, Cubase, and Wavelab.
MULTITRACK RECORDING & BEAT MIXING
Many audio projects require the "mixing" of multiple recordings commonly known as "tracks" into one stereo or surround sound audio file. Multitrack recording and "beat mixing" is possible with a number of software programs including Ableton Live, Audacity, Adobe Audition, Cubase, GarageBand, Ignite, and Logic Pro X.
VOICE-OVERS & VIDEO EDITING
The ATU Audio Lab supports the ability to record narrations needed for film documentaries and PowerPoints projects with several types of microphones ranging from medium to high quality. Video editing is also supported with software programs including iMovie and Adobe Premiere Pro.
CONTACT THE Audio LAB
Ross Pendergraft Library, Room 210
305 West Q Street
Email: llybarger@atu.edu
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Rebellion's Message
A Jack Blackjack Mystery
By: Michael Jecks
Narrated by: Peter Noble
Series: Bloody Mary Mysteries, Book 1
Categories: Mystery, Thriller & Suspense, Mystery
Or, Buy for £19.29
The Unquiet Bones
By: Mel Starr
Narrated by: Steven Crossley
Hugh of Singleton, fourth son of a minor knight, has been educated as a clerk, usually a prelude to taking holy orders. However, feeling no certain calling despite a lively faith, he turns to the profession of surgeon, training in Paris and then hanging out his sign in Oxford. A local lord asks him to track the killer of a young woman whose bones have been found in the castle cesspit. She is identified as the impetuous missing daughter of a local blacksmith, and her young man, whom she had provoked very publicly, is in due course arrested and sentenced at the Oxford assizes.
Shardlake's Younger Brother, the surgeon
By Mr. Stephen Gould on 20-09-20
The Merchant's Partner
Narrated by: Michael Tudor Barnes
When the mutilated body of midwife and healer Agatha Kyteler is discovered in a hedge one frozen wintry morning, it seems at first that a lack of clues will render the crime impossible to solve. Then a frightened local youth inexplicably flees his village, and a hue and cry is raised in his wake. Sir Baldwin Furnshill, once a Knight Templar, has doubts about the boy's guilt. He enlists his friend Simon Puttock, bailiff of Lydford Castle, in the hunt for a murderer.
Too much snow
By John on 23-05-11
Dispensation of Death
1325: England is a hotbed of paranoia under the reign of the unpredictable Edward II and his lover, Sir Hugh le Despenser. When the queen’s lady-in-waiting is slaughtered and a man’s body, hideously mutilated, is discovered behind the throne, the king demands to be avenged. Sir Baldwin de Furnshill, an experienced investigator of murders, is appointed to track down the killer, aided by his friend, Simon Puttock. In an age of corruption, when the king’s friends can use torture, blackmail and murder to promote their ends, a rural knight and bailiff must fight to stay alive.
By: S. J. Parris
Narrated by: Laurence Kennedy
Oxford, 1583. Giordano Bruno, a radical thinker fleeing the Inquisition, is sent undercover to Oxford to expose a Catholic conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth. But he has his own secret mission at the University, which must remain hidden at all costs. When a series of hideous murders are committed, Bruno is compelled to investigate. What he finds makes it brutally clear that the Tudor throne itself is at stake....
Good enjoyable lightweight read
By S Price Sinclair on 08-02-15
The Angel's Mark
By: S. W. Perry
Narrated by: Kris Dyer
LONDON, 1590. Queen Elizabeth I's control over her kingdom is wavering. Amidst a tumultuous backdrop of Spanish plotters, Catholic heretics and foreign wars threatening the country's fragile stability, the body of a small boy is found in the City of London, with strange marks that no one can explain. When idealistic physician Nicholas Shelby finds another body displaying the same marks only days later, he becomes convinced that a killer is at work, preying on the weak and destitute of London.
Excellent book
By Kate on 28-10-18
The Canning Town Murder
By: Mike Hollow
Narrated by: Simon Mattacks
September 1940. As the Blitz takes its nightly toll on London and Hitler prepares his invasion fleet just across the Channel in occupied France, Britain is full of talk about enemy agents. Suspicion is at an all-time high, and no one is sure who can be trusted. In Canning Town, rescue workers are unsettled when they return to a damaged street and discover a body that shouldn’t be there. When closer examination of the corpse reveals death by strangling, Detective Inspector John Jago is called upon to investigate.
Damian Seeker 1
By: S. G. MacLean
Narrated by: Nicholas Camm
London, 1654. Oliver Cromwell is at the height of his power and has declared himself Lord Protector. Yet he has many enemies at home and abroad. London is a complex web of spies and merchants, priests and soldiers, exiles and assassins. One of the web's most fearsome spiders is Damian Seeker, agent of the Lord Protector. No one knows where Seeker comes from, who his family is, or even his real name. All that is known of him for certain is that he is utterly loyal to Cromwell and that nothing can be long hidden from him.
A Dark-Cloaked Figure
By Simon on 10-12-16
The Ashes of London
By: Andrew Taylor
Narrated by: Leighton Pugh
London, September 1666. The Great Fire rages through the city, consuming everything in its path. Even the impregnable cathedral of St. Paul's is engulfed in flames and reduced to ruins. Among the crowds watching its destruction is James Marwood, son of a disgraced printer and reluctant government informer. In the aftermath of the fire, a semi-mummified body is discovered in the ashes of St. Paul's, in a tomb that should have been empty. The man's body has been mutilated, and his thumbs have been tied behind his back.
Mystery and murder in 'the dunnest smoke of hell'
By Rachel Redford on 27-04-16
Three Giordano Bruno Novellas
Narrated by: Daniel Philpott
Three gripping tales from number one best seller S. J. Parris. The Secret Dead: during the summer of 1566, a girl’s body is found within the walls of a Neapolitan monastery. Novice monk Giordano Bruno has a habit of asking difficult questions, but this time his investigations may lose him his place in the Dominican Order - or deliver him into the hands of the Inquisition. Also includes The Academy of Secrets and The Dead of Winter.
Evocative and a good story
By Jonathan Coore on 16-01-21
The Last Protector
James Marwood & Cat Lovett, Book 4
Brother against brother. Father against son. Friends turned into enemies. No one in England wants a return to the bloody days of the Civil War. But Oliver Cromwell’s son, Richard, has abandoned his exile and slipped back into England. The consequences could be catastrophic. James Marwood, a traitor’s son turned government agent, is tasked with uncovering Cromwell’s motives. But his assignment is complicated by his friend - the regicide’s daughter, Cat Lovett - who knew the Cromwells as a child and who now seems to be hiding a secret of her own about the family.
Riveting historical fiction
By Max on 07-04-20
The Butcher of St Peter's
Exeter, 1323. A strange man is entering people’s houses at night, causing panic amongst householders. Although many had thought him harmless, now he seems to have committed murder. A man lies dead in his own home, slaughtered merely for trying to protect his children, and the folk of Exeter want this menace caught and hanged. Sir Baldwin de Furnshill suspects that the solution isn’t that simple.
By john o connell on 19-04-20
The Cheapside Corpse
Exploits of Thomas Chaloner, Book 10
By: Susanna Gregory
Narrated by: Gordon Griffin
London in the spring of 1665 is a city full of fear. There is plague in the stews of St Giles, the Dutch fleet is preparing to invade, and a banking crisis threatens to leave Charles II's government with no means of paying for the nation's defence. Amid the tension, Thomas Chaloner is ordered to investigate the murder of Dick Wheler, one of the few goldsmith-bankers to have survived the losses that have driven others to bankruptcy - or worse.
Great fun as usual mixed with historical accuracy
By Learning is fun! on 01-02-15
A Plague on Both Your Houses
The First Chronicle of Matthew Bartholomew
Narrated by: David Thorpe
Matthew Bartholomew, unorthodox but effective physician to Michaelhouse college in medieval Cambridge, is as worried as anyone about the pestilence that is ravaging Europe and seems to be approaching England. But he is distracted by the sudden and inexplicable death of the Master of Michaelhouse - a death the University authorities do not want investigated.
Just brilliant
By Heidi Harper on 27-08-18
The Harper's Quine
Gil Cunningham Mysteries
By: Pat McIntosh
Narrated by: Andrew Watson
At the May Day dancing at Glasgow Cross, Gil Cunningham sees not only the woman who is going to be murdered, but her murderer as well. Gil is a recently qualified lawyer whose family still expect him to enter the priesthood. When he finds the body of a young woman in the new building at Glasgow Cathedral he is asked to investigate, and identifies the corpse as the runaway wife of cruel, unpleasant nobleman John Semphill. With the help of Maistre Pierre, the French master-mason, Gil must ask questions and seek a murderer in the heart of the city.
An unusual 'detective' story set in medieval times
By sams247 on 04-03-17
The Prophecy of Death
1325: King Edward II’s reign seems cursed. Although he has rejected his wife, Queen Isabella, he still relies on her. Even now, she is in France to negotiate peace with her brother, King Charles IV of France - but he fears for the outcome. Meanwhile, Sir Baldwin de Furnshill and his friend Bailiff Simon Puttock return from France with an urgent instruction for the King. It is to be their last mission.
No Law in the Land
When King Edward II is informed that his wife, Queen Isabella, has defied him and remained in France with their son, he flies into a rage. It is Sir Baldwin de Furnshill and his friend Bailiff Simon Puttock who have broken the news to him and are now no longer in the king’s favour. They return to their homes in Devon, but they find that outlaws hold sway in the land. Sir Robert, a knight from the King’s household, has turned outlaw from his castle near Crediton. When a pair of clerics are found murdered, Baldwin and Simon are asked to investigate.
The Sanctuary Murders
Chronicles of Matthew Bartholomew, Book 24
In 1360 Edward III issues a call to arms, as sporadic attacks by the French threaten to turn into a full-blown invasion. In Cambridge, fear of the enemy is magnified by the belief that foreign agents are lurking in the area. Tension runs ever higher as rumours and ignorance fan the flames of suspicion amid preparations for war. And then the first murder occurs - of a French scholar living in the town.
The best yet
The Death Ship of Dartmouth
1324: a disastrous autumn looms large. As the leaves begin to fall there are those who wish to bring the kingdom down as well. In Dartmouth, a man is found lying dead in the road. Dismissing his death as a drunken accident, the locals turn their attentions to more worrying matters - piracy. Rumours abound that spies are being sent to the great traitor Roger Mortimer. If this is true, civil war in England is inevitable. The kingdom’s most powerful and ruthless men demand that Sir Baldwin de Furnshill and Bailiff Simon Puttock uncover the truth, and quickly.
January, 1554. Light-fingered Jack Blackjack knows he's not going to have a good day when he wakes with a sore head next to a dead body in a tavern's yard. But when he discovers what's in the dead man's purse, his day is set to get much worse. The purse explains why the mysterious man with the broad-brimmed hat wants to catch him. But so does the Lord Chancellor, as does the enigmatic Henry. In fact almost everyone seems to be after Jack Blackjack. If it weren't for the rebel army marching on London determined to remove Queen Mary from her throne, Jack could leave the city. Instead he must try to work out who killed the man in the yard, and why.
©2016 Michael Jecks (P)2017 Soundings
The Tolls of Death
Quirkology
GCHQ: Centenary Edition
What listeners say about Rebellion's Message
I've read a lot of fictional, and quite a few of Michael Jecks novels. Always well written, interesting and true to history.
not the best
normally I'm a great fan but this is not his best a shame really but
Using the main character to narrate the story helped bring to life the atmosphere of London at that time in history.
ValaDrew
Interesting Book
I thoroughly enjoyed this book and thanks to Michael Jecks for something a little different. Excellent plot.
Great new series by Jecks
I fervently hope that the Jack Blackjack series has a long run with Noble as it's narrator. The writing is excellent with witty dark humor with Noble's performance bring it all to vivid life. I want more Jack Blackjack now!
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2.9T 2dr All-wheel Drive quattro Coupe
Years 2021 2019 2018 2015 2014 2013
Autoblog Rating
Tight handling, raw power but a punishing ride make this a great car for certain enthusiasts, though some other competitors are more well-rounded.
The 2018 Audi RS5 is the latest performance coupe from Audi's Renn Sport division. This new generation ditches the old 4.2-liter V8 for a lighter and more powerful 2.9-liter twin-turbo V6 with up to 21.6 psi of boost. Like most other Audis, the exterior styling is an evolution of the previous generation, but the lines are a little sharper and more defined than before. While a four-door sportback version is coming, our tester was the traditional coupe, a car that could be considered a spiritual successor to the original Audi Quattro. Every RS5 comes equipped with quattro all-wheel drive and an RS rear sport differential. Up to 70 percent of the power can be sent to the rear wheels. Our test car came loaded with a number of options. The $6,000 Dynamic Plus package adds ceramic front rotors, a carbon fiber engine cover and raises the top speed to 174 mph. Other options include the regular $3,350 Dynamic package with dynamic RS sport suspension and exhaust, $2,500 for 20-inch wheels and $1,500 for black Nappa leather seats. If you want to hear more on the RS5 and how it compares to the BMW M4, listen to Greg and Reese on the Autoblog podcast. Editor-in-Chief Greg Migliore: Really enjoyed my night in the Audi RS5. If I were in the market for a performance coupe, I'd strongly look at this one. The styling sets it apart from the BMW M4 and Mercedes-AMG C63. Audi comes through with a clean look that is even better in person. This one, which stickers for $91,000, has everything, from the Dynamic Plus package to black-out trim. I'd probably go with one more barebones, closer to the $69,900 base. The biturbo V6 sounds good, urges this two-door to 40 or 50 mph with no effort and a little bit of attitude. I like that. The exhaust gets a little rumbly. The hood subtly shoots up and away you go. Done up with Misano red pearl effect, you definitely turn heads, too. With smart execution, the proliferation of the RS range is reinforcing Audi's performance chops, and that comes through in the RS5. Got the adrenaline pumping this morning with the @Audi RS5. A coupe for all seasons. @therealautoblog pic.twitter.com/lM82uIe6yI — Greg Migliore (@GregMigliore) July 10, 2018 Associate Editor Reese Counts: So much grip. You just point the wheel and mash the gas and let quattro sort out the rest. That's not to say it's easy, it's just simple. With the M4 — or any rear-wheel drive car — you have to manage your input to keep the ass end from riding around. It's not that way with the Audi. All that grip inspires a lot of confidence, but it's impossible to approach the car's limits on public roads without really pushing the bounds of safety. Or the law, for that matter. While I miss the old V8, this new 2.9-liter twin-turbo V6 — shared with a number of Porsches — is potent. There's torque for days, …
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$69,900 MSRP / Window Sticker Price
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Camberwick Green Complete Series DVD Review
by Simon Crust Jun 6, 2006
Camberwick Green Complete Series DVD (1966)
The disc has been given a broadcast correct 1.33:1 full screen transfer that has been digitally remasted for both sound and vision but, let's face it, is still a forty years old print. With that in mind this picture, by any standards is not very good. The picture is all together soft, the colours whilst fairly bight and solid in places often tend to wash due to the fluctuating brightness and contras level, which never remains constant between scenes, or even shots, let alone episodes. The worst problem though is that the picture wobbles, especially the first episode, that makes it near impossible to watch. This problem is fairly non existent in the subsequent episodes, but you're never quite sure. Digitally there were no compression problems or edge enhancement, but even after the processing there are still many instances of print damage and it is very grainy. In all not a good picture, but by all accounts the best that is possible, a shame.
The sound too has been given a thorough going over to remove any dirt or hiss, and for the most part it succeeds, the Dolby Digital 2.0 mono track manages to pick out the nuances in Cant's voice and is at a fairly middle range if a little tinny. The songs come across well, not sounding muffled or flat, the riffs of the guitar sounding exactly as I remember them. So functional, audible and middle range, couldn't expect anything more.
Rather poor on the extras front, aside for a section devoted to trailers there is only a photo gallery to be explored on one of Windy's sails.
Despite the poor picture this DVD is still a good buy for those that remember and even for younger children. My own seven year old wasn't that impressed, though he did stop and watch the Farmer Bell and Windy Miller race, so I'm sure there is something for everyone. Shame about the picture, terrific about the series.
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Baylor>Law School>Alumni & Giving>Alumni Resources>Rocket Docket >Rocket Docket Past Issues>Rocket Docket | September 2016
Judge Kitaoka, LLB '40 — An Extraordinary Man from an Extraordinary Generation
Takashi Kitaoka, LLB '40, Baylor Law's oldest alumnus, leaves behind a remarkably inspiring legacy. Remembered as the first Maui-born judge to serve the Maui County circuit, a first sergeant who fought in the famed 100th Infantry Battalion during World War II, and an effective government official who was director of the state Labor Department, Judge Kitaoka was to be presented in Honolulu with the Distinguished Achievement Award. . . Full Story
Dinner and Dancing at the Baylor Club
6:30 p.m., the Baylor Club at McLane Stadium
Cut loose on the dance floor and celebrate significant leadership
milestones of our beloved Baylor Law deans, faculty, and staff.
Breakfast and CLE
Legal Innovation: Where do Lawyers and Law Schools Need to be Going?
9:00 a.m., Baylor Law School
Burgers & Blue Bell
1:00 p.m., the home of Leah and Ted Teague
To RSVP or for more information, please visit: baylor.edu/law/celebrating25years
Membership dues can be paid online by clicking here, with your mobile phone by texting BAYLORLAW to 41444, or sent by mail.
If sending by mail, please make checks payable to "Baylor Law School" with "Baylor Law Alumni Association membership dues" in the memo line. Checks may be mailed to: Baylor Law Alumni Association, One Bear Place #97026, Waco, Texas 76798
Questions? Contact berkley_knas@baylor.edu
Congratulations to the Baylor Lawyers who were Recognized in the 23rd Edition of 'Best Lawyers of America'
Attorneys named to The Best Lawyers in America were recognized by their peers in the legal industry for their professional excellence in 142 practice areas. For the 2017 Edition of The Best Lawyers in America, 7.3 million votes were analyzed, which resulted in almost 55,000 leading lawyers being included in the new edition . . . Full Story
Hire a Baylor Lawyer Today!
Whether you're looking for a summer clerk or full-time attorney, someone experienced or right out of school, the Career Development Office stands ready to assist you. You can post a job on our website or contact Daniel Hare (254-710-7617) to discuss your specific need. Hire a Baylor Lawyer Today!
Senator Don Adams, JD '63, is the recipient of the 2015 James Madison Award presented by the Freedom of Information Foundation of Texas. . . Read More
Neal W. Adams, JD '70, of Adams, Lynch & Loftin, P.C. in Grapevine, was the 7th recipient of the Kelly Frels Lifetime Achievement Award for School Law given by the State Bar of Texas' School Law Section.
Elizabeth Pratt, JD '87, has been elected President of the Katy Bar Association (KBA), an active bar association drawing members from Fort Bend, Harris, and Waller Counties. . . Read More
Jonathan J. Bates, JD '93, of Kinser & Bates, LLP in Dallas is the 2016-2017 President of the Texas Academy of Family Law Specialists. . . Read More
Gregory S. Cagle, JD '98, of Savrick Schumann Johnson McGarr Kaminski & Shirley, L.L.P. in Austin was granted membership in the College of Community Association Lawyers (CCAL). . . Read More
Joel Bailey, JD '09, joined Hedrick Kring, PLLC as a partner in Dallas. Bailey's practice focuses on complex civil litigation.
Michelle Simpson Tuegel, JD '10, of Hunt Tuegel, PLLC in Waco was elected to the Board of Directors of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL). . . Read More
Kelley Clark, JD '13, joined Gray Reed & McGraw, P.C. as an associate attorney in the firm's Houston office. Clark was also elected to the Houston Young Lawyers Association Board of Directors.
Hon. Takashi Kitaoka, LLB '40 Full Obituary
Elven Lloyd "Hut" Raulston, JD '50 Full Obituary
Curtis W. "Bill" Fenley, Jr., JD '56 Full Obituary
Franklin George Tucker, JD '64 Full Obituary
Turner W. Branch, JD '65 Full Obituary
Robert "Bob" King Monk, JD '82 Full Obituary
BAYLOR LAW ALUMNI WEEKEND AND 25TH CELEBRATION OF LEADERSHIP AND SERVICE
HOUSTON BAYLOR LAWYER NETWORK RECEPTION
alliantgroup, L.P.
3009 Post Oak Blvd.
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Beer Flights, Morning Dance Parties, and More Events This Week in Boston
BDCWire 12 PM 03.30.2015
Jim Martinho
Get ready for another week of fun beer tastings, cocktail workshops, theater and music events around Boston. Except on Wednesday, April 1, when there aren’t any good events. APRIL FOOLS! There totally are some good events that day. Man, we got you good. You should have seen your face just then.
Monday, March 30 – Art of the Cocktail: Demystifying Scotch
Everybody appreciates a timely Anchorman reference (even Ben & Jerry’s) but do you really love scotch, scotchy scotch scotch, here it goes down, down into my belly? Maybe you wonder if it’s supposed to taste kind of like dirt. Or if it’s from Scotland, why isn’t it called Scottish? Find out the answers to these questions and more at tonight’s Boston Center for the Arts workshop Art of the Cocktail: Demystifying Scotch. Dr. Markeya Williams (Traveling Foodie in 4” Stilettos) and Eastern Standard beverage manager Naomi Levy explain the difference between single malt and blended and help you learn which style to order in the interactive lecture and tasting session. (6 p.m., $35, 21+)
Monday, March 30 – #BOSnow Hangover to End Childhood Hunger
Remember back in February when you would read about all the cool stuff happening around Boston only for a blizzard to come through and cancel everything? That wasn’t fun. But on the bright side, some of those events are finally hitting their rescheduled dates — like the Massachusetts Restaurant Association and Harpoon Brewery’s Holiday Hangover to End Childhood Hunger, rechristened the #BOSnow Hangover to End Childhood Hunger because if you’re still hungover from the holidays right now, I don’t get it, do they not sell yellow Gatorade where you live? The benefit for Share Our Strength’s No Kid Hungry campaign features delicious bites created by ten Boston chefs to pair with a variety of Harpoon brews. (7 p.m., $30-40, 21+)
Tuesday, March 31 – Piper Kerman
Piper Kerman, author of the prison memoir Orange is the New Black, will receive the Humanist Heroine of the Year Award from the Humanist Community at Harvard and give a talk on connecting, acting, and evolving. Which, yes, spoiler alert, sometime around season eight of the Netflix series Piper will receive the Humanist Heroine of the Year award from the Humanist Community at Harvard and give a talk on connecting, acting, and evolving. (8 p.m., $14.50, all ages)
Tuesday to Sunday, March 31 to April 5 – The Hypocrites: The Mikado
You know The Mikado. It’s the play your junior high put on that wasn’t Pirates of Penzance or H.M.S. Pinafore. The Chicago-based company The Hypocrites reimagines Gilbert and Sullivan’s 1885 operetta at American Repertory Theater second stage Club Oberon, infusing the musical comedy with Monty Python clownishness and a folk-pop sensibility. The general admission show has no fixed seats and audience members can move around the space with the actors, so it’s almost like you’re in the show again, back in the choir where your eighth grade chorus teacher told you to just mouth the words because your voice was still a little squeaky and hadn’t yet transformed into the booming basso profundo it is today. (7:30 p.m., $30, 21+)
Wednesday, April 1 – Sam Adams Free Flight Night
You know when you buy a mix pack of Sam Adams beers and they always throw in a couple Boston Lagers that end up in the back of your fridge? Nothing against the flagship brew — it’s the recipe that started an empire — but you’ve had it before and you’re more interested in Sam’s seasonal and limited-edition beers. Well you’re in luck, because every Wednesday in the spring and summer, the JP brewery’s Free Flight Nights let you create your own tasting flight from beers on tap and in growlers. Also on Wednesday night, Sam Adams celebrates the debut of its annual 26.2 Brew with a launch party at Dillon’s on Boylston Street. (5 p.m., FREE, 21+)
Wednesday, April 1 – Emo Night at The Sinclair
Curated by Luke O’Neil, Tejas Mike, and Jeremy Karelis, Emo Night at the Sinclair Restaurant in Harvard Square is going down the same night as the Tigers Jaw show in the same venue. The show’s sold out, though, so you can go cry about that if you’re so emo. Because emo is short for emotions, which men aren’t supposed to have, unless we’re crying because our favorite sports team won or lost a big game, or we just watched the Wonder Years season finale on Netflix, or maybe because a Zillow.com commercial happened to hit us especially hard when we were just in a really vulnerable place. (9:30 p.m., FREE, 21+)
Thursday, April 2 – Awake Boston
It seems like the weirdest dreams always happen after you wake up, check the clock and see that it’s still too early to get up. Like somehow in just a few minutes your brain conjures up a whole crazy scenario where you’re at a rave party with a DJ and people are doing yoga and there’s coffee and snacks and wait this isn’t a dream it’s another Awake Boston morning dance party at Central Square’s Naga nightclub. That means you can stop worrying about the AP Calculus test you didn’t study for! But you really did forget to put on pants and your tooth really did fall out, it’s not just a symbolic manifestation of your anxiety about financial difficulties and you should see a dentist immediately. (6 a.m., $16-21, all ages)
Photo credit: Jeff McC/Creative Commons
This article was provided by our content partner, The Boston Calendar.
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Betting Academy Ghana
Betting articles »
Independent gaming provider closes global partnership with Bet365
The portfolio will be made available to bet365 customers worldwide.
The largest independent game provider in the industry, High 5 Games (H5G) has signed a global contract with Bet365, one of the largest operators in the industry, to distribute content.
With a new integration with the supplier's gaming platform, Valut, the operator will expand its casino offering, adding popular H5G slots, such as: Triple Double Da Vinci Diamond, Goldstruck and Way Out Wilds.
The developer portfolio, which is headquartered in New York, United States, will be made available to bet365 customers worldwide, in a move that will further expand its international reach.
After the launch of its new office in Sliema, bet365 will receive support for account management from the H5G Malta team.
“We have worked alongside the team at bet365 since 2015 and are excited to secure this new global agreement that will take our partnership to the next level. Direct integration of our games will be highly beneficial for the operator, as they will be able to launch our new games more efficiently. We look forward to delivering new and exciting games to bet365 in the coming months, ”said Anthony Singer, CEO of High 5 Games.
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