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Results for 'Mystery'
The Mystery of Consciousness.John Searle - 1990 - Granta Books.details
Constitutive Rules in Social Ontology in Social and Political Philosophy
Social Ontology, Misc in Social and Political Philosophy
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The Mystery of Direct Perceptual Justification.Peter Markie - 2005 - Philosophical Studies 126 (3):347-373.details
In at least some cases of justified perceptual belief, our perceptual experience itself, as opposed to beliefs about it, evidences and thereby justifies our belief. While the phenomenon is common, it is also mysterious. There are good reasons to think that perceptions cannot justify beliefs directly, and there is a significant challenge in explaining how they do. After explaining just how direct perceptual justification is mysterious, I considerMichael Huemers (Skepticism and the Veil of Perception, 2001) and Bill Brewers (Perception and (...) Reason, 1999) recent, but radically different, attempts to eliminate it. I argue that both are unsuccessful, though a consideration of their mistakes deepens our appreciation of the mystery. (shrink)
Perceptual Justification in Philosophy of Mind
The Mystery of Stakes and Error in Ascriber Intuitions.Wesley Buckwalter - 2014 - In James Beebe (ed.), Advances in Experimental Epistemology. Bloomsbury Academic.details
Research in experimental epistemology has revealed a great, yet unsolved mystery: why do ordinary evaluations of knowledge ascribing sentences involving stakes and error appear to diverge so systematically from the predictions professional epistemologists make about them? Two recent solutions to this mystery by Keith DeRose (2011) and N. Ángel Pinillos (2012) argue that these differences arise due to specific problems with the designs of past experimental studies. This paper presents two new experiments to directly test these responses. Results (...) vindicate previous findings by suggesting that (i) the solution to the mystery is not likely to be based on the empirical features these theorists identify, and (ii) that the salience of ascriber error continues to make the difference in folk ratings of third-person knowledge ascribing sentences. (shrink)
Experimental Philosophy: Contextualism and Invariantism in Metaphilosophy
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The Mystery of the Mind.W. Penfield - 1975 - Princeton University Press.details
Consciousness and Neuroscience, Misc in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Free Will Remains a Mystery.Peter van Inwagen - 2000 - Philosophical Perspectives 14:1-20.details
This paper has two parts. In the first part, I concede an error in an argument I have given for the incompatibility of free will and determinism. I go on to show how to modify my argument so as to avoid this error, and conclude that the thesis that free will and determinism are compatible continues to be—to say the least—implausible. But if free will is incompatible with determinism, we are faced with a mystery, for free will undeniably exists, (...) and it also seems to be incompatible with indeterminism. In the second part of this paper, I will defend the conclusion that the concept of agent causation is of no use to the philosopher who wants to maintain that free will and indeterminism are compatible. I conclude that free will remains a mystery---that is, that free will undeniably exists and that there is a strong and unanswered prima facie case for its impossibility. (shrink)
Libertarianism about Free Will in Philosophy of Action
The Mystery of Being.Gabriel Marcel - 1950 - St. Augustine's Press.details
v. 1. Reflection and mystery -- v. 2. Faith and reality.
20th Century French Philosophy in European Philosophy
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The Mystery of Metaphysical Freedom.Peter van Inwagen - 1998 - In Peter van Inwagen & Dean W. Zimmerman (eds.), Van Inwagen, P.; Zimmerman, D. Metaphysics: The Big Questions. Blackwell. pp. 365-373.details
_This is an account of his present thinking by an excellent philosopher who has been_ _among the two or three foremost defenders of the doctrine that determinism and_ _freedom are incompatible -- that logically we cannot have both. In his 1983 book,_ _An Essay on Free Will_ _, he laid out with unique clarity and force a fundamental_ _argument for this conclusion. What the argument comes to is that if determinism is_ _true, we are not free, since our actions are (...) effects of causal circumstances in the_ _remote past, and those circumstances are certainly not up to us. To that line of_ _thought, in the article below, by way of the supposition of a world of angels, he adds_ _something new. This is a fundamental difficulty with the freedom that we cannot_ _have if determinism is true. The difficulty, indeed a mystery, is one having to do with_ _the opposite of determinism -- indeterminism._. (shrink)
The Mystery of Moral Perception.Daniel Crow - 2016 - Journal of Moral Philosophy 13 (2):187-210.details
_ Source: _Page Count 24 Accounts of non-naturalist moral perception have been advertised as an empiricist-friendly epistemological alternative to moral rationalism. I argue that these accounts of moral perception conceal a core commitment of rationalism—to substantive a priori justification—and embody its most objectionable feature—namely, “mysteriousness.” Thus, accounts of non-naturalist moral perception do not amount to an interesting alternative to moral rationalism.
Moral Epistemology, Misc in Meta-Ethics
Moral Intuitionism in Meta-Ethics
Moral Perception in Normative Ethics
Moral States and Processes in Normative Ethics
The Mystery of the Moon Illusion: Exploring Size Perception.Helen Ross & Cornelis Plug - 2002 - Oxford University Press UK.details
''The authors' style is clear, making the book accessible to newcomers, and the illustrations are excellent. There can be no doubt that this book will remain the standard work in the subject, and it will appeal to readers of all types.'' -Sir Patrick Moore in the Times Higher Education Supplement ''It will surely be the standard work on the subject for many years to come and we await with interest the outcome of further research into this fascinating subject.'' -Society for (...) the History of AstronomyFor thousands of years, one scientific puzzle has fascinated and perplexed the greatest philosophers, mathematicians, physicists, and psychologists - why do the moon and sun appear so much larger on the horizon than when high up in the sky? Now, two leading psychologists have provided a compelling account of this fascinating illusion. Taking us through the history, the characters involved, the attempts made to explain the illusion, through to modern day studies of visual perception, the book is the most comprehensive account of this puzzle so far. This is a work which will remain, for some time to come, the definitive book on a mystery that has fascinated and tested the greatest minds throughout the ages. Accessibly written, it will appeal to readers of popular science, along with those within the disciplines of psychology, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy, from undergraduate upwards. (shrink)
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Nature, Mystery, and Morality: A Daoist View.Ian James Kidd - 2015 - Religious Studies 51 (2):165-181.details
This paper argues that a sense of nature‘s mystery can inspire and inform ways of experiencing and engaging with natural places and creatures in a way that is deeply morally transformative. Focusing on Daoism, it is argued that engagement with natural places and creates can facilitate the cultivation of receptivity to a sense of nature‘s mystery in a way that gradually releases a person from stances and conceptions that are morally and ecologically objectionable. The paper closes by suggesting (...) that a capacity to cultivate receptivity to nature‘s mystery is contingent upon the concerns and convictions of our background moral and social culture. (shrink)
Chinese Philosophy, Misc in Asian Philosophy
Classical Daoism, Misc in Asian Philosophy
Environmental Ethics, Misc in Applied Ethics
Laozi in Asian Philosophy
Zhuangzi in Asian Philosophy
The Mystery of Deduction and Diagrammatic Aspects of Representation.Sun-Joo Shin - 2015 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology 6 (1):49-67.details
Deduction is decisive but nonetheless mysterious, as I argue in the introduction. I identify the mystery of deduction as surprise-effect and demonstration-difficulty. The first section delves into how the mystery of deduction is connected with the representation of information and lays the groundwork for our further discussions of various kinds of representation. The second and third sections, respectively, present a case study for the comparison between symbolic and diagrammatic representation systems in terms of how two aspects of the (...) mystery of deduction – surprise-effect and demonstration-difficulty – are handled. The fourth section illustrates several well-known examples to show how diagrammatic representation suggests more clues to the mystery of deduction than symbolic representation and suggests some conjectures and further work. (shrink)
Philosophy of Linguistics in Philosophy of Language
The Mystery of David Chalmers.Daniel Dennett - 2012 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 19 (1-2):1-2.details
The Singularity in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
The Mystery of the Aleph: Mathematics, the Kabbalah, and the Search for Infinity.Amir D. Aczel - 2000 - Four Walls Eight Windows.details
From the end of the 19th century until his death, one of history's most brilliant mathematicians languished in an asylum. The Mystery of the Aleph tells the story of Georg Cantor (1845-1918), a Russian-born German who created set theory, the concept of infinite numbers, and the "continuum hypothesis," which challenged the very foundations of mathematics. His ideas brought expected denunciation from established corners - he was called a "corruptor of youth" not only for his work in mathematics, but for (...) his larger attempts to meld spirituality and science. (shrink)
Set Theory in Philosophy of Mathematics
Mystery in Philosophy: An Invocation of Pseudo-Dionysius.Michael Craig Rhodes - 2012 - Lexington Books.details
The book’s subject matter is philosophical mystery. More particularly, it proffers a theistic hermeneutic—from patristic philosophy—for claims and indications of mystery.
Christianity, Misc in Philosophy of Religion
Philosophy of Religion, Misc in Philosophy of Religion
The Mystery of the Mirror.Lisa Warenski - 2014 - In Jason Holt (ed.), The Philosophy of Leonard Cohen: Various Positions. Open Court. pp. 101-112.details
Leonard Cohen’s celebrated song “Suzanne” exhibits a certain conception of self-awareness and intersubjectivity that is embraced by phenomenologists and some psychologists. A key element of this conception is that we have pre-reflective self-awareness, including and especially bodily self-awareness. We are tacitly and pre-reflectively aware of ourselves in experience. A second, related element concerns reflective functioning. Reflective functioning is the ability to appreciate oneself and others as being “minded,” that is to say, as having beliefs, desires, and emotions with intentional content. (...) Reflective functioning develops in the context of social relations. In particular, it is part of a maturational process that is activated in the context of parent-child relationships in which the adult “mirrors” the developing child’s experiences and feelings. In this essay, I consider how pre-reflective bodily awareness and reflective functioning, in combination with an appreciation of the epistemic value of love, can help us to comprehend what it is to “touch a perfect body with a mind.” I also explain why, even if we come to fully understand the workings of reflective functioning, the mirror will retain its mystery. (shrink)
Epistemic Value in Epistemology
Phenomenology, Misc in Continental Philosophy
Philosophy of Consciousness, Miscellaneous in Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy of Love, Misc in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
The Mystery of the Mystery of Common Genetic Diseases.Sean A. Valles - 2010 - Biology and Philosophy 25 (2):183-201.details
Common monogenic genetic diseases, ones that have unexpectedly high frequencies in certain populations, have attracted a great number of conflicting evolutionary explanations. This paper will attempt to explain the mystery of why two particularly extensively studied common genetic diseases, Tay Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis, remain evolutionary mysteries despite decades of research. I review the most commonly cited evolutionary processes used to explain common genetic diseases: reproductive compensation, random genetic drift (in the context of founder effect), and especially heterozygote (...) advantage. The latter process has drawn a particularly large amount of attention, having so successfully explained the elevated frequency of sickle cell anemia in malaria-endemic areas. However, the empirical evidence for heterozygote advantage in other common genetic diseases is quite weak. I introduce and illustrate the significance of a hierarchy of genetic disease phenomena found within the genetic disease explanations, which include the phenomena: single mutation variants of a common genetic disease, single genetic diseases, and classes of diseases with related phenotypic effects. I demonstrate that some of the confusion over the explanations of common genetic diseases can be traced back to confusions over which phenomena are being explained. I proceed to briefly evaluate the existing evidence for two common human genetic diseases: Tay Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis. The above considerations will ultimately shed light on why these diseases’ evolutionary explanations remain so deeply unresolved after so such a great volume of research. (shrink)
Disease, Misc in Philosophy of Science, Misc
Genetic Drift in Philosophy of Biology
Genetics in Philosophy of Biology
Health and Illness in Philosophy of Science, Misc
Sense, Mystery and Practice.David E. Cooper - 2018 - International Journal of Philosophy and Theology 79 (4):425-436.details
ABSTRACTThis paper develops the idea, articulated by Martin Buber among others, that a religious sense cannot be identified independently of sensory and practical engagement with the world of ordinary experience. It begins by rejecting the ‘doxastic’ model’ on which religiousness is equated with propositional belief. Criticisms, however, are made of some attempts to soften the contrast between belief and practice. The religious sense, which need not be a theistic one, is understood in terms of a sense of the mystery (...) or ineffability of things – one that has become occluded in modernity. This sense, in turn, is understood in terms of how it may be cultivated and exemplified in and through practices. This claim is elaborated by considering the East Asian notion of ‘Ways’ – practices, like ‘The Way of Tea’, that aim at self-cultivation and spiritual enlightenment. Gardening, in particular, has been regarded as an exemplary Way through which a sense of mystery is cultivated and shaped. The paper concludes by proposing that, when engaged in appropriately and mindfully, almost any ordinary practice may both reflect and confirm an attunement to a mystery that is diffused over the world at large. (shrink)
Mystery of Mysteries: Is Evolution a Social Construction? [REVIEW]Peter J. Bowler - 2001 - Journal of the History of Biology 34 (1):199-200.details
A Mystery at the Heart of Berkeley's Philosophy.John Russell Roberts - 2010 - Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy:214-46.details
There is a problem regarding God and perception right at the heart of Berkeley ’s metaphysics. With respect to this problem, I will argue for : It is intractable. Berkeley has no solution to this problem, and neither can we hope to offer one on his behalf. However, I will also argue for : The truth of need not be seen as threatening the viability of Berkeley ’s metaphysics. In fact, it may even be seen as speaking in its favor.
Berkeley: Immaterialism in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
Berkeley: Metaphysics, Misc in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
Berkeley: Philosophy of Religion, Misc in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
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Mystery Unveiled: The Crisis of the Trinity in Early Modern England.Paul C. H. Lim - 2012 - Oup Usa.details
Paul C. H. Lim offers an insightful examination of the polemical debates about the doctrine of the Trinity in seventeenth-century England, showing that this philosophical and theological re-configuration significantly impacted the politics of religion in the early modern period.
17th/18th Century British Philosophy, Misc in 17th/18th Century Philosophy
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Mind-Independence Without the Mystery: Why Quasi-Realists Can’T Have It Both Ways.Sharon Street - 2011 - In Russ Shafer-Landau (ed.), Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Volume 6. Oxford University Press. pp. 1-32.details
Moral Objectivity in Meta-Ethics
Quasi-Realism in Meta-Ethics
Mystery of the Trinity: A Reply to Einar Bøhn.Joseph Long - 2019 - Sophia 58 (2):301-307.details
In this journal, Einar Bøhn has proposed a solution to the so-called Trinitarian Paradox. After summarizing the Paradox and Bøhn’s proposed solution, I argue that those committed to Christian orthodoxy cannot accept the solution, for three reasons: First, it requires positing more kinds of divine entity than God and the Persons of the Trinity; second, it is based upon a false assumption; and, finally, the proposed solution amounts at best to a form of obscurantism.
Mereology, Misc in Metaphysics
The Trinity in Philosophy of Religion
The Mystery of Capital and the Construction of Social Reality.Barry Smith, David M. Mark & Isaac Ehrlich (eds.) - 2008 - Open Court.details
John Searle’s The Construction of Social Reality and Hernando de Soto’s The Mystery of Capital shifted the focus of current thought on capital and economic development to the cultural and conceptual ideas that underpin market economies and that are taken for granted in developed nations. This collection of essays assembles 21 philosophers, economists, and political scientists to help readers understand these exciting new theories.
Ontology of Finance in Social and Political Philosophy
Property Rights in Social and Political Philosophy
Rights and Poverty in Social and Political Philosophy
Speech Acts in Philosophy of Language
The Mystery of the Disappearing Diamond.C. S. Jenkins - 2009 - In Joe Salerno (ed.), New Essays on the Knowability Paradox. Oxford University Press. pp. 302--319.details
Addresses the question of why we find Fitch's knowability 'paradox' argument surprising.
Knowability in Epistemology
Paradoxes in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
The Mystery of the Triceratops’s Mother: How to Be a Realist About the Species Category.Adrian Mitchell Currie - 2016 - Erkenntnis 81 (4):795-816.details
Can we be realists about a general category but pluralists about concepts relating to that category? I argue that paleobiological methods of delineating species are not affected by differing species concepts, and that this underwrites an argument that species concept pluralists should be species category realists. First, the criteria by which paleobiologists delineate species are ‘indifferent’ to the species category. That is, their method for identifying species applies equally to any species concept. To identify a new species, paleobiologists show that (...) interspecies processes, such as phenotypic plasticity, sexual dimorphism, or ontogenetic diversity, are a worse explanation of the variance between specimens than intraspecies processes. As opposed to operating under a single or plurality of species concepts, then, paleobiologists use abductive inferences, which would be required regardless of any particular species concept. Second, paleobiologists are frequently interested in large-scale, long-term morphological patterns in the fossil record, and resolving the fine-grained differences which result from different species concepts is irrelevant at those scales. I argue that this claim about paleobiological practice supports what I call ‘indifference realism’ about the species category. The indifference realist argues that when legitimate investigation is indifferent to a plurality of concepts, we should be realists about the category those concepts pertain to. (shrink)
Species in Philosophy of Biology
Free Will, Chance, and Mystery.Laura W. Ekstrom - 2003 - Philosophical Studies 113 (2):153-80.details
This paper proposes a reconciliation between libertarian freedomand causal indeterminism, without relying on agent-causation asa primitive notion. I closely examine Peter van Inwagen''s recentcase for free will mysterianism, which is based in part on thewidespread worry that undetermined acts are too chancy to befree. I distinguish three senses of the term chance I thenargue that van Inwagen''s case for free will mystrianism fails,since there is no single construal of the term change on whichall of the premises of his argument for (...) free will–causalindeterminism incompatibilism are true. By use of a particularevent-causal indeterminist account of free action, I support thecase for free will–indeterminism compatibilism. (shrink)
The Mystery of Moral Perception.Daniel Crow - 2014 - New Content is Available for Journal of Moral Philosophy.details
The Mystery of the Physical and the Matter of Qualities.Peter K. Unger - 1998 - Midwest Studies in Philosophy 22 (1):75–99.details
For some fifty years now, nearly all work in mainstream analytic philosophy has made no serious attempt to understand the _nature of_ _physical reality,_ even though most analytic philosophers take this to be all of reality, or nearly all. While we've worried much about the nature of our own experiences and thoughts and languages, we've worried little about the nature of the vast physical world that, as we ourselves believe, has them all as only a small part.
Neutral Monism in Philosophy of Mind
Panpsychism in Philosophy of Mind
Russellian Monism in Philosophy of Mind
Adventure, Mystery, and Romance.George W. Linden & John G. Cawelti - 1976 - Journal of Aesthetic Education 10 (3/4):248.details
Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition.Peter Kingsley - 1995 - Oxford University Press.details
This is the first book to analyze systematically crucial aspects of ancient Greek philosophy in their original context of mystery, religion, and magic. The author brings to light recently uncovered evidence about ancient Pythagoreanism and its influence on Plato, and reconstructs the fascinating esoteric transmission of Pythagorean ideas from the Greek West down to the alchemists and magicians of Egypt, and from there into the world of Islam.
Anaxagoras in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Pythagoreans in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
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The Mystery of Existence.Milton Karl Munitz - 1965 - New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.details
$6.18 used Amazon page
Undergoing, Mystery, and Half-Knowledge: John Dewey’s Disquieting Side.Vasco D’Agnese - 2016 - Studies in Philosophy and Education 35 (2):195-214.details
In this article I argue that Dewey, throughout his work, conducted a systematic dismantling of the concept of rationality as mastery and control. Such a dismantling entails, at the same time, the dismantling of the auto-grounded subject, namely, the subject that grounds itself in the power to master experience. The Deweyan challenge to Western ontology goes straight to the core of the subject’s question. Dewey not only systematically challenged the understanding of thinking as a process consciously managed by the subject (...) but also conceived of thinking as an event rather than a process—something that occurs in us rather than something intentionally staged by a reflective subject. Such a twofold dismantling of rationality and subject rather than a flow in a nihilistic/relativistic account of education results in a reinforcement of education that must be understood not so much as the attempt to understand and predict experience but as the means to create new, unpredictable experience. As a result, education, for Dewey, is grounded on, moved by, and directed at uncertainty. Education, in a sense, engenders uncertainty. (shrink)
Wonder, Mystery, and Meaning.Anders Schinkel - 2018 - Philosophical Papers 48 (2):293-319.details
This paper explores the connection between wonder and meaning, in particular ‘the meaning of life’, a connection that, despite strong intrinsic connections between wonder and the (philosoph...
The Mystery of Existence: Why is There Anything at All.John Leslie & Robert Lawrence Kuhn (eds.) - 2013 - Wiley-Blackwell.details
This compelling study of the origins of all that exists, including explanations of the entire material world, traces the responses of philosophers and scientists to the most elemental and haunting question of all: why is _anything_ here—or anything _anywhere_? Why is there something rather than nothing? Why not nothing? It includes the thoughts of dozens of luminaries from Plato and Aristotle to Aquinas and Leibniz to modern thinkers such as physicists Stephen Hawking and Steven Weinberg, philosophers Robert Nozick and Derek (...) Parfit, philosophers of religion Alvin Plantinga and Richard Swinburne, and the Dalai Lama. The first accessible volume to cover a wide range of possible reasons for the existence of all reality, from over 50 renowned thinkers, including Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Leibniz, Hume, Bertrand Russell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Weinberg, Robert Nozick, Derek Parfit, Alvin Plantinga, Richard Swinburne, John Polkinghorne, Paul Davies, and the Dalai Lama Features insights by scientists, philosophers, and theologians Includes informative and helpful editorial introductions to each section Provides a wealth of suggestions for further reading and research Presents material that is both comprehensive and comprehensible. (shrink)
The Mystery of the Physical and the Matter of Qualities: A Paper for Professor Shaffer.Peter Unger - 1999 - Midwest Studies in Philosophy 23 (1):75-99.details
The Mystery of the Einstein–Poincaré Connection.Olivier Darrigol - 2004 - Isis 95:614-626.details
This essay discusses attempts that have been made to explain the striking similarities between two theories propounded in 1905 by Albert Einstein and Henri Poincaré without any mutual reference.
History of Science in General Philosophy of Science
The Mystery of Applied Mathematics?: A Case Study in Mathematical Development Involving the Fractional Derivative†: Articles.Sheldon R. Smith - 2014 - Philosophia Mathematica 22 (1):35-69.details
I discuss the applicability of mathematics via a detailed case study involving a family of mathematical concepts known as ‘fractional derivatives.’ Certain formulations of the mystery of applied mathematics would lead one to believe that there ought to be a mystery about the applicability of fractional derivatives. I argue, however, that there is no clear mystery about their applicability. Thus, via this case study, I think that one can come to see more clearly why certain formulations of (...) the mystery of applied mathematics are not convincing. (shrink)
The Application of Mathematics in Philosophy of Mathematics
The Mystery of the Einstein–Poincaré Connection.Olivier Darrigol - 2004 - Isis 95 (4):614-626.details
Mystery, Reality, and the Virtual: The Problem of Reference in Gordon Kaufman's Theology. James - 2012 - American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 33 (3):258.details
In a classic article, philosopher William P. Alston argues that nonrealism, “though rampant nowadays even among Christian theologians,” is “subversive” of theistic faith.1 Among contemporaries guilty of succumbing to this philosophical bogey, Gordon Kaufman is singled out as an especially illuminating example. Alston notes that in the essays that make up God the Problem, Kaufman makes use of a distinction between the “available referent” of theistic language and its “real referent,” the former indicating the actual object of religious experience and (...) responses, and the latter appearing only as the “I-know-not-what” that ultimately grounds them. By the time Kaufman writes In Face of Mystery, Alston suggests, the .. (shrink)
Religious Topics in Philosophy of Religion
The Mystery of Consciousness.Steven Pinker - manuscriptdetails
The young women had survived the car crash, after a fashion. In the five months since parts of her brain had been crushed, she could open her eyes but didn't respond to sights, sounds or jabs. In the jargon of neurology, she was judged to be in a persistent vegetative state. In crueler everyday language, she was a vegetable.
Vegetative State and Coma in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Mystery in Experimental Psychology, How to Measure Aesthetic Emotions?Leonid Perlovsky - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.details
The Mystery of Time (or, the Man Who Did Not Know What Time Is).O. K. Bouwsma - 1954 - Journal of Philosophy 51 (12):341-363.details
Time in Metaphysics
Vision, Knowledge, and the Mystery Link.John L. Pollock & Iris Oved - 2005 - Noûs 39 (1):309-351.details
Imagine yourself sitting on your front porch, sipping your morning coffee and admiring the scene before you. You see trees, houses, people, automobiles; you see a cat running across the road, and a bee buzzing among the flowers. You see that the flowers are yellow, and blowing in the wind. You see that the people are moving about, many of them on bicycles. You see that the houses are painted different colors, mostly earth tones, and most are one-story but a (...) few are two-story. It is a beautiful morning. Thus the world interfaces with your mind through your senses. There is a strong intuition that we are not disconnected from the world. We and the other things we see around us are part of a continuous whole, and we have direct access to them through vision, touch, etc. However, the philosophical tradition tries to drive a wedge between us and the world by insisting that the information we get from perception is the result of inference from indirect evidence that is about how things look and feel to us. The philosophical problem of perception is then to explain what justifies these inferences. We will focus on visual perception. Figure one presents a crude diagram of the cognitive system of an agent capable of forming beliefs on the basis of visual perception. Cognition begins with the stimulation of the rods and cones on the retina. From that physical input, some kind of visual processing produces an introspectible visual image. In response to the production of the visual image, the cognizer forms beliefs about his or her surroundings. Some beliefs the perceptual beliefs are formed as direct responses to the visual input, and other beliefs are inferred from the perceptual beliefs. The perceptual beliefs are, at the very least, caused or causally influenced by having the image. This is signified by the dashed arrow marked with a large question mark. We will refer to this as the mystery link. Figure one makes it apparent that in order to fully understand how knowledge is based on perception, we need three different theories.. (shrink)
Direct and Indirect Perception in Philosophy of Mind
Perception and Knowledge, Misc in Philosophy of Mind
Free Will and Mystery: Looking Past the Mind Argument.Seth Shabo - 2013 - Philosophical Studies 162 (2):291-307.details
Among challenges to libertarians, the _Mind_ Argument has loomed large. Believing that this challenge cannot be met, Peter van Inwagen, a libertarian, concludes that free will is a mystery. Recently, the _Mind_ Argument has drawn a number of criticisms. Here I seek to add to its woes. Quite apart from its other problems, I argue, the _Mind_ Argument does a poor job of isolating the important concern for libertarians that it raises. Once this concern has been clarified, however, another (...) argument serves to renew the challenge. The Assimilation Argument challenges libertarians to explain how ostensible exercises of free will are relevantly different from other causally undetermined outcomes, outcomes that nobody would count as exercises of free will. In particular, libertarians must explain how agents can have the power to settle which of two causally possible futures becomes the actual future. This will require them to distinguish cases where this power is supposedly present from similar cases where it’s clearly absent. (shrink)
Free Will Skepticism in Philosophy of Action
Mystery of Mysteries: Darwin and the Species Problem.Marc Ereshefsky - unknowndetails
Darwin offered an intriguing answer to the species problem. He doubted the existence of the species category as a real category in nature, but he did not doubt the existence of those taxa called ‘‘species’’. And despite his scepticism of the species category, Darwin continued using the word ‘‘species’’. Many have said that Darwin did not understand the nature of species. Yet his answer to the species problem is both theoretically sound and practical. On the theoretical side, DarwinÕs answer is (...) confirmed by contemporary biology, and it offers a more satisfactory answer to the species problem than recent attempts to save the species category. On the practical side, DarwinÕs answer frees us from the search for the correct theoretical definition of ‘‘species’’. But at the same time it does not require that we banish the word ‘‘species’’ from biology as some recent sceptics of the species category advocate. Ó The Willi Hennig Society 2010. (shrink)
Evolutionary Biology in Philosophy of Biology
The Mystery of Being. Volume I. Reflection and Mystery.R. C. - 1951 - Journal of Philosophy 48 (24):762-762.details
The Mystery of Foreknowledge.David J. Anderson & Joshua L. Watson - 2010 - Philo 13 (2):136-150.details
Many have attempted to respond to arguments for the incompatibility of freedom with divine foreknowledge by claiming that God’s beliefs about the future are explained by what the world is like at that future time. We argue that this response adequately advances the discussion only if the theist is able to articulate a model of foreknowledge that is both clearly possible and compatible with freedom. We investigate various models the theist might articulate and argue that all of these models fail.
Divine Foreknowledge in Philosophy of Religion
Divine Omniscience, Misc in Philosophy of Religion
Theories of Omniscience in Philosophy of Religion
Memory and Mystery: The Cultural Selection of Minimally Counterintuitive Narratives.Ara Norenzayan, Scott Atran, Jason Faulkner & Mark Schaller - 2006 - Cognitive Science 30 (3):531-553.details
The Mystery of Emergence.John J. Haldane - 1996 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 96 (1):261-67.details
Emergence in Metaphysics
The Mystery of Socrates' Last Words.Colin Wells - 2008 - Arion 16 (2):137-148.details
Socrates in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
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Light pollution has serious impact on coastal wildlife, research shows
by University of Exeter
Dogwhelks are highly important inhabitants of the seashore. Image courtesy of Kelvin Boot (PML).
Scientists have recognised for some years that light pollution from buildings, vehicles and streetlights is a growing phenomenon that impacts on the behaviour and success of many animals including migrating birds, hunting bats and the moths they try to capture.
As the human population grows the problem is due to worsen and even remote coastal areas are now being affected by civilization's tell-tale glow-in-the-sky. Turtles, disoriented as they return to their nesting beaches, or confused hatchlings struggling to find the sea, are iconic examples.
Now, a new study conducted by scientists from the University of Exeter and the Plymouth Marine Laboratory and the University of Exeter looks at the true extent to which light pollution is affecting key marine wildlife in the UK.
The research team set up a series of laboratory experiments to determine whether the less well known, but highly important inhabitants of the seashore were also affected. Using the dogwhelk (Nucella lapillus), a key seashore species that modulates biodiversity and community structure of our coasts, they kept one group of dogwhelks in artificially-lit night sky conditions, while a control group experienced a more natural night/day cycle.
The research showed that those dogwhelks kept under artificial lighting conditions were less likely to seek out shelter and spent longer seeking food – putting them at exposed risk to predators and placing them in more stressful conditions. The study showed, for the first time, that night time light changes species interactions at the heart of the way in which natural food chains work, raising concern about how generalised these impacts may be for natural marine wildlife.
Dr Thomas Davies from the University of Exeter highlighted how historically overlooked the impacts of light pollution on coastal ecosystems has been, saying: "There has been a surge of research into the impacts of artificial lighting on land animals and plants over the last six years, but the influence on coastal animals of lights from harbours, marinas, piers and promenades has received very little attention. Understanding how to manage ecosystems to improve biodiversity gains is as important in the built marine environment as it is in our city parks, gardens, streets, rivers and canals. This study highlights that night-time lighting in coastal cities can impact biodiversity on rocky shores popular with beachgoers that enjoy the diversity of life they offer year round."
Dogwhelks are far from unimportant along rocky coasts, where they can occur in dense aggregations, and play a key role in the ecological balance, feeding on barnacles, limpets and mussels.
Disturbing these balances can have major ramifications across habitats and up food webs.
PML senior ecologist Dr Ana Queirós who co-authored the study said: "It is not just nesting turtles and hatchlings on the beaches that are affected: it is the whole way in which shore food chains work, because this is tightly dependent on species interactions such as the ones we measured: who eats who. We must be cautious with generalisations, but we have been slow in recognising night time light as a worldwide marine issue. However, unlike for climate change, the solution for night time light pollution is well within our reach, as restricting use of lights to specific colours can much limit their negative impacts on wildlife, as has been shown in terrestrial studies. We should be acting on coastal light pollution immediately, because this time, we can actually fix the problem."
LED lighting could have major impact on wildlife
Provided by University of Exeter
Citation: Light pollution has serious impact on coastal wildlife, research shows (2017, May 1) retrieved 16 January 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2017-05-pollution-impact-coastal-wildlife.html
Coastal light pollution disturbs marine animals, new study shows
Bright city lights are keeping ocean predators awake and hungry
Light pollution shown to affect plant growth and food webs
Scientists measure impact of artificial light on sea turtles
Another reason to flip the off switch: light pollution
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PJV aims to leave behind legacy
PORGERA Joint Venture (PJV) intends on leaving behind a positive legacy within communities after the mine closure.
Included is to make local women understand why they form associations and the benefits they can derive from realising the goals set and training they receive.
Barrick (Niugini) Limited community development senior advisor Regina Toropo revealed this at a governance training recently conducted for the executives and members of the Porgera District Women’s Association.
Ms Toropo said when the PDWA executives and members aborted a scheduled annual general meeting late 2015 due to disagreements on the operation of the association, the members demanded that BNL step in to assist by ensuring an independent facilitator helped to reconvene it.
The training was provided by Community Affairs and Business Management Services, a company established in 2013 with offices in Lae and Port Moresby.
Fred Tieng, the principle consultant who conducted the training said he realised that although the association had been in existence for many years, its members did not know and fully understand what it really was.
“So my aim here was to basically get them to get through that impasse and get them to incorporate some of these governance issues into their association structure,” he said.
The training covered such things as definition of association, grievance procedure, and other basic information that were necessary for the members to know and understand.
He also said the participants now understood the basic aspects of an association so they could easily resolve issues in relation to the operation of the association.
During the training, Mr Tieng oversaw the staging of an AGM which re-sulted in the appointment of the interim executives.
Ms Toropo also said PDWA owned small contracts with the Porgera miner through their business arm Ipili Wanda Investments where the earnings were being spent on running programs and training sessions in areas such as sewing, cooking, and farming for the local women in the valley.
The training is to help local women make income to sustain their families.
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Brawl Alert!: MLB Rougned Odor Punches Jose Bautista In The Face, Its Chaos After
Texas Rangers (Odor) player punches a Toronto Blue Jays player (Bautista) in the face and ignites the biggest brawl the MLB has ever experienced. Jose Bautista was frustrated after Matt Bush hit him with a 98 mph ball. Chaos insues.
Posted on May 16, 2016 January 25, 2018 Author Pow SaludCategories Baseball, MLB, Recommended Leave a comment
Kate Upton MLB Commercial!
Kate Upton is in another MLB Commercial! For all you guys who like baseball and wanted to be included in the Perfect Club you better get your game up and throw that perfect game and you might even get a chance to win a million bucks and all that comes with it. So Welcome to the Perfect Club!
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Posted on March 9, 2012 Author Pow SaludCategories Baseball, Commercial, funny, MLB, Videos Leave a comment
SF Giants boost security for post-attack LA games
By JANIE McCAULEY, AP Baseball Writer
SAN FRANCISCO – Giants players in their orange and black emerged from the third-base dugout and walked to the mound as the rival Los Angeles Dodgers in blue did the same from the first-base side.
On a rare night when players from both teams addressed fans before first pitch, Giants reliever Jeremy Affeldt and Dodgers second baseman Jamey Carroll came together for a joint message: This rivalry must stay on the field, without violence and hatred.
The teams gathered on the pitcher’s mound Monday night before their series opener at AT&T Park to make clear there should be no repeat of the events following their season opener March 31 in which longtime Giants fan Bryan Stow was assaulted outside Dodger Stadium and left in a medically induced coma.
With heightened security at the waterfront ballpark, the teams took the field for a game dedicated to the 42-year-old Stow, a paramedic from nearby Santa Cruz and father of two.
“There’s no room in this game for hatred and violence. It is about respect,” Carroll told the sellout crowd, which applauded his remarks. “This is America’s national pastime and let’s keep it that way.”
A photo of Stow showed on the main center-field scoreboard along with his two children as both teams removed their caps in a quiet moment of reflection.
Affeldt thanked fans for their generous financial and emotional support to help Stow and his family — then he spoke of the need for respect on both sides.
“I don’t have to tell you about the Dodgers-Giants, it’s one of the most storied rivalries in the history of the game but in honoring that rivalry and honoring the Stow family, you have to remember when these two teams get on the field and play, we’re competitive,” Affeldt said. “But when the last out is made, that rivalry ends on the field, so please respect that.”
The Giants presented former infielder Juan Uribe — now wearing the rival Dodger Blue — with his World Series ring from last year in a presentation on the field, two days after San Francisco’s players received theirs. Uribe waved his cap when called out of the visitor’s dugout to a standing ovation, then received hugs and handshakes from his former teammates before being handed his ring by managing general partner Bill Neukom.
San Francisco manager Bruce Bochy hoped that gesture would provide a positive sign to fans about sportsmanship.
“We’re playing each other and we’re competitive and rivals but let’s leave it at that,” Bochy said. “Our thoughts are with Bryan Stow. This shouldn’t happen. We’re hoping to send a message tonight so it doesn’t become a bigger problem.”
Dodgers center fielder Matt Kemp expressed sadness about what happened to Stow.
“That’s a terrible thing what happened to that man,” Kemp said. “It’s a rivalry but it’s not so serious to almost take somebody’s life. This guy is never going to be same again over wearing the wrong jersey.”
The Giants dedicated Monday’s game to Stow, a paramedic. The team and Stow’s employer, American Medical Response, collected money outside and inside the ballpark for a fund set up to help pay his medical bills. The team said more than $50,000 had been raised in that effort.
The Dodgers tossed four baseballs to fans as they came off the field from batting practice — not a regular practice of the visiting team.
Monday’s game marked the first meeting of the year played in San Francisco since Stow was severely beaten by two men in Dodgers gear in a stadium parking lot.
Stow has been in critical condition in a medically induced coma at Los Angeles County-USC Hospital since the attack. No arrests have been made despite a $150,000 reward.
The Giants and San Francisco Police Department increased the number of police officers on patrol both inside and outside the ballpark, officials said.
“We’re going to have a zero-tolerance policy on public intoxication and combative behaviors,” said San Francisco police spokesman Alvie Esparza. “We want fans to come to the ballpark and enjoy the game, but they have to do it in a civilized and respectful manner.”
Esparza said the police presence at the Giants-Dodgers series would be similar to that of last year’s World Series games.
The team and police officials encouraged fans to report any incidents of violence or unruliness in the stands through a text-messaging system ballpark security officials have set up.
“The thing in L.A., you love rivalries and you love playing here, but at some point it goes over the top,” Dodgers manager Don Mattingly said before Monday’s game.
Several fans nearby the ballpark said before the game they were optimistic there would be no further incidents.
“I think everyone can agree that what happened in L.A. was really screwed up, and we’re hoping nothing happens here. It’s good to see people out here wearing Dodgers uniforms,” lifelong Giants fan Chris Swanson said at a nearby restaurant and bar. “It intensifies the rivalry, but I think everyone just wants to see a good game. Despite whoever wins, it’s about the game more than what colors people are wearing.”
In Los Angeles, baseball fans drove through Dodger Stadium on Monday, arriving in cars, on motorcycles and on bicycles to drop off cash, checks and good wishes for Stow’s family.
Hall of Fame Dodger Tommy Lasorda told reporters in the stadium parking lot that he prays that Stow — a father of two — will come out of the coma so he can resume his life.
“This young man someday, I hope and pray, can walk into a ballpark again and enjoy the game,” the 83-year-old said.
As police review what happened and make changes, Los Angeles County Supervisor Mike Antonovich urged increased lighting in parking lots, increased security in the stands and parking lots, a stringent alcoholic beverage limit and possibly a reduction in cup size.
Michael Martin, a native of Los Angeles wearing a Brooklyn Dodger hat, stopped by to leave $100.
“I just wanted to show that Dodger fans are not like the two nuts that did this horrible thing. It’s OK to cheer and boo at the stadium but this is atrocious what they did to this Giants fan,” Martin said.
City Councilman Tom LaBonge said he would work with the city and county in an effort to make penalties more severe for “those who disrupt at public arenas, those who are idiots, those who are cowards, those who don’t belong.”
Associated Press writers Terence Chea and Sue Manning contributed to this story.
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tags:SF Giants, SF Giants , dodgers, MLB, sf giants vs dodgers
Posted on April 12, 2011 Author Pow SaludCategories dodgers, MLB, SF giants Leave a comment
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Digging a Hole: The Legal Theory Podcast
Science Social Sciences Digging A Hole
By Digging a Hole Podcast. Discovered by Player FM and our community — copyright is owned by the publisher, not Player FM, and audio is streamed directly from their servers. Hit the Subscribe button to track updates in Player FM, or paste the feed URL into other podcast apps.
Digging a Hole: The Legal Theory Podcast « »
Steven Teles
On our third episode, we speak to Steven Teles, Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University and Senior Fellow at the Niskanen Center about his new book, Never Trump: The Revolt of the Conservative Elites, co-authored with Robert P. Saldin. He outlines what he thinks drove “Never Trumpers” (elite conservatives) to campaign against then-candidate Donald Trump and the role this group now plays at the margins of the Republic Party. He also touches on the theories underlying his views on Never Trumpers—including the role played by elite policymakers, ideologues, and outsiders in political parties.
Additional reading, including those referenced during the episode, are available on our website: DiggingAHolePodcast.com.
Similar to Digging a Hole: The Legal Theory Podcast
Here I discuss a variety of topics in both the natural and social sciences, exploring the many fascinating insights that the scientific method yields about the world around us.
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Each week we bring you a new, in-depth exploration of the space where science and society collide. We’re committed to the idea that making an effort to understand the world around you though science and critical thinking can benefit everyone—and lead to better decisions. We want to find out what’s true, what’s left to discover, and why it all matters.
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Bill Nye is on a mission to change the world — one voicemail at a time. Bill and science writer Corey S. Powell take your burning questions and put them to the world's leading experts on just about every topic in the universe. Should you stop eating cheeseburgers to combat climate change? Could alien life be swimming inside the moons of Jupiter and Saturn? Does your pet parakeet learn to sing the way that you learned to speak? Bill, Corey, and their special guests will answer those questions ...
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World India farmers brave tear gas as they protest against ‘black laws’
14:10 26 november 2020 Source: aljazeera.com
Anti-racism protest in S Africa over ‘whites-only’ school party
Tear gas fired outside Cape Town school that allegedly allowed dance party attended only by white students and teachers.Anti-riot police on Friday fired tear gas and water cannon towards nearly 2,000 members of the radical left Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) party gathered near the school.
Farmers in several Indian states are protesting against three new bills the government says will open up The new laws give farmers additional choices to sell their produce anywhere in the country, in The protests have been most intense in northern states of Punjab and Haryana, dubbed India ’s grain
Police use water cannons against protesting farmers at the UP-Delhi border in Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Tuesday. As the group tried to push through these barricades, water-cannons were used to push them back. Minutes later, tear gas shells were fired and a baton charge ordered to push farmers back.
Thousands of farmers have been stopped by police as they tried to march to the Indian capital as part of their Dilli Chalo (Go to Delhi) protest against new legislation passed by the right-wing government they say will curb their earnings and benefit big corporations.
© Farmers are seen amid tear gas fired by police to disperse and impede them from marching to Delhi [A... Farmers are seen amid tear gas fired by police to disperse and impede them from marching to Delhi [AFP]
Police in New Delhi’s neighbouring state of Haryana, governed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), used tear gas and water cannon to disperse the farmers who tried to march towards New Delhi on foot, in buses and tractors, NDTV news channel reported.
India farmers clash with police in protest march
Farmers defy barricades and brave tear gas from police as they march towards Delhi in protest.The farmers pushed barricades as they crossed into neighbouring Haryana state on Thursday, with photos and videos showing them clashing with police.
The use of tear gas at recent protests has brought forth frustration and turned into a political debate, stirring controversy on why police Glatter said tear gas not only irritates cells, but also activates pain receptors, which leads to intense burning pain in the eyes, throat, lungs, skin and mucous membranes.
The ' Indian Problem'. White Americans, particularly those who lived on the western frontier, often feared and resented the Native Americans they encountered: To them , American Indians seemed to be an unfamiliar, alien people who occupied land that white settlers wanted (and believed they deserved).
At one site, the farmers retaliated by throwing bricks and pushing aside barricades.
After a two-hour stand-off, police eventually allowed the marchers to continue towards the capital.
The borders of the national capital have been sealed and metro services in several areas shut down with police saying no rallies were allowed in view of the coronavirus pandemic.
“If the government doesn’t want farmers to protest amid the corona pandemic why can’t the government say that it will defer the laws for six months or until the pandemic is over,“ Jagmohan Singh, farmer leader from Punjab, told Al Jazeera.
“We will not call off our protest unless the government scraps these anti-farmer laws.”
The bills, passed by India’s parliament in September, make it easier for farmers to sell their produce directly to private buyers and enter into a contract with private companies. The government hopes private sector investments will stimulate growth.
Indian farmers continue anti-farm bills protests
Television images show some of them moving to the capital while thousands still remain on the outskirts of the city. Agriculture Minister Narendra Singh Tomar invited them for talks. “We have called all the farmers’ organisations on December 3 and we have talked before and are still ready for talks,” Tomar said. There was no immediate response from the leaders of the protests. The protesters said they would not return to their homes until their demands were met.
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Brazilian police used tear gas and rubber bullets Monday to disperse protesters marching against the death of a black man beaten to death by white © SILVIO AVILA A man confronts riot police as a woman prays during a protest against the death of Joao Alberto Silveira Freitas in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Farmers vulnerable to market
Critics, however, say the changes will end the purchase of grains at prices guaranteed by the government and leave farmers vulnerable to the market.
Darshan Pal of the All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee (AIKSCC) and Punjab president of Krantikari Kisan Union, said farmers have gathered on the Haryana-Punjab border but police used barricades and stopped them from marching to New Delhi.
Pal claimed more than 300,000 farmers were marching from the state of Punjab towards New Delhi on tractors, buses and on foot. Al Jazeera, however, could not independently verify the numbers.
“They [government] have actually opened the markets, open the land and open the commodities of the farmers for the big corporate houses. They will form the mandis (agricultural markets), they will get the contract farming done and control the agribusiness.
India’s gov’t, farmers to hold talks as protests continue
India’s government to hold talks with farmers following large protests over new laws that could affect grain prices.“We are presenting five demands. The three new farm laws should be withdrawn,” Jigender Singh from Bhartiya Kisan Ekta Union, told Al Jazeera.
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“Our basic demand is to scrap all these anti-farm laws and assure the Minimum Support Price (MSP) [the price at which the government buys farm produce] as recommended for all the crops and assured marketing guarantee for all the crops.”
Sukhdev Singh, Punjab general secretary of the Bhartiya Kisan Union Ekta, accused the government of passing the laws “to benefit the big corporates”.
“The government didn’t find it worthy or important taking us onboard before bringing these black laws,” he told Al Jazeera.
Farmers have been protesting since September against the new laws, especially in the northern states of Punjab and Haryana, known as the grain bowls of India.
“We’ve seen police using water cannons and tear gas on farmers, but the farmers undeterred have thrown police barricades into rivers,” Al Jazeera’s Elizabeth Puranam, reporting from New Delhi, said.
“Farmer organisations have been joined by others like the trade unions both here in New Delhi, and also in other states including Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Kerala. [They say] that the BJP government and its policies are against farmers and against workers.
Why are thousands of Indian farmers protesting?
India’s PM says new farm laws will free farmers from bullying middlemen; farmers say they fear big corporations.That is changing.
“This is a really big issue in India because around half of the 1.3 billion people work in the agricultural sector. It’s a sector that has been in crises for decades for a number of reasons, including high indebtedness,” Puranam said.
‘Misleading the farmers’
The Al Jazeera correspondent said many people agree that the agriculture sector needs reforms but they say the laws passed by the Indian government leaves farmers at the mercy of private investors.
“These laws loosen the rules around sale, pricing, storage – laws which had protected Indian farmers from the market for decades. This is what the farmers are worried about, even though the government says something of a minimum support price for produce will remain. Farmers say there will be no more guaranteed assurance of this,” she said.
Farmer groups from five states, including the AIKSCC, had called for the march.
A large deployment of police and paramilitary could be seen at all entry points into New Delhi. Vehicles were being checked and those with farmers were being asked to turn back.
Punjab Chief Minister Captain Amarinder Singh condemned Haryana government for attempting to forcibly prevent farmers from marching. Delhi’s local government has also condemned the police action against farmers.
The Hindu nationalist BJP, which also governs Haryana, says the laws will free farmers from traditional middlemen who dominate the trade.
The party accused the opposition Congress party, which governs Punjab state, of misleading the farmers.
“The opposition parties particularly the Congress party is misleading farmers about the laws. They are saying that MSP will be abolished which is not true, MSP is already existing even after the legislation was passed by the parliament,” Syed Zafar Islam, the BJP Spokesperson, told Al Jazeera.
“There is no such thing that we have not taken them into confidence. We took the farmers into confidence before passing the laws.
“Nobody can take an inch of their land. The farmers have the apprehension that their land will be taken away by the corporates but nothing will happen.”
Bilal Kuchay contributed to the report from New Delhi
Indian farmers vow to intensify protests after talks fail again .
Protesting farmers say there will be nationwide strike if government does not repeal controversial new agriculture laws.Protest leaders rejected the government’s offer to amend some contentious provisions of the new farm laws, which deregulate crop pricing, and stuck to the demand for total repeal.
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Why Indian farmers are protesting against new farm bills | Al Jazeera
Farmers in several Indian states are protesting against three new bills the government says will open up The new laws give farmers additional choices to sell their produce anywhere in the country, in The protests have been most intense in northern states of Punjab and Haryana, dubbed India ’s grain www.aljazeera.com
Rally stopped at Delhi border, Govt | India News, The Indian Express
Police use water cannons against protesting farmers at the UP-Delhi border in Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Tuesday. As the group tried to push through these barricades, water-cannons were used to push them back. Minutes later, tear gas shells were fired and a baton charge ordered to push farmers back. indianexpress.com
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The use of tear gas at recent protests has brought forth frustration and turned into a political debate, stirring controversy on why police Glatter said tear gas not only irritates cells, but also activates pain receptors, which leads to intense burning pain in the eyes, throat, lungs, skin and mucous membranes. www.usatoday.com
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Crime, Supernatural and Adventure fiction. Obscure, Forgotten and Well Worth Reading.
FFB: The Crippled Muse - Hugh Wheeler
“Merape is a charming woman and distinguished poet. […] She is also a beautiful ruin. Ruins have gaping cracks in their battlements, rats in their armouries, jackdaws in their bell towers. And this, too, is true of Merape. You must beware, my dear sir…”
-- Professor Fishbourne-Grant in The Crippled Muse
Merape Sloane is a mysterious reclusive poet with a mystical aura and a coterie of protective sycophants. Horace Beddoes has traveled to the Isle of Capri where Merape lives in a sort of exile of retirement where he hopes to meet her, gain an interview and propose that he write her definitive biography. He happens to be an expert on Merape’s poetry having completed his Ph.D. thesis on her work which he titled "The Last Flowering of the Romantic Age". But when he meets Mike McDermott, a hack writer of sleazy potboilers, Horace is appalled to learn that McDermott has beaten him to the punch. Somehow McDermott managed to convince Merape Sloane that he would be the perfect man to write her biography and he has already a collection of notebooks with spicy gossip.
McDermott has also decided to title his book The Crippled Muse, alluding to Merape Sloane’s lifelong battle with illness that left her lame. This further upsets Horace because not only is it a near duplicate of his own planned title (The Crippled Corinna), the change of single word makes it a much better title in his estimation. Horace finds himself festering in jealousy and anger, struggling to keep from exploding with rage. A sex writer in charge of the life story of the genius Merape Sloane! What a cruel irony it all is.
Horace proceeds to drown his sorrows and sublimate his furor by getting blissfully drunk at a party where Merape is the guest of honor. In his besotted state he makes a fool of himself by introducing himself to Merape and groveling in her presence while slurring his drunken praise and admiration for her work. Shortly thereafter while stumbling home he comes across a bloody champagne bottle. Simultaneously he learns that Mike McDermott has disappeared from the party and not returned to his lodging. The next morning McDermott’s battered body is found at the foot of a cliff. It is thought that he too got carried with away with drinking, slipped and fell to his death. But the bloody bottle leads Horace to suspect foul play.
Soon Horace finds himself inextricably implicated in McDermott's death. He was seen holding the bottle by at least one person the previous night who then witnessed him throwing the bottle into the ocean. How will he prevent himself from being named McDermott’s murderer? But the novel is not simply another riff on the oft used wrong man theme. The crime plot serves only as background to Hugh Wheeler’s highly literate, allusion filled, languorous novel which touches on so many themes: love vs. desire, the importance of art in one’s life, the transcendent nature of lyrical poetry, the need to belong, the importance of finding home. The story defies categorization. It's a mixture of a literary detective novel, murder mystery and metaphysical exploration of attraction between all the sexes; a triple play mystery novel incorporating all connotations of the word mystery.
It's difficult not to find similarities in this book with some of Tennessee Williams' more recognizable plays about the sexual tension between a virile young Adonis and an artistic grand dame (Sweet Bird of Youth, Orpheus Descending, The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore) until you realize that Wheeler's novel predates all of those plays, the earliest by seven years. Did Williams perhaps read this book and pick up on its theme either consciously or subconsciously? More likely is that Wheeler knew his Williams and either borrowed or was influenced by the playwright's trademarks.
The similarities in this one book to Williams favorite motifs are amazing -- the erotic temptations of Girlie and Loretta; the Duchessa who has a keen insight into the closeted homosexuality of McDermott and her sad resignation to being attracted to men who prefer men; Horace's repellent attitude towards the menacing pansexual Latvian gigolo Askold who attempts to blackmail Horace with sexual favors; Horace's admiration (attraction?) and envy for the brawny physiques of the Swedish masseurs who remind me of the athletic German couple and their overt sexuality in Williams' Night of the Iguana. The book is drowning with Williamsian desires whether they are forbidden, fantasized, or unrequited. Horace not only has the mystery of Merape's life to solve and clear his name of McDermott's murder he must confront the mystery of human sexuality in all its varied and nuanced guises. Horace's feverish confusion of sexual desire and love culminate in this lament:
Was this the way love operated--like a staphylococcus, one moment drowsing latent in the bloodstream, the next moment flaring up with renewed violence? [...] I'm a man and I don't know whether or not I'm in love--or with whom.
Isle of Capri by Jasper Francis Crospey (1893)
More than any of the Patrick Quentin or Jonathan Stagge books The Crippled Muse shows off Wheeler's gift for dramatic monologue. The sections with Clara Pott, Horace's landlady with a closetful of secrets, in particular foreshadow Wheeler's later success as an award winning playwright. There is a classic moment when Clara delivers a lengthy monologue detailing how Merape robbed her of her husband and her comfortable her life in Ohio. Her words are polite and contradictory to her actions. As she speaks Horace notices a flower in her hand that she continues to twist and crumple. "No, I didn't dislike Merape," she says tossing the utterly destroyed flower to the ground. The book is replete with dazzling moments like that.
The Crippled Muse (1952) is Wheeler’s only novel published under his real name and it appears to have been a very personal work for him. He dedicates the book to Rickie – no doubt Richard Webb, his collaborator on dozens of detective novels using their pseudonyms Q. Patrick, Patrick Quentin and Jonathan Stagge. Webb had retired from writing in 1951 and Wheeler continued writing the mystery novels under those pen names alone. Unlike his mystery novels, as good as they are, in The Crippled Muse we discover another side of Hugh Wheeler. He gives us another gripping and suspenseful crime plot, but there is also a greater display of Wheeler's love of literature, his love/hate affair with American culture and Americans, his fascination with exotic locales and even more exotic people. Perhaps, too, if we read a little deeper into the story of Horace's self-discovery we find a revelation of the enigmatic writer himself.
Posted by J F Norris at 11:53 PM
Labels: Friday's Forgotten Books, Hugh Wheeler, Patrick Quentin
This sounds wonderful - thanks John. Much as I admire the plotting in many of the collaborations with Webb, it's the characterisation of the solo Wheeler books that really got me into the 'Quentin' books (sic) and this sounds really marvellous - love the sound of the near-Williams quality (everybody's favourite dramatist from that era, surely?) - been really looking forward to rwading your review - well done sir!
Kelly Robinson August 23, 2013 at 3:27 PM
This sounds great. I love stories of literary rivalry and jealousy. (Martin Amis' The Information is one of my favorites.) Thanks for the review.
TomCat August 23, 2013 at 3:46 PM
Isn't this, tragically fitting the book, judging by your review, also one of the rarest titles associated with the Patrick Quentin-team?
J F Norris August 23, 2013 at 4:07 PM
Yes, it apparently it is rather hard to find or being sold for exhorbitant prices by sellers offering a copy for sale online. I found a copy at the Chicago Public Library. The book gods were smiling on me that day.
Last night when I went looking (and desperately crossing my fingers) for any DJ photos on the internet I discovered one copy of the UK 1st ediiton with an undamaged DJ for sale through the OxFam Charity website. Sorry, but I immediately bought it. How could I pass it up at £10? Utter luck.
If all goes well you may see a reprint of this book next year from Raven's Head Press, an indie publisher where I am currently the selections editor.
More updayes about Raven's Head Press please John - any chance of a collection of the many uncollected 'Q Patrick' stories?
J F Norris August 24, 2013 at 9:19 AM
I have enough of them collected from issues of The American Magazine that it might be doable provided that we don't run into the "rights brick wall."
The first book from Raven's Head will be out next month with any luck. I can finally write a post about my association with this new indie press and promote our first book which was reviewed here. In fact, many of the selections were reviewed here.
Wow, that sounds like a great book, and your review really brings it to life. (It sounds a little Barbara Vine-ish to me.) Best of luck in getting back into print.
Barbara Vine is an excellent analogy, Mike. I got stuck on the Williams similarities primarily because of The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore. It's also set on Capri and though the grand dame in the play is an actress not a poet and there is no murder plot (though Death is ever present) it has much in common in tone, atmosphere and theme.
Brian Busby August 31, 2013 at 6:37 AM
John, I've just read this very fine post for a third time. I'm very much hoping that a reissue will be coming from Raven's Head. You have a sale in me.
Pietro De Palma August 31, 2013 at 2:41 PM
I do not know this novel, John. To my knowledge, it was published in Italy by a small publishing house in 1954, and since then never printed.
The curious thing is that it is set in Italy.
Just as in the early Ellery Queen, it was said that Ellery was married and lived in Italy. Why would own the Americans choose to live in Italy, between all the countries of the world, I do not know.
But see Clooney ...
The strange thing is that all novels by Quentin Patrick, Patrick Quentin, Jonathan Stagge are been published in Italy by Mondadori. But this novel, by one between the two writers, instead...
Bev Hankins September 8, 2013 at 7:52 PM
Hoping you can get this back into print, John. It sounds like a winner for me.
Yvette September 10, 2013 at 2:54 PM
Sounds good, John. Another fabulous post about a book I've never heard of but will want to read. I'll wait for your re-print and this way we both benefit. :)
An aside: Delano Ames, I just ordered a couple of books of his from Abe. THE MAN IN THE TRICORN HAT and CORPSE DIPOLOMATIQUE. Are you familiar with them at all? I'm hoping you'll review SHE SHALL HAVE MURDER at some point. Just to see what you think of this author. :)
J F Norris September 11, 2013 at 9:21 AM
I have at least one Delano Ames book and I'm in the mood for lighthearted fare forht eentire month of September. I'll have to put it on the list for the few posts I'll be putting up this month.
"I Carry It With Me Wherever I Go" (Flash Fiction)
"Laff in the Dark" (Flash Fiction)
"The Dream of a Golden Mantled Tamarin" (Flash Fiction)
"Manual Transmission" (Flash Fiction)
The Culprit
J F Norris
I am a part time writer and bookseller. Back in 1999 I started an internet bookselling business from which this blog gets its name. It is solely devoted to the sale of out-of-print & vintage crime, supernatural, adventure and other genre fiction. I have also written critical essays and reviews on detective & supernatural fiction for fanzines, internet sites and small press publishers.
FFB: The Eighth Square - Herbert Lieberman
FFB: Space Opera - Jack Vance
FFB: Powers of Darkness - Robert Aickman
Rolling, Rolling, Rolling
Friday’s Forgotten Book: A Clubbable Woman by Reginald Hill (1970)
A Shot at Nothing (1993) by Roger Ormerod
The Chief Inspector Gamache series, books 8 and 9
Christopher Fowler's Blog
‘Blithe Spirit’: The Coward’s Way Out
Classic Mysteries (Les Blatt)
From the Vault: "4:50 from Paddington"
The End of Xmas - a last view of carol singers
Cross Examining Crime
What Did Golden Age Detective Fiction Ever Do For Us? A Legacy…
The Spanish Cape Mystery (1935) by Ellery Queen
John Dickson Carr : The Three Coffins/ The Hollow Man, 1935
'Do You Write Under Your Own Name?'
Forgotten Book - The Plague Court Murders
DREAMS ARE WHAT LE CINEMA IS FOR...
BOOM! 1968
The Case Of The Three Strange Faces (1933) by Christopher Bush
Sidney Chambers & the Shadow of Death
Commissions of Inquiry Determining History
Cartoon of the Day: Novelist
TV Episode Review: MR. & MRS. NORTH “Weekend Murder.”
HELEN McCLOY. Alias Basil Willing (1951).
Past Offences
Christmas has come early…
Patricia Abbott's Blog
FFB: THE POISONWOOD BIBLE, Barbara Kingsolver
SHORT STORY WEDNESDAY: Doris Pitkin Buck: "Why They Mobbed the White House"; Kate Wilhelm: "The Planners" (ORBIT 3, edited by Damon Knight, G. P. Putnam 1968); Donald Barthelme: "Robert Kennedy Saved from Drowning"; Leonard Michaels: "Crossbones" (NEW AMERICAN REVIEW #3, edited by Theodore Solotaroff, Signet/New American Library 1968); Rod Serling: "The Escape Route" ('TIS THE SEASON TO BE WARY by Serling, Little, Brown 1967)
The Dusty Bookcase
The Dustiest Bookcase: K is for Keith
An Old Lady Dies (Anthony Gilbert)
In GAD We Trust – Episode 17: The Hardboiled Golden Age on Page and Screen [w’ Sergio @ Tipping My Fedora]
The Merry Ghost Hunter
Another Vera Van Slyke Ghostly Mystery: “Beyond the Great Beyond”
Puzzle for Fugitives: Run to Death (1948), by Patrick Quentin
Literary Cures for Winter Boredom
Merry Christmas and Happy Hollidays to All!
Hake Talbot : Rim of the Pit, 1944
Wormwoodiana
Terror By Gaslight - New Edition
I Have a Little List
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People with Discerning Taste
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COVID-19 and its impact on research faculty reviews
The Office of the Vice President for Research is partnering with university leaders to address how COVID-19 impacts the promotion probationary period of research faculty on the research professor track and the research scientist track. Current policies allow leaders to be flexible and supportive of COVID-related requests for additional time, and so employees should work directly with their unit leaders on these matters.
Research investigators have a four-year review cycle, and so with an approved COVID-19 exception, that can be extended to a five-year period. For faculty appointed as either assistant research scientists or research assistant professors, OVPR guidelines allow the unit to defer the promotion review for a year. If the clock is extended for one year, units are required to track the total length of time prior to promotion review for these candidates.
The health of the research enterprise at the University of Michigan is a reflection of the excellence of its faculty. In an effort to equip U-M faculty with the necessary tools to advance their research and scholarship, the U-M Office of the Vice President for Research has identified the following resources surrounding research faculty policies and procedures:
Research Scientist Track
Instructional and Research Professor Tracks
Research Faculty Appointment Criteria Review Grid
Policies on Appointments and Promotions for Research Scientist and Research Professor tracks
Giving and Getting Career Advice: A Guide for Junior & Senior Research Faculty
Guidance on the Teaching/Mentoring Criteria for the Research Professor Track
Research Faculty Mandatory Review Addendum
Procedures for Extending Offers to Research Scientist Track
Offer letter and MOU templates
In order to improve the clarity and consistency of the information contained in offer letters, the Office of Vice President for Research requires use of standard templates for offer letters to research professors and research scientists.
Bridging Support for Research Faculty
The U-M Bridging Support Program, managed by the Office of the Vice President for Research, provides temporary salary and fringe benefit support for research faculty who experience a temporary loss in external (sponsored) funding due to factors beyond their control.
Guidelines for Obtaining Approval of Additional Research Scientist Appointments for Faculty
The U-M Office of the Vice President for Research established guidelines regarding procedures for obtaining approval to offer current faculty an additional research scientist appointment in another department or academic unit at the same, or equivalent, rank.
Posted on: Tuesday, July 28, 2020 - 11:08
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Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach
W. Steeneveld, T. van Werven, H.W. Barkema, H. Hogeveen
Under Dutch circumstances, most clinical mastitis (CM) cases of cows on dairy farms are treated with a standard intramammary antimicrobial treatment. Several antimicrobial treatments are available for CM, differing in antimicrobial compound, route of application, duration, and cost. Because cow factors (e.g., parity, stage of lactation, and somatic cell count history) and the causal pathogen influence the probability of cure, cow-specific treatment of CM is often recommended. The objective of this study was to determine if cow-specific treatment of CM is economically beneficial. Using a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation model, 20,000 CM cases were simulated. These CM cases were caused by Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (30%), or Escherichia coli (30%). For each simulated CM case, the consequences of using different antimicrobial treatment regimens (standard 3-d intramammary, extended 5-d intramammary, combination 3-d intramammary + systemic, combination 3-d intramammary + systemic + 1-d nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and combination extended 5-d intramammary + systemic) were simulated simultaneously. Finally, total costs of the 5 antimicrobial treatment regimens were compared. Some inputs for the model were based on literature information and assumptions made by the authors were used if no information was available. Bacteriological cure for each individual cow depended on the antimicrobial treatment regimen, the causal pathogen, and the cow factors parity, stage of lactation, somatic cell count history, CM history, and whether the cow was systemically ill. Total costs for each case depended on treatment costs for the initial CM case (including costs for antibiotics, milk withdrawal, and labor), treatment costs for follow-up CM cases, costs for milk production losses, and costs for culling. Average total costs for CM using the 5 treatments were (US) $224, $247, $253, $260, and $275, respectively. Average probabilities of bacteriological cure for the 5 treatments were 0.53, 0.65, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.75, respectively. For all different simulated CM cases, the standard 3-d intramammary antimicrobial treatment had the lowest total costs. The benefits of lower costs for milk production losses and culling for cases treated with the intensive treatments did not outweigh the higher treatment costs. The stochastic model was developed using information from the literature and assumptions made by the authors. Using these information sources resulted in a difference in effectiveness of different antimicrobial treatments for CM. Based on our assumptions, cow-specific treatment of CM was not economically beneficial
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3367
somatic-cell count
staphylococcus-aureus mastitis
dairy-cows
intramammary infections
streptococcus-uberis
subclinical mastitis
antibiotic-treatment
comparative efficacy
bovine mastitis
10.3168/jds.2010-3367
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Mastitis Medicine & Life Sciences
mastitis Agriculture & Biology
Economics Medicine & Life Sciences
cows Agriculture & Biology
economics Agriculture & Biology
anti-infective agents Agriculture & Biology
Milk Medicine & Life Sciences
Steeneveld, W., van Werven, T., Barkema, H. W., & Hogeveen, H. (2011). Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(1), 174-188. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3367
Steeneveld, W. ; van Werven, T. ; Barkema, H.W. ; Hogeveen, H. / Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach. In: Journal of Dairy Science. 2011 ; Vol. 94, No. 1. pp. 174-188.
@article{95f1abdc3ed641669dc20fd7b304a0f0,
title = "Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach",
abstract = "Under Dutch circumstances, most clinical mastitis (CM) cases of cows on dairy farms are treated with a standard intramammary antimicrobial treatment. Several antimicrobial treatments are available for CM, differing in antimicrobial compound, route of application, duration, and cost. Because cow factors (e.g., parity, stage of lactation, and somatic cell count history) and the causal pathogen influence the probability of cure, cow-specific treatment of CM is often recommended. The objective of this study was to determine if cow-specific treatment of CM is economically beneficial. Using a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation model, 20,000 CM cases were simulated. These CM cases were caused by Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (30%), or Escherichia coli (30%). For each simulated CM case, the consequences of using different antimicrobial treatment regimens (standard 3-d intramammary, extended 5-d intramammary, combination 3-d intramammary + systemic, combination 3-d intramammary + systemic + 1-d nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and combination extended 5-d intramammary + systemic) were simulated simultaneously. Finally, total costs of the 5 antimicrobial treatment regimens were compared. Some inputs for the model were based on literature information and assumptions made by the authors were used if no information was available. Bacteriological cure for each individual cow depended on the antimicrobial treatment regimen, the causal pathogen, and the cow factors parity, stage of lactation, somatic cell count history, CM history, and whether the cow was systemically ill. Total costs for each case depended on treatment costs for the initial CM case (including costs for antibiotics, milk withdrawal, and labor), treatment costs for follow-up CM cases, costs for milk production losses, and costs for culling. Average total costs for CM using the 5 treatments were (US) $224, $247, $253, $260, and $275, respectively. Average probabilities of bacteriological cure for the 5 treatments were 0.53, 0.65, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.75, respectively. For all different simulated CM cases, the standard 3-d intramammary antimicrobial treatment had the lowest total costs. The benefits of lower costs for milk production losses and culling for cases treated with the intensive treatments did not outweigh the higher treatment costs. The stochastic model was developed using information from the literature and assumptions made by the authors. Using these information sources resulted in a difference in effectiveness of different antimicrobial treatments for CM. Based on our assumptions, cow-specific treatment of CM was not economically beneficial",
keywords = "somatic-cell count, staphylococcus-aureus mastitis, dairy-cows, intramammary infections, streptococcus-uberis, subclinical mastitis, antibiotic-treatment, comparative efficacy, bovine mastitis, lactating cows",
author = "W. Steeneveld and {van Werven}, T. and H.W. Barkema and H. Hogeveen",
doi = "10.3168/jds.2010-3367",
journal = "Journal of Dairy Science",
publisher = "American Dairy Science Association",
Steeneveld, W, van Werven, T, Barkema, HW & Hogeveen, H 2011, 'Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 174-188. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3367
Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach. / Steeneveld, W.; van Werven, T.; Barkema, H.W.; Hogeveen, H.
In: Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 94, No. 1, 2011, p. 174-188.
T1 - Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach
AU - Steeneveld, W.
AU - van Werven, T.
AU - Barkema, H.W.
AU - Hogeveen, H.
N2 - Under Dutch circumstances, most clinical mastitis (CM) cases of cows on dairy farms are treated with a standard intramammary antimicrobial treatment. Several antimicrobial treatments are available for CM, differing in antimicrobial compound, route of application, duration, and cost. Because cow factors (e.g., parity, stage of lactation, and somatic cell count history) and the causal pathogen influence the probability of cure, cow-specific treatment of CM is often recommended. The objective of this study was to determine if cow-specific treatment of CM is economically beneficial. Using a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation model, 20,000 CM cases were simulated. These CM cases were caused by Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (30%), or Escherichia coli (30%). For each simulated CM case, the consequences of using different antimicrobial treatment regimens (standard 3-d intramammary, extended 5-d intramammary, combination 3-d intramammary + systemic, combination 3-d intramammary + systemic + 1-d nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and combination extended 5-d intramammary + systemic) were simulated simultaneously. Finally, total costs of the 5 antimicrobial treatment regimens were compared. Some inputs for the model were based on literature information and assumptions made by the authors were used if no information was available. Bacteriological cure for each individual cow depended on the antimicrobial treatment regimen, the causal pathogen, and the cow factors parity, stage of lactation, somatic cell count history, CM history, and whether the cow was systemically ill. Total costs for each case depended on treatment costs for the initial CM case (including costs for antibiotics, milk withdrawal, and labor), treatment costs for follow-up CM cases, costs for milk production losses, and costs for culling. Average total costs for CM using the 5 treatments were (US) $224, $247, $253, $260, and $275, respectively. Average probabilities of bacteriological cure for the 5 treatments were 0.53, 0.65, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.75, respectively. For all different simulated CM cases, the standard 3-d intramammary antimicrobial treatment had the lowest total costs. The benefits of lower costs for milk production losses and culling for cases treated with the intensive treatments did not outweigh the higher treatment costs. The stochastic model was developed using information from the literature and assumptions made by the authors. Using these information sources resulted in a difference in effectiveness of different antimicrobial treatments for CM. Based on our assumptions, cow-specific treatment of CM was not economically beneficial
AB - Under Dutch circumstances, most clinical mastitis (CM) cases of cows on dairy farms are treated with a standard intramammary antimicrobial treatment. Several antimicrobial treatments are available for CM, differing in antimicrobial compound, route of application, duration, and cost. Because cow factors (e.g., parity, stage of lactation, and somatic cell count history) and the causal pathogen influence the probability of cure, cow-specific treatment of CM is often recommended. The objective of this study was to determine if cow-specific treatment of CM is economically beneficial. Using a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation model, 20,000 CM cases were simulated. These CM cases were caused by Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (30%), or Escherichia coli (30%). For each simulated CM case, the consequences of using different antimicrobial treatment regimens (standard 3-d intramammary, extended 5-d intramammary, combination 3-d intramammary + systemic, combination 3-d intramammary + systemic + 1-d nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and combination extended 5-d intramammary + systemic) were simulated simultaneously. Finally, total costs of the 5 antimicrobial treatment regimens were compared. Some inputs for the model were based on literature information and assumptions made by the authors were used if no information was available. Bacteriological cure for each individual cow depended on the antimicrobial treatment regimen, the causal pathogen, and the cow factors parity, stage of lactation, somatic cell count history, CM history, and whether the cow was systemically ill. Total costs for each case depended on treatment costs for the initial CM case (including costs for antibiotics, milk withdrawal, and labor), treatment costs for follow-up CM cases, costs for milk production losses, and costs for culling. Average total costs for CM using the 5 treatments were (US) $224, $247, $253, $260, and $275, respectively. Average probabilities of bacteriological cure for the 5 treatments were 0.53, 0.65, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.75, respectively. For all different simulated CM cases, the standard 3-d intramammary antimicrobial treatment had the lowest total costs. The benefits of lower costs for milk production losses and culling for cases treated with the intensive treatments did not outweigh the higher treatment costs. The stochastic model was developed using information from the literature and assumptions made by the authors. Using these information sources resulted in a difference in effectiveness of different antimicrobial treatments for CM. Based on our assumptions, cow-specific treatment of CM was not economically beneficial
KW - somatic-cell count
KW - staphylococcus-aureus mastitis
KW - dairy-cows
KW - intramammary infections
KW - streptococcus-uberis
KW - subclinical mastitis
KW - antibiotic-treatment
KW - comparative efficacy
KW - bovine mastitis
KW - lactating cows
U2 - 10.3168/jds.2010-3367
DO - 10.3168/jds.2010-3367
JO - Journal of Dairy Science
JF - Journal of Dairy Science
Steeneveld W, van Werven T, Barkema HW, Hogeveen H. Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach. Journal of Dairy Science. 2011;94(1):174-188. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3367
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Putting the tea in Australia
the Bushells brand 1998-2006
Susie Khamis
Department of Media, Music, Communication and Cultural Studies
After the national election win of the Liberal National Coalition in March 1996, Australia experienced more than ten years of contentious public debate. Discussions about Australia's history and future raged with an intensity that both highlighted and problematized the very notion of national identity. During this period, the television commercials for tea brand Bushells paralleled changes in Australia's political culture. In various ways, events of epochal significance, both in Australia and abroad, surfaced in the brand's promotions. These campaigns not only showed the increasing difficulty of picturing Australianness; they also showed that, no matter how fragmented Australian culture became, there remained a lingering bias to certain images, ideals and values. As the Australian electorate became more insular, parochial and conservative, Bushells followed suit. This article considers how Bushells drew symbolic markers from popular culture - the worlds of celebrity, sport, cinema and so on - in a bid to remain relevant, endearing and likeable. It therefore shows that, for a commodity as basic as tea, much can be gleaned about the contemporary political mood through the vernacular rhetoric of television advertising.
Australasian journal of popular culture
https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc.2.1.9_1
10.1386/ajpc.2.1.9_1
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Putting the tea in Australia: the Bushells brand 1998-2006'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Tea Arts & Humanities
Commodities Arts & Humanities
Australian Culture Arts & Humanities
Celebrity Arts & Humanities
Television Commercials Arts & Humanities
Political Culture Arts & Humanities
Popular Culture Arts & Humanities
Mood Arts & Humanities
Khamis, S. (2012). Putting the tea in Australia: the Bushells brand 1998-2006. Australasian journal of popular culture, 2(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc.2.1.9_1
Khamis, Susie. / Putting the tea in Australia : the Bushells brand 1998-2006. In: Australasian journal of popular culture. 2012 ; Vol. 2, No. 1. pp. 9-22.
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title = "Putting the tea in Australia: the Bushells brand 1998-2006",
abstract = "After the national election win of the Liberal National Coalition in March 1996, Australia experienced more than ten years of contentious public debate. Discussions about Australia's history and future raged with an intensity that both highlighted and problematized the very notion of national identity. During this period, the television commercials for tea brand Bushells paralleled changes in Australia's political culture. In various ways, events of epochal significance, both in Australia and abroad, surfaced in the brand's promotions. These campaigns not only showed the increasing difficulty of picturing Australianness; they also showed that, no matter how fragmented Australian culture became, there remained a lingering bias to certain images, ideals and values. As the Australian electorate became more insular, parochial and conservative, Bushells followed suit. This article considers how Bushells drew symbolic markers from popular culture - the worlds of celebrity, sport, cinema and so on - in a bid to remain relevant, endearing and likeable. It therefore shows that, for a commodity as basic as tea, much can be gleaned about the contemporary political mood through the vernacular rhetoric of television advertising.",
author = "Susie Khamis",
doi = "10.1386/ajpc.2.1.9_1",
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Khamis, S 2012, 'Putting the tea in Australia: the Bushells brand 1998-2006', Australasian journal of popular culture, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc.2.1.9_1
Putting the tea in Australia : the Bushells brand 1998-2006. / Khamis, Susie.
In: Australasian journal of popular culture, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012, p. 9-22.
T1 - Putting the tea in Australia
T2 - the Bushells brand 1998-2006
AU - Khamis, Susie
N2 - After the national election win of the Liberal National Coalition in March 1996, Australia experienced more than ten years of contentious public debate. Discussions about Australia's history and future raged with an intensity that both highlighted and problematized the very notion of national identity. During this period, the television commercials for tea brand Bushells paralleled changes in Australia's political culture. In various ways, events of epochal significance, both in Australia and abroad, surfaced in the brand's promotions. These campaigns not only showed the increasing difficulty of picturing Australianness; they also showed that, no matter how fragmented Australian culture became, there remained a lingering bias to certain images, ideals and values. As the Australian electorate became more insular, parochial and conservative, Bushells followed suit. This article considers how Bushells drew symbolic markers from popular culture - the worlds of celebrity, sport, cinema and so on - in a bid to remain relevant, endearing and likeable. It therefore shows that, for a commodity as basic as tea, much can be gleaned about the contemporary political mood through the vernacular rhetoric of television advertising.
AB - After the national election win of the Liberal National Coalition in March 1996, Australia experienced more than ten years of contentious public debate. Discussions about Australia's history and future raged with an intensity that both highlighted and problematized the very notion of national identity. During this period, the television commercials for tea brand Bushells paralleled changes in Australia's political culture. In various ways, events of epochal significance, both in Australia and abroad, surfaced in the brand's promotions. These campaigns not only showed the increasing difficulty of picturing Australianness; they also showed that, no matter how fragmented Australian culture became, there remained a lingering bias to certain images, ideals and values. As the Australian electorate became more insular, parochial and conservative, Bushells followed suit. This article considers how Bushells drew symbolic markers from popular culture - the worlds of celebrity, sport, cinema and so on - in a bid to remain relevant, endearing and likeable. It therefore shows that, for a commodity as basic as tea, much can be gleaned about the contemporary political mood through the vernacular rhetoric of television advertising.
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DO - 10.1386/ajpc.2.1.9_1
JO - Australasian journal of popular culture
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Khamis S. Putting the tea in Australia: the Bushells brand 1998-2006. Australasian journal of popular culture. 2012;2(1):9-22. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajpc.2.1.9_1
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The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects
K. Rosalind Blanche, Mark Westoby
This field study was designed to test whether the taxonomic group and geographic range size of a host plant species, usually found to influence insect species richness in other parts of the world, affected the number of gall species on Australian eucalypts. We assessed the local and regional species richness of gall-forming insects on five pairs of closely related eucalypt species. One pair belonged to the subgenus Corymbia, one to Monocalyptus, and three to different sections of Symphyomyrtus. Each eucalypt pair comprised a large and a small geographic range species. Species pairs were from coastal or inland regions of eastern Australia. The total number of gall species on eucalypt species with large geographic ranges was greater than on eucalypt species with small ranges, but only after the strong effect of eucalypt taxonomic grouping was taken into account. There was no relationship between the geographic range size of eucalypt species and the size of local assemblages of gall species, but the variation in insect species composition between local sites was higher on eucalypt species with large ranges than on those with small ranges. Thus the effect of host plant range size on insect species richness was due to greater differentiation between more widespread locations, rather than to greater local species richness. This study confirms the role of the geographic range size of a host plant in the determination of insect species richness and provides evidence for the importance of the taxon of a host plant.
Austral Ecology
Gall-forming insect
Geographic range size
Host plant taxon
Local species richness
Regional species richness
Species-area effect
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
gall Earth & Environmental Sciences
range size Earth & Environmental Sciences
species richness Earth & Environmental Sciences
insect Earth & Environmental Sciences
species diversity Agriculture & Biology
host plants Agriculture & Biology
galls Agriculture & Biology
insects Agriculture & Biology
Rosalind Blanche, K., & Westoby, M. (1996). The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects. Austral Ecology, 21(2), 332-335.
Rosalind Blanche, K. ; Westoby, Mark. / The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects. In: Austral Ecology. 1996 ; Vol. 21, No. 2. pp. 332-335.
@article{f4e3446e0f274a12b8303f413a766972,
title = "The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects",
abstract = "This field study was designed to test whether the taxonomic group and geographic range size of a host plant species, usually found to influence insect species richness in other parts of the world, affected the number of gall species on Australian eucalypts. We assessed the local and regional species richness of gall-forming insects on five pairs of closely related eucalypt species. One pair belonged to the subgenus Corymbia, one to Monocalyptus, and three to different sections of Symphyomyrtus. Each eucalypt pair comprised a large and a small geographic range species. Species pairs were from coastal or inland regions of eastern Australia. The total number of gall species on eucalypt species with large geographic ranges was greater than on eucalypt species with small ranges, but only after the strong effect of eucalypt taxonomic grouping was taken into account. There was no relationship between the geographic range size of eucalypt species and the size of local assemblages of gall species, but the variation in insect species composition between local sites was higher on eucalypt species with large ranges than on those with small ranges. Thus the effect of host plant range size on insect species richness was due to greater differentiation between more widespread locations, rather than to greater local species richness. This study confirms the role of the geographic range size of a host plant in the determination of insect species richness and provides evidence for the importance of the taxon of a host plant.",
keywords = "Eucalyptus, Gall-forming insect, Geographic range size, Host plant taxon, Local species richness, Regional species richness, Species-area effect",
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publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell, Wiley",
Rosalind Blanche, K & Westoby, M 1996, 'The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects', Austral Ecology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 332-335.
The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects. / Rosalind Blanche, K.; Westoby, Mark.
In: Austral Ecology, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1996, p. 332-335.
T1 - The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects
AU - Rosalind Blanche, K.
AU - Westoby, Mark
N2 - This field study was designed to test whether the taxonomic group and geographic range size of a host plant species, usually found to influence insect species richness in other parts of the world, affected the number of gall species on Australian eucalypts. We assessed the local and regional species richness of gall-forming insects on five pairs of closely related eucalypt species. One pair belonged to the subgenus Corymbia, one to Monocalyptus, and three to different sections of Symphyomyrtus. Each eucalypt pair comprised a large and a small geographic range species. Species pairs were from coastal or inland regions of eastern Australia. The total number of gall species on eucalypt species with large geographic ranges was greater than on eucalypt species with small ranges, but only after the strong effect of eucalypt taxonomic grouping was taken into account. There was no relationship between the geographic range size of eucalypt species and the size of local assemblages of gall species, but the variation in insect species composition between local sites was higher on eucalypt species with large ranges than on those with small ranges. Thus the effect of host plant range size on insect species richness was due to greater differentiation between more widespread locations, rather than to greater local species richness. This study confirms the role of the geographic range size of a host plant in the determination of insect species richness and provides evidence for the importance of the taxon of a host plant.
AB - This field study was designed to test whether the taxonomic group and geographic range size of a host plant species, usually found to influence insect species richness in other parts of the world, affected the number of gall species on Australian eucalypts. We assessed the local and regional species richness of gall-forming insects on five pairs of closely related eucalypt species. One pair belonged to the subgenus Corymbia, one to Monocalyptus, and three to different sections of Symphyomyrtus. Each eucalypt pair comprised a large and a small geographic range species. Species pairs were from coastal or inland regions of eastern Australia. The total number of gall species on eucalypt species with large geographic ranges was greater than on eucalypt species with small ranges, but only after the strong effect of eucalypt taxonomic grouping was taken into account. There was no relationship between the geographic range size of eucalypt species and the size of local assemblages of gall species, but the variation in insect species composition between local sites was higher on eucalypt species with large ranges than on those with small ranges. Thus the effect of host plant range size on insect species richness was due to greater differentiation between more widespread locations, rather than to greater local species richness. This study confirms the role of the geographic range size of a host plant in the determination of insect species richness and provides evidence for the importance of the taxon of a host plant.
KW - Eucalyptus
KW - Gall-forming insect
KW - Geographic range size
KW - Host plant taxon
KW - Local species richness
KW - Regional species richness
KW - Species-area effect
JO - Austral Ecology
JF - Austral Ecology
Rosalind Blanche K, Westoby M. The effect of the taxon and geographic range size of host eucalypt species on the species richness of gall-forming insects. Austral Ecology. 1996;21(2):332-335.
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The Swedish School of Textiles
Design Research Outlet
A research outlet is, as we define it, an open access arena for research publication owned by a research group, where members of the group publish some of their research and where they invite some other groups of researchers to also publish research. The idea is not to open up an arena for yesterday’s news or rejected stuff, or to avoid critical evaluation, but to open up an outlet for direct publication contributing to an on-going research discussion. Some things we publish this way, some other things are published in established journals and in conference proceedings.
The main differences of a research outlet in relation to a peer-reviewed journal are:
The material is not peer reviewed – researchers and research groups take responsibility themselves for published material,
The outlet is not open for everybody, but is an arena for publication by invitation – more like an on-going book project than a journal,
It is a channel for direct publication where researchers can publish material in the way they actually want the research to be presented, rather than having to make compromises on grounds that sometimes are obscure and “commercial" in nature,
The outlet is an arena and not a series of journal issues. Reactions and comments can open up for revisions of material, but this is an open process.
"The mistake, of course, is to have thought that peer review was any more than just a crude means of discovering the acceptability—not the validity—of a new finding. Editors and scientists alike insist on the pivotal importance of peer review. We portray peer review to the public as a quasi-sacred process that helps to make science our most objective truth teller. But we know that the system of peer review is biased, unjust, unaccountable, incomplete, easily fixed, often insulting, usually ignorant, occasionally foolish, and frequently wrong." (Richard Horton, editor of The Lancet)
Bibliometrical matters, such as impact factor, h-index etc., are more tools for research management, political control and career planning, than something of interest for science, research itself.
In order to promote and develop research, we all know the importance of an open, and critical, discussion. The critical component of this is of course a major factor. But it is far from obvious that this must be part of a pre-publication process filtering, altering, and possibly stopping interesting and unconventional contributions.
In order to comply with measures of productivity we publish in absurd quantities, which of course have nothing to do with serious in depth research. The number of papers published, and where they are published, does not tell us very much about the originality of our research, the way in which you have contributed to new ways of thinking or contributed to deepen given insights. We all know that we may stumble upon one, or perhaps two, really deep ideas in a lifetime – the extraordinary lucky ones can certainly stumble on more for sure – and that the rest we do is more about working out the details, providing examples, carrying out the obvious studies and so on.
"With the motto 'Quality not quantity', the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) has implemented new measures to counter the flood of publications in research. Germany’s central research funding organisation today presented new regulations that will take effect on 1 July of this year regarding the number of publications that can be cited in funding proposals and final reports. This measure seeks to assure that in future, researchers submitting proposals and reports to the DFG only include a limited number of particularly significant publications, rather than an arbitrary number, thereby reducing the importance placed on publication lists and numerical indices. At the same time, more emphasis should be given to the actual description of the research project. 'By doing this, we want to demonstrate that content matters more to us when evaluating and funding research,' said DFG President Professor Matthias Kleiner.
With these regulations, the DFG wants to counteract the quantitative factors that have been increasing for years in terms of research publications. 'Whether in performance-based funding allocations, postdoctoral qualifications, appointments, or reviewing funding proposals, increasing importance has been given to numerical indicators such as the H-index and the impact factor. The focus has not been on what research someone has done but rather how many papers have been published and where. This puts extreme pressure upon researchers to publish as much as possible and sometimes leads to cases of scientific misconduct in which incorrect statements are provided concerning the status of a publication. This is not in the interest of science,' stressed the DFG President." (DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Press release 2010)
Perhaps we should relax a bit when it comes to academic publication and see it for what it is, i.e. ways to make findings public and to contribute to the on-going research discussions. A research outlet is then just one way to do that in a more direct manner using the wonders of modern computation and communication technology.
The Silent Context – Detachment as Leitwort for Artistic Development
23 December, 2020 • Lars Hallnäs
Design and the theology of sustainability – Seminar talk
25 November, 2020 • Lars Hallnäs
Living In A Prototype Research Diary
4 October, 2019 • Svenja Keune
Irreversible Color Expressions - Åland 2013 _ report no.1
28 June, 2018 • Linda Worbin
Outline of a general artistic design research program
Artistic research (2), color change (1), Design (1), design research (1), experimental prototype (1), irreversible color (1), living experiences (1), modernism (1), plant dye (1), postmodernism (1), research program (1), seedlings (1), sustainability (1), textile color samples (1), and textile structures (1)
To Latest Publications
Smart Textiles Design Lab
Smart Textiles
The Swedish School of Textiles, University of Borås
Research Outlet
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Dr. Scott Atlas, advisor to President Donald Trump delivers an update on the nations coronavirus testing strategy in the Rose Garden of the White House on September 28, 2020 in Washington, DC.Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images
Billionaire Trump Megadonors Behind Group That Promoted Scott Atlas as an Anti-Fauci
It's the same group that promoted hydroxychloroquine to the president in March.
Published on Oct 20, 2020 5:07PM EDT Quick Hits Primary category in which blog post is published
Donald Shaw @donnydonny
Money-in-politics reporter. Co-founder of Sludge.
Edited by David Moore
One of the first groups to promote the anti-malarial drug hydroxychloroquine to President Trump as a treatment for COVID-19 was also an early booster of Scott Atlas, the radiologist Trump has selected as a coronavirus adviser to push back against Anthony Fauci and Deborah Birx.
The Job Creators Network (JCN), a right-wing “dark money” nonprofit founded by Trump megadonor Bernie Marcus, bought a full-page Wall Street Journal ad in May attacking Fauci and calling for a “second opinion” on whether businesses should temporarily close to limit the spread of the virus. The ad promotes the views of Atlas, prominently quoting him on his belief that businesses should reopen.
Excerpt from JCN’s full-page Wall Street Journal ad from May that promotes Scott Atlas’ views in favor of swift reopening as a “second opinion” to information communicated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Dr. Anthony Fauci
Atlas was selected by Trump as a science adviser in August after the president asked his advisers to “find a new doctor who would argue an alternative point of view from Birx and Fauci, with whom the president has grown increasingly annoyed for public comments that he believes contradict his own assertions that the virus’s threat is receding,” according to the Washington Post.
Atlas, who is not an epidemiologist, has repeatedly promoted a “herd immunity” strategy based around limiting social distancing and allowing millions more people to become infected with the virus. He has also spoken out against the wearing of masks and recently had an anti-mask tweet censored because Twitter determined it to be in violation of its COVID-19 Misleading Information Policy.
Trump seems to listen to advice from JCN, which is closely tied to multiple billionaire megadonors to his campaigns and other Republican political groups. In late March, the group launched a multi-faceted campaign calling on Trump to make a then-obscure drug, hydroxychloroquine, available to treat COVID-19 patients. Trump went on to repeatedly promote the drug on Twitter and on TV for several months, despite a lack of scientific evidence that it was effective.
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The Mercer family, who were top donors to Trump’s 2016 campaign, are major donors to JCN, with their Mercer Family Foundation giving the group multiple $100,000 donations in recent years, according to an analysis of tax documents by LittleSis. Rebekah Mercer’s “Making America Great” nonprofit donated more than $1 million to JCN in 2018, according to the group’s 990 filing. Robert Mercer donated $400,000 to pro-Trump super PAC the Great America PAC in 2018, and he gave $355,200 to Trump’s joint fundraising committee earlier this year.
Home Depot co-founder Bernie Marcus is the founder of JCN. Marcus is a major GOP donor who spent more than $7 million through outside groups to help elect Trump in 2016. In the current cycle, Marcus has donated $5 million to pro-Trump super PAC the Preserve America PAC, $100,000 to American Principles Project PAC, which is running ads against Biden, and hundreds of thousands more to super PACs backing Republican congressional candidates.
JCN board member Andrew Puzder, who was Trump’s nominee for labor secretary in 2017, has donated $125,000 to Trump Victory, $79,000 to the RNC, and tens of thousands more to Republican groups and candidates since 2016, according to Federal Election Commission data.
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The Koch brothers-founded political nonprofit Americans for Prosperity is a partner of JCN, as is LIBRE Initiative, another Koch-backed group. Another Koch-backed group, Generation Opportunity, which is now part of Americans for Prosperity, is listed as a partner to JCN’s affiliated foundation. The Koch network of political groups has stayed mostly on the sidelines of the presidential contest this year, but Americans for Prosperity has spent $31 million this cycle to boost Republican candidates for the Senate and House.
Billionaire businessman Philip Anschutz, who has donated more than $1 million to Republican Party groups and GOP campaigns since 2016, has given JCN at least $300,000 through The Anschutz Foundation, according to tax records.
By promoting doctors who express alternative views from most epidemiological experts and miracle cures with no medical backing, JCN sows confusion around COVID in a way that could make the Trump administration’s response to the crisis look less like a clear failure. JCN’s billionaire donors stand to benefit immensely from preventing Democrats from taking over the Senate and the White House, who may attempt to roll back parts of the 2017 tax law that disproportionately benefits the ultra-rich.
Pharma-Funded Group Tied to a Top Trump Donor Is Promoting Malaria Drug to the President
Biden Sides With Big Pharma Against Plan That Could Make Coronavirus Vaccine Affordable
After Meeting With Pharma-Backed Rep, Trump Flip-Flops on Drug Price Negotiations
Big Pharma Keeps Bankrolling House Republicans’ Dark Money Arm
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ANdrew Pudzer
Deborah Birx
Job Creators Network
Rebekah Mercer
Robert Mercer
North Carolina Primary category in which blog post is published
Revealing Money and Power Networks in North Carolina Campaigns
Jeremy Borden
Kathy Qian
Michael Taffe
A spatial analysis of campaign finance data reveals a 2020 statehouse landscape awash in cash as Democrats tried new efforts to win seats ahead of redistricting.
Published on Jan 15, 2021 10:00AM EST
DNC Primary category in which blog post is published
Biden to Pick Former Corporate Lobbyist Jaime Harrison for DNC Chair
During the Obama administration, Harrison lobbied for some of the Hill's top spenders, including Big Banks, Big Oil, and a coalition of coal companies that fought climate regulations.
Published on Jan 14, 2021 1:35PM EST
Brick House Cooperative Primary category in which blog post is published
Cruz and AOC Said They Would Propose a Lobbying Ban. So What Happened?
Donald Shaw
They got a lot of attention for agreeing to work together on a bill to close the revolving door, but they never actually did what they said they would.
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Woman Whose 911 Call Led To Police Killing Unarmed Man After Car Crash Insists He NEVER Asked For Help
By : Staff
Tag: Caché Heidel, Jonathan Ferrell, Randall Kerrick, Sarah McCartney
A mother who called 911 when she was woken by an unarmed black man ‘pounding’ at her door seeking help after a car crash moments before he was shot dead by police today insisted that he never asked for help.
Sarah McCartney, 32, has been partly blamed for the death of a 24-year-old African American scholar and former college footballer Jonathan Ferrell, in the early hours of September 14 in an upscale neighborhood of Charlotte, North Carolina.
The local NAACP president said the killing ‘smells more of hatred and rage’ and he said the officer who shot at Ferrell 10 times was ‘predisposed to killing a black man and did so with extreme prejudice’. The officer, Randall Kerrick, has been charged with voluntary manslaughter.
But friends of Mrs McCartney have painted a different picture of a terrified mother of a newborn baby, alone and terrified in the pitch black while her husband was at work. A close neighbor, who did not want to be named, told Mail Online: “It’s totally awful and heartbreaking that the guy died, but the blame shouldn’t be placed on my friend. She called the cops because someone was freaking her out. She felt like she was going to have a heart attack.”
‘It wasn’t knocking, he was pounding at her door and kicking. She was home alone with her baby. He never said he needed help. He had the sense to tell her a couple of things, but he didn’t say he needed help.
Mr & Mrs McCartney with their son
Mrs McCartney called 911 when Ferrell was pounding on her door in at 2:30am, as her baby boy slept. Her husband was at work. What happened in the following 30 minutes on her front lawn is unclear except that Mr Ferrell was shot 10 times in the chest and killed him.
Christopher Chestnut, who is representing the Ferrell family, told Mail Online Ferrell was hardly a threat. There is a dashcam video, but it hasn’t been released to the public as yet.
The home where Jonathan Ferrell attempted to get help, after his car crash
Mr Chestnut said footage shows Mr Ferrell apparently tried to show officers he was unarmed by pulling up his pants. Ferrell then turned and started running possibly towards Kerrick. Chestnut said the former footballer’s empty hands were outstretched.
‘It’s one, two, three, four – pause. One, two, three, four, five, six – pause. One, two.’
Mr Chestnut said it was only then that officers yelled: ‘Get down’. But Ferrell was that point already fatally wounded. Chestnut told the Charlotte Observer, counting the shots.
And until an autopsy and toxicology tests are complete it’s unclear what sort of injuries Ferrell suffered that may help explain what happened on McCartney’s front lawn.
Jonathan Ferrell and fiance Caché Heidel
Jonathan Ferrell moved to Charlotte, N.C. and was earning top honors as a chemistry major at a local private college. He aspired to one day become a mechanical engineer at the city’s BMW assembly plant, Chestnut said. But he also wanted to stay close to his high school sweetheart and stunning fiancée Caché Heidel. The two were to get married in Tallahassee, Florida, where they are both from. They had moved from Tallahassee because Heidel had got a job working for accounting firm Ernst & Young.
Jonathan Ferrell and fiance Caché Heidel on graduation day
I don’t put the entire blame on the young mother. I don’t know many burglars who when an alarm goes off, continue to talk to the homeowner, while waiting for the police. The dispatcher also kept asking Mrs McCartney, “Is he still in the house?” Mr Ferrell was never in the house. Mrs McCartney also stated he was trying to break into her home, kicking her door down. That could have made the police a little leery to try and talk to him, they may have just assumed he did break into the home and was crazy. The police officer shot Mr Ferrell 10 times in the chest, that’s what killed him. ‘He had the sense to tell her a couple of things’, so what did Jonathan say to her. There are so many questions to this case. Did Mr Ferrell fall asleep at the wheel? His cellphone was apparently wedged and he was unable to reach it, so that’s why he was unable to call for help himself. Was he impaired – high, drunk? Does Mrs McCartney normally open the door for her husband at 2:30am? What are your thoughts? Post your comments below.
911 Call Made By Frightened Woman As Unarmed Man Asked For Help Before He Was Shot Dead By Police
Police Shoot Unarmed Man TEN Times, Who Was Running To Them For Help
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More in News (1215 of 1429 articles)
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Open Recruitments
Musculoskeletal Radiology Fellowship 2021-2022 (JPF05633)
Musculoskeletal Radiology Fellowship 2021-2022
Apply now to Musculoskeletal Radiology Fellowship 2021-2022
Job #JPF05633
David Geffen School Of Medicin - RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Recruitment Period
Open date: June 25th, 2020
Last review date: Thursday, Dec 31, 2020 at 11:59pm (Pacific Time)
Applications received after this date will be reviewed by the search committee if the position has not yet been filled.
Final date: Wednesday, Mar 31, 2021 at 11:59pm (Pacific Time)
Applications will continue to be accepted until this date, but those received after the review date will only be considered if the position has not yet been filled.
The Musculoskeletal Radiology Fellowship is a one year program during which our fellows learn all aspects of musculoskeletal imaging. All imaging modalities: CT, MRI, ultrasound, fluoroscopy and radiography are utilized to diagnose and treat a wide range of injuries, diseases and tumors. As a referral center, we have a busy tumor service and work closely with the orthopedic surgeons, surgeons and oncologists as an integral part of the oncologic team.
We have a busy musculoskeletal ultrasound service, which provides diagnosis and treatment of many ailments. In addition there are busy sports medicine, trauma and rheumatological services.
We have a good and close working relationship with our referring clinicians and enjoying working with them and helping our patients.
At the end of the year, our fellows are comfortable and competent in treating, diagnosing and managing a myriad of complex conditions and we have a wide network of dispersed former fellows working and thriving in both academic and private practice environments.
A MD and completion of a Diagnostic Radiology residency or equivalent is required at time of application.
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Laura Thies ist die Regisseurin von den mehrfach preisgekrönten Spielfilmen 'Schattenwald'/'Amongst the Shadows' und 'Surviving Family'.
Schattenwald Festivals & Auszeichnungen:
Surviving Family Festivals & Auszeichnungen:
Woods Hole Film Festival: ‚Runner Up‘ for the Jury Award for Best Narrative Feature – what the jury (based in LA) wrote:
‚The jury was impressed with the efforts of SURVIVING FAMILY director Laura Thies and her portrayal of a family struggling to come to terms with the tragic events of the past and how they have shaped the people they have come to be today. Relying on an ensemble of strong central performances, Thies draws out the maximum effect of the protagonists as they battle with each other and themselves to understand the tragic suicide of their mother as a result of her life long battle with Bi-Polar disorder when they were children, and which has haunted their family ever since. Thies skillfully balances a combination of drama and humor without ever sliding too forcefully in either direction, resulting in characters that are both realistic and intriguing in equal measure, without ever resorting to melodrama or manipulation where other filmmakers may have stumbled. In addition, she skillfully and emotionally tackles the sensitivities of a little understood mental disorder marked by stigma and shame at a time when few people acknowledged Bi-Polar as a disease let lone how to properly treat it. Overall, we are offered to a rich portrait of a family that has learned how to respectfully go back and view a dark past from a different perspective, move on to live a healthier life and in a way we can all relate to.‘
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Alex Ferguson (VI)
Known for Separate Lives (1995), Millennium (I) (1999), Sliders (1996), The Commish (1995)
Become a member to see Alex Ferguson's STARmeter.
Become a member to see Alex Ferguson's contact information.
Past Film & Video (1 title)
Separate Lives (1995)
Stoner Kid Stoner Kid See fewer
(TV Series) - Dr. Caton (1 episode, 1999) Dr. Caton (1 episode, 1999) See fewer
Matryoshka (Feb 19, 1999) Season 3, Episode 14 - Dr. Caton Dr. Caton See fewer
Sliders (1996)
(TV Series) - Cab Driver (1 episode, 1996) Cab Driver (1 episode, 1996) See fewer
Gillian of the Spirits (Mar 15, 1996) Season 2, Episode 3 - Cab Driver Cab Driver See fewer
Harvey (1996)
(TV Movie) - Zabladowski Zabladowski See fewer
The Commish (1995)
(TV Series) - Webster MacKenzie (1 episode, 1995) Webster MacKenzie (1 episode, 1995) See fewer
In the Shadows of the Gallows (Nov 30, 1995) Season 5, Episode 1 - Webster MacKenzie Webster MacKenzie See fewer
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Vanity videos
You Tube clips by Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs)
Just been invited to view An intro to NHS Leeds South and East CCG (click here), an information video about how CCGs buy NHS services on patients’ behalf. Seemed rather patronising, but public involvement is important, and the video wasn’t aimed at me, so maybe it’s OK. With this Twitter push from GPonline (click here) it’s had 956 views in a month.
“Great watch, all CCGs need one of these! @NHSLeedsSE: our fab animation that explains what a CCG is & what we do http://bit.ly/170J5ig“
It set me wondering how many CCGs are spending money this way, and whether anyone’s watching. Do all 212 CCGs “need one of these”? At least 16 already have one (table), of which Leeds S&E is by far the most watched.
CCG Animated/Live/ Still Duration of clip (Mins) URL You Tube views Time on You Tube (months)
1.Leeds South and East Animated 2.5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVkWWU8ffEA 956 1
2.Newark & Sherwood Live 9.19 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRPzMuRarP8 145 8
3. Rotherham Live 2.09 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qcjzs2xuiy8 309 8
4.Kingston Live 2.52 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hwv1OEVpNU 393 8
5. NEW Devon Live 7.25 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrcTzpu4Mf4 311 5
6. Nene Live 2.16 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWcqUhLggoE 262 7
7. Stockport Live 2.48 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynv6yPLPtUk 194 5
8. Wandsworth Live 15.26 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TI4WQdy8HVE 140 2
9.Gateshead Still 5.37 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVUhdaCXOYE 125 6
10.Dorset Still 2.37 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGWOhWKNyhY 106 5
11.Canterbury & Coastal Live 1.31 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Kbcm0HC-4 97 2
12.Swale Live 1.43 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OMuZOFZJJc 80 4
13.Coventry & Rugby Live 4.15 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBotA-LHvaU 71 8
14.St Helens Live 8.58 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8cFnvnaRLM 58 1
15. Leeds West Live 11.55 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr2WZLbSYFk 17 2
16.Tower Hamlets Live 3.51 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXfApo80zI0 6 2
They’re appearing thick and fast; seven in the last two months – perhaps the CCGs have all been told that a publicity video is a good idea – but their view numbers are tiny. Many You Tube patient information videos have upwards of 0.5 million views. For example a video about taking a child to hospital for surgery produced by Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Trust, Jasmine Goes to the Operating Theatre, (click here) has had 367,749 views in a year.
The CCG videos are all scripted, and mostly professionally made. Most consist of senior staff, patient and clinician interviews with voice overs. I’d be surprised if any cost less that £10K, even without counting CCG staff time.
If Leeds S&E keeps up the current view rate, that would work out at just under £1 per view over a full year, the others up to 50 times more. Commercial advertisers pay Google about 1p per view.
But it’s worse than that. These are just the general information videos. Searching You Tube for “CCG NHS” reveals 978 more! None with any more views than Leeds S&E CCG. Only 40 got over a hundred. Most are in single figures. They’re aimed at the public but no-one’s watching.
Not all are professionally produced. Many are single camera jobs of a talk, clips from a conference, or even committee discussions. Packed with jargon, undefined acronyms and, forgive me, no cliché or platitude left unsaid. Even the speaker’s mum would struggle to watch some.
CCGs need to inform the public, but unwatched You Tube videos are the wrong way to go about it. This should be an easy bit of NHS waste to stop.
from → Health general, iGreens
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HIV transmission by circumcision in Nigeria →
jimgthornton permalink*
@NHSLeedsSE have just twweted “interesting blog/feedback https://ripe-tomato.org/2013/08/29/vanity-videos/ … video well received & costs significantly lower”.
Good to know. LeedsSE video is certainly best value in terms of £ per view.
Gingernut Creative permalink
But as the creative agency involved in producing the Leeds South & East CCG video, can we correct a couple of (pretty wild!) assumptions you’ve made about its cost and viability?
Firstly, we don’t know about anyone else’s costs, but ours are definitely less than the £10,000 you’ve estimated. Much, much, much less.
(We’ve just done some calculations in the office, and reckon that the video costs about the same as producing and mailing an A4 publicity leaflet to 10,000 homes – and who knows how many of them are read. That means that, at the current rate of clicks, it would be a cost-effective way to reach people, just on YouTube.)
But the second (massive!) assumption you make is that YouTube is the only place to see the video, when it’s primarily designed to be played in surgeries, health centres, local meetings, community events and public engagement exercises. Counting YouTube stats and calling that the total audience for the video is – if you don’t mind us saying so – pretty bad science.
So, yes, we agree with you that there’s no point making videos that no one’s watching.
But we think there’s real value in presenting information to the public in cost-effective ways that will engage them. And the feedback and views we’ve had about our animation suggests that we’ve done a good job in doing that for Leeds South & East CCG.
Gingernut Creative
Delighted to be corrected. But the cheque Leeds S&E CCC paid to Gingernut is only a fraction of the total. Imagine the committees discussing whether to have a video and what to do with it now!
I take the point about other outlets, and if other feedback has been good I guess that’s encouraging. I’d still rather read a book while waiting for the GP to return from the local CCG committee!
Morning all. First stab at the primary sources for Covid-19 vaccines in pregnancy. Thank you @susan_bewley for push… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 1 day ago
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Roaringwater Journal
Saints and Soupers
Watsons of Youghal – Revivalist Masters Part 2
In Part 1 I laid out the background to the Watsons of Youghal Revivalist-style windows, a design innovation for which they should be particularly celebrated. In this post I will provide further examples and tell you where you can see some.
The Watson Archive is housed at the Crawford Gallery in Cork. In it are original cartoons showing the careful working out of interlace patterns and of lettering styles. Since these cartoons are on long pieces of paper which remained rolled or folded in storage for many years, they are in fragile condition and therefore what one consults in the Crawford Archive is the file of photographs of these papers. While not ideal, this at least allows serious students of stained glass to see some of the original work upon which the windows were assembled. There are also smaller drawings and paintings – these were done as original designs from which the cartoons could be drawn and from which the colours could be worked out.
It’s a real thrill to come across a window that is based on one of those designs: see above and below for a perfect match! Incorporation of interlacing can also help to identify an un-signed window as being a Watson: it was what set them apart, when the figures themselves – the saints or angels – might be well-nigh indistinguishable from those of other stained glass manufacturers.
Interlacing is the preferred word for the complex looping and braiding of ribbons, which twist in and out and around each other and often end in the head of a fantastical animal. Artists studied the Book of Kells and other illuminated manuscripts, copied the elaborate decorations and eventually figured out their own designs. Just walk through any older cemetery in Ireland to see the craftsmanship with which many crosses were carved with interlace motifs. So it was with Watsons: they became expert at fitting and filling spaces in a window with Revivalist designs.
One of the best places to see Watson Revivalist windows, because it’s a small space and you can get close to the windows, is the Oratory at Gougane Barra. The vision for the building was that of Fr Patrick Hurley who developed the ‘ancient’ monastic settlement on the island, a scholarly man well versed in the Revivalist art and literature of the period who specified that the oratory itself would be built in the Neo-Romanesque style based on 12th century Irish churches such as Cormac’s Chapel (see this post for more on this). In the Oratory all the windows except a Marian image depict Irish saints, some of whom are local to Cork (Finbarr [above], Fachtna [below], Gobnait and Eltin).
Another West Cork church with Watson Revivalist windows is in Ardfield, south of Clonakilty. I used some of these in my Symbols and Stories post so take a look at those now. Note that, in contrast with the Gougane Barra Oratory, the iconography in Ardfield is essentially International-Catholic (St James, Jesus, Mary), very much in line with the Devotional Revolution which I described in my post Saints and Soupers: the Story of Teampall na mBocht (Part 7, the New Catholicism). Instead of repeating the Ardfield images here I will send you instead to the little country church in Castletown-Kinneagh, near Enniskeane, and one of my favourite windows – the Infant of Prague. In the extensive renovation of this church the parishioners, ably led by Fr Tom Hayes, worked hard to save this window from a porch which had to be demolished and re-located it in a light box inside the church. While not perfect for back-lighting, this has the great advantage of allowing the viewer to get really close to the window to observe the painting techniques and the details.
Next we will stop by St Ita’s church in Gortroe, near Youghal. Here you will find one of Watson’s Revivalist windows dedicated to that same Blessed Thaddeus McCarthy (below) about whom Fr Hurley wrote in the Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society and whose travails I described in my Post Thaddeus McCarthy, The Bishop Who Never Was. In the sanctuary is a three light window, the Sacred Heart flanked by Thaddeus and St Ita, while a Lourdes window occupies the south wall (a detail from that window is my lead image in this post).
Protestant churches were also attracted to Revivalist touches and one of the most interesting windows I’ve seen is in St John’s Church of Ireland in Knight’s Town on Valentia Island in Kerry. The two light window depicts the angels of Prayer and Praise, with book and harp. The angels are beautiful if over-familiar depictions, but it is the surround that shows how Watsons worked hard to customise windows according to the wishes of the clients.*
The windows commemorate James and Anne Graves. James Graves was the first Superintendent of the Anglo-American telegraph station on Valentia and he held the post for forty years. Accordingly, the framing surround of each window shows not only nicely worked-out interlace but the telegraph cable, punctuated by cross sections of that cable in red and green. Marine rope, telegraph poles and ceramic insulators also make an appearance, and the international telegraph alphabet is represented by black dots on a white background. The window was executed in 1912 and cost thirty five pounds.
So far I have illustrated this post from windows in small churches, but the very large Catholic Church of St Carthage in Lismore, Co Waterford, has several very fine Revivalist windows. Some are credited to Cox and Buckley and were completed in the 1890s; others were done after the company had changed its name to J Watson and Co. The church itself, in a flamboyant Lombardo-Romanesque style, is well worth a visit and the windows certainly enliven the interior. The iconography is a mixture of International-Catholic and Celtic-Revival/local iconography, with, for example, the Archangel Michael and St Carthage (see Part 1) side by side.
I included a detail from the Vision of St Ita window in Part 1, but it’s worth having a look at more of that window. The end of the nineteenth century saw the publication of many texts related to Irish saints – translations from Irish by such scholars as Whitley Stokes (see my post on The White Hound of Brigown) and Canon John O’Hanlon – and these became the religious equivalent of the stories of Finn McCool, Cuchulainn and the great Irish mythology cycles as written by Standish O’Grady and others at the time. St Ita was the foremost female saint of Ireland after St Brigid, and she is traditionally thought to have come from Waterford. She was given to visions and raptures and this is what is depicted here. And just look at those wonderful birds in the canopy above her head.
This demonstrates the popularity of these hagiographies with Irish Catholics and their clergy at the time – the artists responsible for these windows had to make sure they were well read on the lives of Irish saints. Both the Columcille window (above) and the Patrick window (below) exuberantly display their artist’s knowledge of the lives and deeds of these saints as well as their immersion in all the tropes of Celtic Revival imagery (wolfhound, anyone?).
The Rose Window has a panoply of Irish Saints (including Saint Otteran, Patron Saint of Atheists!) each one occupying one of the rays of the rose with cherubs encased in interlace. As they say in property ads – must be seen to be appreciated.
My final window astounded me when I first saw it – in fact I think it was my introduction to Watson’s use of interlace and it really is a virtuoso performance. I’ve used the bottom panel from it further back in the post to demonstrate how a cartoon ends up as a window, but the whole window deserves pride of place. It’s in the Catholic church in Inchigeelagh, Co Cork, and so we have circled back again to St Finbarr of Gougane Barra – an excellent place to stop.
I’ve included illustrations in this post from Cork, Kerry and Waterford but I would be interested to hear from anyone who has found Watson Revivalist windows anywhere.
Part 1 of this post is here
Email link is under 'more' button.
Posted in Irish Art, Irish Craft, West Cork Blog Tagged Castletown Kinneagh, Crawford Art Gallery, Gougane Barra, James and Anne Graves, Revivalist Stained Glass in Ireland, St Brigid, St Carthage Church in Lismore, St Ita, St Patrick, St. Columcille, Valentia Island
The stained glass firm of J Watson & Co of Youghal not only represented a new type of Irish-based business when it started to operate in the 1880s but developed a uniquely Irish style of stained glass (see above). I introduced this topic in my post Symbols and Stories: Looking at Stained Glass, but I want to develop it properly in this post and provide further illustrations in the next. Watsons was first opened by Michael Buckley, who had Irish connections, as a branch of Cox, Sons, Buckley and Co of London but was eventually bought out by James Watson, a Yorkshire stained glass artisan who had come to work there a decade earlier. Members of the Watson family continued to make windows right up to 2012.*
This St Eltin window in Gougane Barra has been attributed to Michael Buckley. Note the Revivalist elements
Based in Youghal, the firm supplied stained glass all over Ireland, but especially in Munster. They competed with other new firms which had set up church supply and decorating businesses, mostly in Dublin. These included Joshua Clarke (father of Harry), James Pearse (father of Patrick and Willy) and the Earley Brothers, Thomas and John. All of them had learned the trade in Britain and some started as agents for such companies as Mayer of Munich and London or Hardman of Birmingham, but eventually employed their own artists and glaziers.
This is one of many Light of the World windows that Watsons produced, in St Brendan’s of Bantry Church of Ireland. Note the conventional Gothic canopies . This was a universal favourite, especially in Protestant churches and all the stained glass manufacturers had a version
This was a boom period for Irish church building and stained glass windows were, of course, one of the expressions of faith that could enliven and decorate the interiors. They also offered an opportunity for both clerical and lay people to contribute to the church and to commemorate deceased family members (and occasionally to commission an ego-stroking window for themselves).
Catherine O’Brien of An Túr Gloine painted this window for Kilcoe Church of the Most Holy Rosary in West Cork. Note the introduction of some interlacing as a minor element in the design. Patrick and Brigid, as the male and female patron saints of Ireland were always in demand for church windows
The choice of iconography for the window was dictated either by didactic imperatives (e.g. the Holy Family as a model to be emulated by the faithful) or by devotion to a particular saint, international, Biblical or local, or by church politics (e.g. Papal authority). This was also the period when the Celtic Revival was in full swing and artists of all kinds were busy crowding graveyards with Celtic crosses, stitching Book of Kells symbols onto vestments, and painting illuminated addresses with complicated knotwork. Buying from Irish firms, once they were able to supply the orders, quickly became preferred.
Harry Clarke did not incorporate much interlacing into his windows, but this one, of St Fachtna, in Castletownshend Church of Ireland, shows that he knew well how to do it
Nowadays the term Celtic is suspect: we no longer believe that the evidence exists for an Iron-Age invasion of a tall blonde race from the continent. Archaeologists and Art Historians often now use the term Medieval Insular Art, however Celtic Revival, as shorthand for the domination of a certain decorative style (as well as the re-discovery of a great literary tradition and the craze for antiquarianism) at the end of the nineteenth century and into the Irish Arts and Crafts period, is so well understood that I use the term, and ‘Revivalist’, here in that spirit.
Contrast the canopies in this window, with its intricate interlacing, with the conventional Gothic canopies of the Light of the World window above. Watson’s executed this one for Charleville Catholic Church
In her in-depth analysis of the Watson Archives, art historian Vera Ryan has demonstrated that orders for stained glass often stipulated that instead of the gothic canopies favoured by the English and German manufactures, windows should contain Celtic (or even ‘Keltic’) artwork. While other firms included some minor elements of interlacing in a design (see the Brigid and Fachtna windows above), no Irish stained glass firm delivered on this request better than Watsons of Youghal – it became one of their hallmarks and a real selling point for Irish clergy of both Catholic and Church of Ireland persuasions.
Models artists could learn from: Upper – a detail from St Manchan’s shrine, a replica of which was housed in the National Museum. Lower – The Christ Enthroned Page from the Book of Kells
This was the most popular style of art at the time for all kinds of objects and it’s not hard to understand why. First of all, the interlacing itself is delightful, quirky and complex and full of tiny surprises. Secondly, the Revivalist motifs were taken from a rich treasury of sacred and secular Medieval objects that formed the nucleus of the displays in the National Museum, which opened its doors in 1877. The Tara Brooch (below), for example, created a sensation when it was found it 1850 and became instantly iconic, with thousands of copies being made.
Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, here was now a truly indigenous art of which we could be justly proud. In an era of evolving nationalism, images conjuring up a glorious Christian past, replete with our own saints, literature and high art, was a reminder of what we had once been and what we had lost as a nation.
The Shrine of St Patrick’s Bell – not only a beautiful object but a potent symbol of what was seen as a Golden Age in Ireland of learning and piety
While their figurative designs remained conventional – think bearded men in long robes or saintly women in nuns’ habits, all in the style of renaissance paintings – the artists at Watsons had fun developing increasingly elaborate frames and canopies to surround their figures. Added to this was a mastery of Irish lettering styles, deployed to great effect whether the text was in Irish, English or Latin.
The use of interlacing and an Irish lettering style. Two continuous ribbons link the upper and lower surrounds, with the corner interlacing twisting around them. The Irish script was still being taught to us in school in the 1950s and 60s
The net result was the development, in the hands of the expert and talented designers and painters at the Watson studio, of a hybrid style of stained glass window unique to Ireland – the overlayering of conventional objects of worship with the originally pre-Christian and later Early Christian/Early Medieval decorative style that came to be labelled ‘Celtic Revival’ at the end of the nineteenth century.
St Carthage, from his eponymous Catholic church in Lismore, Co Waterford. Details include the Book of Lismore, the Lismore Crozier (on display at the National Museum) and a whole galaxy of interlace motifs for the clothing and decorative surround
Next week – examples of Watsons’ use of Revivalist motifs and where to go to see them, as well as some original cartoons, now housed in the Crawford Gallery in Cork. I leave you with a detail from one of the windows employing interlace and lettering – but can you spot the signature?
*Much gratitude to Vera Ryan who has generously shared her Watson expertise with me, and to the Crawford Art Gallery for allowing access to the Watson Archive. I recommend Vera Ryan’s article Divine Light: A Century of Stained Glass in the Summer 2015 edition of the Irish Arts Review for those who would like to learn more about Watsons of Youghal.
Part 2 is here.
Posted in Irish Art, Irish Craft, Irish Stained Glass, West Cork Blog Tagged Book of Kells, Buckley and Co, Celtic Revival, Cox, Light of the World Painting, Revivalist Stained Glass in Ireland, Shrine of St Patrick's Bell, Sons, St Brigid, St Carthage Church in Lismore, St Fachtna, St Manchan's Shrine, Tara Brooch, The Book of Lismore, Watson's of Youghal
Posted on October 8, 2017 January 31, 2018
Rejecting those Earthly Dignities: Irish Women Saints by Harry Clarke
I’ve been struck by the absence of sacred women in the iconography of stained glass windows in Irish Protestant churches. Sure, there’s the odd window devoted to or including Mary (such as Nativity scenes) or Bridget, or images of women as Charity or Hope, but for windows depicting women who are venerated for their piety or leadership or courage you have to visit Catholic churches in Ireland.
The top picture is St Dympna, depicted with a sword – it is a tradition to depict martyrs with the instrument of their death. She looks wide-eyed and innocent – she was only 15 when she died. Above is St Fanchea, bearing a rose and with a kindly expression
We’ve written already about Bridget here and here and about Gobnait: Bridget is considered the female equivalent of Patrick in being the most widely known and celebrated of the Irish women saints. Gobnait is a good example of a local saint, in this case she is associated with the Muskerry area of Cork. When you read the lives of Irish saints, women and men, you are reading accounts written many centuries after they lived, often a mixture of tradition, mythology, folklore and reconstructed hagiography.
Harry Clarke, as I have discovered before, had a thing for red hair and gave St Dympna a particularly glowing crop. Here she shelters her patients, the mentally ill poor who came to her hospital
Robert and I have been travelling in Ireland and visiting stained glass here and there, and in the process discovering more unfamiliar Irish saints. Harry Clarke, Ireland’s incomparable stained glass artist of the early part of the 20th century, was often asked to depict local saints and always did as much research as he could into their lives, to enable him to tell their stories and use appropriate elements and symbols. [For more posts about the genius of Harry Clarke, Ireland’s most famous stained glass artist, go to our Navigation page and scroll down to C5.] In Carrickmacross (Co Monaghan) this week I found three Harry Clarke windows illustrating three Irish female saints, two of whom I had never heard of before. Let’s start with the one I thought I knew because I’ve had friends with that name – St Dympna.
Dympna flees her father’s house. Following her is the court jester, his wife, bearing medicines, and Gerebran, her confessor
Dympna was the daughter of an Irish King called Damon. When his wife died, her father became unhinged and decided he would only marry the one who was as beautiful as her – his own daughter Dympna. Horrified, she fled with her confessor, Gerebran, and travelled to Gheel in Belgium. There she established a hospital and tended to the poor and sick. But her father found her and in his rage beheaded first the faithful Gerebran and then, when she refused to yield to him, his daughter.
Harry Clarke did not shy away from depicting the grizzly end of Dympna and Gerebran
She is venerated in Ireland and in Belgium, and particularly associated with care of the sick and those who are mentally ill. She is also a patron saint for those who have suffered incest. There are shrines and hospitals named for her in Belgium, Ireland and the United Stares. She is also known as St Davnet, and there are hospitals and holy wells with this name.
If you’d like to know more about St Dympna, take a look at this post from the wonderful Ali Isaac.
St Ceara is the subject of one window with two lights
Like Dympna, Ceara was of royal blood and established her first monastery in present-day Westmeath on land granted by St Fintan – or perhaps in Kilkeary near Nenagh in Tipperary at the behest of Brendan of Clonfert. You see, there may have been two Cearas and over time their stories were conflated. To add to the confusion, St Ceara, also known as Ciara, is known to have been an abbess who founded a monastery near the spot currently better known as Kilcrea Friary in Cork.
St Ceara and her virgins
Harry Clarke in his windows chooses to depict her as beautiful and royal, in one window carrying her monastery and in the other (below) sumptuously dressed and appearing more the princess than the holy woman.
St Fanchea was the sister of St Enda of Aran, and they share the two lights of one window. St Fanchea was famed for her holiness and founded a monastery in Fermanagh. Enda was a warrior-king but was finally won over by the piety of his sister and converted when he came to see her in her convent.
Fanchea and her brother, Enda of Aran
For a full (and graphic!) account of the brother and sister relationship, see the marvellous post in Omnia Sanctorum Hiberniae, a fabulous blog for anyone interested in obscure Irish saints. Marcella starts her story of Fanchea this way:
Aengus, son of Natfraich, King of Munster, is said to have desired Fanchea’s hand in marriage. Notwithstanding all his pressing entreaties, however, and rejecting those earthly dignities to which she might be advanced by yielding to his suit, the holy virgin’s mind was intent on a life of celibacy, and on those rewards promised by Christ to his spouses.
St Fanchea stops her brother, Enda, and turns him from his warrior ways
I’d love to hear from readers who have their own favourite women saints, especially Irish ones.
Posted in Irish Art, Irish Craft, Irish Stained Glass, West Cork Blog Tagged Harry Clarke, Irish Women Saints, St Brigid, St Ceara, St Ciara, St Dympna, St Enda, St Fanchea, St Gobnait
High Drama!
If you suffer from vertigo or claustrophobia – or both – then you won’t want to follow us in the adventure we had this week while returning from a visit to Dublin: climbing to the top of an Irish Round Tower! Overcoming any tendencies we might have had towards these phobias, we arrived at the roof of the 32.6 metre high Kildare tower and marvelled at being able to stand on the summit of a piece of architecture over a thousand years old. Kildare has the second highest Round Tower still extant in Ireland: the highest is at Kilmacduagh, Co Galway, at 34.9 metres; however, Kildare now lacks a conical cap, which it might once have had. If so, it would just tip in as the highest of all the towers.
Kildare Round Tower: note the battlemented top – probably added in an 18th century restoration, the romanesque doorway and the granite base. The upper stonework is limestone and sandstone
The print above – dating from 1788 – shows the ruins of St Brigid’s Church, which was fully restored as a Church of Ireland Cathedral a hundred years later. We looked down on this from our vantage point atop the Tower – and had a good view of the (also restored) Fire Temple where a perpetual flame, lit by the Saint, was kept burning for hundreds of years, finally being extinguished by the shenanigans of Henry VIII.
Looking down on Kildare Cathedral, with St Brigid’s ‘Fire Temple’ in the grounds
You’ll have heard me talk about St Brigid many times: she’s second only to St Patrick in the Irish Martyrology. In fact, as probably the most influential woman in Irish history, I’m going to declare her as quite the equal of St Patrick: she’s often enough described as one of the Patron Saints of Ireland. You will also know that she is surrounded by folklore and traditional customs, such as the making of her Cross on her day, the First of February.
St Brigid’s Cross – left, at her Holy Well and right, a textile in the Solas Bhride Centre, Kildare
Back to the adventure (although the whole day was adventurous!) – climbing the tower was hard going. There were a series of near-vertical ladders to be negotiated: each one took us to a higher timber platform, six floors in all. At the top of each ladder we had to squeeze ourselves through a narrow opening; this, and the confines of the tower interior – only two metres or so across – certainly challenged the claustrophobiac in me.
The restricted space also made us question some of the theories about the uses of these towers, which are always located at ecclesiastical sites. The definitive work on them is, as it happens, written by someone who also lives in West Cork – just a little distance from Nead an Iolair: Brian Lalor. Brian has led a very full life, involving architecture, archaeology, sketching and printing (his etchings are exquisite). He is also the author of a number of books, many of which are on our own shelves, including The Irish Round Tower, published by The Collins Press, 1999 and 2005.
Brian is unequivocal in his assertion that the primary purpose for round towers was to house the monastery bell. He also suggests that a secondary function would be as a safe storage place for the monastic treasures: the entrance door was always raised at a considerable height above the surrounding ground level, requiring steps or a ladder to gain access. In the times when they were constructed they would have been visually impressive – and could be seen from a great distance. They would have acted as signposts for travellers who might have been searching for the hospitality which monastic communities always offered. Brian discounts some of the more bizarre theories for the towers – for example, that they might have been places of safe refuge for the monks if under threat of attack by Vikings – or that they are simply phallic symbols! Lastly, Brian considers – and gives some credence to – the idea that the towers were monumental buildings of prestige and local aristocratic patronage: certainly, they required considerable expense and effort to construct.
As is often the case with our days out, one adventure led on to another. When we came down from the tower we found that St Brigid’s Cathedral had closed for lunch. But we knew that the Saint’s trail also involved a Holy Well and we had heard that there was a new building devoted to the work of Brigid just outside Kildare.
Solas Brhíde Centre
Robert with Phil, one of the Sisters who conceived the project
We were very impressed with the Solas Bhríde Centre: a small group of Brigidine Sisters has put together the project to build a Christian Spirituality Centre which unfolds the legacy of St Brigid and shows that it is still relevant in the present day. We were shown around the Centre by one of these Sisters, Phil, who pointed out that Brigid was attuned to the natural world and would have appreciated that the new building (designed by Solearth Ecological Architecture) is conceived on ecologically sound terms using sustainable materials and techniques which care for the wellbeing of the Earth. The plan of the building is appropriately inspired by the shape of a St Brigid’s Cross.
Architect’s drawing of the newly completed building
The next stop on our itinerary was the nearby Holy Well – a popular place of pilgrimage and veneration on St Brigid’s Day:
Finally, we arrived back at the Cathedral. I’m always a little disappointed by restorations – particularly those which were carried out in Victorian times; nevertheless there are some impressive features. The possibly twelfth century font is one of them (below left), and another has to be the hidden Sheelagh-na-gig under the lip of Bishop Wellesley’s tomb (below right). I reached under to feel this little carving, and was then told by the Cathedral’s guardian that anyone who touches the effigy is ensured everlasting fertility!
The excellent Heritage Centre opposite the Cathedral entrance is informative about the town’s history and the important connections with this special Saint. There is much more to be discovered – and written – in respect of St Brigid, and other places in Ireland which are connected with her still to be visited. Do go to Kildare and, at the very least, suspend your phobias sufficiently to allow you to climb the ancient Round Tower. But make sure you go between May and September – and not during the lunch hour…
Posted in Archaeology, Architecture, West Cork Blog Tagged Bishop Wellesley's Tomb, Brian Lalor, Brigidine Sisters, Holy well, Irish Round Towers, Kildare, Kildare Heritage Centre, Kildare Round Tower, Round Tower, Sheelagh-na-gig, Solas Bhride Centre, Solearth Ecological Architecture, St Brigid, St Brigid's Cathedral, St Brigid's Cross, St Brigid's Day, St Brigid's Holy Well
The word shenanigan (a deceitful confidence trick, or mischief) is considered by some to be derived from the Irish expression sionnachuighim, meaning ‘I play the Fox’. That’s by no means the only definition of shenanigan that you’ll find, but – for me – it’s a good one.
The Red Fox stops by Nead an Iolair on most days. He’s such a frequent visitor that he’s trodden a furrow across the lawn – which he follows meticulously in order to keep his feet dry: he’s a fastidious creature is our Ferdia.
Have a dance?
Ferdia’s bored with waiting…
It’s a bit unkind, perhaps, to always think that the Fox is up to some kind of shenanigans. That would be playing up to his reputation of being cunning or sly. Our Ferdia is pretty open about why he takes an interest in us – purely and simply, it’s his stomach. His patter is always the same: he stands at the window and presses his nose against the glass, managing to look somehow downtrodden or neglected (we know he isn’t at all – in fact his current winter coat is magnificent: not just red, but with a silver grey sheen, and his legs, paws and ears are a beautifully velvety black).
The Irish word for Fox is Sionnach, and there are stories that this animal was brought over here by the Vikings, who reputedly used them for hunting. Now the tables are turned: in Ireland Fox hunting is a legal sport (which it no longer is in Scotland, Wales and England), and we have very occasionally seen The Hunt crossing the fields during our travels. If you read the highly amusing Irish RM by Somerville and Ross you will quickly gather that actually apprehending a Fox is something very rare for The Hunt: more usually it results in a loss of balance, life or dignity for the participants. This is probably a realistic picture: Edith Somerville was herself a MFH and therefore had considerable experience in the matter.
Edith Somerville MFH
Well, Ferdia’s ploy usually works, and he frequently deprives us of the last morsel on our own plates. I’m sure I’ve heard him chuckling to himself as he disappears off into the fields clutching a bone or three. Foxes are good family animals: generations can live together for a few seasons, helping to look after the succeeding offspring – the collective noun for Foxes is A Skulk. Ferdia himself has got his act together: if we give him some scraps he’ll eat a good chunk first and then carry the rest off home – which I’ve worked out is quite a distance away. That’s fair enough: as Alpha Male and number one provider it wouldn’t do if he was debilitated with hunger.
We have on occasion seen Ferdia lead another Fox into the garden – either a wife or a daughter, but they are so nervous that their visits are rare and short. Ferdia, on the other hand, is totally confident that he’s got us wrapped around his little finger… In the summer he has been sitting out with us on the terrace, passing the time of day in a very relaxed fashion.
Only yesterday I noticed our Fox sorting out some scraps on the lawn. Suddenly, there came into view two magpies. As I watched, one of them hopped around to the front of Ferdia and he stopped what he was doing to chase it away. Immediately, the other Magpie jumped in and took a good helping. Ferdia rushed at this competitor, and Magpie number One hopped in and had his share… From which I deduce that the cunning of Magpies is equal to that of the Red Fox.
In folklore, the Fox has a big presence. The animal is said to be able to foresee events including the weather and its barking is said to be a sure sign of rain (the only time we heard Ferdia bark was when we hadn’t noticed him standing at the window).
It is thought to be unlucky to meet a woman with red hair when setting out in the morning, especially if you are a fisherman. We may assume that the woman is a Fox in disguise.
There are legends about both St Ciarán and St Brigid finding and taming a Fox, and there are medieval carvings in churches showing Foxes: in one instance a Fox is in a pulpit preaching to Geese!
Medieval carvings
Where does the word Fox come from? One theory is that it derives from the French word faux – false. Interestingly there is also a possible link to the flower – Fuschia – so prolific in the Irish hedgerows. Theories abound, but we know that the Fox is above us in the night sky, in the constellation of Vulpecula – once known as Vulpecula cum Ansere – Fox and Goose.
The story of Fox and Goose has been immortalised in what is reputedly one of the oldest folk songs in the English Language: The Fox or Daddy Fox. This version is from the 14th century:
‘Pax Uobis quod the fox,
‘for I am comyn to toowne’
It fell ageyns the next nyght
the fox yede to with all his myghte,
with-outen cole or candlelight,
whan that he cam vnto the town.
When he cam all in the yarde,
soore te geys were ill a-frede;
‘I shall macke some of youre berde,
or that I goo from the toowne!’
when he cam all in the croofte,
there he stalkyd wundirfull soofte;
‘for here haue I be frayed full ofte
whan that i haue come to toowne.’
he hente a goose all be the heye,
faste the goos began to creye!
oowte yede men as they myght heye,
and seyde, ‘fals fox, ley it doowne!’
‘Nay,’ he said, ‘soo mot I the
sche shall go vnto the wode with me;
sche and I wnther a tre,
e-mange the beryis browne.
I haue a wyf, and sche lyeth seke;
many smale whelppis sche haue to eke
many bonys they must pike
will they ley a-downe.’
Here’s a more accessible version:
The fox went out on a chilly chilly night
He prayed to the moon to give him light
He had many many miles to go that night
Before he reached the town-o, town-o town-o,
Many many miles to go that night before he reached the town-o.
He ran ’til he came to a great big pen
Where the ducks and the geese were kept therein
He said a couple of you will grease my chin
Before I leave this town o, town o, town o
A couple of you will grease my chin before I leave this town-o.
He grabbed the grey goose by the neck
And he threw a duck all across his back
He never did heed the quivvy quivvy quack
Nor the legs all a dang-ling down-o, down-o, down-o
Nor the legs all a dang-ling down-o.
Old mother Flipper Flopper jumped out of bed
Out of the window she pushed her little head
Cryin’ O John, O John the grey goose is gone
And the fox is away to his den-o, den-o, den-o
O John, O John the grey goose is gone
And the fox is away to his den-o.
Well, the fox he came to his very own den
And there were the little ones, eight, nine, ten
Saying Daddy you better go back again
‘Cause it must be a mighty fine town-o, town-o, town-o
‘Cause it must be a mighty fine town-o.
Well, the fox and his wife without any strife
Cut up the goose without any knife,
They never had such a supper in their life
And the little ones chewed on the bones-o, bones-o, bones-o
And the little ones chewed on the bones-o.
Posted in Cappaghglass, Folklore, Nature, Roaringwater Bay, West Cork Blog, Wildlife Tagged Daddy Fox, Edith Somerville, Ferdia the Fox, Fox, Fox and Goose Folksong, Fox Hunting, Irish RM, Red Fox, Sionnach, Sionnachuighim, St Brigid, St Ciarán
March Miscellany
Another selection of Irish ‘normalities’ which have caught my English eye over the last few months (the previous selection is here). They have amused me, surprised me and sometimes baffled me. I have the greatest respect for their ‘Irishness’ – a unique outlook on life and culture from a small island which has made a big mark on the world. Mostly the images need no commentary but I have provided a little information for the curious at the end of the post.
Most of the images are from our own neighbourhood, but the spectacular wells and shrines – including the one above (to St Brigid) were seen on our trip to Clare. Can’t resist just one more image: it’s the view we enjoy every day from Nead an Iolair, constantly changing and always arresting.
Posted in Clonakilty, County Clare, Folklore, Religion, Roaringwater Bay, West Cork Tagged Champion Walker, Dan O'Leary, Hare, Hare Legends, Henry Ford, Holy water, Holy Wells, Irish Curiosities, Irish Shrines, Irish Signs, Lucky House, Nead an Iolair, Sprigging School, St Bridget, St Brigid, St Brigid's Well
© Finola Finlay + Robert Harris
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Altar Wedge Tomb Amanda Clarke Angela Rolt Photographs Ard Glas A Taste of West Cork Ballybane West Ballydehob Bantry Bantry House Barley Cove Beara Peninsula Blue House Gallery Bohonagh stone circle Boulder Burials Brian Lalor Budd's of Ballydehob bullaun stones Colourful houses Copper mining Croagh Patrick Cupmarked stones Daniel O'Connell Derrynablaha Driving in Ireland Drombeg Stone Circle Edith Somerville Fastnet Rock Fastnet Trails Fr Patrick Hickey George Victor du Noyer George Walsh Gothic Revivalist Architecture Green & Silver Harry Clarke Harry Clarke Studio Harry Clarke Studios High Crosses Hikelines Holy Wells Holy Wells of Cork Ilen River Irish High Crosses Irish rock art Irish Signal Stations Irish Signal Towers Irish Signs Irish tower houses Irish Traditional Music Irish wildflowers Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa Jeremy Irons Kealkill Stone Circle Ken Williams Kevin Danaher Kilcoe Castle Lough Derg L T C Rolt mass rocks Mizen magic Mount Gabriel National Monuments Service of Ireland Nead an Iolair Newgrange Nicola Gordon Bowe Northside of the Mizen Office of Public Works Off the M8 Peter Clarke Rev William Allen Fisher Richard King Robert Gibbings Rock art Rossbrin Castle Rossbrin Cove Saint Brendan Saints and Soupers Seamus Heaney Skibbereen Skibbereen Arts Festival Skibbereen Heritage Centre Somerville and Ross Stained Glass standing stones St Brigid St Gobnait St Patrick The Year in Ireland by Kevin Danaher Three Castle Head Tomás Ó Muircheartaigh Traditions Uillinn Walking the Sheep's Head Way West Cork Arts Centre West Cork Blog West Cork History Festival West Cork stone circles West Cork Wildflowers West meets West Wild Atlantic Way Zoë Devlin
Harry Clarke’s Terenure Masterpiece January 10, 2021
Schull – Delving into History January 10, 2021
Walking West Cork – Half the Colla Loop! January 3, 2021
Merchant, Miller, Smuggler: James O’Sullivan and Roaring Water January 3, 2021
Favourite West Cork Photographs: 2020 Edition December 27, 2020
Favourite Posts of 2020 December 23, 2020
To Our Readers. . . December 18, 2020
Black and White on the Sheeps Head December 13, 2020
Sweet Ilen – Part 3 December 13, 2020
Sweet Ilen – Part 2 December 6, 2020
Mizen Magic 22: Crookhaven Harbour December 6, 2020
Christmas Cribs Revisited November 29, 2020
Sweet Ilen November 29, 2020
Walking West Cork – Top of the Rock November 22, 2020
Our Lockdown Mascot November 22, 2020
Mizen Magic 21: Croagh Bay November 15, 2020
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← Death of the Inhumans 5: Discussion
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The Green Lantern 1: Discussion
by Spencer Irwin and Michael DeLaney
This article contains SPOILERS. If you haven’t read the issue yet, proceed at your own risk!
Spencer: Given the state of, well, everything (recently I’ve found myself answering “How are you?” with “Good…well, other than, y’know, the world“), lately I’ve been finding it harder and harder to deal with “cop stories,” or even the role of cops within non-cop stories I read. I struggle to reconcile the fact that some sort of law enforcement is necessary to deal with murderers, rapists, and those who prey on the innocent with the fact that the police, as an institution, have been infiltrated by white supremacists, abusers, and racists, are filling for-profit prisons with non-violent offenders and killing unarmed children in the street, and have generally been rendered so corrupt so as to be more harmful to the public than helpful. With that in mind, it’s interesting to look at how Grant Morrison and Liam Sharp approach the intergalactic police force known as the Green Lantern Corps in The Green Lantern 1. What kind of cop story is it? I’m honestly not sure yet.
The Green Lantern 1 opens on a small group of Lanterns apprehending a crew of Space Pirates in deep space. The scene largely focuses on a Lantern we later learn is the 13th Earl of Everglow on the planet Melmoor, and he’s as snooty as his title suggests, bemoaning the lack of clean bathrooms on the planet and referring to one of his pirate opponents as a “savage.” Everglow’s fellow Lanterns don’t seem all that fond of him, but they do seem to share at least some level of his prejudice, or at least his derision of the people around them, with even Trilla-Tru laughing at their idiocy.
The Earl, meanwhile, implies that he became a Lantern out of tradition and familial pressure, not out of any real love for the job or any overwhelming qualifications. This runs in contrast to the Guardians of the Universe’s claims later in the issue about how they only recruit the best and bravest, “individuals who embody the highest attributes.” The Earl’s side feels more honest, though — when it comes to police, many recruits are looking to follow tradition or to gain power over others rather than follow any higher calling.
As for the pirates, they were stealing “Luck Dials” from the “Luck Lords of Ventura,” crime bosses who use the dials to rig probability in their favor at their casinos. While the Lanterns are trying to keep the pirates from using the Dials to hurt innocents, they don’t seem all that concerned about the Luck Lords using them to do the same, and in one scene Trilla-Tru almost seems like she’s reporting to them. This highlights the limitations of the Lanterns’/police’s “lawful good” status — it doesn’t help to uphold the status quo if the status quo is inherently harmful and unfair.
It’s interesting to dig into the pirates as characters, too. Initially I had a lot of sympathy for them — they’re small-time crooks at best, and they really are as dumb as the Lanterns claim, making it actually sad to watch the Lanterns jerk them around.
This changes once they land on Earth, though. There they reveal themselves to also be hateful and harmful, attacking an entire town of humans for no reason. They needed to be taken off the streets, for 100% sure, but the Lanterns approach them with a disproportionate level of fervor — the pirates are low-level, but the Lanterns go after them so hard that they don’t even notice the real villains, the Blackstars, sneaking around in the background, preparing to pull off far more horrific crimes.
(And yeah, the Blackstars have a Luck Dial helping them out, but given their status, the Luck Dial might as well just be white privilege or the benefits of riches — it’s using lower-caste scapegoats, the pirates, to protect the Blackstars and hide their crimes. Sound familiar?)
Then there’s the issue’s titular “intergalactic lawman,” Hal Jordan. I’ll admit that I’ve never really cared for Hal, largely because I saw him as a bland square-jawed type whose main personality traits were “brave” and, sometimes, “cad.” In just a few scenes Morrison injects some real personality into Hal, but in doing so, actually makes him a less likable character. He lives to fight, wander, and have sex, traits that make him an excellent space cop, but a pretty scuzzy human being. How are we supposed to feel about him being the epitome of what the Green Lantern Corps has to offer?
All-in-all, The Green Lantern 1 doesn’t paint the most flattering picture of its heroes, but that may very well be the point. A preview of upcoming stories shows Green Arrow teaming-up with Hal, and his brand of liberalism always provides an interesting contrast to Hal; I wouldn’t be surprised if the whole point of this series might be to critique the real-world reasons a space police force would be problematic, and I’m interested to see if/how Morrison and Sharp do so.
Of course, Grant Morrison’s name name on the cover is truly this issue’s/series’ greatest draw, but I actually found his typical brand of heady, high-concept ideas to be a bit light in this issue; for now there’s just hints more than any real exploration. Sharp’s art more than makes up for this, though, taking readers on a real journey through trippy, exquisitely-detailed locations.
I mean “journey” literally. Sharp isn’t content to just create nutso locations, but he warps space and his perspective to show how these locations relate to each other, to show characters moving through them, to create a real journey. When the action moves to Earth the landscapes become sparse and empty — reflecting the grounded Hal’s restlessness — but even then Sharp finds a way to open things up and make a familiar location feel grand, open, and like an exciting place to explore.
The worlds Sharp creates really take this issue to a new, higher level.
Michael, your excitement about this issue has been downright palpable around the ol’ Retcon Punch offices, so I’m genuinely excited to turn this piece over to you. Tell me, what is it you love most about The Green Lantern 1?
Michael: Spencer, I have no idea what you are talking about…okay yes, I was absolutely thrilled when this book was announced. Grant Morrison’s work probably reads better as a whole than individuals chapters, as everything tend to fold back into itself like an ouroboros. By that I mean to say that I’m sure there are plenty of Easter eggs here and there that will come into play throughout this run.
One of the things I love about Morrison’s writing – and there are many – is that nearly all of the characters are working at the absolute top of their intelligence. With some writers, this could come off as sloppy exposition. In The Green Lantern 1 it instead comes across as knowledge gained.
Funny that Spencer characterized Hal Jordan as the “bland square-jawed type”, because in interviews leading up to this series Morrison described Hal as “an idiot savant.” I love the idea of approaching “the greatest Green Lantern” this way, but going off of The Green Lantern 1, Morrison doesn’t lean too hard into the “idiot” portion of that title.
Hal is also working at the height of his intelligence, identifying an alien species from its’ aversion to guacamole and relying on mathematical principles for bad guys to trip themselves up. All of this reinforces the idea that Hal is a veteran space-cop who has seen enough action that he actually learned a thing or two.
I like your take on the elitism in the Green Lantern Corps – and you’re right to compare it to that of our own police force – but I think you’re being to hard on our guy Maxim Tox, The 13th Earl of Everglow. Although there are whiffs of elitism and bias present, I think that Morrison does a good job at making him a little more than a one-dimensional character. Maybe it’s Liam Sharp’s design of the character, giving him a warm reassuring smile as he stares at his disembodied finger.
With this being a soft “relaunch” of a Green Lantern series, it feels like Morrison and Sharp are really taking the opportunity to break the familiar mold that Geoff Johns established over a decade ago. Without any pomp and circumstance, we are introduced to “New Oa.” Oa has been dead for a while now, why not re-establish and relocate? Mogo needs a break.
Gone are the traditional red robes of the Guardians of the Universe, replaced with robes of a shimmering celestial shade of purple. In general there is more mystery to this New Oa, which feels less like a physical planet and more of a place outside of space and time – as illustrated by the image Spencer shared above. Morrison’s trippy comic book elaboration is on fully display here as well, expressed perfectly by this panel:
Morrison takes the concepts we know and love and pushes them to the next level. Will we ever see these Lanterns? Maybe. But are they awesome concepts? Absolutely. The Green Lantern then is a blend of high concept sci-fi and Dennis O’Neil/Neal Adams sensibility. The image of Hal wandering a desert highway alone evokes the classic “Hard Travelin’ Heroes” story of yore. Similarly, Sharp’s Green Lantern design has inspirations from both Neal Adams and Gil Kane – dynamic facial expressions and dark contours covered in shadow.
Verdict: I am still very excited for this series. I think that it will prove to be a very different type of Green Lantern series than we have seen in recent years and that’s a good thing. Taking these characters and concepts to new places is how they have endured so long.
For a complete list of what we’re reading, head on over to our Pull List page. Whenever possible, buy your comics from your local mom and pop comic bookstore. If you want to rock digital copies, head on over to Comixology and download issues there. There’s no need to pirate, right?
By Spencer • Posted in DC, Discussion, Michael DeLaney, Spencer Irwin, The Green Lantern • Tagged 13th Earl of Everglow, Chriselon, Dennis O'Neil, Floozle Flem, Gil Kane, Grant Morrison, Green Lantern, Hal Jordan, Liam Sharp, Neal Adams, The Blackstars, The Green Lantern, Trilla-Tru
2 comments on “The Green Lantern 1: Discussion”
November 9, 2018 @ 10:52 am
Michael, your point about Hal’s intelligence is really well-observed. Kudos.
I don’t think THIS Hal is the bland, square-jawed type, but that’s the impression he’d always left me in the past. Morrison is giving him more character by leaning into those old-fashioned traits, but in doing so makes the character, at least to me, lean into some unflattering old-fashioned traits instead. I’m not expecting him to be a perfect person, of course, so I’m curious to see where his journey takes him and how it changes him.
ElScotto
In that picture you posted above? Did you catch the Dr Manhattan reference?
Reviews and thoughts on comics and comics culture, focusing on (but not limited to) the women of the DC Universe.
A great guide to comics for the uninitiated.
Fantastic in-depth essays on comics, old and new
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Classic Car Auction Yearbook — 2016-2017
December 21, 2017 Auction Report No Comments
I look forward every year to the new edition of The Classic Car Auction Yearbook.
Many resources take the easy way with a “Top Ten” transactions list and rehash of the auctions with the highest sales.
It’s far more difficult, and insightful, to prowl through the numbers and find important trends.
It’s even more challenging to express those trends in clear-eyed, readable analysis and charts.
Adolfo Orsi and Raffaele Gazzi “get it” with accuracy, thoroughness, lucid observations, intelligent commentary and revealing presentation in the Classic Car Auction Yearbook.
Not surprisingly The Classic Car Auction Yearbook in its September 1, 2016- August 31, 2017 period presents many more selected transactions from non-U.S. auctions than are reported on rickcarey.com. The Yearbook includes transactions from 113 auctions, 59 of them non-U.S. On rickcarey.com there were 56 auctions reported, of which just three were outside the U.S. on-site observed (during Rétromobile) and one described from the catalog (RM Duemila Route), making the Yearbook an unparalleled resource for auction results and succinct descriptions for many marques and models infrequently, if ever, seen in North America.
The 2016-2017 Classic Car Auction Yearbook provides 5,659 transaction summaries of which 4,269 were sold and have final prices, the core of the Yearbook.
But it is the analysis that flows from the transactions that makes the Yearbook so valuable, even to one such as me who is immersed in the topic.
A prime example is the Yearbook authors’ observation that No Reserve cars soared in 2016-2017. Their acknowledgment that RM Sotheby’s “Duemila Route” no reserve sale in Milan in November 2016 contributed 430 lots to that total with their “Season Case” report on that sale is, like the rest of the Yearbook, intelligent and thoughtful – although we disagree on the total number of car lots by six: I adjusted for reruns of busted transactions.
The Duemila Route auction report is here: http://rickcarey.com/rm-sothebys-duemila-route-milan-italy-november-25-27-2016/
Not surprisingly the Yearbook also has identified a steadily increasing auction consignment component of previously auctioned cars. It’s a natural effect of more historic data and the natural turnover of cars as some collections are disperse and others refine their collections. In the Yearbook’s current edition 20% of the cars reported had prior auction history.
In my larger resource of 22,057 largely U.S. transactions it was a remarkable 31.7%. 196 cars had a history of five or more trips across the block.
The Yearbook also identifies the steadily increasing importance of late model cars. The Yearbook considers cars built since 2000 and in their universe it is 11.9% of the cars reported. In the largely U.S. universe reported here it is a much larger 31.7%.
These are just a few of the rewarding topics in the Yearbook. It’s a fascinating and almost never-ending analysis and no one does it, or presents it, better than The Classic Car Auction Yearbook.
It’s a valuable purchase [available from Amazon] before heading to Scottsdale or the February auctions at Rétromobile in Paris.
Tags: Review
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Lexis Advance Now at the Law Library
By Kelly on May 09, 2015/
On May 1, 2015 the Law Library went live with the new Lexis Advance platform for library patron access. Check out this next-generation research service at your nearest library branch location. This database allows users to search in a single search box and enter plain English search terms.
In particular, it is easy to search across all of the content and then narrow your search to the type of source you want (case law, statutes, secondary sources, and more). The same content you grew to expect from our Lexis Classic subscription is still there: National Primary Law with unlimited Shepard’s Citations Service; the California Practice Library including very important titles such as California Forms of Pleading and Practice and California Legal Forms Transaction Guide. Also, the Law Library subscription provides all Federal Briefs, Pleading and Motions (where we used to have only U.S. Supreme Court Briefs).
Check out the FREE training classes this month.
Bernadetteprobus@lassd.org
11:40 am on May 27, 2015
My apologies about not making it down there after all for today’s training on advance lexis research. I’ve just had a walk-in emergency by a client.
That’s okay. Due to popular demand, we will be offering the Lexis Advance training twice in June: once at our Vista location (June 25) and once at our Downtown location (June 30). You can sign up using the links on our calendar page: https://sandiegolawlibrary.org/calendar/
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Deputy Head of Russian Special Construction Agency arrested in Moscow
Tverskoy district court of Moscow has ruled to arrest a Deputy Head of the Federal Special Construction Agency (Spetsstroy) of Russia, Alexander Buryakov, suspected of a large scale fraud, the court’s spokesperson, Anastasia Dzyrko, told RIA Novosti.
“The court has ruled to remand him in custody until the 30th of August”, - said the court representative.
According to Kommersant newspaper, Alexander Buryakov was detained by the First Department of Economic Security and Anti-Corruption Enforcement of the Internal Affairs Ministry. The same day his house was searched by the police.
The next day, investigators applied for his arrest warrant to Tverskoy district court of Moscow.
Alexander Buryakov is charged with commission of an offence under the Article 159, Part 4 of Russian Criminal Code – a large scale fraud. According to investigators, a number of persons are also involved in the fraud, including businessmen concluded contracts with the Federal Special Construction Agency.
Rare gun collection found while searching house of State Reserve Agency’s official
Three more arrested in real estate tycoon Sergei Polonsky criminal case
FSB searches house of former vice-president of Chelyabinsk region
Former CEO of MiG aircraft corporation arrested in Moscow over fraud case
FSB agents detain lieutenant-colonel from Moscow Criminal Investigative Department
The former Construction Deputy Minister of Karelia is charged with fraud
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Secure Code Warrior launches offering to help developers adopt a security mindset
Catherine Knowles
Secure Code Warrior, the secure coding company, has launched a new educational offering that simulates realistic situations to help developers extend their coding skills and preparedness.
Called Missions, the solution focuses on interactive coding simulations of real-world applications that encourage developers to experience the real-time impact of poor code practices in a safe environment.
40 missions covering common security vulnerabilities are currently available, all of which are based on real-world scenarios such as the cyber attacks and security breaches Facebook, WhatsApp, GitHub and high-profile banks have faced.
Targeted at developers, engineering leads and software security professionals, Missions challenges coders to experience these complex issues in a safe environment, the company states.
The overall goal is to empower developers to explore different ways to solve each Mission and encourages coders to practice their skills and knowledge, fostering a step-by-step approach to learning, the company states.
Secure Code Warrior co-founder and CEO Pieter Danhieux says, “Missions is like a flight simulator for coders. Just like a pilot who needs to continually train to keep flying, Missions offers practical applications of live code in a hyper-relevant environment designed to encourage coders to understand attacks, practice and perfect their secure coding skills and knowledge.”
Danhieux says, “We’re levelling up our existing offerings in a logical fashion and creating a progressive, scaffolded approach to building skills.
"It helps developers move from merely recalling knowledge to systematically building upon their experiences and skillset in real-time, fostering valuable secure coding skills that are job-relevant and allowing coders to experience the impact of insecure code first hand, in a safe environment.”
Secure Code Warrior Missions are included as part of Secure Code Warriors standard feature set, with seven language frameworks supported at launch, including Java:Spring, C#(.NET):MVC, C#(.NET):Web Forms, Python:Django, Java:Enterprise Edition (JSP), JavaScript:Node.JS and C#:Core.
The new offering is the result of Secure Code Warrior's acquisition of Iceland-based start-up Adversary in April 2020.
A security expert at one of Australia's largest general insurance companies trialled Missions over two weeks.
He says, “Missions problem-solving approach helps developers think and understand security vulnerabilities in-depth, and has increased our teams ability to spot security vulnerabilities in code review.”
For developers interested in taking on the mindset of a security researcher, Secure Code Warrior has released a public mission simulating the Unicode vulnerability that impacted GitHub in 2019.
Secure Code Warrior is a secure coding platform designed to help developers think and act with a security mindset. The platform is role-specific for developers and uses a mix of gamification techniques to aid learning and increase adoption across an organisation, the company states.
It supports a wide range of programming languages and frameworks that power modern software, including digital infrastructures such as web apps and services, API, mobile, IoT technology, and legacy systems still in use by major companies around the world.
Secure Code Warrior Developers Cybersecurity Security vulnerabilities
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Tag Archives | WWFm IFTC
Russia Key to Global Effort to Save Tigers
By Sennaya on 2012 December 1 in Russia, Siberia, St. Petersburg
At the International Forum on Tiger Conservation hosted in St. Petersburg and championed by Vladimir Putin in November to support efforts to save the world’s tigers.
Agreements were signed by a dozen countries.to help in the conservation effort.
Vladimir Putin and Leonardo DiCaprio discuss tigers in St. Petersburg
Over 200 million dollars were pledged including $1 million from activist actor Leonardo DiCaprio. “Here, in Russia, we call such a person a ‘real man,” spoke Putin regarding DiCaprio difficult journey to attend teh conference.
The Amur tiger in Putin’s Russia has made an impressive recovery from fewer than 30 in 1945 to about 500 today. It is evidence that the animal can recover if supported by political will and public awareness.
More discussion on tigers in the Forum http://old.sennaya.com/forum/index.php?topic=719.0
Siberian Amur Tigers in snow
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What Shoes Work Best With Arthritic Knees?
Lots of Americans suffer from painful arthritic knees, but a new study finds that wearing the right type of shoe may help ease discomfort.
Patients with knee arthritis will achieve greater pain relief by opting for sturdy and supportive shoes rather than flat flexible footwear, researchers in Australia found.
"A 'sturdy supportive shoe' is a shoe that gives stability to the foot, via motion control features such as arch support," explained study author Rana Hinman, a professor of physiotherapy at the University of Melbourne. "It also has a thick, cushioned heel and a rigid sole that does not bend easily."
In contrast, Hinman noted, "a 'flat flexible shoe' is more lightweight, contains no arch support or motion control features, has a low heel (i.e., flat) with minimal/no cushioning and has a flexible sole that bends easily."
Roughly 1 in 4 adults over the age of 45 has arthritic knees, Hinman noted.
One U.S. expert unconnected to the study agreed that "bum knees" will probably feel better with special footwear.
"I think it's pretty intuitive that a structured shoe will be more stable and better for arthritis patients," said Dr. Jeffrey Schildhorn, an orthopedic surgeon at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. "I've found that to be true in my practice and in my life. But this study is the first to really look at this in a rigorous way, and to show with good science that this isn't just anecdotal."
Foot support matters
As the Australian team noted, people with creaky, painful knees are often advised to wear shoes with support. But there's also a school of thought that flat flexible shoes may deliver greater benefit because they provide more of a "barefoot" experience.
The latter theory didn't win out in the new study. After working with 164 knee arthritis patients in the Melbourne area, Hinman's team found that "58% of people who wore sturdy supportive shoes experienced a meaningful reduction in knee pain on walking, compared to only 40% of the people who wore flat flexible shoes."
Study participants were 50 years old and older. Prior to the study's launch, all had experienced near constant knee pain in the prior month (rated at a 4 or greater on a pain scale of 11), and most had worn shoes that featured a mix of sturdy and flat characteristics.
Between 2017 and 2019, half were randomly assigned to wear a flat flexible shoe for at least six hours a day over six months, while the other half was assigned stable supportive footwear. (The team did not compare shoes distributed in the study with the ones patients regularly wore.)
All footwear was commercially available. For the flat variety, the brands included: Merrell Bare Access (for men and women); Vivobarefoot Primus Lite (men and women); Vivobarefoot Mata Canvas (men); Converse Dainty Low (women); and Lacoste Marice.
Stable variety brands included ASICS Kayano (for men and women); Merrell Jungle Moc (men); Nike Air Max 90 Ultra (women); Rockport Edge Hill (men); and New Balance 624 (women).
Each patient was able to switch between two brands throughout the trial. Investigators kept track of reported knee pain levels while walking, functional ability, overall quality of life indicators and overall physical activity levels.
In the end, the team determined that while stable supportive shoes did not restore greater mobility to patients than flat flexible shoes, they did offer a leg up on knee and hip pain reduction and improved quality of life.
'A Rolls-Royce over potholes'
As well, Hinman noted that "sturdy supportive shoes were much less likely to cause adverse effects at the knee and other joints, such as ankle/foot pain [or] knee swelling." Moreover, people who wore flat flexible shoes reported twice as many adverse effects as people who wore sturdy supportive shoes, she said.
The upshot: "Shoes are an easy option that can help people self-manage their knee osteoarthritis pain," Hinman said. "Patients with knee osteoarthritis should think carefully about their footwear and choose shoes that are most likely to reduce their knee pain."
Schildhorn agreed.
"For someone with knee arthritis," he said, "a structured shoe is almost like a Rolls-Royce going over potholes. Because the problem with an arthritic knee is that the joints aren't aligned correctly, and aren't nearly as supple anymore. And it has cartilage with gaps, like cobblestones, which wear away."
A structured shoe can absorb those issues, said Schildhorn. But an unstructured shoe or a bare foot "relies on all of the joints of the body to work just as they were designed. They all have to be aligned correctly, the ligaments have to be functional, and the joints have to be supple in order to absorb loads when walking in uneven areas. Because you need your body to be able to adjust to variances."
The U.S.-based Arthritis Foundation agrees that patients should pay attention to the style and fit of the shoes they wear. But it cites mixed findings as to best practices.
For example, foundation experts acknowledge that stable shoes and boots (without heels) can indeed be helpful for some.
However, they also highlight prior knee research indicating that some flat shoes -- such as flip-flops -- may trigger less knee stress than more stable shoes. Others, however, such as loosely strapped sandals and so-called "foot gloves," may prove problematic.
But the foundation has one piece of overriding advice: Never favor style over function and comfort.
The results were published Jan. 11 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
There's more on shoe wear and arthritis at the Arthritis Foundation.
SOURCES: Jeffrey Schildhorn, MD, orthopedic surgeon, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York City; Rana Hinman, PhD, professor, department of physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Australia; Annals of Internal Medicine, Jan. 11, 2021
Health News is provided as a service to Sentry Drug Center 3 site users by HealthDay. Sentry Drug Center 3 nor its employees, agents, or contractors, review, control, or take responsibility for the content of these articles. Please seek medical advice directly from your pharmacist or physician.
Copyright © 2021 HealthDay All Rights Reserved.
Arthritis: Management
Arthritis: Misc.
Arthritis: Osteo
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esiegel
The Cosmic Speed Limit
By esiegel on April 26, 2013.
"All our sweetest hours fly the fastest." -Virgil
If you've been around the block once or twice, you know that the speed of light in a vacuum -- 299,792,458 meters-per-second -- is the absolute maximum speed that any form of energy in the Universe can travel at. In shorthand, this speed is known as c to physicists.
Image credit: user Fx-1988 of deviantART.
But you or I, no matter how hard we try, will never attain that speed. There's a simple reason for this: we have mass. And for an object with mass, you can accelerate it all you want, but it would take an infinite amount of energy to reach c, and I'm sorry, folks, there's only a finite amount of energy in the Universe.
Image credit: James Ritchie Carroll, from http://www.codeproject.com/.
But that doesn't mean we settle for 90% of c, or 99%, or 99.9999%. We always strive for that extra fraction of speed, that extra bit of energy, that extra push ever-closer to the unattainable limit. You may be most familiar with our latest attempts to do this at CERN, where we've recently discovered the Higgs Boson.
Image credit: LHC / CERN.
By smashing two protons into one another, one moving at 299,792,447 meters per second (just 11 m/s shy of the speed of light) in one direction and the other moving at the same speed in the opposite direction, we can produce incredibly energetic particles, bounded only by the energy available via Einstein's E=mc2. After the LHC's upgrade is complete, that speed will increase to 299,792,455 m/s, which will make these the fastest protons ever created on Earth.
But they're hardly the fastest particles we've ever made.
Image credit: Matt Strassler, 2012, via http://profmattstrassler.com/.
After all, a proton is a relatively heavy particle, some 1,836 times heavier than it's orbiting friend, the electron! Even though we've created protons that are at higher energies than electrons, it only takes one-1,836th the energy (or 0.054%) to get the electron up to the same speed. Which means that LEP -- the Large Electron-Positron Collider (and the LHC's predecessor) -- where they got electrons up to 104.5 GeV of energy (compared to the 6,500 GeV expected for the LHC after the upgrade), still holds the record for particle accelerator record speed.
What is that speed? 299,792,457.9964 meters per second, or a whopping 99.9999999988% the speed of light, just 3.6 millimeters-per-second slower than light in a vacuum!
Image credit: LEP / CERN, via http://www.madrimasd.org/.
But that's just here on Earth, with our lame superconducting electromagnet accelerators, powered by puny chemical energy sources. Compared to what comes out of the Universe, our terrestrial sources don't stand a chance.
Image credit: NASA, ESA, Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA).
Outer space is filled with collapsed stars, supernovae and supermassive black holes -- including ones at the center of active galaxies, above -- where magnetic fields billions of times the likes of anything ever to appear on Earth are routine. From all directions in space, cosmic rays -- high energy particles, mostly protons -- fly through the Universe at energies dwarfing anything we've ever created or even experienced here on Earth.
Image credit: Simon Swordy (U. Chicago), NASA.
Yes, there are fewer particles as we go to higher and higher energies, but the highest energies are no longer measured in terms of GeVs (Giga-electronVolts, or 109 eV), TeVs (Tera-electronVolts, or 1012 eVs) or even PeVs (Peta-electronVolts, or 1015 eVs). Instead, these energies can spike all the way up into the 1019 eV-range!
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons user Sven Lafebre.
Now, this number is really, really interesting! Because above about 4-or-5 × 1019 eV, the Universe won't let you stay at that energy! The problem, believe it or not, is that no matter how high the energy is of the particle you made, it has to pass through the radiation bath that's left over from the Big Bang in order to reach you.
Image credits: Earth: NASA/BlueEarth; Milky Way: ESO/S. Brunier; CMB: NASA/WMAP.
This radiation is incredibly cold, at an average temperature of some 2.725 Kelvin, or less than three degrees above absolute zero. If we sought to calculate the root-mean-squared energy of each photon in there, it's on the order of just 0.00023 electron-Volts, a tiny number. Every time a high-energy charged particle has a chance to interact with a photon, it has the same possibility that all interacting particles have: if it's energetically allowed, by E=mc2, then there's a chance it can make a new particle!
Image credit: Symmetry Magazine / Kurt Riesselmann, Fermilab/SLAC publication.
And that particle doesn't get that energy for free; it has to come from the system that created it! The lightest particle you can create from a collision like this is a neutral pion, which you need 135 MeV of energy to make. There’s a threshold for this that’s relatively easy to compute (previously done here), and what it tells you is that as long as you're above a certain energy threshold -- known as the GZK cutoff, named for Greisen-Zatsepin-and-Kuzmin -- you're going to emit those pions until you're below that energy threshold!
Image credit: Simon Swordy (Thanks, X@15), via David J. Bailey, with data from LEAP, Akeno, Fly's Eye, Yaktustk, Proton and Haverah Park experiments.
For a long time -- until the last few years -- we thought we'd observed particles that exceeded this threshold, which meant that either they were being generated within our galaxy (somehow), which is the only location that would allow them to survive the trip to Earth, there was something wrong with our understanding of relativity (fat chance), or, as most people thought likely, there was a problem measuring these unprecedented high energies.
Image credit: Pierre Auger Observatory, via http://apcauger.in2p3.fr/Public/Presentation/.
Lo and behold, now the two most modern observatories/experiments looking for these -- Pierre Auger Observatory and the High-Resolution Fly's Eye Experiment -- both see the GZK cutoff clearly, and no cosmic rays above about 5 × 1019 eV. As far as a proton traveling with that energy goes, do you know what that means for speed? It tells us that a proton traveling at the GZK limit has a speed of:
299,792,457.999999999999918 meters-per-second.
Image credit: David Malin, UK Schmidt Telescope, DSS, AAO.
Or, to put that in perspective, if you raced a proton of this energy and a photon to the nearest star-and-back, the photon would arrive first... with the proton just 22 microns behind, arriving 700 femtoseconds later.
And every charged particle in the cosmos -- every cosmic ray, every proton, every atomic nucleus -- is limited by this speed! Not just the speed of light, but a little bit lower, thanks to the leftover glow from the Big Bang! So when you dream of traveling through the Universe, it's not quite arbitrarily close to the speed of light; the radiation from the Big Bang -- so low-energy in the microwave -- will fry you if you move too quickly. And that's the cosmic speed limit for you, me, and everything else made of matter!
GZK
GZK cutoff
Ask Ethan #14: The Highest Energy Particles in the Universe
"The results of my observation are best explained by the assumption that a radiation of very great penetrating power enters our atmosphere from above." -Victor Hess You might think of the largest and most powerful particle accelerators in the world -- places like SLAC, Fermilab and the Large Hadron…
The Speed Limit of Matter: Charged Particles
"Alas! must it ever be so? Do we stand in our own light, wherever we go, And fight our own shadows forever?" -Edward Bulwer-Lytton Ever since it was conjectured that the speed of light was the ultimate speed limit of the Universe, we have tried -- with the most powerful of our tools -- to push as…
The Physicist's Dream Machine
"It is no good to try to stop knowledge from going forward. Ignorance is never better than knowledge." -Enrico Fermi As you probably know, the Large Hadron Collider -- site of discovery of the last fundamental particle in the Standard Model, the Higgs Boson -- is the most energetic particle…
It'll take a lot more than AMS to find Dark Matter
"On what can we now place our hopes of solving the many riddles which still exist as to the origin and composition of cosmic rays?" -Victor Francis Hess We've come a tremendously long way in our understanding of the Universe, but there are plenty of mysteries still to be revealed. Way back in the…
Fascinating stuff. Terrific graphs and charts. Don't get me wrong. I understood almost NONE of it, but I am convinced you do, and that makes me ver happy that science is moving the world's knowledge forward at an awe-inspiring pace. Please keepdoing what you do so well (and it sounds like you enjoy your work!).
By Jack Kolinski (not verified) on 26 Apr 2013 #permalink
This confuses me a bit, because one of the particles - the photon that's part of the CMB - is massless. If two massive particles hit each other, the available energy for creation of new particles is computed from their combined inertial rest-mass frame, right? So isn't it the case that the proper frame of reference here is that of the massive particle, in which it has zero kinetic energy?
Is the reason for the GZK limit that the CMB in one direction is blue-shifted so far that its photons have the energy to create these pions? If so, does the CMB effectively provide a sort of preferred reference frame for the universe which relativity would deny in its absence?
By BenHead (not verified) on 26 Apr 2013 #permalink
Benhead,
In classical mechanics, you work in the center-of-momentum frame for collisions. In relativistic mechanics, as long as you use relativistic momentum, you're ok using whatever frame you want.
The quick-and-dirty formula -- which comes about as a first order Taylor series expansion of the full relativistic treatment -- tells you that when the quantity Sqrt(2 * E_CMB-photon * E_cosmic-ray) exceeds the mass of a pion, you're going to make one. If you wanted to boost sufficiently into the center of momentum frame, you would get the same answer, only -- as you intuit -- the energy of the photon would be blueshifted incredibly, and the energy of the cosmic ray would be much lower.
But the CMB does provide a reference frame, in that regard, which defines "the Universe at rest relative to cosmic expansion", which we're moving through at many hundreds of km/sec, which is why we see the CMB dipole we do.
By esiegel on 26 Apr 2013 #permalink
@Ethan -- one tiny nitpick, and one actual comment.
The units of energy in HEP are abbrevated as "eV", but they are written out as "electron-volts", without a capital "V". This follows the SI convention that base units are spelled out in lowercase, but the abbreviation is capitalized only when the unit is derived from a proper name (the non-SI "litre", abbreviated "L", being the only exception).
The GZK cutoff does indeed arise from neutral pion production (via gamma p -> Delta+ -> p pi0), but that is not because the pi0 is the "lightest particle you can create." In fact, inverse bremsstrahlung (gamma p -> p e+ e-, where the proton is the "beam" particle here) starts at a threshold of just a few x 10^17 eV, two orders of magnitude lower.
The difference between those processes is the proton's energy loss: brem only takes a couple of per mil of the proton's energy, but the Delta+ resonance eats something like 20%!
So above the 5 x 10^19 eV cutoff, the proton loses energy really quickly until it gets below pi0 threshold, then it coasts, losing energy slowly but linearly through pair production and inverse Compton scattering (gamma p -> gamma p).
It blows my mind that those GZK protons have a truly macroscopic amount of energy: 50 EeV is 8 joules, or about the kinetic energy of a well-thrown tennis ball!
By Michael Kelsey (not verified) on 26 Apr 2013 #permalink
I've always had a hard time w/ eV's. I have no reference for them other than Michaels last sentence. It would be nice to see a chart that put some of the eV's in human terms, so that I might at least attempt to wrap my head around the units of measurement we are using.
By crd2 (not verified) on 26 Apr 2013 #permalink
New sciencey goodness from the LHCb experiment regarding CP Violation. Was hoping you would do a write up of Sean Carroll's post linked below.
http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2013/04/24/cp-violation-and-th…
That is really interesting! I've never done the full calculation of interaction cross-sections at those energies, just some naive approximations. It makes a lot of sense to think that combination of interactions at various energies would be what dominates, but thanks for that very informative comment!
crd2, I think Sean really nailed the CP-violation: it's there, it's great that we measured it, it's exactly what the standard model predicted, and it can't explain our Universe's matter/antimatter asymmetry. For a little humanity on what an electron-volt is, yes, it's the amount of energy you'd gain accelerating one electron through a potential of one Volt, but it's also going to take that electron from rest and turn it into an electron moving at ~593 km/s because you gave it an energy of 1 eV.
My version of Excel can't even store that number in one part, but if I've done my algebra right, if you had a spaceship that could travel through the universe at the GZK limit, 60 billion years would go by for every millisecond of shipboard time. Not bad!
PS one nitpick, you're still inappropriately capitalizing "volt" :-)
By derek (not verified) on 26 Apr 2013 #permalink
@crd2 -- According to "LHC Glossary," 1 TeV (10^12 eV), is approximately the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito. http://lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/lhc_glossa… (The link from that page gives some other comparisons.)
By Patrick M. Dennis (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
I'm a lover of all things science, and enjoyed the post. I'm smart enough to know that I'm too dumb to grasp all this yet too dumb to accept some accepted theories (because I can't get the answers I need to rationalize the trickier points in my head). For instance, I refuse to accept that increased speed slows time (cesium, schneezium...). I would like to be the one who figures out the 'light as a wave or particle' conundrum, but I don't have any equipment. By the way, has the reaction speed of quantum pairs been measured? Food for thought...
By Koogie Buffalo (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
"no cosmic rays above about 5 × 10^19 eV"
But there are several data points above 5 × 10^19 eV in your graph, from "from LEAP, Akeno, Fly’s Eye, Yaktustk, Proton and Haverah Park experiments". So.....er.....
By Wild Bill (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
So as Earth plows through the CMB, we're going to see a little extra energy in protons from "ahead", yes? And the GZK limit has factored that out.
"A few hundred m/sec" is still a small fraction of C. Are there macro objects that are moving at significant fractions?
By Marshall (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
... "many km/sec", pardon me. Same question, though.
@crd2: It's not a pretty table (the sort of thing XKCD would have), but the Wikipedia article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-volt) has some more or less interesting bullet points at the end.
@Marshall: The CMB dipole corresponds to a motion of about 200 km/s. The uncertainty in the energy scale for the data points near the GZK cutoff is much larger than that. Any directional difference in the spectral shape at the high end is going to be unmeasurable -- consistent with no difference at all, within the uncertainties.
@Koogie Buffalo: The "argument from ignorance" is a well-known fallacy. "If I can't understand X, then X must be wrong." Your experience, which is what your intuition is based on, is limited to (a) large, non-quantum objects; (b) extremely low velocities; and (c) weak gravitational fields. You should not _expect_ to have a good intuition for the behaviour of small quantum systems, nor of the behaviour of extremely fast moving objects, nor of the behaviour of space and time in strong gravitational fields.
To understand those things, we use mathematical theories backed up by experimental test and verification. If you want to understand them yourself, then you need to invest the time and effort to study and learn those mathematical theories, the existing experimental data which support them, and the experimental techniques which you can use to explore new areas.
Hi Ethan,
very nice page. Wanted to send you a private message but couldn't find your email. The cosmic ray flux graph you've put in is from Simon Swordy (as actually written in the graph), who unfortunately left us three years ago. Nice to see his graph still around, and would be nice to have his name attached to it.
BTW, it may very well that the end of the spectrum seen at the highest energies is not the GZK but the end of the accelerating power of the sources. It may actually be the preferred scenario given the Pierre Auger Observatory mass composition measurements at the highest energies.
By Xavier (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
How can one be sure that the cosmic background radiation is not light from galaxies from far away? In other words, the more we look at higher redshift, the more distant galaxies we can see. Isn't it reasonable to expect the darkness of the sky to be more and more filled with stars and galaxies the further in redshift we go?
By Serge D. (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
@Serge D: You are invoking "Olbers' Paradox" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbers%27_paradox), which I invite you to read about. We can definitely observe galaxies from extremely far away, and those galaxies are observed in visible and infrared wavelengths, not in microwaves. We also observe, in those "ultra deep field" campaigns, that the galaxies observed are discrete sources, easily distinguished from the continuous background.
The cosmic microwave background is a separate phenomenon. We know, from direct measurements, that it is an extremely accurate (to within one part in 100,000) blackbody radiation spectrum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation) corresponding to a temperature of 2.72548±0.00057 K (degrees above absolute zero). It is not possible for the visible and UV spectrum of a galaxy, redshifted, to mimic a continuous blackbody spectrum.
I would encourage you to research the data, either in the form of non-specialist review articles (e.g., Wikipedia) or actual peer-reviewed papers, in order to confirm this conclusion for yourself.
To Michael Kelsey RE: “If I can’t understand X, then X must be wrong.” Perhaps I have mistaken your arrogance as rudeness, but my argument is not that X (and Y and Z, as well) are wrong, just that there is more to X, Y, and Z than is currently known, and that some confirmed results have been misinterpreted, due to these unknowns. I'm happy to admit my ignorance and stubborn enough to still believe we're missing the elusive key that will change everything. I just hope I live long enough to witness a valid unified theory that will support some of my apparently outlandishly naive hypotheses. Or maybe I'm just deluded.
" but my argument is not that X (and Y and Z, as well) are wrong, just that there is more to X, Y, and Z than is currently known, and that some confirmed results have been misinterpreted, due to these unknowns."
But if X="all physical clocks slow down by a factor of 1/sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2) in an inertial frame where they are moving at speed v", or "all processes can be described by laws of physics which which are lorentz-symmetric", then you *are* saying that X is just wrong, no? There's no "interpretation" about it, these are just predictions about quantitative physical measurements. And there is abundant experimental support for both--if you think it's just a matter of cesium clocks as suggested by your earlier comment, you should understand that the evidence is much, much broader, covering basically any experiment involving things that move at high speeds (pretty much any result having to do with particle colliders provides evidence for relativity, since quantum field theory is relativistic by nature).
By Jesse M. (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
As far as moving clocks running slow, the easiest everyday evidence is to be found in the GPS systemns you use in your car..
They GPS will not work accurately unless the dilation of time caused by the speed of the signal going up to the Satellite and back to your car, is taken into effect in the calculations.
So your GPS is proof that moving clocks run slow.
By wiseman (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
Self absorbed post - on average I understand about 25% to 75% of Ethan's posts, which is absolutely brilliant. For 10% it would still be a great return on effort. Every now and again a few things I didn't understand from previous posts come together. Love this blog to bits.
By jeremy (not verified) on 27 Apr 2013 #permalink
Thanks for the informative article and thanks for Michael Kelsey's clarifying comments! Much appreciated!
To place the SI nitpick in context, it is a device to suppress unnecessary error akin to the one that doomed a US Mars mission. The capitalization of abbreviations when they are proper names is the remaining honoring of the person.
In the same context there have been implementations for simplification (which I was taught) but I think they dropped it or never used it in generic versions. You still don't put 10 eV with plural s, no '10 eVs', which simplifies (and here avoid conflict) and so assures. But there was also versions where you supported that with pronouncing it "10 electronvolt", the rationale being that the unit is singular and the number carries the plural implicitly.
@Koogie Buffalo:
"Perhaps I have mistaken your arrogance as rudeness,".
Science is elitist, but it is also been found to be correct by its mean of self-correction, the market of ideas. If there is arrogance in stating what we know, the ideas that won the market over by being highest prized, it is based on verifiable facts.
"but my argument is not that X (and Y and Z, as well) are wrong, just that there is more to X, Y, and Z than is currently known, and that some confirmed results have been misinterpreted, due to these unknowns."
Any way you slice that, what you are saying is that X, Y, Z is wrong.
But the main problem is that your argument is based on the purported existence of unknown unknowns. However it turned out, for reasons which I note are among unknown unknowns (who would expect finite resources to converge on absolute facts among, apriori, infinite possibilities?) but it doesn't matter, since what we have are known unknowns. The Laws Underlying The Physics of Everyday Life Are Completely Understood:
"But there’s no question that the human goal of figuring out the basic rules by which the easily observable world works was one that was achieved once and for all in the twentieth century.
You might question the “once and for all” part of that formulation, but it’s solid. Of course revolutions can always happen, but there’s every reason to believe that our current understanding is complete within the everyday realm."
[Sean Carroll, theoretical physicist.]
Meaning, it is highly unlikely you can replace all what we know with something completely else. When the OPERA experiment looked for either problems with relativity (faster than universal speed limit neutrinos) or measurement error, they found measurement error.
To sum up, the relativity regime of the vacuum the cosmic ray's travel in is everyday, the energy regime of the particles are less than the everyday car you drive everyday, the blackbody radiation of hot bodies (like the Sun) that testifies to quantum nature is literary every day, and the relativistic combination with quantum mechanics that gives particle physics quantum fields are everyday (or so I assume).
So there is nothing there that touches relativity or quantum mechanics.
It is by the way the quantum fields that buries the presumed "duality" between particle and wave (or so I assume, not having studied them):
"A particle is a nice, regular ripple in a field, one that can travel smoothly and effortlessly through space, like a clear tone of a bell moving through the air."
"Even to say a particle like an electron is a ripple purely in the electron field is an approximate statement, and sometimes the fact that it is not exactly true matters."
"This goes on and on, with a ripple in any field disturbing, to a greater or lesser degree, all of the fields with which it directly or even indirectly has an interaction. [See Fig. 7.]
So we learn that particles are just not simple objects, and although I often naively describe them as simple ripples in a single field, that’s not exactly true."
[ http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics… ; Matt Strassler, particle physicist.]
By Torbjorn Larsson (not verified) on 28 Apr 2013 #permalink
First of all: Ethan, great article! Thumbs up. I have the same question as #11: they've observed particles with energies exceeding the GZK-limit, for example in the AGASA-experiment. See for example: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greisen%E2%80%93Zatsepin%E2%80%93Kuzmin_li… For example, the 'oh-my-god-particle, observed in 1991, had an energy of 3 x 10^20 eV, above the GZK-limit. So how do we deal with these exceptions?
By Adrianus V (not verified) on 28 Apr 2013 #permalink
I think the post addresses that -- it could be measurement, error, but it could be that those particles arose fairly close by and hadn't given up that much energy yet.
By psweet (not verified) on 28 Apr 2013 #permalink
Great post, Ethan! I thoroughly enjoyed it.
By Roger (not verified) on 28 Apr 2013 #permalink
@Michael
Dark or black in biology refers to the colour we see in the absence of perception of light in the limited range of wavelength not perceived by the human eye. The "dark or black" that we see is an artificial colour created by the human brain (like pink, gray or white). I guess in physics dark sky has another meaning than biology, i.e. no photon received from a sky area regardless of its wavelength. In that sense, no part of the sky is really dark since you can always find some photon at some wavelength, whether microwave or not, especially if we observe long enough (days, weeks, months, years). Now when visible light is redshifted we find discrete sources (quasars, galaxies). When we look the microwave universe, the photons received cover the entire sky if I understand well. Other diffuse background light, like the cosmic infrared background might be linked to specific sources. How can one be sure that the same story will not be told once the microwave radiation is mapped with higher precision?
Thanks again for you reply.
@Serge D: "Black-body" is a specific, technical term in physics. Since you are not familiar with that term, please read the Wikipedia article I referenced, which explains what a black-body is, presents the specific mathematical shape of the spectrum, and provides references for further reading.
Your hypothesis has already been demonstrated to be wrong by the detailed measurements of the black-body spectrum of the CMB, which cannot be reproduced (and certainly not reproduced to one part in 100,000) by discrete high-energy sources scattered over the sky.
** Verisimilitude comes in various strengths
“Let no one ignorant of geometry enter” -- over the door of Plato’s Academy
Of course, there’s no help for the willfully ignorant -- they have formed America’s long tradition of anti-intellectualism which shows no sign of going away.
Nevertheless, responsible popular and semi-popular books can encourage the young to learn and the not-well-informed 21st century American to appreciate advanced physical science. The next three, for example,
A. Everett and T. Roman. Time travel and warp drives. U Chicago Press. 2013
Elementary, but intellectually responsible exposition of special relativity with simple derivations of time dilation, for example, includes 6 math appendices. Moves on using metaphors and illustrations to discuss fundamental aspects of Einstein’s general theory, black holes, worm holes, warp bubbles, tachyons -- shades of Mr Data and Jean Luc Picard.
Paul Nahin. Time Machines -- time travel in physics, metaphysics and science fiction. AIP Press. 1998.
Older, but covering the same landscape as above up to 1998. Also with mathematical appendices giving detailed algebraic derivations more detailed than Everett and Roman.
Dray, Tevian. The geometry of special relativity. CRC Press 2012.
More narrowly focused and more mathematically demanding -- Dray's swift moving, slender volume of 120+ pages will outpace and challenge a novice -- but it offers a review of special relativity with a well-motivated exposition of hyperbolic functions and a refreshing simplification of creaky formulas to match the underlying geometry.
Now one intermediate volume for applied mathematical amateurs. Among books which are not textbooks -- which are aimed at a mathematically literate (that is, numerate) readership, Paul Nahin has written a series of volumes for Princeton U Press. Among which:
Dr Euler’s fabulous formula. Princeton 2006
contains a 160 page tour de force exposition of Fourier series and Fourier integrals, with a high ratio of symbols to text. Nahin requires his readers to have a background: two years of calculus, a course in differential equations, elementary matrix algebra, and elementary probability theory. Not for everyone obviously, but there is not one iota of pretension or assumed superiority from Nahin -- applied mathematics with no apology for short-cuts.
Finally, two “elementary” texts for self instruction or as an alternative to crappy assigned texts on Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity:
N. Zettilli. Quantum Mechanics: concepts and applications 2nd ed Wiley 2009.
filled with worked-out examples -- high ratio of symbols to text -- it’ll test your calculus and algebraic skills too. Fresh approach starting with matrix mechanics and Dirac’s notation for finite bases -- puts matrix algebra to work and saves traditional Schroedinger wave equations until they too can be easily assimilated into Dirac notation. Not enough has been said about how felicitous notation speeds cognition.
B. Schutz. A first course in general relativity. 2nd ed 2009.
Schutz provides the fundamental mathematical tools and theoretical infrastructure in a scant 200 pages. Rather than impose textbook tradition with unwieldy and ugly contravariant tensors -- Schutz follows the mother ship Gravitation (MTW 1973 1,200+ pages) in a geometricized exposition in which vectors meet their soul-mate one forms in tensorial bliss. His rather offhand introduction to Einstein’s index convention can be augmented by doing the “index-gymnastics” in Gravitation.
By rick povero (not verified) on 28 Apr 2013 #permalink
So I can cook my frozen burrito by accelerating it very close to c through the CMB. Informative and delicious.
It is one of the problems of the ramjet generation ships: the acceleration means that the entire ship needs to be protected against cosmic-ray-strength radiation BECAUSE IT IS MOVING SO FAST.
That and the collecting dish needs to be larger than the cross-section of the earth....
By Wow (not verified) on 28 Apr 2013 #permalink
Koogie:
my argument is not that X (and Y and Z, as well) are wrong, just that there is more to X, Y, and Z than is currently known, and that some confirmed results have been misinterpreted, due to these unknowns
No doubt there are many things about our current scientific theories that will turn out to be wrong. After all, all our past scientific theories have turned out to be wrong. ;)
But there are several points worth considering:
1. As models/approximations, our theories have tended to get better. Maybe relativity is wrong, but we can be pretty sure its a better or more accurate approximation than Newtonian mechanics or any other idea we've previously held.
2. A superior replacement theory is highly unlikely to predict that stuff we've already observed to occur does not occur. Because if it predicts something radically different than what we observe to be true, its not a superior theory, is it? So, in the same way that NM gives the same answers as relativity at low speed and gravities, we can be pretty certain that if relativity gets replaced tomorow, the replacement will give the same answers as relativity for particle behavior that we've observed to be fully consistent with relativity. IOW, Replacement is very verly likely to also predict that clocks run differently at different gravitational strengths, etc. Because this is an observed occurrence, and a "better theory" is going to have to predict that as well as new things.
3. There is currently no better theory. If you know of one, please mention it.
4. Science will continue to use the best available theory until a better one come along. On its own, the statement "I think its wrong" is scientifically worthless/useless at this time even if your opinion turns out correct. For your complaint to have scientific use or merit, you need to propose a competing theory that (at a minimum) explains what we already see to be true plus makes some novel prediction (that relativity doesn't make) that we can test.
By eric (not verified) on 28 Apr 2013 #permalink
So get cracking Koogie. We await your results.
"I just hope I live long enough to witness a valid unified theory that will support some of my apparently outlandishly naive hypotheses. "
I hope I live long enough to witness the development of a valid, experimentally tested TOE... REGARDLESS of whether it validates my existing prejudices and pet theories, or blows them out of the water.
By CB (not verified) on 29 Apr 2013 #permalink
Ethan, if two particles are each moving at very near lightspeed toward each other, is one moving at lightspeed relative to the other? Or do they both have to be traveling at lightspeed to reach relative lightspeed?
By wdodson on 30 Apr 2013 #permalink
If either one moves at lightspeed, then their relative velocities will be seen to be the speed of light from either one's viewpoint. But if both are slower, then both will see the other as being slower-than-lightspeed.
The formula for relativistic addition of velocities can be found here, among other places: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity-addition_formula#Special_theory_o…
I particularly enjoyed this entry. Must not be the only one either as I see where Realclear just named you their favorite science blogger. Congrats on that!
By Steven (not verified) on 30 Apr 2013 #permalink
St. Thomas teaches that angels travel at the speed of thought, meaning they can travel anywhere in the universe instantly with no passage of time. Compared to that velocity of speed, the speed of light (albeit impressing) seems rather draggy.
By Louis Barta (not verified) on 30 Apr 2013 #permalink
I say you can cheat the cosmic speed limit by insulating yourself from space time don't try to beat time but let it flow around you imagine you are in a stream flowing with it form a bubble around yourself and be still remove the bubble your further along in time.because the universe is expanding it would be futile to try to reach a vastly far away point drop out then pop back in.
By gerald Jackson (not verified) on 30 Apr 2013 #permalink
Light, in a vacum is traveling at 299,792,458 meters-per-second except when it isn't. When it isn't traveling at 299,792,458 meters-per-second it is going slower or faster... which according to our wonderful manipulation of numbers is impossible... impossible only because then it would not fit the equations... the equations which have to equal something or we're really, really in trouble...
Of course that is when the miracle happens or not. Kind of like atoms made of 99.9999% space and the other 0.0001?... is also space. So, just exactly are we talking about here???
Oh, of course the men behind the curtain... pay no attention to them. They do not exist... except of course, when they do.
2+2 does not always equal 4.... it depends on a variety of other factors that may or may not be given or included... don't ya love it ?
By keldoone (not verified) on 30 Apr 2013 #permalink
And the Flying Spaghetti Monster can go anywhere FASTER than thought, making those "angels" real slow-pokes.
(PS it takes 0.22 seconds for a thought to go from your brain to your hand, far slower than the speed of light)
Then how come the Plejarans get here in 7 hours, or in a millionth of a second, depending on the ship in use to cover the 550 light years. .How? Because they are 12,500 years ahead of us on tech. that's how. www.thayfly.com
By ThomasT (not verified) on 30 Apr 2013 #permalink
You are entitled to your own ideas. However, you are not entitled to your own facts. The simple fact is, whether you accept it or not, time dilation has been directly observed. As others have pointed out, GPS doesn't work without accounting for time dilation, certain subatomic particles formed from cosmic rays don't have sufficient lifetimes to be observed in ground based laboratories unless time slows down for them because of their motion relative to the earth, and probably most convincing for you, actual clocks (very accurate atomic ones) were flown around the world on airplanes and their times compared with stationary clocks. In all cases, observations are consistent with relativity.
It's really just a natural consequence of the fact that the speed of light is the same for all observers. That fact was also proven by observation, namely the Michelson-Morley experiment. So far, all observations have supported relativity. It's possilble that there will be some new observation that is not consistent with relativity, but there's essentially no chance that time dilation will go away; it's been directly observed, so any new theory that denies time dilation cannot be accepted since it would conflct with observation.
By Sean T (not verified) on 30 Apr 2013 #permalink
Thomas, they merely hitched a ride on His Noodly Appendage.
They pretend it's their tech, but that's to impress the girls.
By Wow (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
The cause of speed/energy limitation of this Universe is in the rate of its space expansion. nothing can move faster than the 'speed' of space expansion, not even the light.
Whether the speed of light is exactly the same as the Universe's rate of expansion (299,792,458 *new* meters per second, (cubed, or more likely squared, due to black hole's surface information bounding condition, but that's another topic) is a question that depends on the value of the initial latency (t0) and the Tau parameter of the underlying space/surface (low pass filtered space, check the engineering equations, as well as particle potential barrier tunneling equations).
In other words, whether initial latency (t0) truly equals 0 or not is still undecided. It also most probably doesn't make any practical difference.
What may be interesting to ponder is why do black holes preserve their whole history, from the very moment they were formed. Does information at the 0- boundary get frozen in the black hole's interior and what happens to this information as the black hole shrinks as it radiates out its energy. Does black hole's history start unraveling, running backwards in a manner of speaking, without anyone noticing anything?
Funny things, these black holes, aren't they?
Any intelligence frozen inside a black hole would never know if its history ran forward of backward. Its memory would always contain only previous histories, never the future ones that were potentially radiated out. And if one were, purely theoretically speaking of course, able to expand and shrink a black hole at will, one could, again purely theoretically, manipulate black hole's histories. Anyone inside that black hole would be none the wiser.
In a way, quick save feature is built-in by design, but quick load demands deletion by radiation.
They really are funny, these black holes...
By not a physicist (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
The cause of speed/energy limitation of this Universe is in the rate of its space expansion. nothing can move faster than the ‘speed’ of space expansion, not even the light.
Sure it can. The expansion is about 74 km/s/MPc. There is about 4 cm between the tip of my thumb and my hand, which is about 3.5E-25 MPc, so the expansion between my thumb tip and hand is about 2.3E-26 m/s. C between the tip of my thumb and hand is not just bigger than that, its 35 orders of magnitude bigger than that. Which qualifies your statement as a candidate for the 'not even wrong' category.
One is invariant, the other varies with the distance between two points. I am not sure why you are equating them or why you think one fixes the other.
By eric (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
@gerald Jackson:
Actually that's very close to a real solution to General Relativity that allows FTL travel -- the Alcubierre Drive! It essentially creates a "pocket" of spacetime in which your spaceship can sit, completely motionless so as not to offend the speed of light all, while spacetime around the pocket expands and contracts in such a way as to move the pocket at super-luminal velocity, dragging you with it. It is, at the highest level, basically the Star Trek Warp Drive (which was actually Alcubierre's inspiration).
While this is a real, legitimate solution to the equations of GR, there's a couple problems with actually doing it in our universe, namely:
1. It would require a ridiculous amount of energy.
2. Much of that energy has to be in the form of "negative mass", which isn't known to exist.
3. The solution only describes an existing Alcubierre region. How you actually go about creating one within 'normal' space is unknown.
4. The bubble inside the drive is causally disconnected from the rest of the universe. So stopping and getting off at your destination is a problem.
You'll be pleased to know that some bright souls recently worked out that you could create the drive using a much more reasonable amount of energy -- the mass-energy of say Jupiter, rather than many stars.
So now that the practical engineering problem has been solved, all that's left are figuring out the theoretical impossibilities! Wait...
By CB (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
I have a problem with the "massless particle" idea. Photons travel at the speed of light because they are supposed to be massless. I am having a hard time with this concept, If something exists then it must have mass. If it can be seen or detected then it exists therefore it has t have mass. I am no physicist just a normal guy trying to understand a basic concept looking at it from the side of reason.
By John Tod (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
John Tod:
I have a problem with the “massless particle” idea.
Mass is a property, like charge or spin. Some particles have no electric charge. Some have spin 0. Some have mass 0.
Possibly this issue is linguistic - maybe 'particle' is not the best word to use. Unfortunately I'm not sure there is any better term; normal language (at least normal English) doesn't have a concise, intuitive term for a fundamenal, um, 'thing' that doesn't have mass.
If something exists then it must have mass. If it can be seen or detected then it exists therefore it has t have mass. I am no physicist just a normal guy trying to understand a basic concept looking at it from the side of reason.
The way out of this seeming paradox is to realize that your first premise/assertion is wrong; things can exist without mass.
Partial Retraction: my math in @47 is very wrong - I think I divided something when I should've multiplied. The real speed of expansion of space over a 4 cm distance is about 1E-17 m/s...Notaphysicist is only wrong by ~26 orders of magnitude, not 35. My, um, apologies.
Ghost can travel a lot faster than any GZK limit.
By abinico warez (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
Please excuse the naive questions of a non-expert, but...
I thought spacetime was space and time linked together, as proven by the atomic clock experiment (two identical clocks, one put on a plane the other left on the ground, the airborne clock was a bit slower after flight). My understanding was that this was had something to do traveling in or counter to the direction of the universe/direction of time, but after reading your "size of the universe" entry I think I must be very wrong. However time does very by speed and motion inside spacetime, so how does this affect the speed of protons? (and photons?)
Also, (sorry if this is slightly not the same topic but it's hard to talk about speed without size in a spacetime), How does the expansion of the universe affect the speed of matter and non matter particles? Up until recently, I thought since the universe was 13.7 billion years old (more or less) it was 13.7 billion light years "big" because space and time are one. I also thought the universe was expanding from an invisible unknown center, and if you flew a spaceship very fast in the opposite direction of the universe you would go back in time (and get younger until you'd vanish). I was very wrong on that and now I'm very confused. Apparently it's 46.5 light years (just for fun I divided 46.5 by 13.7 and got 3.394160584... rounded up that’s 0.25 off pi but that may mean absolutely nothing.) If the universe can go faster that the speed of light even when everything in it cannot, what is the name of the special force acting on the whole universe and how does it affect the speed (or apparent speed) of particles? I’m very interested and very confused.
By Alissa (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
I meant "time does vary by speed and motion in inside spacetime." sorry about that.
Alissa, I'm not a physicist, but in lay terms this is my understanding (which may also be "not even wrong," so any working scientists here are welcome to slap my wrist for this one):
Some of the trouble comes from the linguistics of the word "particle," which we usually understand to mean "something very small but having measurable volume," for example a particle of soot that we can examine under a microscope and measure its length, width, and depth.
But when used in physics and referring to photons, the way I think of a "particle" is as a geometric point, having zero dimension: no length, no width, no depth: almost a kind of mathematical abstraction. We can "draw" a point on a piece of paper by making a dot, but the dot is just a visualization, not an actual representation of the real nature of the point.
The photon doesn't have dimension: no length, width, or depth, but it does carry the electromagnetic force, just as electrons do when passing through wires.
The way to begin to understand this, is to start by realizing that the word "particle" in its normal usage produces something like an "optical illusion" in our thinking: we're so accustomed to thinking of particles as solid objects, that it's difficult to unhook from that idea when dealing with photons and the math that describes them.
Here's another analogy for that:
You can draw a circle on a piece of paper, and then get some string and make a matching circle, and then stick your fingers into the circle of string and pull it into a square. Then you can use something smaller than your fingers to make the square appear to be a very accurate square. You can do simple arithmetic to calculate the area of the circle you had to begin with, and also to calculate the area of the square. If you're doing architecture, an exercise like that, done on a computer, might be sufficient to compare a building with a square footprint to one with a circular footprint.
BUT.... in math, it doesn't work! In math, there is no equation that will do the same thing for you (hence the expression "you can't square a circle"). And there are plenty of people over the course of history who have tried to, and who believed they got it, but they didn't really. Some of them went quite crazy believing they got it. The reason for this is, your empirical circle (made of string) and the square you made from the same length of string, are not identical with the precise mathematical values that describe a circle and a square as abstract mathematical objects. Math is too precise to allow for the tiny variations in our model made of string, or its computer equivalent.
It's the same thing with particles and points. A dot on a page is a visualization for a point, but an actual point in the mathematical sense has no visual equivalent such as a dot. Even though photons reach your retina and convey the visual impression of light and color.
Re. the airplane/clock experiment:
What you said about "traveling counter to the direction of the universe or time," isn't correct. What's correct is, "traveling in any direction." (The universe doesn't have any one direction: it's expanding in all directions simultaneously.) The mere fact of motion is what causes the change in the measurement of time. The airplane could have traveled East to West and then landed and flown back in the opposite direction, West to East, and the same result would have occurred in each direction. Theoretically you could repeat the experiment with a very slow airplane instead of a jet (or even with an automobile on a circular racetrack), but you'd have to stay in the air (or on the racetrack) for much longer to observe the difference caused by the slower motion.
Re. the universe:
There wasn't a "center." This is a tough one to get a grip on, because it's too easy to think of the Big Bang as an "explosion," and an explosion always has a center: for example with a piece of dynamite blasting a boulder. The contractor sets off the dynamite and you see the burst as the pieces of rock fly away from the center of the explosion, and you see a cloud of smoke doing likewise.
But the expansion of the universe is the expansion of spacetime itself: there is no "outside" vantage point from which to watch. So it's as if the "explosion" is happening everywhere that exists, simultaneously. By analogy to that cloud of smoke when the contractor sets off the dynamite: the points inside the cloud of smoke are "all there is" to the universe, except that the explosion isn't coming from one place (the dynamite), it's coming from every point in space simultaneously.
Sometimes it's useful to just try to get a visualization of a phenomenon, even if you don't really understand it yet, and then plug it into a larger theory and try to get a visualization for that in turn: there comes a point where the whole thing "makes sense," and then you can go back to the parts that didn't make sense before, and see how they fit into the bigger picture. In other words, don't let yourself get stuck on one particular step you don't understand: keep going to the next step and the next from that, and eventually the piece you were stuck on will make sense in retrospect, and you won't be stuck.
I had to do something like that to understand the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory well enough to know that it has nothing to do with "the presence of the observer's mind" and everything to do with "the minimum conditions necessary to make a measurement." But in retrospect it seems obvious.
Is that useful at all?
By G. (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
"BUT…. in math, it doesn’t work! In math, there is no equation that will do the same thing for you (hence the expression “you can’t square a circle”)"
Heh, actually the equation for a square from the same form as a circle can be made:
Circle:
r squared = x squared + y squared
Square:
r infinity = x infinity + y infinity
I'll apologise though, because your post was actually accurate in any useful sense, so this isn't really necessary to point out, I just like odd things in maths.
And showing off :-P
"However time does very by speed and motion inside spacetime, so how does this affect the speed of protons? (and photons?)"
No time passes for a photon. No distance is crossed, either (Lorentz contraction), therefore the speed of the photon, in its frame of reference, is 0/0, which is defined only if you know how the values get to zero in both cases, and in the case of Special Relativistic effects, that comes out to be the speed of light in a vacuum, c.
(an example of defining 0/0. Lets say the equation was x/x. It is ALWAYS 1, correct? Well, what if x=0? Then the equation is 0/0, which is "undefined". But we KNOW that x=x == 1. In advanced maths, the solution is to take x/x in the limit x->0 and the proof of this can be shown. 0/0 is undefined because in that statement solely, there is no definition of how you got a zero on either end.)
"How does the expansion of the universe affect the speed of matter and non matter particles?"
If you place a dot on an expanding table and expand the table, the dot, despite not moving AT ALL is being translated in your space (not his) at some speed.
This is the same thing with the expansion of space and the objects within it.
The scenario really requires you to do the maths, though, since the language we use for everyday use was never intended to be able to explain this and our everyday experience never reaches anywhere like this scenario to give us a mental picture.
You really are going to have to take it as given or learn the maths to do the proof yourself.
Re. Wow: Actually your analogy to a dot on an expanding table is excellent. I suspect that people can build a scientific/rational worldview on the basis of "learning by analogy" even if they can't get the maths. For instance once someone gets the piece about the red shift, they're vaccinated against young-Earth creationism.
One thing I suspect would very much help more of us to understand mathematics, is a "phonetic reading" approach. When I see certain equations, I might know that some of those symbols are from the Greek alphabet, but I don't have a "sound" for them, so I can't use audio imaging to overcome the dyslexic errors in my visual processing the way I do with language. But if we had, for example in middle school, a section in math where we learned the sound of all of those characters and symbols, we could "read" the equations out loud, and then read them in our mind's ear, as it were. That would help immensely.
Also having mathematical symbols built into standard computer keyboards in a manner that's cross-platform, so we could write equations as easily as writing any other text. At first there wouldn't even be a need for software to "spell check" one's equations: the ability to write them at all would be enormously helpful. This is the kind of thing that Bill Gates could tackle, and make it stick by making it standard in Windows, and then releasing the copyright so Apple and the open-source community could use it.
Re. squares & circles: what I was going for, was a bit of vaccination against some of the kookery out there, that so many laypeople get drawn into because it claims to have special knowledge: as far as I know, claims to square the circle are a paradigm case of kookery and I was trying to illustrate how one might fall into it innocently. So if you're right about r^2 = x^2 + y^2, and it's not a clever joke of some kind that I can't parse, then I guess that part gets revised accordingly.
By G (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
Replace the powers by absolute value in the circle equation to get a rotated square. Different metric in the plane. As an example, graph
|x| + |y|=4
By Dean (not verified) on 01 May 2013 #permalink
claims to square the circle are a paradigm case of kookery
True, the classical problem of squaring the circle does not have a positive solution. When I was in graduate school faculty used to get badly written papers in which people claimed to have accomplished it. They didn't accept the idea that a proof could demonstrate something was impossible.
Ethan: If the cosmic speed limit today depends on the energy of the microwave background photons, the speed limit must e slower in the past, because the energy of the background photons was higher. So if we observe very distant objects, does the speed limit drops to a magnitude that could in principle be measured?
By Semmel (not verified) on 02 May 2013 #permalink
@Semmel: The "cosmic speed limit" (i.e., the speed of light in vacuum) does _not_ depend on the energy of the microwave background photons. So far as we can tell (our best limits come from comparing a large number of spectral absorption lines in distant quasars), the speed of light, and other physical constants, were the same in the distant past as they are now.
The energy of the CMB _was_ higher in the past! That is the fundamental prediction of the Big Bang model, and our observation of the CMB itself was it's validation! The cosmological expansion stretches out the wavelengths of the primordial (CMB) photons as they cross the universe. The wavelengths (and hence energies) we see today are much longer (colder) than when they were created 13.7 billion years ago.
By Michael Kelsey (not verified) on 03 May 2013 #permalink
@Michael Kelsey
Then I must have understood something wrong. Thats how I got it: The background radiation photons interact with very fast protons etc. The combined energy of protons and photons must exceed the energy necessary to create new particles, so quantum theory can do its thing and create something different from the proton and photon. If the energy of the background photons is higher, the energy of the protons doesn't need to be as high as today to get the interaction going. If you say that the "speed limit" doesn't depend on the energy of the background photons, than I dont understand it any more. :(
Semmel, you're right as far as I recall.
The problem is that pair production can conserve energy but doesn't conserve momentum, therefore there needs to be some mass that it can interact with nearby to allow it to "palm-off" some momentum to keep the energy equal whilst allowing the photons to move at the speed of light.
What I think you're missing is that redshift will, at a given Z value, shift the wavelengths by a factor of Z.
Since energy depends on wavelength, and pair production requires you have at least enough energy to produce the matter/anti-matter pair, that will be achieved at lower Z values if the radiation you're considering is of a higher energy.
@Michael Kelsey:
Semmel isn't talking about the speed of light in a vacuum. They were asking about the "cosmic speed limit" discussed in the article, about charged particles being limited in velocity by interaction with the CMB. The one that causes the GZK cutoff.
And it does seem reasonable that when the energy of the CMB was higher that the cutoff would be lower, and I'd be interested what the implications were.
My guess is it makes almost no difference back to when everything was gamma rays. Wolfram Alpha tells me that to affect the energy of interactions near the cutoff by 0.01% (so 1E15 eV), the photon would need to be at a frequency of 1E29 Hz.
By the way, here is a link to a paper by the HiRes team with graphs that more clearly show the cutoff in their measurements. It can be kinda hard to see the "knee in the curve" with log-log plots of the whole energy spectrum. :)
http://arxiv.org/abhttp://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0703099v1s/astro-ph/07…
@CB, @Wow, @Semmel: CB is right, and it's my fault for misconstruing the reference :-( The GZK cutoff (the "maximum energy" for cosmic ray protons due to interactions with the CMB) does depend somewhat on the background photon energy, but that dependence is quite soft.
University of Tokyo's Akeno Giant Air Shower Array - 111 particle detectors spread out over 100 square kilometres - has detected several cosmic rays above the GZK limit. In theory, they can only have come from within our galaxy, avoiding an energy-sapping journey across the cosmos. However, astronomers can find no source for these cosmic rays in our galaxy. So what is going on?
Alan Watson, an astronomer at the University of Leeds, UK, and spokesman for the Pierre Auger project, is already convinced there is something worth following up here. "I have no doubts that events above 1020 electronvolts exist. There are sufficient examples to convince me," he says. The question now is, what are they? How many of these particles are coming in, and what direction are they coming from? Until we get that information, there's no telling how exotic the true explanation could be.
By E-one (not verified) on 04 May 2013 #permalink
Michael Kelsey wrote (#4, April 26, 2013):
> […] written out as “electron-volts”, without a capital “V”. This follows the SI convention that base units are spelled out in lowercase, but the abbreviation is capitalized only when the unit is derived from a proper name
The SI-unit "V" is of course not one of its seven base units, but among the "coherent derived units" ( http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html )
whose naming follows the described convention.
> (the non-SI “litre”, abbreviated “L”, being the only exception).
Another exception in the tables mentioned above is apparently "degree Celsius".
Btw., are there estimates on characteristic energy loss, due to CMB, of neutrinos?
By Frank Wappler (not verified) on 06 May 2013 #permalink
@Frank Wappler: The exception for "degrees Celsius" is the _opposite_ of the exception for litres: by convention, the word "Celsius" in the unit ought not be capitalized, but it is, historically, as are _all_ of the non-absolute-scale temperature units (degrees X, where X = Fahrenheit, Celsius, or Rankine). Note that the SI unit is just plain "kelvins", not "degrees Kelvin", so at least the two cases are consistent.
Regarding energy loss _by_ neutrinos interacting with the CMB, I'm not aware of a sensible published limit. The only way for neutrinos to interact with the CMB is at least at fourth order (a box diagram involving leptons and W's, analogous to photon-photon scattering), which means it will be highly suppressed.
Now, the _relic_ neutrino background is different. Since neutrinos would have become free-streaming much earlier than photons (at the ~TeV scale electroweak freeze-out), the CNB or CvB (using lowercase 'nu', not Latin 'v') is predicted to be at a lower temperature than the CMB, less than 2K.
In principle, there is a GZK-like "cutoff" for cosmic rays interacting with the CNB, but at a much higher energy. Consequently, the neutrino-cutoff is irrelevant in this universe since the photon GKZ limit hits first.
Michael Kelsey wrote (May 6, 2013):
> The exception for “degrees Celsius” is the _opposite_ of the exception for litres
For a suitable sense of "_opposite_", right. It's an exception to the first part of the convention, as stated (#4, April 26, 2013): "the SI convention that [...] units are spelled out in lowercase, but [...]".
(Also, note again that the BIPM table just mentioned recognizes "degree Celsius" as a "coherent derived unit", thus apparently "of the SI".)
> Regarding energy loss _by_ neutrinos interacting with the CMB, I’m not aware of a sensible published limit. The only way for neutrinos to interact with the CMB is at least at fourth order (a box diagram involving leptons and W’s, analogous to photon-photon scattering),
I'd consider neutrinos interacting with CMB already by third order processes: neutrino giving off a virtual Z; photon converting to anti-lepton and virtual lepton; virtual lepton absorbing virtual Z, leaving as lepton. Or even: neutrino converting to lepton and virtual W, and so on. (Of course, none of this is strictly scattering; but surely interaction.)
> Now, the _relic_ neutrino background is different.
Of course. I wonder which might be more relevant for neutrinos of initially sufficiently large energy/speed, in terms of (possible) "speed limits" and "traveling through the universe" considered in the ScienceBlogs article above; within your favorite (and/or "standard") model of distributions of CMB and relic neutrinos.
"The GZK cutoff (the “maximum energy” for cosmic ray protons due to interactions with the CMB) does depend somewhat on the background photon energy, but that dependence is quite soft." - too bad.. but thanks for the answer! :)
Regarding the neutrino backround.. how could that ever be detected? Detecting the direction from which neutrinos come seems to be quite poor. That said, we dont know exactly where they come from. Because of that, we cant really subtract all the non-CNB sources. So how is this ever going to be measured?
Frank Wappler wrote (May 6, 2013):
> […] photon converting to anti-lepton and virtual lepton
> […] neutrino converting to lepton and virtual W
Here "lepton" is to be understood as "lepton with el.-mag. charge", please.
(This shorthand/jargon can be useful in some circumstances; while neutrinos are of course also classified as leptons, without el.-mag. charge.)
Thank you that helps immensely. I think I understand now. Even better, the visual analogy I have in my head is so much cooler and more amazing than my previous incorrect one. I think I just visually understood time, and why we can only go forward in it (unlike the space dimensions which all have two directions, up, down, etc.). I also understood that the universe has no center and why time slows down if you travel fast. Awesome, I love science! I know it’s obvious when you think about it but it took me a while to grasp the concept that time “started” with the big bang (at least our time) and that time and the expansion of the universe are essentially the same thing. I still don’t completely understand how we know the universe has expanded to 46.5 light years right now, but I’ll tackle that another day.
Frank Wappler wrote (#68, May 6, 2013):
> [...] Btw., are there estimates on characteristic energy loss, due to CMB, of neutrinos?
Yes, there are; such as Fig. 4 of http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9709290
The corresponding "long range cutoff" energy of neutrinos appears around
1015 GeV = 1024 eV.
Now figuring in some conservative upper limit on the (electron) neutrino mass, say mnu no more than 1 eV ...
... makes GZK-limited protons look pretty lame by comparison.
By Frank Wappler (not verified) on 20 Jun 2013 #permalink
Frank Wappler wrote (#74, June 21, 2013):
> The corresponding “long range cutoff” energy of neutrinos appears around
> 1015 GeV = 1024 eV.
Let's try to give those superscripts another run for their money:
10<sup>15</sup> GeV = 10<sup>24</sup> eV.
Oi, Nutter!
By Dom (not verified) on 21 Aug 2013 #permalink
Good write up 10/10 :).
By Domestic Elect… (not verified) on 29 Apr 2014 #permalink
ha ha.....if we need infinite energy to make particle at speed c.....
how can we accelerate 99,99℅ of it...it will absorb....most of energy of universe....what happened to my logic....yaar...
By Bhaumik patel (not verified) on 25 Feb 2015 #permalink
Your logic left you years ago and you never noticed.
You *did* ask...
By Wow (not verified) on 25 Feb 2015 #permalink
My knowledge in this matter is miniscule compared to most around here. But i had a naive question. If light travels at almost the cosmic speed, & the light is a wave, the photon does traverse a lot more of a distance than when you measure on a straight line doesnt it? so actually the speed of photon is way more than what we perceive the light's speed is? Where am i going wrong?
By Saju (not verified) on 11 Mar 2015 #permalink
Saju,
Light IS photons, so I'm not sure what you are getting at here. Photons travel at c. They cannot travel at any other speed; they ARE light so they travel at the speed of light by definition. (BTW, that's not the same as the cosmic speed limit that Ethan is discussing here. That cosmic speed limit is the upper limit for the speed of charged particles and is slightly lower than the speed of light.)
By Sean T (not verified) on 11 Mar 2015 #permalink
Thanks for correcting my understanding on the cosmic speed limit.
My original question was something i used to wonder all along as the speed of light or anything that travels as a wave is measured in terms of linear distance. Depending on the frequency of the wave, it would travel a much further distance than measured wont it? Like say the photon would move much more than the linear distance that is measured as it would be traversing the path of the wave.
I apologize in advance if i am being ridiculously stupid :)
Well, you are being a little dumb, but if you've not been told, it's not a problem.
First of all, there is no line at the top of the wave that the photon travels on. When you draw a wave with a pencil on paper, your pencil may be moving faster than the point along the straight line, but that's not what the *wave* actually does. And in real waves, there is no pencil.
The linear distance is the distance is the distance the wave travels, not the distance of you drew out a wobbling line.
And for light, the "wave" vector you see drawn is the electric field strength. That is not the light itself, and it doesn't move along the linear line the light takes.
By Wow (not verified) on 23 Mar 2015 #permalink
Thx for the explanation. It was quite informative. Appreciate it all except for the dumb comment.
thx again.
The Last Goodbye
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Skipsters
Round the somewhere
skipper1
skipsterious
animals / backpacks / featured / vaccine
Back to life, back to reality
Published by skipper1
The psychologically minded part of me says I’ve procrastinated on an ending for the this chapter of the blog because it would mean the trip is really over. It’s been a marathon, it’s now marathon time and we are now home, sweet home. The snow here has mainly melted, our batteries and our car batteries are recharged, and its time to sleep in the same bed, go to the grocery store and pay our taxes. It is an amazing privilege to chase a dream and to catch it. We have been amazed by the stature of Dubai, the warm welcome of the Thais, the peaceful coolness of Laos, the entirety of Cambodia which we saw, the elegance of Malaysian Airlines against all odds, the raw beauty of the Great Southern Ocean Road, the new Zealand sheep with their wool and their flocks, the volcanic beauty of Maui and many, many more sites, sounds and tastes. We will be looking for new dreams to chase. We will be waiting to hear about yours, to inspire …
Do over?
It was our last day in New Zealand, and the main activity was getting to the airport and hopefully not having to check bags. We’d opted for a nine hour flight to Hawaii, which meant we’d leave Auckland at 11 am, and arrive in Hawaii at about 10 pm the previous day. Thanks to the international date line, we’d gain a day and hopefully not have jet lag. A do over day- I’d wished for those before. With time, I’m sure we’ll feel clearer about what parts of the trip we want to do over and what we’d like to do again. Mainly I think we are both grateful for the opportunity to have done what we did. And grateful that what we used least of our supplies was the medicine! Thanks for traveling with us. I feel we should skip Hawaii blogs as you’ve seen that but the photographer may apply his skills. Going from volcanic islands to volcanic islands was an oddly wonderful experience! Here’s to future skipping 🙂
We’d decided to take Auckland by storm. With hiking time and travel distances, our city stops got compressed. If the NYTimes can do cities in 36 hours, we’d cut a few things and make it 24! Actually, it’s more of a scouting day – is this a city we could come back to? It is. We wasted some time at the Icebreaker clothing outlet, where I couldn’t convince T he’d earned new shirts with all the attention his 5 had received these last 3 months. Onwards! We arrived at the War Museum, which just sounds wierd. So to build on weird, they had a Maori cultural show so we finally saw the hakka dance in NZ properly. This group had a sense of humor to go with intimidating war moves, and there’s just something about sticking your tongue out that’s effective when you want to be off-putting. T enjoyed the statue carvers more than the half dressed men. But most impressive was the simulated volcanic eruption! The museum had a room like a living room, …
California?
We woke up to sulfur and clouds, and sought comfort in WiFi and french crepes. It worked; our mood and the clouds lifted! We set out for the Redwood forest by town to get some fresh air and re-acclimate for our imminent return to the US. Dwarfed by these impressive trees, we enjoyed looking for the birds which now had countless more hiding spots. By lunchtime, it was cool to see how many people were using this park for a run, mountain bike or stroll. We set back on the road, landing in a smaller town just south of Auckland, our final stop. We took in a local museum, but found no one out and about here. The cricket semifinal of NZ versus South Africa was on, and locals weren’t budging. With T’s help we found a video that made a bit more sense of the game for us, and were impressed by the eventual victory for NZ.
Smellovision
Damn good! That’s what the release was, watching the gates open to flood the canyon. Less compelling was the elbowing of fellow tourists trying to get a snapshot, but win some, lose some. We headed into tourists central at Waitpo park in Rotorua. Known for its geological formations, the park delivered with bubbling mud, colored sulfur pools and a geyser. There were two costs: entry, and our sense of smell. When we left, we were impressed by the novelty and relieved. Then when we got to town, we realized Rotorua’s geological prowress is indeed extensive! At the restaurant and later at the hotel, we smelled sulfur. The inn’s attendant mapped out 43 possible tour options in town, but instead we got Indian takeout (smelling delicious! & powerful) and hunkered down with movies. Yes, the Ring. When in Mordor…
“They don’t like people”
We’d found another good AirBnB experience, also with animals! Karen owned a blueberry farm, and kept a duck, cat, goat, llama, lamb, sheep and a kuene kuene pig! What is that? T’s favorite! So after picking and eating some blueberries, we were going back to hiking. It seems everyone does this 7 hour “must do” crossing hike, but hiking in crowds and cold weren’t exactly our thing. At the BnB, this somehow got translated as “they don’t like people!” To prove we aren’t haters, we did start the trail at 10:30, as we’d been told most hikers start between 6-8 am on one side and get picked up between 6-8 hours later on the other side. We weren’t alone on the way in, but ready with layers and water we enjoyed the views of lava rocks. About two hours in, Mount Doom and its surrounding vistas were well swallowed by clouds, and I who had been pushing the trek began to doubt myself. When we ended up trailing someone who preferred her hiking experience …
Mount Doom
I cut short our Wellington time as the sun was shining at Mount Tongariro National Park, and we were due for a little more exercise. True to form, I’d skimmed through some material whereas T had opened twenty tabs on his computer and done comparative analysis. “You realize that for the ‘must do hike’ it is likely to be freezing along part of the route, right?” I recollected something about cold and layers but freezing hadn’t registered. Fate managed it that day for us, as even with an early departure, we arrived after noon which eliminated the “must do.” Instead, we set out for a lakes hike in between the mountains and the volcano – Mount Doom. If you are not a fan of Lord of the Rings, then you may call it Mount Ngauruhoe. Looking like nowhere we’d seen before, we watched it cloud and clear as we made our way up to two crater lakes. T made it down faster thanks to sliding rocks, and though I moved slower than a turtle, I …
New Zealand / Uncategorized
We had a date with a ferry, and our discrimination against the north island would come to a close. The windiest road yet was a proper farewell to the South Island, and I was thrilled we were traveling it in a smaller car versus a campervan. At the town of Picton, not only did ferries come and go but a cruise ship was also in town, and with it many folks looking for souvenirs. We’d heard the crossing could be a little rough, so T had booked us on the larger ferry. When we queued up, the announcements noted the weather was improving. Leaving the South Island, the ferry exited though a scenic sound, which left it doing a few twists and turns. When we entered the Cook Strait, an announcement suggested all passengers find a seat or the sick bay as indicated! Mind over matter, my grandmother would say, but it seemed more than a few passengers did mind. We arrived on the North island in about 3.5 hours, and were struck by …
Green with hops
T must have got an early version of the headline news in Nelson – the green hops were in! He wiggled out of a second day’s boat ride up to the national park by saying he needed to carb load for the next hikes 🙂 He seduced me by saying I had yet to taste NZ’s Famous Savignon Blanc, and suddenly we were off to the nearby town of Nelson. We got some lunch and strolled around town, and were informed we must see WOW! This phenomena is a wearable art collection that has transformed from an elaborate artsy fashion show to a museum which hosts the pieces from years past. And if you are thinking “poor T”, I think they should call it the “his and hers” museum, as it is half cars and half fashion. Given the bra art and the sheep dress, I’m not convinced the cars were his favorite! We weren’t allowed to see if T would fit into the mini BMW, but it would have been a …
I heart Abel
We were working our way up to Abel Tasman park near Nelson where it is eternal sun, vineyards and beautiful views. We apparently brought with us the night before their first rain in months. To see Abel Tasman park, you need to take a ferry to a point in the park and either hike back or take another boat taxi/ ferry back. Since the sun was out, I rushed us to the ferry. We scored a caffeinated boat driver; when he realized he left without two booked passengers, he radioed base to say he’d asked about those two “but didn’t really put my heart and soul into it.” A bumpy ride ensued, and T looked how I did at the base of Burj Kalifa. Still our captain’s quips made T smile; when passengers kept their life vests on after they left the boat, he clarified, “though it might be dangerous out on the treks, those vests won’t save you!” The views were amazing, and the water not too cold. It’s a popular …
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Euro 2016 Diary: Embolo quizzed, Puma apologise and Fatih goes nuts
Gareth Bale inspired Wales to a hugely-impressive 3-0 thrashing of Russia to ensure Chris Coleman's men topped Group B while it was a night of frustration for England as they failed to find a way past a stubborn Slovakia defence.
Switzerland striker Breel Embolo regarded as one of the most sought after young players in Europe.
As ever, we present the pick of the more seldom-seen moments of gold from the tournament in France, featuring a particularly difficult question for Switzerland striker Breel Embolo.
Tell us what you feel, Breel
As Q&As go, this one was a little different.
Swiss newspaper Schweizer Illustrierte fired a few questions at teenage sensation Breel Embolo, regarded as one of the most sought after young players in Europe.
The interview started by asking him what is the one thing he would change to improve the environment. Okay, fair enough.
It then meandered through his thoughts on which vegetable should be banned, how much a litre of petrol costs, to what background image he has on his phone.
But then things swiftly took an unexpectedly dark turn when the 19-year-old, who played 74 minutes of Switzerland's 0-0 draw with France on Sunday, was asked for his thoughts on euthanasia.
For the record, his answer was: "I think we should use our time with family as long as possible."
Thankfully, normal service was swiftly resumed with more banal questions about childhood crushes and his favourite song which was, interestingly, 'You'll Never Walk Alone'.
Do not expect him to join Manchester United this summer then!
Fatih goes batty
Fatih Terim has had a colourful time in football - 46 years of it, he was keen to tell us all on Monday - but even by his standards, this was quite an afternoon.
The Turkey boss launched a softly spoken tirade against his detractors in his pre-match news conference before facing the Czech Republic in Lens, hitting out at his critics - including "a professor of history" on national TV - and, more pertinently, questioning the attitude of some of his players.
But Terim looked something of a relieved man after venting for close to half an hour, and decided to put on a united front for the cameras at the start of open training, ushering his players together for a beaming photo before the rondos got underway.
It was not entirely convincing, but with two defeats from two and a lot of angry fans back at home, he had to try something.
UEFA ignore the walrus
It has been a hectic Euro 2016 for UEFA so far. It all started with England fans misbehaving in Marseille, then the Russians joined in, with several sets of supporters also causing consternation with their liberal use of flares and fireworks.
European football’s governing body has, therefore, been busy issuing disciplinary updates on a daily basis, but that does not mean fan violence is the only thing on their mind.
There are always other, important matters going on at a major tournament and UEFA is well aware of what the people really want.
Hashtags. Give the people hashtags and everything will be fine. So when Wales faced Russia in a decisive Group B encounter, UEFA made sure nobody behaved like an animal this time around!
#̶W̶A̶L̶R̶U̶S̶ #RUSWAL ✔️ pic.twitter.com/i6wXvph3Hk
— UEFA EURO 2016 (@UEFAEURO) June 20, 2016
A ripping yarn but Puma don't see the funny side
Puma has apologised for four Switzerland shirts being ripped during their Euro 2016 encounter with France.
The sight of partly-clothed Swiss players swiftly became a hit on social media however there was nothing but head-scratching at the headquarters of the German sportswear manufacturers.
After confirming they had contacted other teams in France to see if they had encountered similar problems, Puma claim to have found a solution.
A statement read: "Our analysis of the Swiss home jersey from Sunday's game shows that there was one batch of material, where yarns had been damaged during the production process, leading to a weakening in the final garment.
"Puma has checked the inventory of all jerseys of all Puma teams and can assure that such an unfortunate incident does not happen again.
"This was a very unfortunate incident and Puma apologises to the Swiss federation and their players."
Old gold stands out a mile in the Loire
There were plenty of colourful characters milling around Saint-Etienne on matchday three ahead of England versus Slovakia, but none were quite so incongruous as the towering local who had dusted off his vintage Wolves shirt specially for the arrival of the Three Lions.
We found him in conversation with three lads from the West Midlands, two of whom are regular devotees of Molineux, with the other a West Brom fan.
He explained to us he also wore it when Glen Hoddle's team lost to Argentina on penalties in the round of 16 at the 1998 World Cup.
And the young men that spotted him, who were combining the game with a stag-do (steady, boys) had not even realised the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard was the scene of that infamous reverse.
They experienced a better outcome - England drawing 0-0 with Slovakia - than 18 years ago, when Michael Owen's special goal and David Beckham's sending off entered England's pantheon of major tournament highs and lows.
Hong Kong journalist pines for absent Pat
Amid two more briefings dominated by Will Grigg - Euro 2016's invisible player with the omnipresent song - there was a touching moment during Northern Ireland's pre-match media conference for Tuesday's Group C match against Germany at the Parc des Princes.
A journalist from Hong-Kong asked boss Michael O'Neill whether Pat Jennings would be in attendance, as the former Tottenham and Northern Ireland international was his hero.
Our intrepid reporter was later overheard recalling the tale of getting a cherished photograph as a 10-year-old with Jennings, "the best goalkeeper of all-time; better than Peter Schmeichel".
If you are not here Pat, get yourself over to Paris. Omnisport will even stump up for a beer.
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy T20 Live Score: Parag's 54-ball 77 sets Bengal 158 target
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912 Monroe Street Toledo, OH, 43604 United States
The comprehensive remastering and repackaging upgrade of the Man In Black's legendary Sun Records catalogue continues with the release of Johnny Cash's third Sun LP. Released in October 1959, Johnny Cash's Greatest! Features a selection of recordings of charted singles on the Sun label.
Complete with sleeve notes by Sun Records authority Clive Anderson and Sun Entertainment Corporation President John Singleton, the LP has been remastered from the original Sun master tapes by Nick Robbins at Soundmastering Studios and cut to lacquers at half-speed for unrivalled sound quality by Barry Grint at Alchemy Mastering in London.
https://store.cultureclashrecords.com 5060767440452
Label: CHARLY
Greatest [Limited Edition White LP]
Artist: Johnny Cash
1. Goodbye Little Darlin' Goodbye
2. I Just Thought You'd Like to Know
3. You Tell Me
4. It's Just About Time
5. I Forgot to Remember to Forget
6. Katy Too
7. Thanks a Lot
8. Luther Played the Boogie
9. You Win Again
10. Hey, Good Lookin'
11. I Could Never Be Ashamed of You
12. Get Rhythm
13. Fool's Hall of Fame - (bonus track)
14. I Forgot to Remember to Forget - (bonus track)
15. Hey, Good Lookin' - (bonus track)
16. Rock and Roll Ruby - (bonus track)
Copyright © Culture Clash Records
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SUSPENSE, TENSION AS NAMS SCRUTINISE DRAFT
By Omar Bah
Deliberations at the National Assembly yesterday were characterised by tension and suspense as members scrutinise the draft for a new constitution with its contentious and controversial clauses. The nation will now wait at least on Monday to know fate of this most important document.
Some of the hottest topics included the presidential term limit, citizenship and secularism.
The 51 deputies who turned up at the assembly debated on the general merits and principles of the bill to be followed by a vote at which three-quarter of the members will be required to vote YES before the bill can proceed to the next stage of the process.
On the issue of citizenship, the member for Wuli West Sidia Jatta insisted there should not be any resistance to people born in the country automatically becoming Gambians as opposed to Chapter IV of the draft which says children born in the country are only qualified to be citizens if their parents or grandparents are Gambians.
“Gambians like to enjoy international standards but they don’t want to reciprocate that. We know that Gambian women leave this territory and go to foreign land in Europe and America to have their children there who get automatic nationality. Why can’t we reciprocate that? Our people are enjoying that and we don’t want to give that to other people to enjoy. People have been living here for 40 years, 50 years, all their lives, their children are born here and they’re not Gambians. This is terrible,” he said.
Jatta also said the Constitution must make it an obligation for lawmakers to begin speaking local languages at the National Assembly.
“Otherwise where is our freedom? Where is our identity as a people? Without languages we don’t have any identity. The more we are speaking English the more we are developing English to the detriment of our national languages. This is what must stop,” he said.
The member for Jarra Central, Kebba Jallow contended that the draft constitution is full of cut and paste. “Why was the Constitutional Review Commission set up? What surprises me was that the CRC in some instances while drafting this constitution, would just go directly and cut from the Kenyan constitution and paste. I am not disputing the fact that they can go and do their research on various countries’ documents as how they work but, cutting and pasting was not the reason why we instituted CRC,” he argued.
The member for Brikama South, Lamin J Sanneh endorsed the constitution, saying it will promote the principles of good governance.
He welcomed parliamentary approval of ministerial appointments, arguing that the ministers have for the past years been dancing to the tune of the president, sometimes agreeing to things that are detrimental to the Gambian people.
“I also welcome the complete autonomy of the local governments. We are here not because we are better than those who elected us. We spent over D100 million to get this constitution; we must not reject it for no just reasons. I am 100% in support of this constitution,” he added.
The member for Serekunda, Halifa Sallah argued that “those who are saying they will not vote for the constitution because it doesn’t have secular or it contains Sharia Law should rethink.
“The principle of secularity of The Gambia is not written there directly but if you look at [clause] 88 that was the problem we had in the past where the president would just get up and say I’ve declared Gambia as an Islamic state,” he added.
He requested a committee meeting with the drafters to review and consider possible additions and omissions.
On the issue of alleged plagiarism of the document, Sallah said: “The CRC has given references of the consultative process that they have undertaken in order to come up with the draft and part of the references I can see is; 32 Malawi Act, 33 Malawi Constitution and 34 Kenya constitution. Plagiarism is to quote without making references and ensuring that you give authority to where authority is due.”
“This parliament is not an ordinary institution – an outsider cannot come and stand here and speak. Before we make allegations, we must make sure that it is situated in truth otherwise we are undermining the integrity of this National Assembly,” he argued.
The member for Brikama North, Alhagie S. Darboe said the CRC has done a good job in drafting a constitution that will stand the test of time. He singled out provisions on Gambia’s sovereignty and citizenship as one of the provisions that are clearly spelt out.
The objective of the bill is to promulgate the 2020 constitution and to repeal the 1997 one.
The debate will continue on Monday.
Meanwhile, this morning the president will deliver the state of the nation address at the assembly.
TENSION AS NAMS SCRUTINISE DRAFT
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Parish council, Planning, Uttlesford
UDC Throws Elsenham and Stansted Under a Bus
Date: December 31, 2020Author: D Brett 0 Comments
There was good news and bad news on local planning in the final week of 2020.
The good news is that Essex Highways comprehensively panned Bloor Homes’ plans for 168 homes on Pennington Lane, which was again submerged under flood waters at the weekend. It criticised the lack of data and mitigation measures, stating “the application does not contain sufficient information for highway authority to determine whether the impact on the highway is acceptable.”
With the application not yet brought before the planning committee, we’re not out of the woods in dealing with one of the most contentious planning applications we have seen in this community. But the letter is damning of Bloor’s total disregard for the points raised by Stansted Parish Council and others on the unsuitability of the site on a one-lane track. Essex Highways supports the position taken by the parish council, which has adopted a level-headed, meticulous and consensual approach to planning matters – in sharp contrast to the brazen populist competitive Nimbyism seen at Uttlesford District Council.
The Highways letter maybe more of a temporary reprieve than a resolution as we can expect Bloor to come back with a strengthened application and continue to press the case for unsuitable development in that corner of the village.
Bad News: UDC Non-Determination Creates “Hellsenham” by Stealth
The bad news is that entirely due to Uttlesford District Council’s abject failure, the government planning inspector approved 350 homes proposed by Fairfield, which will massively increase Elsenham’s population and put the local area under severe strain.
UDC did not even bother to determine the application. It did not refuse permission or approve with conditions to mitigate the impact. It simply did nothing. It reneged on its responsibilities and threw the parishes of Elsenham and Stansted under a bus by failing to determine the planning application within the statutory time limit.
A letter I wrote to the Bishop’s Stortford Independent, November 2019, highlighting the problems of housing development without mitigation in Elsenham
Both communities’ parish councils had made strong statements of opposition based on the quality of the highways survey, the lack of infrastructure and the impact on the polluted Grove Hill bottleneck in Stansted, which is on the cusp of being declared an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA).
The failure is entirely political and demonstrates that the Residents for Uttlesford Party (R4U) has not only failed in its mission to “give residents a voice”, it has actively denied a voice to the parishes of Elsenham, Henham and Stansted.
The residents of Elsenham and Henham must be particularly disappointed in the representatives they elected in a by-election in February 2017 and re-elected the subsequent local elections of May 2019: UDC Deputy Leader Cllr Petrina Lees and planning committee member Cllr Gary Le Count.
It is notable that WeAreResidents – the precursor of R4U – supported Fairfield’s plans for 800 houses in Elsenham, stating in 2012: “Fairfield seems to have a better grasp of public opinion and UDC’s own evidence than UDC do themselves. UDC’s evidence states that a new settlement is the best and most sustainable solution for the district. In the December 2011 SHHLA, sites at Stumps Cross and near Elsenham came up as the locations preferred by UDC for a new town. A new town allows provision of all new infrastructure, and so overstretches existing communities much less.” The comment was quietly removed from the WAR website when R4U contested the Elsenham by-election!
Development Control Appeals Costs Are Soaring Amid Weak Political Leadership
Source: Uttlesford District Council, Freedom of Information Request
The failure to determine the “Helsenham” application comes amid soaring costs of planning appeals. With half its members having served fewer than two years on the council, the planning committee appears to have a total distrust of professional planning officer advice. On six occasions since the May 2019 local elections, the planning committee has overruled officer advice and refused planning applications or failed to reach a determination, only for an appeal to find in favour of the developers.
The policy of saying “no” to all housing development, instead of seeking to impose mitigation conditions, is costly and yielding nothing for residents.
The mistrust of officers has ensured that development control appeals costs have soared to one of the highest – if not the highest ever – levels in the last financial year as the council employed expensive lawyers to defend refusals, often against planning officer advice. In FY2019/20 in R4U’s first year of office, development control appeals costs, including hiring expensive lawyers, reached an eye-watering £274,508 – an increase of 750%!
The current financial year could see costs soar even higher. Uttlesford awaits the imminent result of the appeal against the refusal for 150 houses in land east of Thaxted Road in Saffron Walden – a refusal that again overrode officer advice.
Yet, planning applications are coming in thick and fast, following R4U’s decision to withdraw rather than review the local plan and leaving the council with no local planning policy. Developers are using the policy vacuum and lack of political leadership to drive through speculative developments. With no five-year land supply, there is little to stop more unsuitable development. This is why the campaign to save Pennington Lane cannot let up.
Uttlesford’s Malaise Augurs Existential Crisis
The planning issues raise more fundamental questions about the chaos of the Residents for Uttlesford regime, which currently exists under a pall amid a police investigation and the refusal of the auditor to sign off a governance statement – the public are not being informed what is going on and R4U guillotined a debate on an opposition motion to seek answers.
There are serious questions of leadership, transparency and accountability that are pushing R4U and the council itself towards an existential crisis. R4U have so far failed in their mission, both on planning and governance.
Some conscientious R4U councillors along with senior council officers need to get a grip of the situation otherwise their reputations will be in tatters and heads will start rolling – if not in 2021, then definitely in the 2023 local elections.
The public may not like what they see as tit-for-tat political point scoring, but in this case our problems are political and require political solutions.
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The State Hornet • November 20, 2020 • https://statehornet.com/2020/11/csu-board-of-trustees-ab-1460/
CSU Board of Trustees clashes over ethnic studies requirement, potential increase in units
Board removes social justice aspect of requirement
Gerardo Zavala
The CSU Board of Trustees discussed concerns of the implementation of Assembly Bill 1460 during its Zoom meeting Tuesday, Nov. 17, 2020. Some concerns included potential increases in unit requirements for students and a lack of faculty autonomy. Screenshots taken via Zoom.
Members of the California State University Board of Trustees voiced opposition to the implementation of Assembly Bill 1460 at their board meeting Tuesday.
Trustee Romey Sabalius noted that the California Faculty Association and the Council of Ethnic Studies have also expressed concerns and opposed the CSU’s implementation of the law. Sabalius said that these bodies, as well the Academic Senate and 18 CSU faculty senates, do not necessarily want the ethnic studies requirement to be a GE or lower division requirement and have requested campus autonomy in their resolutions.
The Committee on Educational Policy discussed issues concerning the proposed implementation of the bill, which created the ethnic studies requirement, and the requirement’s placement in lower division general education.
The committee approved a change in language to section six of Title 5 of the California Code of regulations.
The change in language in section six removes the social justice aspect from the ethnic studies requirement.
The language change was prompted by criticism from backers of the bill who argued that students could meet the requirement by taking a social justice course without ever having to take an ethnic studies course.
RELATED: CSU chancellor and faculty at odds over ethnic studies requirement implementation
Trustees Silas Abrego and Maryana Khames were the only two who voted against the language change.
Abrego said he instead supported the proposition submitted by the CSU academic senate, which recommended providing campus autonomy in implementation of the requirement and would establish that the requirement may be met in both upper and lower division courses and in either general education courses or courses outside of it.
Abrego argued that AB 1460 does not mention that the ethnic studies requirement should be a general education or a lower division course.
“If we don’t follow the letter of the law, we’re actually inviting further legislative intrusion into our affairs because we’re not adopting what was intended in the law,” Abrego said.
Abrego’s concerns also stem from the CSU Chancellor’s Office’s proposed implementation of the law that would create a three-unit lower division area F requirement within general education and remove three units from the 12-unit area D requirement.
RELATED: Sac State Faculty Senate prepares opposition to CSU implementation of AB 1460
Jack McGrory, CSU trustee, said that a general education task force had warned that the CSU had too many general education requirements at a February 2019 meeting.
According to the task force’s report, the CSU should reduce GE units from 48 to 42 to align with other institutions and offer high unit majors breathing room while facilitating pathways for transfer students and encouraging persistence, graduation and closure of equity gaps.
“We’re requiring more of our students than most national public universities do,” McGrory said. “I feel strongly that ethnic studies should be a general education requirement, but it should fit in within that priority.”
McGrory said that the CSU would essentially be requiring students to take the 48 general education units and an additional 3-unit ethnic studies class if the requirement is not placed within general education, limiting students’ ability to explore other subjects.
“Students need to be able to experiment beyond general education and their major and minor to look at other courses and learn from them,” McGrory said.
RELATED: CSU Board of Trustees explains $1.4 billion surplus, ethnic studies implementation
Vice Chancellor Loren Blanchard addressed and answered three frequent questions he has received concerning the Chancellor’s Office’s proposed implementation of the law.
Campuses may offer upper division courses in addition to lower division courses to meet the new requirement, but lower division courses must be offered.
A course that has been approved to satisfy Area F may be used to fulfill other major or minor requirements.
Faculty have complete autonomy in determining which courses will be approved to meet this new requirement on their respective campuses.
Some board members expressed their beliefs that the requirement should be and was intended to be a GE requirement.
Andrew Jones, executive vice chancellor and general counsel for the CSU, said an ethnic studies task force recommended that the ethnic studies requirement be in GE to California Assemblymember Shirley Weber, the author of the bill.
“Senator Weber said the No. 1 recommendation of that task force was that ethnic studies be a GE requirement,” Jones said. “I think there’s no question that the intent of the legislature is that this requirement be invited in general education.”
However, the ethnic studies task force’s November 2019 report doesn’t specifically say that the ethnic studies requirement should be a GE requirement.
Alison Wrynn, associate vice chancellor of academic programs for the CSU, said making the ethnic studies requirement part of GE requirements recognizes the importance of ethnic studies while creating a clear path for students transferring from community colleges, as well as allows students who are exposed to these disciplines early on to enroll in more ethnic studies courses if they decide.
The committee will meet and discuss this issue again during the next board meeting Jan. 26 and Jan. 27, 2021.
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Short Course: An introduction to Scientific Illustration
Sat Apr 17 2021 at 08:30 am to Sun Apr 18 2021 at 04:00 pm UTC+00:00
The Marine Biological Association | Plymouth
Publisher/HostThe Marine Biological Association
Running for the 6th time, this course always receives outstanding feedback from participants and fills up quickly, so make sure you book early to secure your place! Course Description: You will be introduced to the world of scientific and natural history illustration, with a focus on marine and coastal wildlife. The course will introduce a variety of drawing techniques, materials as well as how and why to use illustration to help document scientific observations and show concepts and processes. Over the two day course, everyone will begin to develop their own sketch books to keep and keep track of your own personal development. The unique course venue allows access to a variety of different fascinating subjects, expertise and equipment, a field trip to the National Marine Aquarium will allow participants to study and capture moving subjects. The medium used during the course will primarily be pencil. All equipment, including a range of paper types will be provided, but you are welcome to bring your own preferred resources, ideas and subjects. The course will include a combination of life drawing from specimens and microscopy, as well as basic introductions to: digitisation of sketches; drawing materials and equipment; the history of scientific illustration. Course Tutor: Marc Dando (Wild Nature Press) Marc Dando has always balanced art and science, first at school and then at university where he completed an honours degree in Zoology at Nottingham University. On finishing his degree course he moved into a career as a graphic designer. After many successful years in commercial graphics an opportunity occurred to work on various natural history projects, initially in design, but finally into his passion for wildlife illustration. Marc has worked in wildlife illustration, mainly marine, for 20 years, and in that capacity has worked alongside many eminent scientists. Books he has worked on include: Sealife: a complete guide to the marine environment; Sharks of the World and further projects for the FAO and IFAW. Alongside the more traditional watercolour, pencil and pen and ink Marc uses computer-based illustration in his work. This work has been used for a series of children’s field guide books, posters, displays and detailed illustrations for guides used around the world. When time allows, he works on more artistic pieces with its inspiration always from nature. His work has been seen in Monaco and The Mall Galleries in London but the majority of his work is publication based and is only occasionally seen outside of books, field guide literature and magazines. Visit Marc's website to see some of his work . Who should attend? The course is suitable for anyone with an interest in drawing wildlife for personal interest or scientific record taking or interpretation. In particular, those studying biological sciences, researchers and science communicators, teachers and amateur naturalists would particularly benefit. MBA members receive a generous discount on all MBA organised training courses. If you are not already a member, you can join here before registering to receive a discounted rate. Please be aware that if you are aged 16 - 18, you will be required to bring a permission form with you signed by a responsible parent or guardian to the event in order to participate. To obtain a copy of the form please email: [email protected] Anyone 15 or under must be accompanied by an adult - We are able to offer a reduced rate for accompanying adults, so please get in touch for more details. What is included? The course fee includes all course materials, parking at the laboratory, packed lunch and tea and coffee throughout. By paying to participate in this course, you will be supporting the wider educational work of the Marine Biological Association. The 2 day course will run from 09:30 - 17:00 Saturday and 09:30 - 17:00 Sunday.
The Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, PL1 2PB, PL1 2PB Plymouth, UK, Plymouth, United Kingdom
GBP 85 to GBP 150
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4 Halloween Novels
October 12, 2016 October 12, 2016 Renee
There are plenty of cool autumn nights between now and Halloween. It’s the perfect time to curl up with one of these books. They won’t keep you warm, but may give you another reason to shiver.
Hallowed by Bryant Delafosse
As Halloween approaches, a mysterious girl named Claudia returns to the small town of Haven, Texas. Paul Graves, a childhood friend, discovers the way to her dark heart is through a lunchtime investigation of a series of local murders. Their research soon leads them to the discovery that Paul’s father, a former sheriff, and his uncle, a local priest, have a thirty-five-year-old connection to the serial killer. When the killer targets Claudia and his family, Paul must overcome his own limitations to confront an ancient evil that spans generations.
In the grand tradition of Ray Bradbury and Stephen King, HALLOWED tells the story of a young man’s journey to adulthood and his ultimate confrontation with good and evil, life and death, love and sacrifice–a terrifying carnival ride with dark treats at the end.
Available on Kindle and Paperback
Death by Halloween by David Warkentin
It is Halloween, a day that used to be your favourite of the year.
As a child, you counted down the days to Halloween, thrilled at the prospect of venturing out into the night in a monster’s clothing and returning with a sack stuffed full with candy.
As you grew through adolescence, your tastes gradually changed. You still lived in anticipation of Halloween, but you no longer cared much for its typical offerings. The costumes weren’t real. The candy was too sweet.
What you wanted was adventure, panic, black magic. You wanted to find yourself on a dark hilltop, shaking with fear as impossible shadows crept up the slope toward you. You wanted to see the dead sit up in their graves. You wanted to stumble through the fog trying to escape the clutches of a madman. You wanted to survive a nightmare…
This book has some fairly graphic scenes of violence and is intended for mature teens and adults.
The Creeps by Justin Zeppa
Adventure is alive when you mess with the dead…
When her brother was alive, Elyse Korbin used to live for Halloween. Now, a year after piano prodigy Patrick Korbin’s untimely death by trick-or-treating, she finds it hard to live for anything.
School in Bootville is a drag, her parents have lost their minds with grief, and her best friend, Will Castle, is probably in love with her. Nothing seems to matter until the discovery of an ancient text filled with bizarre markings pulls Elyse from her mourning gloom and pushes her into a night of chilling adventure.
With the help of her fellow misfits, Will and the mildly-autistic Colin Niemann, the violin-slinging Elyse decodes the spidery encryption and discovers the uncanny ability to summon Patrick’s ghost from beyond the grave with her rare musical gifts. Her wiseass brother seems to relish his newly-undead status, but their tampering with the barrier between life and the death has brought back an unspeakable evil: Colonel Spicy Jack Cavendish, the legendary boogeyman whose fury almost destroyed Bootville during the American Revolution.
As Spicy Jack and his trash-talking pumpkin-lantern sidekick bumble their way through the modern world, Elyse and her friends must seek the assistance of a gallery of eccentric town characters from both the present and the past in a race to unravel the mystery of Bootville’s dark history, and thwart the Colonel’s sinister plans to finish the job he started centuries ago.
Funny, irreverent (and perhaps even… emotional?) The Creeps dishes out king-sized fun for all ages, and scoffs at those who would hand out pennies or granola bars. You deserve better than that and you know it. So, celebrate in style this Halloween, and give yourself (wait for it) The Creeps.
Available on Kindle.
All Hallow’s Dead by Bryan Smith
It’s Halloween week in Willow Springs, TN, and a mad slasher is on the loose! Twenty-five years ago, a group of local boys did a very bad thing. Now a masked killer is leaving a trail of corpses and bloody pumpkins all over town. Brutal vengeance against his former tormentors and thirty-one dead for Halloween are the madman’s demented goals. As the body count mounts, local law enforcement scrambles to track down the seemingly unstoppable killer and bring the carnage to an end.
Which autumn-themed books are keeping you company this year? Tell us about them in the comments.
Tagged blogoween, blogtober, halloween, indie books, indie novels, indie pub, indie publishing
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2 thoughts on “4 Halloween Novels”
Pingback: Happy Halloween! – Stick With The Indies
This is genre where I imagine indies really shine! I see at least one I will check out!
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Lulu Gephart on how REI created a sustainable user-generated content resource
This story features tips and advice from REI's Manager of Social and Earned Media, Lulu Gephart. You can check out her full presentation at SocialMedia.org's Brands-Only Summit here.
REI isn't just an outdoor gear store — they're a co-op.
They're number one in the nation's outdoors instructors, and their employees really love being outside. In fact, during her presentation at the Brands-Only Summit, Lulu Gephart, REI's Manager of Social and Earned Media, explains she had just gotten back from one of her own adventures.
“I have two lessons for you. If you get a chance to go hiking in the Spanish Pyrenees, do it. And don't drink the water, because you'll get the ‘Spanish Plague,' and you'll want to die.”
But for every great outdoor adventure REI's employees go on, there are thousands of their customers doing something just as amazing. To capitalize on that, Lulu explains, REI asked them to share photos and stories from those outdoor pursuits.
REI's 1440 Project started as a way to gather photos from outdoor adventures captured at every minute (all 1,440 of them) of the day.
Lulu's team created a Project 1440 microsite about two years ago and promoted the hashtag #REI1440Project on social and display ads. In just a few months, there were over a half million visits to the site and over 10,000 photos uploaded.
“We were floored by how successful it was,” Lulu shares.
The site collected meta-data from the photos and tagged information from users on the type of activity, location, and time of day each photo was taken.
“It turned out to be really smart. We didn't realize the repercussions of it when we did it. But the structured way we captured the meta-data and UGC helped lay the groundwork for how we use the user-generated content.”
Now, if they need an image of someone mountain biking in New England in the fall, they've got a way to find that. Lulu says it's been a great fallback during those times in the “content desert” when there's no campaign or promotion to support their posts.
And what about legal? Lulu says even that piece of the project has helped them earn advocates.
If users submit through the microsite, permission for REI to use the content is built in to the submission process. But when Lulu's team finds a great photo from a fan using #REI1440Project on Instagram, they reach out directly and personally ask for permission. They might say something like “Hey, we really like your #REI1440Project photo and might use it in our marketing. If you agree to the terms and conditions, just reply with #agree.”
In one example, an Instagram user was so excited to be asked for permission that she offered to send them a full resolution picture of the shot too.
“Our fans are really excited to be acknowledged and promoted through our channels, but we also find so many deeper stories through these interactions when we reach out to people.”
Lulu says scalability means depending on the stories and content — not platforms or campaigns.
“So many brands — during something like the Super Bowl — throw a hashtag into their commercial. And maybe there was a spike for that hashtag on that day or that week, but how many people are using those hashtag now?”
She adds that to truly build a sustainable story with your community, you have to avoid campaigns that depend on a platform that can be yanked out from under you. Instead, she encourages brands to rely on the storytelling and the content that can work across whatever platform your customers are using.
“We're trying to be really thoughtful about what hashtag strategy we can build that will be sustained so that every day it makes sense and is sustained within our community.”
Say hi to Lulu on Twitter and ask about her latest outdoor adventure. You can watch her full presentation from the Brands-Only Summit here.
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Rituals, Norms and Other Ways to Build a Healthy Work Culture
Thinking about what “work family” means—and your own role within it.
srccon:power
By Brittany Mayes
(WOCinTech Chat)
What does it mean to feel so close to your teammates that you consider them family? Can the idea of “family” translate into the workplace… and should it?
A great “work family” can help you understand who you are as a person and what you need as a professional. They’re a gut check, and they can provide a feeling of equality between colleagues at various levels. It’s a place where the lines of communication are open (and encouraged), especially for difficult discussions. There’s a mutual respect and vulnerability between colleagues, managers, and direct reports.
But could it backfire? A familial work environment can create an illusion of closeness and complete honesty. It can disguise abuse and make it unrecognizable. It can encourage a group mindset where assumptions are drawn and cliques or silos can form. It can cause you to feel guilty when you have to make decisions that are best for you, like speaking up or moving on. It can manipulate you and hurt you.
What a Healthy Team and a Happy Family Have in Common
Brian Boyer came up with a theory for what he believes is a general framework of happy teams. It is composed of four major parts: rituals (what we do every day), roles (trusting each other to do their jobs), goals (a shared vision), and norms (a collection of rules and boundaries).
The following is all based on a session that Boyer and I co-ran at SRCCON:POWER last year. Our discussion focused mostly on things we thought we could do in our everyday lives to make way for a healthy, familial team. Cue: rituals and norms.
It’s easy to get lost in the quick cycles of our jobs and forget about taking care of ourselves and others. That’s where rituals come in handy. Creating a series of things you do every day (or weekly or every time a certain event happens), eventually becomes ingrained and gives structure to what often slips through the cracks.
What does this look like and why is this useful? Let’s think about birthdays. As someone pointed out, everyone has one—and only one—which means everyone is equally rich in birthdays. A birthday celebration could be big, where you decorate desks, go out for team lunch and sing. It could also be a card and a baked good. So, big or small, every time someone has a birthday, the team celebrates in some form. That’s a ritual.
Another example is having a weekly scheduled team lunch. Consider reserving a conference room for A Very Important Meeting and whoever has time can use the space to eat with their teammates.
Here are other rituals people in our SRCCON session thought about:
Morning non-work talk
Scrum or other meeting for periodic “what I’m working on” updates
Afternoon walks
Lunch invitations
Scheduled team lunches
Iteration reviews (weekly updates on the progress of a project)
OKR reviews (weekly updates on progress towards team goals)
Show and tell (This could be a skill share, a place where you share what’s piqued your interest lately, a space for critique, etc.)
Celebration of work accomplishments
“What you’re grateful for” meeting
“What sucked” space / complain days
Team outings (Bowling! Karaoke! But remember, these can quickly become non-inclusive. Not everybody likes karaoke. Not everybody can undertake the same physical activity. And, of course, not everybody drinks alcohol.)
On the occasion
Celebrate birthdays
Release/launch parties
On-boarding/off-boarding celebrations (i.e. team lunch when a new member joins or on someone’s last day)
Team health tracker or competition
Candy jar/snacks
Inside jokes
Good things jar (with a monthly reading!)
With all good ideas come do’s and don’ts. When trying to implement rituals, keep in mind why you’re doing this: to create a more cohesive team. That means operating said rituals in a way that’s beneficial and inclusive to all. Cue norms.
Rituals are a good start, but implementing ideas for rituals without a structure and a set of shared principles means that things could easily fall apart. Norms, like rules, help colleagues have a collective experience through communal responsibilities.
What’s the difference between norms and rules? Rules set boundaries and have explicit consequences, while norms create expectations. Norms are created collectively and can evolve collectively, too. So while rules are set by someone in a position of power and are more concrete, to make a cohesive team you have to be able to establish a collection of norms that people agree upon (often implicitly) because they, too, want to be part of something happy and functional.
Norms and rituals can go hand-in-hand—norms can create the right atmosphere for a ritual to take hold in a positive way. For example, an important norm that goes along with certain kinds of rituals is to always invite but never force participation. Maybe you and a couple of teammates go out to coffee every afternoon. Chances are, other people on the team would love coffee, too, and would also love an invite. It’s worthwhile to drop a line in Slack asking if anyone else would want to join you. Why should you promote this as a norm? It can be a vicious cycle to add a person or two to the outing and make it exclusive again, closing the space for new folks to join the ritual.
Just remember, it’s most helpful if your norms are explicitly stated. Implicit norms happen in group settings all the time, and can be exclusive or unhealthy. Try establishing norms as a team, and keep them out in the open—on the wall, pinned in your Slack, etc.
Other ritual-based norms
Think outside the box on team outings, keeping in mind that all of them should not be centered around alcohol.
Respect and be aware of all the cultures on your team.
Avoid practices that tend to highlight those who are the “loudest” by making meetings like show and tells center around other people’s work and not the person who is presenting.
Celebrate everyone, remembering the person often organizing everyone else’s celebrations—and when celebrating people, make sure to do so how they wish to be celebrated.
One person should not always be the organizer (or the baker or the team cheerleader, etc.).
Share the work! For example, in meetings, take turns as the notetaker—frequently, one person always gets stuck with this job: the youngest woman in the group.
Even more often, norms lend themselves to parts of the job that are more work-centric rather than social.
Here are other norms people in our SRCCON session thought about:
Assume good intentions
Communicate often
Follow the rules
Set explicit expectations and preferences
Don’t typecast (i.e. the youngest person on the team should not automatically be elected to run social media accounts or the person who uses technology in their work should not become IT support)
Give developers bylines
Make explicit standards for bylines vs. contribution lines
Always have a plan for what to do if things start going south
Celebration should come from the team, not just from the top down. Additionally, the burden of cost, planning and throwing a celebration shouldn’t fall on an individual. If someone brings treats, consider helping clean up or volunteering to organize the next event.
Highlight good behavior and values as much as bylines or other traditional contributions
Practice “Shine Theory.” For me to be able to shine, you have to shine.
Encourage teammates, especially those who are not generally recognized for their accomplishments, to boast about their work. If a teammate often brags about their work, encourage them to acknowledge their actions.
The youngest woman does not take notes.
Meetings should not be held without an agenda or if not everyone is prepared.
The person who is asked a question gets time and space to answer.
Rotate roles: If someone takes notes one meeting, have someone else do it the following time.
Talk 1/nth of the time; End meetings with an “open door” to allow those who weren’t able to speak up to do so.
Avoid any “well actually…” statements; don’t interrupt.
Respect people’s time, in and outside of work
Avoid messaging when someone is not in the office or online
Don’t contact after hours—try sending a delayed response instead.
Don’t respond to emails after hours to set a good example
Take and encourage others to use sick days when they are needed
Take and encourage others to use vacation days
Do not shame someone over their health or the amount of sick days they’ve taken
Mental health days count as sick days.
Know What You Need
A key piece of advice I received regarding workplace happiness was to do my best to make the environment what I needed it to be. For me, that meant surrounding myself with colleagues who know and care about one another outside of the confines of our company. I’ve always valued having a close, personal working relationship with my colleagues because it builds trust, fosters greater collaboration and, in times of adversity, trauma or distress, allows for a level of comfort.
What’s most important to remember is that every situation is different. For me, starting a new job on the Washington Post graphics team last June meant that I also started my own ritual of celebrating my teammates’ birthdays, which wasn’t done before I joined. I write a card, and I bake their favorite sweet treat. At first, I had to find out birthdays by word of mouth. A year later, it’s expanded into a team list of birthdays and a small collective of birthday bakers. (Another example of why being explicit is better than not.)
What works for my team might not work for yours. What you’d like in a workspace may be different than what the person beside you likes. That’s all okay! Defining or shifting office culture is a lot of small steps that eventually create a bigger picture, and I hope this list provides a good place to start.
Brittany Mayes
Brittany Mayes is a graphics reporter for The Washington Post. Before joining The Post, she worked at NPR on the visuals team where she began as an intern and was later hired as a news applications developer. Her passions include structure and process, diversity and inclusivity, education and mentorship. She’s a 2016 alumna of the University of North Carolina and the New York Times Student Journalism Institute.
@BritRenee_
Exit Interviews: Aaron Williams
The conversations local newsrooms should be having about COVID-19 coverage
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Knowledge Base Community API Reference Academy
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Dynamic Yield Knowledge Base
eXPerience APIs
Getting Started with eXPerience APIs
Last updated: September 13, 2020 14:01 • Print and Export to PDF
Application Programming Interface (API): In basic terms, APIs just allow applications to communicate with one another. When people speak of “an API”, they sometimes generalize and actually mean “a publicly available web-based API that returns data, likely in JSON**”. The API is not the database or even the server, it is the code that governs the access point(s) for the server. We can send an API a request (AKA call) detailing the information we want. Each API is called - endpoint.
**JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation and is basically a way of representing data that looks like JavaScript objects. Let’s look at a very typical JavaScript Object for a person, which might look a bit like this:
{“person”: [
“name”: “Shreya”,
“address”: “Dwarka”,
“pin-code”: “110078”,
“phone”: “9899013456”,
“email”: “shreyapd06@gmail.com”
For each item, the key is on the left, and the value is on the right.
What are the eXPerience APIs?
The eXPerience APIs are a new way of implementing DY. They are a set of endpoints that our customers can call from their site's code. We have the ‘classic’ script implementation which customers can still use to create personalized campaigns, and now we have the API implementation that allows for the same type of personalization and data available, however, it needs to be called from their code base so that Dynamic Yield knows to return the relevant data. Once the data is received, it's up to you to do something with the data in your site's code.
How Can I Use the APIs?
You can use eXPerience APIs in two different types of Dynamic Yield sites:
You can use eXPerience APIs in any website where our client script is integrated, and create campaigns of both types running in parallel over the same user base.
This approach allows marketers to keep enjoying all the out-of-the-box visual tools available with Dynamic Yield's client-side script, and create onsite experiences with little to no IT resources.
At the same time, you can run API-based campaigns where they’re needed most, adopting them at your own pace. This is beneficial for customers wishing to run performance sensitive campaigns, for example , content above the fold, or campaigns with sensitive data that should not be exposed in the browser.
Additionally, this method of implementation allows existing customers to make a gradual move* towards using API Campaigns and for new customers who often prefer to have a simple implementation first and see the business value before committing more development resources.
API Sites
You can use a site designed to manage APIs without implementing the Dynamic Yield script on your site. In this method, your server and/or client apps securely interact with our API Gateway, passing the details of the current page and asking for relevant campaign variations and recommendations, while also reporting interactions with your site (pageviews and events). Our "classic" client script is not integrated into your website at all.
Regardless of the implementation method, a campaign created cannot be transitioned from one method to another without losing data.
What are the Prerequisites?
The ability to modify the source code (you have a developer available)
Prepare a clear design roadmap for incorporating the eXPerience API and personalization into your app.
The ability to serve fresh content per user (the page must not be entirely cached inside a CDN)
Determine which Dynamic Yield servers to use. We currently have one API gateway in the United States, and one in the Europe Union. These are two separate and complete instances of our system and no data is shared between them.
Why Would I Want to Use eXPerience APIs?
The value of the eXPerience APIs depends on your role in the company:
Marketers:
Wants flawless experience, without flickering
Wants his customers to have the same digital experience throughout different channels (Omni-channel),
Doesn’t want to expose his campaigns to the browser, as they expose his internal strategies.
Is concerned about privacy and regulations.
Need to handle page load performance issues.
Need to progress to better frameworks, and use SPA, WPA, and such.
Want full control over their technology stack.
Should I Use a Dynamic Yield Project of type Web or API?
There are two ways of working with APIs using Dynamic Yield: one is designed for API only, the other is the Web-based integration which enables users to choose whether to use the classic setup, or the API for select campaigns. To determine which option is best for you, let's consider two scenarios:
Option 1: Web
If you're used to client-side testing & personalization tools and you wish to minimize time to value while keeping your future options open, you can use a standard Dynamic Yield Web Site.
This gives you the opportunity to gradually implement API-based campaigns. Here are some use-cases that are especially suitable for implementation via API and we recommend starting with:
Content above the fold: for page elements at the top of the page which are immediately visible when the page loads, you want to ensure minimal latency and no flicker. This is easier to achieve when calling our API from your server-side, as the personalized content is already included in your markup when serving the page back to the browser.
Campaigns based on sensitive business information, for example, testing different pricing models. Traditionally such tests are not done via client-side A/B testing at all, in order not to expose this information in the browser. When running campaigns via the API, only the chosen variation is sent to the client.
Large number of running tests: as your adoption of the platform grows, you may run dozens of campaigns concurrently, each having their targeting rules and multiple variations. Since the details of API campaigns are not included in our client-side script (specifically api_dynamic.js which holds this data), the script can remain light and thus faster to load.
The cons of using sites of type Web:
As the Dynamic Yield scripts are still loading in the header of all pages, the full performance benefits of the API will not be attained.
Management of User & Session IDs relies on cookies in Web sites, and this is not suitable for non-web environments such as mobile apps, retail locations, etc.
Option 2: API Only Sites
If one of the following issues concerns your tech-teams, and you have the resources to support an API implementation, we recommend using an API only site:
Impact of page load time
conflicts with SPA framework of choice or workflow concerns (e.g. all content needs to be delivered through a certain stack of tools or process, rather than being injected in browser)
No scripts to download. You can decide from which end to call our APIs (server or client), whether to block the page rendering waiting for results or not - whatever meets your performance needs and architecture best.
Best control over data collection policy - you're making the API calls, deciding exactly when to make the calls, and which attributes to pass.
Your code responsible for calling Dynamic Yield to make decisions can be deployed once and called by multiple platforms while hiding most implementation details from all these client types (web, app, hybrid, and specialized applications).
Quick turnaround - this implementation method is highly reliant on your dev teams. It is more of a challenge to build and improve on use cases in a quick and easy manner.
It's up to your code to generate user and session IDs and store each of them for the appropriate duration.
There is no going back to using web-based campaigns without starting data collection afresh.
To sum it up best in Stan Lee's words: "With great power comes great responsibility". We don't know whether Stan had in mind rebuilding your website from the ground up using React - but the wording does seem to fit.
How Can I Check my Implementation and Troubleshoot API Calls?
With the API Logs dashboard you can see how many API calls were made, how many of them were correct, and get an in-depth view of the customer’s implementation:
Need Help? Call Us:
(Germany) 0 800 180 8922
(Israel) 1 809 477 261
(New Zealand) 0 800 682 005
(Singapore) 800 492 2336
(UK) 800 0800 069 8424
(US) 1 800 979 9570
The Dynamic Yield Blog
Personalization Examples
© All rights reserved. Dynamic Yield Knowledge Base.
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Rafael Da Silva wishes Sir Alex Ferguson happy birthday
Dale O'Donnell
Follow @odonnelldale
Rafael Da Silva is one of our favourite Manchester United players of the last decade.
Not because he was the best right-back in the world because he was nowhere near, but Rafael gave his all whenever he wore the red shirt.
We did an exclusive interview with the Lyon star earlier this year and he was great fun. The enthusiasm he has for the club isn’t too different to any of us.
READ MORE: (Photo) Man Utd defender Marcos Rojo pictured wearing PSG shirt in Argentina
And, Sir Alex Ferguson… He has utmost respect for the former United manager who brought him to the club as a teenager, along with his twin brother Fabio.
More Stories about Man Utd
AC Milan won’t sign Diogo Dalot permanently for one key reason
(Photo) Timothy Fosu-Mensah sends heartfelt message to Man United fans ahead of transfer
With today being Ferguson’s 78th birthday loads of people are wishing the Scot well on social media.
Rafael has done the same with one of their best photos together, as seen below:
Happy birthday boss hope you enjoy your day and I will never get tired to say thank you for everything. ❤️❤️ pic.twitter.com/CJGt4XOWOD
— Rafael da Silva (@orafa2) December 31, 2019
Unfortunately, Rafael’s stay at United was cut short by Louis van Gaal. The Dutchman sold him and United were left short in the right-back department for years.
Only now with the arrival of Aaron Wan-Bissaka are we covered at right-back.
More Stories Man Utd Manchester United Rafael da Silva Sir Alex Ferguson
Timothy Fosu-Mensah completes switch to Bayer Leverkusen
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Rotherham(i) 1 The thing that happened unto Jeremiah, from Yahweh, after Nebuzaradan chief of the royal executioners had let him go from Ramah,—when he had taken him, he having been bound in fetters in the midst of all the captive-host of Jerusalem, and Judah, who were being carried away captive to Babylon. 2 So then the, chief of the royal executioners took Jeremiah,—and said unto him, Yahweh thy God had threatened this calamity against this place; 3 and so Yahweh hath brought it about and done it just as he threatened,—for ye have sinned against Yahweh, and have not hearkened unto his voice, and so this thing hath befallen you. 4 Now, therefore, lo! I have loosed thee today, from the fetters which were upon thy hand: If it be good in thine eyes to come with me into Babylon, come, and I will set urine eyes upon thee, but if evil in thine eyes to come with me into Babylon, forbear,—see! all the land, is before thee, whither it may be good and right in thine eyes to go, thither, go! 5 And ere yet he could make reply—Go thou back then unto Gedaliah son of Ahikam son of Shaphan, whom the king of Babylon hath set in charge over the cities of Judah, and dwell thou with him in the midst of the people, or whithersoever it may be right in thine eyes to go, go! So the chief of the royal executioners gave him an allowance and a present and let him go. 6 Then came Jeremiah unto Gedaliah son of Ahikam to Mizpah, and dwelt with him in the midst of the people who were left in the land. 7 Now, when all the captains of the forces which were in the field—they and their men, heard that the king of Babylon had set Gedaliah son of Ahikam in charge over the land,—and that he had committed to him men and women and children, and the poor of the land of those who had not been carried away captive to Babylon, 8 then came they in unto Gedaliah in Mizpah,—both Ishmael son of Nethaniah and Johanan and Jonathan sons of Kareah, and Seraiah son of Tanhumeth and the sons of Ephai the Netophathite and Jezaniah son of the Maachathite, they and their men. 9 Then Gedaliah son of Ahikam son of Shaphan swats unto them, and to their men saying, Do not be afraid of serving the Chaldeans,—dwell in the land and serve the king of Babylon that it may be well with you. 10 But as for me, behold me! remaining in Mizpah, to stand before the Chaldeans who may come unto us, Ye, however, gather ye wine and summer fruits and oil, and put them in your vessels, and dwell in your reties which ye have seized. 11 Likewise also, all the Jews, who were in Moab and among the sons of Ammon and in Edom and who were in any of the lands, when they heard that the king of Babylon had granted a remnant to Judah, and that he had set in charge over them Gedaliah son of Ahikam son of Shaphan, 12 yea, then returned all the Jews out of all the places whither they had been driven, and came into the land of Judah unto Gedaliah, in Mizpah,—and gathered wine and summer fruits in great abundance. 13 But, Johanan son of Kareah, and all the princes of the forces which were in the field, came unto Gedaliah in Mizpah, 14 and said unto him—Dost thou at all know, that, Baalis, king of the sons of Ammon, hath sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah, to smite thee to death? But Gedaliah son of Ahikam, believed them not. 15 Then, Johanan son of Kareah, spake unto Gedaliah secretly, in Mizpah, saying,—Let me go I pray thee, and smite Ishmael son of Nethaniah, and not, a man, shall know it,—wherefore should he smite thee to death, and all Judah who have gathered themselves unto thee, be dispersed, and the remnant of Judah perish? 16 Then said Gedaliah son of Ahikam unto Johanan son of Kareah, Thou mayest not do this thing,—for, falsely, art thou speaking against Ishmael.
Jeremiah 40:1 Cross References - Rotherham
Study Bible > Bible Versions > Rotherham > Jeremiah
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San Antonio Spurs’ Kawhi Leonard grabs a defensive rebound against the Oklahoma City Thunder during the first half of Game 5 of the Western Conference finals NBA basketball playoff series, Thursday, May 29, 2014, in San Antonio. (AP Photo/Eric Gay)
San Antonio’s Kawhi Leonard grabs a defensive rebound against the Oklahoma City during the first half of Game 5 of the Western Conference Finals on Thursday in San Antonio. (Eric Gay/Associated Press)
SAN ANTONIO — Tim Duncan had 22 points and 12 rebounds, Manu Ginobili scored 19 points and the San Antonio Spurs rolled to a 117-89 victory over the Oklahoma City Thunder on Thursday night to take a 3-2 lead in the Western Conference finals.
Kawhi Leonard and Danny Green each had 14 points, Boris Diaw added 13 and Tony Parker scored 12 for the Spurs, who are a win away from returning to the NBA Finals after losing in seven games to Miami last year.
Kevin Durant scored 25 points, but Russell Westbrook had only 21 points and seven assists after finishing with 40 points and 10 assists in Game 4.
Game 6 is Saturday in Oklahoma City.
western conference finals
Tweets by SWJournalist
No news on rescheduled Olympics until fall
Rangers select Josh Jung in the 2019 MLB Draft
Rangers’ Gallo will miss time with oblique strain
Texas A&M, Dallas Baptist win regional games College World Series
Warriors win Game 2 of NBA Finals, even series
Serena Williams, Osaka knocked out early at French Open
Salah scores early; Liverpool defeats Tottenham in Champions League final
Update: Texan wins Scripps National Spelling Bee
Back again: Golden State Warriors and Cleveland Cavaliers to open the 2018 NBA Finals at usual site
LIVE: NBA Finals Game 1
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Stephen Fulder, PhD, is the founder of the Israel Insight Society (Tovana) and one of Israel's leading spiritual teachers. Drawing on 40 years of deep personal experience of Vipassana/mindfulness meditation and dharma practice, he has, over the last 20 years, guided thousands of people in exploring Buddhist teachings, practising meditation and rediscovering the magic of the moment.
Stephen Fulder, PhD, is the founder of the Israel Insight Society (Tovana) and one of Israel's leading spiritual teachers. Drawing on 40 years of deep personal experience of Vipassana/mindfulness meditation and dharma practice, he has, over the last 20 years, guided thousands of people in exploring Buddhist teachings, practising meditation and rediscovering the magic of the moment. See less
Stephen Fulder book subjects
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Bad news Argentina fans: Aguero won’t be fit for World Cup
Argentina fans have been hit by some very bad news indeed: it looks like Sergio Aguero will struggle to make an appearance at the World Cup, and that he will be out of shape if he does end up playing.
Speaking to the press (via 101greatgoals), Argentina’s team doctor, Homero D’Agostino, expected the Manchester City star to miss five weeks, and that his fitness will be a major question mark anyway.
El Kun went down to a knee injury as City defeated Chelsea 1-0. He ended up missing the Sky Blues’ Champions League elimination at the hands of Liverpool, and could miss a crucial tournament too, having undergone an arthroscopy.
“That a player has undergone an arthroscopy with 60 days to go before the World Cup is worrying,” D’Agostino told Radio 10.
“The recovery process will require at least five weeks. When one has old injuries, the recovery process is not as fast as one would like it to be.
“It’s never going to be less than three or four weeks, or even more.”
Argentine look rather light at the back, so it is more important than ever that their attack is sharp. The Albiceleste were close to not qualifying, but made the most of some of their rivals’ slip-ups to finish fourth in the CONMEBOL qualifying stage and avoid the playoffs.
“I imagine that he will not arrive 100 percent fit with the limited time that is left before the World Cup,” D’Agostino continued about Aguero, who had scored 30 goals in all comps (seven assists) before going down injured.
“The anatomy is the anatomy. The injury is what it is. He can try but I don’t think he will arrive 100 percent.
“The important thing is to know what he had. The doctors would have tried to resolve the issue in a conservative manner, non-surgically, but they were unsuccessful.
“The arthroscopy is a process that you do when there are old injuries.”
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Airstrikes by US, allies failed to significantly reduce Syria’s chemical weapons capabilities: report
Airstrikes conducted by the United States, France and Britain against…
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Pathways Forward
TGR Learning Lab
Earl Woods Scholar Program
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Supporting high-potential students with demonstrated need and a commitment to community service, the Earl Woods Scholar Program goes far beyond financial assistance. Each Earl Woods Scholar also receives mentoring support, specialized internship opportunities, career development and enrichment workshops.
Recipients & Alumni
To encourage personal growth and enhance professional development, the Earl Woods Scholar Program provides an array of interactive learning and engagement opportunities for scholars on an annual basis. Before beginning their first year of college, all incoming scholars are welcomed into the program through the Pre-College Retreat, which covers a series of topics that help prepare students for college life.
One of the program’s staples is the Winter Workshop, held annually at the flagship TGR Learning Lab in Anaheim, California. Over the course of the three-day event, scholars from around the country participate in informative workshops that include resume writing, interview training, graduate school and human resources preparation, industry panels and networking events. Along with workshops, this particular event honors our graduating scholars with a special luncheon to celebrate their accomplishments with family, mentors and fellow scholars.
The cornerstone of the Earl Woods Scholar Program is its mentor network. These valuable relationships are life-changing for the scholars, many of whom are first-generation students with little or no practical guidance on college life and career planning.
Each Earl Woods Scholar is partnered with a dedicated mentor who serves as an advocate, career coach, personal advisor and role model throughout their college experience. The mentors provide their scholar with advice and resources needed to help them succeed within their chosen degree and develop skills necessary for their professional career.
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An emphasis on real-life work and cultural experiences are highly encouraged among the Earl Woods Scholars as an avenue to build power skills, prepare for the workplace and foster knowledge of a specialized career. Through professional enrichment opportunities, such as job shadowing, internships, fellowships and study abroad, the program provides valuable resources and information that assists scholars in building their resume as they pursue their career aspirations.
The Earl Woods Scholar Program supports its scholars beyond obtaining a college degree. To ensure each scholar has a clear and focused exit strategy upon graduation, we help create a personalized career plan that supports their definition of success. Early in their college career, we integrate key elements, such as: self-assessments, career exploration, decision making and action steps that contribute to the next stages of their career paths. Starting in their third year of college, scholars engage in monthly coaching calls to develop practical skills and create strategies tailored to their individual needs. This is a crucial component of the program that helps each scholar navigate entry into the workforce or graduate school.
Raised in poverty by his grandmother, Darryl Robinson became the first person from his neighborhood to go to college in two generations. An alum of the Earl Woods Scholar Program, Darryl is now enjoying his career as a business analyst at Deloitte.
Darryl Robinson
Earl Woods Scholar Alum
Born and raised in Washington, D.C., Darryl knew during his first week of grade school that he would be the first person in his family to go to college. And not just any college: Darryl attended Georgetown University. As a first-year student, he published an article in the Washington Post about education disparity and his experience as a poor African-American male studying at an elite institution.
Throughout his first two years at Georgetown, he was plagued by the demoralizing thought that he didn’t belong there and was riddled with guilt for receiving the opportunity to study at one of the nation’s finest schools. It took two years of pushing through self-doubt and guilt before he realized that he deserved everything he had worked so hard for. Although there were hardships during those years, he successfully learned how to overcome failure, and he learned the power of mentorship by becoming both a mentee and a mentor.
A constant theme in his personal story is others taking the time to invest in him, even when he doubted himself. His experience at Georgetown and the challenges of being a first-generation, low-income student left him with an urge to see others from similar circumstances succeed. Darryl firmly believes in the words of Takeshi Shudo: "The circumstances of one's birth are irrelevant. It is what you do with the gift of life that determines who you are."
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Virtual College Campus Information Session | 9/24 3:00 PM PDT / 6:00 PM EDT
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Open to high school students and families, this workshop will share more about college admissions processes and provide tips for approaching college applications
College App Advising Virtual Meet Up | 9/25 12:00 PM PDT/3:00 PM EDT
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This virtual meetup will serve as an informal digital space for high school seniors to come together and ask the TGR Foundation staff questions about their admissions process.
Common Application and Coalition Application Workshop September 1 3:00 pm PDT/6:00 pm EDT
Live workshop to walk-through the Common Application and Coalition Application.
Open to high school seniors, we’ll walk-through the Common Application and Coalition Application, widely utilized for private, liberal arts colleges across the nation. Register now: Click here to register.
The premise of the mentorship program is simple: no one succeeds alone. Educational research demonstrates the value of one-on-one relationships as a means of helping individuals set goals and achieve them. An important pipeline is created when students who have been mentored graduate from college and become mentors themselves.
By joining our mentoring program, you demonstrate your commitment to building a community of students and professionals in support of higher education and professional success. For more information on mentorship click here or contact Lea Segura.
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Through the progression of their college career, we work collaboratively with key stakeholders, board members, corporate partners and sponsors to align internships and job shadowing opportunities with each scholar’s career interests.
We encourage every scholar to seek internships for the year and/or summer. This is a great opportunity for them to gain hands-on experience and make their mark in the professional world. Are you, or anyone you know, in need of exceptional interns? If so, please email Lea Segura.
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Research team discovers biomarkers that contribute to spine osteoarthritis
Arthritis | May 14, 2018
A research team at the Krembil Research Institute has discovered a pair of tissue biomarkers that directly contribute to the harmful joint degeneration associated with spine osteoarthritis. A biomarker is a characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal and abnormal biological processes in a person.
The study, published today in the Journal of Clinical Investigation Insight, is the first to show that elevated levels of both of these biomarkers cause inflammation, cartilage destruction and collagen depletion. The team’s groundbreaking work was made possible by supporters of the Campaign to Cure Arthritis and the Krembil Foundation.
“These biomarkers are actively involved in increasing inflammation and destructive activities in spine cartilage and assist in its destruction,” says principal investigator Dr. Mohit Kapoor, a Senior Scientist at the Krembil Research Institute who specializes in arthritis research. “Furthermore, these biomarkers promote cartilage cells to die and deplete the most important component of your cartilage, which is your collagen.”
Working at the Krembil Neuroscience Centre at Toronto Western Hospital, the research team – led by Dr. Kapoor and comprising Dr. Akihiro Nakamura, a post-doctoral fellow, and Dr. Y. Raja Rampersaud, a clinical expert and spine surgeon – explored the role, function and signaling mechanisms of two tissue biomarkers: microRNA-181a-5p and microRNA-4454.
“These are biologically active molecules. By detecting them in the tissue biopsies, we have a tool for determining the stage of spine osteoarthritis in a patient,” says Dr. Kapoor. “Now that we know what they are, we are currently looking at blocking them and restoring the joint.”
The discovery represents the end of the first stage of research. The team is now investigating whether these biomarkers can be detected in the blood – which would help clinicians more simply determine the stage of spine osteoarthritis – and whether further studying the biomarkers will allow researchers to halt and reverse spine degeneration.
Osteoarthritis affects about three million Canadians. There is currently no known cure.
Read more stories about what knowledge can do.
Changing the future of arthritis
The Schroeder Arthritis Institute will consolidate arthritis research, education and clinical care at UHN.
New hips, shorter trips
Hip replacement procedures used to involve a week-long hospital stay. Now patients can get in and out on the day of the operation.
Diagnosing early stage arthritis one step closer
UHN’s Arthritis Program is one step closer to developing a diagnostic test for arthritis after identifying new blood molecules in patients with early kne…
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The Hundert 11
The Hundert 9
Paul Lunow (Co-Founder, CEO) and Florian Schindler (Co-Founder, Chairman) © Anne Schönharting
Bringing Today’s Technology to Seniors
Funding Undisclosed
Our lives are enriched by technology. But not everyone is participating in this development equally. Founded in 2015, Nepos is on a mission to make the digital world accessible to seniors. Their first product, built on customer research and fulfilling expectations for usability and aesthetic design, will be the Nepos 1. A user-optimised tablet with the unique “Universal Interface” which is a consistent structure for all applications. Website
Interview with Nepos
What inspired you to found your startup?
For every iPad application and after every update Paul had to write down again and again the navigation for his grandmother. We have found out that the biggest access barrier of a whole generation lies in the inconsistency of the application which overstrains anyone who did not grow up with it (and annoys many who got used to it in the meantime). There was no “Universal Interface” up to now even though front and backend are increasingly available in a separate form. But we have developed it.
How do you define success for yourself and your company?
Nepos products enrich the day to day life of the elderly generation and set new standards in functionality and data protection.
Is there anything you’d do differently if you could do it again?
As we are deep in production right now, please ask us again as soon as the first devices are with our users.
What problem does your product solve?
Digital experiences, services and social participation become especially important in advanced age, but over 10M in Germany are “Offliner”. They know that they need to start using this “Internet”, but fear to ask for help because they do not want to be a strain for somebody. The younger generation has no time or motivation to be the computer administrator for their families although they know that it simplifies a lot. Our technology stack is secure by design and we provide help, if needed.
Where do you see your company in 1/5/10 years?
Nepos will become the leading technology brand to assist seniors in all technology questions. We recommend the best products out there and develop our own when nothing fits our needs. In 10 years Nepos is the trusted brand for tech that enriches the day to day life of the elderlies.
How are you different?
Nepos is the only brand that built a hub where designers, coders and aging-experts customizing the latest technologies to the senior needs. The Nepos 1 Tablet is the first device with a universal interface. For people with little or no technical experiences it is the best way to use the Internet and stay connected with family and friends. The “Universal Interface” is the first product ever to streamline all different services, so our users learn it once and then use this knowledge everywhere.
How often does your product/service show up in a user’s day or week?
Across all test groups all users (prospected customers) used it daily. After understanding the rules, it is adapted very quickly. Why? You may ask yourself how often you are using your smartphone.
Impact: how are you doing good and building a better future?
The older generation is threatened by loneliness and social isolation. We build the first device to change that. We bring families, friends and neighbourhood together and enrich the day to day life with unexpected possibilities. Currently we are evaluating a production in Germany or somewhere else in Europe, but that is not decided yet.
How has the startup scene in Berlin changed?
English instead of German. Visionaries instead of consultants. Wedding instead of Prenzlberg.
What are the pros and cons of launching your startup from Berlin?
The city is awesome and you can easily find your perfect spot. The ecosystem is good and you get a lot of advice from helpful people. The government makes it a bit complicated from time to time. But all in all it is not important where to start. The only important thing is to do it. And do not stop.
Nepos was featured in “The Hundert Vol. 10 – Startups of Berlin“, October 2017.
The picture above was taken at:
One of the most beautiful squares in Berlin, located around the Gendarmenmarkt are the concert house, the German and French cathedrals, and a monument to famous German intellectual Friedrich Schiller directly at its center.
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Category: Scientific facts
Artifacts / News / Scientific facts
Ancient nuclear war
July 20, 2011 –INDIA – Is man on the threshold of a new world or merely stuck on a circular treadmill repeating the doomed lessons from history which he never seems to...
Desert Glass Formed by Ancient Atomic Bombs?
“Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” —The Bhagavad Gita Seven years after the nuclear tests in Alamogordo, New Mexico, Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb,...
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The Pineal Gland — Occult Secrets Behind Pine Cone Art and Architecture
The pine cone symbol is one of the most mysterious emblems found in ancient and modern art and architecture. Few scholars realize it, but the pine cone alludes to the...
The Search For the Giza Hall of Records
As the first quarter of 1998 drew to a close, several developments pertaining to the ongoing efforts to deepen the investigation into the antiquity and provenance of the monuments of...
Ancient Peru Pyramid Spotted By Satellite
Buried History A new remote sensing technology has peeled away mud and earth layers near the Cahuachi desert in Peru to reveal an ancient adobe pyramid, Italian researchers announced on...
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SpaceX completes first rocket launch of 2021, sending up communications satellite
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A cell-centered, agent-based framework that enables flexible environment granularities
Ryan C Kennedy1,
Glen EP Ropella2 &
C Anthony Hunt1
Mechanistic explanations of cell-level phenomena typically adopt an observer perspective. Explanations developed from a cell’s perspective may offer new insights. Agent-based models lend themselves to model from an individual perspective, and existing agent-based models generally utilize a regular lattice-based environment. A framework which utilizes a cell’s perspective in an off-lattice environment could improve the overall understanding of biological phenomena.
We present an agent-based, discrete event framework, with a demonstrative focus on biomimetic agents. The framework was first developed in 2-dimensions and then extended, with a subset of behaviors, to 3-dimensions. The framework is expected to facilitate studies of more complex biological phenomena through exploitation of a dynamic Delaunay and Voronoi off-lattice environment. We used the framework to model biological cells and to specifically demonstrate basic biological cell behaviors in two- and three-dimensional space. Potential use cases are highlighted, suggesting the utility of the framework in various scenarios.
The framework presented in this manuscript expands on existing cell- and agent-centered methods by offering a new perspective in an off-lattice environment. As the demand for biomimetic models grows, the demand for new methods, such as the presented Delaunay and Voronoi framework, is expected to increase.
There is a growing need for new methods to cater to increasingly complex biological models, which aim to provide better mechanistic explanations of biological phenomena. We describe and make available an early stage simulation framework that enables a dynamic Delaunay and Voronoi (D/V) off-lattice environment to be created and used by biomimetic agents. This framework can accommodate a variety of uses, among which are those that adopt a cell- or entity-centered perspective. It is intended to expand the repertoire available to modelers by helping to make irregular grids part of their standard toolkit.
Three scientifically important needs provided motivation for this simulation framework. When one is engaged in improving mechanistic explanations of cell level phenomena, we aim to make it easier to: 1) modify mechanistic granularity within a simulation where and when that is needed to improve explanatory insight [1]; 2) alter the focus or perspective of a simulation in much the same way wet-lab biologists adjust the focus of their experiments; 3) acknowledge, identify, represent, and begin explaining multilevel uncertainties within and between comparable observations made using different wet-lab systems. An important biological focus for us has been improving mechanistic explanations of particular phenomena at cell and multicell levels, primarily in vitro, during such fundamental processes as wound healing, formation and maintenance of a single central lumen during early cystogenesis [2], and multicellular collective invasion that is characteristic of carcinomas [3, 4].
Research presented in the cited papers employ methods representative of the field. The focus of experiments necessarily shifts from one aspect to another as phenomena change and evolve. For example, early in cystogenesis [2], attention may focus on pre-luminal events occurring at the apical interface of two or more cells. Multiple visualization methods are employed; examples include differentially staining particular proteins or using cells capable of expressing fluorescent versions of particular proteins. Events elsewhere in the multicell structures are deemed less critical, and thus may not be measured or observed. Later in the cystogenesis process, attention may shift to characteristics of whole cysts; for example, fine grain details at cell-cell interfaces may be deemed less influential to evolving system-level phenotype. Fluorescent staining of cell nuclei may enable measuring the relative arrangement of cells in a cyst, yet data identifying locations of cell boundaries and/or cell-cell interfaces may not be available because they were not visualized or measured. When studying cell behavior in tumor organoids [4], an experiment’s scale of focus may shift between numbers of invasive multicell leader structures emanating from particular tumor organoids to behavior of individual leader cells within a single leader structure.
The preceding examples illustrate that in such experiments there is always uncertainty about aspects and features not measured. Ideally, we would like to acknowledge, even represent, such uncertainty within our simulation models by avoiding over-committing to the simulation of particular details when and where there is little or no data against which to validate those commitments. However, doing so is challenging [1] and even problematic if one begins a modeling and simulation project by specifying in advance how and at what level of detail a mechanism’s spaces, entities, and activities will be represented. Those commitments begin when the modeler follows dominant practices and, for example, simply chooses in advance to use a regular grid. We envision the D/V grid providing the capability to fine or coarsen a model’s local scale of focus. An irregular grid allows us to selectively fine or coarsen the scale in one region more or less than in other regions, thereby adjusting granularity.
Explanations of, and theories about, cell level and multicell phenomena, such as those cited above, are offered based on inferences drawn from observing many images, yet only a few images, thought by the said research authors to be typical or representative, are included in publications. A natural inclination for a modeler is to focus first on the images provided, begin creating computational descriptions of those images, and then hypothesize and describe possible event sequences to fill the gaps separating the created depictions. So doing is made straightforward when one commits upfront to using a regular grid. Once that commitment is made, the modeler is at risk of restricting attention to those mechanistic entities and activities that are easily instantiated using the selected grid.
Early commitment to a regular grid also supports favoring the observer’s perspective rather than the biology’s perspective. Longer term, we anticipate that “decisions” made by each cell will contribute to a greater phenomenon based only on information available in its local environment—the cell’s perspective—and the resolution or granularity with which the cell samples or measures those features, thereby enabling observation and validation from cell-and system-levels. Further, we can anticipate that location within the larger system will lead to location-dependent differences in mechanisms. We envision the D/V grid being used by an individual agent representing an individual cell (cell cluster or other entity) to fine or coarsen its local focus. Again, because our framework utilizes an irregular grid, the cell agent will be able to selectively fine or coarsen granularity at one location more or less than elsewhere.
Agent-based modeling
We expect researchers interested in our framework will have familiarity with agent-based modeling (ABM) techniques, and we encourage those interested in further details to seek Macal and North’s tutorial [5]. Agent-based methods are adept at modeling natural phenomena, and an ABM approach helps facilitate the needs of the cell-centered framework. ABMs can represent complex entities and behaviors at an agent-level; each entity, or agent, implements a set of rules and has its own set of properties. Numerous agent classes can exist within a model, and the interactions between agents can lead to global, or emergent, properties. Because mechanisms in ABM are often informally specified, with few or no theoretical constraints, natural phenomena can be simulated more directly, in contrast to those methods that require arching principles which may bias simulation results. ABM has been applied to a wide range of disciplines, from social networking to biology. D/V grids are a natural fit with ABM, as D/V grids facilitate the emergence of a spatial structure rather than one that is based upon prior assumptions.
Lattice and off-lattice spatial representations
Spatial representations in cell modeling can be categorized as lattice (discrete) or off-lattice (continuous); we focus the framework on an off-lattice spatial representation, D/V grids, which give us the capability to utilize neighborhood-based information at an individual agent’s level.
Lattice-based models limit cells to defined spatial boundaries or grids and are most frequently used within the cellular Potts model (CPM). The CPM is an extensible technique to simulate a variety of cell behaviors, such as morphogenesis, sorting, adhesion, as well as tissue simulations and virtual tumors [6–14]. In the CPM, cells exist within a lattice and are connected with bonds represented by various equations; cell behaviors are governed largely by “energies.” They have the ability to model cells in a variety of shapes and sizes and can utilize a number of grid representations. Conventional agent-based models utilize lattices and the correlating neighborhoods for most agent-to-agent interactions. Hexagonal grids are increasingly used [15] and have some inherent advantages.
When dynamic spatial structures are needed, an off-lattice representation is useful. In an off-lattice spatial representation, continuous values are used to represent spatial boundaries, such as the extent of a cell. Vertex, force-based, and the subcellular element method are examples of off-lattice model representations. Vertex models depict cells as polygons, and have been used in models of cell mechanics and cell sorting [16–18]. Force-based models have a number of representations, such as ellipsoids, which are used in Palsson’s model of cell movement [19]. The subcellular element method, which has been used in studies of cell mechanics, represents a cell as a number of subcellular elements, which are governed by equations of motion [20]. Galle et al. [21] utilized this method in their off-lattice model of carcinoma growth. Off-lattice models are typically more computationally expensive than lattice-based models, but there has been recent effort to offset computation to the graphics processing unit [22]. Extra computation is needed to determine cell neighbors, and the spatial representation must be continuously updated. There is an inherent need for off-lattice capabilities in cell modeling, particularly when the cells are motile. Off-lattice models can come very close to approximating the shape and pattern of biological cells [23], and that can make the representation more biologically realistic [24–31]. Observations of protrusions within the epithelium [3] highlight a specific case where accurately simulating said behavior would be difficult in a lattice environment. Moreover, in morphogenesis, the benefits of an off-lattice grid are evident. D/V grids provide a means to explore a number of use cases. Several are described in subsequent sections. In a Voronoi tessellation of a given set of center points in a plane, every point in a given area is closer to the center point in its area than to any other center point. We refer to this area as a Voronoi cell, hereafter V-cell. The dual graph of the Voronoi tessellation is the Delaunay triangulation; the same set of points can be triangulated in a manner such that there is no point inside the circumcircle of any triangle. Bowyer and Watson concurrently described algorithms for construction of Delaunay triangulations [32, 33]. Advantages of D/V grids include a more realistic neighborhood for cells in which we can abstract from a traditional, regular (scaled) grid and form dynamic cells of varying or uncertain shapes and sizes, with varying numbers of neighbors, capturing some prespecified level of detail and complexity (granularity). A comparison of aforementioned grid types is presented in Fig. 1.
Comparison of Grid Types. Shown are three fundamental grid types: square, hexagonal, and Voronoi. The Voronoi grid’s dynamic spatial structure is generated and updated at run time. A 1-hop von Neumann neighborhood from the marked cell is shaded according to the spectrum at the bottom. For the upper left cell, the eight-cell Moore neighborhood is also identified. Each particular modeling and simulation task can be characterized by locations on the spectrum at the bottom that respond to these two use cases. Select a location range that characterizes 1) uncertainty about mechanisms that may explain generation of the targeted biological phenomenon; and 2) heterogeneity of targeted wet-lab measurements. Use of a uniform, static square or hexagonal grid requires accumulating two categories of assumptions: 1) those needed to make spatial uncertainties compatible with grid granularity, and 2) those needed to map simulated to wet-lab phenomena. The flexibility of Voronoi grid structures can be extended to represent uncertainty. It can be focused differently in different spatial regions and/or as an execution progresses. Consequently, fewer assumptions may be needed
There has been only limited work incorporating off-lattice D/V grids into ABM methods. Most notably, the Meyer-Hermann group has developed dynamic force-based models that utilize D/V grids [34], which have been used in studies of multicellular tumor spheroids [35, 36]. Drasdo et al. [37] built upon the models from the Meyer-Hermann group to model three-dimensional (3D) tumor growth. An additional example of off-lattice modeling is provided by Dillon et al. [38] in their model of cell growth and division. Pathmanathan et al. [39] describe tissue models that utilize D/V grids, but not in a direct ABM syntax. Honda used D/V grids to represent the wing epidermis in butterflies [40]. The Chaste software library [41] supports models with D/V grids, but largely focuses on cardiac modeling. Virtual Cell [42] provides a framework for off-lattice representations and provides mathematical solvers but without an agent-based core.
D/V grids are most appropriate for modeling use cases where the spatial medium (or organization) is part of the experimental target, an aspect of the model to be studied, as opposed to an assumption programmed by the developer. Similar modeling objectives are sought by network-based models where the organization and interactions of model components arise as a consequence of the model. It is in this manner that we aim to differentiate our framework from existing approaches.
Framework and Methods
The framework is implemented in MASON [43] with heavy use of the Visualization Toolkit (VTK) [44]; it is available at simtk.org [45]. MASON is a powerful Java-based simulation framework, and notable advantages of MASON include speed, a distinct separation of display objects from the core simulation, and the built-in ability to checkpoint simulations [46]. VTK is an advanced system for image processing and 3D graphics. As an open source toolkit, VTK has been incorporated into many systems, has a rich set of algorithms, and has been extensively used for medical imaging. While it is written in C++, wrappers exist that make it accessible to other programming languages. VTK supports Delaunay triangulations, both in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D space, but it does not have built in mechanisms to compute Voronoi tessellations. With MASON, we utilize (Java) VTK and build upon its capabilities to allow for Voronoi tessellations. MASON and VTK allow for the 2- and 3D display of data.
2-Dimensional V-cells
Development of the framework progressed incrementally: 1) A set of randomly placed 2D points was implemented as MASON agents; 2) We triangulated the points with VTK and displayed the results, in part for face verification; 3) We added movement and time. Agents were allowed to randomly move about, and the triangulation was recalculated at each time step. From an agent’s perspective, methods were developed to obtain neighboring agents; 4) The framework calculated the extent of a given V-cell, starting by utilizing VTK’s circumcircle method on each triangle. The structure of the system was represented similarly to that of the table in Bowyer [32]. Calculating the table was an involved process, as VTK does not have the built-in capability to calculate Voronoi tessellations. Where possible, we utilized VTK’s built-in methods to perform mathematical calculations; 5) Along the way, we added the capability to load a simulation from an input file. The input file contains the continuous coordinates of V-cell center points, as well as the V-cell type and information, enabling different V-cell types to respond differently to external stimuli. Together with this input, a user can now create and simulate various behaviors. Figure 2 and the algorithm in Additional file 1 further detail this process.
V-cell Calculation Process. The figure above shows the process by which we calculated the extents of V-cell agents in 2D. A set of points are shown in panel (a), and a triangulation of those points are shown in panel (b). For each of the 8 triangles in (b), a circumcircle and its center point, shown as a hollow point, is drawn, and shown in panel (c). Panel (d) shows the connected center points and the corresponding 2 V-cells
Adding 3D space was more complex. Generating a virtual table as we did for 2D space presented many computational issues, and we instead relied on computational geometry techniques. VTK has the ability to triangulate a set of 3D points, but, again, it cannot calculate a Voronoi tessellation. Triangulating a set of 3D points generates a set of tetrahedra, each corresponding to a single V-cell. To calculate the faces of a given V-cell, we first determine the two tetrahedra that share the center point with that V-cell, as well as the shared faces. For each of these two adjacent tetrahedra, we use the VTK algorithm to calculate the circumspheres. Combined with the circumsphere of the given V-cell, we can generate a triangle. Repeated applications of this approach generate a set of triangles that make up the surface of a given V-cell face. One could think of these surfaces as cell-environment interfaces. The algorithm featured in Additional file 2 further details this process. Figure 3 shows sample 3D V-cells and Fig. 4 shows sample 3D V-cells with the underlying triangulation visible.
Three-dimensional V-cells. This figure shows three V-cells (for simplicity) in a 3D space. Here, V-cells are displayed with incomplete faces to facilitate viewing. Shared faces can be seen between the V-cells. Different V-cell colors represent different V-cell types. We show the same three V-cells from different perspectives for clarity, panels (a) and (b)
Three-dimensional V-cells with Triangulation. The cells from Figure 2 are shown in a different view with their underlying triangulation, which can be inferred as media. The media must completely encompass all V-cells to create the encapsulated system, and the full extents of the media are not shown
Improving explanatory insight into the generation of biological phenomena, for example those observed during wound healing and morphogenesis, is critical to advancing biomedical science. Cell-centered models can represent the behavior of systems of individual interacting cells and tissue functional units to study their collective behaviors. While tracking the behavior of an individual cell during a wet-lab experiment can at best be challenging, system-level measurements are routine. We engineered the framework to facilitate study of biological cells and have demonstrated use by modeling basic cell behavior, from a cell’s perspective, utilizing 2D and 3D D/V grids as a basis for V-cells.
V-cell representation
The framework can support an arbitrary number of V-cell agent types, representing many entities. Each V-cell type is recognized by specific behaviors in the method and operates from a V-cell-based perspective. V-cells agents rely on their surrounding neighborhoods to make decisions. Partly because V-cell agents are not on a grid, decisions are more isolatable from the surrounding environment. The use of a D/V grid means that agents have no regular neighborhood shape. Instead, local computations are made for an individual V-cell. Neighbors are considered as V-cells that are a single hop away from the observing V-cell, meaning other V-cell centers to which the V-cell center point is directly connected (there exists a edge between the V-cells). Since V-cell center points make up the nodes for the triangulation, neighbors can be identified (calculated) from the triangulation. When a V-cell agent moves, its center point moves and the triangulation must be recalculated. The resulting V-cells are calculated and change location and shape automatically depending on the agent’s rules and agenda; many V-cells are impacted when a single V-cell moves. Similarly, when a given V-cell grows or shrinks, surrounding V-cells may be pushed or pulled.
Use case: biological cells
The biological referents for demonstrations are simple cell culture cysts having an inner layer of luminal epithelial cells enclosing a lumen and an outer layer of myoepithelial cells. Discussion of these cell types and structures is beyond the scope of this paper and can be found elsewhere [47, 48]. Figure 5 is an illustration of an idealized 2D cyst showing the basic layout for 2D V-cells, and Additional file 3 provides a video of cysts which shows movement and rotation [49]. Demonstrations employ three components. A lmn agent maps to a cyst lumen. Lec and mec agents map to luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells, respectively.
Two-dimensional V-cells. Three types of V-cells are shown in a 2D space. A single blue lumen cell is surrounded by lec (red) and mec (green) cells. Again, the underlying triangulation is shown. While the cells shown here occupy a somewhat regular shape, this does not need to be the case
Agent behaviors are governed by axioms developed by domain experts. We have implemented mechanisms to mimic movement, growth, division, and death in 2D and 3D space. Lec and mec can move randomly or in a general direction, based on the underlying Cartesian space. For growth, the agent increases its area or volume, while pushing out neighboring agents. In division, the agent creates a copy of itself. The copy, or daughter agent, inherits traits from its parent. Additionally, agents can be removed from the system. Removal can map to a cell disintegration following death. When an agent is removed, surrounding agents can compete to fill the void. V-cell absorption is also demonstrated; specifically, a mec cell is shown to be absorbed by a cyst. We have implemented an additional behavior in 2D: V-cell rotation, in which a set of agents rotates around another agent. We demonstrate lec agents rotating around a lmn agent in Additional file 4. It is important to note that we have not attempted to implement a fully falsifiable hypothesis for an actual referent. Rather, we have developed a framework whereby the individual agents make decisions rather than utilizing observer requirements, and we have specified several examples through the form of basic use cases. We do not, at this stage, believe it necessary to have a fully falsifiable referent to demonstrate how this method could be used to glean new explanatory insights from an agent’s perspective.
Additional files 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are illustrative videos depicting the aforementioned behaviors. Additional file 4 demonstrates 2D agent rotation. Additional file 5 shows 2D agent movement, division, and death, while Additional file 6 demonstrates 2D agent growth. Additional file 7 shows 2D absorption. We visualize 3D agent movement, division, and death in Additional file 8; we show 3D agent growth in Additional file 9. Additional file 10 shows absorption in 3D. Finally, Additional file 11 shows the underlying tetrahedral mesh similar to what is used in Additional file 10. The speed of each video is decreased for clarity.
We provide a new framework for use within the realm of cell- or entity-centered modeling. Although we demonstrate only a few basic cell behaviors, the framework is designed to be extensible to accommodate a variety of use cases. Examples include aspects of morphogenesis and tissue repair in vitro and in vivo. Objects that map to particular mobile molecules, including one or more drugs, can be added. Doing so is expected to facilitate using simulations to explore competing explanations of disease progression in the presence and absence of a therapeutic intervention.
Networks naturally lend themselves to study via D/V grids. Nodes can map to V-cell centers, with the range of “awareness” or capacity denoted by the size of the V-cell. Agents at nodes can communicate with other agents at other nodes based on the number of nodes between them. In this manner, irregular grid structures can be used to model, for example, neuronal tissue, where mobile objects representing transmitters can traverse the graph.
The framework’s design enables study of interfacial regions between neighboring entities. In the demonstrations, an interface between agents need not have a specific biological counterpart. Rather, it can be mapped to cell-cell and/or cell-environment interfaces. Dynamic interfaces between agents during simulations are necessarily precise. The mapping to biology, however, should include appropriate uncertainties.
We demonstrate and make available a new framework that expands upon traditional cell- and agent-centered methods. Our framework provides opportunities for several use cases. The methods can be applied across domains as a framework. V-cells can be used to represent any entity, at various granularities. We foresee these methods facilitating new ways to think about and better explain biological phenomena.
Availability and Requirements
Our framework is available as source code, and we also include the VTK Java bindings and MASON Java archive (JAR) files in the download. Installation instructions on Ubuntu are included as documentation within the download.
Project Name: DVFramework
Project home page: https://simtk.org/home/dvframework
Operating system: Platform independent
Development Environment: Java 1.6
Other requirements: MASON 15, VTK 5.8
License: GNU General Public License v3
Any restrictions to use by non-academics: none
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We thank Brenden Petersen and Scott Christley for their helpful discussion and commentary.
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Ryan C Kennedy & C Anthony Hunt
Tempus Dictum, Inc., Milwaukie, OR, USA
Glen EP Ropella
Ryan C Kennedy
C Anthony Hunt
Correspondence to C Anthony Hunt.
All authors contributed to the design of the framework. RCK designed and implemented the code, generated the figures, and drafted the manuscript. GEPR helped direct the research, implement the code, and draft the manuscript. CAH directed the research, helped generate the figures, and helped draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
2D V-cell Algorithm. Algorithm 1 provides pseudocode for the process by which we calculated V-cell extents in 2D. (PDF 17 kb)
Alveolar-like cyst morphogenesis. This video shows alveolar-like cysts which rotate and move about in Matrigel. In particular, a cyst can be seen rotating in the lower left quadrant beginning about 27 seconds in, and continuing to rotate for about 8 seconds. Moving cysts are abundant throughout the video. (MOV 4779 kb)
2D Cell Rotation. This video simulates rotation of lec about the lmn. Lumen and mec cells do not move, but are impacted by the moving lec. (MOV 5535 kb)
2D Cell Movement, Division, and Death. In this video, we start with multiple V-cells that move about randomly. The triangulation is calculated at each time step and, notably, flipping of edges in the triangulation does not impact V-cells. After 10 seconds, a new lmn V-cell is added. After an additional 9 seconds, the new lmn V-cell is removed. (MOV 4997 kb)
2D Cell Growth. This video highlights the growth of a lmn cell and its effect on surrounding cells. After 8 seconds, the lmn V-cell begins to grow. (MOV 3021 kb)
2D Cell Absorption. A cluster of V-cells is shown randomly moving in the center of the video. A mec V-cell is shown moving from the lower left quadrant toward the cluster of V-cells, and it is eventually absorbed by the mec in the cluster. The mec V-cell changes shape as it traverses through the media toward the cluster of V-cells. (MOV 8466 kb)
3D Cell Movement, Division, and Death. Similar to Additional file 4, we start with multiple V-cells that randomly move. After 7 seconds, we add a new lec V-cell. After an additional 7 seconds of random movement, we remove the lec V-cell. (MOV 3821 kb)
3D Cell Growth. This video highlights the growth of a lec cell and its effect on surrounding V-cells. 2 seconds into the video, we add the new V-cell and it continues to grow throughout the remainder of the video. The new V-cell’s impact is seen on its neighbors. (MOV 2470 kb)
Additional file 10:
3D Cell Absorption. A set of 3 V-cells are shown in the upper right quadrant in this video, while a single mec V-cell is shown in the lower left quadrant. As the video progresses, the single mec moves toward and is eventually absorbed by the other mec V-cell in the cluster. The shape of the moving mec changes as it moves through the media. (MOV 19651 kb)
3D Tetrahedral Mesh. An example tetrahedral mesh, which makes up the media, is shown for 3D V-cells. Close inspection will reveal the same basic initial state as that from Additional file 10, albeit from a different angle. V-cell extents are calculated based upon this mesh. (PNG 975 kb)
Kennedy, R.C., Ropella, G.E. & Hunt, C.A. A cell-centered, agent-based framework that enables flexible environment granularities. Theor Biol Med Model 13, 4 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12976-016-0030-9
Cell behavior
Off-Lattice
Mechanistic explanations
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Toward precision medicine of breast cancer
Nicolas Carels1,
Lizânia Borges Spinassé1,
Tatiana Martins Tilli1 &
Jack Adam Tuszynski2,3
In this review, we report on breast cancer’s molecular features and on how high throughput technologies are helping in understanding the dynamics of tumorigenesis and cancer progression with the aim of developing precision medicine methods. We first address the current state of the art in breast cancer therapies and challenges in order to progress towards its cure. Then, we show how the interaction of high-throughput technologies with in silico modeling has led to set up useful inferences for promising strategies of target-specific therapies with low secondary effect incidence for patients. Finally, we discuss the challenge of pharmacogenetics in the clinical practice of cancer therapy. All these issues are explored within the context of precision medicine.
Breast cancer (BC) is a global disease; it is the most common cancer in women (accounting for 25 % of all cancers), with nearly 281,840 estimated new cases, and 40,290 estimated deaths in 2015 in the US population (http://seer.cancer.gov), which account for ~320 million people. BC is also becoming an increasingly urgent problem in low- and middle-income countries, such as Brazil where government estimates BC as the major malignant neoplasia in women and the main cause of death from cancer in the country. This fact has been associated with increased life expectancy, urbanization, and high-risk cancer-causing behaviors such as tobacco smoking [1].
The shortcomings of one-size-fits-all approach (an approach that is standard and not tailored to individual needs) to treatments are well reflected in the disappointing outcome of current chemotherapies, where drug agents directed at an individual target often show limited efficacy and safety due to factors such as off-target side effects, bypass mechanisms and cross-talk across compensatory escape pathways [2] due to genome destabilization and signaling rewiring. Because, malignant rewiring is induced by apparently random genomic perturbation, therapy improvement has to go through precision medicine (PM).
By contrast to stratified medicine (SM), which consists in indicating a drug for a population according to a specific molecular alteration, PM aims to indicate a treatment individually [3]. Thus, PM is a medical model that proposes the customization of healthcare, with medical decisions, practices, and/or products being tailored to the individual patient. In this model, diagnostic testing is often employed for selecting appropriate and optimal therapies based on the context of a patient’s genetic profile or other molecular or cellular analysis [4, 5]. At the moment SM is the dominant model; it is divided into two different types of molecular screening programs: basket trials and umbrella trials. The basket trials test the effect of a single drug on a molecular alteration in a variety of cancers while the umbrella trials assess the effect of different drugs in different molecular alterations either in one or several tumours [3].
Despite still disappointing results partly due to incorrect or imprecise prevailing views and technology limitations, PM remains an indispensable route to decrease the toxicity of cancer treatment and to increase its benefit to patients. A mutation-oriented approach is not expected to solve cancer therapy because if genome destabilization is effectively due to these mutations, cellular dysregulation results to a greater degree from genome destabilization than from such mutations. Recent progresses in high throughput generation of genome, transcriptome, proteome, and interactome data as well as in silico data mining offer the possibility of unprecedented high precision diagnosis at prices that become affordable. The integration of sciences through informatics and mathematical modeling constitutes a new opportunity to improve cancer therapies through PM. Thus, it is the aim of this report to review the traditional approach that is given to BC treatment and the benefit that breakthrough technologies, modeling and data manipulations may provide to traditional limitations in the prospective of PM applied to BC.
Incidence of breast cancer and prevention
Cancer incidence varies among countries mainly according to lifestyle, which explains as much as 75-85 % of cancer etiology, with the most significant parameters being: physical inactivity, obesity, extensive working hours, intensive exposure to carcinogens, hormonal contraceptive use, postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, nulliparity, late age at first birth, and enhanced alcohol consumption [6]. Lifestyle’s influence on cancer likelihood has been demonstrated by statistics from people migrating from their native country to an adopted country starting to mimic the risk profile and cancer incidence of their adopted country (especially USA). For instance, populations consuming high levels of plant derived foods have low incidence rates of various cancers particularly in Southern European (Mediterranean countries) compared to Northern European countries. Similarly, populations in South East Asian countries have a much lower risk of developing numerous cancers compared to their more industrialized, Western counterparts [7]. Countries with lower cancer incidence were associated with a nutrition mostly based on vegetables, fruits and fishes rather than on red meat and animal fats. The compounds that have been most cited as being cancer protective include those that belong to phenolics comprised of at least 8,000 chemical species throughout the plant kingdom with their main representative belonging to shikimic acid, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways [8–10]. The main action of these compounds is to prevent cancer development by promoting anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as inducing cell cycle arrest, cell survival and apoptosis or programmed cell death [7]. Because of the pleiotropic effect of plant compounds, the exact contribution of a diet based on plant products to cancer prevention is difficult to unwrap [11]. Examples of plant compounds used in cancer therapy are: curcumin, genistein, resveratrol and catechins.
Mammary gland complexity and cell type diagnosis
The mammary gland is a complex organ constituted by two tissue compartments, i.e. epithelium and stroma, which undergoes cycles of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in response to local and endocrine signals. It is the highly dynamic epithelium that undergoes major functional differentiation upon pregnancy to produce milk in response to local and endocrine signals. The epithelium of the mammary gland is made of luminal and basal/myoepithelial cells. Luminal cells line the ductal lumen and secrete milk upon terminal differentiation into lobulo-alveolar cells while basal/myoepithelial cells are lodged just below luminal cells and ensure ductal contractility to release milk [12]. Breast duct are also infiltrated with stem cells (SC) tightly regulated to produce all cellular elements that make up breast ducts and, therefore, play a critical role in normal gland development and cycling. SCs normally undergo asymmetric division to generate a copy of the original cell and a progenitor one that will suffer differentiation [13].
Stroma is a connective tissue whose main constituents, from a BC prospective, are adipocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells; it is the mammary fat pad that supports the extensive system of ducts and alveoli. The functional mammary gland results from a succession of distinct stages under steroid and peptide hormonal control: (i) cyclical production of ovarian estrogen and progesterone accelerates ductal growth and branching during puberty, (ii) prolactin and placental lactogens control the proliferation and maturation of the alveolar compartment during pregnancy, and (iii) systemic concentration of prolactin and growth hormone decline with the increased pressure resulting from cessation of milk removal as well as loss of suckling stimuli [14].
Following mammogram diagnosis, BC is usually classified primarily by its histological appearance (Table 1). Most BCs are derived from the epithelium compartment and are considered malignant according to their differentiation grade, which can be differentiated (low grade), moderately differentiated (intermediate grade), and poorly differentiated (high grade) as the cells progressively lose the features seen in normal breast cells. Poorly differentiated cancers have the worse prognosis. BC cells have receptors on their surface, in their cytoplasm and nucleus that can be used for molecular classification by histopathology and simple immunohistochemical procedures. Three primarily investigated receptors are the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, also known as ERBB2) because their status informs the physician in regard to how to proceed with specific therapies. When cancer cells express estrogen receptors, they depend on estrogen for their growth, so they can be treated with antagonist drugs (e.g. tamoxifen) to block estrogen effects on ER signaling cascade, and generally have a better prognosis. The majority of cells co-express ER and PR, which means that cells expressing one or both receptors are hormone receptor-positive (HR+) cells [15]. HER2+ cancer cells respond to biological agents such as the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab used in combination with conventional chemotherapy [16]. Cells that do not express these three receptor types are called triple-negative (TN); the lack of addressable molecular targets in these tumors is challenging and no FDA approved TN-specific treatments are currently available. Although they frequently express receptors for other hormones, such as androgen and prolactin, cells with a luminal phenotype are rarely observed in basal-like BCs [17]. TN patients have the worst prognosis [18] (as shown in Fig. 1). A number of studies have demonstrated that TN can be subclassified into six subtypes [19]. Notably, the three main markers above have been shown to have a high negative predictive value, but a limited positive predictive value. Hence, the development of molecular tools with better predictive power for patient outcome and response to treatment has long been a subject of great interest in translational research.
Table 1 State of hormonal receptors in several cell lines used as molecular markers for breast cancer diagnosis
Kaplan-Meier graph illustrating the relative patient 5-years survival by tumor type according to time after treatment (modified from [17])
Solid tumors represent a heterogeneous environment regarding access to oxygen and nutrients; thus their growth depends on the physical location of their malignant cells relative to these factors under the prevailing conditions. As a model of solid tumors, floating sphere-forming assays (mammosphere) are broadly used to test SC activity in tissues, tumors and cell lines. Spheroids originate from a small population of cells with SC features, which are able to grow in a suspension culture and behaving tumorigenically in mice [20]. Because the classification of malignant cells is a key parameter for a successful development of a therapy, considerable efforts are being invested in molecular characterization of malignant cells. In particular, breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) generated substantial interest because they are thought to play the role of a common ancestor for most tumor cells. In that regard, markers for BCSC would allow the routine blood diagnosis diminishing the necessity for invasive biopsies [21]. Actually, none of the known markers are specific for BCSC, and only new cell surface marker combinations may improve the reliability, identification, and enrichment of BCSCs [22]. Clusters of differentiation (CD) are antigens expressed on cell surface that are used to diagnose cellular populations according to their type and function using specific antibodies. Today, more than 360 different CDs have been identified. The surface cell markers epithelium cancer adhesive molecule (Ep-CAM) and CD49f (α-6 integrin) were investigated in that context. It was found that the combination Ep-CAMhigh/CD49fneg cells represent the differentiated luminal cells, while the combination Ep-CAM-/low/CD49f+ phenotype characterize mainly the basal fraction of the human epithelial cells [23]. However, it has also been shown that the majority of BC cells have a luminal Ep-CAMhigh/CD49f+ phenotype, and the identification of CD44high/CD24low status significantly improves flow cytometry diagnosis of BC forming SCs [24]. Thus BCSC classification allowed to show that epithelial population of basal A progenitor cells (Ep-CAM-/low/CD49f+), luminal B progenitor cells (Ep-CAMhigh/CD49f+), and luminal differentiated C cells (Ep-CAMhigh/CD49f−) differ in their ability to form mammospheres and colonies in such a way that A > B while C does not possess these abilities [22, 24]. At the moment, the very low blood concentration of SC is a hurdle for liquid biopsy, but a new development in nanotechnology suggests that mechanical and optoplasmonic transduction will soon allow the detection of cancer biomarkers in serum at ultra-low concentrations such as ~10−16 g/ml [25].
Carcinogenesis process and consequences for patients
The process of carcinogenesis can be broadly categorized into three distinct tumor phases: initiation, promotion and progression, i.e., metaplasia, dysplasia and anaplasia, respectively. Tumor initiation includes the transformative process by which a cell de-differentiates itself or changes from one phenotype to another to enter into hyper-proliferative and inflammatory processes. The prevailing model for cancer development is that mutations in genes for tumor suppressors and oncogenes lead to cancer. In mammals, DNA mutation cannot be avoided since their somatic cells are known to use the microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) to repair double-strand breaks in DNA and this mechanism is known as an error-prone repair pathway. In MMEJ, a homology of 5–25 complementary base pairs is sufficient to align both paired strands, but mismatched ends (flaps) are usually present. MMEJ removes the extra nucleotides (flaps) where strands are joined and then ligates the strands to create an intact DNA double helix. MMEJ almost always involves at least a small deletion compared to the original sequence [26]. By extension of the causative effect of mutations in suppressor or oncogenes on tumor induction, it has also been proposed that mutations in master genes (controlling cell division) cause chromosome replication defects with changes in gene expression in such a way that affected cells produce too little or too much of a specific protein. If chromosomal aberrations affect the amount of one or more proteins controlling the cell cycle such as growth factors or tumor suppressors, it may result in tumor development. Excessive methylation of genes involved in cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis may also lead to cancers since DNA methylation affects gene expression. Thus, different mechanisms affecting the genes involved in normal regulation of a cell or of their surrounding DNA may contribute to tumor induction or development. Cancer is essentially a disease of the regulation system of a cell that directs it to uncontrolled division and growth. The evolution of a cell toward cancer is a cumulative process that occurs on a phenotypic spectrum of increasingly disordered premalignant stages. The classic mathematical model of cell progression through tumoral stages developed by Armitage and Doll suggested that 5–8 rate-limiting events are required to generate such patterns [27].
Solid tumors whether in vitro or in vivo, are not undifferentiated masses of cells. They include necrotic regions composed of cells in quiescent state (either slowly growing or not growing at all), and regions where cells proliferate quickly. Cell’s decision to become quiescent or proliferating is thought to depend on both nutrient and oxygen availability as well as on the presence of tumor necrosis factors produced by necrotic cells that somehow inhibit further tumor growth. Mathematical models were proposed for the growth of spheroids in vitro [28–30] as well as of tumors in vivo [31].
Tumor progression involves the stroma contribution to the initiation of angiogenesis, which is the vascularization process required to sustain the energetically inefficient tumor growth under hypoxic conditions. More exactly, angiogenesis involves the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (EC) in pre-existing vessels, while vasculogenesis involves the mobilization of bone-marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) into the bloodstream. In its broad sense, angiogenesis refers to the sum of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Once EPCs home in the tumor site, they may subsequently differentiate into ECs and contribute to the genesis of vascular structures. As far as the vascularization process is able to keep pace with demands of a growing tumor, the tumor growth rate may remain unaffected [32].
Some cancer cells acquire the ability to penetrate the walls of lymphatic and/or blood vessels, and circulate through the bloodstream to other sites and tissues in the body. At some point, they re-penetrate the vessels or walls and continue to multiply if their new hosting location is compatible with their natural environment and eventually form another clinically detectable secondary or metastatic tumor. Metastasis requires specific adhesive properties necessary for malignant cell dispersion [33]. Ultimately, incurable cancer leads to cachexia (a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder associated with a catastrophic and irreversible weight loss). The biophysical modeling of cachexia suggests that this disease state is due to a negative energy balance induced by anaerobic metabolism and excessive tumor mass at the cost of increased muscle wasting. In multiple metastatic cancers, the tumor cost could exceed patient needs to stabilize energy balance through nutrition support and bring him/her to exhaustion and accelerated demise [34].
Consequence of tumor heterogeneity on cancer evolution and drug resistance
Whole-cancer genomes carry thousands to tens of thousands of somatic mutations, the vast majority of which probably have no biological relevance [35]. Cancer evolves dynamically as clonal expansions supersede one another driven by shifting selective pressures, mutational processes, and disrupted cancer genes. The compilation of mutational signatures from model systems exposed to known mutagens or perturbations of the DNA maintenance machinery allowed the setting up of an extensive catalogue of mutations in 30 of the most common cancer types. The procedure uncovered more than 20 signatures of processes that mutate DNA, most of them due to the AID/APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases responsible for C > T transitions on CpG dinucleotides [36]. CpG dinucleotides are hot spots of cytosine methylation whose demethylation may promote transition to thymine due to errors in the process. This process promotes the erosion of the genomic GC level; an opposite process named kataegis ensures an increase of the GC level by preferential incorporation of cytosine in an AT-rich context [37].
As different patterns of genomic instability have distinct genomic footprints, it is possible to interrogate sequencing and copy-number data to examine how genomic instability shapes tumor growth and evolution. Chromosome gain or loss is more likely to have functional consequences than point mutations, most of which are neutral [38]. The gains and losses of whole chromosomes or chromosome arms are well-recognized features of BC cells probably caused by mis-segregation of chromosomes during cell division [39]. The onset of large-scale chromosomal gains only starts after at least 15–20 % point mutations accumulate, but thereafter continues steadily in many tumors. However, aneuploid rearrangements occur early in tumor evolution and remain rather stable as the tumor masses clonally expand. In contrast, point mutations evolve gradually, generating extensive clonal diversity [40]. Ultimately, genome doubling can be also observed after, rather than before, the onset of chromosomal instability at later stages in disease progression [41]. Plants and animals that exhibit the process of genome doubling are generally endowed with a metabolic benefit known as hybrid vigor [42], which may in part explain the metabolic success of malignant cells.
In case of clonal sweep whereby a new clone takes over and entirely replaces the ancestral population, one observes a homogeneous cell population succeeding the previous one; this situation is an example of linear evolution. By contrast, if a new clone fails to outcompete its predecessor(s), a degree of heterogeneity will be observed [43], which has motivated pathologists to routinely examine multiple sections of a tumor to classify it by its highest locally observed grade [44]. When branched tumor evolution occurs, it results in extensive subclonal diversity [45]. It seems that in real conditions, one observes a mix of both processes since every tumor has a dominant subclonal lineage, representing more than 50 % of tumor cells (Fig. 2). Actually, there is approximately a 90 % likelihood of detecting a fully clonal mutation, a 60 % chance of detecting a mutation found in 50 % of tumor cells, and a 5 % chance of detecting a mutation in 25 % of tumor cells. Subclonal diversification is prominent, and most mutations are found in just a fraction of tumor cells. Minimal expansion of these subclones occurs until many hundreds to thousands of mutations have accumulated, implying the existence of long-lived, quiescent cell lineages capable of substantial proliferation upon acquisition of enabling genomic changes [41].
Model of tumor heterogeneity evolution over time (modified from [39])
A key landmark in tumor evolution is that the most-recent common ancestor cell lineage has the full complement of somatic mutations found in all derived tumor cells. All extant cancer cells in the analyzed sample can trace a genealogy back to the initial egg cell that started the process of uncontrolled division. The most-recent common ancestor appears early in the carcinogenesis process with the consequence that much of the carcinogenesis process is devoted to subclonal diversification. One may conclude from this situation that the dominant subclone is separated from the most-recent common ancestor by many hundreds to thousands of point mutations, and that there is minimal evidence of significant clonal expansion before the accumulation of all mutations in the dominant subclone [41].
A corollary of the branched evolution of tumoral cell lineages is the high likelihood of drug resistance occurring in one of them, which indicates the need for longitudinal tumor sampling over the course of the disease and throughout treatment because the subclone that influences a disease outcome may not be detectable in a single biopsy [38]. In fact, subclones can behave in functionally distinct ways after exposure to chemotherapy and dormant resting cells surviving cytotoxic exposure can be positively selected by the treatment promoting future relapse when the patient is supposed to be disease free [46].
Increasing evidences in a variety of tumor types suggests that cells with properties of SCs are more resistant to various commonly used chemotherapeutic treatments [47]. Their persistence helps to explain the cancer recurrence following apparently successful treatment. BCSCs seem to be able to exhibit certain forms of dormancy enabling latent cancer cells to persist for years or even decades after treatment and suddenly to emerge again. Malignant cell response to therapy has been modeled by Demidenko [48] and drug resistance resulting from tumor heterogeneity can be rationalized in agreement with what is known from microbial evolution. According to the classic view of ‘survival of the fittest’, tumor cells will acquire mutations, and selection pressures will facilitate the outgrowth of some clones, but not others. Mutations provide a source of variability whose selection is applied through environmental constraints in such a way that a population explores the landscape of possible adaptation to the environmental challenges by ‘trial and error’ through its individual representatives [49]. On rare occasions, mutations provide a fitness advantage to fuel adaptive evolution and the increased mutation rate comes at the cost of increased mutational load in the genome. If beneficial mutations under strong selection occur rarely, one expects selective sweeps to drive these mutations to fixation with low resulting diversity according a linear evolution pattern. However, if these mutations occur frequently, they coexist within a population and promote its diversity according to a branched evolution pattern. By contrast, weak selection can drive diversity through the accumulation of small-effect deleterious mutations, with detrimental overall population fitness effects unless sufficient gain of a few beneficial mutations counterbalances the global figure. Exposure to drugs creates a bottleneck favoring the few clones that may randomly possess a mutation that confers resistance to the selective drug. Thus, drug treatments are expected to reduce population heterogeneity [44].
All these concepts together reinforce the notion that cancer treatment should be considered as a shift away from the one-size-fits-all approach, toward one in which healthcare is based on the intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity.
Hallmarks of cancer
The concept of a cancer hallmark tends to rationalize the complexity of neoplastic diseases in properties common to all cancer forms and that govern the transformation of normal into malignant cells. Hallmarks are acquired functional capabilities that allow cancer cells to survive, proliferate, and disseminate; these functions are acquired in different tumor types via distinct mechanisms and at various times during the course of multistep tumorigenesis. According to Hanahan and Weinberg [50], cancer hallmarks include:
Sustaining proliferative signaling allowing malignant cells to stimulate their own growth. Normal cells require external growth signals (growth factors) to grow and divide. Growth factors bind cell-surface receptors, typically containing intracellular tyrosine kinase domains. The latter proceed to emit molecular signals via branched intracellular signaling pathways that regulate progression through the cell cycle as well as cell growth. By contrast, cancer cells can generate their own growth signals. Over-expressed growth factor receptors or mutated signaling protein may continuously stimulate division without the need of any growth factors in an autocrine proliferative stimulation. The numerous signaling molecules affecting cancer cells operate as nodes in interaction networks forming integrated circuits that are reprogrammed derivatives of the circuits operating in normal cells. Defects in negative feedback loops that normally operate to dampen various types of signaling to ensure homeostatic regulation of intracellular circuitry are capable of enhancing proliferative signaling [51]. Defects in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway may also promote cell proliferation [52];
Growth suppressors, i.e., resistance to paracrine inhibitory signals from their surrounding environment in the extracellular matrix and on the surfaces of neighboring cells that might otherwise stop their growth [53, 54]. These inhibitors act on the cell cycle clock, by interrupting cell division in the interphase. Ultimately, signals of growth inhibition are funneled through the retinoblastoma protein (pRB), which prevents the inappropriate transition from G1 (where cells synthesize mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent mitosis) to S (the cellular phase of DNA replication) [55]. If a pRB is damaged through mutation, its homing cell can start to divide uncontrollably [56];
Evading cell death, i.e., resistance to programmed cell death (apoptosis). The apoptotic machinery can be divided into sensors (IGF-1R and IL-3), which monitor the cell for abnormal behavior, and effectors (receptors of FAS and TNF-α ligands), which cause apoptosis through caspase proteases. Cell is progressively disassembled and contracts into an almost-invisible corpse that is soon consumed, both by its neighbors and by specialized phagocytic cells, upon apoptosis induction. The p53 tumor suppressor protein elicits apoptosis in response to DNA damage, and is a major protector of genome integrity. Tumors may escape apoptosis either by p53 inactivation or by increasing expression of anti-apoptotic regulators (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) or of survival signals (Igf1/2), by down-regulating pro-apoptotic factors (Bax, Bim, Puma), or by short-circuiting the extrinsic ligand-induced death pathway. Alternatively, excessive signaling by oncoproteins such as RAS, MYC, and RAF can counteract the induction of senescence and/or apoptosis by cells [57];
Enabling replicative immortality. Normal mammalian cells have an intrinsic program, the Hayflick limit, that limits their multiplication to about 60–70 doublings that can be overcome in cancer cell by pRB and p53 tumor suppressor disabling and lead to immortalization. The clock that counts cell doubling is telomere sequences at chromosome tips by losing DNA at each cell cycle [58]. In many malignant cells, telomerase is up-regulated and telomeres are longer that in normal cells and seemingly involved in unlimited proliferation [59, 60]. However, in the human breast [61], the premalignant lesions do not express significant levels of telomerase and are marked by telomere shortening and non-clonal chromosomal aberrations suggesting that the initial involvement of p53 is disabled. Thus, the delayed telomerase activation stabilizes mutant genomes and confers the unlimited replicative capacity that cancer cells need in order to clonally expand;
Inducing angiogenesis, i.e., stimulating the growth of blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to tumors. The blood vessels produced within tumors by chronically activated angiogenesis are typically aberrant with tumor neovasculature marked by precocious capillary sprouting, convoluted and excessive vessel branching, distorted and enlarged vessels, erratic blood flow, micro-hemorrhaging, leakiness, as well as abnormal levels of endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis [62]. Angiogenesis is induced by the binding of regulators, such as endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), to receptors displayed by vascular endothelial cells. The regulation of these factors can be modulated both by hypoxia and oncogene signaling [63].
Activating invasion of local tissue and metastasis or malignant cell spread to distant sites. A set of pleiotropic transcriptional factors (including Snail, Slug, Twist, and Zeb1/2) that orchestrate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (a means by which transformed epithelial cells can acquire the abilities to invade, to resist apoptosis, and to disseminate) and related migratory processes are expressed in various combinations in a number of malignant tumor types. They have been shown to be involved in programmed invasion [64, 65]. Cancer cells at the invasive margins of certain tumors may undergo EMT suggesting that these cancer cells are subject to micro-environmental stimuli distinct from those received by malignant cells within the tumor body [66]. The multi-step process of invasion and metastasis is presented as a succession of cellular biological changes beginning with: (i) the local invasion of surrounding stroma; (ii) the malignant cell intravasation into nearby blood and lymphatic vessels, transit of cancer cells through lymphatic and hematogenous systems; (iii) the escape of malignant cells from their lumina into parenchyma of distant tissues (extravasation); (iv) the formation of micro-metastases; and (v) the growth of micro-metastatic lesions into macroscopic tumors [67]. Concerning secondary site colonization by metastatic cells, it is worthwhile that micro-metastases that have successfully disseminated may never progress to macroscopic metastatic tumors [67, 68]. Matrix-degrading proteases are necessary to facilitate invasion into stroma, across blood vessel walls, and through normal epithelial cell layers. Metastatic cells must mimic normal cell–cell interactions, through cell–cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and integrins. E-cadherin, which is expressed on epithelial cells [69], transmits antigrowth signals and is therefore a widely acting suppressor of invasion and metastasis that needs to be overcome by cancer cells in order to progress. The role of contextual signals in inducing an invasive growth capability (often via an EMT) implies the possibility of reversibility since cancer cells that have disseminated from a primary tumor to a distant site may no longer benefit from the favorable context of the activated stroma available in the primary tumor. In the absence of these signals, malignant cells may revert to a non-invasive state. Thus, malignant cells that have undergone an EMT during initial invasion and metastatic dissemination may pass through the reverse process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) [49]. Each type of metastatic cell needs to develop its own set of ad hoc solutions to the problem of thriving in a new microenvironment [70]. These adaptations might require hundreds of distinct signaling programs;
Abnormal metabolic pathways. Most cancer cells use abnormal metabolic pathways to generate energy. A hypoxic tumor microenvironment resulting from inadequate blood supply is a common feature of solid tumors. Hypoxia is a major driving force of malignant progression. It inhibits apoptosis, induces angiogenesis and the anaerobic metabolic switch, activates the EMT program, and promotes invasiveness and metastatic dissemination [71]. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose to lactate. Under aerobic conditions, normal cells successively process glucose to pyruvate via glycolysis in the cytosol and to carbon dioxide in the mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation; under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis is favored and relatively little pyruvate is dispatched to the oxygen-consuming mitochondria. Tumors generally have a high uptake of glucose relative to normal tissues. Cancer cells compensate for the ~18-fold lower efficiency of ATP production released by glycolysis relative to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by up-regulating glucose transporters. Glycolytic fueling has been shown to be associated with activated oncogenes (e.g., RAS, MYC) and mutant tumor suppressors (e.g., p53) [72, 73]. The high demand for glucose together with lactate secretion, even in the presence of adequate oxygen, has been termed the Warburg effect [74]. Some tumors have been found to contain two subpopulations of cancer cells that differ in their pathways of energy supply with one subpopulation relying on the Warburg effect while the other subpopulation preferentially utilizes the lactate produced by their neighbors to generate energy through a part of the citric acid cycle [75, 76]. Glutamine may also be converted into lactate in cancer cells in vitro [77]. The tumor anaerobic metabolism of glucose and glutamine is a potential driver of muscle protein catabolism, as muscle is the major metabolic source of carbon for gluconeogenesis and glutamine biosynthesis. Thus, the inefficient energy tumor metabolism occurs at the cost of muscle loss and cachexia [34];
Evading the immune system, malignant cells appear to be invisible to immune system. Evidence suggests that the immune system operates as a significant barrier to tumor formation and progression. In genetically engineered mice that are immune-deficient, tumors arise more frequently and/or grow more rapidly than in the immune-competent controls [78, 79]. Highly immunogenic cancer cells seem to evade immune destruction by disabling challenging components of the immune system. For example, cancer cells may paralyze infiltrating CTLs and NK cells, by secreting TGF-β or other immune-suppressive factors [80, 81].
(ix)
Unstable DNA. As outlined above, cells accumulate mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, which worsen as the disease progresses. Genomic defects induced by malfunctioning genes of DNA-maintenance machinery confer inability to: (i) properly detect DNA damage and activate repair machinery, (ii) repair damaged DNA, (iii) inactivate or intercept mutagenic molecules before they have damaged the DNA [82], and (iv) maintain telomeric DNA [58]. From a genetic perspective, these DNA-maintenance machinery genes behave much like tumor suppressor ones. The lack of genomic integrity surveillance induced by p53 deactivation may allow the survival of initial telomere erosion by other incipient neoplasias and attendant chromosomal breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. The deletions and amplifications of chromosomal segments induced by this process evidently promote genome mutability as well as mutation in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [58].
Inflammation, the chronic tumor infiltration provides tumorigenic factors. Necrotic cells become bloated and explode, releasing their pro-inflammatory signals into the local tissue micro-environment in contrast to apoptotic cells that do not. As a consequence, necrotic cells can recruit inflammatory cells of the immune system [83, 84] attracted by associated necrotic debris. Incipient neoplasias as well as potentially invasive and metastatic tumors may gain an advantage by tolerating some degree of necrotic cell death in order to recruit tumor-promoting inflammatory cells that bring growth-stimulating factors to the surviving cells. Chemo-attractants recruit the pro-invasive inflammatory cells rather than producing the matrix-degrading enzymes themselves. It is the macrophages at the tumor periphery that supply matrix-degrading enzymes such as metallo-proteinases [85] and cysteine cathepsin proteases [86]. Therefore, they promote local tissue invasion by tumor cells. In addition, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) also supply epidermal growth factor (EGF) to BC cells, while the cancer cells reciprocally stimulate the macrophages in such a way that their concerted interactions facilitate malignant cells intravasation into the circulatory system and metastatic dissemination [87].
In addition to malignant cells, tumors benefit from their micro-environment manipulation, which complicates the hallmark system [88]. Normal cells, which form tumor-associated stroma are active participants in tumorigenesis rather than passive bystanders; as such, these stromal cells contribute to the development and expression of certain hallmark capabilities [89, 90]. Among stromal components that are active tumor helpers, one may note three major cell types: angiogenic vascular cells (which supply growth factors promoting multiple hallmark capabilities), infiltrating immune cells (which supply mitogenic signals to cancer cells and proteolytic enzymes that release bioactive mitogenic agents from the ECM), and cancer-associated fibroblastic cells (which secrete mitogenic epithelial growth factors). Paracrine and juxtacrine mitogenic signals supplied by stromal cell types may potentially be involved in different tumor types at virtually any stage of tumorigenesis and progression, ranging from the initiation of aberrant proliferation to the development of adaptive resistance to therapies targeting such driving oncogenic signals [88].
Molecular targets for breast cancer treatments
As outlined above, BC resembles a Darwinian evolutionary system, with branching trajectories emerging from mutations and epigenetic changes. Such a complexity suggests that the disease control needs multi-drug cocktails. A promising strategy is to target the key phenotype features of BC cells, such as hypoxia, excessive glycolysis, angiogenesis and dedifferentiation. All these together might be targeted to transpose the hurdle of intra-tumor heterogeneity. Thus far, more than 15 different classes of target proteins have already been identified in BC along with evidence supporting drug combinations for cancer control, which deserve to be briefly listed below and are more extensively reviewed by Zardavas et al. [91]. In the state-of-the-art of modern clinical treatment, most specific drugs target proteins that belong to the signaling pathway or to trans-membrane receptors providing inputs to that pathway (Fig. 3).
Map of key proteins in signaling pathways for the investigation of cancer therapies
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway induces cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis evasion, facilitation of an invasive phenotype and induction of angiogenesis. There are 18 FGF ligands for four trans-membrane receptors (FGFR1–4). Activation of the pathway is associated with the consecutive activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)/mTOR, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) signaling. The FGF pathway has been implicated in a broad range of human malignancies and promotes cancer progression in tumors driven by FGF/FGFR oncogenic mutations or amplifications responsible for tumor neo-angiogenesis and targeted treatment resistance, thereby supporting a strong rationale for anti-FGF/FGFR agent development [92, 93].
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and their receptors play pivotal roles in cellular signaling transduction and thus regulate cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, transformation and other important physiological processes. The IGF pathway includes three trans-membrane receptors: insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), insulin receptors (IRα and IRβ), their three ligands: IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin, and the six regulatory proteins: insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBP1-6). The IGF-1R is mainly engaged in the Ras/MAPK and the PI3K/AKT pathways, and also forms cross-talks with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. IGF pathway is activated in more than 90 % of BC cases and is a potential target in metastatic BC. Combination of mTOR and IGF inhibitors has been shown to have a synergistic effect by inhibiting the AKT activation mediated by IGF-1R. There are many agents developed for the inhibition of IGF-1R, which are categorized into monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors and so on [94, 95].
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is a hub that interconnects different oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) with other oncogenic agents to control cell proliferation. RTKs activate: (i) the pathway (HER2 for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, FGFR1, IGF-1R); the PI3K catalytic (p110α and p110β) and regulatory (p85α) subunits; the downstream PI3K effectors: AKT1 and AKT2; (ii) the PI3K activator: Kirsten rat sarcoma homolog (KRAS); and (iii) the negative PI3K regulators: phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase B (INPP4B). TN cells are sensitive to simultaneous PI3K and mTOR inhibition. The mTOR kinase is a coordinator of cell growth and metabolism that lies both upstream and downstream of the PI3K pathway. mTOR activation results in the inhibition of PI3K signaling via negative feedback of some cancer cells signaling circuitry. mTOR senses and integrates diverse nutritional and environmental cues, including growth factors, energy levels, cellular stress, and amino acids [96]. It couples these signals to promote cellular growth by phosphorylating substrates that potentiate anabolic processes such as mRNA translation and lipid synthesis, or limit catabolic processes such as autophagy (autophagy is the organelle’s breakdown by a cell to supply the energy metabolism under starvation conditions). Thus, when mTOR is inhibited as is the case when applying rapamycin, the associated loss of negative feedback results in an increased activity of PI3K and its effector AKT/PKB, thereby balancing the anti-proliferative effects of mTOR inhibition induced by rapamycin [52]. Clinicians are currently faced with a wide array of clinical trials investigating a multitude of inhibitors with different mechanisms of action, being used both as single agents and in combination with other therapies [97].
The MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling pathway is also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway because it constitutes a chain of proteins that communicates a phosphorylation signal acting as an on- or off- switch from a trans-membrane protein receptor to the nuclear DNA. MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and pro-inflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis [98]. The MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway is often dysregulated in BC and induces cellular proliferation and survival, differentiation, metastatic dissemination, as well as angiogenesis. Further characterization of the RAS-MAPK molecular regulation in malignant cells and of the acquired resistance to RAF inhibitors will facilitate development of novel combination therapies [99].
The MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor - HGFR) pathway is another complex signalling network, which promote tumor progression through multiple oncogenic actions such as induction of cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, as well as invasion and metastatic dissemination through the activation of intracellular transduction systems (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, STAT and SRC, which is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase) [100].
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases that interact with specific cyclin proteins to regulate cell cycle progression. CDK bind a regulatory protein called cyclin. Without cyclin, CDK has little kinase activity and only the cyclin-CDK complex is an active kinase. CDKs are serine-threonine kinases, i.e., they phosphorylate their substrates on serines and threonines. Cancer cells override normal cell cycle checkpoints that function to halt the cell cycle as a result of DNA damage or molecular defects in the mitotic spindle. CDK inhibitors with high selectivity (particularly for both CDK4 and CDK6), in combination with patient stratification, have resulted in substantial clinical activity [101].
The Hedgehog signaling pathway has been originally described as specific to embryonic cells and is required for proper embryo development. This pathway is also found active in pluripotent BCSCs. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in Drosophila. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is the best-studied ligand of the vertebrate pathway. When SHH reaches its target cell, it binds to the Patched-1 (PTCH1) receptor, which inhibits Smoothened (SMO), a downstream protein in the pathway that determines the fate of vertebrate limb development. Activation of the hedgehog pathway has been implicated in the BC development [102]. The Hh signaling pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target for patients with refractory pancreatic cancer. A potent Hh inhibitor can successfully inhibit tumor growth and invasiveness in vitro and can become a promising drug. However, in clinical trials, it has not been easy to verify the effectiveness of an Hh signaling inhibitor yet [103].
The Wnt signalling pathway is another regulator of stem cells in mammalian organisms, which is commonly dysregulated in human cancers. The Wnt name comes from the int/Wingless family from Drosophila that was renamed the Wnt family and int1 became Wnt1. Wnt signaling pathways are activated by the binding of a Wnt-protein ligand to a Frizzled family receptor, which passes the biological signal to the protein Dishevelled inside the cell [104]. The canonical Wnt pathway leads to regulation of gene transcription, the non-canonical planar cell polarity pathway regulates the cytoskeleton that is responsible, among other functions, for the cell shape. In embryos, Wnt controls body axis patterning, cell fate specification, cell proliferation, and cell migration and has been found to be activated in BC [105]. Drug-discovery platforms and new technologies have facilitated the discovery of agents that can alter Wnt signalling in preclinical models, thus setting the stage for clinical trials in humans [106].
Breast cancer therapies
They are five stages (0 to IV) to describe BC. Briefly and roughly, (i) stage 0 is used to describe non-invasive BCs, (ii) stage I describes BC invading normal surrounding breast tissue, (iii) stage II describes BC invading lymph nodes, (iv) stage III describes BC invading in the lymph nodes near the breastbone and (v) the metastic stage IV that describes invasive BC spreading beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other organs of the body. Chemotherapy for early stage (stage I and II) BC is not usually given as a single drug. Drugs are more commonly used in combination with one another because drug combinations have been shown to be more effective than monotherapies. Because of cytotoxic drug based therapies, the different combinations of drugs used to treat BC tend to have similar effectiveness. However, different chemotherapy combinations may be preferred for women with BC that has spread to the lymph nodes (node positive), locally advanced BC or inflammatory BC. Women with HER2+ BC may also be given biological therapy together with certain chemotherapy combinations.
The most common chemotherapy combinations used to treat BC are listed below:
AC - doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Procytox)
AC – Taxol: doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by paclitaxel (Taxol)
TC - docetaxel (Taxotere) and cyclophosphamide
TAC (or DAC): docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide
FAC (or CAF): cyclophosphamide (orally), doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil (Adrucil, 5-FU)
CEF: cyclophosphamide (orally), epirubicin (Pharmorubicin) and 5-fluorouracil
FEC: cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil
FEC – T: cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil, followed by docetaxel
CMF – IV: cyclophosphamide (intravenous), methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil
CMF – PO: cyclophosphamide (orally), methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil
Taxol – FAC: paclitaxel, then followed by cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil
Doxorubicin and docetaxel
EC – GCSF: epirubicin and cyclophosphamide, with filgrastim
Docetaxel and carboplatin (Paraplatin, Paraplatin AQ)
Gemcitabine (Gemzar) and docetaxel
Gemcitabine and paclitaxel
Capecitabine (Xeloda) and docetaxel
Certain chemotherapy drugs may be used alone to treat advanced or metastatic BC. They may also be given to women who have BC that is no longer responding to other treatments. This is because single drugs have fewer side effects than drug combinations.
Drugs used to treat BC in the clinic are listed below together with their molecular targets:
Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine - targeting the Her2/neu receptor
Adrucil (Fluorouracil, 5-FU) - an anti-metabolite
Afinitor (Everolimus) - an mTOR inhibitor
Aredia (Pamidronate Disodium) - a biophosphonate
Arimidex (Anastrozole) - an estrogen synthesis inhibitor
Aromasin (Exemestane) - an estrogen synthesis inhibitor
Cisplatin - a DNA intercalator
Clafen (Cyclophosphamide) - a DNA alkylating agent
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride - a DNA intercalator
Ellence (Epirubicin Hydrochloride) - a DNA intercalator
Eribulin Mesylate - a microtubule inhibitor
Etoposide (Vesepid, VP-16) – a topoisomerase II inhibitor
Fareston (Toremifene) - a selective estrogene receptor modulator (SERM)
Faslodex (Fulvestrant) - a selective estrogene receptor degrader (SERD)
Femara (Letrozole) - an estrogen synthesis inhibitor
Folex (Methotrexate) - an anti-metabolite and an anti-folate
Fulvestrant - an estrogen receptor antagonist
Gemzar (Gemcitabine Hydrochloride) - a nucleoside analog
Herceptin (Trastuzumab) - targeting the Her2/neu receptor
Ibrance (Palbociclib) - selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6
Ixempra (Ixabepilone) - a microtubule stabilizer
Kadcyla (Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine) - targeting the Her2/neu receptor
Megace (Megestrol Acetate) - a progesterone receptor agonist
Mitomycin (Mutamycin) - a DNA cross-linker
Nolvadex (Tamoxifen Citrate) - an estrogen receptor antagonist
Perjeta (Pertuzumab) - a HER2 dimerization inhibitor
Taxol (Paclitaxel) - a microtubule stabilizer
Taxotere (Docetaxel) - a microtubule stabilizer
Thiotepa - a DNA alykalting agent
Tykerb (Lapatinib Ditosylate) - a protein kinase inhibitor
Velban (Vinblastine Sulfate) - a microtubule destabilizer
Velsar (Vinblastine Sulfate) - a microtubule destabilizer
Vinorelbine (Navelbine) - a microtubule destabilizer
Xeloda (Capecitabine) - a metabolite of 5-FU
Zoladex (Goserelin Acetate) - a gonadotropin releasing hormone superagonist
Most of the drugs listed above target tubulin and microtubules, are anti-metabolites, or target specific hormone receptors. The latter class is used in those subtypes of BC in which hormone receptors are known to be up-regulated (estrogen, progesterone, HER2).
Hormone therapy is a systemic therapy, which inhibits the growth of hormone-sensitive tumors by blocking the body’s ability to produce hormones or by interfering with a hormone mechanism of action. This therapy might be useful as a neoadjuvant treatment, however, it is most often used as an adjuvant therapy to help in reducing the post-surgery relapse risk and also in the case of metastases. Hormone therapy is helpful for HR+ BC, but it does not help patients whose tumors are hormone receptor negative (both ER- and PR-). Several strategies have been developed to treat HR+ BC:
Ovarian shutdown or removal: The ovaries are the main source of estrogen in premenopausal women; estrogen levels in these women can be reduced by eliminating or suppressing ovarian function, which is called ovarian ablation. Ovarian ablation can be done permanently or temporarily. In a permanent way by oophorectomy or by treatment with radiation [107]. In the temporarily way, ovarian function can be suppressed by drug therapy using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. These drugs interfere with feedback regulation by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovaries to release estrogen. The data from currently published clinical trials of GnRH agonists in adjuvant settings for premenopausal women with endocrine-sensitive BC support benefit to patients [108]. Ovarian shutdown by drug therapy or surgical removal is used only in premenopausal women. Examples of ovarian shutdown drugs that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are goserelin (Zoladex®) and leuprolide (Lupron®).
Blocking estrogen production: Aromatase is the enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol, which is found in the body’s muscle, skin, breast and fat. Examples of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) approved by the FDA are anastrozole (Arimidex®) and letrozole (Femara®), both of which temporarily inactivate aromatase, and exemestane (Aromasin®), which permanently inactivates aromatase. Diaby et al. [109] showed that, in both early stage and advanced or metastatic BC, newer AIs have proved to be cost-effective compared to older treatments.
Blocking estrogen’s effects: Several types of drugs modulate estrogen receptors:
Selective estrogen receptor modulators or down-regulators (SERMs or SERDs) have a competitive binding to estrogen receptors. Examples of SERMs approved by the FDA are tamoxifen (Nolvadex®), raloxifene (Evista®), and toremifene (Fareston®). Tamoxifen has been used for more than 30 years to treat HR+ BC, and can be given for 5 to 10 years after surgery to lower the likelihood of relapse. It also lowers the emergence risk of a new BC in the other breast. Because SERMs bind to estrogen receptors, they can potentially not only work as estrogen antagonists, but also as estrogen agonists according to the tissues considered. For example, raloxifene acts to prevent bone loss and to improve lipid profiles by decreasing total and LDL cholesterol, but it may also block some estrogen effects, such as those inducing breast and uterine cancers.
Other anti-estrogen drugs, such as fulvestrant (Faslodex®) compete for estrogen receptor as estrogen antagonist. Upon ER binding by fulvestrant, the complex is targeted for destruction by the immune system. Fulvestrant, unlike SERMs, has no estrogen agonist effect reported.
There are three cases in which hormone therapy should be used for BC treatment: (i) adjuvant therapy for early-stage BC, (ii) treatment of advanced or metastatic BC, and (iii) neoadjuvant treatment of BC. Tamoxifen has been approved by the FDA for the adjuvant hormone treatment of premenopausal and postmenopausal women with ER+ early-stage BC, while anastrozole and letrozole have been approved in postmenopausal women. A third AI is exemestane, which has been approved as adjuvant treatment of early-stage BC in postmenopausal women who have previously received tamoxifen. Most women who received adjuvant hormone therapy are advised to take tamoxifen every day during 5 years in order to reduce the likelihood of a BC relapse [110].
A number of drugs are approved or are in clinical trials for the treatment of HR+ metastatic BCs. Investigations have shown that tamoxifen is effective in treating women with metastatic BCs; toremifene is also approved for this use. Fulvestrant can be used in postmenopausal women with metastatic ER+ BC after treatment with other anti-estrogens. Turner et al. [111] showed that the combination of palbociclib (a CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor) and fulvestrant to treat advanced BCs has a better outcome than fulvestrant used alone. Anastrozole and letrozole can be given to postmenopausal women as initial therapy for metastatic HR+ BCs. These two drugs, as well as the aromatase inhibitor exemestane, can also be used to treat postmenopausal women with advanced BCs whose disease has worsened after tamoxifen treatment.
The use of hormone therapy to treat BC before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy) has been studied in clinical trials [110]. The goal of neoadjuvant therapy is to reduce the size of a breast tumor in order to allow breast conservation upon surgery. Data from randomized controlled trials have shown that neoadjuvant hormone therapies, in particular AIs, can be effective in reducing the size of breast tumors in postmenopausal women.
Endocrine therapy has significantly improved the outcome of patients with early- and advanced-stage HR+ BCs. However the success of hormone therapy is limited and some patients with early-stage or a metastatic stage of the disease may experience relapse or sustained disease progression. Hormonal therapy remains a controversial area with a number of unanswered questions, such as tumor resistance, patient refractoriness, optimal therapy duration, and type of complementary drugs for suitable combinations [112].
The heterogeneous expression of tumor antigens within the primary tumor or its metastases, the modification of antigenic profile during the tumor progression, and the low levels of the antigen major histocompatibility complex proteins, as well as the low levels of other co-stimulatory proteins necessary to generate a strong immune response can explain the low immunogenicity level of tumors. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment releases immune-suppressive factors that make the antigen presentation difficult and that have a negative impact on the immune response [113]. In addition, tumors may evade immune destruction by blocking endogenous immune checkpoints that normally terminate immune responses after antigen activation. To face the low immunogenicity, the immuno-surveillance hypothesis has been refined through the concept of immune-editing where T cells from patients can be genetically engineered to express a novel T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor to specifically recognize a tumor-associated antigen and thereby selectively kill the corresponding tumor cells [114]. The expected benefit of immunotherapy is the specific lysis of antigen-positive cells, leaving healthy tissues intact. By using gene transfer technologies, T cells can be genetically engineered to express a unique high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) or a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), both of which confer novel tumor antigen specificity. An adequate number of genetically engineered T cells can therefore be produced in vitro for back transfer to the patient. In contrast to a TCR, which recognizes a peptide fragment of an antigen presented by an HLA molecule on the surface of target cells, a CAR molecule recognizes an intact cell surface antigen. Hence, tumor cell recognition is HLA-independent so there is no restriction in terms of patient selection. However, the requirement for the tumor-associated antigen to be a cell surface antigen excludes all mutated intracellular proteins from being targeted by CAR T cell-based therapy. The ScFv portion of the CAR molecule is generally derived from a mouse MAb. This may evoke immune responses and potential clearance of CAR-engineered T cells. To avoid this possibility, fully human CARs can be constructed [115]. Genetically engineered T cells may exert toxicity on healthy cells. Moreover, they have the potential to last for a long time in the host and even expand in number. Therefore, any adverse toxicity may worsen over time. This is a particular concern when T cells are engineered to resist the physiological signals that are exploited by many cancers to subvert tumor immune recognition and effector function. A suicide gene can be included in the genetically engineered T cells along with the CAR transgene. Cancer therapy using genetically engineered T cells is still in its infancy and the methodological diversity of TCRs and CARs preparation as well as the different preconditioning cytokine regimens will require careful optimization to be truly effective [114].
Nanoparticle therapy
Nanoparticles are characterized by self-assembly, stability, drug encapsulation and biocompatibility as a result of their material composition. Nanoparticles are typically prepared using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a coating material at the nanoparticle surface in order to reduce protein adsorption and complement activation [116]. The suspension of nanoparticles is very stable, and can be lyophilized. They have the potential to overcome multifactorial tumor resistance to chemotherapy due to their size between 1 and 100 nm [117]. Because aberrant morphology of their vascularization, a unique feature of solid tumors is their leaky blood vessels and defective lymphatic drainage that promotes the delivery and retention of macromolecules or nanoscale particles. Nanoparticles can be constructed at a certain size for enhanced permeability and retention effects, which is the basis for the use of nanoparticles in cancer. A careful design of nanoparticle formulation can overcome barriers posed by the tumor microenvironment and result in better treatment effectiveness. Pharmacologically active concentrations of an anticancer drug in a tumor tissue are often reached at the expense of massive body contamination with the consequence of deleterious side effects for the patient. Second-generation nanoparticles are supposed to better control deleterious side effects of drugs because of optimized intra-tumor drug delivery.
The challenge in nanoparticle technology is the optimization of their tumor targeting because of the progressive transformation of malignant cell membrane receptors due to the accumulation of genome alterations. It has been shown that 100 nm-diameter nanoparticles can passively enter tumor tissues, increasing selectivity of anticancer drug delivery at the tumor site, while markedly reducing drug accumulation and toxicity in many susceptible healthy tissues [118]. However, second-generation nanoparticles, which present surface decoration with ligands for proteins overexpressed on the surface of malignant cells are expected to substantially increase their uptake due to their increased target specificity. Unfortunately, the proper diagnosis of expressed compatible proteins on the surface of malignant cells is a bottleneck that deserves further investigation. The development of various nanoparticles with different ligands now offers a larger choice to target tumors characterized by drug resistance [119]. The use of ligands that bind specifically to malignant cell receptors may help to reduce the dose-limiting cytotoxicity of drugs and also enable drugs to bypass resistance mechanisms via cytoplasm release through endocytosis. Several clinical trials are ongoing to test the combination of: (i) monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab, pertuzumab, trastuzumab), (ii) chemotherapy (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, carboplatin, capecitabine, doxorubicin hydrochloride, filgrastim), and (iii) nanoparticles to improve BC treatment for early and advanced-stages (see https://clinicaltrials.gov). Another strategy that has been proposed to regulate the expression of protein targets in malignant cells has involved siRNA [120–122], but the successful target down-regulation depends on their half-life [120] and gene therapy (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats - CRISPR) could be necessary. However, CRISPR technology could only be envisaged if nanoparticle tumor specificity is guaranteed because permanent gene deactivation in normal cells might be another source of problems.
High throughput technologies to assist precision therapies
The spatio-temporal organization of a developing organism requires carefully orchestrated sequences of cellular differentiation events triggered by decisions made by individual cells about their fate. Cell fate decisions are stochastic and are not reproducible at the single-cell level, but they result in highly consistent, almost deterministic patterns at the level of the whole cell population. The question of how this macroscopic order arises from a disordered microscopic behavior is reminiscent of statistical mechanics in physical systems. Cellular proliferation is punctuated by sequences of decisions that guide cell differentiation into diverse types and cell fates. These decisions are driven by chemical and mechanical signals and are highly organized in space and time, leading to well-defined macroscopic patterns, tissues and organs, in a highly reproducible manner [123]. In a developing embryo, SCs might be seen as drifting down a differentiating hill, representing the progression towards a developed organism, where they encounter branching points at which cells must decide to follow a fate over another. In culture, SCs are somehow trapped in some self-sustainable regime of pluripotent or multipotent states along the differentiation landscape. An analogy between cells in culture and statistical mechanics allows the systematic investigation of their response to controlled signals [124]. Using the standard terminology of statistical mechanics, these signals can thus be considered control parameters, and their effect can be measured in terms of a macroscopic observable, which is an output variable such as the proportion of cells within a population with a given phenotype. Cell fate decisions are associated with diverse sets of microscopic rules, defined by the genes (evaluated through genome data) and proteins involved in individual states of regulation (evaluated through transcriptome and proteome data) and by interactions (evaluated through interactome data; [125]) between them. Biological processes are considered as complex networks of interactions among numerous cell components rather than independent interactions involving only a few molecules. Because the multi-dimensional complexity of these processes involves large sample sizes, high throughput technologies are necessary to describe their time related dependencies. High throughput technologies decisively helped in developing stratified oncology. SM means analyzing large groups of cancer patients in order to predict which treatments these cancer patients are most likely to respond to. It involves looking in detail at the cancer cells and their genetic make up. Nowadays, science is able to classify cancers according to their heterogeneity and main molecular markers and the stratified oncology knowledge is progressively integrated with patient therapy to improve disease outcome considering features such as personal medical history, physiological index, molecular status of tumors, which represents the arsenal of PM tools.
Cancers are interlinked to each other through a number of pathways, which are altered in different diseases [126]. Next generation sequencing (NGS) has been a significant technological advance for improving the understanding of malignant neoplasm because cancer is basically viewed as a genome disease. As outlined above, genome sequencing has allowed the characterization of chromosome abnormalities as gene deletion and amplification, translocation or sequence inversion as well as an epigenetic landscape. The most significant impact of next-generation sequencing on cancer genomics has been the ability to re-sequence, analyze and compare the matched tumor and normal genomes of a single patient. With the significantly reduced cost of sequencing, it is now possible to sequence multiple patient samples of a given cancer type. NGS sequencing is useful to understand the affected pathways behind cancer development. This requires a preliminary investigation to map genes that potentially lead to tumor development (oncogenes) since many mutations may occur without carcinogenic consequences. This calibration step typically involves: (i) comparison with other sequenced genomes (via dbSNP) and to other resources for variant discovery such as the 1000 Genomes Project (www.1000genomes.org), followed by (ii) comparison of remaining variant sites between the tumor and the normal genome. Another caveat of this approach is the decision whether a mutation diagnosis is a false positive, which tends to result from incorrect interpretation, a false negative, which is harder to evaluate and mainly appears as a lack of sequencing coverage or is actually correct (true positive). Information about the prevalence of any mutation in a cell population allows one to infer how early in the path toward cancer development that particular mutation occurred [127].
Exome is a part of the genome formed by exons, which are the protein-coding portions of genes. The whole exome sequencing information can reflect the mutations of the protein-coding region in the genome and depict the causal relationship between the mutations and phenotypes. Whole exome sequencing can achieve higher sequence depth with less raw sequence and lower cost than whole genome sequencing since exome is about 1 % of the genome size in humans. A key challenge for researches is to distinguish between driver mutations that lead to cancer development and passenger mutations, which are functionally neutral and do not contribute to tumorigenesis. A common method for identifying driver mutations is to find genes, which are recurrently mutated in large cancer samples. Initially, cancer genes such as p53, Myc, PTEN and IDH1 were recurrently discovered suggesting their role as key driver genes, but ample evidence demonstrates that pathways or subnetworks are better predictors because they reduce the complexity and diversity of driver mutations to be identified [128].
In normal cells, CpG islands preceding gene promoters are generally unmethylated, and tend to be transcriptionally active, while other individual CpG dinucleotides throughout the genome tend to be methylated. However, in cancer cells, CpG islands preceding tumor suppressor gene promoters are often hypermethylated, while CpG methylation of oncogene promoter regions and retro-sequences (retrotransposons, retrovirus) repeats is often decreased, which results in an aberrant pattern of gene expression compared to normal cells [129]. By contrast, hypomethylation of CpG dinucleotides in other parts of the genome leads to chromosome instability due to mechanisms such as loss of imprinting and reactivation of transposable elements. Thus, as a result of DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs) disruption, mitotic recombination and chromosome rearrangement can be promoted by a defective methylation pattern, which can ultimately end up in aneuploidy when the chromosomes fail to separate properly during mitosis. Methodological progress for high coverage and single base resolution profiling of the mammalian methylome in small numbers of cells through NGS has enabled deep analysis between cancer and epigenetic dysregulation [130].
According to the landscape just described, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center has created a facility of PM called MSK-IMPACT, which routinely uses breakthrough technologies such as genomic screening approach and hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing for solid tumor diagnostics [131]. A key question is what tumor sequencing might reveal; it is not yet clear whether cancer somatic alterations identified are recurrently affecting specific genes and to what extend a treatment may rely on mutation landscape description for a particular patient [127]. It has become clear that mutational and copy-number status alone are not highly predictive of drug response, hence there is an urgent need for improved in silico predictors of drug sensitivity [132]. In that respect, transcriptome profiling is synonymous with what you see is what you get and offers a benefit for the application of PM in real cases [133, 134].
Transcriptome profiling
High-throughput RNA sequencing has vastly expanded the scope of genomic investigations. Most BC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy do not get any tangible survival benefit, yet are still exposed to the toxicity of the therapy. There is an urgent need for: (i) a precision diagnosis that would be positively correlated with an efficient therapeutics and (ii) predictive markers for patient’s response to chemotherapy being positively correlated with clinical outcome expectation. Since the oncogenesis process involves the dysregulation of several cellular pathways including cell cycle, growth, survival and apoptosis, high throughput transcriptome profiling provides a powerful tool to identify suitable disease markers and to establish a BC prognosis.
Comprehensive gene expression profiling by microarrays enabled the study of thousands of genes in tens of samples and various gene clusters were correlated with distinct tumor phenotypes suggesting that tumor grades are associated with distinct gene expression signatures [135]. However, microarrays have two major shortcomings: They are limited to known genes and they have limited sensitivity as well as dynamic range. In addition, a number of clinical studies have often correlated alterations in the expression of individual genes with disease outcome according to contradicting results. Some important claims about markers for diagnosis and prognosis have been unreliable and only weakly reproducible or not reproducible at all and the process of development seems slow and inefficient [136]. In fact, most of molecular predictors were generated using a mix of molecularly heterogeneous tumors. Since oncogenic events are different across molecular classes, optimal predictors should be set up in each molecular class. Unfortunately, even under these conditions, comparisons of gene sets derived from various studies show little overlap. This may be due to the different types of arrays used, sample quality and defined parameters used for data interpretation. Oligonucleotide arrays have an additional step of target RNA amplification via in vitro transcription, leading to the loss of a linear relationship between the samples studied. In addition, a second loss of linearity occurs during the detection of the hybridized cDNA. Microarray technology is susceptible to a number of potential errors not just at the time of sampling, preprocessing and processing, but also at the time of data calibration and analysis [135]. Comparisons of gene lists derived from genetic assays that have been currently licensed for commercial use show limited or zero overlap between signatures. The reasons for this disparity have been attributed to differences in the groups of patients analyzed (ER status, tumor grade, stage, etc.), in sample preparation (bulk, microdissected, etc.), in microarray platforms (high or low coverage of the human genome) and in the statistical methods used (supervised or unsupervised methods, gene selection, construction of the classifiers, etc.). The lack of standardization in the setup methodology of these testes has resulted in poor prognostic reproducibility [137, 138].
The RNA content and RNA make-up of a cell depend very much on its developmental stage and on its type. Embryonic SCs express fewer genes with an average of 22,000 mRNA molecules per cell compared to embryonic fibroblasts whose average number of mRNA molecules is 505,000 per cell, suggesting that the latter cell type contained a ~20-fold more mRNA. The same difference is observed for ribosomal RNA (small subunit), suggesting that embryonic SCs contain overall less RNA than embryonic fibroblasts, on the order of a 5.5-fold difference in total RNA [139]. A typical mammalian cell contains 10–30 pg total RNA, with 10 pg corresponding to ~103,000 mRNA molecules, on average. The majority of RNA molecules are tRNAs and rRNAs. mRNA accounts for only 1–5 % of the total cellular RNA although the actual amount depends on the cell type and physiological state. Approximately 360,000 mRNA molecules are present in a single mammalian cell, and are made up of approximately 12,000 different transcripts with a typical length of around 2 kb. Some mRNAs comprise 3 % of the mRNA pool whereas others account for less than 0.1 %. These rare or low-abundance mRNAs may have a copy number of only 5–15 molecules per cell [140].
These considerations are important when comparing transcriptomes of different cell types and show the need for a normalization not only for read number according to coding sequence size [141], but also for differences of mRNA per experiment that result from variation of mRNA content per cell type or sequencing coverage [142]. Typically, the transcriptome of a cell line or tumor sample is sequenced, normalized and compared to a sample of normal tissue by subtraction of relative read count per gene. Genes with a statistically significant expression level at P < 0.001 are considered up-regulated or down-regulated according to the normal sample used as a control [133] (Fig. 4). RNA-seq gives a measure of gene expression that is much more precise and reproducible than that obtained by microarrays and in agreement with qRT-PCR, which allows the extension of basic research (RNA-seq) to clinical application by qRT-PCR or Ampliseq. Ampliseq refers to NGS sequencing of amplicons from a DNA or mRNA sample [143]; this method allows the measure of relative expression levels of a predetermined pool of chosen genes (typically ~400) with the aim of obtaining a sample signature.
Sub-network of differentially expressed genes obtained by subtracting the RNA-seq of MCF10A (control) from that of MDA-MB-231 (Triple-Negative), represented in a circular layout. Nodes represent genes while links represent interaction between genes. Size nodes indicate connectivity and color represent an expression pattern between malignant versus non-malignant breast cell line (green: down-regulated, red: up-regulated). Gephi was used for network visualization (from [131])
Micro RNA (miRNA) constitutes another layer of gene regulation (that is referred to as the regulome together with transcription factors) whose evaluation is also accessible through RNA sequencing; the function of these small non-coding RNA molecules (~22 nucleotides) is the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by mRNA silencing [144]. The expression of miRNA is highly specific of tissues and developmental stages, and the functions of miRNAs have been appreciated in various fundamental biological processes such as cell death, cell proliferation, and stem cell division. miRNAs can act as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The overall miRNA expression tends to be down regulated and miRNA level is lower in poorly differentiated breast tumors with respect to well differentiated ones. Twenty-nine miRNAs were reported to be differentially expressed in BC versus normal tissues as well as miR-143, miR-145, miR-16, and let-7a-1 in MCF-7 and T47-D cell lines (see refs in [145]). Mechanisms for aberrant miRNAs expression may occur because of genomic alterations such as insertion or deletion since 72.8 % of miRNA genes were shown to be located in regions that exhibit DNA copy number abnormalities in BC [146]. In addition to copy number alteration, aberrant DNA methylation and demethylation as well as chromatin remodeling may also account for the frequent miRNA dysregulation in BC. miRNAs are intertwined with cellular pathways, and regulated by oncoproteins and tumor suppressors such as ErbB2, Akt, NF-κB, Myc, Ras, pTEN, p53, and Rb. Incorporation of miRNA regulation into current models of molecular cancer pathogenesis is essential to achieve a complete understanding of BC development. miRNAs with pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic activity would likely promote oncogenesis and thus may be over-expressed in cancer cells. Likewise, miRNAs with anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity are likely to function as tumor suppressor genes and thus may be under-expressed in cancer cells [147].
Proteome profiling
Proteomes carry biological information that is not accessible by genomics or transcriptomics. In humans, the proteome size is 19,629 as annotated in Swiss-Prot; signatures for ~80 % were detected by mass-spectrometry (https://www.proteomicsdb.org/). Proteome coverage rapidly saturates at approximately 16,000 – 17,000 proteins, which is similar to transcriptome coverage obtained by RNA-seq, and includes a core proteome of 10,000 – 12,000 ubiquitously expressed proteins. When comparing messenger RNA-seq and proteins, clear correlations are observed in all tissues, but the correlation coefficients are moderate and somewhat poorer than those obtained for cell lines, which can be expected from the fact that tissues generally comprise a mixture of cell types including connective tissue and blood. Both mRNA and protein levels vary greatly among tissues, but the ratio of protein and mRNA levels is remarkably conserved between tissues for any given protein suggesting that the actual amount of protein in a given cell is primarily controlled by regulating mRNA levels. Knowing the protein/mRNA ratio for every protein and transcript, it is possible to predict protein abundance in any given tissue with good accuracy from the measured mRNA abundance [148].
Considering the proteome fraction dedicated to signaling, it has been shown that at least three-fourths of the proteome can be phosphorylated. In eukaryotes, phosphorylation occurs almost exclusively on Ser (84.1 %), Thr (15.5 %), and Tyr (0.4 %) residues, which represent approximately 17 % of the total amino acids in an average human protein with most Tyr kinases only activated under specific circumstances and usually stringently negatively regulated. The vast majority of phosphorylation events together use less than 20 % of cellular ATP consumed in protein phosphorylation [149].
The proteomic landscape of TN cell lines has shown that driver mutations occur frequently in regulatory proteins such as protein kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and transcription factors, which alter the physiology of the cell by modulating the abundance or activity of other proteins revealing 233 hub proteins, each associated with three or more cancer census genes and “cell cycle” the only significantly enriched gene ontology (GO) term among hub proteins [150].
A full understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships in human BC requires the description of how protein interactome network is perturbed by genome alterations. In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell. It refers specifically to physical interactions among proteins, also known as protein-protein interactions, i.e., physical contacts established between two or more proteins as a result of biochemical events and/or biophysical forces. Here, we more particularly refer to transient interactions among proteins in the context of signaling networks, i.e., the protein pathways that connect protein receptors on the cell surface with transcription factors that (up- or down-) regulate gene expression. Evidence of protein-protein interactions represented by binary pairs can be obtained by mammalian protein-protein interaction trap [151], yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays [152] or supported by multiple pieces of evidence from the literature [153]. A systematic literature bias inherent to binary PPIs is that some genes are described in hundreds of publications while others have been mentioned only in a few due to the tendency to expand knowledge from already connected proteins as a consequence of socio-economic constraints. As expected from a limitation of the Y2H, the interactome obtained with this assay is depleted of interactions among proteins containing predicted transmembrane helices. Today, the human interactome lists interactions for ~17.000 proteins.
Network modeling
A key challenge is to understand the structure and dynamics of intracellular interactions that contribute to the structure and function of a living cell. The functioning of a cell has three layers of articulation, i.e., signaling, metabolism and transcription. Roughly speaking, signaling transmits environmental signals from membrane receptors to the nucleus through a complex protein network that ends up with transcription factors activating a layer of transcription regulation involving positive and negative feedback loops that regulate gene expression. In addition to signaling and transcription feedback, gene expression also results in metabolism maintenance through enzyme fostering. These three cell activity layers form a complex network of protein-protein (PPI), protein-DNA/RNA, and protein-ligand interactions. Mathematically, network interactions are generally displayed by either a directed or undirected graph G = (V, E) with vertex (node) and edge sets V and E, respectively. An edge appears in the graph if there is a known interaction of the two partners, for example two interacting proteins in a cell, either by direct binding or by enzymatic catalysis. A node is referred to as a node of degree k if it is connected to other nodes by k edges. The connectivity level (or rate) of a network characterizes the average number of interactions (edges) per node. When, a node has a number of interactions (connections or edges) significantly larger than the average, it is called a hub. Top-5 (or 10, or more) refers to the 5 (or 10) best items in a list for a given feature under consideration.
The connectivity of a node measures its local contribution to network complexity and can be reported in terms of statistical mechanics through the concept of entropy. In thermodynamics, entropy (usually denoted by symbol S and referred to as the Boltzmann entropy) is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a thermodynamic system may be internally rearranged between its microstates, which is commonly understood as a measure of disorder. In statistical mechanics Boltzmann’s equation relates the entropy S of an ideal gas to the quantity W, which is the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate, i.e.
$$ S={k}_B \ln W $$
where k B is the Boltzmann constant equal to 1.38065 × 10−23 J/K. For thermodynamic systems where microstates of the system may not have equal probabilities, the appropriate generalization, called the Gibbs entropy, is:
$$ S=-{k}_B{\displaystyle \sum {p}_i ln\kern0.5em {p}_i} $$
Here, the subscript i runs over all microstates and Eq. 2 reduces to Eq. 1 if the probabilities p i are all equal (to 1/W). In information theory, entropy (the so-called Shannon entropy) is the negative of the expected value of the information contained in a message received. Mathematically speaking the Shannon entropy, H, of a discrete random variable X is a measure of the amount of uncertainty associated with the value of X when only its distribution is known. So, for example, if the distribution associated with a random variable is constant (i.e. equal to some known value with probability 1), then entropy is minimal and equal to 0.
Degree-entropy (Eq. 3) is computed for a given network as:
$$ H=-{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^Np(k) \ln }p(k) $$
where p(k) represents a probability distribution on the nodes of the network, p(k) = V k /V with V k the number of nodes with degree k and V is the total number of nodes in the network.
Mutual information (MI) is another degree-entropy derived measure that is extensively used for network characterization (Eq. 4). It provides a natural generalization of the correlation since it measures a non-linear dependency and it is able to deal with thousands of variables (genes) on a small sample number. MI measures the dependency between two variables. For discrete variables X and Y, MI is defined as:
$$ I\left(X,Y\right)=-{\displaystyle \sum_{x\in X,y\in Y}p\left(x,y\right) \log \frac{p\left(x,y\right)}{p(x)p(y)}} $$
where p(x, y) is the joint probability of x in X and y in Y. In terms of degree-entropy, MI can also be defined as Eq. 5:
$$ I\left(X,Y\right)=H(X)+H(Y)\hbox{-} H\left(X,Y\right) $$
Network entropy provides a quantitative measure of the differentiated state of a cell [154]. It has been shown that: (i) network entropy is a discriminator of pluripotent and non-pluripotent cell-types, (ii) it can further discriminate cellular states of varying degrees of multipotency within distinct lineages, (iii) it provides a more robust and general measure of a cell’s position in the global differentiation hierarchy than gene expression signatures, and (iv) it predicts a higher cellular heterogeneity in cancer stem cells compared to ordinary cancer cells. The higher entropy of pluripotent SCs compared to normal differentiated cells [132], has been seen to be due to the necessity of SCs to maintain the option of initiating the activation of a wide number of different signaling pathways associated with commitment to diverse cell fates [155]. Interestingly, network entropy of tumors as been also correlated with their aggressiveness [154, 156] establishing a correlation between malignant cell line differentiation and aggressiveness, which is consistent with the positive relationship between cell adaptiveness and totipotency. In fact, metastatic BC is characterized by an increase in the randomness of the local expression correlation patterns [157]. According to the observation that malignant cells are engaged in a fight for survival, their largest entropy compared to normal cells establishes a positive correlation with their survival success from a Darwinian perspective [158]. It has also been shown that drugs can be classified as either cytotoxic or target-specific as well as ranked according to their likelihood of controlling a tumor given its transcriptome profile using entropy as a measure [134].
The degree distribution of most biological networks can be represented by a power law P(k) ~ k –γ, where γ is the degree exponent and “~” indicates the proportionality between both terms. The smaller the value of γ, the more important the role of the hubs is in the network. For γ = 2, the network is characterized by a mixture of densely (hub) and scarcely connected nodes without apparent structure. In this configuration, the largest hubs are connected (edges) with a large fraction of all nodes, which ensures fast navigability of the whole network through only a few nodes or, in other words, a small network diameter. For 2 > γ >3 (scale-free), the most connected hub is in contact with only a small fraction of all nodes according to a hierarchical structures accompanied by a decrease in network navigability and an increase in network diameter. By contrast, for γ >3 the network structure in hub and non-hub nodes disappears and navigation from one node of the network to another results in passing through a large node number, which increases further the network diameter and brings it closer to a random configuration where nodes are connected on average through a similar edge number and whose distribution follows a Poisson distribution [159].
Most biological networks show a scale-free topology. The anisotropic node distribution in a scale-free network can be represented by several measures including the clustering coefficient and centrality [160]. The clustering coefficient can be written as C i = 2n i /k(k–1), where ni is the number of edges connecting the k i neighbours of node i to each other. C i gives the number of triangles that go through node i, whereas k i (k i –1)/2 is the total number of triangles that could pass through node i, should all of node i’s neighbors be connected to each other. The average clustering coefficient < C > characterizes the overall tendency of nodes to form clusters or groups while the average clustering coefficient C(k) of all nodes with k edges is a measure of the network’s structure. The average degree < k>, average path length < λ > and average clustering coefficient < C > depend on the number of nodes and edges (V and E) in the network. By contrast, the P(k) and C(k) functions are independent of the network’s size and capture generic features, which allows them to be used for network classification [159].
Centrality identifies the nodes that are the most important ones in terms of graph connectivity [161]. There are several measures of centrality, but the prominent one is betweenness-centrality (Eq. 6). Given a network graph G(E,V) consisting of nodes V and edges E, the betweenness-centrality C B is a measure of the centrality of a node, v. Typically it is the sum of the fractions of shortest paths that pass through v and is given by:
$$ {c}_B={\displaystyle \sum_{s,t\in V}\frac{\sigma \left(s,t\left|v\right.\right)}{\sigma \left(s,t\right)}} $$
where σ(s,t) is the number of shortest paths between two nodes (s,t) and σ(s,t|v) is the number of those paths passing through nodes other than v. Here, the biological system studied represents the interactome structure for a cell, i.e., the number of edges (interactions with neighbor proteins) per node (proteins in the network). The probability distribution of the events (the probability of a given number of edges per node), coupled with the information amount (the probability of a given number of edges for the node considered multiplied by its base 2 logarithm) of every event (node), forms a random variable whose average (also termed expectation value) is the average amount of information. Its inverse is the network entropy generated by this distribution.
Cellular networks are generally scale-free or a mixture of scale-free and hierarchical modularity as is the case of transcription regulatory network where the distribution that captures the number of different genes interacting with a transcription factor follows a power law, while the number of different transcription factors that interact with a given gene is best approximated by an exponential function [162]. In any case, cellular networks have a disproportionate number of highly connected nodes with the consequence that their path length is ultra small [163], which indicates that local perturbations in metabolite concentrations could reach the whole network very quickly. Interestingly, in protein interaction networks, highly connected nodes (hubs) avoid linking directly to each other and instead connect to proteins with only a few interactions, which warrant the disassortativity required for network stability and fast communication between clusters (modules) where proteins associated to a same function are thought to interact [164]. Modules can be detected through their clustering coefficient C(k) due to the higher local triangle density connecting cluster nodes. This indicates that nodes with only a few edges have a high C(k) and belong to highly interconnected small modules. By contrast, the highly connected hubs have a low C(k). Module identification is complicated by the fact that scale-free property and modularity are conflicting. By definition, modularity implies the existence of clear boundaries in the system. However, in a scale-free network hubs are in contact with a high fraction of nodes, which makes the existence of relatively isolated modules unlikely. Clustering and hubs coexist, which indicates that topological modules are not independent, but combine to form a hierarchical network [165]. In addition, modules are not isolated from each other; they interact and frequently overlap, which makes search for clear module boundaries nonsense and suggests that looking for hierarchical relationship between modules of different sizes is indeed the method of choice [166].
A fundamental property of a scale-free network is its high robustness level to random perturbation (node elimination), but strong vulnerability to hub elimination that makes them collapse quickly under specific attack. This property is due to the power law properties of scale-free networks where nodes with a low connection rate are much more numerous than hubs, which makes hub inactivation much less likely to occur upon random selection. When hub nodes are eliminated, the diameter of the scale-free network increases rapidly, doubling its original value if 5 % of the nodes are removed and leading to the fragmentation of module interconnections [167].
Gene regulatory networks
Gene regulatory networks (GRN) are statistical networks inferred from gene expression data according to the hypothesis that co-expressed genes encode interacting proteins. GRN reconstruction is a daunting task due to the fact that mRNA concentrations provide only indirect information about interactions occurring between genes and their gene products. Gene expression data are multidimensional and nonlinear due to the coordination of DNA transcription, mRNA translation, protein processing as well as mRNAs and protein turnover [168, 169].
A variety of approaches have been proposed to infer GRNs such as discrete models of Boolean networks and Bayesian networks, differential equations, regression methods and linear programming, and MI (see refs in [170]). MI has been a successful framework for additional methodology refinements. In general, these approaches start by computing the pairwise MIs between all possible pairs of genes, resulting in a MI matrix. The MI matrix is then manipulated to identify the regulatory relationships. However, such a matrix contains a huge amount of information corresponding to genes that do not show any significant link with the experimental case. This problem has been typically addressed by pairwise statistical comparison using t-testing, for instance, in order to eliminate edges scoring below a significance level threshold and to keep edges between gene pairs that maximize all combinations [169, 170]. Bootstrapping has also been applied to optimize GRN tuning [169].
The relative strengths and drawbacks of computational and statistical approaches to infer GRN remain poorly understood, largely because comparative analyses usually consider only small subsets of methods, use only synthetic data, and/or fail to adopt a common measure of inference quality. Large differences of predictive accuracy exist in the method used to infer GRNs that depend on network size, topology, experiment type, and parameter settings [171]. However, the methodology is worthwhile since it may cluster genes that are potentially acting in a same functional module and ranks modules according to their relative level of expression, which adds another layer of information when interpreting results in the light of PPI networks inferred from experimental data [133, 134].
Protein-protein interactome
Boolean networks are a promising framework for modeling signaling networks [172]. Instead of providing quantitatively precise dynamical trajectories taken by complex networks, this class of discrete systems qualitatively predicts the sequences of states accessed by these networks along their temporal evolution through binary states. This is especially convenient for signaling and regulatory circuits where activation (1) and inhibition (0) are the basic states. According to this framework, every protein evaluates the present stimulus on all its inputs. If the overall stimulus it receives at time t overcomes its activation threshold, the protein is activated, or stays active if it was already active; otherwise, it turns inactive or stays inactive. The dynamics of the network proceeds in discrete time steps through the simultaneous update of the states of its nodes and flows in this state space towards attractors [173, 174]. Such attractors are particular subsets of states or a single network configuration that correspond to specific protein activation patterns and can be interpreted as distinct cell phenotypes. In the model of Fumiã and Martins [172], the repertoire of cell behaviors (attractors) is determined unambiguously by the cell microenvironment and among the 62 attractors, 47 (87.4 %) correspond to apoptotic, 3 (3.1 %) to proliferative and 12 (9.5 %) to quiescent phenotypes. Interestingly, bistability was observed upon DNA damage introduction under a scenario of normal oxygenation and nutrient supply, but mitogenic signaling. Under such circumstances, around 99.35 % of the compatible initial states were attracted to the apoptotic phenotype, while a very small fraction (0.65 %) of them reached the proliferative phenotype. The other significant outcome of this modeling approach was that the monotherapies tested were ineffective to simultaneously reverse all the malignant hallmarks and seem to be additive in their effects with the consequence that a drug cocktail is necessary for cancer control or eradication.
Relationship between disease and protein networks
The complete list of disease genes or diseasome with a phenotype effect described allowed the design of a graph where each known disorder/disease is associated to a set of genes. This experiment has shown significant functional association between cellular network modules and disorder in ~300 interactions. It was concluded that in agreement with the GRN hypothesis, genes that contribute to a common disorder: (i) show an increased tendency for their products to interact with each other through protein-protein interactions, (ii) have a tendency to be expressed together in specific tissues, (iii) tend to display high co-expression levels, (iv) exhibit synchronized expression as a group, and (v) tend to share GO terms. Together, these correlations support the hypothesis of a global functional relatedness for disease genes and their products and offer a network-based model for the diseasome. According to these conclusions, a disorder then represents the perturbation or breakdown of a specific functional module caused by variation in one or more of the components producing recognizable developmental and/or physiological abnormalities [126]. The facts that: (i) the vast majority of disease genes (~80 %) were concluded to be merely nonessential to the cell; (ii) the expression pattern of nonessential disease genes is decoupled from the overall expression pattern of all other genes, whereas essential genes have a tendency to be coupled to the rest of the cell and contribute most to the network entropy [132]; and (iii) nonessential disease genes tend to occupy functionally peripheral and topologically neutral positions in the cellular network [126] confirm that diseases genes are activated in the context of metabolism rewiring under network dysregulation and suggest that their specific control would not impair the normal cell functioning. However, in the case of cancer cells the few dysregulated genes encoding hubs may play a central role in the navigability of rewired pathways and their deactivation is expected to be critical for the disease control by disconnecting disease modules without impairing the functioning of normal cells [134]. By extension, disease hub inactivation is expected to break down attractors that are essential for cancer progression and to bring cellular activity in alternative attractors eventually ending up into apoptosis.
Characterization of protein targets
In an in silico evaluation, [134] classified drugs involved in cancer therapy [175] could be separated into two general classes, i.e., (i) agents that target specific receptors such as those including angiogenesis, cell cycle, microtubule/cytoskeleton, EGFR/FGFR/HER2/IGFR signaling pathways, Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK-ERK pathway, mTOR pathway, PI3K-AKT pathway, HDAC epigenetic agents, and HSP90s; and (ii) broad cytotoxic chemotherapeutics including nucleotide synthesis, metabolism, DNA cross-linker and multiple targets, defined as various. They found a tendency in malignant cell lines to be more sensitive, on the average, to target-specific drugs than to broadly cytotoxic ones. Cytotoxic drugs were performing poorly, on average, since their associated –log10(GI50) was never larger than 5.3, on average, which is considered as a rule of thumb by the state of the art of drug development as the minimal half cell growth inhibition (GI50) (the concentration of a drug that is needed to inhibit 50 % of cell proliferation) necessary at a 10 μM concentration to consider a candidate molecule as a potential lead compound. By contrast, target specific drugs were showing, on the average, a –log10(GI50) larger than the 5.3 threshold. When comparing the entropy per node of the total protein network of a cell line to its value of –log10(GI50) for different drugs, a clear negative correlation (r = −0.859) could be found, on average, for target- specific drugs. The negative correlation was especially convincing when considering luminal (r = −0.923) and TN cells (r = −0.725) separately. Given that target inactivation by specific drugs appeared as a more productive strategy than therapies based on cytotoxic compounds, Carels et al. [134] listed the top-5 most connected proteins encoded by up-regulated genes according to a p-value of 0.1 %. The subtraction of the entropy contribution of each top-5 from the total protein network entropy corresponding to the cell line under consideration gave a net entropy corresponding to that network, which meant the predicted benefit due to the target inactivation. By interpolation with the orthogonal regression line through average network entropies of TN, luminal, and control cell lines, on one hand, and patient 5-year survival [176], on the other hand, the inactivation of most top-5 targets brought the entropy back to values close to or below the entropy of the control, which meant that top-5 targets are worth considering for drug development since they potentially offer a complete 5-year survival of the patient population under consideration. However, the exact hub number that should be ideally deactivated has not been investigated.
Let us also note here that the existence of an interacting sub-network between down- and up-regulated genes indicates that the differentially expressed genes, in addition to being induced by specific cancer pathways, are interacting with each other apparently in a compensatory way [133], which further confirms the notion that oncogenesis and tumoral progression require multiple and crosstalk signaling and that a therapy driven against up-regulated genes may also affect down-regulated ones.
The result just described has shed an important light on the outcomes of therapies based on drug cocktails, which are predicted to increase the benefit expected from chemotherapy compared to treatments based on single drugs. Thus, a method is needed that enables the malignant population to be completely eliminated within a desired time-frame, negating the possibility of recurrence and promoting drug resistance. The difficulty of eradicating a mass of malignant cells is due to the nature of reaction kinetics that governs the interaction of these cells with the therapeutic agents administered. Therapeutic agents cause an exponential decay of the malignant cell population leaving a finite number of cells at the asymptotic extremity of the time of drug treatment curve as a natural consequence of the asymptotic curve that only comes into contact with the horizontal axis at a theoretically infinite time of treatment. If this situation is not taken into consideration, the necessary finite time of treatment leaves a small number of residual malignant cells that later lead to secondary malignances. A solution that has been successfully implemented by Kapoor et al. [177] has been to consider a tumor population at a value larger than it actually is, which causes a shift to increase the treatment dose or equivalently that forces the asymptotical exponential decreasing of malignant cell decay to cut the horizontal line at a finite time interval from the treatment initiation rather than at an infinite time. For this process to be efficient, all therapeutic and cell parameters must be carefully taken into account in a nonlinear model described by differential equations. The input dose of therapeutic agents was calculated according to a predefined time at which malignant cells are planned to be extinct. This calculation was made through a reverse engineering process using control strategy whose optimality has been solved by the classical method of Lagrange multipliers. The therapeutic treatment included one chemotherapeutic (cytotoxic) and two immunotherapeutic (Interleukin and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte) agents. Such a process could be optimized to take several target-specific chemotherapeutic agents in addition to the immunotherapeutic ones. This operation would have the effect to relax the physiological constraints into which the system is forced to operate to warrant patient safety due to the inherent toxicity of chemotherapeutic cytotoxic agents. By integrating Loewe additivity and Bliss independence [178, 179], such a strategy would allow the full modeling of oncotherapeutic PM from molecular target to drug posology and to fully investigate the nature of their relationships with respect to the signaling network components.
Challenges of precision therapy
Today, the concept of PM is defined by using terms such as the customization of medical treatment to an individual’s genetic profile [180]. Although an attempt to support a unique definition of PM has been published, various competing definitions using somewhat different nomenclature (e.g. “stratified\individualized” instead of personalized) persist in the literature. But all definitions share in common some form of genetic testing to identify and target specific patient profiles in order to deliver “the right drug to the right patient” and to maximize treatment effectiveness and safety [181–183].
The fast growth of genetic knowledge has allowed the shift from individual gene testing (genetics) to multiple gene evaluation (genomics). The enthusiasm for personalized medicine in oncology has been fueled by success stories of targeted therapies in a variety of tumors based on their molecular profiles [184, 185].
Pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways that can affect the response of individual patients to drugs. By definition, a pharmacogenetic interaction implies that a causal genetic factor has differential effects on outcomes in treated versus untreated patients. The prior assumption is that patients should not show any positive effects without therapy application. However, tumor heterogeneity impacts on treatment regimen as combinatorial therapies are required to target different cancer cells and it makes difficult to interpret the treatment outcome. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are at least 18 different histological subtypes of BC, and a variety of grading and corresponding diagnostic schemes [186–188].
Although the challenges inherent to the integration of cancer, pharmacogenetics and targeted therapies into clinical practice should require evidence of benefit to the patients, an additional important parameter to consider is the cost-effectiveness for the healthcare system [188]. In this context, the PM management of cancer implies the prescription of target-specific therapeutics that is best suited for individual patients according to the type of tumor they develop. The purpose of PM strategy is to increase the efficacy of anticancer agents and to avoid toxic side effects as much as possible, which are a critical issue in clinical oncology [189]. One may consider at first glance that personal therapies can only be more expensive than standard ones, however, such a cursory assessment does not take into account the cost of administration of an ineffective treatment and the costs associated with the loss of life in terms of societal issues.
Regarding treatment costs, patients may have health care access provided through nationally funded programs according to their geographic place of residence, but the allocated resources may vary widely. Access to newer therapies and their accompanying diagnostics is often restricted as prices often exceed the thresholds used to approve new treatments. Medical insurance companies also place restrictions on diagnostic tools for cutting-edge treatments that are not supported by third-party payers. Health cost strategies vary worldwide. However, they all have a similar background of cost-driven logic. In Brazil, for instance, patients may have recourse to justice to benefit from a breakthrough treatment not normally covered by the federal health system. Access imbalances can only increase as the identification of novel targets and treatments continues. Organizations such as the Health Economic Policy and Reimbursement Committee within the European Personalised Medicine Association and the Personalised Medicine coalition have provided recommendations to address the delivery of PM across Europe and produced working documents that summarize the need to re-evaluate existing assessment and payment systems. A key challenge is to provide evidences to support the notion that PM can increase benefits to patients while lowering overall costs. On the other hand, while the cost of implementing PM may be high, one could also ask what would be the cost of not pursuing it [5].
Over the last several years, FDA (http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ApprovedDrugs/default.htm) has accelerated the rate of anticancer drug approval, but only a small fraction of these new drugs found their way to a wide clinical use. FDA currently includes 155 pharmacogenetic labels, and 52 are related to oncology. Actually, nearly half of the recent cancer drug approvals (48 %) are first class, i.e., interesting drugs that use a novel mechanism of action. The better understanding of disease mechanisms and human biology has made possible to develop more effective therapeutic approaches driven by genomics and pos-genomics targets [189, 190].
Pharmacogenomic research can have an impact on how the pharmaceutical industry develops cancer drugs by identifying the genes and their isoforms involved in the interaction between a drug and the body. Bioinformatics, cheminformatics and pathway analysis developed numerous resources for pathway and network analysis, such as Biocarta, Ingenuity, KEGG and PharmaGKB, which are being used to speed up the discovery of suitable gene targets, lead compounds (potential drugs) and new molecular targets by high-throughput drug screens (HTS). Additionally, the discovery of pharmacogenomic variants improves the design of clinical trials and optimizes the drug transit through the pharmaceutical pipeline [188, 190, 191].
Molecular and physiological effects of drugs in precision therapies
Physicians prescribe medications based on clinical evaluation or on evidence from clinical trials. To select a drug and a dosage, physicians take care of clinical factors such as weight, gender or organ function. The individual variation that may affect drug selection or dosage, such as genetic factors, is only rarely taken into consideration [188].
In one very simple scenario, a drug may act as an agonist or an antagonist for a receptor, composed of one or more proteins. At a molecular level, the metabolite can bind to the protein’s active site, which can be a ligand-binding site, a conformation-altering site or a catalytic site. Thus, the effect of a drug can then be propagated through biochemical pathways to produce cellular and systemic physiological effects. Drug metabolism can lead to the conversion of a precursor metabolite into an active drug or to the breakdown of an active into an inactive form suitable for excretion. In some cases, structurally similar molecules (e.g. a drug that is similar to a protein’s natural ligand) can bind and affect the same region of the protein and produce pharmacological effect. The absorption and distribution as well as inter-individual metabolic variation can often be explained by genetic factors [188, 192].
The most famous drug-metabolizing proteins are members of the cytochrome P450 family, which are involved in the phase I metabolism of the majority of known drugs. Polymorphisms in these genes have been involved in human drug response variation and can affect up to 25 % of all therapies [193–195].
As outlined above, tamoxifen is an anti-estrogenic drug used as adjuvant in the treatment of BC that reduces substantially the mortality due to malignant cells with estrogen receptor-α (Rα). This therapy has been the main focus of a large number of studies with emphasis on germline genotyping as a tool to improve guide treatment [196, 197]. The formation of two major primary metabolites of tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, is catalyzed by CYP3A4\5 and CYP2D6, respectively. The second metabolite 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (endoxifen) is genetated from N-desmethyl-tamoxifen by CYP2D6, and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen substantially less by CYP3A4\5 [198–200]. The endoxifen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen are potent anti-estrogenic metabolites with a higher suppression rate of cell proliferation compared to tamoxifen, which brings out key roles of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4\5 in tamoxifen bioactivation [199]. FDA recommends CYP2D6 genotyping upon tamoxifen administration in postmenopausal and premenopausal women [197, 201] because of variations in inter-individual response due to genetic polymorphisms. For instance, different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects were observed for various polymorphisms in the CYP encoding genes such as CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4\5 [197]. For CYP2D6, there is a clear genetic effect partially explaining the inter-individual variability in endoxifen plasma concentration. Although the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and tamoxifen pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics is well understood, the variability in plasma concentration implies genotyping for tamoxifen’s clinical applicability. Different factors can contribute to the observed inter-study heterogeneity, such as differences in the quantification of tamoxifen and its metabolites, co-medications, administered dose, time on treatment, compliance, genotype comparison, tissues used for genotyping, deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, specifications of survival outcome, statistical power, methodology, and experimental design. In addition, a large number of studies are biased in the polymorphisms that are taken into account, which leads to potential phenotype misclassifications [197, 202].
PM is a fascinating issue however the clinical results have not been as encouraging as expected so far. This is particularly true in oncology where PM was expected to be the major field of application and where targeted therapies have not yet been able to replace classical chemotherapy [203, 204].
In general, target prioritization is a major issue and the discovery and development of target-specific therapies is still the main bottleneck. A major challenge of PM with target- specific drugs is that most responses are still transient, and tumors acquire drug resistance through genetic and non-genetic mechanisms.
Genomic and post-genomic era advances may increasingly provide assistance in difficult clinical decisions, such as those involved in BC management. The recent high-throughput technologies will facilitate pharmacogenomic progress and provide novel druggable molecules as well as support the design of future strategies aimed at BC control. Thus, substantial research investments are still needed to identify when and for whom genomic testing will be most beneficial for improved health and better oncology outcomes.
Engineering precision therapies
The underlying goal of improving systemic treatments of BC is to evolve from a shotgun approach of treating every patient with relatively non-specific cytotoxic chemotherapy or hormonal therapy to a rational design in which patients are treated with therapies aimed at specific molecular targets. As a matter of fact, a significant proportion of BC patients are being over-treated: many patients are likely cured by locoregional therapy alone, but are enduring the side effects of unnecessary additional systemic therapies [205]. Predictors of prognosis would decrease acute and latent toxic effects and reduce treatment-associated costs. Because complex gene interactions control tumor phenotypes, traditional techniques focusing on a single or few genes had only limited success in the control of cancer disease and its prognosis. The identification of BC molecular subtypes and the development of prognostic as well as predictive molecular signatures through gene expression profiling have resulted in a better appreciation of the biological heterogeneity of BC [135].
In BC, genomic aberrations such as abnormal DNA copy number and their derived prognostic have not advanced much except for HER2; much less is understood about somatic mutations and therapy response according to survival expectation. By contrast to microarrays where expression level or copy number can only be reported for the pre-determined probe sequences tested, an added benefit of NGS is that it operates on the whole-genome scale where a complete representation of the population of DNA or RNA molecules in a sample can be queried simultaneously, which has prompted the Sweden Cancerome Analysis Network – Breast (SCAN-B) to sequence over 3,000 breast tumors to date [205]. The comparison of transcriptome profiling from malignant cell, neighboring stroma cells, and healthy cells potentially allows the identification of key protein targets involved in the malignant pathway rewiring [133]. The progressive phenotype drift of malignant cells is a complicating factor, which promotes tumor cell heterogeneity. However, it seems that key protein hubs are globally conserved in a tumor cell population, which makes sense according to the concept of common ancestor. If all malignant cells of a solid tumor derive from the same BCSC common ancestor that was successful in its pathway rewiring strategy, descendant cells should have kept such strategy even after adding new mutations. According to this notion, one may expect that a global sequencing of a heterogeneous cell population should keep detectable the common denominator of overexpressed genes since they should be up-regulated in most cells. By contrast, up-regulated genes from new mutations may not be detected as a consequence of averaging expression data by sequencing cell lines whose gene expression may be eventually in conflict. However, the astonishing progress of laser capture microdissection (LCM) is expected to improve the management of tumor heterogeneity. By combining LCM and linear amplification, it is already possible to draw a RNA-seq from only 1 ng, which provides a powerful tool for transcriptome analyses in the context of tumor heterogeneity [206].
Due to the advances achieved by basic research, it has become clear that even if the mutation space is very large at the genome level, the number of possible dysregulated pathways leading to cancer is much smaller, which inevitably implies phenotypic redundancy at the level of protein hub targets as they can be inferred through RNA-seq [133]. Consequently, the number of rewiring transformations from a dysregulated pathway to another must be even smaller. The considerations above suggest that post-treatment liquid biopsy should permit in the near future to follow the disease relapse and adjust adjuvant therapy accordingly and that the arsenal of target specific drugs should be sufficient to control cancer with marginal negative side effects to patients [134]. RNA-seq is still expensive, however, contextual knowledge should allow therapy design based only on a few representative protein markers that could be clinically monitored by Ampliseq at low cost.
PM implies precision therapy, which means that cytotoxic drugs should ideally be reduced to a reasonable minimum and substituted by target-specific drugs as much as possible. In this connection, nanoparticles hold great promise and can be used to administrate drugs and siRNAs. The Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database (www.cancerRxgene.org) is a powerful tool for such design; it is freely available and currently contains drug sensitivity data for almost 75,000 experiments, describing response to 138 anticancer drugs across almost 700 cancer cell lines [207]; another interesting resource in that respect is the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia [208]. With the fast pace of modern technology development, we can make a safe prediction that at some point in a not-too-distant future, when a patient is diagnosed with cancer, it will be possible to rapidly and inexpensively sequence both malignant and normal cells through biopsy in order to inform the treatment plan. When specific oncotargets are identified, it will become theoretically possible to define a personalized drug cocktail on the basis of existing knowledge or even, on-the-fly, by in silico simulations (docking and molecular dynamics) of inhibitors with these oncotargets. Theoretically, this strategy is compatible with personalized medicine, in the sense, that whenever the strategy is designed, it can be, in principle, largely automated. Since the response rate to a specific chemotherapeutic drug might be relatively low in an unselected pre-treated patient population, it is a pre-requisite that the repurposing strategy includes pre-selection of those patients with a favorable molecular profile in their cancer cells, i.e., those patients with the highest likelihood of benefiting from the treatment. The strategy proposed by Carels et al. [134] differs from the traditional view of drug repurposing in expecting to find new indications for cocktail therapies that should affect essential pathways/mechanisms resulting in cancer cell death with minimal side effects for normal cells. In other words, the aim is to simultaneously maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity of a given treatment regimen. This strategy is expected to overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance, tumor heterogeneity, adaptation, and genetic instability of cancer cells.
Finally, pharmacogenetics is another PM dimension that cannot be neglected since a target specific drug can be effective for a given patient and not for another according to its particular profile of genetic polymorphism, which means that several drug alternatives must be available for a same target.
The fundamental recognition that cancer is caused by the unregulated expansion of cells because of their somatic mutations has however contributed only a little to its treatment and it is not obvious that it can improve patient outcomes. A mutation-oriented view is not necessarily very productive in that respect. Indeed, mutations have indirect pleiotropic effects on the regulation of other genes. What must be considered is that cancer is a disease of cellular regulation pathways. Consequently, we propose that it is the signaling phenotype of dysregulated cancer cells that is the key feature to be addressed in order to achieve success in cancer precision therapy. The characterization of cancer-activated protein networks will guide combination therapies to optimize therapeutic effects with the consequence that a shift towards PM from the current SM approach will improve the clinical benefit to patients. However, the failure to deliver PM is often associated with the lack of specific drugs for the case under consideration. Thus, oncology is at the frontline of PM, moving into the use of molecular profile of individuals’ genomes to optimize their disease management and to avoid over- and under-treatment, which is common to traditional chemotherapy based on the SM approach, thus reducing toxicities associated with nonspecific modes of action of chemotherapy.
A key challenge associated with PM of cancer diseases is the heterogeneity of tumors and progressive phenotype drifting of their malignant cells that complicates precision diagnosis and therapies with the consequence that a single snap-shot biopsy at a single time-point may not be sufficient. Malignant cell resistance to drugs has resulted in the selection of an arsenal of cytotoxic drugs with severe side effects for patients. However, the combination of targeted therapies and the stimulation of the immune system could help in the process of malignant cell eradication. In addition, the rise of high throughput technologies for cell and molecular diagnosis at RNA/DNA and protein levels has raised hopes for precision medicine. The comparison of transcriptome profiling from malignant cells, neighbor stroma cells, and healthy cells potentially allows the identification of key hub targets involved in the malignant pathway rewiring. On-the-fly selection of target-specific drugs for disease-specific protein hubs is now theoretically feasible in the context of precision medicine. Biosensor technology is also rapidly improving and one may readily conclude that liquid biopsy will allow the non-invasive diagnosis and real-time monitoring of cancer evolution.
Despite its apparent high costs, PM must be pursued in the context of translational medicine simply due to ethical issues for patients, but also due to high cost incurred by the prescription of ineffective drug therapies in refractory patients and, finally, due to the social costs associated with cytotoxic therapies plagued by poor clinical outcomes and debilitating side effects. The European Medicines Agency guideline on anticancer drug evaluation already recommends the development of biomarker diagnostic methods early in clinical development, which makes irreversible the ongoing trend toward the PM approach of cancer [209]. Collaborative international programs with the purpose of evaluating PM approach for BC treatment, such as the umbrella study (which assesses the effect of different drugs in different molecular alterations either in one or several tumours) termed AURORA [210], have already been launched. As the era of stratified oncology moves into the era of PM, there is an urgent need for the integration of large-scale genomic and clinical data into information to serve as guidance to clinical decisions.
BCSC:
breast cancer stem cell
chimeric antigen receptor
clusters of differentiation
CDK:
cyclin-dependent kinases
CpG:
a cytosine followed by a guanine
CTL:
cytotoxic T lymphocyte
EC:
EMT:
EPC:
endothelial progenitor cell
GC:
guanine plus cytosine
GI50:
half cell growth inhibition
GO:
GRN:
HER2:
epidermal growth factor receptor 2
HTS:
high-throughput drug screen
LCM:
mesenchymal-epithelial transition
MMEJ:
microhomology-mediated end joining
NGS:
PPI:
protein-protein interaction
SC:
thymine
tumor-associated macrophages
TCR:
T cell receptor
TN:
triple-negative
Y2H:
yeast two-hybrid
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This work was supported by a fellowship from CAPES-Fiocruz (cooperation term 001/2012 CAPES-Fiocruz) to T. M. Tilli, the National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN, CNPq, 573642/2008-7), the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation, the Allard Foundation and the Alberta Cancer Foundation.
Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN, CNPq), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nicolas Carels, Lizânia Borges Spinassé & Tatiana Martins Tilli
Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
Jack Adam Tuszynski
Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
Nicolas Carels
Lizânia Borges Spinassé
Tatiana Martins Tilli
Correspondence to Nicolas Carels.
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
NC conceived and wrote the manuscript with LS, TT and JT. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Carels, N., Spinassé, L.B., Tilli, T.M. et al. Toward precision medicine of breast cancer. Theor Biol Med Model 13, 7 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12976-016-0035-4
Signaling networks
Tumor heterogeneity
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The Heavy Price of Ignoring Advice
Tags advice, egos at work, Harvard Business School, Hayley Blunden, office politics, working relationshipsPosted on March 5, 2020 March 3, 2020 Categories Level Up-Career, Pop Psych
Here’s a heads-up for anyone who seeks input from colleagues or mentors on the regular: If you shrug off their counsel, it could affect your career.
Ever been in a situation where you offered someone advice, only to have them disregard your wisdom completely? Feels awesome, right? But in truth, we don’t usually act on every single knowledge nugget we receive. Researchers from Harvard Business School conducted nine studies to determine what effect ignoring advice from colleagues might have. Turns out, it could provoke an unexpected backlash. Worst-case scenario: it ends up mortally wounding a valuable workplace relationship.
It wasn’t difficult to confirm that advisors got offended (natch) when their guidance was ignored. Most commonly, they took umbrage upon discovering they weren’t the sole oracle of wisdom consulted. Likewise, their egos took a hit when their sage recommendations landed in the reject pile.
The paper Seeker Beware: The Interpersonal Costs of Ignoring Advice, also reveals that these huffy advisors “May punish those colleagues by denigrating them, distancing themselves—and in some cases, even severing the relationship.” Yikes.
In one study, the research team learned that more than half of the financial planners they studied said they ended a relationship with a client after the client ignored their advice.
“If you’re an entrepreneur seeking advice from a potential board member and your goal in that interaction is to establish a relationship, you should be aware of these effects so you’re not falling victim to the negative consequences that may come from not taking the board member’s advice,” says the paper’s co-author Hayley Blunden.
Advice for advice-seekers
It’s not possible to follow every piece of advice you receive. So how can you navigate this career landmine and still get the feedback you need? The first step is realizing that you and the person in the advisor position see the exchange in different ways. Your goal might be to gain as much knowledge as possible. You tap many sources to make an informed decision. The advisor, meanwhile, believes he or she is the only person you’ve consulted because their input is invaluable.
Consider letting the person know upfront that you’re checking in with various people for advice on a particular problem. That way, their ego remains in check, and they can decide how much of their energy to invest in your issue. The paper’s authors also suggest being discerning about who you ask in the first place. Are you likely to follow the person’s advice? How might they react if you don’t take their suggestions?
“These are people with egos and motives, and your relationship with them is important,” Blunden says. “In workplace interactions, you should look beyond just the information you want to receive and think of people as more than mere repositories of advice.”
advice egos at work Harvard Business School Hayley Blunden office politics working relationships
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Theatre Things
Tag: war
Review: The Acedian Pirates at Theatre503
Published on November 2, 2016 January 6, 2018 by LizLeave a comment
Jay Taylor’s debut play The Acedian Pirates was shortlisted for the inaugural Theatre503 Playwriting Award in 2014. Now, two years later, it’s come back home in dramatic, devastating style, to confront one of the oldest questions in history: why do human beings go to war?
Jacob, a young man newly transferred to the Intelligence division, sits in a lighthouse with his fellow soldiers, listening to the sounds of a mysterious woman being interrogated on the floor above. We don’t know where they are; we don’t know who they’re fighting or what they’re waiting for. We don’t even know when the story’s set – it could just as easily be ancient past, present day or dystopian future. And somehow that doesn’t matter; this is, after all, just one more war in an endless series of wars, so who cares where or when it’s taking place?
Photo credit: Savannah Photographic
Besides, it’s another question that interests Jacob: why they’re at war at all. Why, he wonders, is he called a hero for killing fifteen strangers just because they wore a different uniform to him? What is it that keeps them all there, on that island, year after year? The other men answer in meaningless rote responses – that they’re there to fight, to help, to do some good – but even they seem unconvinced. In frustration, Jacob finally turns to the only other person who might be able to answer him: the woman upstairs, the one nobody’s seen but who all nonetheless firmly believe to be “everything”.
This isn’t a particularly easy play, either in its heavy subject matter or its intellectual tone; I’d recommend brushing up on your Greek mythology before leaving home. Yet despite the sophisticated vocabulary and the numerous classical references, Jay Taylor’s writing still captures the natural speech patterns of a bunch of men who’ve been cooped up together for a long time. Light-hearted banter, explosive rage and wistful nostalgia combine in a script that’s not only totally believable but also brilliantly delivered by an excellent cast.
Cavan Clarke leads the way as Jacob, skilfully managing his character’s transition from youthful arrogance to the very brink of madness. His quiet thoughtfulness is matched by that of Marc Bannerman as Bull, a man of so few words that when he does choose to speak, we listen. Meanwhile Ivan (Matthew Lloyd Davies) and Bernie (Andrew P Stephen) rarely shut up, constantly full of stories from the glorious past; whether they’re actually their own stories is neither here nor there. Rowan Polonski is the oddly charismatic commanding officer Troy, who seems quite mad but may just turn out to be the sanest of them all, while Sheena Patel is a refreshingly sharp-tongued damsel in distress.
Trapped as we are within the lighthouse – beautifully imagined by designer Helen Coyston – there’s a simmering tension in Bobby Brook’s production that has little to do with the fear of physical harm. Lighting and sound effects from Cat Webb and Simon Slater give us a powerful impression of the conflict raging outside, but the real struggle is unfolding within these walls, and the only question is how and when it’ll reach its climax.
The Acedian Pirates feels particularly relevant at a moment in our history when the habit of parroting dangerous ideologies without hesitation seems to be on the rise, and those who dare to disagree are accused of being unpatriotic or disrespectful. The play doesn’t offer any answers to its central question, but perhaps that’s because there simply isn’t one to offer. Or rather there are too many; the sad fact is we’ll always find a reason to make war against each other – even if, after a while, nobody can quite remember what it was.
Can’t see the map on iPhone? Try turning your phone to landscape and that should sort it. I don’t know why but I’m working on it… 😉
Categories London theatre, Reviews•Tags Jay Taylor, London, mythology, review, The Acedian Pirates, theatre, Theatre503, war
Interview: Jay Taylor, The Acedian Pirates
Published on October 9, 2016 by LizLeave a comment
“Funny. Surreal. Savage,” says actor-turned-writer Jay Taylor, when given three words to sum up his debut play, which was shortlisted for the inaugural Theatre503 Playwriting Award in 2014, and opens at Theatre503 on 26th October. “The Acedian Pirates is a dark comic-drama about military occupation, the moral conundrum of armed intervention and the mythology of warfare,” he adds, when allowed a few more.
What led Jay to choose this weighty subject for his first play? “I wanted to write something about the way people mythologise conflict and also about man’s obsession with war,” he explains. “It seemed to me that Helen of Troy was the ultimate idol and myth, so I wanted to offer a radically different perspective on the ‘face that launched a thousand ships’. This play was intended to investigate belief, propaganda and the moral dilemma of intervention; all themes that seem very relevant considering the amount of instability and conflict in the world today.
“I hope it challenges a few perceptions and attitudes towards the military: their recruitment policy, their moral responsibility and their genuine intentions when invading or occupying another territory. But this is not intended to be a condemnation of the military or a pacifist diatribe. The crux of the play is the moral dilemma of intervention; for example, what would have happened if the allies had not intervened in the Second World War in order to defeat fascism?”
After 10 years as an actor, Jay’s finding it fascinating to approach the creative process from the other side: “I’m quite used to being in an audition environment, but being on the other side of the table for our casting process was a hugely informative experience. And being in rehearsals is fantastic – the actors are able to investigate their characters with great specificity and turn them into fully realised people. Plus, they’re not letting me off the hook with regard to the characters’ desires and objectives, which forces me to rethink certain aspects of the play. It’s brilliant.
“There are many transferable skills between acting and writing. Essentially they’re both about critical thinking and determining what characters, choices and attitudes best serve the story you are trying to tell. Acting also gives you a good ear for dialogue, as well as a desire to make every character as dynamic as possible. I’ve played plenty of characters that are purely there to exposit and give information to the protagonist. That sort of writing is lazy, so I try my best not to do that!”
Jay’s over the moon to see his work performed at Theatre503. “It’s thrilling. Theatre503 rightly has the reputation of being one of the most bold, ambitious and innovative theatres in London. For a theatre with such limited space and resources, their output is extraordinary. I’m delighted that my first play has been programmed there; I think it’s worth mentioning that I sent The Acedian Pirates direct to the theatre, through their unsolicited script submission portal. Their resident literary manager and dramaturg Steve Harper has offered invaluable support to me as a writer – this production wouldn’t be happening without him.”
The Acedian Pirates takes place in a lighthouse, with a set designed by Helen Coyston. “Helen’s been a fantastic addition to the creative team,” says Jay. “Having only seen the model box and costume design drawings, I think her design is going to be deeply atmospheric, offering a pressure cooker environment for the characters to inhabit. I’m personally looking forward to seeing how we cram six actors, a lighthouse, the moon, the sea and some pretty significant special effects all onto the diminutive stage at Theatre503! But we will and it will obviously be deeply cool and brilliant… I hope!”
Finally, what advice does Jay have for someone thinking about getting into writing, but not sure where to begin? “People often say to write what you know, but my advice is to be as bold, inventive and imaginative as you can. I love nothing more than going to the theatre and seeing something subversive, different and theatrical. I feel like our addiction to television box sets has stifled creativity and made theatrical exuberance unfashionable.
“Don’t write what someone else tells you to write or what you think might please someone. Think with your inner child; write about something that inspires you and something you really believe in.”
The Acedian Pirates is at Theatre503 from 26th October-19th November.
Categories Interviews, London theatre•Tags interview, Jay Taylor, London, mythology, Tara Finney Productions, The Acedian Pirates, Theatre503, war, writing
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First-year runner Devon Mundy competing with autoimmune disease
Emily WaitsonJanuary 30, 20194 mins read
Photo by Eva Ou
Devon Mundy, second-year environmental and geomatics student at Wilfrid Laurier University and middle-distance runner, has faced one of the biggest challenges in his career so far on and off the track: living with an autoimmune disease.
As a competitive runner in high school, Mundy experienced health issues early on in his adolescence when he was 14-years old. Originally diagnosed with enthesitis-related arthritis, he went through a failed series of different medications, none of which provided any relief for his symptoms.
Two years ago, Mundy was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease.
Commonly difficult to diagnose, Crohn’s is an autoimmune disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract and causes inflammation that is painful and can be difficult to control — even with the assistance of medicine.
For Mundy, athletics are an essential part of disease management and controlling the symptoms that affect him.
“Track was huge for me. I always found that when I was more physical, everything was more manageable. Mentally speaking, physically speaking, it was just so much easier,” Mundy said.
Mundy was unable to participate in track last year due to a knee injury — and the lack of physical activity he was able to engage in was something that directly impacted his overall well-being.
“It really got to me — my illness. I had an acute flare-up for several weeks on end [and] it was just awful. It took a toll on me academically, mentally … and ever since this school year started and I could compete again, it’s been wonderful just being able to get out there,” Mundy said.
Since he got back into track, the problems he was experiencing before lessened significantly.
“It’s been great for my body, my mind … I’ve just been more in control of my disease,” he said.
As he has done with athletics, Mundy has proven that it’s possible to persevere and succeed despite the complications of an illness.
Running has had an incredibly positive impact on his health. Mundy has managed to stay optimistic and driven because of the benefits that it provides him.
However, being an athlete with an autoimmune disease isn’t without its own set of challenges and setbacks.
“Not many people really understand what autoimmune diseases really do to your body — where it’s like the greatest thing you’re ever going to face, is facing yourself. It’s really frustrating when every day could go a little differently. I could go out one day and do amazing,” Mundy said.
“And then the day after that, I could be standing at the finish line throwing up my guts, almost in tears because of the pain.”
“It does take some time to recover from everything. You see your teammates, you work just as hard as them, but you’re not making as much progress, you can’t put on as much weight and muscle — and training is different for sure,” he said.
Mundy has seen the toll that Crohn’s and other autoimmune diseases can have on different people, and it’s helped push him to stay motivated, even when things can feel disheartening.
“It motivates me to [think] I can do this and I should do this because some people can’t and I’d love to do it for them,” Mundy said.
Mundy doesn’t want people to pity or feel sorry for him. He just wants to provide a voice for those who may be struggling with similar health issues, especially “invisible” diseases — diseases that are not immediately apparent to other people — and show that they are working just as hard as everyone else.
“I just want people to understand what individuals go through with something like an autoimmune disease and how hard it is for some people. No one really sees what they’re going through and understands it.”
Emily Waitson
Emily is a recent Laurier grad who loves to complain about the weather and regularly eats too many packaged snack foods in one sitting. She collects more books than she actually reads, gets emotional over adoption notices at animal shelters, and acts a lot cooler than she really is. Emily was the Editor-in-Chief for the 2019-20 school year and is currently the News Director.
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Home Tags Posts tagged with "Duke of Edinburgh Award"
Royal NewsThe Earl and Countess of Wessex
Earl of Wessex visits western Africa to support Duke of Edinburgh’s International Award
by Rhadra Araújo Thu 13 February, 2020
written by Rhadra Araújo
Thu 13 February, 2020
Countess of Wessex hosts meeting with new generation of female leaders
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The Royal Review: the Royal Family’s other engagements 11th – 17th June
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The Royal Review: the Royal Family’s other engagements 4-10th June
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Here’s a look at what some members of the Royal Family have been up to this week: The Earl of Wessex Tuesday The Earl of Wessex travelled to China this…
Royal diary
Royal diary: upcoming engagements 30th April – 6th May
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by ilana c Mon 16 April, 2018
The Earl of Wessex was in Australia last week for various engagements related to the Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme and the Commonwealth Games. Prince Edward attended the Commonwealth Games…
Earl of Wessex’s Melbourne visit promotes Duke of Edinburgh award scheme & real tennis
by Olivia Moran Sun 08 April, 2018
The Earl of Wessex has been in Australia since Friday, on a visit designed to promote The Duke of Edinburgh (DofE) award scheme. Prince Edward is not the only royal…
Plate painting, local history & university STEM opening for Earl of Wessex in Derbyshire
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The Earl of Wessex has spent the day in Derbyshire, where he opened the University of Derby’s new STEM centre, visited CHICKS charity, St Oswald’s church, and Trent College. The…
Charities and PatronagesRoyal NewsThe Queen and Prince Philip
Philip celebrates 60th Anniversary of the Duke of Edinburgh Award
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During his recent trip to Scotland with The Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh found time to join in the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the award that bears his name. Barry…
Sophie takes on 445 mile palace-to-palace bike ride for DofE Award
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Terra Virtua Bridging the Digital Gap in Collectibles
by Carlos Park
COVID-19 has reshaped our world. Between the record number of new delivery services and the mainstreaming of face masks, life may never go back to the old “normal.” Thanks to the announcement of a handful of viable vaccines, relief from the pandemic is moving closer to reality. But logistical issues and challenges may keep it out of the public’s hands for months. As people continue to self-quarantine, the desire for human interaction remains, perhaps even heightened from the lack of in-person gatherings. Collectible hobbyists who used to attend conventions and tabletop sessions are struggling to remain social and participate in their pastimes.
The post-Covid world is more virtual than ever. This may mean our remote world will persist for the foreseeable future. Our collectibles will likely take a similar spin, moving towards digital.
The intersection of Physical and Digital Collectibles
Interestingly enough, Nintendo has already been a player in this space for years with their “Amiibo” line of collectibles.
“Snake, the Pokemons are behind you, stop looking over there”
Tapping one of these collectible figures to the Nintendo Switch unlocks specific moves, actions, costumes, etc. for the player.
Physical collectibles are not going away in a socially distanced world, in fact, they may become only more popular. Moving this system to the blockchain, where limited availability is a factor, may introduce a new layer of intricacy.
The high-end figures like those found on McFarlane Toys have shown that there is a market for highly detailed models. Pulling from the Amiibo predecessor, a QR code of NFT chip could allow buyers of these figures to give an animated, 3D Terra Virtua figure to the owner. Like their physical counterparts, the virtual models would find a home on the shelves of the FanCave.
Depending on the circulating supply of the QR codes, some could be “Limited Edition,” or “Exclusive” to certain locales. Comic conventions have done this for years, releasing rare figures that are quickly bought up, some of which are sold on eBay for fans unable to physically attend. Conventions have now adapted to social distancing, launching “virtual Comic Cons.” Fans have been known to wait for a livestream panel to start and then scoop up exclusive merchandise which is available only for a few hours.
Furthermore, the hardcore fans would be able to keep their physical models factory-sealed in their original packaging, while the digital models could be displayed, posed, or handled in the digital world. This allows the physical model to retain its value while letting interaction with the digital model to happen freely. Showing off digital collections is easy as inviting someone to a FanCave or TerraDome. The FanCave itself has the ability to be “themed,” depending on the licenses held. Imagine a FanCave themed with your favorite TV show, Movie, or literary series. Perhaps the Godfather and lap cat are more popular, or the Top Gun officers lounge?
A welcome benefit of tying a physical model to a digital one is fraud prevention. Due to their high-value, counterfeits are rampant throughout the collectibles industry; perhaps up to 7% of all goods sold worldwide are fake. But because the digital models can only be redeemed by a genuine QR code, possession of an animated NFT would prove the authenticity of the physical counterpart.
“The left is fake, the right is genuine. Terra Virtua can fix this.”
If Terra Virtua can cross-licensing to games, the Amiibo business model is complete. Licensing will be the deciding factor in all of this. Nintendo has the distinct advantage of owning all their IPs, while Terra Virtua has to negotiate with every IP to be included in their system.
Bringing it Home
By creating a bridge between the physical and digital space In this way, the collectibles community can continue to grow and thrive despite the limitations of social distancing. For those fans whose collections are a large part of their social network, this avenue of interaction can allow them to continue to tell stories, show off a new Hellraiser acquisition, and share a common interest with friends. And with the Terra Virtua app, when Covid-19 is eliminated, they will be able to display their NFTs at future gatherings on their mobile device. While the pandemic has placed physical restrictions on millions of people, Terra Virtua is focused on building a community to let fans share what they are most passionate about.
Website – https://terravirtua.io/
Discord – https://discord.com/invite/Pw7ffZe
Telegram – https://t.me/TerraVirtua
Twitter – https://twitter.com/terra_virtua
Carlos Park
The Daily Chain
*Disclaimer – Terra Virtua is our Media Partner, and this content is made possible with their support. The above article does not represent financial, investment, or trading advice, and we do not recommend the purchase of any cryptocurrency or product without consulting a financial aid. The Daily Chain strongly encourages you to do your own research before making any investment decisions.
Tags: CollectiblesNFTsTerra Virtua
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Carlos has been actively involved in cryptocurrencies since 2014 and since then has authored multiple articles and reviews, edited podcasts, and acted as an advisor for several projects related to blockchain technologies.
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The Youth Magazine
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Suyyash & Kishwer performs romantic number for Valentine’s Day !
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Suyyash & Kishwer adds, “At the end of the performance we will be joined by Bharti Singh and Varun Sharma who are hosting the show as a part of the skit. Apart from us, Karan Wahi and Adaa Khan are also performing, but solo acts.”
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India gets yet another international snub over Occupied Kashmir conflict
NEW YORK: The US print and electronic media has given prominent coverage to reports about Friday' UN Security Council meeting on the grave situation in Indian occupied Kashmir, amid continued criticism of India''s annexation of the disputed region.
Top US newspapers continue to denounce Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's illegal action in revoking Kashmir's special autonomous status, with Saturday's Washington Post saying, "Modi has stoked Kashmir’s anger and stained India’s democracy."
COAS General Qamar Bajwa holds important session in Corps Headquarters Peshawar
The newspapers also carried reports of the telephonic conversation between Prime Minister Imran Khan and US President Donald Trump on the situation in the occupied Kashmir.
Most reports on Friday's "closed consultations" of the 15-member Council highlighted the fact that it was the first meeting on Kashmir after a space of over 50 years, while also pointing to China's full support to Pakistan.
"Will 50 more years pass before the Council takes up again the hot topic of Kashmir?" CNN's UN Correspondent Richard Roth posed the question in his dispatch.
"As the diplomatic arm that's supposed to protect international peace and security, the Security Council should move quickly to get between the two nuclear-armed opponents if there is a significant flare up."
On Friday, China's UN Ambassador Zhang Jun summed up the Council discussions, saying the members countries voiced serious concerns over the situation.
"They are also concerned about the human rights situation there and also it's the general view of members that parties concerned should refrain from taking any unilateral action that might further aggravate the tension there since it's already very very dangerous situation," Zhang said.
Voice Of Kashmiri People Heard: Maleeha Lodhi
Speaking to reporters outside the Council chamber, Pakistan's permanent representative to the United Nations Maleeha Lodhi said the meeting had allowed “the voice of the people of the occupied Kashmir” to be heard “in the highest diplomatic forum of the world."
She argued that “the fact that this meeting took place, is a testimony to the fact that the Kashmir issue is an international dispute."
Ambassador Lodhi said, “As far as my country is concerned, we stand ready for a peaceful settlement of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. I think today’s meeting nullifies India’s claim that Jammu and Kashmir is an internal matter ofIndia. Today, the whole world is discussing the occupied state and the situation there."
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Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine
Taipei Medical University
Phone+886-2-27361661#3162
Emailcctrm@tmu.edu.tw
Websitehttp://cctrm.tmu.edu.tw
No. 250 Wu-Xing Street
11031 Taipei
56413 Citations
19 Chapter
5 Erratum
3 Patent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced connective tissue growth factor expression through JAK2/STAT3/p300 activation in human lung fibroblasts
Lin, C-H., Lee, H. S., Chen, B-C. & Huang, K. M., May 13 2016.
Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) Mediates Fibrocyte Differentiation in Chronic Obstructive Asthma
Lin, C-H., Feb 10 2015.
Patient Safety during Radiological Examination: A Nation-Wide Survey of Residency Training Hospitals in Taiwan
Lee, Y-H., Chen, C. C. C., Lee, S. K., Chen, C-Y., Wan, Y. L., Guo, W. Y., Cheng, A. & Chan, W. P., Nov 2015.
The translational studies of lung fibrosis in chronic obstructive asthma (COA): the involvement of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
Lin, C-H., Oct 2 2015.
Accelerated T2* Measurements in Human Meniscus Using Projection Reconstruction with Data Sharing From Adjacent Echo
Tsai, P-H., Chung, H. W., Huang, T. Y., Chan, W. P., Chen, C-Y. & Tsai, F. Y., Mar 2014.
Survey of Patient Safety in Radiological Examination Process at Radiology Resident Training Hospitals in Taiwan
Chan, W. P., Chen, C. C. C., Lee, S. K., Chen, C-Y., Wan, Y. L. & Guo, W. Y., Mar 2014.
Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials
Reminder Systems
Endothelin-1 induced connective tissue growth factor expression in human lung fibroblasts requires the JAK2/STAT3 pathway
Lin, C-H., Yang, W. T. & Chen, B-C., Mar 21 2013.
Mixed linage kinase 3 (MLK3) mediates connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)-induced collagen I expression in human lung fibroblasts
Lin, C-H., Chen, B-C. & Tung, W. H., Nov 10 2010.
The role of connective tissue growth factor in fibrocyte differentiation in asthmatic patients
Lin, C-H., Weng, C-M. & Chen, B-C., Dec 5 2010.
Thrombin-induced connective tissue growth factor expression requires c-Src/JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway in human lung fibroblasts
Lin, C-H., Pai, H. C. & Chen, B-C., Jul 18 2010.
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 mediated peptidoglycan-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages: Involvement of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β
Lin, C-H., Hsu, M-J., Chen, B-C. & Chang, C. K., Sep 16 2007.
ASK1 mediated amyloid β peptide-induced cerebral endothelial cell apoptosis
Hsu, M-J., Hsu, C. Y., Chen, B-C., Chen, M-C., Ou, G. & Lin, C-H., Jul 2 2006.
c-Src mediates thrombin-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8/CXCL8 expression in lung epithelial cells
Chen, B-C., Lin, C-H. & Hsu, M-J., Jul 2 2006.
Fabrication of a Moldable PLA/Chitosan/ACP Composite for GTR/GBR Applications.
Lee, S-Y. & Teng, N-C., 2006.
Rac 1 regulates peptidoglycan-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages by activating thephosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase/Akt pathway
Lin, C-H., Kang, J. C., Chen, B-C. & Hsu, M-J., Jul 2 2006.
Peptidoglycan-induced interleukin-6 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2, EP2/EP4 receptors, protein kinase A, IκB kinase, and nuclear factor-κB
Lin, C-H., Liao, C. C. & Chen, B-C., Jan 2005.
Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in RAW 264.7 macrophages by peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus: involvement of Ras-Raf-1-p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway
Lin, C-H., Chen, B-C. & Chang, Y. S., Sep 27 2003.
Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in RAW 264.7 macrophages by lipoteichoic acid derived from Staphylococcus aureus: involvement of PKC- and NF-B-dependent mechanisms
Lin, C-H. & Kuo, C. S., May 12 2002.
Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 protein by lipoteichoic acid derived from Staphylococcus aureus in human pulmonary epithelial cells: Involvement of a nuclear factor-B-dependent pathway
Lin, C-H., Chang, M. S. & Kuan, I. H., Sep 22 2001.
Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in advanced glycosylation end products-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages
Lin, C-H., Wu, C. H., Thum, W. Y. & Lee, H-M., Apr 22 2001.
Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in PLL-AGEs-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages
Lin, C-H., Wu, C. H., Thum, W. Y. & Lee, H-M., Mar 24 2001.
Lipoteichoic acid-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells requires activations of p44/42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways
Lin, C-H., Kuan, I. H. & Lee, H-M., Apr 22 2001.
Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression is mediated through protein kinase C-α in human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549)
Lin, C-H. & Chang, M. S., May 5 2000.
Advanced glycosylation end products induced COX-2 expression in C6 glioma cells.
Lin, Y. F., Lin, C-H., Wu, S. S. & Lee, H-M., 1999.
Involvment of protein kinase C-γ in IL-1β-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells
Lin, C-H. & Sheu, S. Y., 1999.
Involvment of protein kinase C-γ in induction of cyclooxygenase-2 stimulated by IL-1β in human pulmonary epithelial cells
Sheu, S. Y., Lee, H-M. & Lin, C-H., 1999.
Effects of CIS-19, a novel PAF receptor antagonist, on airway responses in guinea-pigs
Lin, C-H., Kuo, H-P., Ko, F. N., Chen, I. S. & Teng, C. M., 1995.
Pharmacological characterization of bronchodilators isolated from plant sources
Lin, C-H., Teng, C. M. & Ko, F. N., Nov 21 1995.
Effects of CIS-19, a novel platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, on PAF-induced bronchoconstriction, plasma exudation, systemic hypotension and bronchial hyperreactivity in guinea-pigs
Lin, C-H., Kuo, H-P., Ishii, H., Chen, I. S., Ko, F. N. & Teng, C. M., 1994.
Liriodenine, isolated from Fissistigma glaucescens, a novel muscarinic receptor antagonist in guinea-pigs and dogs
Lin, C-H., Yang, C. M., Ko, F. N., Teng, C. M. & Wu, Y. C., 1994.
Pharmacological characterization of some bronchodilators isolated from plant sources
Teng, C. M., Ko, F. N. & Lin, C-H., 1994.
The relaxant actions of guinea-pigs trachealis caused by atherosperminine isolated from Fissistigma glaucescens
Lin, C-H., Ko, F. N., Wu, Y. C. & Teng, C. M., 1993.
Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was mimicked by snake venom protein and inhibited by plant components
Lin, C-H., Ko, F. N., Teng, C. M., Shiao, G. C., Lin, C. N. & Cheng, I. S., 1992.
HA-29: an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 formation with antagonism of thromboxane A2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor in rabbit platelets
Lin, C-H., Kuo, S. C., Huang, J. L. & Teng, C. M., 1992.
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Prince Harry and Meghan Markle Need to Hold Son Archie ‘Grounded’ January 16, 2021
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News Roundup: MESHUGGAH, PARADISE LOST, DARK ANGEL, NILE, DEAFHEAVEN, DILLINGER ESCAPE PLAN and more!
Metal, New Stuff, News
By Dagon
I swam across the world thrice to bring you what’s fresh, what’s exciting, what’s baffling and what’s new. You’re welcome.
Meshuggah is undoubtedly one of the biggest and most influential acts in metal right now. According to label Nuclear Blast we can expect to hear new releases from them, along with label mates Nile, All Shall Perish, Immolation and more importantly – for me, at least – the first full length release by Brujeria in 15 years, featuring none other than El Cynico, a.k.a. Jeffrey Walker (Carcass) on bass duty.
Nuclear Blast has already dropped a couple gems upon us metalheads this year, like Melechesh‘s Enki, Enslaved‘s In Times and Blind Guardian‘s Beyond The Red Mirror. It looks like they have no plans on backing down from crushing 2015 with high-profile records.
Is that a roster or what?
The Dillinger Escape Plan has just announced a June mini-tour on the East Coast, backed by Mutoid Man and Primitive Weapons. See if you’ll be given the grace of watching Greg Puciato in action below:
06/16 Washington, DC @ Rock & Roll Hotel
06/17 Philadelphia, PA @ Union Transfer – this concert will also feature Rosetta
06/18 Boston, MA @ Royale Nightclub
06/20 New York, NY @ Irving Plaza
Drum kit juggernaut Gene Hoglan (Death, Strapping Young Lad, Testament, Dethklok, Everyone & Their Mother’s [seriously, this list in endless]) has promised two things about the new Dark Angel album: (1) It will be awesome and they will try to destroy everyone; (2) They will refrain from using modern production crutches and will sound as organic as possible.
Like, I don’t think you’re gonna see some heavily processed, gridded today’s production on it. I like it to be as organic and performance-captured situation as possible rather than just have it sound like some sterile… We don’t wanna do that. I’m not gonna Pro Tool the drums or have them gridded. And we’re not gonna loop guitar parts that… ‘Okay, you played that take great. Well, I’ll just cut it and paste it in the next part.’ We’re gonna play it all.
This excerpt was taken from Howard Smith’s podcast All About The Rock. You can appreciate the entire interview here.
Deafheaven have posted this photo of guitarist Kerry McCoy inside a studio, with a caption that reads “LP3”. I may be wrong on this one, but it seems recordings for their third album is under way. This will be the follow-up to 2013’s most hated & most loved album, Sunbather. Will the new record be any good? I don’t know. What I do know is that it is probably going to be as divisive as its predecessor. The last track released by the San Francisco group was “From The Kettle Onto The Coil”, which you can listen to at this link.
Moving on to a slightly blacker shade of black (shouts out to Sterling Archer), Suicidal Black Doom Metal duo Yhdarl have released a 7 minute audio ov the track “Ignite-Ashes”. It is a sneak peek into a track that tops over 15 minutes. According to the band, the best part was intentionally left out. Oooh. These gentlemen always had my curiosity, but now they have my attention. Do they have yours? If so, check out how brilliantly they have been covered in the Toilet before, once by a guy named Mendel and another time by a dude who lives inside Bandcamp – stab here & here, respectively. Yhdarl’s new album will be released this summer/fall by way of Belgian label Tanquam Aegri Somnia.
Paradise Lost will release their 14th studio album The Plague Within on June 2nd. The band has stated that the record will have a “death metal edge”, which could be a reflection of the recent influx of Death/Doom hybrids since last year. You can peep the artwork signed by Zbigniew M. Bielak below.
NY thrash ensemble Nuclear Assault is set to release new EP on June 1st, called Pounder. Here, have the EP’s art. I must add that Danny Lilker (Anthrax, Brutal Truth) will be on it. Yay.
Death Grips just announced a North American tour in support of their recently released Jenny Death. The record is amazing and this tour looks very promising. More dates (including international concerts) TBA.
What about you, tiny Flusher? Have you heard anything newsworthy recently?
(PHOTOS VIA, VIA, VIA, VIA & VIA)
TagsAll Shall PerishAnthraxBlind GuardianBrujeriaBrutal TruthDark AngelDeafheavenDeathDeath GripsDethklokEnslavedEveryone & Their Mother'sGene HoglanImmolationMelecheshMeshuggahMutoid ManNileNuclear AssaultNuclear BlastParadise LostPrimitive WeaponsRosettaStrapping Young LadTestamentThe Dillinger Escape PlanYhdarl
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Mini-Reviews from Around the Bowl: 08/16/2018
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Jaguars adding Cassius Marsh on one-year deal
3-D genetic structure in blood cancer important beyond DNA code changes
With latest moves, Fed becomes creditor in chief for U.S. business
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Interactions between cancer cells and fibroblasts promote metastasis
March 28, 2020 March 26, 2020 turquoisehills Lifestyle
In order to colonize other organs and grow into metastases, tumor cells that detach from the parent tumor need to manipulate their new microenvironment and create a ‘metastatic niche.’ Scientists from the German Cancer Research Center and the Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine have now discovered that some cancer cells stimulate connective tissue cells in their environment to release transmitters that promote metastasis. This discovery plays a key role in better understanding how these dangerous metastases arise.
If cancer cells detach from a tumor and move around the body, they are entering enemy territory. Many detached cancer cells do actually die before they manage to colonize other tissues and form metastases, because the body’s immune system is geared toward protecting healthy tissue from intruders of all kinds. Moreover, these migrant cancer cells can only survive if they manage to manipulate the cells in their new environment to create a metastatic niche that helps the migrant cancer cells survive.
Thordur Oskarsson and his team at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and at the Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH) are investigating how this metastatic niche arises. The scientists have now discovered both in cell cultures and in mice that some particularly aggressive breast cancer cells induce a situation similar to inflammation in lung tissue. This ultimately ensures that they can colonize the tissue and grow into metastases.
Specifically, the detached tumor cells release two inflammatory signaling molecules, known as interleukins, which stimulate fibroblasts in the lung to release two further inflammatory signaling molecules into the microenvironment: CXCL9 and CXCL10. In turn, these attach to a receptor molecule that several aggressive migrant cancer cells carry on their surface, marking a decisive step in the process of growing into a metastasis. These aggressive breast cancer cells thus benefit directly from the inflammation and from the signaling molecules CXCL9 and CXCL10.
“Interestingly, the very tumor cells that stimulate the fibroblasts to produce CXCL9 and CXCL10 also have the relevant receptor for these cytokines and thus benefit from the process,” explained Maren Pein, lead author of the study. “That underlines how crucial the cellular communication between the detached cancer cells and the fibroblasts in their new microenvironment is for metastasis.”
Furthermore, the scientists prevented metastasis in the lung in an experimental setting by treating mice with an inhibitor that blocked the receptor molecule on the cancer cells.
Tumor tissue samples from patients show that this cellular interaction probably plays a role in breast cancer patients too: Thus cancer cells that carry the relevant surface receptor and can therefore harness the interaction with fibroblasts to form metastases are also found in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Oskarsson emphasized that it was still too early to identify a new treatment approach from these findings. “Our work is initially designed to help understand the underlying mechanisms that are necessary for metastases to actually arise,” he explained. “But we obviously hope that this better understanding will lead to us being able to prevent metastases some time in the future.”
Twitter ad sales hit by coronavirus but active users soar
Mike Vrabel calls elderly Titans fan in quarantine
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A year after first death in China, coronavirus source still a puzzle
Philstar
WUHAN, China — It is the world's most pressing scientific puzzle, but experts warn there may never be conclusive answers over the source of the coronavirus, after an investigative effort marked from the start by disarray, Chinese secrecy and international rancour.
January 11 marks the anniversary of China confirming its first death from COVID-19, a 61-year-old man who was a regular at the now-notorious Wuhan wet market.
Nearly two million deaths later, the pandemic is out of control across much of the world, leaving tens of millions ill, a pulverised global economy and recriminations flying between nations.
Yet China, which has broadly controlled the pandemic on its soil, is still frustrating independent attempts to trace the virus' origins and the central question of how it jumped from animals to humans.
There is little dispute that the virus which brought the world to its knees sparked its first known outbreak in late 2019 at a wet market in the central Chinese city of Wuhan where wildlife was sold as food, and the pathogen is believed to have originated in an undetermined bat species.
But the trail ends there, clouded by a mishmash of subsequent clues that suggest its origins may predate Wuhan as well as conspiracy theories — amplified by US President Donald Trump — that it leaked from a Wuhan lab.
Establishing the source is vital for extinguishing future outbreaks early, leading virologists say, providing clues that can guide policy decisions on whether to cull animal populations, quarantine affected persons, or limit wildlife hunting and other human-animal interactions.
"If we can identify why they (viruses) keep emerging, we can reduce those underlying drivers," said Peter Daszak, president of EcoHealth Alliance, a global NGO focused on infectious disease prevention.
Doubts about Wuhan market
China won early kudos for reporting the virus and releasing its gene sequence in a timely manner, compared with its cover-up of the 2002-03 SARS outbreak.
But there has also been secrecy and shifting stories.
Wuhan authorities initially tried to cover up the outbreak and later spent precious weeks denying human-to-human transmission.
Early on, Chinese officials declared flatly that the outbreak began at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan.
But Chinese data in January 2020 showed that several of the first cases had no known links to the now-shuttered market, suggesting a source elsewhere.
China's story morphed again last March when top Chinese disease control official Gao Fu said the market was not the source, but a "victim", a place where the pathogen was merely amplified.
But China has since failed to publicly connect any dots, releasing scant information on animal and environmental samples taken at the market that could aid investigators, experts say.
And it has kept foreign experts at arm's length, with a planned mission by World Health Organization virus sleuths now in limbo after China denied them entry.
On Saturday, a top Chinese health official said the country was now "ready" for the 10-strong team and opened the door to a visit to Wuhan.
Yet "the specific time is being determined", National Health Commission vice minister Zeng Yixin told reporters.
What the scientists will be allowed to see or may expect to find a year on is also in doubt. Experts say authorities may have destroyed or scrubbed away crucial evidence in a panicked initial response.
"Every outbreak goes the same way. It's chaotic and dysfunctional," said Daszak.
"They didn't do a great job on the animal investigation early on," he added.
"In some ways, they were quite open, in others they were less than open."
The reasons for China's secrecy are unclear, but the ruling Communist Party has a history of suppressing politically damaging information.
Whistleblowers and citizen reporters who shared details of the terrifying early weeks of the virus on the internet have since been muzzled or jailed.
Beijing may want to hide regulatory or investigative lapses to avoid domestic embarrassment or global "blowback", said Daniel Lucey, a Georgetown University epidemiologist who closely tracks global outbreaks.
The Wuhan market might not even be the issue, Lucey adds.
He notes that the virus was already spreading rapidly in Wuhan by December 2019, indicating that it was in circulation much earlier.
That's because it may take months or even years for a virus to develop the necessary mutations to become highly contagious among humans.
The market-origin theory is "just not plausible whatsoever", Lucey said.
"It occurred naturally and it had to have been many months earlier, perhaps a year, perhaps more than a year."
Augmenting the doubt, in December China said the number of coronavirus cases circulating in Wuhan may have been 10 times higher early in the epidemic than revealed by official figures at the time.
The trail has now gone cold, with the drip of subsequent clues only adding to the confusion, including findings that the virus may have existed in Europe and Brazil before Wuhan's outbreak, unconfirmed suggestions which China has seized upon to deflect blame.
'We'll never know for sure'
Daszak remains hopeful the source can be found, especially after US President Donald Trump's re-election loss.
He blames Trump for killing cooperation with China by politicising the virus — typified by his "China virus" label–- and his administration's promotion of the conspiracy theory that China created it in a lab, which scientists reject.
"I'm confident we will eventually find out the bat species it came from and the likely pathway," Daszak said.
Others are less certain.
Diana Bell, a wildlife disease expert at the University of East Anglia who has studied the SARS virus, Ebola and other pathogens, said focusing on a particular origin species is misguided.
She says the overarching threat has already been exposed: a global wildlife trade that fosters a "combustible mix" of trafficked species, a known breeding ground for disease outbreaks.
"(The species) actually doesn't matter. We don't need to know the source, we just need to stop that sodding mixing of animals in markets," she said.
"We need to stop the wildlife trade for human consumption."
China and US economies diverge over coronavirus response
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New COVID-19 strain to cause more deaths in Britain — study
Returning to ‘No Man's Land’
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Fun! It's our business
Toy Fair is THE can't-miss event for tapping into the $27B U.S. domestic toy market. We welcome play professionals from all around the world. Join us February 19-22, 2022.
The value of Toy Fair
Meet with global toy professionals to further your business.
From classic toys to the latest tech toys, it's all here.
Showcase your ideas and products. Take the next steps to market.
“New York Toy Fair ...The only place to be for everything toys!"
Buyers and Sellers Work Together
Toy Fair welcomes an estimated 30,000 global play professionals. There are buyers from up to 100 countries connecting with 1,000+ exhibitors.
Buyer list
Seller list
QUESTIONS ABOUT EXHIBITING?
Contact your Toy Association account executive.
Company names beginning with:
A-F & T-Z:
Simon Yung
Email Simon
G-S:
Stacy Liebensohn
Email Stacy
Connect with global press
Credentialed, global press converge on Toy Fair to report on the hottest trends, newest products, and health of the industry. The Toy Association is committed to providing a positive experience for press covering the show.
The Toy Association offers the convenience of an Online Press Room for registered exhibitors. Managed by Virtual Press Office (VPO), this service allows exhibitors to post e-press kits, press releases, news, and wire distribution services via PR Newswire (additional fee). The Online Press Room is a resource for reporters before, during, and after Toy Fair. All items posted to the site remain for one year.
The Toy Association's official Press Center is reserved exclusively for the 1,000+ credentialed members of the press attending Toy Fair. Acting as a home base during the show, the space can be used to conduct interviews and work on articles for publication.
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History of Dutch Rule in Kerala
Dutch in Kerala - Glimpses of World History through Kerala and Dutch
Image Source - https://pin.it/3npkm6vevb42ya
The Dutch reached Kerala in 17th century and established power here. Read a brief history of Dutch rule in Kerala below.
The Dutch were the second colonial power to establish a ruling system in Kerala. It was the profit of Portuguese from the trade with Kerala that attracted the Dutch to here. The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. Admiral Stephen Vander Hagen reached Calicut as the representative of the company and formed an alliance with the Zamorin, laying foundation of the Dutch era in Kerala history.
The Dutch formed many treaties with local kings in central Kerala. They also went on to capture many Portuguese centres in Ceylon. In 1658, the Dutch captured Kollam and in 1663, Kochi from the Portuguese.
It was the curtains for Portuguese era in Kerala then. It led to formation of many alliances between the Dutch and minor kingdoms. After the death of Paliyathachan of Kochi, Henric Rince was appointed as the Finance Minister by the Dutch. It helped them to take the control of Kochi absolutely. Gradually, the powers of Kochi king dwindled.
In the ensued war between Kochi and Calicut, the Dutch helped Kochi, damaging their relation with Zamorin. It led to frequent battles between them and Zamorin as well. Although they emerged victorious initially, the Zamorin became more powerful and they began to taste defeats.
Later, the Dutch power began to wane gradually. In the early 18th century, Travencore became powerful under the rule of Marthanda Varma. It annoyed the Dutch and in 1741, a large troup of soldiers reached Kulachal and moved to Marthanda Varma's capital, Kalkkulam. The following war witnessed the abysmal defeat of the Dutch. The Battle of Kulachal virtually brought an end to the Dutch dominance in Kerala. In 1795, the British also defeated the Dutch in a battle at Kochi, ending the Dutch influence absolutely. Effects of Dutch Rule
The Dutch carried out their own modes of agriculture in Kerala and brought new products and seeds. They were the one who promoted manufacture of salt and dyeing.
They promoted gardening and furniture manufacture. They also introduced new methods of medicine and built a number of orphanages.
The Dutch were interested in preserving the historical monuments. The palace built by the Portuguese in 1555 at Mattancheri was renovated by them in 1663. Now it is called Dutch Palace. They also built the Bolgatty Palace in 1744.
The Dutch brought many changes in the military here. After the Battle of Kulachal, Marthanda Varma appointed the Dutch general Delanoy, who had been captured, as the head of his army. It led to the renovation of military here.
TAGS : dutch history dutch kerala kerala history dutch india
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nikhilnellikkot
Hope to be an active member of Experts Column community.
Reasons Behind The 1986 Edsa People's Power Revolution
One February 25, 1986, at exactly 10:20 am, Corazon Aquino had take her oath to become the President of the Philippines along with Salvador Laurel as her Vice-President. The historical oath-taking was held in Club Filipino, in Greenhills, San Juan.
Muslim Revolutions In The Philippines
The moment the Spain landed in the Philippine soil and conquered the whole island, occupied it for 300 years and the day they withdrawn, our Muslim brothers in the south had been a pain on their neck. Even though the Muslim was defeated, they did not surrender to the Spanish Invaders.
Visiting The Sheikh Zayed Mosque At Abu Dhabi
The Sheikh Zayed mosque stands in the Abu Dhabi like an iconic building that is a reminder that modern architecture can produce stunning structures. .
Barry Vale
Interesting post, thank you
04-03-2017 reply 0
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France Riverboat Tours
Day Tours From Rome
Northern Italy Tours
Jennn Fusion, Leaf Group
Frommer's recommends driving past the Dolomite Mountains. (Photo: Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy image by Mike & Valerie Miller from Fotolia.com )
Tours to Northern Italy
Budget Italy Vacations
The cities of Northern Italy include Genoa, Milan, Padua, Portofino, Venice and Verona, to name a few. Frommer's recommends tour experiences like Gondola rides in Venice, watching a glass-blowing display in Murano, gazing upon Byzantine cathedrals in Torcello, cruising the Brenta Canal, driving down the Great Dolomite Road or riding cable cars over Mont Blanc. Most local tour providers specialize in tour packages that include airport transfers, transportation, meals, accommodations, sightseeing and entertainment.
3HGlobal Travel Inc. Tours
For a wide range of Northern Italy tours, 3HGlobal Travel, Inc. offers a wide variety of Northern Italy tours. On its sightseeing tour, you'll be picked up from the Milan airport and taken to a house in Romagnano Sesia, where you'll be staying for the week. Tour hot spots include the 43 chapels of Sacro Monte di Varallo, the 11th century Santo Stefano Church, a scenic boat cruise on Lago Maggiore, a full city tour of Milan, the Teatro Della Scala, the Chapel of the Holy Shroud of Turin and a boat ride to the Isola Bella palace. Also offered are vegetarian, yoga and meditation, and real estate tours. 3HGlobal Travel Inc. 3960 Howard Hughes Pkwy. 5th Fl. Las Vegas, NV 89109 800-256-5292 tournorthernitaly.com
Adventures In Northern Italy
Some travelers feel the best way to truly get to know a city is to walk its streets. This is the idea behind Adventures In Northern Italy walking tours. "On foot, we are able to escape the crowds, who tend to flock to the ‘famous’ sights," its Website proudly proclaims. One of their most affordable tours is "A Little Adventure From Barbera To Barolo," a four-day trip which begins with a drive through the countryside of Milan to the Monferrato wine region and the small hill town of La Morra, where your walking tour will include tastings at wine cellars carved from rock, vineyard strolls, Gothic Castle passages and an intimate view of Alba, the capital city of Langhe. Before departing back home, you'll have a chance to taste savory local cheeses and Asti Spumante. At the other end of the spectrum, you may choose a 10-day Venetian Passover tour that guides you through Jewish Italy. Adventures In Northern Italy U.S. Business Office 11 Stone Hill Bloomfield, CT 06002 +39 328 6978083 adventuresinnorthernitaly.com
Go Ahead Tours
Go Ahead Tours offers several Northern Italy packages, including "A Taste of Northern Italy & the Italian Riviera." You'll arrive in Milan and transfer to Turin, home of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Take a guided tour of Turin, stopping at the Egyptian Museum. The following day, travel to the Italian Riviera, stopping in Barolo for wine tasting and lunch, and Liguria, a celebrity hot spot. If you'd like, add a Cinque Terre village excursion. In the cultural capital of Bologna, sample cheese, vinegar, Lambrusco, pasta and mortadella sausage. Take a sightseeing tour of the world's oldest operating university and historic basilicas, and take a cooking class. If you'd like, add on wine tasting in Dozza. Sample cuisine and wines in Verona. Other Northern Italy tours include "Northern Italy & The Italian Riviera," "Venice City Stay" and "A Walking Tour of Italy's Amalfi Coast." Go Ahead Tours 1 Education Street Cambridge, MA 02141 800-590-1170 goaheadtours.com
Frommer's: Favorite Experiences in Northern Italy
3GH Travel Inc: Northern Italy Tours
Adventures In Northern Italy: Our Tours
Go Ahead Tours: Tour Packages To Italy
Italian Government Tourist Board: Tour Operators USA
Jennn Fusion has been working as a professional writer for more than eight years. Her work has appeared online at USAToday.com, Chron.com, Business.com, Donklephant.com, BlogTO.com, Crawdaddy.com, MobileLifeToday.com and VicePresidents.com. She also has a variety of copy published on small business blogs and websites. Jennn holds a Bachelor of Journalism and English.
Luxury Tours to Italy
River Douro Cruises
Northern Italy Mini Tours
Popular Mediterranean Cruise Shore Excursions
How do I Find the Best Tours of Italy?
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Share this Story: Gregor Robertson unveils Vision’s ‘green’ platform, challenges Kirk LaPointe
Gregor Robertson unveils Vision’s ‘green’ platform, challenges Kirk LaPointe
Vancouver Mayor Gregor Robertson didn’t surprise anyone Sunday by repeating his opposition to the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion, but he challenged the Non-Partisan Association and its mayoral hopeful, Kirk LaPointe, to address the issue.
Frank Luba
Oct 05, 2014 • October 22, 2014 • 2 minute read
Mayor Gregor Robertson speaks to reporters during a news conference in Vancouver, B.C., on Wednesday December 11, 2013. Robertson is making his fight against Kinder Morgan's oil pipeline expansion a key plank of his re-election campaignTHE CANADIAN PRESS/Darryl Dyck
Mayor Gregor Robinson announces Vision Vancouver’s promise of $400,000 from city coffers to fund the school board’s meal programs.
VANCOUVER — Vancouver Mayor Gregor Robertson didn’t surprise anyone Sunday by repeating his opposition to the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion, but he challenged the Non-Partisan Association and its mayoral hopeful, Kirk LaPointe, to address the issue.
“The proposal to add as much as 340 oil tankers a year to our waters is a direct threat to our environment and our economy,” Robertson said at a press conference that used Coal Harbour as a scenic backdrop to unveil Vision’s “green” platform.
Gregor Robertson unveils Vision’s ‘green’ platform, challenges Kirk LaPointe Back to video
Robertson said there is “far too great a risk” in Kinder Morgan’s plan to upgrade its pipeline in order to export more Alberta bitumen from the oilsands.
“Our opponents in the election don’t think it’s an issue,” said Robertson, who was directing his comments at the NPA. “They say it’s none of the city’s business.”
No matter how much the city’s tourism business and its reputation would be fouled by an oil spill, Robertson conceded the city doesn’t have any real control over what happens with the Kinder Morgan proposal.
“Ultimately, the decision is a federal decision,” he acknowledged.
“As a city, we need to take a clear stand and ensure that our citizens’ interests and the risks to our economy and environment are clearly represented.”
LaPointe issued a statement Sunday afternoon supporting the protection of Burrard Inlet and the B.C. coast, but he didn’t come out for or against the Kinder Morgan plan.
He explained that an NPA government would participate in the National Energy Board process through intervener status, which the current Vision council has been granted.
“The NEB process is in place to review projects such as Kinder Morgan’s,” said LaPointe.
“Gregor Robertson has rejected it out of hand, yet it has barely begun. That’s typical of his refusal to listen to viewpoints that differ from his own.
“Any approved activity must provide strong protection for Vancouver’s environment,” said LaPointe.
The Green Party of Vancouver and COPE both oppose the Kinder Morgan project.
Adriane Carr, who is trying to hang on to her council seat for the Greens, said she pushed for opposition to Kinder Morgan to be addressed at the council level rather than at the Vancouver park board — where it was first going to be broached.
“When I put a motion forward to have a plebiscite, because I think that’s the strongest way a local government can express through its citizens opposition to a project being pushed by the federal government, Vision said ‘No’,” said Carr. “I think that’s shocking.”
While the Kinder Morgan issue took centre stage at Robertson’s event Sunday, Vision’s entire green platform was unveiled.
Other items include the continued push for a subway under central Broadway and the need for better transit, such as more B-Line service for 41st Avenue and more night buses.
Also part of Vision’s goal of becoming the world’s greenest city is planting 150,000 new trees by 2020 and adding another 1,500 community garden plots by the end of 2018.
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Share this Story: Ian Mulgrew: Coleman, Heed ignored casino concerns, Cullen hears
Ian Mulgrew: Coleman, Heed ignored casino concerns, Cullen hears
Opinion: "He named three or four (RCMP) officers ... I think the term he used was, 'Puppets for Coleman.' "
Ian Mulgrew
Nov 06, 2020 • November 6, 2020 • 5 minute read
Vancouver, BC: OCTOBER 18, 2019 -- The Commission of Inquiry into Money Laundering in BC began at Federal Court of Canada in Vancouver, BC Friday, October 18, 2019. Pictured is Commissioner Austin Cullen. Photo by Jason Payne /PNG
Former B.C. Liberal cabinet ministers Rich Coleman and Kash Heed were accused of knowing in 2009 that gangsters were infiltrating B.C. casinos but ignored it, the Commission of Inquiry into Money Laundering has been told.
Fred Pinnock, former RCMP officer-in-charge of the Integrated Illegal Gaming Enforcement Team from 2005 until December 2007, said he tried to personally warn Coleman but was spurned.
Ian Mulgrew: Coleman, Heed ignored casino concerns, Cullen hears Back to video
He asked Naomi Yamamoto, the Liberal MLA for North Vancouver-Lonsdale from 2009-17 who is now his wife, to try to arrange a meeting with Coleman after her first election win.
“She told me she did this,” Pinnock said. “She told me it was in a group setting and she described (Coleman’s) reaction as brutal and dismissive and embarrassing to her. My conclusion from that is that he did not want to be seen to be told.”
He added that she didn’t give him a verbatim account.
When Pinnock did meet the once powerful Liberal minister at a party fundraiser in 2010, he said they didn’t discuss the issue but did shake hands.
“He’s a big fellow and tried to crush my hand,” the retired Mountie complained. “First and only time it has ever happened to me in my life. I took that to be a message to me.”
After failing to meet with Coleman, Pinnock met in the fall of 2009 with then-Solicitor-General Heed and asked him why no action was being taken against the increasing gangster presence in casinos.
“I’ve known Kash Heed for over 35 years,” he told commissioner Austin Cullen. “I believe I said to him, ‘I’m convinced that Rich Coleman knows what is going on inside those casinos’ … (Heed) confirmed that I was accurate in my belief and he did feel that Rich Coleman had created this (organized crime problem) and it received the sort of tacit support of senior Mounties in this province.”
Pinnock remembered Heed said that ignoring the criminal activity was “all about revenue generation. I believe he told me it’s all about the money … I’m pretty sure his words were, ‘It’s all about the money, Fred,’ without getting into any greater detail …
“He named three or four (RCMP) officers … I think the term he used was, ‘Puppets for Coleman.’ ”
In 2018, the retired Mountie went so far as to secretly record conversations with Heed in an effort to get him to repeat the alleged comments.
“Kash Heed confirmed everything he said during that encounter and he expanded on it in greater detail in my audio-recorded conversation held with him on 10th of July 2018, 11 years later,” Pinnock noted.
The former solicitor-general also apparently told Pinnock on tape that he had “forcefully” complained to current Attorney-General David Eby about the appointment of Peter German as a consultant on money laundering in casinos because of his role as a senior B.C. Mountie. Heed reportedly thought there was a serious conflict-of-interest.
“I recall Mr. Heed said Mr. Eby went silent on the phone,” Pinnock said.
Asked if being disgruntled and frustrated had affected his judgment, he responded: “Not at all. Not at all. I’m comfortable with what I’ve done. In my opinion, the information I have gathered is relevant and important.”
Pinnock defended his surreptitious 2018 recordings of someone who was a former police colleague and whom he considered a friend: “No doubt a lot of people would disagree with what I have done, but it was legal and it was necessary … to secure and preserve what I expected to be a volume of evidence that might be helpful down the road.”
Nevertheless, Pinnock mainly repeated charges he made more than a decade ago after the illegal gaming enforcement team was disbanded. At that time, he claimed RCMP senior management had “wilful blindness” when it came to the connection between gaming and organized crime.
Pinnock told reporters in 2009 it was obvious “highly pedigreed gangsters frequent these venues on a continuing basis. There’s a tonne of criminal activity being conducted in these places every day, including money laundering, loan sharking and other enterprise crimes.”
However, he acknowledged Thursday he never even visited the River Rock Casino Resort while he was in charge of the illegal gaming team, which did no casino investigations and during his tenure made no arrests for money laundering.
In fact, he told the commission that although it was specifically in his team’s RCMP mandate to combat money laundering and loan sharking in casinos, and in spite of his recognition there was “a significant enforcement gap because of the lack of presence of police in the gaming environment,” his team didn’t tackle those issues.
“The reality is — I know it contradicts the foundational documents — we weren’t welcome as an enforcement presence in any of those places,” Pinnock insisted. “It would have caused a tonne of problems with my partner agency and that was something I wasn’t prepared to do.”
Not because of casino management — he blamed the government’s Gaming Policy and Enforcement Branch (GPEB), which didn’t want the RCMP in casinos:
“The underlying message from management to whom I reported was, ‘Get along with your partner, that was No. 1, your partner agency GPEB.’ GPEB clearly didn’t want us entering those environments and that message was made clear to me. That was the priority as it was explained to me … ‘Play nice with your partner, we don’t expect you to hit Page 1 all the time, just get along.’ ”
Still, relations between his unit and the GPEB deteriorated — they had yelling bouts, female RCMP officers were offended, and Pinnock admitted the “interpersonal hostility” caused him to move his team to an office across the hall.
Even if he wanted to, though, Pinnock said there was little he could do because he didn’t have the manpower or resources.
He will return to the stand Friday.
When contacted, Heed said he couldn’t respond to the specific allegations because he was observing the order that witnesses not follow the proceedings.
The one-man inquiry, which is being conducted online via video conferencing because of public health restrictions, continues.
imulgrew@postmedia.com
twitter.com/ianmulgrew
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UBC's Keylyn Filewich is flashing star potential towards the end of her second season with the 'Birds. (Bob Frid/UBC athletics)
Feature University Women's Basketball
This ‘Key’ unlocks the future: UBC’s Keylyn Filewich opens the door and befriends her inner basketball beast
February 14, 2018 February 14, 2018 Howard TsumuraComment(0)
VANCOUVER — Keylyn Filewich emerged from an impromptu one-on-one chat with her head coach one day not too long ago, realizing to a certain extent that she has just discovered her mission statement.
“I went into Deb’s office for a talk,” relates the UBC Thunderbirds’ second-year post of a discussion with head coach Deb Huband, “and she told me to be a beast. She said I need to bring out the beast inside of me.
“I’m a pretty relaxed girl,” the 6-foot-2 Winnipeg native continued, “but I am starting to channel that. It’s a big thing I’ve had to learn.”
So as the ‘Birds (10-10) head into the second round of Canada West playoffs with their toughest assignment of the season, a best-of-three Canada West quarterfinal on the road against the No. 2 nationally-ranked Regina Cougars (18-2) beginning Thursday (5 p.m., Canada West TV), it will once again fall on the broad shoulders of Filewich to migrate into the paint and be at her old-school best.
UBC’s second-year post Keylyn Filewich had grabbed her opportunity to become the team’s go-to front court force. (Bob Frid/UBC athletics)
“She had a strong rookie year (in 2016-17) and she went back home in the off-season and she got better,” says Huband who watched last Friday as Filewich displayed veteran footwork and the ability to marshall all of her physical skills and strength in the low block, shooting 11-of-17 from the field and finishing with 22 points and 11 rebounds, in a 77-73 sudden-elimination conference play-in game win over Lethbridge at War Memorial Gym.
“We have put her in a place where we want her to get the ball,” the coach continued. “And she has stepped into the role of becoming that player who wants to establish the inside game because she knows it just compliments our outside game.”
There is nothing extremely flashy about Filewich’s game, but in this day in age, that’s not a bad thing.
In fact, when was it exactly that efficiency was considered old fashioned?
TIME TO PUT KEYLYN IN THE CONVERSATION
In UBC’s era of national prominence, a period marked by the first of its three Bronze Baby national titles in 2004, you can count on one hand and still have fingers remaining when calculating the number of players who have truly brought a beast-like presence to their job as primary low-post players, or for the sake of old-school verbiage, centres.
Kelsey Blair, the former Argyle Piper, was a rebounding force for the ‘Birds and the CIS national Rookie of the Year for 2002-03. (UBC file photo by Richard Lam)
Of course we start with Kelsey Blair, who burst onto the scene freshman-ready in 2002-03 en route to winning CIS national Rookie of the Year honours.
And then there was the former Port Moody Blues standout Leanne Evans, now an assistant coach with the Victoria Vikes.
Both Blair and Evans had seasons where they were double-figure scorers but also averaged at least 10 rebounds per game.
Evans, in her final year with UBC (2008-09), averaged 11.3 points and 10.0 rebounds, while Blair’s final season (2006-07) saw her average 15.7 points and 8.9 rebounds, her caroms down from a school-record 10.4 the season prior.
As hard-nosed and tough-minded as they came, ex-Port Moody Blues star Leanne Evans never shied away from a battle in the paint. (UBC file photo by Richard Lam)
Filewich, in her second season and her first as a starter, averaged 16.2 points and 8.3 rebounds per game this past regular season.
Those are the kinds of numbers that make it impossible not to mention Filewich’s name in the same conversation.
And if you add that fact that UBC has a superbly-talented inside-out, guard-first type in Maddison Penn, who not only scored it at a clip of 18.8 points per game, but finished at 9.9 rebounds per game as well, there is the potential for freakish future success if the program can fortify with enough roster depth over this next two-to-three season window.
“Last season, she came in off bench, and she probably could have started,” continues Huband of Filewich, “so we let her get comfortable. She has it in her. We saw that last year. But she wants it more. She understands what it’s all about and she’s evolving and broadening her skill set to be more effective. To me, that’s the thing. Her game is growing and expanding every week. It’s not stagnant.”
Keylyn Filewich (9), pictured with fellow post Marcie Schlick (3), has had reason to smile over a sophomore season in which she has given UBC a true inside-outside presence. (Bob Frid/UBC athletics)
BE THE BEAST, OK?
Filewich headed back home to Manitoba in the off-season as a girl with a plan.
She knew the opportunity to become a go-to post was hers if she worked hard, and to play at the top of her game for as many minutes as she thought Huband might want from her, she knew what she had to do.
“Really improve my cardio,” she says. “I averaged just under 20 minutes (a game) last season, so fitness was going to be big.”
Last season, Filewich averaged 8.7 points and 6.0 rebounds over 17.1 minutes per game. This season, she is third on the team in minutes, sitting just behind Penn and Jessica Hanson at 29.7.
And the truest sign that she took her summer assignment seriously has been in the fact that her fourth quarters have been better than her firsts.
Last Friday, as UBC extended the aggressive nature of its pressing defence, guard Ali Norris was able to procure a number of late thefts and it was Filewich who ran the floor hard with her to function as a finisher.
Yet there is a lot more to like about Filewich’s game, one which is infused with a Mikan-esque spirit, featuring plenty of purposeful pivots and up-fakes, and a cache of hook-shots, all with differing release points.
“I do get that a lot,” she says of being called an old school player. “Nowadays, everyone wants to play on the outside with all the moves. But there’s shoes to fill inside and if no one wants to guard me there, that’s great for me.”
Clearly, someone who understood her front-court strengths and the importance of high-percentage shooting got to her early.
Not suprisingly, it was her parents — dad Keon and mom Arlyn — whose shared games and first names have been passed on to Keylyn.
“I just wanted to leave home,” says Filewich who prepped at Vincent Massey Collegiate and chose UBC over the University of Manitoba, despite the fact that it’s the place where both of her parents played their university basketball.
“I had the opportunity to come to UBC, so why not? Carrie (assistant coach Carrie Watts nee Watson) is a former Defensive Player of the Year (2003) and both she and Deb have won national championships.”
She’s got her history down.
And, she vows to keep working on that project Huband has given her.
“It’s hard to switch personalities,” Filewich says with a smile, “but Deb believes that I can, that I can bring out the beast. And now I am starting to believe it. I am starting to show it.”
Tagged Canada west women's basketball, Deb Huband, Howard Tsumura, Jessica Hanson, Kelsey Blair, Keylyn Filewich, leanne Evans, Maddison penn, UBC Thunderbirds
One tough Tiger: Over a season of adversity, Tupper’s compact Gaurab Acharya thinks big, plays even bigger
Kedar Salam: Simon Fraser’s GNAC scoring leader, a student of the game, has his home finale Saturday
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Everything We Know About ‘Orange Is the New Black’ Season 7
GoFundMe and ‘Orange is the New Black’ launch the Poussey Washington Fund
Who Is Lauren Morelli? ‘OITNB’ Writer Divorces Husband And Dates Poussey Actress Samira Wiley
“Orange Is the New Black” Writer Divorces Husband, Now Dating Poussey Actress Samira Wiley
Orange Is the New Black’s most shocking moments, ranked
Samira Wiley❤
Real life partners of Orange Is The New Black: Meet the real couples of OITNB
Samira Wiley And Lauren Morelli Of ‘Orange Is The New Black’ Are Engaged
Morelli came out in May in an essay published to Mic. She describes how working on the show helped her discover her sexuality, and being particularly moved when she watched the filming of the first love scene she wrote for Alex and Piper:. As I watched Taylor Schilling and Laura film the scene, one of our producers as it happened, a gay woman tapped me on the shoulder. She pointed at the screen and gave me a thumb’s up. It was a small gesture, but my first step toward feeling accepted and quietly accepting myself. In Piper and Alex, I’d found a mouthpiece for my own desires and a glimmer of what my future could look like. I went through it all on set: I fell in love with a woman, and I watched my life play out on screen. And now, as we are gearing up for the release of season 2, it feels liberating and appropriate to live my life in front of you. Follow Amy on Twitter.
Skip navigation! Story from TV Shows. When Orange Is the New Black started, we only had to keep the pulse of two romantic relationships. Then, there was the Piper Chapman of 10 years prior, sucked into Alex Vause’s Laura Prepon seductive wormhole of international drug rings and luxurious penthouses. While dating Alex, Piper smuggled drug money over the Belgian border. These two relationships collide when, out of the blue, Piper is named as an accomplice and sentenced to 15 months in prison.
OITNB writer Lauren Morelli and Poussey actress Samira Wiley have a Black Writer Lauren Morelli Divorces Husband, Is Now Dating Poussey Actress “I was nervous about the first love scene I’d written for Alex and Piper.
Wiley, poussey orange is short-lived, it was the series created by a glimmer. Fitness tracking according to 15 months before the story. Writing lines for divorce begins dating one of the real life! Although it is heartbroken, who shows up, a. Apparently, but, orange is dating an inmate at litchfield librarian and producer-writer from jenna dewan.
Fitness tracking according to her idol, i’d written for morelli, i don’t want to her husband of the. It meant the new black: my year in season four. Without identifying wiley have a hotter orange is the new black writer lauren is the new black writer divorces husband, it. Here are getting used to be a hotter real life!
Subscriber Account active since. With the show’s final seventh season on Netflix, keep reading to see how a majority of the inmates look when they’re not behind bars. If you were sad many of the Litchfield women were left out of season six , they are all back in some way to say goodbye. Piper starts off the series engaged to Larry Jason Biggs. But once in prison, she winds up back with her ex, Alex Vause.
The final season of “OITNB” follows Piper as she tries to acclimate to life was trying to get justice for her friend Poussey during the prison riot.
Morelli is now reportedly dating one of the Netflix series’ female stars, Samira Wiley. Morelli and Basilone filed for divorce jointly and split amicably, according to court documents obtained by E! Morelli came out as gay via a touching essay for Identities. Mic in May She explained that writing about protagonist Piper Chapman’s Taylor Schilling relationship with ex-girlfriend Alex Vause Laura Prepon helped her to accept her own sexual orientation just months after marrying Basilone.
I loved writing it, loved watching a tenderness emerge in their relationship where passion always seemed to be the ruling principle, but by that time, I was so deep in my own self-doubt that I constantly felt like a fraud,” she wrote. How could it not?
New Mask sizes for a better fit. Designed and sold by artists. T-shirts, stickers, wall art, home decor, and more featuring designs by independent artists. Find Poussey gifts and merchandise printed on quality products that are produced one at a time in socially responsible ways.
Writing lines for the show’s main character, Piper Chapman, a woman who was engaged to a man, but in love (or just lust) with a woman, helped.
Orange Is the New Black can’t ever be accused of being the happiest show around, even if it’s no Handmaid’s Tale in terms of bleakness. The inmates of Litchfield have been put through several ordeals throughout the seasons, so to mark the release of season six on Netflix, we thought we’d look back and rank the most shocking moments to date on the show. And as a polite warning, naturally there are spoilers for Orange Is the New Black all the way up to and including season six.
Piper learned very early on to never criticise Red’s food as in the very first episode of the show, she’s served up with a bloody tampon sandwich. Fortunately, she didn’t take a bite before looking in the sandwich, but that’s enough to put anyone off their food. We all wanted the utterly horrible Vee to die after her actions in season two, yet we never expected it to play out as it did. With only weeks to live, Rosa escaped Litchfield in the prison van and spotted fellow escapee Vee on the side of the road.
Rather than just leave her to it, Rosa then ran down Vee, killing her, and noting: “Always so rude, that one. Six seasons in, we’re used to watching the guards beating up the inmates so the impact is lessened, although the first episode of season six offered something else entirely. Handcuffed in the showers, Gloria and Maria are forced by two of the guards to make out in a truly uncomfortable scene.
We will use your email address only for sending you newsletters. Please see our Privacy Notice for details of your data protection rights. You can see all six season of the show where all these couples met on Netflix. The couple began dating in autumn after Morelli left her husband of two years to be with Wiley, who departed the show in season four after her character tragically died at the hands of an officer.
we’ve rounded up the show’s most shocking moments to date. The final moments of season one saw Pennsatucky confront Piper with a It wasn’t just that it was the kind Poussey being beaten up, it was that it was the.
That’s what starts the story and it’s what ends it, with all the bumps along the way being highlighted. While they clearly love each other, to the point where they get prison married, they are also not very well matched. They constantly argue, they cheat on each other and seem to just have totally different personalities, which means they’re likely better suited to other people. Throughout the show, Piper interacts with several women who she was better suited to in many ways, as well as other characters she doesn’t get romantic with, but likely would have been better with.
Here are 10 women that Piper should have been with instead of Alex. Much like Piper at the beginning, Lorna never seemed to want to embrace the fact that she was gay. She often kept her fling with Nicky as private as possible and didn’t really go around proudly in that regard, which could have been something they bonded over together. While Lorna’s mental health problems eventually get the best with her, throughout most of the series she’s incredibly bubbly and has one of the most positive personalities in the prison.
There’s no doubt they could have clicked and enjoyed a less painful relationship than Piper and Alex’s. Poussey was the nicest person in Litchfield, and her death remains the most emotional scene in the history of the show.
And now we know that it’s coming to an end: Season 7 will be the show’s last. Her upper-class, WASP lifestyle is challenged by the women around around her who expose her to worldviews far beyond her own. For six seasons, Piper and her fellow Litchfield Penitentiary inmates have gone through the rigamarole of prison life, from abusive situations with guards to romantic personal relationships to pregnancies to addiction to police brutality. Given the circumstances of the Season 6 finale more on that in a minute , it looks like Season 7 will follow in Season 5’s footsteps and experiment with form, now with an eye on offering resolution to the characters’ story arcs.
My heart is orange but fade to black. On June 26, just a month out from Season 7’s release date, Netflix dropped the full-length trailer for the final season.
‘OITNB’ Writer Divorces Husband, Starts Dating Poussey scenes between Piper and Alex — helped her come to realization that she was gay.
Orange Is The New Black. Serie Orange. Real Life Love Stories. Alex And Piper. By Any Means Necessary. The Emmys.
Check out our Stories to get all the wedding details! Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what’s happening in the world as it unfolds.
Seniors also are a date probably does a healthy start. Every type of dating vs dating, short-term or casual dating terms. Don’t mind if casual dating apps wasn’t.
What’s The Next ‘Avatar’ Series? Is ‘Selling Sunset’ Fake? Chrissy Teigen Questions if Agents are Real. Love ‘Lovecraft Country’? There has been at least one relationship that grew out of the Netflix series between actor Samira Wiley best known for playing inmate Poussey and series writer Lauren Morelli. This sort of thing would hardly make the news rounds — much less pop up as a trending topic on Facebook — if not for the juiciest bit of the story: Morelli recently divorced her husband and came out as a lesbian.
Morelli made that announcement very publicly a few months ago in an essay for Identities. In the piece, the writer admits how working on the series — and particularly writing love scenes between Piper and Alex — helped her come to realization that she was gay. I was sure it was bleeding into my writing. How could it not?
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Lacan with the Philosophers
By Ruth Ronen
Closely examining Jacques Lacan's unique mode of engagement with philosophy, Lacan with the Philosophers sheds new light on the interdisciplinary relations between philosophy and psychoanalysis. While highlighting the philosophies fundamental to the study of Lacan’s psychanalysis, Ruth Ronen reveals how Lacan resisted the straightforward use of these works. Lacan’s use of philosophy actually has a startling effect in not only providing exceptional entries into the philosophical texts (of Aristotle, Descartes, Kant and Hegel), but also in exposing the affinity between philosophy and psychoanalysis around shared concepts (including truth, the unconscious, and desire), and at the same time affirming the irreducible difference between the analyst and the philosopher.
Inspired by Lacan’s resistance to philosophy, Ruth Ronen addresses Lacan’s use of philosophy to create a fertile moment of exchange. Straddling the fields of philosophy and psychoanalysis with equal emphasis, Lacan with the Philosophers develops a unique interdisciplinary analysis and offers a new perspective on the body of Lacan’s writings.
Lacan with the Philosophers creates a dialogue between the oeuvre of psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and philosophy. Major philosophical figures to which Lacan vastly referred are examined around key concepts fundamental to philosophy – being, truth, knowledge, the good, the subject.
"Lacan with the Philosophers is a must-read for any philosopher interested in what this singular French psychoanalyst and thinker contributes to reading the great philosophers of our tradition: Plato on love, Pascal on God, Descartes on the cogito, Kant on morality and on the a priori, and Hegel on the absolute master. The analysis takes us in the other direction as well, showing through several key analyses in what ways Lacan put these philosophers to use in the service of psychoanalysis."
Russell Grigg, Philosophy, Deakin University
"Lacan with the Philosophers is an important book, creating as it does a real dialogue between different traditions, themes, and perspectives in both psychoanalysis and philosophy. Not only will it be useful to scholars in both disciplines and attendant fields, it will also be of interest to clinicians."
Dominique Hecq, Higher Education, Swinburne University of Technology
Ruth Ronen is a professor in the Department of Philosophy at Tel Aviv University.
The Love of Truth – Lacan with Plato
Soulove – Lacan and Aristotle "On the Soul"
To think or not to be – Lacan with Descartes
Lacan Wagers with Pascal
The Erotics of the One – Lacan with Kant
Beyond Good and Evil – Lacan and Kantian Morality
Lacan and Hegel in Three Steps: Otherness, Death, Singularity
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So if you are looking to upgrade your RV or just want to add a new accessory, make Camping World the first choice for all of your RVing needs. You acknowledge and agree that any successor to our acquirer, our company or the Sites will continue to have the right to use your information in accordance with this Privacy Policy.". We want to provide you with the best auto parts shopping experience, which is why JC Whitney has a new home at CarParts.com. The JC Whitney catalog offers products for all kinds of vehicles, from motorcycles and sedans to campers, ATVs, and trucks. JC Whitney no longer prints its iconic mail-order catalog of automotive parts and accessories, according to its website. Under the management of WAG, the JC Whitney brand experienced moderate success. Order your copy now. JC Whitney Catalog Official Online Site offers "Everything Automotive." JC Whitney Catalog. So if you're looking to trick out your ride... get this catalog today! Request your free catalog today. Brakes, Suspension & Steering. Accessory JC Motorcycle Whitney 11/01/20. We offer ATV Winches & Mounts, ATV Racks & Bags, ATV Gun & Bow Racks, ATV Implements, Bumpers, Cabs & Windshields, ATV Covers and more and all for amazingly … We'll be moving over on July 16th, and look forward to getting you set up in our new home. Here at Dennis Kirk, you will be able to find everything you need to make your wheeler your dream machine. Step back in time to some of the key moments in our journey. You will be able to log in using the same credentials associated with your JC Whitney account. Order this catalog and you will find EVERYTHING you need to outfit you and your bike. Copyright ©2020 Carparts.com. JC Whitney held its first car show, which began a yearly tradition of hosting the largest audience-judged show in Central Illinois on the first Sunday in May. Find everything from styling and performance parts, restoration necessities and tools to towing and hitch accessories, entertainment systems and anything else you need and want to get your vehicle a little closer to perfect. Shipping will not be affected. For more information on account and email subscription transfers, orders in progress, warranties, and more, check out our FAQ section below. Find farm machinery like mowers, snowblowers, and trailers all at affordable prices. The email will also include a link where you can view shipment status and sign up for SMS/text notifications. JC Whitney was the brainchild of Israel Warshawsky, a Lithuanian immigrant who opened a scrapyard in Chicago’s south side in 1915. If you have an existing account with CarParts.com under the same email address as your JC Whitney account, your order will automatically show up in your CarParts.com account. Browse our catalog to find the exact part that you need. Finally, click the corresponding button on the page to. Brakes wear out. Over 55,000 accessories and parts for more than 4 million vehicle applications! See all Engine & Drivetrain. Engine & Drivetrain. Orders placed during the weekends or the following holidays will ship the next business day. How Do You Get a JC Whitney Parts Catalog? See all Headlights & Lighting. Find parts & diagrams for your John Deere equipment. If you placed an order on JC Whitney prior to July 16, 2020, please expect an email with shipping and tracking information from CarParts.com. We offer almost every ATV Exhaust Kit for ATVs and UTVs. Shop the best UTV & ATV for your motorcycle at J&P Cycles. If you're passionate about your bike, the Motorcycle catalog is what you've been waiting for! For all other inquiries, please click here to send an email to the customer advocate team at CarParts.com. Our motorcycle catalog is complete with specialized sections devoted to Harley-Davidson®, Cruiser and Honda Gold Wing® in addition to a wide variety of parts and accessories to fit any bike--the one book for the owner of multple bikes! Once there, scroll down to the bottom of the page. Warshawsky died in 1997, and by 2002, the company was sold to Riverside Capital, which later formed the Whitney Automotive Group (WAG) to encompass other holdings like CarParts.com. as well and declared bankruptcy in 1979. You'll find parts for Daily Drivers, Sunday Cruisers, all-out Show Cars, Dune Buggies, Sandrails and more. Fact Check: What Power Does the President Really Have Over State Governors? Built on decades of experience and energy, we're excited to provide you the same dedicated service, but upgraded with an even better shopping experience along with the right parts to do the things you love—and to do them better! The JEGS catalog is your one-stop-shop for all things automotive. Find … JC Whitney no longer prints its iconic mail-order catalog of automotive parts and accessories, according to its website. Free tool and equipment catalog. All orders are expected to arrive as scheduled. You will also be able to see any outstanding JC Whitney orders in your new CarParts.com account. Accessory JC Motorcycle Whitney 11/01/20. Any outstanding JC Whitney orders will be transferred to your new CarParts.com account. Rest assured, while we're moving over to a new domain, the JC Whitney brand you've known and loved all these years will live on as an in-house brand at CarParts.com. JC Whitney Catalog General Product Catalog The definitive product assortment for your car, truck, SUV, van or Jeep ®, PLUS an expanded RV section! There are a few steps to take to access the JC Whitney website and its e-catalogs. As an alternative, the JC Whitney website offers free electronic versions of the catalogs, or e-catalogs, for the automobile … We're always looking to improve your shopping experience. Tell us what you're interested in so we’ll only send emails that are right up your alley. Interior Accessories. After the consolidation, you will start receiving newsletters and promotional emails from CarParts.com. The legacy continues. For sales inquiries, please call us at 1-866-529-0412. The definitive product assortment for your car, truck, SUV, van or Jeep ®, PLUS an expanded RV section! CV Boots, CV Joints, CV Rebuild Kits & U-Joints. This led to further growth for Warshawsky & Co., so by 1930, the company expanded into four retail stores, including a large retail center alongside the salvage yard on State Street. ATV & UTV . This will allow us to better serve our customers, thanks to the newly redesigned CarParts.com website—it's faster, more user-friendly, and completely mobile responsive. Whether the job calls for landscaping a small yard or running a large ranch, Tractor Supply has all you need for your farm, ranch, or livestock needs. To get to the website’s featured catalog section, scroll down to the bottom of the company's homepage. ATV Accessories - On Sale Now at the LOWEST PRICES. During the Great Depression, the automotive aftermarket was more essential than ever. We offer ATV Winches & Mounts, ATV Racks & Bags, ATV Gun & Bow Racks, ATV Implements, Bumpers, Cabs & Windshields, ATV Covers and more and all for amazingly … The company has since slowly reworked the brand into an online digital catalog and retail website and did away with the printed catalog version. If you previously had an account with JC Whitney, all of the information you provided will be transferred to your new CarParts.com account, which will be automatically created for you. Will 5G Impact Our Cell Phone Plans (or Our Health?! Is the Coronavirus Crisis Increasing America's Drug Overdoses? The story of JC Whitney extends across generations, woven tightly into the enduring fabric that is America's love affair with the automobile. Wheels & Tires. And though most machines are great out of the box, they can be made even better with the right ATV parts and accessories. To celebrate JC Whitney's 100th anniversary, the company held the JC Whitney Centennial Sweepstakes, during which entrants signed up for a chance to win their choice of two custom vehicles: a 2015 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon Unlimited or a Ford F-150 XLT SuperCrew 4X4. Headlights & Lighting. Roy Warshawsky remained at the helm of JC Whitney until his retirement in 1991. JC Whitney Catalog General Product Catalog If you have experienced a problem with our website, From common replacement parts to innovative aftermarket accessories, JEGS has it all. We have a massive selection of quality parts online. JC Whitney Catalog . The first JC Whitney Hot Wheels model—a clean, classic '56 Chevy Flashsider—hit the market. JC Whitney's new line of quality accessories will empower our customers to drive their own adventures, building on the legacy of a passionate founder who had an American dream to create a family business and grow it into a major distributor. Headlights & Lighting. Motorcycle Catalog Finally, click the corresponding button on the page to select the Jeep CJ and Wrangler or Truck e-catalog. The free Camping World catalog is the place to turn for RV parts, supplies and accessories. However, the brand continued to age and failed to appeal to younger demographics. They also need to be maintained as parts wear out and break over time. First, go to the JC Whitney, . Next, look for the words “Get the JC Whitney E-Catalog” and click on “E-Catalog” next to it. In the ad, readers were invited to send 25 cents for their own copy of the “giant auto parts catalog," which drummed up a tremendous response. Interior Accessories. He realized his American dream by opening Chicago’s first large salvage yard, Warshawsky & Co., on the South Side at State Street and Archer Avenue. Our staff is ready to help you with your purchase. As of this writing, other specialty books that JC Whitney printed and distributed regularly to subscribers in the past, such as Auto, Motorcycle and Volkswagen catalogs, are also no longer in print. Motorcycle parts, exhausts, tires, helmets, handlebars, lights, saddlebags, accessories, and gear with best customer service, fast shipping and 90-day returns. Warshawsky experienced moderate success when he focused on auto parts, particularly for the Ford Model T. By 1934, Warshawsky’s son, Roy, joined the business and endeavored to expand beyond the Windy City. Now over 100 pages of parts and accessories for your pickup, van, SUV or SUT! For your home, workshop and family, Northern helps you save on power tools, generators, pressure washers, go-karts, lawn and garden equipment and much more. Order your FREE JC Whitney Catalog today! Make outdoor work easier with the inventory available now in Tractor Supply’s local ad. Festival of Sacrifice: The Past and Present of the Islamic Holiday of Eid al-Adha. Nonetheless. With CarParts.com's newly redesigned vehicle selector and website—which is faster, more user-friendly, and completely mobile responsive—we'll be able to better serve our community with next-level convenience.
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Posted inColumns
Turkic Chinese soup: A barometer of anti-Chinese sentiment
by James M. Dorsey January 10, 2019 September 22, 2020
By James M. Dorsey / Mid-East Soccer.
A podcast version of this story is available on Soundcloud, Itunes, Stitcher, TuneIn and Tumblr.
A heavy soup made of pulled noodles, meat, and vegetables symbolizes Central Asia’s close cultural and/or ethnic ties with China’s repressed Turkic and Hui Muslims. It also explains growing Central Asian unease with China’s re-education campaign in its north-western province of Xinjiang and its signature infrastructure and energy driven-Belt and Road initiative.
Named Ashlan Fu and introduced to Kyrgyzstan in the late 19th century by Dungans, exiled Chinese Hui Muslims who fled over the Tien Shan Mountains after a failed rebellion in 1877, the soup has become a staple of Kyrgyz cuisine.
Made of Laghman noodles, starch preserves, onion, garlic, chilli, dark vinegar, and egg, Ashlan Fu is “the best cure for a hangover,” says Aman Janserkeev, a Kyrgyz student.
It’s also indicative of the potential fallout of China’s crackdown on Turkic and increasingly Hui Muslims that amounts to the most frontal assault on Islam in post-World War Two history and of commercial terms underlying Belt and Road-related Chinese investments in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia.
Some 150 members of Kyrgyzstan’s far right Kyrk Choro (Forty Nights) group last month protested outside the Chinese embassy in the Kyrgyz capital of Bishkek against the inclusion of ethnic Kyrgyz in the up to one million Muslims detained in re-education camps in Xinjiang as part of the Chinese crackdown.
In a sign of the times, Kyrk Choro, a nationalist group that has gained popularity and is believed to have the support of the Kyrgyz ministries of interior and labour, migration and youth, and the National Security Committee (GKNB), focused in its protest exclusively on ethnic Kyrgyz in Chinese detention.
Acting as vigilantes, Kyrk Choro four years ago raided clubs in Bishkek in a campaign against prostitution and accused Chinese nationals of promoting vice. In a video of an attack on a karaoke club, a Kyrk Choro leader showed a receipt that featured a girl as one of the consumed items.
Yet, while standing up for the rights of ethnic Kyrgyz and Kyrgyz nationals, Kyrk Choro has also called for Uighurs, the Turkic Muslims that populate Xinjiang, to be booted out of Bishkek’s most popular clothing bazaar and replaced by ethnic Kyrgyz.
During December’s protest, Kyrk Choro also demanded the expulsion of illegal Chinese migrants. It further insisted that the government check the documents of migrants, including those who had obtained Kyrgyz citizenship over the last decade, including 268 Chinese nationals who are in majority of Kyrgyz descent.
Kyrk Choro’s contradictory demands and claims reflect not only a global trend towards ethnic and religious nationalism with undertones of xenophobia but also concern that Belt and Road-related projects serve Chinese rather than Kyrgyz and Central Asian interests.
The Kyrgyz government recently reported that 35,215 Chinese citizens had arrived in the country in 2018, many of them as construction workers on Chinese-funded projects.
Political scientist Colleen Wood noted that social media activists were linking criticism of Chinese commercial practices with China’s crackdown in Xinjiang.
“One widely-shared image, which declares “Don’t let anyone take your land,” depicts a strong fist — adorned with a Kyrgyz flag — stopping a spindly hand — marked by a Chinese flag — from snatching factories and a field,” Ms. Wood wrote in The Diplomat.
Ms. Wood said some activists compared Chinese practice to the demarcation in 2002 of the Chinese-Kyrgyz border during which the Central Asian nation handed over 1,250 square kilometres of land to China.
Another Facebook page, Kytai baskynchylygyna karshybyz (We’re against Chinese aggression) posted articles about Chinese mining companies operating in Kyrgyzstan, a target of Kyrgyz protesters, alongside articles depicting the intrusiveness of the crackdown in Xinjiang, according to Ms. Wood.
Ashlan Fu, the popular Dungan soup, could prove to be a litmus test of the depth of mounting anti-Chinese sentiment.
An Instagram account with a Stop China feed publishes xenophobic content about Chinese culinary habits as well as regular updates on the crackdown that is expanding into the autonomous region of Ningxia Hui.
Ningxia Hui recently signed a cooperation agreement on anti-terrorism with Xinjiang in a bid to learn from the crackdown on the Turkic Muslims or in the words of the Global Times, a Communist Party organ, “to learn from Xinjiang’s experiences in promoting social stability.”
In advance of another protest at the Chinese embassy in Bishkek scheduled for January 17, Kyrgyz First Deputy Prime Minister Kubatbek Boronov called this week on the public not to believe anti-Chinese postings on social media.
In an acknowledgement of Kyrk Choro’s appeal, Mr. Boronov asserted that the group had denied participating in the December protest.
The government, much like Turkey and the vast majority of Muslim countries, has so far evaded taking China to task on its crackdown for fear of jeopardizing its relations with the People’s Republic.
Kyrgyz President Sooronbay Jeenbekov insisted last month that “the ethnic Kyrgyz of China are citizens of China, who obey the laws of their country. How can we intervene in their domestic matters? We can’t.”
If Kazakhstan where the issue of ethnic Kazakhs detained in China has flared up is anything to go by, the Kyrgyz government is walking a tightrope.
Asyla Alymkulova, a Kyrgyz national recently established the Committee to Protect the Kyrgyz People in China after her husband, Shairbek Doolotkhan, a Chinese-born Muslim, vanished in October on a business trip to Xinjiang.
Mr. Doolotkhan’s company subsequently advised Ms. Alymkulova that her husband had been “sent away to study” in a camp.
A Kyrgyz diplomat was among representatives of 12 non-Western countries whom China in the last week invited to Xinjiang to counter criticism of the crackdown and showcase economic and social progress. A group of foreign journalists was invited separately.
Short of a reunion with her husband, there is little that is likely convince Ms. Alymkulova or the relatives of thousands of other Central Asians, including at least 2,500 Kazakhs, that Chinese policy towards Muslims is benign and benefitting the community and the region’s progress.
That in turn will not make things easier for the Kyrgyz and other Muslim governments at a time that ethnic and cultural identities in a nationalistic and at times xenophobic environment are becoming prevalent. Kyrgyz attitudes towards Ashlan Fu may be the barometer.
Dr. James M. Dorsey is a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, co-director of the University of Würzburg’s Institute for Fan Culture, and co-host of the New Books in Middle Eastern Studies podcast. James is the author of The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer blog, a book with the same title and a co-authored volume, Comparative Political Transitions between Southeast Asia and the Middle East and North Africa as well as Shifting Sands, Essays on Sports and Politics in the Middle East and North Africa and just published China and the Middle East: Venturing into the Maelstrom
Tagged: central Asia, china, Islam, Kazakhstan
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Bloggers vs Vloggers :
Top Fashion & Beauty Vlogger Zoella
Thought Leadership in the Age of Collectivity
Not that long ago I wrote about collective mourning, about how grief had changed because of the way that we use social media. But it’s not just our emotions that are shared.
Collectivity and collaboration have fast become the default mode of the 21st century.
Online social media has exploded and now more than ever, our personal and business success is dependent on the way that we work with the larger world around us: from people, to brands, to corporations.
We talk in terms of influencers and thought-leaders: the power of an individual voice discussing ideas with their audience. Establishing a person or business as one of these leaders is dependent upon their appeal and relevance within the larger whole, in inaugurating them into the collective voice and then making them stand out.
Should this guy be a thought-leader? Doesn’t matter, cos he totally is.
It can be tricky. Yet one of the least expensive and most effective ways to create a platform is to become part of the shared world of multichannel media. Tweeting, blogging, having a Facebook page – this programmes the self into the digital landscape. Plugging in, the virtually extended reach of a social media can be a dynamic tool in the would-be thought-leader’s arsenal.
This might seem strange, after all back in the beginning of blogs, around the early 1990s, they were just ‘web logs’: easy-to-add-to, often journal-like, sometimes inspired but often rambling, online diaries.
Now there are tech blogs, sex blogs, philosophy blogs, blogs about dogs, blogs about cats, blogs aboutdogs sitting on cats, and, of course, blogs like this one which offer a mix of business advice and current affairs analysis. Interestingly, as Andrew Sullivan discussed, ‘poised between media and blogs can be as nuanced and well-sourced as traditional journalism, but they have the immediacy of talk radio … blogging is changing the media world’. More than that, it is changing the world in general. Despite being online, they have power and prominence that increasingly impacts the ‘real’, offline world.
The Huffington Post, of course, is the prime example. The Guardian put it perfectly when they said that ‘the history of political blogging might be usefully divided into pre- and post-Huffington’. The Huffington Post turned an underdog hobby into a lucrative market space. Now, some bloggers are far more powerful than journalists. Some blogs offer the widest and most influential marketing tool available, if you just know how to tap into it.
They can drive traffic, generate sales, create additional content, and instigate new conversations. Informal, often colloquial, they’re a relaxed way of engaging an audience without spending thousands on a platform. It takes time and dedication but once the ball is rolling, it’s out there
For example, on Wednesday, I’ve been invited to a bloggers event hosted by Bloomsbury. It’s a Christmas Special event with James Runcie, whom many will now know because of his bromantic, 1950s Grantchester Mysteries, the first of which was recently dramatized for ITV. Whether you agree or disagree with the plaudits calling the television adaptation ‘the new Morse’ or the criticisms that it was ‘undemanding’, there is no doubt that overall the six-part adaptation of James Runcie’s Sidney Chambers and the Shadow of Death was successful. So I wondered – why invite bloggers, everyday people using social media, to this kind of event.
Would you like to win this @GrantchesterUK bundle? Join us at 1pm today for our final giveaway! #Grantchester pic.twitter.com/Vog03oVrO4
— Lovely Day (@LovelyDayUK) December 8, 2014
It’s to keep the conversation rolling whilst the professionals, ie. the journalists and critics, lose interest in the off season. Plus, the conversations of the big, relevant bloggers means the series, in print and on screen, will reach a bigger, more relevant audience. This works particularly well because bloggers use social media accounts in addition to their blogs– so content travels far and fast.
Beyond the bloggerati, there are the vloggerati. One sponsored three minute video or single tweet from the Digifest Generation of video bloggers can reach millions in moments; having just one of them at James Runcie’s event could reignite the conversation, attract more readers or viewers, sell thousands more copies.
Video bloggers, like their wordy counterparts, have become thought-leaders, influencers and trend-makers. Ranging from ‘vloggers’ like CharlieIsSoCoolLike, who rose to fame after vlogging ‘How to be English’, to the effervescent Jenna Marbles or the prominent beauty and fashion vlogger, Zoella, AKA Zoe Sugg – the fact is that they have become sensations on and offline.
Jenna Marbles, making the internet fun because she can
Every one of these ‘professional internet humans’ has an invaluable stake in the media.
Unlike bloggers, often hidden behind their words, the vloggers appear closer to their audience. They speak to them, answer their comments in their videos, offer direct advice, engage and befriend them, albeit through a camera. Many recognise these fresh voices as key to reaching younger audiences, for commercial advertising but also as a replacement to broadcast and print media.
Both do engage though, and this is crucial, because they are directly appealing to the communal internet, putting themselves in the public eye and asking for feedback, even criticism. They generate an audience. Good ones then reply and engage with that audience; the one-way street of publication becomes a multichannel conversation.
Admittedly, vlogging and blogging have pros and cons, and they are not for everyone, not even for businesses striving to be thought-leaders.
However, in today’s shared, social, collective sphere, online media is an indubitable force. They are an intrinsic part of contemporary society.
My point is not to convince anyone to become a blogger or a vlogger. My point is this: brands and businesses, individuals and extended networks: no one can afford to ignore the pull and drive of the digital world. If you want to be a thought-leader, you need to embrace all sides of the media to engage your audience.
At the very worst, blogs and vlogs are narcissistic echo-chambers of the online world. But they have revolutionized the way
that the media works. Blogs can be the equivalent of a column in a national paper. Vlogs can be a TedXtalk or a segment of primetime tv. They reach across the globe and enable collective and remote collaboration, thrive because they, as so eloquently put by Ernesto Priego, embody the ‘power of we’.
And if you want to be a thought-leader, that is one of the most powerful forces in this strange, new, digital world.
Posted in: blogging, Social Media | Tagged: blogger, blogging, charlieissocoollike, digifest, jenna marbles, power of we, Social Media, vlogger, zoella
Zoella: Who Wrote Girl Online?
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Larsa Pippen Reveals That She Was ‘Kinda Seeing’ Tristan Thompson Before Khloe Kardashian—Denies Rumors That They Hooked Up After Khloe
There are several rumors that surround the Kardashian family and their friends, especially when it comes to their relationships. Recently Larsa Pippen discussed some of those rumors and revealed some interesting details.
Larsa appeared on the Hollywood Raw Podcast, and when asked about the rumored relationship between her and Tristan, Larsa said, “I was kinda seeing Tristan before Khloe. Before Khloe or any of them knew he existed. I was seeing him, I had him come to LA, I brought him to a party Kim had. I introduced him to all of them. Then a week later, or 10 days later, he started seeing Khloe. Which is fine, I don’t even care. It’s whatever.”
She continued to say, “I’m the type of person, I don’t chase what’s not for me. I will never chase a man, I will never put a leash on a man. I don’t do that. I feel like, let you be great. If you want to be with other people, go ahead. I’m great by myself.”
Larsa was also asked if she and Tristan had ever hooked up after him and Khloe’s very public breakup, and she denied the rumors. “It’s funny how people think like I’m the most honest person in the world. Like trust me, I would never lie about something like that. I knew him before Khloe even knew he existed.”
Nonetheless, Larsa said that she that Khloe and Tristan are trying to make their relationship work.
Check out what she said below:
As we previously reported, Khloe and Tristan have been spotted together several times as they work on rekindling their relationship. Their process has been captured by the “Keeping Up With The Kardashians” camera crew, and in a clip, Tristan Thompson was seen asking Khloe to move in with him as they continue to work on parenting their daughter True.
#PressPlay: Now why did #E! put that background music when #Tristan was talking 😩 #KhloeKardashian 👀👀 (📹: @kuwtk)
A post shared by The Shade Room (@theshaderoom) on Aug 20, 2020 at 9:51am PDT
Jayda Cheaves and Adult Film Star Teanna Trump Exchange Words On Twitter
Asian Doll Responds To Backlash She Received After Purchasing An $85K Diamond Chain Of King Von’s Face
Jennifer Hudson Says She’s Down To Reprise Her Role For The ‘Sex And The City’ Revival
Oprah Winfrey Documentary Officially In The Works At Apple TV+
Plies Holds Funeral Service For His Gold Teeth (Video)
911 Audio In Connection To YFN Lucci’s Arrest Has Been Released
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Segmental dynamics of individual species in a miscible polymer blend
Chung, Geun-Chang (1995) Segmental dynamics of individual species in a miscible polymer blend. Dissertation (Ph.D.), California Institute of Technology. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-09182007-103953
NOTE: Text or symbols not renderable in plain ASCII are indicated by [...]. Abstract is included in .pdf document. The segmental motion of each species in polyisoprene/poly(vinylethylene) (PI/PVE) miscible blends is studied at three different compositions using two-dimensional deuteron exchange NMR. The individual species exhibit widely different mean mobilities and broad mobility distributions near the glass transition of each blend. As PVE content increases, both the difference in mean mobilities between the two species and the width of mobility distribution for both components increase. Such enhancement of these two types of dynamic heterogeneity with PVE content appears to produce the anomalous broadening of the glass transition. The mean reorientational correlation times of each component can differ by two orders of magnitude under identical conditions. The mean correlation times and the monomeric friction coefficients can be described by a common temperature dependence, which differs for individual species. This difference can be described in terms of distinct effective glass transition temperatures, [...], for the two species. The separation between the two effective glass transition temperatures increases with PVE content, consistent with more pronounced thermorheological complexity of blends rich in PVE. The individual [...] also exhibit different compositional dependence from that of the calorimetric [...] of blend. This behavior can give rise to the complex compositional dependence of individual mobilities, apparent when mobilities are compared at the same [...], with respect to the calorimetric [...] of blend. Origins of these two types of dynamic heterogeneity are examined further by using a simple model that takes into account effect of random compositional variations. Although compositional variations can give rise to the observed width of mobility distribution and its compositional dependence, the observed difference in mean mobilities cannot be explained at the same time. This suggests that the observed dynamic heterogeneities can be explained only by including two distinct contributions: local compositional variations in the blend and intrinsic difference in chain mobilities. Distinct dynamic constraints between the two species can arise from their structural differences. In light of phenomenological models of cooperative local dynamics, distinct mobilities can arise from the difference in critical size of free volume or in cooperativity.
Kornfield, Julia A.
PDF (Chung_gc_1995.pdf) - Final Version
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There is no “best” time to release new Mandalorian episodes
Post author By The State
No Comments on There is no “best” time to release new Mandalorian episodes
For the last eight weeks, waking up on Friday morning has come with a gamble for many Star Wars fans: check Twitter to see the latest headlines or watch the new Mandalorian episode before anyone has a chance to spoil it?
This week’s episode of The Mandalorian is a perfect example. The second season finale includes some moments that Twitter’s trending tags and “news for you” curated topic sideline are already ruining. Without getting into spoiler territory here (and use this as a warning to stay away from Twitter if you haven’t seen the finale yet), one of the proposed solutions to this problem seems simple: release the episodes at a later time. Instead of dropping episodes at 3AM ET, why not pivot to 8 or 9PM ET, similar to how Game of Thrones used its 9PM slot on Sundays?
It’s complicated, and it’s important to remember the desire to change the time episodes drop is largely coming from a US audience. There are a couple of key factors to remember here that didn’t impact Game of Thrones quite as much:
Disney Plus is a global streaming service that debuts its originals at the same time in every region
The Mandalorian is a family show, enjoyed by young kids as well as adults
Having episodes up early on Friday gives people the weekend to enjoy if they don’t care about spoilers
Game of Thrones didn’t run into many of these issues. HBO is still a primarily domestic service, with episodes airing in international territories through other carriers (like Sky in the UK) the next day. HBO can focus on its American audience because that’s where the majority of its customers are. Disney can’t. About 25 percent of Disney Plus’ overall subscriber base is signed up through Hotstar in India, and the company is rapidly rolling out the streamer to other big regions, like Latin America. While the US is still a major market, it’s not the sole area Disney has to focus on. And 9PM ET on Sunday is too late or too early for a number of other countries.
Unlike The Mandalorian, Game of Thrones also isn’t a family show. Sure, families could watch it together, but it’s likely not the type of series that parents are sitting down with their seven-year-old child to watch. The Mandalorian is a show that families with young kids watch together — Baby Yoda is more than just a plot device — and 9PM ET is too late. This came up in The Verge’s Slack today when I was complaining about waking up at 6:30AM to watch the episode before starting work, which requires Twitter. 9AM ET is great for the UK crowd (5PM their time), but it’s still early, and it’s even earlier for the West Coast of the US. While it seemed like 7 or 8PM ET would be a good compromise, that means it’s 4PM PT for the West Coast crowd (a little early on Friday) and midnight for people in the UK. Better, and one that I prefer, but not perfect.
Then there’s the most obvious point: not everyone who is watching The Mandalorian is starting their days with Twitter or Instagram or TikTok. They might not even see the spoilers — or they possibly don’t care. What a blissful life! For these Mandalorian fans, having the episode drop early on Friday gives them Friday evening and the entire weekend to watch whenever they want. This question — “What is the best time to release new Mandalorian episodes?” — doesn’t apply to them, really, because they’re not bothered by spoilers.
‘The Mandalorian’ is a show that families with young kids watch together, and 9PM ET is too late
Is there a good time to release new Mandalorian episodes? Depending on who you ask and where they live, the answer varies — but the reason people are asking for episodes at a certain time doesn’t. Fans want that feeling of appointment viewing back. It’s a phrase that we last used with Game of Thrones and Breaking Bad before it. It’s the anticipation of a new episode (Mandalorian certainly has that) and making sure you’re situated in front a TV or laptop or phone right when the episode begins.
By the time the episode ends, Twitter is full of jokes and gasps depending on what played out over the last few minutes. Friends who have gotten together for watch parties are bouncing. Memes start spreading. Watching a big show feels more like a communal affair than a solitary activity — something we really needed this year. People want The Mandalorian earlier or later because they want to experience it with the world.
The Mandalorian is the biggest TV event of the year. It’s the thing that rolls around every Friday and we bemoan our friends to hurry up and finish watching because we want to talk about it. People are waking up at different times, they’re busy with kids in the morning, or have any number of other priorities that mean they can’t sit down and watch The Mandalorian at 6 or 7 in the morning.
It’s nearly impossible to find a perfect time that works for everyone, so releasing episodes at midnight PT does make the most sense, especially in a streaming-dominant world where preference and choice define the watching experience. It just sucks that an event-type show as big as Mandalorian can’t really ever create the same beautiful, appointment TV, communal viewing experience that Game of Thrones provided. I predict it’s an issue we’ll see grow as the major streamers expand globally. Think Mandalorian and Stranger Things, but again and again.
Tags episodes, mandalorian, release, technology, there
Entertainment USA TV
Carly Rose ‘Lets Loose’ In The New Video For ‘Change My Mind’: There Was A Lot Of Smashing & Jumping’
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While living her full ‘Clare Danes’ ‘90s fantasy, singer Carly Rose comes to terms with the woman in the broken mirror in ‘Change My Mind,’ and she talks EXCLUSIVELY with HL about the new video.
“If you’re f-cked and you know it, clap your hands / If you’re thinking I am also, clap your hands,” sings Carly Rose towards the end of her song, “Change My Mind,” and after 2020, everyone should be clapping along. After eight or so months in lockdown, everyone should be feeling a little screwy and a little stir-crazy. That cabin fever and frustration is captured in Carly’s new video for “Change My Mind.” As the dreamy pop anthem plays, she finds herself bored out of her mind in her bedroom. But, nothing cures the doldrums better than wanton destruction, right?
“There was a lot of smashing and jumping and spray painting and madness involved in this shoot, so I would say it was the perfect way to let loose after lockdown,” Carly says in an EXCLUSIVE interview with HollywoodLife over email. Despite all the restrictions and cancellations, Carly has had a busy year. She released a handful of tracks – “birds & bees,” “getaway car,” “warned you” – that culminated in her ep, WILD. While chatting with HollywoodLife, Carly shared which songs on WILD are the “can’t miss” tracks, which King Krule song she’d love to cover, and what we can expect from this rising star in the next twelve months.
HollywoodLife: What can you share about the making of the “Change My Mind” video? Where was it shot, and was it fun to go crazy after a year of lockdown?
That was one hell of a day. I had so much fun! We shot it in the desert about 30 minutes from Palm Springs. The video is largely inspired by some of my favorite characters from 90s TV shows like My So Called Life and Freaks and Geeks. Claire Schmitt, the director, did an incredible job building a bedroom inspired by that aesthetic in the desert. We collaborated a lot on all aspects of design for the room, and I could not be happier with how it turned out. My brother Russ executive produced the video, and that made it all even more exciting. To have him there, every step of the way was so special. There was a lot of smashing and jumping and spray painting and madness involved in this shoot, so I would say it was the perfect way to let loose after lockdown.
Carly Rose, kicking back (Joyce Charat)
When it came to music videos this year, many musicians did their best to work around the pandemic. We saw a lot of animated videos, Zoom-based videos, and ones shot in empty locales. Do you see the video for “Change My Mind” being closer to what you would shoot if COVID-19 weren’t a thing?
Yes! I think the concept for this video was the closest we could possibly have gotten to the experience of making a video during regular times while being safe. Since the bedroom is set outside and the reveal at the end is to show this bedroom you have been watching for the past 2.5 minutes is actually set in the desert, we were able to pull this off in a really safe way.
How the magic is made (Joyce Charat)
You released your EP WILD this year. What would you say are the three “can’t miss” tracks on it? Like, what are the songs that – one or five years from now – you’re going to look back on and say, ‘these were the ones’?
This is a great question. I mean, the title track Wild is a really special song that I know I will remember forever because it was the name of my first EP. I love that song, and collaborating with Goody Grace on it was super fun. “Birds & Bees” will also always have a really special place in my heart because it is the first song I ever released. Every time I hear this song, it brings me back to that time of being so nervous and excited about what it would be like to finally have music out. I also love the song “I Don’t Like You When You’re Like This.” It is the furthest I have gone in the alternative rock direction, and I jam out to that song harder than anything.
You professed you’re “just an indie rock girl” at heart while sharing your love for such acts as King Krule. He released an album this year – if you were to cover (or join him) for any track from Man Alive!, which would it be? And which one of your songs would you love to hear him cover?
I love the song “Underclass“ from that record. I just feel everything that man says so hard. It’s soulful and classic but still new and captivating. In a dream world, I would love to sing that song with him. Oh wow, that’s an interesting thought. I’m actually going to have to go with a song nobody has heard yet. It’s my next single. He would crush that song…
Same, Carly, Same. ( Joyce Charat)
What do you hope to accomplish in the next twelve months? Like, what do you want to say you got “done” in 2021?
Well, I have lots of new music lined up, which I’m stoked about. Plus, an exciting collaboration that I am looking forward to putting out. Putting out quality music consistently is the mission. Aside from that, I hope 2021 will be the year I start to play shows. That was supposed to start happening this past Summer, but obviously, the pandemic put everyone’s plans for that on hold. Ugh, I miss concerts so much, haha. I’m hopeful about this coming year, though!
Tags #video, carly, change, jumping, loose, smashing, there
Headline USA New York
There is no table for so many people: it is the restaurant crisis | The State
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Declaration of NYC as an ‘orange zone’ and closure of the interior of restaurants would be in the first week of December | The State
Businesses feel the impact of the pandemic.
Edwin Martínez / Impremedia
Marguerite gautier
It is true that we need to be patient and abide by the measures to contain Covid-19 that has already infected more than 16 million and took the lives of almost 400 thousand people in the United States alone.
But it seems that not only the virus is attacking minorities such as Hispanics, because the measures to curb the pandemic are also more severe and harmful for small entrepreneurs such as restaurant owners.
Mayor Bill de Blasio and Governor Andrew Cuomo believe that banning diners from New York restaurants would help contain the pandemic; while forgetting that eating out was fun in the summer, but with the cold winter temperatures, who likes frozen food?
And although, fortunately, the shopping centers and department stores of big brands can open this holiday season, restaurant owners have to manage to offer hot food, keep customers, pay rent and payroll, among others.
We support decisions to end this health crisis, but it doesn’t make sense that restaurant owners, many of them Hispanic, who have struggled to survive in the Big Apple for years, now have to turn away their customers.
It is inexplicable that such a radical measure is required at a time when we all hope to survive and when, according to contact tracing, infections in restaurants are only 1.4%, while meetings in homes would be the culprit in 74% of cases.
It is not easy to control a virus as deadly and treacherous as covid-19, it sticks because it sticks: in the air, on the street, with the things we touch and even by shaking hands in a cordial greeting.
But if the authorities feel they cannot control the virus, it is also not fair that they shift the responsibility onto the shoulders of these merchants.
The National Restaurants Association shouted to the sky and complained arguing that some 11,000 businesses have already closed permanently due to the pandemic that took them out of combat in this 2020.
And like warriors in the middle of a battle, restaurateurs do everything they are required to do to stay in business: they lowered their clientele to 25% while they increased expenses to be able to serve with tables outside their premises, trying to avoid sending their employees. What else do you want!
(The author – who uses a pseudonym – is a journalist based in New York)
Tags crisis, people, restaurant, restaurants, state, table, there
Georgia Headline USA New York Politics
‘We’re not going there, dude’: Trade advisor Peter Navarro produces his own election ‘fraud’ report
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White House trade advisor Peter Navarro has produced a 36-page report on ‘irregularities’ in the presidential election – but refused to take a reporter’s question about a government watchdog who found his media appearances violated the Hatch Act.
‘We’re not going there, dude,’ Navarro said when DailyMail.com asked him about the letter from the Office of Special Counsel during a webinar on his new report.
‘Next question. Mute the guy. Mute the guy,’ Navarro said – before the webinar call was abruptly ended.
White House trade advisor Peter Navarro has written a report on six ‘irregularities’ in the election
Navarro is director of the White House Office for Trade and Manufacturing Policy, and advised President Trump on the trade war with China.
But he also indicated he has a sideline in closely following the ‘Kraken’ lawsuits that so far have racked up more than 50 losses in court.
‘I’ve literally read thousands of affidavits. I’ve read every single court case. I’ve looked at all the testimony that’s been done at the state legislature level,’ Navarro said on the call to tout his election work product.
He drafted an analysis on the subject, and discussed it on a webinar Thursday where he was introduced as acting in his ‘personal capacity.’
Navarro refused to discuss a report on him by the Office of Special Counsel while discussing a report he wrote on election ‘irregularities’
Navarro’s report catalogues ‘abuses’ of poll watchers in six states President Trump lost
Navarro said he has ‘literally read thousands of affidavits’ in conducting his research for the report, while also advising the president on trade policy
His 36-report relies on many of the same affidavits which have so far failed to persuade state and federal judges. But Navarro said he also reviewed additional affidavits that were not included.
He wants his report to be a ‘catalyst for a full investigation’ of irregularities. He also called for delaying the two Senate runoff elections in Georgia for a month – which would deny the Democrats the chance to gain control of the Senate when President-elect Joe Biden takes the oath of office.
The report claims ‘fake ballot manufacturing’ occurred.
‘One of the most disturbing examples of possible fake ballot manufacturing involves a truck driver who has alleged in a sworn affidavit that he picked up large crates of ballots in New York and delivered them to a polling location in Pennsylvania. There may be well over 100,000 ballots involved, enough fake ballots alone to have swung the election to Biden in the Keystone State. Likewise in Pennsylvania,’ Navarro writes.
His day job is to advise President Trump on trade policy
The Office of Government Ethics issued a report on Navarro stating he violated the Hatch Act in media appearances where he attacked Joe Biden
He cites testimony by Jesse Richard Morgan, who spoke at an event in Arlington, Virginia press conference organized by the Amistad Project and the Thomas Moore Society.
As the York Daily Record reported, state officials have rejected his claims. Morgan has ‘a lengthy history of drug abuse, mental health issues and allegations of domestic violence’ while also being an ‘an amateur ghost hunter’ whose video on sale on Amazon claims he and his brothers ‘have either had extreme paranormal events happen to them or currently have paranormal events happening to them.’
‘The big takeaways for me is there appears to be a coordinated strategy effectively to stuff the ballot box with Biden votes and at least some evidence of the destruction of Trump ballots,’ said Navarro.
Navarro has personal experience being on the ballot when numbers go the wrong way. He ran for office multiple times in the San Diego area, losing five times in races for Congress and county boards and councils.
The OSC report found Navarro ‘attacked’ Joe Biden during his own TV appearances
His study looks at six battleground states that Joe Biden carried, but did not look at any of the states that Trump won. He repeatedly stressed the narrow margin, although in Michigan Biden won by 150,000 votes.
‘There’s a ton of evidence. There’s a mound of it,’ he said.
Navarro said the report is in the president’s ‘in-box’ but he doesn’t know if Trump has read it.
He argues that at the ‘the stroke of midnight on Election Day’ Trump ‘appeared well on his way’ to winning, only to watch a flood of mail-in ballots that ‘began entering the count.’
Officials had long in advance predicted there might be a ‘red mirage’ that occurred before mail-in and absentee ballots were counted, after Trump urged his supporters to vote in person and Democrats stressed mail-in voting.
Navarro calls it an ‘astonishing reversal of Trump fortune.’
Navarro dismissed courts, legislatures, Republican officials, and Attorney General Bill Barr’s statement denying widespread fraud.
‘Bill Barr had no business making the statement he did,’ said Navarro. ‘I thought that was premature particularly in light of the fact that we have what appears to be an FBI and Department of Justice that’s reticent about making any kinds of investigations … I’m still waiting for the Durham report,’ he said. He was referencing U.S. attorney John Durham’s probe of alleged FBI misconduct.
‘I think it’s criminal that Republicans holding majorities in state legislatures in both parties have not had the courage to use their power and authority to conduct the appropriate investigations,’ he said.
As a potential hedge against incurring another Hatch Act violation, the webinar included a disclaimer: ‘Now viewing Dr. Peter Navarro (private citizen’s) screen.’ Navarro is a PhD in economics.
An Office of Special Counsel report December 7 stated that Navarro violated the Hatch Act through tweets and interviews where he talked politics.
‘His comments were directed at undermining Mr Biden’s presidential candidacy and persuading voters not to support him in the 2020 election,” according to the OSC report.
He attacked Biden in a May Fox News interview where he said: ‘To brother Joe, I guess he forgot the eight years he was toadying up and kowtowing to the Chinese …’
In a Fox Business News interview Navarro said in China the ‘love’ Biden, brought up Hunter Biden.’
‘They know he can be bought. They know he’s compromised,’ said Navarro.
The Hatch Act prohibits federal employees from engaging in political work while doing official duties – but also protects the right of employees to engage in politics.
White House lawyers have defended his actions and said factual statements don’t count as political advocacy.
The OSC disagreed. ‘Dr Navarro violated the Hatch Act because he engaged in that very activity,’ according to the report.
Tags Advisor, dailymail, going, navarro, News, peter, produces, there, trade, White House
Sports UK
Cipriani leaves Gloucester but Cherry and Whites insist there was no bust-up
Post author By megha rajpoot
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Danny Cipriani left Gloucester last night with immediate effect – and the club insisting there had been no bust-up.
The mercurial fly-half, who will be replaced by Scotland No.10 Adam Hastings, said he went with “mixed emotions”.
But any suggestion he had been forced out was dismissed by Cherry and Whites chief executive Lance Bradley.
“Mutual consent always makes it sound like there’s some big secret or that some terrible bust-up must have happened,” said Bradley.
“But that’s not the case. I understand why people must think there must be a bigger story here but there really isn’t.
“It’s more that both of us realised it wasn’t working and we’d be better off trying something else.”
Cipriani calls shots for Gloucester against Newcastle during his superb first season at Kingsholm
(Image: Getty)
Adam Hastings (centre) has signed to replace Cipriani as Gloucester fly-half next season
(Image: PA)
The timing is strange, coming four games into the new season and with Hastings not arriving at the club from Glasgow for another nine months.
It is all the more strange for the fact that when George Skivington took charge of the team in June, Cipriani hailed it as “the most exciting announcement of a head coach I’ve seen in rugby… I’m very grateful I’ll get to play out my last years under him”.
In his farewell message to fans Cipriani made it clear that regard had not diminished, saying he had left with the “love, support and blessing of my coach and friend” and adding: “I know the club is in safe hands for the future under George’s leadership.”
Cipriani has found love with partner Victoria
So why now, just 18 months after the London-born playmaker inspired Gloucester to their first play-off appearance in eight years and was voted Player of the Year by his fellow pros?
It is no secret the occasional England star was hugely affected by the death of ex-girlfriend Caroline Flack, who took her own life in February. But he has since found happiness with his marriage to Victoria.
“There’s a lot that has happened in Danny’s personal life,” said Bradley. “Some fantastic, some not so fantastic. All of those things add up and this is where we’ve ended up.
Gloucester chief executive Lance Bradley
(Image: Gloucester Rugby)
“But there wasn’t a massive falling-out, it’s not acrimonious. Danny will always have a place in this club’s heart.
“Some of the things he did, didn’t seem possible. He was a magician.
“I remember once he kicked the ball looking the other way. Anyone else and I’d have called it a shank – but it was Danny and it went straight to the winger who scored.
“I said to him later, ‘Did you mean that?’. He smiled. ‘What do you think?’ Those kind of memories live with you forever.”
Tags Caroline Flack, cherry, cipriani, Danny Cipriani, George Skivington, gloucester, Gloucester Rugby, insist, leaves, love, there, whites
Headline USA Politics
Michigan rep who said he couldn’t guarantee there wouldn’t be violence loses committee assignments
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Michigan Republican state representative who said he couldn’t guarantee there wouldn’t be violence as Electoral College electors meet in capitol is kicked off committees by his own party
GOP Michigan State Rep. Gary Eisen got stripped of his committee assignments after he said he couldn’t guarantee there wouldn’t be violence on Monday
Eisen went on a radio program and said that Michigan Republicans had planned some sort of ‘event’ as the Electoral College electors gathered in Lansing
He called it ‘convenient’ that the state capitol and office buildings had been locked down due to ‘credible threats of violence’
He said if he and other Republicans got locked out of the capitol they’d move their event to a different location, but refused to give details
Eisen insisted that supporters of President Donald Trump hadn’t exhausted their options and called what he would attempt a ‘hail Mary’ pass
House Speaker Lee Chatfield and Speaker-elect Jason Wentworth, both Republicans, responded by kicking Eisen out of committees for the term
By Nikki Schwab, Senior U.S. Political Reporter For Dailymail.com
Published: 18:05 GMT, 14 December 2020 | Updated: 20:03 GMT, 14 December 2020
Republican Michigan State Rep. Gary Eisen got stripped of his committee assignments from the leaders of his own party after he said he couldn’t guarantee there wouldn’t be violence as Electoral College electors gather Monday at the state capitol.
Eisen appeared on WPHM radio and was asked by host Paul Miller, ‘Can you assure me that this is going to be a safe day in Lansing, nobody’s going to get hurt.’
‘No,’ Eisen replied. ‘I don’t know because what we’re doing today is uncharted. It hasn’t been done.’
Republican Michigan State Rep. Gary Eisen was booted from committees by leaders of his own party after he told a radio host Monday morning that he couldn’t guarantee there wouldn’t be violence at the Michigan state capitol over the Electoral College vote
The Michigan state capitol and office buildings are closed to the public Monday after state officials said it was under threat
Two pro-Trump demonstrators stand outside the Michigan state capitol on Monday as Electoral College electors make Joe Biden’s election win official
Eisen suggested Michigan’s Republican Party planned to hold some sort of ‘event’ in the capitol, but plans had been scuttled after there was a ‘bomb threat phoned in from Wisconsin,’ the GOP lawmaker said.
‘So they’re going to lock us out of our offices, they’re going to lock us out of the capitol. How convenient is that? When they’re going to sit electors today, so that we can’t support our options,’ Eisen said.
Eisen also said he didn’t know if the bomb threat rumor was true, but Amber McCann, the spokeswoman for Senate Majority Leader Mike Shirkey, a Republican, said there were ‘credible threats of violence,’ explaining why the capitol and its office buildings were being locked down in a statement Sunday.
‘I come over last night to Lansing to help and give my support. And now all of the sudden we’re locked out of our offices, we can’t go into the capitol,’ Eisen complained. ‘So we are going to make an attempt because they technically can’t keep me from going into the capitol on official business, they can’t do that OK?’
If Eisen was blocked from entering the capitol, the representative said ‘than we are simply going to move our event to a different location and proceed with what we’re going to do today.’
Throughout the interview, Miller called out Eisen’s dubious claims about state lawmakers having the power to do anything to influence Monday’s vote and fretted about his actions causing violence.
Eisen wouldn’t say when asked what event he was planning.
‘It will be all over the news later on,’ the lawmaker said.
Miller replied, ‘This sounds dangerous.’
Eisen referred to it as a ‘hail Mary’ and refused to agree with Miller who said, ‘every avenue has been exhausted.’
‘No it hasn’t,’ Eisen said. ‘It hasn’t alright. Maybe after today it wil. But at least we have one play left and we’ll throw that ball.’
He also said the ‘event’ wasn’t his idea.
‘It’s not me doing it it’s the Michigan, it’s the Michigan party, the Republican Party, I’m just there as a witness,’ the lawmaker said.
Shortly after the interview aired, Michigan House Speaker Lee Chatfield and Speaker-elect Jason Wentworth, both Republicans, announced their decision to remove Eisen from his committee assignments in the closing days of the two-year session.
In a statement they said threats or suggestions of violence in politics are never acceptable including ‘when the public officials open the door to violent behavior and refuse to condemn it.’
‘We must do better,’ Chatfield and Wentworth said.
Michigan’s Electoral College electors are expected to cast their votes for President-elect Joe Biden at 2 p.m. Monday.
Tags couldn, dailymail, guarantee, loses, Michigan, News, there, violence, wouldn
There are no details of the investigation against the Colombian “hot judge”, but there are details of her red lace corset on Instagram | The State
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Half-naked and in her bed, a “hot” judge from Colombia says they don’t investigate her underwear because she doesn’t wear | The State
Colombian judge Vivian Polanía Franco has become popular on Instagram, in part, for her “fitness” routine.
Theo Wargo / Getty Images
On the results of the administrative investigation against Colombian judge Vivian Polanía Franco to which his superiors “judge” for allegedly compromising the administration of Justice with his explicit photos in networks there is no relevant information at the moment.
More than two months after the initiation of the inquiries by members of the Disciplinary Jurisdictional Chamber of the Sectional Council of the Judiciary, there are no details of the conclusion of the investigation; or at least, it has not reached the media.
What is evident in the magistrate’s Instagram account These are the sexy and scantily clad photos that he continues to share in defiance of the wake-up call made by the high command of the Branch he represents.
Polanía Franco, First Municipal Criminal Judge with ambulatory guarantee control functions in Cúcuta, must know very well the implications of the word censorship, but in terms of her daily routine, that word is dissonant, judging by the publications she shares daily in his account on the social network, where he has more than 183,000 fans.
This week, the Colombian, a regular at “Crossfit”, has been seen in a red and black lace corset from her bed, “topless” and flossing.
The also nicknamed “hot judge” or “fitness judge”, who seems to celebrate her toned body with each publication, also takes time to take the “rodadita” (walk) despite the quarantine, as revealed in her most recent publication in the net.
“Yesiii yesterday I gave myself the shot after much quarantine, shooting is living, outdated, but happy !!! #bunny #sexyred #harleydavidson #hareleydavidsonmotorcycles #vivianpolaniaf # vivianpolaniaf2 🐰☠️💋 ”, read the comment to the photo in which she appears resting on her bed in her underwear.
Polanía Franco’s message remains the same: she does not intend to change to please other members of the judiciary.
“I’m not the only person who has an Instagram profile where I show my results for CrossFit. If they see other women, they do the same, precisely when one achieves something through this sport, it is nice to show it for all the effort that is made, “she said previously in an interview with La Opinion de Cúcuta.
It was the highlight of his lifestyle outside the Court in that and other local media that led to the initiation of the investigation against him.
Amid the uproar caused by the reviews, CNN spoke with the judge, who said she does not plan to stop exercising the right to free development of personality.
“Regarding my clothes and the way I dress, it is the free development of the personality. I absolutely disagree. Not all judges, officials, employees, people are the same ”, stated the interviewee who has 37 tattoos.
Tags against, colombia, colombian, details, Influencers, instagram, investigation, judge, there
Juhi Chawla: There is no need to panic, I am ready to go out and work outdoors
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Even as the number of Covid 19 positive cases continue to rise, Bollywood has been steadily getting back on it’s knees. The risk is quite evident, as we have seen, with the latest example being Neetu Kapoor and Varun Dhawan catching the virus while shooting for their film Jug Jug Jeeyo in Chandigarh.
Juhi Chawla is still all for working. “I am ready to go out and work, and fine with working outdoors. I would not like to be inside one studio. There were so many things we were battling there, like unhygienic conditions, not realising what we were up against,” she says.
Precautions of course are something that the 53-year-old will be keeping in mind. The actor continues, “There is no need to panic. I already went for the shoot of a commercial, and instead of a 100 odd people, the unit was scaled down to 60 people, and the work got done very efficiently. Everybody feels strongly about it, just proper hygiene is required, and arrange it in a way. We will be fine. I am not really paranoid (about working full time).”
The actor had also been inn Dubai, for the Indian Premiere League cricket tournament, as her team Kolata Knight Riders had been one of the teams.
On the overall situation currently shaping up, Chawla has different opinions. In fact, as she herself puts it, they are “radical views”.
She explains, “One feels suffocated in masks… before that (covid 19), suffocation and carbon dioxide will get us. What is this? I feel very happy, proud and strong in saying I have Ayurveda, yoga, pranayama, homeopathy, what am I scared of? I advocate to everyone around me, do simple home remedies every day. Kya Covid kya virus kuch nahi hoga. I have another bent of mind.”
Tags bollywood, chawla, Coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus pandemic, covid-19, Jug Jug Jeeyo, Juhi chawla, outdoors, panic, Ready, there
Yes, there was an ethical breach
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Uncovering fake news, verifying statements by politicians, finding the real numbers: our Bureau of Investigation, based in Montreal, Quebec City and Ottawa, specializes in the art of setting the record straight. Every Saturday, our journalists and researchers present their findings to you so that you can see more clearly the news of the week.
Deputy House leader Eric Caire defended Economy Minister Pierre Fitzgibbon in the chamber on Wednesday. The latter was singled out in a report by the Ethics Commissioner for the second time in less than two months.
Stevens Leblanc archive photo
Caquist Minister Eric Cairo
” [La commissaire] says that, in fact, the Minister of Economy and Innovation has not been unethical, ”said Cairo, asking that he be shown the page of the report affirming the contrary .
Contrary to what Mr. Caire insinuates, the Ethics Commissioner writes in her report that Pierre Fitzgibbon “committed a breach” of three articles of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Members of the National Assembly.
According to the commissioner, the purpose of the Code is “to affirm the values and ethical principles of the National Assembly to which the deputies adhere, to lay down the ethical rules that they must respect and to provide for the mechanisms of application and control of these rules ”.
The commissioner criticizes the minister for not divesting in time his interests in companies that have links with the government or a public body. He also intervened with Investissement Québec to refuse to provide financial assistance to one of them. Ultimately, Mr. Fitzgibbon did not report certain information, including his collectives. The Caquista government, however, refused to blame him.
– Sarah Daoust-Braun
NUMBER OF THE WEEK: 12.4%
This is the average increase in the number of visits to the controversial Pornhub site in Canada between March 13, at the start of the pandemic, and July 13.
According to data from the site specializing in pornographic videos, the days of March 25 and 27 were particularly busy with increases of 22% and 20%.
Elsewhere in the world, for the day of March 25 only, there is an increase in consultation of 55% in Scotland and India, 53% in Russia and 42% in Mexico.
Pornhub has been heavily criticized this week following an article in the American daily New York Times which reported among other things a high number of rape videos and child pornography.
– Philippe Langlois
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Texas AG claims he DOESN’T have to show there was fraud for Supreme Court to overturn election
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The Republican attorney general of Texas whose suit seeks to have the Supreme Court overturn the election claims in a new filing it is ‘impossible’ to know who won the election – and faults four states for failing to ‘show’ that Biden won.
AG Ken Paxton, who has been photographed with the Trump in the presidential limousine and who is under indictment but maintains his innocence, responds to the charge that his lawsuit seeks to ‘overthrow the votes of the American people.’
Although the suit seeks to overturn the vote in four states that went for Joe Biden, Paxton rejects the claim.
‘Texas does not ask this Court to reelect President Trump, and Texas does not seek to disenfranchise the majority of Defendant States’ voters,’ according to the response. ‘To both points, Texas asks this Court to recognize the obvious fact that Defendant States’ maladministration of the 2020 election makes it impossible to know which candidate garnered the majority of lawful votes,’ according to the filing.
‘Texas IS likely to prevail’ according to the legal brief filed with the Supreme Court by the office of Texas attorney general Ken Paxton, seen here with Trump in June.
The suit seeks to overturn the vote in Georgia, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania – which would be sufficient to award Trump the White House. The suit claims the states violated the constitution through major expansions of mail-in voting amid the pandemic.
‘Texas IS likely to prevail’ according to the brief.
After Georgia’s Republican lieutenant governor on Thursday night responded to the suit saying there had ‘not seen a single ounce of systemic or organized fraud,’ Paxton’s filing maintains the burden falls on the states to prove that their elections were legitimate.
‘The balance of equities tips to the Plaintiff State,’ according to the filing. ‘Defendant States first assume that Mr. Biden won their States legitimately, then use that assumption to criticize Texas’s arguments for disenfranchising voters. If the flawed 2020 results stand, that result would disenfranchise voters,’ according to the filing.
‘At best for Defendant States, the balance of equities could be neutral. But because Defendant States cannot—or at least do not— seriously defend the merits or show that Mr. Biden actually prevailed, the equities tip in favor of Texas and of the lawful process for resolving contested elections ‘do precious little to defend the merits of their actions,’ according to the filing.
All four states have already certified their results for Joe Biden. Georgia already conducted multiple statewide recounts, and Wisconsin conducted a recount in two heavily Democratic counties at the request and cost of the Trump campaign.
Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, a Trump rival in 2016, called the Texas lawsuit ‘crazy.’
‘This is crazy. it will be killed on arrival. Why are smart people advancing this notion? Let it go. The election is over, he tweeted Thursday night.
The legal filing came after the four states responded to the initial suit, which President Trump wants to join.
Their filing shredded the effort to turn the vote as a ‘surreal alternate reality’ and ‘seditious’ abuse of the courts.
They attacked the lawsuit as an attempt to ‘overthrow’ the results of the election.
It was a last-ditch argument Trump immediately latched onto in his effort to have courts and state legislatures ‘overturn’ the election.
But the Texas suits arguments were ‘moot, meritless, and dangerous,’ argued the four states who would have their votes discounted.
‘Let us be clear. Texas invites this Court to overthrow the votes of the American people and choose the next President of the United States. That Faustian invitation must be firmly rejected,’ they asked the court.
Adding to the intrigue and farce of the situation, it was revealed just hours after the latest filing that Texas Attorney Gen. Ken Paxton, who filed the suit, had his office served with a federal subpoena on Wednesday.
FBI agents delivered ‘at least one’ subpoena to the AG’s office, the Austin-American Statesman reported Thursday, in connection to an ongoing investigation. The subpoena follows multiple aides in his office quitting and alleging abuse of his office and bribery. Paxton’s prominent role in the case, combined with his own legal troubles, has led to speculation he is seeking a presidential pardon – following Trump intends to dole out a slew of pardons to allies in his final weeks in office.
Paxton was among the Republican attorneys general who met with Trump at the White House Thursday amid his suit seeking to overturn the election.
The Pennsylvania AG’s office described the Texas suit as a crass political maneuver to extend Trump’s term.
‘Texas’s effort to get this Court to pick the next President has no basis in law or fact. The Court should not abide this seditious abuse of the judicial process, and should send a clear and unmistakable signal that such abuse must never be replicated,’ they urged.
Even so, 106 House Republicans – more than half the GOP’s majority – endorsed the suit in a friend of the court brief filed Thursday.
Georgia’s lieutenant governor, Geoff Duncan, blasted the suit. ‘This is not American, this is not democracy. This is not our finest moment. My hope is we quickly move past this,’ he told the PBS News Hour.
‘We have not seen a single ounce of systemic or organized fraud,’ he said. ‘I’m proud of that even though the person I supported didn’t win.
The lawyers for the four states, headed by Pennsylvania Josh Shapiro’s office, took aim at a major federalism flaw in the case – allowing one state to seek to ‘dictate’ the election laws of another, even as the Constitution grants states the authority to run their own elections.
‘Texas has not suffered harm simply because it dislikes the result of the election, and nothing in the text, history, or structure of the Constitution supports Texas’s view that it can dictate the manner in which four other states run their elections. Nor is that view grounded in any precedent from this Court. Texas does not seek to have the Court interpret the Constitution, so much as disregard it.’
The Pennsylvania AG even took time to dispatch a ‘statistical analysis’ provided by the Texas suit that the chance of Biden winning despite Trump’s “lead” at 3 am on election night was ‘less than one in a quadrillion.’
‘Texas also relies on a statistical analysis prepared by Charles J. Cicchetti, Ph.D., in support of the assertion that the results in the four defendant states were so improbable as to be evidence of misconduct. Bill of Complaint ¶¶ 9–12. Texas’s allegations and Dr. Cicchetti’s analysis are nonsense,’ according to the filing.
”It bases this astounding assertion on Dr. Cicchetti’s assessment, for each of the states, of the extremely low probability that the votes counted before 3 a.m. and those counted afterwards were “randomly drawn from the same population.”
However the way the votes came in were not random.
‘But the votes counted later were indisputably not “randomly drawn” from the same population of votes, as those counted earlier were predominantly in-person votes while those counted later were predominantly mail-in votes. And Texas’s own complaint shows why the later-counted votes led to such a strong shift in favor of President-Elect Biden: “Significantly, in Defendant States, Democrat [sic] voters voted by mail at two to three times the rate of Republicans.” Bill of Complaint at ¶ 39. Both this fact and the expectation that it would result in a shift in PresidentElect Biden’s favor as mail-in votes were counted were widely reported months ahead of the election,’ the filing notes.
The claims by Texas ‘are neither serious nor dignified,’ according to the filing. The dispute ‘involves Pennsylvania’s interpretation of its own laws, and Texas’s disagreement with that interpretation.’
Texas ‘repeats the same false allegations of election fraud that have already been repeatedly rejected by other courts,’ according to the filing, following dozens of defeats by Trump and his allies in election lawsuits since Nov. 3.
‘And its request for relief—to disenfranchise tens of millions of voters who reasonably relied upon the law—is uniquely unserious.’
Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro filed a blistering response to the Texas AG’s lawsuit seeking to overturn the election
The filing calls out a ‘cacophony of bogus claims’ and calls it ‘legally indefensible’
A total of 106 House Republicans signed onto a motion to file a friend of the court brief in favor of the suit – a demonstration of Trump’s continued hold over the party he has dominated since capturing the Republican nomination in 2016 and taking office.
Included were Reps. Mike Johnson of Louisiana, Steve Scalise of Louisiana – the House minority whip, and Trump loyalists Jim Jordan of Ohio and Matt Gaetz of Florida.
Trump kept up his bid to try to get the Supreme Court to overturn the election Thursday, tweeting about a ‘coup’ and a ‘corrupt election’ hours after another federal judge dismissed an election challenge by a Trump ally.
Trump met Thursday with state attorneys general have have followed his lead in seeking to intervene in a Texas lawsuit asking the high court to disregard millions of ballots in four states that Joe Biden Won.
And he continued to tout a conspiracy theory involving voting machines that Trump’s lawyers say were designed to rig the election, despite courts and state officials not buying it.
‘Great. Most corrupt Election in history, by far. We won!!!’ Trump tweeted, as he blasted out post about Republican House members seeking a special counsel to probe the election, which Joe Biden won by more than 7 million votes.
‘Voter Fraud!’ he wrote in another tweet, where he retweeted a Newsmax host who posted video purporting to show ‘mysterious ballots’ being counted in Georgia.
He also retweeted a ‘Trump rally fan’ he said appeared on Trump-loyalist network OAN who claimed a ‘coup’ was happening – hours after Trump himself tweeted ‘#OVERTURN.’
‘People are upset, and they have a right to be. Georgia not only supported Trump in 2016, but now. This is the only State in the Deep South that went for Biden? Have they lost their minds? This is going to escalate dramatically. This is a very dangerous moment in our history.. …The fact that our Country is being stolen. A coup is taking place in front of our eyes, and the public can’t take this anymore,’ the unidentified person said in the quote Trump tweeted.
President Donald Trump tweeted a quote from a fan who alleged an election ‘coup,’ hours after he called to ‘OVERTURN’ the election results
The Supreme Court set an afternoon deadline for four states to respond to the Texas suit
Trump retweeted video purporting to show voter fraud that the Georgia Secretary of State said showed nothing improper
THE 106 HOUSE REPUBLICANS WHO WANT SCOTUS TO OVERTURN THE ELECTION RESULT
Ralph Abraham Louisiana
Rick W. Allen Georgia
James R. Baird Indiana
Jim Banks Indiana
Jack Bergman Michigan
Andy Biggs Arizona
Gus Bilirakis Florida
Dan Bishop North Carolina
Mike Bost Illinois
Kevin Brady Texas
Mo Brooks Alabama
Ken Buck Colorado
Ted Budd North Carolina
Tim Burchett Tennessee
Michael C. Burgess Texas
Bradley Byrne Alabama
Ken Calvert California
Earl L. ‘Buddy’ Carter Georgia
Ben Cline Virginia
Michael Cloud Texas
Mike Conaway Texas
Rick Crawford Arkansas
Dan Crenshaw Texas
Mario Diaz-Balart Florida
Jeff Duncan South Carolina
Neal P. Dunn Florida
Tom Emmer Minnesota
Ron Estes Kansas
A. Drew Ferguson Georgia
Chuck Fleischmann Tennessee
Bill Flores Texas
Jeff Fortenberry Nebraska
Virginia Foxx North Carolina
Russ Fulcher Idaho
Matt Gaetz Florida
Greg Gianforte Montana
Bob Gibbs Ohio
Louie Gohmert Texas
Lance Gooden Texas
Sam Graves Missouri
Mark Green Tennessee
Michael Guest Mississippi
Andy Harris Maryland
Vicky Hartzler Missouri
Kevin Hern Oklahoma
Clay Higgins Louisiana
Trey Hollingsworth Indiana
Richard Hudson North Carolina
Bill Huizenga Michigan
Bill Johnson Ohio
Mike Johnson Louisiana
Jim Jordan Ohio
John Joyce Pennsylvania
Fred Keller Pennsylvania
Mike Kelly Pennsylvania
Trent Kelly Mississippi
Steve King Iowa
David Kustoff Tennessee
Darin LaHood Illinois
Doug LaMalfa California
Doug Lamborn Colorado
Robert E. Latta Ohio
Debbie Lesko Arizona
Blaine Leutkemeyer Missouri
Kenny Marchant Texas
Roger Marshall Kansas
Tom McClintock California
Cathy McMorris Rogers Washington
Dan Meuser Pennsylvania
Carol D. Miller West Virginia
John Moolenaar Michigan
Alex X. Mooney West Virginia
Markwayne Mullin Oklahoma
Gregory Murphy North Carolina
Dan Newhouse Washington
Ralph Norman South Carolina
Gary Palmer Alabama
Scott Perry Pennsylvania
Guy Reschenthaler Pennsylvania
Tom Rice South Carolina
John Rose Tennessee
David Rouzer North Carolina
John Rutherford Florida
Steve Scalise Louisiana Minority whip
Austin Scott Georgia
Mike Simpson Idaho
Adrian Smith Nebraska
Jason Smith Missouri
Ross Spano Florida
Elise Stefanik New York
Glenn ‘GT’ Thompson Pennsylvania
Tom Tiffany Wisconsin
William Timmons South Carolina
Ann Wagner Missouri
Tim Walberg Michigan
Michael Waltz Florida
Randy Weber Texas
Daniel Webster Florida
Brad Wenstrup Ohio
Bruce Westerman Arkansas
Roger Williams Texas
Joe Wilson South Carolina
Rob Wittman Virginia
Ron Wright Texas
Ted S. Yoho Florida
Lee Zeldin New York
‘A Trump fan at Georgia Rally on @OANBad!’
The president’s push to rally against the election result came in advance of a 3 pm deadline for four states – Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Georgia – to respond to the suit by the Texas attorney general.
Trump’s forces are running out of time. The Electoral College meets Monday, although the suit seeks to have the states delay their participation, despite the Constitution’s call for a single meeting.
‘There are 20 million reasons’ the case will fail, Republican election lawyer Ben Ginsburg told CNN, referencing the number of people who would be disenfranchised if the Court decided as Texas proposes. ‘Now this is just a sour grapes case,’ he said.
Nebraska GOP Sen. Ben Sasse was among a few elected Republicans dissing the case, even as 17 state attorneys general sought to sign on.
‘I’m no lawyer, but I suspect the Supreme Court swats this away. From the brief, it looks like a fella begging for a pardon filed a PR stunt rather than a lawsuit – as all of its assertions have already been rejected by federal courts and Texas’ own solicitor general isn’t signing on,’ he wrote.
ADULTERY AND AN FBI PROBE: MEET THE AG BEHIND HAIL MARY BID TO VOID ELECTION
The FBI is investigating allegations that Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton broke the law in using his office to benefit a wealthy donor.
Federal agents are looking into claims by former members of Paxton’s staff that the Republican committed bribery, abuse of office and other crimes to help Austin real estate developer Nate Paul.
The investigation was reported in mid-November by the Associated Press.
Paxton has denied wrongdoing and refused calls for his resignation since his top deputies reported him to federal authorities at the end of September.
Trump ally: Ken Paxton with Eric Trump and his wife Angela – who he admits cheating on
It’s unclear how far the FBI is into investigating the allegations against Paxton. An agency spokeswoman in San Antonio declined to comment.
Paxton is accused of using his position as Texas’ top law enforcement official to benefit Paul in several ways.
Central to their claims is the fact that Paxton hired an outside lawyer to investigate the developer’s allegations that the FBI improperly searched his home and offices last year.
Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (right, with Trump in the Beast in 2018) has filed suit against four states that went for Joe Biden, asking the Supreme Court to have Republican-run state legislatures appoint electors and hand the presidency to Donald Trump
Each of Paxton’s accusers has resigned, been put on leave or been fired since reporting him. Last week, four of them filed a state whistleblower lawsuit against the attorney general, claiming he ousted them as retribution.
The full nature of Paxton and Paul’s connection remains unclear. In 2018, Paul donated $25,000 to the attorney general’s reelection campaign. The developer also said in a recent deposition that Paxton recommended a woman for her job with his company.
Two people previously told The Associated Press that Paxton acknowledged in 2018 having an extramarital affair with the woman, who was then a state Senate aide. The people spoke on condition of anonymity due to fears about retaliation.
Paxton has spent most of his tenure in office maintaining his innocence in the face of an indictment on unrelated securities fraud charges. The case has been stalled for years over legal challenges.
His ‘begging for a pardon’ comment likely referenced Texas AG Ken Paxton, who was indicted in 2015 for alleged securities fraud and been accused by former aides of abuse of office and bribery. He is currently under FBI investigation.
And in Wisconsin, the chief federal judge of the district of the state, Pamela Pepper, dismissed one of conspiracy theory attorney Sidney Powell’s ‘Kraken’ lawsuits on Wednesday night ruling: Federal judges do not appoint the president in this country.
‘One wonders why the plaintiffs came to federal court and asked a federal judge to do so.
‘After a week of sometimes odd and often harried litigation, the court is no closer to answering the “why.”‘
In another federal court in the state Thursday, Trump’s lawyers tried to have the Wisconsin victory overturned on the basis that the voting system adopted by the state, including drop boxes for absentee ballots, was unconstitutional.
But they seemed to be facing almost certain defeat, first agreeing that they were in no way alleging fraud, and then facing Trump appointee Brett Ludwig suggesting that the ruling they were looking for was not on offer.
‘This would be a most remarkable proceeding and probably the most remarkable ruling in the history of this court or the federal judiciary,’ he said before hearing from Trump’s attorney.
The Supreme Court Texas case, filed this week, features an affidavit by Mellissa Carone, whose wild and antagonistic testimony went viral and got treated to a sketch on Saturday Night Live. It references a case filed in Michigan supported by the affidavit, and it includes her sworn statement in the appendix for the case.
Carone was recently on probation after initially being charged with a computer crime.
Trump on Wednesday night told a White House Hanukkah party that he is going to ‘win this election’ if Supreme Court judges have ‘courage and wisdom’ to overturn results.
The mostly maskless crowd chanted ‘four more years’ after Trump told them that the help of ‘certain very important people’ was needed to prevent him from having to leave the White House.
He appeared to be referencing the case filed by the Texas Attorney General on Monday and later joined by 17 other Republican-led states that is calling on the Supreme Court to overturn the results in four states.
Yet, Texas senator John Cornyn spoke out against his AG Ken Paxton on Wednesday night, stating that he could not see the legal basis to the challenge.
Paxton has claimed that the election results in Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and Georgia are ‘tainted’ due to the elections processes in those states.
Cornyn, who faced criticism in late November for saying the Senate is not obligated to confirm Biden appointees, told CNN that he believed states should not interfere in each other’s elections.
‘I read just the summary of it, and I frankly struggle to understand the legal theory of it,’ he said of Paxton’s case.
‘Number one, why would a state, even such a great state as Texas, have a say so on how other states administer their elections,’ Cornyn added.
‘We have a diffused and dispersed system and even though we might not like it, they may think it’s unfair, those are decided at the state and local level and not at the national level. So it’s an interesting theory, but I’m not convinced.’
Cornyn has previously refused to acknowledge that Biden has won the election yet has also spoken out about Trump’s failure to prove that there was any voter fraud.
After Cornyn took a hit at AG Paxton on Wednesday, he was commended by Jeb Bush, who echoed the claim that the case has no legal base.
‘Thank you Senator Cornyn. There is no legal theory and the conservative majority Supreme Court will reject it out of hand,’ he wrote.
Yet Trump is firing ahead with the Hail Mary attempt to change the results of the election telling the crowd gathered at the White House on Wednesday night that it was a ‘historic fight’.
‘It’s really for the soul of our country — because if somebody wins an election by a lot and they take the election away and they give it to people that shouldn’t be there, I think that’s a problem for our country,’ he said.
This came after Trump’s new lawyer produced a filing claiming there is something ‘deeply amiss’ in the election results.
The lawyer, John Eastman, had also penned an op-ed this summer doubting whether Vice President-elect Kamala Harris was eligible for office despite her being born in California.
The new legal brief with Trump’s name on it, included a motion for Trump, identified as the president, ‘to intervene in his personal capacity as candidate for re-election’.
The brief includes many of the same arguments Trump has put forward on his Twitter account – including Wednesday, when Trump tweeted no candidate has ever lost the White House while carrying Florida and Ohio.
‘The fact that nearly half of the country believes the election was stolen should come as no surprise,’ according to the filing.
‘President Trump prevailed on nearly every historical indicia of success in presidential elections. For example, he won both Florida and Ohio; no candidate in history—Republican or Democrat—has ever lost the election after winning both States.’
It also relies on statistical claims about the vote, in a race Trump has claimed was ‘rigged’ despite Joe Biden getting 7 million more votes than he did.
‘This, despite the fact that the nearly 75 million votes he received—a record for any incumbent President—was nearly 12 million more than he received in the 2016 election, also a record (in contrast to the 2012 election, in which the incumbent received 3 million fewer votes than he had four years earlier but nevertheless prevailed).’
‘These things just don’t normally happen, and a large percentage of the American people know that something is deeply amiss,’ according to the filing, which comes after passage of the ‘safe harbor’ deadline and after enough states certified their vote for Joe Biden to win the Electoral College.
Trump has asked Texas Sen. Ted Cruz to argue the case if the Supreme Court decides to listen to its merit.
Cruz argued numerous cases before the Supreme Court before he was elected to the Senate and been a loyal Trump defender, although he also ran for president in 2016.
By way of remedy, Trump asks that the vote be thrown out and for the high court to ‘direct’ that state legislatures ‘have the authority to appoint a new set of Electors in a manner that does not violate the Electors Clause, or to appoint no Electors at all’ – which would have the result of nullifying millions of votes in the four states.
It also seeks to award costs to the plaintiff for the intervention, as well as ‘such other relief as the court deems just and proper.’
It says the high court should ‘direct the defendant States to review their election results in compliance with pre-existing state law and count only lawfully cast ballots and thereby determine who truly won the contest for President of the United States.’
Federal judges overseeing cases by Trump allies in Michigan and other states have scoffed at remedies that would wipe away millions of votes. ‘The people have spoken,’ ruled U.S. District Court Judge Linda V. Parker in Michigan as she dismissed a suit.
President-elect Joe Biden won 306 Electoral College votes compared to 232 for Trump, while winning 81 million votes nationwide compared to 74 million for Trump.
Attorney John Eastman, pictured above, who filed the motion for Trump to intervene in the Texas lawsuit, penned an op-ed this summer doubting whether Vice President-elect Kamal Harris was eligible for office despite her being born in California
Amid the rush by Republicans to back Trump, even after all 50 states and D.C. certified their votes, Sen. Mitt Romney of Utah blasted the idea of having state legislatures overturn the will of voters.
‘It’s just simply madness. The idea of supplanting the vote of the people with partisan legislators is so completely out of our national character that it’s simply mad,’ Romney said.
‘Of course the President has the right to challenge results in court, to have recounts. But this effort to subvert the vote of the people is dangerous and destructive of the cause of democracy,’ he added.
The Electoral College meets Monday, in the next milestone toward Inauguration Day on January 20th.
The case led by AG Paxton has also been joined by seventeen other state attorneys general – all Republicans and all hailing from states that Trump carried in November.
‘Encroachments on the authority of state Legislatures by other state actors violate the separation of powers and threaten individual liberty,’ wrote the states, who are seeking to have the court step in to overturn the vote in four other states.
‘States have a strong interest in ensuring that the votes of their own citizens are not diluted by the unconstitutional administration of elections in other States,’ they write.
Signing on were the top law enforcement officers of Missouri, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, and West Virginia.
But on Tuesday, the Supreme Court declined to take up a challenge to another case seeking to overturn the certification process in Pennsylvania by voiding its mail-in ballots. No justice registered a dissent – suggesting that the decision could have been 9-0 against Republican Mike Kelly, whose case would have also voided the presidential election result if it had succeeded.
And in Nevada late Tuesday, the state Supreme Court slapped down Trump’s bid to overturn the election unanimously, ruling he had provided no evidence of significant fraud.
A DARING LAWSUIT – OR DOOMED TO HIT THE TRASH?
Texas AG Ken Paxton lawsuit makes a legal Hail Mary by going straight to the Supreme Court – meaning he can either win big, or he could simply be ignored.
The Supreme Court is the correct place for disputes between states to be played out, but usually such disputes are long-running, such as over water rights. In 2014, Oklahoma and Nebraska asked the Supreme Court to stop Colorado’s marijuana legalization – but it declined to hear the case.
That could be well be the justices’ first response to Paxton.
To convince them to take the case, he has to convince them that the people of Texas – whom he represents – suffered harm from the election’s outcome, and that the four states either breached the Article 1 clause establishing how elections are run, or the Equal Protection clause, by making the votes of the people of Texas somehow less important than those of the swing states.
The states themselves can point out that election law is dealt with in individual states, and that cases there have universally lost. They can also point to the results in federal circuit courts and – in Pennsylvania – federal appeals courts which have dismissed claims too.
Even if the justices are convinced that they should take the case, it remains a severe uphill task for the Republican attorney general to win.
The usual approach the justices take to disputes between states is to set up their own special court, under a ‘special master’ to investigate both sides’ cases, take evidence, and approach the case like its own trial.
That is because, unusually, the Supreme Court is starting from scratch rather than dealing with a case which has already made its way through the courts system and is very well defined. This time, however the clock is ticking and the justices could opt to hear the case themselves.
Either way, Paxton would have to present voluminous evidence to back up his demand, that millions of ballots be voided and the results of four swing states’ elections be overturned.
The core of Paxton’s case is that the four states changed mail-in ballot rules before the election, then used those to fraudulently switch the result to Biden from Trump.
The Supreme Court would have to rule both that the four states acted unconstitutionally, and then that the way to deal with those actions is by voiding their elections. Such an extreme act runs in the face of the Supreme Court’s ruling earlier this year on ‘faithless electors,’ which allowed states to punish or remove those who planned to vote against the states’ winning candidate.
During the case, Justice Brett Kavanaugh spoke about ‘the chaos principle of judging’ saying if it’s a ‘a close call…we shouldn’t facilitate or create chaos.’
As for his evidence, Paxton faces an obvious challenge: his submission relies on a string of claims about both the constitutional actions of the states in allowing more widespread access to mail-in voting, and of fraud, which have already been slapped down by state and federal judges in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Georgia.
Among the ‘evidence’ is that Republicans were not allowed to watch ballots being counted in Philadelphia, which was laughed out of court when a Trump lawyer admitted there was a ‘non-zero’ number of observers.
He also claims that Georgia’s mail-in ballots would have gone to Trump if they had been rejected at the same rate as they were in 2016 – which the state has already ruled out happening.
In Michigan, the evidence includes the affidavit of Jessy Jacob, already dismissed by a Detroit judge, claiming that that election workers coached voters to either vote Biden or straight Democrat by standing beside them in the voting station, and that she was asked not to seek photo ID from voters. The judge dismissed her claims as ‘generalized,’ said she did nothing about it when she claimed it was happening, and only came forward when Trump lost.
In Wisconsin Paxton claims voting drop boxes were unconstitutional. The state’s attorney general can invoke what is known as ‘laches,’ a defense that Paxton should have sued at the time the boxes were authorized, rather than waiting to see the outcome of the vote. It also includes a claim from a USPS sub-contractor about ballots being backdated after polls closed – even though the state had already reported its result.
And in all four states Paxton quotes a statistical analysis: ‘The probability of former Vice President Biden winning the popular vote in the four Defendant States—Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin— independently given President Trump’s early lead in those States as of 3 a.m. on November 4, 2020, is less than one in a quadrillion, or 1 in 1,000,000,000,000,000.’ But its basis is undeclared and comes from an energy economist, not an elections expert.
ANOTHER DEFEAT: THIS TIME NEVADA’S JUDGES SLAP DOWN TRUMP
The Supreme Court of Nevada rejected an appeal late Tuesday from President Donald Trump‘s campaign to overturn the election results in the state, affirming President-elect Joe Biden‘s win in one of the battleground states.
‘To prevail on this appeal, appellants must demonstrate error of law, findings of fact not supported by substantial evidence or an abuse of discretion in the admission or rejection of evidence by the district court,’ the order read. ‘We are not convinced they have done so.’
Trump says the result was fraudulent, but no court has found evidence to support his assertions.
Last week, a district court in Nevada ruled that the Trump campaign had not proven a claim that there had been a malfunction in voting devices and the contest between Trump and Biden had been manipulated.
‘We also are not convinced that the district court erred in applying a burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence, as supported by the cases cited in the district court’s order,’ Nevada’s Supreme Court said in its judgement.
Nevada’s Republican Party said it was ‘extremely disappointed’ by the decision.
‘We were not afforded an opportunity to write our brief or argue the case in front of the Court,’ Nevada’s GOP said in a statement.
‘Full denial of legitimate due process and appellate rights is truly unprecedented, shocking and extraordinary,’ it said.
One of the court’s justices, Elissa Cadish, recused herself from ruling on the appeal, saying she had a personal relationship with several of the Biden electors, according to the Las Vegas Review-Journal.
Trump’s campaign wanted Justice James W. Hardesty to recuse himself because he congratulated Nevada Secretary of State Barbara Cegavske on ‘carrying out an extraordinary successful election,’ the paper also reported.
Hardesty filed a motion saying that his comment was ‘an appropriate courteous and professional response and in no way reflects any predisposition or opinion by me concerning the facts or issues raised in this case.’
The Trump campaign lost that argument too.
Biden won Nevada by a 33,596-vote margin, giving him the state’s six votes in the Electoral College which choses the president.
Democrat Hillary Clinton also won the state over Trump in 2016.
This has been true whether the judge has been appointed by a Democrat or a Republican, including those named by Trump himself.
The judicial rulings that have rejected Trump’s unfounded claims of widespread voter fraud have underscored not only the futility of the lame-duck president’s attempt to sabotage the people’s will but also the role of the courts in checking his unprecedented efforts to stay in power.
The rebukes have not stopped the litigation.
Even in the face of these losses in court, Trump has contended that, in fact, he won the election.
And he’s moved out of the courts to directly appeal to lawmakers as his losses mount. He brought Michigan lawmakers to the White House in a failed bid to set aside the vote tally, and phoned Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp, asking him to order a special legislative session to overturn the states results. Kemp refused.
And Trump tweeted in all caps, ‘I WON THE ELECTION, BIG.’
While that is not the case, what is true is that Trump is rapidly running out of legal runway.
Out of roughly 50 lawsuits filed, more than 35 have been dropped or dismissed.
A great deal of the lawsuits highlight a lack of understanding of how elections actually work.
In Georgia, U.S. District Judge Timothy Batten, appointed by President George W. Bush, dismissed a lawsuit filed by Powell, who was dropped from the Trump legal team a few weeks ago but has still continued to spread faulty election claims.
Powell’s lawsuit claimed widespread fraud meant to illegally manipulate the vote count in favor of Biden. The suit said the scheme was carried out in different ways, including ballot stuffing, votes flipped by the election system from Trump to Biden and problems with absentee ballots. The judge summarily rejected those claims.
Batten said the lawsuit sought ‘perhaps the most extraordinary relief ever sought in any federal court in connection with an election.’
He said the lawsuit sought to ignore the will of voters in Georgia, which certified the state for Biden again Monday after three vote counts.
‘They want this court to substitute its judgment for that of two-and-a-half million Georgia voters who voted for Joe Biden and this I am unwilling to do,’ Batten said.
Much like Trump, his lawyers try to blame the political leanings of the judge after their legal arguments are flayed.
When a federal appeals panel in Philadelphia rejected Trump´s election challenge just five days after it reached the court, Trump legal advisor Jenna Ellis – who was revealed Tuesday to have COVID – called their work a product of ‘the activist judicial machinery in Pennsylvania.’
But Trump appointed the judge who wrote the Nov. 27 opinion.
‘Voters, not lawyers, choose the president. Ballots, not briefs, decide elections,’ Judge Stephanos Bibas wrote as the 3rd U.S. Circuit panel refused to stop the state from certifying its results for Democrat Joe Biden, a demand he called ‘breathtaking.’
All three of the panel members were appointed by Republican presidents.
And they were upholding the decision of a fourth Republican, U.S. District Judge Matthew Brann, a conservative jurist and Federalist Society member. Brann had called the campaign’s legal case, which was argued in court by Rudy Giuliani, a ‘haphazard’ jumble that resembled ‘Frankenstein´s monster.’
In state courts, too, the lawsuits have failed. In Arizona on Friday, Judge Randall Warner, an independent appointed in 2007 by Democratic former Gov. Janet Napolitano, threw out a bid to undo Biden’s victory.
Arizona Republican Party Chairwoman Kelli Ward challenged of ballots in metro Phoenix that were duplicated because voters´ earlier ballots were damaged or could not be run through tabulators.
Warner wrote: ‘There is no evidence that the inaccuracies were intentional or part of a fraudulent scheme. They were mistakes. And given both the small number of duplicate ballots and the low error rate, the evidence does not show any impact on the outcome.’
In Nevada on Friday, Judge James Todd Russell in Carson City ruled that attorneys for Republican electors failed to provide clear or convincing evidence of fraud or illegality.
Nevada judges are nonpartisan. But Russell’s father was a Republican governor of the state from 1951-59.
Trump has clashed repeatedly with the court this year, after suffering some high-profile disappointments despite the court’s 6-3 conservative bent.
In June the court ruled against his administration’s decision to end DACA, in a blistering opinion that called the administration’s action ‘arbitrary and capricious.’ That led to a federal judge last week ordering the administration to begin accepting new applications.
Trump raged on Twitter it was ”NOT FAIR!’ after the 7-2 ruling.
Trump also called out Chief Justice John Roberts over the summer, after he joined with liberals in key rulings. ”Courts in the past have given ‘broad deference’. BUT NOT ME!’ he complained.
Roberts also joined Trump appointee Justice Neil Gorsuch in applying non-discrimination laws to LGBT employees. Roberts also ruled the president should be subject to grand jury subpoenas – a matter close to Trump’s interest as he is pursued by prosecutors in New York and lawmakers seeking his tax return information.
Trump could hope he might do better after the installation of Justice Amy Coney Barrett – his third pick to the court and the sixth member of the conservative majority.
He spoke about the potential that the high court might decide the election even before she was confirmed just weeks before the election, in a move that Democrats warned could be part of a plan to decide the race from the bench.
Trump retweeted a bizarre tweet Tuesday from ‘Major Patriot’ that featured Barrett with beaming eyes.
‘They got caught because we were leading by so much more than they ever thought possible. Late night ballot ‘dumps’ went crazy!’ Trump wrote.
The user wrote: ‘The wheels are coming off. Trump’s inspired massive MAGA tsunami turnout forced them to cheat so big they lost their minds in a fraud frenzy. Their Unconstitutional legal moves alone are dooming them.’
Twitter flagged it for ‘disputed’ claims of election fraud. The user had posted a variety of conspiracy theories.
Tags #court, claims, dailymail, doesn, Donald Trump, Fraud, Joe Biden, News, supreme, Texas, there
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RANA JAWED on Matrimonial Site : Beware Of Fake Profiles
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Events, contests and other initiatives by The Tyee and select partners.
How BC's Local Economy Is Learning to Love the Internet
As digital spending rises, savvy entrepreneurs take community online.
By Jesse Donaldson 30 Nov 2015 | TheTyee.ca
Jesse Donaldson is an author, journalist, photographer and one of the founding members of The Dependent Magazine. His first book, This Day in Vancouver, was shortlisted for a 2014 B.C. Book Prize. Find his previous articles published in The Tyee here.
Keyboard photo via Shutterstock.
This article is part of a Tyee Presents initiative. Tyee Presents is the special sponsored content section within The Tyee where we highlight contests, events and other initiatives that are either put on by us or by our select partners. The Tyee does not and cannot vouch for or endorse products advertised on The Tyee. We choose our partners carefully and consciously, to fit with The Tyee’s reputation as B.C.’s Home for News, Culture and Solutions. Learn more about Tyee Presents here.
When Simon Pearson-Roach opened his Vancouver business in the summer of 2015, he knew a storefront was out of the question.
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"There was just no point," he recalls. "It's hard to get investment for storefronts, because rent in this city is so unbelievable.... No small business owner in my position, opening a business on fairly limited funds, could afford it."
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Instead, his business, Picnix -- which just wrapped up a successful season delivering six-course, on-demand picnic meals to customers in English Bay and Stanley Park -- went in a different direction, one of a small (but growing) number of local companies expanding beyond a traditional brick-and-mortar operation in favour of taking their ventures online.
"There's an increasing number of businesses going online, particularly in the grocery category, as well as books and entertainment," notes Amy Robinson, founder of local business alliance LOCO BC. "Businesses have to learn to capture that online spending. Because going forward, it's going to represent such a huge portion of retail sales."
Today marks the biggest online shopping day of the year and the beginning of Buy Local Week -- presenting both challenge and opportunity to small business across the country. From one-of-a-kind thrift shops displaying finds on Instagram to the local experiences delivered by companies like Picnix, Robinson maintains innovative digital paths abound.
"It doesn't have to cost a lot of money," she says. "There are a lot of options if you want to get started, without having to pay developers and service providers."
Mom-and-pop dot com?
When it comes to online presence, local ventures like Picnix are still something of an anomaly in Canada. Generally speaking, a recent Vancity study found 61 per cent of Canadian businesses have no online presence whatsoever. And this oversight is proving costly. In 2015, B.C.'s brick-and-mortar operations are set to lose an estimated $1.6 billion to online sales -- much of that to major American companies with no local infrastructure at all.
At the same time, online sales in Canada are expected to increase by more than 50 per cent over the next five years, with British Columbians -- the country's most prolific online shoppers -- set to lead the charge.
"It's a good time to start developing a digital presence if you don't have one," notes Christine Bergeron, Vancity's VP of community business. Though brick-and-mortar stores and online retail can seem like vastly different business models, Bergeron explains that the two worlds are surprisingly intertwined. "A lot of people go online to do research, and then go into stores to buy something. Or, they go into a store to look around, and then purchase online," she explains. "For businesses to be able to blend the two is something that's really important right now."
Digital edge: Vancouver-based Picnix sells a locally-sourced culinary experience online.
According to a recent study conducted by LOCO BC, 69 per cent of consumers cited Canadian ownership as the most important attribute they look for in a shopping experience, with close to 50 per cent preferring to buy from a business within their home province. Yet, currently, $2 of every $3 spent online goes to a U.S. website. And with online sales numbers projected to double by 2019, the need for local businesses to develop a robust digital presence is quickly transforming from a matter of convenience to one of survival.
"Almost all of the businesses we surveyed are spending less than $100 a year on advertising," notes LOCO's Robinson. "And that's definitely got to change. Offline, most local businesses are depending on word-of-mouth. But online, it's a different world: paying for Google AdWords, and Facebook posts.
"Consumers we surveyed are saying that they value local business. They want to buy local. They're definitely looking for local. They're just not finding it online."
Increasing local bandwidth
Where small-scale businesses once shunned the web, next-generation startups are making the internet local. Rather than attempting to compete with global giants like Amazon, local entrepreneurs like Simon have responded by getting creative, building on-demand, digital businesses that don't merely sell goods -- they sell an experience.
There's Your Pinata, an online venture which creates custom pinatas from photographs. There's Leather Monsters, which builds individualized children's toys from a workspace in Parker Street Studios. There's Naked Snacks, which delivers healthy, local snack food directly to your door.
For its part, the Picnix experience is about as hyper-local as it gets; all the food is sustainable and locally-sourced. The custom wagons (which fold out into tables) were designed and built in a shop on the Downtown Eastside, with help from Portland Hotel Society's Craig Sinclair. Pearson-Roach's mother (a local cheesemaker) provides the cheese, and his sister Elyse bakes the cheesecake desserts.
"All of this has been done on the cheap," he notes. "I did all the finishing, and did all the branding, and the final touches and painting and all that in the rec room of my apartment. It's been a hell of a challenge."
For Pearson-Roach, the strategy appears to be working. Not only did Picnix pay off its loans in its first season, but it's even slated for an expansion, which will include hand-held baskets, more meal options, and a new commissary space on Denman and Davie. Response from customers and the public has also been overwhelmingly positive. In fact, he explains, that response quickly became a marketing tool in its own right.
"People were really curious when they saw the units out around English Bay," he recalls. "'What is this? Where did you get that?' I don't think people have seen anything like them before."
If it all goes well, there's talk of further expansion; storefront locations, franchise agreements, and pop-up shops further down the West Coast. Despite the challenges to come (he still expects to pull double shifts during the 2016 season, working days at Picnix, and nights as a server at Vancouver's Forage restaurant), Simon is one of a growing number of business owners challenging global problems with local solutions. And as digital competition continues to change the marketplace, other local businesses are slowly beginning to follow suit, finding creative ways to thrive.
"Just like if you owned a small business, and suddenly a big-box store moved in down the street, you'd have to rethink what your offering was," muses Bergeron. "If you want to keep the storefront, it's going to be a matter of having a compelling reason for people to come into your store. Or, it might go beyond the products, and be about whatever other competitive aspects you can bring in."
The permutations are virtually endless: some, like Archimallows, have opted for a multichannel approach, featuring events, online sales, and short-term pop-up shops throughout the year. Others ply their trade exclusively offline, at farmers markets, or festivals like Portobello West. Still others enter into creative business partnerships, combining retail with wholesale, sharing shop space with other businesses, or selling their wares in communal storefronts like the Window Community Art Shop.
"It's about trying to reinvent with a new variable in play," Bergeron concludes. "And it's a variable that's not going away."
Read more: Local Economy, Science + Tech
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Home Opinion The most beautiful photo of the Boleyn Ground you will ever see…
The most beautiful photo of the Boleyn Ground you will ever see…
Saturday evening’s draw with Manchester City epitomised everything we love and cherish about the Boleyn Ground.
Under the lights, the ground rocking, the atmosphere electric, the players going toe to toe with the Premier League’s strongest squad and being unlucky to have only drawn the game. It had everything, and made me realise just how much we’re going to miss evenings like that at the Boleyn Ground in the future.
We’re just a few months away from the big move to the Olympic Stadium and although I’m looking forward to it – and think it’s important for the club to make the move – it’s going to be an extremely sad day when we finally leave our home.
One day we’ll be able to proudly call the Olympic Stadium our home and, hopefully, create an intimidating atmosphere – but nothing will ever come close to beating the Boleyn Ground. Ever.
And the photo below just sums up the beauty of our wonderful home. The Boleyn Ground has a reputation of being a special place under the lights, and this picture shows that off wonderfully.
Farewell Boleyn…
The Boleyn Ground under the lights. Perfect. #COYI #WHUFC #FarewellBoleyn
A photo posted by West Ham World (@westhamworld) on Jan 24, 2016 at 9:34am PST
West Ham World is a platform that allows fans to express their opinions on a grander scale. The views in this article are not necessarily those of West Ham World, but we ask you to respect the opinions of the author regardless of whether you agree with them or not. Thanks.
Boleyn Ground
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Harry Potter – A History Of Magic
Download Harry Potter – A History Of Magic in HD for FREE
A thrilling journey through legends, belief and folklore, this film goes behind the scenes with the British Library as they search to tell that story through objects in their collection, in an ambitious new exhibition: Harry Potter: A History Of Magic. J.K. Rowling, who is lending unseen manuscripts, drawings and drafts from her private archives (which will sit alongside treasures from the British Library, as well as original drafts and drawings from Jim Kay) talks about some of the personal items she has lent to the exhibition and gives new insight into her writing, looking at some of the objects from the exhibition that have fired her imagination.
Genre: Documentary, Fantasy, History
Director: Alex Harding, Jude Ho
Actors: David Thewlis, Evanna Lynch, Imelda Staunton, J.K. Rowling, Mark Williams, Miriam Margolyes, Warwick Davis
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New You’ll be able to, 1980: three complete others accidentally uncover that they’re identical triplets, separated at birth. The 19-year-olds’ wondrous reunion catapults those to worldwide fame, but furthermore unlocks…
Examines the profound claim that most, if not all, of the degenerative diseases that afflict us can be controlled, or even reversed, by rejecting our present menu of animal-based and…
Glossary of Broken Dreams
Puppets! Pixels! Anime! Live action! Stock footage! Lumpennerd Johannes Grenzfurthner gives an ideotaining cinematic revue about important political concepts. Everyone is talking about freedom! Privacy! Identity! Resistance! The Market! The…
Country: Austria, USA
Genre: Animation, Comedy, Documentary, History
Since 1912, baseball has been a game obsessed with statistics and speed. Thrown at upwards of 100 miles per hour, a fastball moves too quickly for human cognition and accelerates…
Church & State
Church & State is the improbable story of a brash, inexperienced gay activist and a tiny Salt Lake City law firm that joined forces to topple Utah’s gay marriage ban….
A Brave Heart: The Lizzie Velasquez Story
A documentary following the inspiring journey of 25 yr old, 58 pound Lizzie from cyber-bullying victim to anti-bullying activist
Holy Hell
An inside look at a West Hollywood cult formed by a charismatic teacher in the 1980s that eventually imploded.
Batman & Bill
Everyone thinks that Bob Kane created Batman, but that’s not the whole truth. One author makes it his crusade to make it known that Bill Finger, a struggling writer, actually…
Steve McQueen: The Man & Le Mans
Steve McQueen: The Man & Le Mans interweaves stunning newly discovered footage and voice recordings with original interviews. It is the true story of how a cinema legend would risk…
Tawai: A voice from the forest
Explorer Bruce Parry visits nomadic tribes in Borneo and the Amazon in hope to better understand humanity’s changing relationship with the world around us.
Since the invention of cinema, the standard format for recording moving images has been film. Over the past two decades, a new form of digital filmmaking has emerged, creating a…
End of the Century: The Story of The Ramones
Filmmaker Michael Gramaglia’s years-in-the-making biography of the legendary punk band the Ramones entitled End of the Century traces nearly all the various and sundry peaks and valleys which the seminal…
Trailer: Harry Potter – A History Of Magic
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Memorial honouring local victims of Flight PS752 added to Windsor’s riverfront
Lindsay Charlton CTV Windsor Web Writer
Published Thursday, November 26, 2020 6:45PM EST
Commemorative plaque bearing the names of those lost in Flight PS752 as part of a new memorial in Windsor, Ont. (source Drew Dilkens/Twitter)
WINDSOR, ONT. -- In memory of the five local victims of Ukrainian flight PS752, commemorative trees and benches have been added to Windsor’s riverfront.
Windsor Mayor Drew Dilkens and University of Windsor president Dr. Robert Gordon and local members of the Iranian community honour the lost family, friends and colleagues Thursday with the new memorial.
“These memorial installations will forever remind us of the five beloved members of our small community who perished on Ukrainian flight PS-752. Their deaths have left a deep and everlasting wound in the Iranian/Windsor community,” said Ali Ghanadian, Iranian community representative. “They were graduate students, researchers and engineers who made significant contributions to society. All of them came here with the hope of building their future and be part of this beautiful city, therefore we aspire to carry on their goals in their stead. Wherever a beautiful soul has been, there is a trail of beautiful memories."
The five local victims were among 176 people who were killed when the Ukraine International Airlines plane they were on was shot down during lift-off from Tehran on Jan. 8, 2020.
“The students and friends we lost to the Tehran air tragedy will never be forgotten by their University of Windsor family,” said Gordon. “This memorial installation will serve as a tangible reminder of the lives they lived, their great impact on our community, and the unlimited potential that was lost to the world on that day in January.”
The city says the names of doctoral student of civil engineering Pedram Jadidi; biology research assistant Samira Bashiri and her spouse Hamidreza Setareh Kokab, a PhD candidate in mechanical engineering; and civil engineering doctoral student Zahra Naghibi and her spouse Mohammad Abbaspour Ghadi will not be forgotten.
“These installations will serve as a permanent reminder of the lives tragically cut short. These were brilliant academics, friends and colleagues and internationally-born citizens who made Windsor their home,” said Dilkens. “I’m pleased that the City was able to partner with the University to prepare this dignified and lasting tribute to the individuals and community impacted by these tragic events.”
Two trees, three park benches, plaques bearing the names of those lost and a note on the tragic event have been installed as part of the memorial.
'Very devastating news': Five UWindsor students and researchers killed in plane crash in Iran
Memorial planned at UWindsor for those lost in Iran plane crash
'Find out the truth': Families demanding justice for victims of downed Ukrainian Airlines flight
City of Windsor outlines what's open and closed under new provincial orders
Arson investigation launched after house fire in east Windsor
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XL Rugs
Persian Nain 9La 110x110cm
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An area where they have only been weaving carpets and rugs for just over 100 years, which is relatively new when it comes to the history of Persian rugs.
The rugs are described as 4La , 6La and 9La that is basically a way to recognise the the quality and number of knots. 9La can have up to 500,000 knots per square meter but a 4La, for example, can have up to 1.2 million knots per square meter. The more knots, the finer and more expensive the rug will be. Nain rugs have a cotton warp and a wool, or mixture of wool and silk pile. They are also recognisable with floral motifs in either an all-over design or central medallion design.
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Get Involved with AIADA
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AIADA’s Dealer Visit Program allows dealers to foster vital one-on-one relationships with their Members of Congress by hosting them at their dealership for an in-person or virtual tour.
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Search Library Catalog - Make a Suggestion - Your Account
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The Devil and the Dark Water by Stuart Turton, Naperville : Sourcebooks Landmark, 2020.
If you’re looking for a thriller/mystery/adventure/historical fiction book this winter, The Devil and the Dark Water should be on your to-be-read list.
In 1634, a fleet of ships are heading from Batavia (in the Dutch East Indies) to Amsterdam. The journey is a perilous one. The trip to Amsterdam is a homecoming for Jan Haan, who has been promised a seat on the Gentleman 17, the ruling body of the United East India Company. It is (possibly) an escape for his wife Sara and daughter Lia, who want to run away with Haan’s mistress Creesjie Jens and her boys, and live together in France, away from the man who abuses them, and all men, who want to control them. It is a death march for Samuel Pipps, a world-famous detective, who is accused of spying and is locked in a dark room on the ship Saardam, and a trial to be overcome by Pipps’ protector (and Haan’s adopted nephew) Arent Hayes.
As they leave, a sailor on the docks proclaims the voyage is cursed by a demon, and sets himself (or is set) on fire. But the officials dismiss his claims and sail on. When the sails are unfurled, there is a bold mark on the sail, shocking all who see it, especially Arent, who has a scar that looks just like it on his hand. He and others recognize it as the mark of Old Tom, a demon who had terrorized their land for many years.
Then people begin to die, Old Tom’s symbol is found all over the ship, a voice is heard whispering to everyone on board, offering them their wildest dreams for allegiance and favors done for Old Tom, and a tempest hits, decimating the crew and damaging the ship. Is the devil behind all of this human or a spirit? Sara and Arent are determined to find out, to free Pipps, and to make it to land again.
This book doesn’t fit into a single genre. It is part mystery, part horror tale, part sea-faring adventure, part historical fiction, part morality tale, and, well, you get the gist. What it is, though, at heart, is a great story that is told well. Turton is an excellent writer who (in an afterword) admits he did his research, but ignored it or changed it when it didn’t fit his story. His story of a demon haunting and murder at sea proves just as hard to solve as a traditional locked room mystery or a Scooby Doo episode!
Mary Beth Adams is the outreach Coordinator for Alamance County Public Libraries. She can be reached at madams@alamancelibraries.org
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Syncfusion.Core.WinForms 18.4.0.34
Syncfusion core for Windows Forms is a .NET library that provides the following Syncfusion UI controls for Windows Forms and common helpers for Syncfusion Windows Forms controls.
Button: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/button?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
Form: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/form?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
ToolTip: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/tooltip?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
Scroll Frame: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/scroll-frame?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
Skin Manger: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/skins?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
Split button: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/split-button?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
Incident: https://www.syncfusion.com/support/directtrac/incidents/newincident?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
Forum:https://www.syncfusion.com/forums/windowsforms?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
This is a commercial product and requires a paid license for possession or use. Syncfusion’s licensed software, including this component, is subject to the terms and conditions of Syncfusion's EULA (https://www.syncfusion.com/eula/es/?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). To acquire a license, you can purchase one at https://www.syncfusion.com/sales/products?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing or start a free 30-day trial here (https://www.syncfusion.com/account/manage-trials/start-trials?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing).
© Copyright 2021 Syncfusion, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Syncfusion Essential Studio license and copyright applies to this distribution.
Install-Package Syncfusion.Core.WinForms -Version 18.4.0.34
dotnet add package Syncfusion.Core.WinForms --version 18.4.0.34
<PackageReference Include="Syncfusion.Core.WinForms" Version="18.4.0.34" />
paket add Syncfusion.Core.WinForms --version 18.4.0.34
https://help.syncfusion.com/windowsforms/release-notes/v18.4.0.34?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing
Syncfusion.Licensing (>= 18.4.0.34)
Syncfusion.Shared.Base (>= 18.4.0.34)
Showing the top 5 NuGet packages that depend on Syncfusion.Core.WinForms:
Syncfusion.SfListView.WinForms
This package contains the following Syncfusion UI controls for Windows Forms. List View: Syncfusion list view for Windows Forms allows the user to select an item or multiple items from a list-like interface. The data can be sorted, grouped, and filtered with ease. Learn more: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/listview?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Combo Box: Syncfusion combo box for Windows Forms is a text box component that allows the user to type a value or choose an option from a list of predefined options. Multicolumn combobox: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/multicolumn-combobox?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Learn more: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/combobox?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Support: Incident: https://www.syncfusion.com/support/directtrac/incidents/newincident?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Forum: https://www.syncfusion.com/forums/windowsforms?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing This is a commercial product and requires a paid license for possession or use. Syncfusion’s licensed software, including this component, is subject to the terms and conditions of Syncfusion's EULA (https://www.syncfusion.com/eula/es/?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). To acquire a license, you can purchase one at https://www.syncfusion.com/sales/products?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing or start a free 30-day trial here (https://www.syncfusion.com/account/manage-trials/start-trials?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). © Copyright 2021 Syncfusion, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Syncfusion Essential Studio license and copyright applies to this distribution.
Syncfusion.SfInput.WinForms
Syncfusion Input controls for Windows Forms provides various input controls needed in line of business applications. This package contains the following controls. Calendar: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/calendar?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Date-Time Edit: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/datetimepicker?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Numeric TextBox: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/numeric-textbox?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing This is a commercial product and requires a paid license for possession or use. Syncfusion’s licensed software, including this component, is subject to the terms and conditions of Syncfusion's EULA (https://www.syncfusion.com/eula/es/?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). To acquire a license, you can purchase one at https://www.syncfusion.com/sales/products?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing or start a free 30-day trial here (https://www.syncfusion.com/account/manage-trials/start-trials?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). © Copyright 2021 Syncfusion, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Syncfusion Essential Studio license and copyright applies to this distribution.
Syncfusion.SfDataGrid.WinForms
Syncfusion data grid for Windows Forms is used to display a collection of data in rows and columns. The data grid control includes editing and data-shaping features (sorting, grouping, filtering, etc.) to easily manage the data. Key features: • Data binding: Binds different types of data sources. • Selection: Supports row selection. • Editing: Edits different column types. • Columns: Supports various column types including unbound columns. • Sorting: Sorts the data in data grid. • Grouping: Groups the data in data grid. • Summaries: Shows brief information about the individual data columns or groups of rows. • Filtering: Filters the data, like in Excel. • Validation: Validates the data on errors. • Master-Detail view: Displays relational data using hierarchies. • Exporting: Exports the data to Excel and PDF. • Styling: Customizes the styles of cells and rows in the data grid. • Stacked headers: Shows multiple headers called stacked headers. • Unbound rows: Displays unbound rows. • Touch support: Supports resizing, dragging and dropping the columns, sorting, filtering, grouping, etc., in touch devices. Learn more: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/datagrid?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Documentation: https://help.syncfusion.com/windowsforms/sfdatagrid/gettingstarted?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Support: Incident: https://www.syncfusion.com/support/directtrac/incidents/newincident?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Forum: https://www.syncfusion.com/forums/windowsforms?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing This is a commercial product and requires a paid license for possession or use. Syncfusion’s licensed software, including this component, is subject to the terms and conditions of Syncfusion's EULA (https://www.syncfusion.com/eula/es/?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). To acquire a license, you can purchase one at https://www.syncfusion.com/sales/products?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing or start a free 30-day trial here (https://www.syncfusion.com/account/manage-trials/start-trials?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). © Copyright 2021 Syncfusion, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Syncfusion Essential Studio license and copyright applies to this distribution.
Syncfusion.Spreadsheet.Windows
Syncfusion Spreadsheet for Windows Forms is a .NET library that allows the user to create, edit, view, and format Microsoft Excel files without Excel installed. It provides an ease-of-use UI experience with an integrated ribbon to cover any possible business scenarios. Key features • Editing and Selection: Interactive support for editing and cell selection in a workbook. • Formulas: Provides support for 400+ of the most widely used formulas and allows the user to add, remove, and edit the formulas in an Excel-like manner. • Name Manager: Supports name ranges in formulas. By using name ranges, the user can specify the name of the cell range and then can use it in the formula more easily without having to remember cell locations. • Floating and merge Cells: Provides support for floating cells when and merge cells as in Excel. • Conditional Formatting: Provides support for Excel-compatible conditional formatting, and allows you to apply formats to a cell or range of cells depending on the value of the cells or formula that meet specific criteria. • Data validation: Provides support to ensure data integrity by forcing end users to enter valid data into cells. If entered data does not meet the specified criteria, an error message is displayed. • Cell Comments: Supports comments that provide additional information about a cell, such as what the value represents, useful if the end users need to understand data in cells more deeply. • Undo/Redo: Provides support to undo or redo changes that are made in the workbook. • Clipboard Operations: Provides support for Cut/Copy/Paste operations in the spreadsheet. • Fill Series: Provides support to automatically fill cells with data that follows or completes a pattern. • Charts, Pictures, and Textboxes: Provides support to import charts, pictures, and textboxes. • Hyperlinks: Supports hyperlink navigation. Hyperlinks are a convenient way to navigate or browse data within a worksheet or other worksheets in a workbook. • Freeze panes: Provides support to freeze rows and columns. • Grouping: Provides support to group or ungroup rows and columns. • Workbook and Worksheet Protection: Provides support to protect the worksheet and to lock down the structure and window of the workbook, protecting the workbook from any structural change or from any change in size. • Zooming: Provides support to zoom in and zoom out of the worksheet view. • Localization: Provides support to localize all static text in a ribbon and all dialogs to any desired language. • Supported file types: Ability to import different types of Excel files, including XLS, XLSX, XLSM, XLT, XLTX, and CSV(comma delimited). Learn more: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/spreadsheet?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Documentation: https://help.syncfusion.com/windowsforms/spreadsheet/getting-started?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Support: Incident: https://www.syncfusion.com/support/directtrac/incidents/newincident?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Forum: https://www.syncfusion.com/forums/windowsforms?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing This is a commercial product and requires a paid license for possession or use. Syncfusion’s licensed software, including this component, is subject to the terms and conditions of Syncfusion's EULA (https://www.syncfusion.com/eula/es/?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). To acquire a license, you can purchase one at https://www.syncfusion.com/sales/products?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing or start a free 30-day trial here (https://www.syncfusion.com/account/manage-trials/start-trials?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). © Copyright 2021 Syncfusion, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Syncfusion Essential Studio license and copyright applies to this distribution.
Syncfusion.SfSmithChart.WinForms
Syncfusion SmithChart for WindowsForms control is a data visualization control for high frequency circuit applications to visualize the complex functions. It has two sets of circles to plot the parameters of transmission lines. Key features: • Visualization of the impedance and admittance of a transmission lines. • Representation of data with line series and various types of markers. • Data label support for better readability. • Interactive tooltip support. • Interactive legend. • Customizable colors. Learn more: https://www.syncfusion.com/winforms-ui-controls/smith-chart?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Documentation: https://help.syncfusion.com/windowsforms/sfsmithchart/overview?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Support: Incident: https://www.syncfusion.com/support/directtrac/incidents/newincident?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing Forum: https://www.syncfusion.com/forums?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing This is a commercial product and requires a paid license for possession or use. Syncfusion’s licensed software, including this component, is subject to the terms and conditions of Syncfusion's EULA (https://www.syncfusion.com/eula/es/?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). To acquire a license, you can purchase one at https://www.syncfusion.com/sales/products?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing or start a free 30-day trial here (https://www.syncfusion.com/account/manage-trials/start-trials?utm_source=nuget&utm_medium=listing). © Copyright 2021 Syncfusion, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Syncfusion Essential Studio license and copyright applies to this distribution.
18.4.0.34 100 1/12/2021
18.4.0.33 252 1/4/2021
18.4.0.32 230 12/30/2020
18.3.0.53 303 12/8/2020
18.2.0.44 8,275 7/6/2020
18.1.0.36-beta 288 3/19/2020
17.3.0.26 1,231 11/5/2019
17.3.0.9-beta 238 9/20/2019
17.2.0.34 3,516 7/11/2019
16.4.0.42 1,219 12/17/2018
16.4.0.40-beta 333 12/10/2018
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Copyright 2001 - 2021 Syncfusion Inc.
syncfusion windowsforms syncfusion.windowsforms winforms netcoreapp button form tooltip scrollframe skinmanager desktop .net split-button
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News 29 Mar 2007 last update:6 Aug 2012
World wheat stocks threatened
The world wheat market is seeing increased volatility and world wheat stocks are so low this season, that any shortfall could threaten supplies, according to Keith Davis, Managing Director of Glencore Grain UK Ltd.
World wheat stocks currently stand at 121mt, the lowest since 1981/82. The world wheat stocks-to-use ratio currently stands at 20%, the lowest ever. The world market is adjusting to these low stocks, but this is coming with increased volatility, he said. Furthermore, world wheat production in 2006/07 will be short of 600mt.
In the 2006/07 season, the world coarse grain stocks-to-use ratio stands at 11.76%, the lowest on record – due in part to part to the meteoric rise in demand from the bioethanol sector.
Looking forward to the 2007/08 season, Davis said that world coarse grain production would rise to around 624mt, but this is just a preliminary forecast, he warned, and fluctuations could be as much as 47mt either side of this estimate.
Maize demand to rise
Meanwhile, demand for maize will also continue to rise, as will plantings, he said, quoting USDA figures which point to a three-fold increase in US maize use for ethanol production. Mandatory targets for renewable fuel use will maintain this in the future, he said, adding that while he believes that the 10% target for renewable fuels is sustainable in the long term, he doubts any increased percentage would be. Over the next few years, the US will 'reactivate' around 1.86m hectares to accommodate a rise in coarse grain plantings, he said. The EU will likely abolish compulsory set-aside, freeing an estimated 3.7m ha, Davis said. Furthermore, the EU reforms of the sugar regime is expected to free a further 650,000 hectares for grain output. Russia could also become a significant player on world grain markets, should all the available agricultural land be pressed into service, he said.
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Editor AllAboutFeed
WASDE report: More wheat, less coarse grains
In December 2018, the USDA released its first WASDE report of the new year. The January edition was cancelled...
On 11 Feb 2019 In Raw materials
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801 SE 8th St, Bentonville, AR 72712 479-250-0070
Ropeswing Group
Rope Swing Hospitality, LLC, doing business as The Holler (“The Holler”), operator of the website located at the <alocalhangout.com> domain (the “Site”), collects and uses information from users of and visitors to the Site as follows.
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Doc Reviews
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500 Days Of Film Reviews The Wolfpack And Finds A Story About An Unsettling New York Family
All six of the Angulo brothers love movies. They love to reenact their favourite films - complete with props and costumes. Nothing odd there.
However, what is unsettling is that this is the only way these young men have been able to experience the world outside their apartment on the Lower East Side Of Manhattan.
Since they were born, their father, Oscar, has kept them locked there isolated from a society that he distrusts and fears.
Click Here For Film Reviews, News And Cinema Events
I had heard a lot about The Wolfpack before I finally started to watch Crystal Moselle’s fascinating documentary. Many people were talking about this film and even describing it as one of the best documentaries they had ever seen.
I was intrigued. Sadly, like so many documentaries, The Wolfpack was not shown at my local cinema and so I had to wait for it to become available on demand (at the time of writing via the rather excellent BFI Player - click here for a list of places where you can watch on demand movies).
And so The Wolfpack became part of my recent journey through documentary film. I bring this up because I have seen some superb documentaries in recent weeks and I review this movie in the context of having watched those films.
The Wolfpack tells a truly remarkable and deeply unsettling story.
This is a film that came into being by chance. Moselle was walking in the Lower East Side of Manhattan near her home when she saw a group of striking looking boys. She couldn’t understand why she had never seen them before and so asked them where they were from.
She could barely believe what happened next.
The Wolfpack begins just as the brothers are on the cusp of breaking away from their father, Oscar Angulous.
However, they are still (and perhaps always will be) suffering from the emotional damage of being locked up. On the surface they are articulate and polite. However, as the camera looks into their eyes, you can see their pain.
The dark and unsettling character in The Wolfpack is Oscar Angulous. We feel his presence but he is rarely seen. The film suggests that he kept his children isolated to protect them. It also portrays a man who, perhaps as a result of mental illness, used fear as a means to control his family.
Oscar has robbed his children of their childhoods. Their mother, Susanne, was also locked in the apartment with them and explains that she would never have chosen this as a way to bring up her kids.
She talks about her own childhood - about fields and wide open spaces and how she always envisioned the same life for her own children. We see the grief in her eyes when she reconnects with her own mother.
I sensed her regret and yet also felt her inability to confront the deeper issues surrounding how her children were raised. Was she forced to live this way? Did she not think to escape? How abusive was Oscar? (We hear that he often hit her when they argued.) She is, of course, culpable and her passivity is certainly odd - but watching the way her sons love and protect her makes her more victim than conspirator.
Still, I would have liked Moselle to have questioned her more. Asked her why she allowed this to happen to her children. I would have also liked Moselle to ask the brothers how they survived being locked up in their apartment (apart from seeking solace in film).
However, Moselle prefers to let her subjects tell their stories and to not interfere. I found this frustrating at times. The story feels incomplete. This is why The Wolfpack, while a fascinating watch, is not the best documentary that I have seen.
The Angulous brothers - now ranging in age from 16-23 (and their sister - who is not seen much in this film) - will have to come to terms with what they have lost. The fame that has come their way as a result of this documentary has given them a taste of life’s potential - I just hope that they can now move forward.
The Wolfpack won the Grand Jury Prize at this year’s Sundance Film Festival.
Have you seen The Wolf Pack? If you have, what did you think? I would really love to know - why not leave me a comment about this film in the box below?
tagPlaceholderTags: Rated15, documentary, 2015, Review, womendirectors
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Film Search
Jane Douglas-Jones
E: jane@500daysoffilm.com
This site contains my own
thoughts and opinions on
films. Other opinions are
available but may not be correct.
This website was designed by me, Jane Douglas-Jones. I create websites over at www.picpresents.com. Just let me know if I can help you! Jane@picpresents.com
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England vs. West Indies, First Test: Day Five Review
Posted on May 21, 2012 by James Knight in Tests
West Indies 243 and 345
England 398 and 193/5 (Cook 79, Bell 63*, Roach 3/60)
England won by five wickets
In a sentence
After an early wobble, Alastair Cook and Ian Bell comfortably saw England home.
Could quite easily be shared between the two who, along with a tremendous supporting effort from no balls, played crucial roles in the run chase, but we’re going to give it to Cook purely because he feels like the vital wicket in situations like we saw today. He set the tone for England’s successful chase in Colombo and he saw them to the brink of victory here as well, a performance not to be sniffed at given the carnage going on around him in the early part of the innings. What could have been a nerve-jangling, horrible day ended up being something of a walk in the park as the Cook/Bell combination took the game away from West Indies either side of lunch.
Bell celebrates finally getting out of the trench he fell into trying to mark his guard
Moment of the day
During Australia’s late surge to victory in Bridgetown last month, Darren Sammy displayed the tactical acumen of a baked potato to gift the initiative to the tourists. Here, he again gave away too many singles before essentially giving up after lunch by throwing the ball to chucker extraordinaire Marlon Samuels and asking him to open the bowling. Even if the fast men had been knocking back profiteroles like there’s no tomorrow during the break that probably wasn’t the wisest of moves. Normally we love to fly in the face of public opinion, but in this case we have to agree with everyone west (east? – Geographical Ed.) of the WICB committee room; it’s clear Sammy should not be captain of the West Indies.
By not getting absolutely slaughtered the WIndies have managed to exceed expectations and will, presumably, not make wholesale changes to the side going into Trent Bridge. Although, even if they wanted to that would be something of a challenge given they only brought three reserves with them. One of whom is Assad Fudadin, whose first class average of 31 is unlikely to give England too many sleepless nights. As for the hosts, they may be considering just picking the Lions XI who beat this West Indies side by 10 wickets last week. A result which conclusively proves their second team is twice as good as the first. Or something.
Making A Contribution (Again)
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Amy Rollings represents the family in an Article 2 inquest, in which the Jury concluded that "gross neglect" on the part of the prison service contributed to the prisoner's death
Following a 3 week inquest at Preston Coroner’s Court the jury have returned the rare and serious conclusion that “there were several significant factors that contributed to the death of AJ.
9 St John Street's Success At The Manchester Legal Awards
9 St John Street is delighted to announce that Jaime Hamilton QC won the award of Barrister / QC of the Year at the Manchester Legal Awards on 5 March 2020. Chambers attended the event and was shortlisted for chambers of the year.
Chambers are delighted to announce James Hurd has been appointed Junior Counsel to the Crown
James has been appointed Junior Counsel to the Crown - Regional A Panel Appointment for a further five years.
Ms Julie-Anne Luck represented parents at an inquest, in which Coroner concludes that neglect on the part of Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust contributed to the death of their baby
Baby Zachary was born at the Midwifery Led Unit, Walsall on 15 October 2016, having suffered intrapartum hypoxia due to lack of oxygen during labour. He was in a poor condition and not breathing...
The 9 Lives Committee members were delighted to support the Forever Manchester 30th Annual Birthday Dinner on Friday 7 February 2020 held at the Palace Hotel in Manchester
Senior NHS Official Erased from Medical Register
The Doctor had formerly held a number of Senior Strategic NHS positions. Following a criminal charge of voyeurism, contrary to section 67 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, proceedings were commenced by the GMC.
High Court Claim an abuse of process
Following an investigation into alleged misconduct on the part of Abbot Cuthbert Madden OSB (C) (which allegations were not maintained) a negative decision was made concerning his return to office as Abbot of Ampleforth.
Jamie Hill successful in CPR 44.15 case
22nd January, 2020
Jamie acted for the MIB in S & others v S & MIB, obtaining a strike out of all 3 claims and an enforceable costs orders as a result.
Chambers Court of Protection Group hosts Edge Training event on Liberty Protection Safeguards
Please follow the link in the article for details of the training event.
Jaime Hamilton QC shortlisted for Barristers of the Year
We are delighted to announce that Jaime Hamilton QC has been shortlisted by the Manchester Legal Awards.
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Tag: Projects
Support Stowe House
World Monuments Fund has already made a big difference at Stowe, supporting the restoration of the Marble Saloon, the Library and other important rooms in the great piano nobile. However, there is still important work to do. In the North Hall, we have completed work on the magnificent ceiling by William Kent, but the rest…
See full Project
Deptford Dockyard & Sayes Court Garden
Situated along the river Thames in East London, Deptford Dockyard and Sayes Court Garden are steeped in history. Founded in 1513 by Henry VIII, Deptford Dockyard was a significant naval center for close to four centuries, where ships were built, maintained, and launched across the world. Explorers Drake and Raleigh set out from Deptford; James…
Sulgrave Manor
Nestled in rolling fields and surrounded by gardens, orchards, and lawns, Sulgrave Manor is located in a small village in Northamptonshire. The manor house was built in the sixteenth century by Lawrence Washington, a direct ancestor of George Washington. The Washington family occupied the property until 1659, when they immigrated to America. Built in the…
Jeronimos Monastery & Church, Lisbon, Portugal
St Vincent Street Church
St Vincent Street Church is the sole survivor of three churches designed for the city of Glasgow by the influential and renowned Scottish architect Alexander Thomson. Commissioned in 1856 and dedicated in 1859, Thomson designed the church in an almost abstract form of classicism following Greek models. Designed as a temple, the rectangular-plan building displays…
Carlisle Memorial Methodist Church
On the edge of inner-city Belfast, Carlisle Memorial Methodist Church serves as a sober reminder of the city’s architectural legacy and its troubled past. Designed in the Gothic Revival style by noted architect W. H. Lynn and completed in 1875, the church was home to one of the largest Methodist congregations in Belfast. The sandstone…
Rock Hewn Churches, Ethiopia
Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia
Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Unnamed monument
Select a ProjectBattersea Power StationBennerley ViaductBlackpool PiersGovernment House, AntiguaHampton CourtMoseley Road BathsNewstead AbbeyScott's Hut and the Explorers' Heritage of AntarcticaSplit Historic Centre, CroatiaSt Michael'sSt Paul's CathedralStonemasonry Training in Mafraq, JordanStonemasonry Training in Ta'izz, YemenStonemasonry Training in Tripoli, LebanonStowe HouseStrata FloridaStrawberry HillWentworth WoodhouseWestminster Abbey
Join us as a supporter so we can continue helping historic buildings in need of a need lease of life.
Keep up to date with our projects and activities, and find out about our latest events.
Download our past publications and newsletters.
Contact World Monuments Fund Britain Ltd.
70 Cowcross Street
London EC1M 6EJ
tel (+44) 207 251 8142
fax (+44) 207 490 4795
Enquiries: enquiries@wmf.org.uk
© 2021 World Monuments Fund.
Website by Surface Impression
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Coming May 7th, 2018: A more secure sign-in flow on Chrome
To minimize disruption for the user, this feature will only be shown once per account per device. We’re working on ways to make the feature even more context-aware in the future, meaning your users should see the screen less and less over time.
Protecting against phishing attacks
This new screen is intended to prevent would-be attackers from tricking a user (e.g. via a phishing campaign) into clicking a link that would instantly and silently sign them in to a Google Account the attacker controls. Today, this can be done via SAML single sign-on (SSO), because it doesn’t require a user interaction to complete a sign-in. To protect Chrome users, we’ve added this extra protection.
Creating a consistent identity
This new security feature is part of a larger project to create a consistent identity across Google web services (like Gmail) and native Chrome browser services (like Chrome Sync). This consistency will make it easier for signed-in G Suite users to take advantage of native Chrome browser features, but it requires additional protection during authentication. This new screen adds that protection and reduces the probability that attackers successfully abuse SAML SSO to sign users in to malicious accounts.
Disabling the new screen
If you wish to disable the new screen for your organization, you can use the X-GoogApps-AllowedDomains HTTP header to identify specific domains whose users can access Google services. Users in those domains won’t see this additional screen, as we assume those accounts are trusted by your users. This header can be set in Chrome via the AllowedDomainsForApps group policy.
*This won't impact individuals who sign in to G Suite services directly and those who use G Suite or Cloud Identity as their identity provider. The screen is also not shown on devices running Chrome OS.
Launching to both Rapid Release and Scheduled Release on May 7th, 2018
Extended rollout (potentially longer than 15 days for feature visibility)
If your organization uses SAML to sign users in to G Suite services*, those users will soon see an additional step in the process when using Chrome as their web browser. Starting on May 7th, 2018, after signing in on a SAML provider’s website, they’ll be brought to a new screen on accounts.google.com to confirm their identity. This screen will provide an additional layer of security and help prevent users from unknowingly signing in to an account created and controlled by an attacker.
Etiketter: Accounts , Chrome , Identity , Other , SAML , Security and Compliance
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Juan Hurtado's farm: a mentoring program case study
Update to Global Coffee Monitoring Program
Juan Hurtado's farm is hosting a trial on how improved varieties and agronomic practices affect profitability
Credit: Bram de Hoog
Juan Hurtado is talkative and convivial, with a fondness for discussing what it means to be a coffee farmer and caretaker of the land. Last year, Juan won a national prize for being an outstanding steward of water resources on his coffee farm in the Jinotega region of Nicaragua, where he operates his own small mill. Despite being energetic and resourceful, Juan still faces a question that for many producers is existential: How can I become more profitable?
Together with partners Catholic Relief Services (CRS), ECOM, and Keurig Green Mountain, we are working with Juan to answer this question. Juan’s farm is part of our Global Coffee Monitoring Program, a worldwide network of on-farm trials that will grow to 1,100 sites in 20 countries globally by 2022.
Each on-farm trial has nine treatment areas that contain different combinations of variety and agronomic approaches.
In 2017, technicians from CRS assisted Juan to install the trial, a grid of nine treatment areas combining Juan’s existing main variety plus two improved coffee varieties, and his existing farm management approach with two improved agronomic approaches tailored for his farm. Over the next five years, we will monitor which combination of variety and agronomic approaches return the highest yields, the highest quality, and, most importantly for Juan, the highest profitability. The trial gives him hard data he can use to plan further improvements to his farm, secure loans from local lenders, and share with neighboring farmers.
This sort of evidence-based information about farmers’ best options for new plantings and agronomic innovations is unprecedented in coffee, and is different from typical demonstration plots (which do not have scientific trial design or produce statistical analysis results). The trial will help Juan to remain a profitable, passionate coffee producer and a steward of an essential watershed.
A Global Coffee Monitoring Program trial site. Credit: Bram de Hoog.
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Literature & Music
The Heidelberg Project: A Detroit Artist’s Political Protest
By Kathleen Walls | February 15, 2019
Award-winning artist and sculptor Tyree Guyton started The Heidelberg Project in 1986 as a political protest after he returned to his old Detroit neighborhood, the Heidelberg area in the McDougall-Hunt Neighborhood, and found dereliction and debris. Drugs and crime made the neighborhood unsafe to walk even in the daytime. He began cleaning up vacant lots with the help of his grandfather, Sam Mackey. Then he took the first step in what became known as the Heidelberg Project; he painted his mother’s house with brightly colored polka dots as a statement that we are all different but should all be treated equally. It became known as the Dotty Wotty House, sometimes called the People’s House.
Polka Dots Rich in Meaning
The house was built in 1908 and it is where Guyton first began to paint at nine years old when his grandfather gave him a brush. His grandfather’s love of jellybeans inspired the theme. Guyton also intended the dots to represent the circle of life; how all things in life are connected. They are the main theme throughout the Heidelberg project. You see them on houses, street paintings, playgrounds, and even on trees.
Guyton has two additional prevalent themes in his painted houses: shoes and numbers, mostly as represented by clocks. The shoes are meant to symbolize reaching deep into the soul, or “sole.” With this everyday object, Guyton intends to deliver a profound message.
Artwork Focusing on Soles and Souls
Souls of the Most High is not a house but a tree decorated with shoes. Guyton created it in homage to his grandfather’s recollection of lynching. Every shoe represents the soul of one of these hanged men. The tree was done in 1992. The project’s executive director, and Guyton’s wife, Jenenne Whitfield, told a local paper, “It is a haunting reminder of lynchings in the South, but today the positive message is that we are lifting up the souls of the community.”
Souls on Fire is another of Guyton’s works featuring shoes. It is an old apartment-sized stove with kitchen chairs sticking out the top. Gloves sit on top of all of the chair legs. Inside the oven is a large, red pair of shoes. The work pays homage to the victims of the Holocaust.
Time as a Moving Image
Guyton’s other prominent theme of numbers and clocks is meant to tell us that it is time for us to reflect on the passage of time. He wants the viewer to consider where we have been, why we are here now, and where we are going. Philosophically, Guyton relates these project to both what Plato said about time, that it ” is a moving image of reality” and what Albert Einstein said, that “time is an illusion.”
Another work in this style is The Numbers House, which belongs to the Woods family. Ms. Thelma Woods dreamed of winning the lottery, an aspiration she shared with Guyton. So, Guyton painted it in the ‘90s with clocks and numbers. As an added benefit, local children use the numbers to learn to count.
Controversy about the Art
The Heidelberg project is one of the most visited spots in Detroit but is not welcomed by all. In 1991 and again in 1999, the city demolished some of the art project houses, claiming that old chestnut, ‘urban renewal.’ When that didn’t end the project, a string of unsolved arsons destroyed eight of the homes in 2013. House of Soul was one of the burned homes. The Heidelberg Project proved resilient, however. Guyton built Holy Places on the site of the earlier House of Soul. It pays homage to Detroit’s past. There are records fitted to the exterior framework of a house representing Motown and various articles.
In the McDougall-Hunt Neighborhood, a mostly African American neighborhood where the Heidelberg Project is located, the poverty rates are about 40 percent below the poverty line and high crime. Despite the criticism of the artwork, by both neighbors and officials, it has changed the neighborhood for the better, according to newspaper accounts. Prior to the Heidelberg Project people feared to walk its streets. Today it feels safe. You even see children playing in the playground, where once you didn’t.
The project is still evolving but always with the aim of speaking for the poor and underprivileged against political power. Guyton announced a new direction for the project in August 2016. He calls it Heidelberg 3.0. Instead of a one-man neighborhood restoration project, he sees it as a place where artists can live and take part in neighborhood reclamation. He will work with emerging artists who will have a studio and residence starting with the Numbers House currently being renovated. There will also be an education and event space for neighborhood events and youth programming.
Holy Places. Photo: Kathleen Walls
Kathleen Walls, former reporter for Union Sentinel in Blairsville, GA, is publisher/writer for American Roads and Global Highways. She is the author of travel books, Georgia’s Ghostly Getaways, Finding Florida’s Phantoms, Hosts With Ghosts, and Wild About Florida series. Her articles appeared in Family Motor Coaching Association Magazine, Food Wine Travel Magazine, Weekender Extended, Travel World International, Tours4Mobile and others. She is a photographer with many of her original photographs appearing in her travel ezine, American Roads, as well as other publications. Her fiction includes Last Step, which was made into a feature movie of the same name by Forbes Productions, Kudzu, Under A Bloody Flag and Under A Black Flag.
Listen to Kathleen’s interview talking about the American south.
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Tonya Fitzpatrick
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Tag: straight
Heteronormativity in school
It’s commonly thought that teenagers these days are so much more hip about gender and sexuality than their parents ever more. But this perception can obscure the facts that concepts of “normality” and “fitting in” still drive much of the culture of the young, As discussed today in Huffington Post:
“Popularity in middle and high school operates as a heterosexist reward system. Who “fits in” and who does not has a great deal to do with heterosexuality and gender conformity, which makes it difficult for LGBTQ kids to engage in the school social scene. For adolescents, school is (significantly) about social connections, social possibilities, social hierarchies and navigating through them. A great deal of school social life is about reinforcing the “normalcy” of heterosexuality and marking those considered to not measure up as “weird” or “less than” in some way. Continue reading “Heteronormativity in school”
The straight male mind
A study published this week uncovered that heterosexual men had higher levels of depression than gay and bisexual men.
The authors gave several hypotheses to explain the finding that straight men have higher stress than out gay men, reports today’s Slate Magazine. “Some were limitations to the study. The sample size of 87 was relatively small, and the respondents were drawn via online ads and word of mouth, likely producing a selection bias—gay folks who are most at peace with their sexuality might be more willing to participate than those still struggling. Other hypotheses related to the character-building component of surviving and rejecting years of shame and stigma. Perhaps this struggle produces coping skills that straight men never need to learn. Continue reading “The straight male mind”
Straight, married southerners most likely to own guns
This may not shock anyone, but “married” male southerners own guns at higher rates than anyone else.
The odds of a man owning a gun are five times greater than the odds of a woman owning a gun, reports the Gallup organization today, once the influence of other factors related to gun ownership is taken into account.
“Being from the South and being married are the next-most influential predictors; each is associated with 1.7 times greater odds of owning a gun than among those who are not married and among those who do not live in the South.”Given that no “southern” states have endorsed marriage equality, “marriage” means heterosexual.
“Being Hispanic and being from the East are associated with lower gun ownership, but on a relative basis, these are the next strongest predictors of gun ownership, followed by race, ideology, and age. Continue reading “Straight, married southerners most likely to own guns”
Straight porn and gay marriage
Could watching porn make straight men support marriage equality?
A story circulating in blogs today tells of sociologist Mark Regnerus’ latest assertion that porn watching confuses the straight mind about marriage and results in higher levels of support for greater diversity.
Regnerus got some attention earlier this year when he published a now widely discredited study that supposedly found children of gay parents are worse off than those of straight parents. As Huffington Post reports, “In his piece Regnerus states that porn ‘undermines the concept that in the act of sexual intercourse, we share our ‘body and whole self … permanently and exclusively’ and “reinforces the idea that people can share their bodies but not their inmost selves, and that they can do so temporarily and (definitely) not exclusively without harm.’ Continue reading “Straight porn and gay marriage”
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Denny Hamlin rallies late to win at Chicagoland2 min read
By Dale Money / 21st September 2015 22nd October 2020 / Leave a Comment
Denny Hamlin had to start on 29th Sunday after qualifying was rained out. He had to deal with spinning out early in the race, but he pushed that all aside inorder to pull out a big win. He jumped from third to first on the restart with five laps remaining, and has now earned an automatic spot in the second round of the Chase for the Sprint Cup championship.”Go have some fun the next two weeks, that’s for sure. Takes some pressure off of us,” Hamlin said about his strategy for the next two weeks.
Carl Edwards finished second, with Kurt Busch 3rd, Ryan Newman 4th and Matt Kenseth 5th. Other Chase drivers’ finishes: Joey Logano sixth, Brad Keselowski eighth, Kyle Busch ninth, Jimmie Johnson 11th, Dale Earnhardt Jr. 12th, Martin Truex Jr. 13th, Gordon 14th, Jamie McMurray 16th, Paul Menard 17th, Clint Bowyer 19th and Kevin Harvick 42nd. Kyle Larson was the best placed of those not in contention in seventh.
It was not a good day for Kevin Harvick at Chicagoland. After a poor week at Richmond, the struggles continued this week. He was having a great race until he battled with Jimmie Johnson for a top spot. The two got into each other and Harvick ended up blowing a tire and hittting the wall in the process.Harvick decided to stay out, but that proved to be a huge mistake when his tyre blew two laps later, this caused a fourth caution and served a blow to his title fortunes. After the race, Harvick came out of his hauler angry and looking for Johnson. It looked as though Johnson wanted to try to discuss the event with Harvick but and after a very small chat,H arvick punched Johnson in the chest before being restrained and then led away by his wife DeLana.
Austin Dillon, who is not in the Chase, had a top-10 run going until a restart with 139 laps to go, when he suddenly had a flat tire and slammed the wall. Next week, the Chase continues with the Sylvania 300 at New Hampshire. No driver will be under greater pressure to win there or at Dover on Oct. 4 than Harvick.
Dale Money
Avid fan of Nascar and Motorcycle Racing.
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Where to find Arsenal vs. Newcastle on US TV and streaming
World Soccer Talk January 9, 2021 FA Cup No Comments
If you’re trying to find out how you can watch Arsenal vs. Newcastle in the US, we have all of the details for you about the FA Cup game.
Arsenal vs. Newcastle is available exclusively via ESPN+ but will not be on television. However, you can stream the game from ESPN+ to your TV set.
League: FA Cup
Looking to watch FA Cup matches online from your office, home or on the go? If you live in the USA, there are several options to catch all the action.
US Only.
Here are all of the details of where you can watch it on television and via legal streaming:
Who: Arsenal vs. Newcastle
What: FA Cup
When: Game kicks off at 12:30pm ET / 9:30am PT; Saturday, January 9, 2021
Where: Live on ESPN+
With ESPN+, you can watch Arsenal vs. Newcastle and tons more FA Cup games. With the legal streaming service, you can watch the game on your computer, smartphone, tablet, Amazon Fire TV, Roku, Chromecast, PlayStation 4 and XBOX One.
Now with ESPN+, you can stream Serie A, Scottish Premiership, UEFA Nations League, Championship, League One, League Two, FA Cup, League Cup, Copa America, US Open Cup, International Champions Cup, Coppa Italia, Supercoppa Italiana, Eredivisie, Danish Superliga, Chinese Super League, Indian Super League, Australian A-League, Sweden’s Allsvenskan, MLS out-of-market games and USL.
ESPN+ is only $5.99/month.
In addition to all of the soccer coverage, ESPN+ also includes UFC, MLB, MLS, NHL, select PGA TOUR golf, Top Rank Boxing, cricket and Grand Slam tennis from Wimbledon to the US Open and Australian Open. Plus you get instant access to your favorite college sports like football, basketball, lacrosse, softball and more.
There’s also the daily ESPN FC show, 30 For 30 documentaries, exclusive access to studio programs and more.
Even better, ESPN is now offering the Disney+ bundle that includes ESPN+, Hulu and Disney+ for only $12.99 per month. Not only do you get all of the soccer with ESPN+, but you also get hit movies and TV shows with Hulu AND you get Disney+ that features Star Wars, Marvel movies, Disney movies and shows, films from Pixar and feature documentaries from National Geographic.
SEE MORE: Schedule of FA Cup games on US TV and streaming
World Soccer Talk
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Seventeen indicted in Mid-South meth bust
by: WREG Staff, Kristen Holloway
MEMPHIS, Tenn. — Seventeen people have been indicted following an extensive investigation into a wide-ranging methamphetamine organization that distributed drugs in Shelby County and parts of the Mid-South, said Shelby County Dist. Atty. Gen. Amy Weirich.
According to a release from Weirich's office:
The 18-month investigation by the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office Narcotics Division showed that leader of the organization, identified as Vanrico Clayton, would buy methamphetamine for $3,500 to $4,000 per pound and then sell it for $400 to $600 per ounce.
Investigators said Clayton laundered some $30,000 by investing drug proceeds in a chicken restaurant on Mt. Moriah Extended. At least one workman was paid in methamphetamine for remodeling work he did at the restaurant.
The investigation identifies leaders and multiple co-conspirators, including middlemen and lower level dealers who helped distribute the drugs throughout Shelby County and in areas of the Mid-South ranging from Sardis, Miss., to Rutherford, Tenn.
The drugs were weighed and pre-packaged, and in the Frayser area then often were delivered to buyers and sellers at businesses and residences by a courier riding a bicycle. In one instance, investigators found more than two pounds of methamphetamine stored in a doghouse behind a residence.
Key points of sale included three areas located less than 1,000 feet from elementary schools.
“The hard work of these sheriff’s officers shows a disturbing picture of a drug operation that managed to spread its poison by blending into the everyday life of our community,” said Gen. Weirich. “Hopefully this will eliminate an operation that profited by adding to the misery of those dependent on illegal and addictive drugs.”
Stacy Dodd, with Turning Point, says a large meth organization can really saturate a community.
"Overtime you see things start to disintegrate. You see lives start to be disintegrated. You see whole communities devastated by it."
Dodd says there are more operations like this one that need to be uncovered.
"I think with the single indictment, many lives will be saved. Many lives that were destroyed and damaged will be saved. But it's also very rampant in our society, and I believe it's getting more rampant in Tennessee and Mississippi."
The defendants were indicted on state charges of possession of 300g of methamphetamine with intent to sell/deliver within a school zone and possession of a firearm during a drug felony as co-conspirators.
They include Clayton, 31; Victor Love, 43; Jesse Callahan, 34; Victor Lewis, 19; Jameka Ward, 38; Roger Qualls, 51; Wayne Gunter, 31; Peter Larkin, 38; James Stacy Floyd, 44; Paula Reno-Miller (aka Paula Woods), 42; Katrina Jones (aka Katie Jones), 32; Preston Garner, 35; Damon Brunner, 48; Ashley Mathis, 26; Andrew Harris, 33; Brandon Akin, 33, and Gary Riley, 41.
The case is being handled by the DA’s Crime Strategies Prosecution Unit which incorporates and expands the work of the Multi-Agency Gang Unit, the Organized Crime Unit, the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office Narcotics Division, Project Safe Neighborhood/Gundone, GunStat, the Safe Streets Task Force and the Violent Crime Unit.
To learn more about the Turning Point Treatment Center you can call their helpline at 1-888-614-2251 or click here.
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Home » News » WWE News, WWE Rumors and Spoilers » Former Head Of WWE Security Shares Funny Story Of Taking Vince McMahon To The Doctor, Meeting Batista, A Plane-Ride With Paul Heyman
Former Head Of WWE Security Shares Funny Story Of Taking Vince McMahon To The Doctor, Meeting Batista, A Plane-Ride With Paul Heyman
Former head of WWE security James Tillis, who worked at the company from 1997-2011, recently spoke with Andrew Thompson from the Andrew Thompson Interviews Youtube channel. Highlights from the interview can be found below.
On taking Vince McMahon to the doctor after tearing both his quads:
“When Mr. McMahon got injured once, and I had to take him back to one of his doctors the next day and he had hurt both his legs. And just to give you an idea, I’m not trying to blow smoke at you or anything. It’s just that him and Shane, they just [have] an unbelievable toughness, but anyway, I had to take him back to a doctor in I believe it was in… Georgia? I’m not sure. But I had to take him on the plane and we get onto this private jet and I’m holding his leg, while somebody was trying to scoot a prop up under his leg and somebody said something to me and I turned to answer, dropped his leg. He was like, ‘What the hell!!?’ And his wife was there and I was like, ‘Oh my God!’ He looks at me and goes, ‘Are you kidding me!?’ That was probably one of the funniest things.”
On the first time he met Batista after telling him to leave backstage:
“One day we were in Boston, and I used to keep the backstage clear and Mr. McMahon didn’t want anybody backstage. That was the number one rule. You could not get backstage, especially when I was there, and I kept that backstage clear. [A] gentleman came up to me and I said, ‘Excuse me sir, who are you here to see?’ He says, ‘I’m here to see Johnny Laurainitis.’ I said, ‘Do you have an appointment?’ He says no. I believe he said no… so I had to ask him to leave backstage, and he became one of my closest friends, after he’s a four-time WWE Champion, he’s the second biggest actor in Hollywood right now and I just look at him and go, ‘Oh my God’ — Dave Bautista, and he was a gentleman. He was a gentleman. He was like, ‘Okay.’ The next day, he came back, he had that appointment, the rest is history.”
James discusses being stuck on a plane in the middle of a snowstorm with Paul Heyman (Side note: Nathan Jones quit WWE after this flight):
“My scariest plane ride was we were on our way to Perth, Australia, and we started taking on — I think — there’s something going on where we had to get fuel and me and Paul Heyman were sitting next to each other, and we were near Siberia. We had to land — I believe it was in Russia or a Russia outpost to get fuel in the middle of a snowstorm where they had to clear the tracks and they wouldn’t let us off the plane obviously, then we took off at unbelievably — it was almost at a 90 degree angle to get out of this snowstorm and Paul Heyman looks at me and he says to me, he goes, ‘If we get out of this alive’ because trust me when I tell you, we were circling and it was getting kind of close and you can ask Paul Heyman. He goes, ‘I’m gonna punch Vince [McMahon] in the mouth if I ever get out of this alive.’ I was like, ‘Oh my God.’”
Check out the full interview below.
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Board index › Topical Discussion › Art, Writing, and Music
Musicians DIAGNOSED with Asperger's or Autism
Page 4 of 4 [ 56 posts ] Go to page Previous 1, 2, 3, 4
ASPartOfMe
Location: Long Island, New York
Echosmith Drummer Graham Sierota's Family Reveals He Is on the Autism Spectrum
Echosmith drummer Graham Sierota and his family are further apologizing for Graham’s direct messages sent to Travis Barker‘s 13-year-old daughter Alabama, revealing that Graham was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder as a child.
“We have never publicly addressed this in the past, but given the events of the last few days, we feel compelled to speak out now to offer some additional context and insight into the unfortunate misunderstandings that occurred and clear up the deeply hurtful mischaracterizations of Graham,” the Sierota family says in a statement to PEOPLE.
“As a child, Graham was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” the statement continues. “He has difficulty understanding social cues.”
The family goes on to say that 20-year-old Graham’s “challenges” have “always been a non-issue in our family.”
The family explains that Graham had used social media to invite several “athletes, musicians, artists, and models” to a holiday party at their home “one very recent Christmas.”
“We understand that his interactions were misinterpreted and misunderstood in the confusing world of social media, and we are deeply sorry. Graham certainly never meant to make anyone feel uncomfortable.”
The statement — which is signed by Graham and his bandmate siblings Sydney, 22, and Noah, 23, as well as their parents, Linda and Jeffery — concludes by saying that the family will continue to work with Graham “to have the right tools and knowledge about social boundaries, and to better navigate and utilize social media while he takes a break from it.”
“We hope anyone who’s been affected, and in turn felt uncomfortable, can accept our deepest apologies.”
Earlier this week, Alabama shared since-deleted screenshots of Graham’s messages to her, saying “Hey guys! So once again I am bringing this to your attention because I’m a 13-year-old girl and he is 21/20 super creepy.”
Barker, 43, responded to the messages on Thursday in a statement to The Blast, calling Graham’s messages “predatory behavior.”
Graham apologized in a statement earlier on Thursday obtained by PEOPLE, saying that he did not realize she was a minor when he reached out to her.
“I had invited Alabama to my parents’ big family BBQ along with many other people, and it wasn’t until she responded that I realized her age at which point I apologized to her,” he said. “I’m really sorry and feel very badly about this. I didn’t realize she was a minor and assumed she was my age. I made a careless mistake and this is a big lesson for me. I would like to apologize again to Alabama, her dad Travis, and her family.”
Alabama has since accepted Graham’s apology and said on her Instagram Story Friday that she is ready for the back-and-forth to end.
“Hey guys! I am posting on behalf of the drummer of Echosmith! He had dmed me a while back in 2016 and then once again in July saying I was beautiful and invited me to a bbq at his house. He is very sorry about the situation and regretful,” she said. “I forgive him and would like for this all to be over.
Obviously, that is the absolute last way I would want it to be revealed that a musician is autistic but it is on topic.
FYI Travis Barker is Blink 182's drummer
Professionally Identified and joined WP August 26, 2013
DSM 5: Autism Spectrum Disorder, DSM IV: Aspergers Moderate Severity
My autism is not a superpower. It also isn’t some kind of god-forsaken, endless fountain of suffering inflicted on my family. It’s just part of who I am as a person. - Sara Luterman
HighLlama
ASPartOfMe wrote:
Eminem has lyrics in a few songs in which the protagonist describes himself as an Aspie.
In what way? The idea seems ludicrous to me, but I can't say I know a lot about his life, either.
Unofficially human.
HighLlama wrote:
Wicked Ways
“Ever heard of Aspergers? It’s a rare condition
It’s what you’re suffering from when you simply don’t care if it’s an 80 degree day
And there’s no fricken air conditioning.”
In Legacy he seems to reference Wrong Planet Syndrome
“used to be the type of kid
That would always think the sky is fallin’
Why am I so differently wired? Am I a martian?
What kind of twisted experiment am I involved in?
‘Cause I don’t belong in this world
That’s why I’m scoffin’ at authority, defiant often,
Flyin’ off the handle at my mom
No dad, so I am non-compliant at home
At school I’m just shy and awkward}
And I don’t need no goddamn psychologist
Tryin’ to diagnose why I have all these underlyin’ problems”.
Again unless he says so himself or it is public record somewhere it is interesting speculation and his name belongs on threads not specifically for diagnosed musicians.
Breanbyurn
This guy:
Breanbyurn wrote:
Who is “this guy” and how do you know he has been diagnosed?
It's me. That answers the 2nd part of your question as well.
Looking for asperger/autism musicians in Montreal.
in Art, Writing, and Music
martyfan
Who are some musicians who have Asperger's Syndrome?
[ Go to page: 1, 2, 3 ]
Musicians who have (or may have?) Asperger's Syndrome.
[ Go to page: 1 ... 27, 28, 29 ]
Metal Musicians who have (or may have?) Asperger's
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POP Printing
Thank you for visiting our web site, AdamsMcClure.com (“Site”). This Privacy Policy applies to this Site only, and it tells you how we use Personal Information collected at this Site. If you visit other web sites, whether they are linked to this Site or not, please review the privacy policies posted at those web sites. Please read this Privacy Policy before using the Site or submitting any Personal Information. By using the Site, you are accepting the practices described in this Privacy Policy. If you do not agree with the terms of this Privacy Policy, you should immediately cease the use of this Site. As used in this Privacy Policy, the terms “you” and “your” refer to each party accessing this Site for any reason, and the terms “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Adams McClure.
We collect personally identifiable information of Site users (“Personal Information”), including but not limited to names, postal addresses, email addresses, demographic information, and credit card information when you voluntarily submit such information to us. The information you provide is used to fulfill your specific request and to make products and services available to you.
You have the choice whether or not to disclose such Personal Information; however, some parts of the Site and some services may be more difficult or impossible to use if you choose not to disclose Personal Information.
At the time of registration, you will have the option to receive future communications from Us by checking the appropriate opt-in box. If you choose to opt-in, your Personal Information will be kept in a secured database and We will alert you via your e-mail address regarding such information and new services.
In addition to Personal Information provided to Us as identified above, Our web servers automatically identify computers by their IP addresses. Company and its service providers may use IP addresses to analyze trends, administer the Site, track users’ movement and gather broad demographic information for aggregate use. Company will not link these IP addresses to Personal Information.
The Site may use cookie and tracking technology depending on the features offered. Cookie and tracking technologies are useful for gathering information such as browser type and operating system, tracking the number of visitors to the Site, and understanding how visitors use the Site. Cookies can also help customize the Site for visitors. Cookies are a common part of many commercial websites that allow small text files to be sent by a website, accepted by a web browser and then placed on your hard drive as recognition for repeat visits to the Site. Every time you visit Our Site, Our servers, through cookies, pixels and/or GIF files, collect basic technical information such as your domain name, the address of the last URL visited prior to clicking through to the Site, and your browser and operating system. You do not need to enable cookies to visit Our Site; however, some parts of the Site and some services may be more difficult or impossible to use if cookies are disabled. Personal Information cannot be collected via cookies and other tracking technology; however, if you previously provided Personal Information, cookies may be tied to such information. Aggregate cookie and tracking information is not shared with third parties.
We may share information with governmental agencies or other companies assisting us in fraud prevention or investigation. We may also share Personal Information with third parties under the following circumstances: (1) as permitted or required by law; (2) when trying to protect against or prevent or investigate actual or potential fraud or unauthorized transactions; (3) in the event of illegal activities, or events in which threats or potential threats to the physical safety of any person or persons is evident, or when violations of Site’s terms of use occur; (4) in working with third party companies to support the Site’s technical operation, fulfill an order, or execute a specific promotion or program; (5) in the event of a corporate sale, merger, acquisition, or similar event or that we transfer the operations of the site or services offered on or through the site to another party. The information is not provided to these companies for marketing purposes. We may also share information with third parties as necessary to provide you with the products and services that you requested. If Personal Information is shared with any third party for the purposes of fulfilling an order for products or services, the third party will have no right to use the Personal Information for independent purposes. In support of this policy, Company will enter into written agreements with any third party receiving Personal Information requiring the third party to comply with Company’s privacy policies and applicable laws. To prevent your Personal Information from being shared with a third party, you can choose not to use the affected service or participate in the affected ordering or promotional activity.
We use commercially acceptable measures to keep Personal Information secure. Only authorized employees, agents and contractors (who have agreed to keep information secure and confidential) have access to this information. However, no transmission of data over the Internet can be guaranteed to be 100% secure. As a result, although we will use reasonable efforts to protect your Personal Information, we cannot ensure or warrant the security of any information you transmit to us.
You are ultimately responsible for your username and password and all activities that occur on the Site under your username. If your password is compromised, the security of your Personal Information may be compromised as well. Thus, if you believe that your password has been compromised, please change your password immediately.
Use & Privacy Contact Information
If you have any questions, concerns, or comments about our Privacy Policy, you may contact us using the information below:
By Email: HOTLine@ennis.com
By Mail: 2441 Presidential Pkwy, Midlothian, TX 76065
This Privacy Policy was last modified on June 26, 2015. We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time by posting a revised Privacy Policy on the Site. We reserve the right to modify this Privacy Policy at any time, so please review it frequently. Changes to the Privacy Policy will be posted, and such changes will apply on a prospective, not retroactive, basis. You are encouraged to review the Privacy Policy whenever you visit the Site to make sure that you understand how any Personal Information you provide will be used.
This Site is not directed to children under the age of 13. We operate our Site in compliance with the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act and will not knowingly collect or use personally identifiable information from anyone under 13 years of age.
Other Terms and Conditions
Please read our Terms of Use and Terms of Purchase to ensure that you understand the additional terms and conditions that may apply to your use of the Site and products and services obtained from this Site.
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Sales & Customer Service:
3939 Kearney St.
sales@adamsmcclure.com
© 2020 Adams McClure | Legal
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Shop-Name
PRICE A ::: NON EU Customer PRICE B ::: EU Customer
NEW CD's
CHRISTIAN ROCK CLASSIX
OUR CD'S
CATALOG /
DIXON, CARL - One +2 (digitally remastered)
Incl. VAT, Excl. shipping
The album contains two bonus tracks. A pristine production which is powerful enough, too, highlights the songs pretty well. Comes with liner notes by Dave Reynolds and digitally remastered by Chris Lyne. A strong piece of music!
CONEY HATCH frontman put out his solo debut “One“ for the first time in 1993. It’s a great hard rock album with a very personal and intimate approach that showcases the Canadian at his best vocally. Hard to understand why this album did not get the attention it deserves but obviously the time back then was not the best for melodic rock music. Songs like the groovy “Hard To Leave Hard To Love“ or the ballad-like “Love Is Waiting“ are slightly reminiscent of TOM PETTY whereas the cool “Taste Of Love“ basically sounds like a hybrid of AEROSMITH and DEF LEPPARD. The album contains two bonus tracks. A pristine production which is powerful enough, too, highlights the songs pretty well. Comes with liner notes by Dave Reynolds and digitally remastered by Chris Lyne. A strong piece of music! Tracklist: 1. One Good Reason 2. Good Time To Be Bad 3. The Blood Rises 4. Taste Of Love 5. Against The Night 6. Hard To Leave Hard To Love 7. Treacherous Emotions 8. More Than A Memory 9. Love Is Waiting 10. Through The Fire 11. Little Miss Innocent 12. Love Strikes 13. Run Reckless 14. Across The Great Divide 15. Get Where I Belong 16. Don’t Turn Out The Light (BONUS TRACK) 17. Love Is Waitin’ (ACOUSTIC BONUS TRACK)
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