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Another Great Album from the Whiskey Daredevils
The title of these Cleveland roots rockers’ new album, Introducing the Whiskey Daredevils, is characteristically tongue-in-cheek – it isn’t exactly their first. Over the last six years, they’ve put out one kick-ass album after another, all laced with their trademark sense of humor: they are simply one of the funniest bands on the planet. Some of their greatest hits (some but not all of which appear on their Greatest Hits album) include a tribute to Mickey’s Big Mouth malt liquor, a surreal chronicle about a road trip with a guy who can’t stop talking about Planet of the Apes, and the most hilarious song ever written about open mic nights for singer-songwriters. This album is their first with their new guitarist Gary Siperko, who brings a ferocious garage-punk intensity as well as a growling Stonesy edge and a solid handle on country sounds. Frontman Gary Miller’s deadpan, stoic delivery lets his surreal, absolutely spot-on narratives speak for themselves: he’s got a Hunter S. Thompson-class eye for twisted detail. Siperko – formerly of upstate New York surf rockers the Mofos, whose album Supercharged on Alcohol is a genuine classic – veers between an otherworldly reverb-drenched tone and gritty, vintage tube amp distortion while bassist Ken Miller and drummer Leo P. Love hold the beast to the rails.
The opening track, Never Saw Johnny Cash chronicles a series of missed once-in-a-lifetime opportunities from the point of view of a guy who always overdoes it: we all have somebody like that in our lives who likes to go to shows with us (or at least ride to shows with us). They follow that with an amped-up Bakersfield country song. With its sizzling, surfy ghoulabilly guitar, Left Me on a Train could be a Radio Birdman classic from 1979, a sound they bring down a little on the next track, Thicker Than Wine. Then they take it to the logical extreme with the garage-punk smash Drive: Murder City Nights, anybody?
As breakup songs go, the midtempo country ballad Last Guest List is a classic: “No more free stuff, no more free beer, I guess you are no longer with the band.” There’s also the predictably amusing, painfully hungover Me and My Black Eye; a southwestern gothic rock parody; the monster surf instrumental Railbender, which sounds like a Mofos classic; a Social Distortion-style country-punk number with a little Led Zep thrown in; and the album’s closing boogie, Empty Out the Shake, which is pretty self-explanatory, and as amusing as you’d think. The band’s best album? Maybe. The others are really good too. The Whiskey Daredevils’ next gig is August 6 at 10 PM at the Happy Dog, 5801 Detroit Ave. in Cleveland.
July 22, 2010 - Posted by delarue | Music, music, concert, review, Reviews, rock music | album review, americana, americana music, americana rock, bar band, cd review, comedy songs, country music, country rock, funniest bands, funny bands, funny songs, garage band, garage music, garage punk, garage rock, gary miller, gary miller music, gary siperko, honkytonk music, introducing the whiskey daredevils, ken miller bass, leo p. love, mofos band, mofos supercharged on alchohol, mofos surf band, Music, radio birdman, rock music, roots music, roots rock, social distortion, supercharged on alcohol, whiskey daredevils cleveland
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Blackmores, Pharmacy Guild saving face
Posted in Alternative "medicine" scams, Big Placebo, Health by Paul Gallagher
Last we visited the Blackmores, Guild Alliance there were serious doubts about evidence from Blackmores or understanding from the Guild.
Not much has changed on admitting fault, even with the removal of the Gold Cross endorsement. Which, by the way, was the fault of “ill informed and inflammatory” media reporting leading us goofy consumers to exhibit a “strong level of public concern”. I wonder where the Guild gets off trying this one on. There’s something missing from this sudden awakening in which “the Guild has listened to these concerns and accepts – mutually with Blackmores… to withdraw the endorsement arrangement”.
For example the AMA, according to president Steve Hambleton, considered the deal “outrageous” and that, “There’s no place for commercial interference in the clinical decision making of the pharmacist”. This was and is reflected in GP’s responses, including some writing notes with scripts to not include the “companion range”. Professor Paul Glasziou, director of Bond University’s centre for research in evidence-based practice had, on ABC, called Blackmores’ bluff on supporting evidence.
Chemist Warehouse had publically and loudly protested, promising to not participate in the deal. “Our pharmacists recommendations are not for sale” and “Professionals Practicing Professionally” stated their defiant flyer. Ouch!
Many individual pharmacists were, to put it mildly, infuriated and appalled at the Guild’s total stuff up which effected the integrity of all pharmacists.
Stuart Baker, a pharmacist from Western Victoria quit the Guild in protest. In view of the decision to drop the Gold Cross endorsement he still won’t be returning. Damage done there it seems. In light of the Guild’s inability to accept responsibility for such poor decision making the damage could be both more widespread and persistent.
Jane McCredie recently wrote in MJA Insight:
PHARMACISTS have long felt like the poor relations in the broader family of health professionals when it comes to status and respect, if not monetary reward.
In recent years, their representative bodies have lobbied for expanded prescribing rights, for recognition of their role as front-line “clinicians” and against allowing pharmacies in supermarkets for fear this would undermine the quality of health care provided.
It’s going to be a lot harder to make those arguments convincingly in the wake of the spectacularly ill advised deal between the Pharmacy Guild and Blackmores that created such a media furore last week.
October 5th saw the Pharmacist Coalition call on the Guild to dump the scheme. AusPharm News reported in part:
The Pharmacist Coalition for Health Reform (PCHR) has called on the Pharmacy Guild of Australia to axe their deal with Blackmores, following the Guild’s admission that the computer prompts to upsell dietary supplements were a pilot only and would be reviewed.
PCHR spokesperson and Chief Executive Officer of the Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers, Australia (APESMA), Chris Walton, said that pharmacists had rejected the deal and it was now time for the Pharmacy Guild to scrap the pilot. “A Pharmacist Coalition poll of over 460 people has shown that 94 per cent of community members, including pharmacists and pharmacists-in-training, disagree with the Blackmores’ deal and believe ‘it undermines the professionalism of pharmacists’.
“This has been further supported by The Age online poll which revealed that of over 2,000 voters, 94 per cent do not approve of the ‘Pharmacy Guild of Australia’s deal with Blackmores to recommend Blackmore’s supplements’. [….] PCHR spokesperson and Chief Executive Officer of The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia (SHPA), Yvonne Allinson said The Pharmacy Guild has lost credibility and a failure to scrap the pilot would damage their reputation further.
Gold Cross is a fully owned subsidiary of the Guild. Now that the Gold Cross endorsement has been cancelled their logo, if you like, won’t appear on Blackmores companion range. Nor will the pilot project of software prompts at point of sale go ahead. The decision was “made in conjunction with Blackmores”.
The mutual decision has been taken in view of the strong level of public concern about the proposal, based on some media reporting of the endorsement which was ill-informed and inflammatory.
The last thing the Guild would ever want to do is deplete the credibility of community pharmacists, or damage the trust in which they are held by Australians. That trust and confidence is of paramount importance to the Guild and to our Members. The Gold Cross endorsement arrangement with Blackmores was entered in good faith, with absolutely no intention of undermining the professionalism and integrity of participating pharmacists. [….]
Additionally, an optional prompt containing clinical information for the patient to consider in relation to one product of the Companions range was to be available through the dispensary IT programs, on a pilot basis. The software pilot was not intended to commence until at least November, and will now not proceed.
Chris Walton CEO of APESMA Pharmacist division said in response:
This is a pathetic back down by an out of touch organization. The Guild has been dragged kicking and screaming to the decision and still will not take responsibility. They describe their decision to enter the deal as one made in good faith. Good faith must now be code for a bag of coin.
The profession should never forget that the Guild was willing to trade on the good reputation of pharmacists for commercial gain. While the same people are in charge why would we ever trust them again. Any pretence that they represent the pharmacy profession is over.
Still insisting that the “need for these natural health supplements for some consumers is underpinned by a body of scientific evidence”, Blackmores released a statement also with soothing noises about having listened. But they go one further and point out the “considerable confusion” in waking up to their scam. Hmmm. Perhaps they have a supplement for that? Either way, also from October 5th:
We have listened to the feedback on the Companions range and it is apparent that there is considerable confusion regarding the positioning of this range which we believe is detracting from the potential underlying benefit of these products to consumers.
As a result, and following discussions with Gold Cross, Blackmores will remove the Gold Cross endorsement from the four products, we will not feature these products on the proposed IT dispensary software and we will update the product names to reflect the key ingredients, under the Companions brand.
Blackmores have published research on their professional page for “health professionals” which is well summarised here. I suspect in response to the NPS review of evidence to sustain (cough) claims made in defence of the “companion range”. Christine Holgate opens her heart here about “misconstrued” information and accurate representation of “integrity”. Basically, it’s all good and they’re doing Aussies a favour. No, really.
All up, it’s rather shameful. The Guild haven’t in effect admitted being at fault. At most they seem to grudgingly admit to a type of PR blunder. Blackmores is sticking to it’s guns pleading misunderstanding on the part of the public and a raft of health professionals. Marcus Blackmore bemoaned that a full scale assault on complementary medicines had grown out of the same misunderstanding. ABC have a comprehensive write up with audio and video.
Jane McCredie finished her MJA Insight article in style:
The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia is due to release a new code of ethics for its members — along with a vision for the profession’s future — at its annual conference later this week. It would be nice to think that code might require pharmacists to disclose the level of evidence for any non-prescription medication they sell — hardly an unreasonable demand of people who want to be recognised as clinicians.
I’m imagining the conversations now if this code is implemented. Pharmacists selling homoeopathic remedies will be required to tell each and every customer: “There’s not a skerrick of evidence this works, but if you want to throw your money away…”
Therein lies the very source of the problem. Blackmores’ deal stood out because it officiated upselling and would have included entirely unwarranted prompts. Both the Guild and Blackmores knew it to be a grab for money. So did everybody else. Yet pharmacists do recommend and sell junk to consumers. Assistants do little if anything to dissuade from spontaneous buying.
Doctors will testify to patients at times admitting to taking large amounts of useless supplements. It’s documented that patients are reticent to admit to doctors they use alternative products. In the main doctors are missing out on vital information they need to properly treat their patients.
The only durable solution is for the TGA to move forward with sharp teeth and legislation to call CAM what it really, in the main is.
Unproven and unnecessary.
Alternative Medicine, CAM, pseudoscience, Scams 3 Comments
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League of Women Voters of Columbia-Boone County
Empowering Voters. Defending Democracy.
Mission and Roles
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Redistricting and Gerrymandering – Resources
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Some Resources on Redistricting and Gerrymandering
Apportionment: The process of assigning seats in a legislative body among established districts.
Commission: A statutory or constitutional body charged with researching or implementing policy. Redistricting commissions have been used to draw districts for legislatures and Congress.
Communities of interest: Geographical areas, such as neighborhoods of a city or regions of a state, where the residents have common political interests that do not necessarily coincide with the boundaries of a political subdivision, such as a city or county.
Compactness: Having the minimum distance between all the parts of a constituency (a circle, square or a hexagon is the most compact district).
Contiguity: All parts of a district being connected at some point with the rest of the district.
Cracking: A term used when the electoral strength of a particular group is divided by a redistricting plan.
Deviation: The measure of how much a district or plan varies from the ideal.
District: The boundaries that define the constituency of an elected official.
Gerrymander: A district intentionally drawn to advantage one group or party over another, especially a district with a bizarre shape.
Ideal population: The total state population divided by the number of seats in a legislative body.
Majority-minority districts: Term used by courts for seats where a racial or language minority constitutes a majority of the population.
Metes and bounds: A detailed description of district boundaries using specific geographic features.
Packing: A term used when one group is consolidated as a super-majority in a small number of districts, thus reducing its electoral influence in surrounding districts.
Partisan gerrymandering: The deliberate drawing of district boundaries to secure an advantage for one political party.
PL 94-171: Federal law enacted in 1975 requiring the U. S. Census Bureau to provide the states with data for use in redistricting as well as mandating the program where the states define the blocks for collecting data.
Reapportionment: The allocation of seats in a legislative body (such as Congress) among established districts (such as states), where the district boundaries do not change but the number of members per district does.
Redistricting: The drawing of new political district boundaries.
Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act: Part of the federal law that protects racial and language minorities from discrimination by a state, or other political subdivision, in voting practices.
Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act: Part of the federal law that requires certain states and localities to pre-clear all election law changes with the U.S. Department of Justice or the federal district court for the District of Columbia before those laws take effect.
https://planscore.org/#!2016-ushouse
http://www.ncsl.org/research/redistricting/the-redistricting-lexicon-glossary.aspx
http://www.ncsl.org/research/redistricting/redistricting-law-2010.aspx (This is a booklet for state legislators to use)
LWVUS on Redistricting https://www.lwv.org/voting-rights/redistricting
• Congressional districts and government legislative bodies should be apportioned substantially on population. We oppose partisan and racial gerrymandering that strips rights away from voters.
• Why it matters—Political and racial gerrymandering distorts and undermines representative democracy by allowing officials to select their voters rather than voters to elect their officials. When done for purposes of racial discrimination or to ensure the dominance of one political party, gerrymandering runs counter to equal voting rights for all eligible voters.
• What the LWV is doing—Promoting transparent and accountable redistricting processes and ending hyper-partisan practices. Responsibility for fair redistricting should be vested in an independent special commission, with membership that reflects the diversity of the unit of government. LWVs work in states across the country to pass ballot initiatives to institute independent redistricting commissions.
Redistricting Online— http://www.redistrictingonline.org/
Fair Vote—http://www.fairvote.org
Explanation of MO’s system—https://oa.mo.gov/budget-planning/redistricting-office/general-information
Maptitude for fair redistricting—https://www.caliper.com/mtredist.htm
Ideas to consider—
• Math and geometry geeks would be fantastic folks to work with to support making democracy work.
Always be ready to chat with the media, promote voting, and the League of Women Voters!
Alice Paul podcasts
https://www.alicepaulpodcast.com/podcast/
6 Gerrymandering Podcasts
https://fivethirtyeight.com/tag/gerrymandering-podcast/
Join the league
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Click HERE to join today!
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The Economic and Social Impact of Covid in Columbia
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Meet the Maker – Worlds Over Run – Inferno
Posted by Kevin | Last updated Feb 19, 2020 at 10:26PM | Published on Feb 8, 2019 | Worlds Over Run, Interview | 0 |
Inferno is the latest Kickstarter by Worlds Over Run Modeler, Eric Askue. This one takes you into the hellscape known as Inferno. Eric and the team were good enough to send over the Reaper for me to test print. I printed it out on my Anycubic Photon. It’s designed to be printed in FDM, so I had to scale it down to 80% to get it to fit on a resin printer, and it looks terrific. Like previous Worlds Over Run offerings, these are unique and very thematic. Another interesting aspect of this Kickstarter, is that you can order an upgraded Ender 3. This is an Ender 3 that they will add several upgrades to, the only other two I would personally recommend is a printable board fan guard and get a Raspberry Pi to run Octoprint. This is pretty much a perfect version of the Ender 3. They will also offer Creality 3D Filament. I haven’t seen a 3D Printable Terrain Kickstarter offering a printer in some time.
Already this Kickstarter has reached over 1/3 of its stretch goals. You get a number of amazing looking models, and the ability to pick up previous Kickstarter catalogs as add-ons as well. They say if you are going through hell, keep going. With Inferno, take your time and enjoy the journey.
In the past, you have been a one-man show. This latest Kickstarter is a collaboration between several people. Can you tell us more about yourself and the other people on your team?
Sure thing Kevin, I’ve had more than a few people reach out to work with me. But I keep a close circle of peers and most of them are highly trained and experienced in making 3D assets, working with printers, and or craftsmen. Each member of the team has unique skill sets that help with production. Being the lead artist and designer, hell even visionary means there is a lot to do to build a product. With a team more of the tasks can be distributed so that the whole thing isn’t on my shoulders. A good example of this is test printing, James keeps track of small edits in the test prints and then we build a checklist of changes. This means that as we produce assets we can be more daring in the design and we don’t have to make corrective updates for our product.
How long have you been in the 3D Printing Industry?
That would be about eight years or so, when I was teaching at University I had access to 3D printers and was into toy making already. Before that, I was doing a lot of it with clay and silicone molds. We also didn’t have access to FDM or SLA printers instead we have what was referred to as “binder Jetting” which is a powder and a binder. This was one of the first methods to print with color, but that gimmick doesn’t overcome a lot of the issues with the powder matrix. It’s really messy, fragile, fussy printers. and the prints were really poor quality until you made them a good size like half a human head. But being one of the first plus what Gentle giant did with it made 3D printing shoot to the forefront of peoples mins in the late aughts and early teens.
What printers do you use to print terrain?
Well, we have access to CR-10s’s and Ender3 but there are more and each of the machines are used to test different things. For production, it’s mostly the first two.
What got you interested in modeling 3D Terrain for print? What was your first model?
In a word “Miniatures”. I love film and video games and tabletop as well. But when I’m thinking about the space I want a cinematic landscape. I wanted to be engaged by the location, and I wanted to see it come to life. So with some poking from my boss, I started working on it. If I was making a film this is how I would make the miniatures for that film and it would be even more outlandish than what I’m making now.
Do you have a favorite model you have created?
There is always your first success, and your first “I overcame that challenge” most of the models have something in them that I really enjoy, or enjoy to hate.
After having had a string of successful Kickstarters, what is your goal for this Kickstarter?
This Kickstarter has a lot of goals. one is to get more printers out there and grow our community. Another is getting inexpensive filament into the hands of our community. The current price hicks on filament are really unacceptable. But INFERNO has been on the design books since early 2018, I knew I was going to do it. I wanted something like I haven’t seen before. like Hell razor, or Constantine, or the work of so many artists. But Pompey was a big influence and we referenced the images from there a lot and even the current eruption on the Hawaiian islands. kazadoom!
How long have you been working on this new Kickstarter?
That depends on when you think the work started, did it start back in 1Q 2018 or did it start in Jan 2019? It’s all perspective.
How has your workflow changed with experience?
I delegate more tasks, and our product list for this Kickstarter is daunting. But the thing that helps is it is a production. Everything has to go fast and everything has to meet established check offs and quality marks. There isn’t time to mess around.
What cons do you plan on attending this year, so people can see more of your work in person?
Well, we have a table at Adepticon so that should be good. There are three others that we’ve lined up but since plans change I’m not going to mention them at this time.
What is the vision behind this latest Kickstarter?
If I was to say there is a vision it would be that this is a hellish place without a safe zone. the ground is lava, everything is burnt, and you have no place to hide.
I’d like to thank Eric for taking time out of his busy schedule for talking to me about his latest modeling project. Inferno looks like another awesome addition to the Worlds Over Run lineup. His unique vision means you won’t see anything else like it out there, and his expertise means it will print well. This is also a good deal on a nicely upgraded 3D Printer if you are looking to get a new 3D Printer or pick up a second or third one. Check out the Inferno Kickstarter now.
PreviousPolycarbonate 3D Printer Filament
NextVelocity Painting: Learn to Paint Your Prints with Speed!
I've been a technologist pretty much my entire life. I got my first computer at the age of 12, while most other kids only knew computers as the giant machines shown in movies. It sparked an interest that has led me into IT work for a living. This new 3D Printing hobby is an extension of my technologist tendencies. I like to play with new technologies.
Worlds Over Run – Catalog 3
Last updated Jan 8, 2019 at 9:30PM | Published on Jul 30, 2018
Depths of Savage Atoll – Meet the Designer
Last updated May 30, 2019 at 11:07AM | Published on May 30, 2019
Meet the Maker : Road to Adventure – Gamescape 3D Interview
Last updated May 14, 2020 at 3:31PM | Published on May 11, 2020
Starship IV Chimera Interview
Last updated Nov 15, 2019 at 3:26PM | Published on Nov 13, 2019
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An Act further supporting Massachusetts military families
By Mr. Naughton of Clinton, a petition (accompanied by bill, House, No. 3147) of Harold P. Naughton, Jr., Louis L. Kafka and RoseLee Vincent relative to the Massachusetts Military Family Relief Fund. Veterans and Federal Affairs.
Harold P. Naughton, Jr.
Displaying 4 actions for Bill H.3147
1/20/2015 House Referred to the committee on Veterans and Federal Affairs
1/20/2015 Senate Senate concurred
10/1/2015 Joint Hearing scheduled for 10/21/2015 from 02:00 PM-05:30 PM in B-1
3/16/2016 House Accompanied a study order, see H4084
SD.5 192nd (Current)
An Act establishing a program to promote infant sleep safety
SD.140 192nd (Current)
An Act providing a guaranteed minimum income to all Massachusetts families
HD.254 192nd (Current)
An Act to provide pensions to surviving spouses of Department of Children and Families social workers killed in the line of duty
S.1420 187th (2011 - 2012)
An Act improving the earned income tax credit for working families
An act strengthening working families by increasing tax exemptions and dependent care tax credits
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The Stakes Just got Higher in the Big 12 Title Game
(Photo by Daniel Boczarski/Getty Images)
It's impossible to know if Baylor and Oklahoma are playing for a playoff spot on Saturday because the playoff committee changes year to year and there are zero quantifiable qualifications for getting into the playoff.
That being said there is still a number of things riding on the Big 12 championship game in Dallas. There is bowl positioning, a Big 12 title streak, national honors and more resting on the performance of both Baylor and Oklahoma.
But now, the stakes have been raised.
The creator of the popular television show Chicago Fire, Derek Haas, is an Austin, Texas native and attended none other than Baylor University. His alma mater playing for more than a Big 12 title, they are also playing for naming rights to the next character in Chicago Fire.
That's right, if Baylor wins the Big 12 Championship we'll be seeing the name Rhule on more than just the Baylor sideline.
Download the Talk 1340 app
Filed Under: baylor, big 12
Categories: Lubbock News
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Home > Technology > Privacy & Security > What is Cross Site Scripting? (XSS)
What is Cross Site Scripting? (XSS)
In this tutorial, we are going to learn about Cross Site Scripting, or XSS as it is sometimes known. We'll look at the concept of untrusted data and input sanitisation.
Internet Security 101 Series
Introduction to Hacking
History of Cryptography
Online Privacy And Why It Matters
Supercookies: The Web's Latest Tracking Device
Ultimate Guide to SSL for the Newbie
How Internet Security and SSL Works to Secure the Internet
Man in the Middle Hacking and Transport Layer Protection
Cookie Security and Session Hijacking
What is Internal Implementation Disclosure?
Parameter Tampering and How to Protect Against It
What are SQL Injection Attacks?
Protection Against Cross Site Attacks
Introduction to HackingHistory of CryptographyOnline Privacy And Why It MattersSupercookies: The Web's Latest Tracking DeviceUltimate Guide to SSL for the NewbieHow Internet Security and SSL Works to Secure the InternetMan in the Middle Hacking and Transport Layer ProtectionSocial EngineeringCookie Security and Session HijackingWhat is Cross Site Scripting? (XSS)What is Internal Implementation Disclosure?Parameter Tampering and How to Protect Against ItWhat are SQL Injection Attacks?Protection Against Cross Site Attacks
So what exactly is untrusted data? Well, it's any piece of data in which the integrity cannot be verified, the intent may be malicious or can include payloads such as SQL injection. Cross-site scripting can even be used to distribute binary data containing malware.
This untrusted data can come from many sources, but the main source is from the user, either via a query string in the URL, posted in a form submit or as we've seen previously by manipulating the raw HTTP request. We must also consider the possibility that your own database contains untrusted data - for example storing form submit content in the database.
What is a Cross Site Scripting attack?
A cross-site scripting (XSS) attack is a type of injection whereby malicious scripts are injected into normally safe and trusted websites. These scripts can perform actions such as logging keystrokes, downloading and installing malware, stealing personal information or some other action which may be of detriment to the user.
How are Cross Site Scripting attacks performed
In the most basic Cross Site Scripting attack, a script (usually a javascript include tag to a script on a remote server) is submitted as part of a form tag, it could be a username in a registration page, comments on a blog post or any other piece of data submitted on a form which is then sent to other users. If the input is not properly sanitised, this script tag will then be rendered out to any users visiting that page.
Another attack vector is through the use of search queries. A typical behaviour for a website search box is to redirect to a search engine friendly search page which contains the search term in the URL. So, for example, if you search for "camera" you may well get redirected to the search page "/search/camera/". The page may also contain some fancy programming which extracts this search term, performs the search and shows some text saying something like "Here are your results for 'camera'". If this URL parameter is not properly sanitised, then a malicious script could then be injected and rendered to the page. It's then simply a matter for the malicious user to then use a URL shortener for this crafted URL and to distribute it on social media. Any users then clicking a link to your site with the malicious search parameter in the URL will be compromised.
Persistent XSS attacks
Persistent XSS is an attack not through the URL but is instead injected into your database. This type of attack is commonly used in blog comments by spammers and malicious hackers. Each time a visitor accesses the compromised page, the malicious script is downloaded and executed on their browser. This type of attack doesn't rely on a user clicking on any links to get to a page, nor does it rely on crafted query strings. The attack is already in your database from an earlier, presumably missed input sanitisation.
How to prevent Cross Site Scripting
Untrusted data will most likely come from a URL parameter or a post data parameter.
There are several methods for preventing XSS. The most common, simplest and effective method is to use input sanitisation. This involves identifying data that could be used as a malicious attempt and remove or replace it.
Examples of potentially untrusted data includes the use of < > ' / " and ; characters. These are often used to inject script tags into pages or to launch SQL injection attacks. We'll see more of these when we look at parameter tampering.
Another method is to employ a whitelist or blacklist approach to processing inputs. A Whitelist is very explicit: "This is what we know is good, so we're only going to allow these. A blacklist, on the other hand, is very implicit: "This is what could be bad so everything else must be ok"
Another essential sanitisation method in addition to input sanitisation is to encode the output as well. This will prevent things like script tags from being rendered, instead, they will be shown as harmless text and not executed. For example, the opening script tag would be encoded to <script />.
Most frameworks and platforms have built-in methods for sanitising input and encoding outputs. Please research these functions for your platform or framework.
The X-XSS_Protection header is another protection mechanism in modern browsers. Because XSS attacks conform to a fairly simple pattern - loading a script from another remote server, browsers can be instructed to detect XSS attacks and block or warn about them. You cannot rely on this however, you still need to implement input sanitising and output encoding, this is just another level of security.
This post is part of the series Internet Security 101. Use the links below to advance to the next tutorial in the couse, or go back and see the previous in the tutorial series.
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Home > Places > South Africa > Western Cape > Cape Town > jewish interest
Tag: jewish interest in Cape Town
Iziko South African National Gallery
South Africa’s premier art museum, Iziko South African National Gallery, houses outstanding collections of South African, African, British, French, Dutch and Flemish art. Selections from the Permanent Collection change regularly to enable the museum to have a full programme of temporary exhibitions of paintings, works on paper, photography, sculpture, beadwork, textiles and architecture. They provide insight into the extraordinary range of aesthetic production in this country, the African continent and further afield. This programme is complemented by a range of temporary visiting exhibitions. Government Avenue, Company’s Garden, Cape Town 8000 Open daily 09h00 to 17h00 Tel: +27 (0)21 481 3970
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Jacob Gitlin Library
Established 1959. Extensive collection of books, magazines, journals, CDs and DVDs of Jewish interest. Jacob Gitlin was a dedicated Zionist worker and secretary to the Dorshei Zion Society for 27 years.
The Houses of Parliament contain the Mendelssohn Collection assembled by Sydney Mendelssohn, a diamond dealer, the first great collector of Africana and a compiler of the classic South African Bibliography published in 1910. Jewish members of Parliament continue to play a role in South African politics.
The Iziko Slave Lodge is one of the oldest buildings in Cape Town. The many names of the building over three centuries – Slave Lodge, Government Offices Building, Old Supreme Court, and SA Cultural History Museum – reflect the long and rich history of the building. Between 1679 and 1811, this windowless building was filled to the brim with slaves – many of them women. The ‘lodge’ was also used as a prison, mental asylum and unofficial brothel. It is said that in those days ‘women in the Cape were few, but slaves were plenty.’ In 1998 this museum was renamed the Slave Lodge. Under the umbrella theme, ‘From human wrongs to human rights’, exhibitions on the lower level of this museum explore the long history of slavery in South Africa. Permanent Exhibitions: Remembering Slavery Slave Origins – Cultural Echoes From African Earth: Celebrating our African Vessel Heritage Unshackled History: The Wreck of the Slave Ship, São José, 1794 An audio-guided tour can be rented at a nominal fee. This guide takes you on a historical journey through the Slave Lodge and gives you insight into the dismal living conditions. Corner Adderley and Wale Streets, Cape Town 8000 Open Mon Read more […]
The Iziko Slave Lodge is one of the oldest buildings in Cape Town. The many names of the building over three centuries – Slave Lodge, Government Offices Building, Old Supreme Court, and SA Cultural History Museum – reflect the long and rich history of the building. Between 1679 and 1811, this windowless building was filled to the brim with slaves – many of them women. The ‘lodge’ was also used as a prison, mental asylum and unofficial brothel. It is said that in those days ‘women in the Cape were few, but slaves were plenty.’ In 1998 this museum was renamed the Slave Lodge. Under the umbrella theme, ‘From human wrongs to human rights’, exhibitions on the lower level of this museum explore the long history of slavery in South Africa. Permanent Exhibitions: Remembering Slavery Slave Origins – Cultural Echoes From African Earth: Celebrating our African Vessel Heritage Unshackled History: The Wreck of the Slave Ship, São José, 1794 An audio-guided tour can be rented at a nominal fee. This guide takes you on a historical journey through the Slave Lodge and gives you insight into the dismal living conditions. Corner Adderley and Wale Streets, Cape Town 8000 Open Mon Read more [...]
UCT Irma Stern Museum
Set in a tranquil garden, Irma Stern’s former home houses a permanent exhibition of her work and private collection. Contemporary exhibitions hosted on a regular basis.
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MFA Excellence Awards
Fabricator Focus
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Subcontracting benefits businesses
By: IFAI / Uncategorized
By Janet Preus
It’s not so complicated: there are certain things your company does very well, and there are other things that could be done more expediently by someone else. It could be a matter of expertise, time available, or any number of factors influencing workflow. The bottom line is that contracting arrangements are a fact of life in business—and getting more important, not less, as the digital age develops. Partnering with other businesses—both as contractor and subcontractor—can offer workable solutions for everyday tasks, and indications are good that there are plenty of opportunities to go around.
Many highly successful businesses simply don’t try to do it all. Spencer Etzel, president of The SEC Group, Wilsonville, Ore., says it is more important to do what you do well.
“We find it more efficient and price competitive to use various contractors, because you can’t be good at everything,” Etzel says. The SEC Group does the design, technical work and management for a variety of product lines in the tent industry. The secret, he says, is having the contractors you need, and knowing them well.
Roy Chism, president of The Chism Company, San Antonio, Texas, says subcontracting allows fabricators to utilize resources “absent the investment and learning curve associated with ownership, and otherwise simply not available in-house.” In his company, which makes fabric shade, shelter and identity products, “subcontracting eliminates substantial waste from the fabrication process, allowing fabricators to concentrate on better serving the customer with enhanced design, sales and service emphasis,” Chism says.
There can be many essential tasks associated with a single project that need to be subcontracted. Don Araiza, president of Eide Industries Inc., Cerritos, Calif., says they subcontract engineers, for example, who must be licensed in the state where the project is done. Araiza’s company makes shade structures, awnings and canopies, and industrial canvas products, and regularly hires subcontractors for landscape surveys, concrete footings, electrical systems and permits “that can be a drive down to city hall in a small town, but can take tons of time in larger cities,” Araiza says. Granting a subcontractor the power to act on your behalf can be a crucial time-saver.
Deciding when, what and with whom to contract boils down to who can do what, and according to Etzel, if two contractors are good at doing the same thing, “then it becomes [an issue of] who has production time.”
Already established relationships, built on trust and a working knowledge of each other, are ideal partnerships, but that’s not always possible. An entity “that is just so low-priced that it is difficult not to consider them” might offer a good alternative, says Mike Coffrin, director of sales and marketing at Visual Impact Signs Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., but in the printing business, he says, “there are lots of specialty tricks of the trade that come into play. The learning curve could get you in trouble.”
“In picking your subcontractors, they have to understand the business from day one. It’s going to be a lot of on-demand work on a short timeline,” Etzel says. “You’ve got to know your manufacturing source basis and your subcontractor’s strengths and weaknesses so the components come together with the right degree of integrity.”
“Primarily, we look for a match between the project’s requirements and the effective utilization of our equipment, software and expertise in support of that fabricator and the shop personnel,” Chism says. Subcontracting for awning, marine and tension structure fabricators is a rapidly growing segment of Chism’s business.
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Staggering human costs of Iraq and Afghanistan
On February 27, 2014 By aronsbarronIn PoliticsLeave a comment
Recently, Taliban insurgents overran an Afghan National Army base killing 21 soldiers as they slept. It was said to be the worst single blow to government forces since 2010. Corruption remains rampant in Afghanistan, fueled by the inflow of American aid. NPR's Morning Edition today laid out more of Hamid Karzai's despicably deceptive behavior. Today's New …
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Staying connected with the world
On February 23, 2014 February 23, 2014 By aronsbarronIn Media, PoliticsLeave a comment
15 years ago the Atlantic Rim Network hosted a symposium here on the dangers of the decline of international news coverage and the importance of making world events relevant to parochial audiences. It was January 1999. One participant, a CBS news producer, pointed to the other panelists (e.g. CNN, USA Today, NYTimes), telling them they were missing …
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What will it take to fix ACA?
On February 19, 2014 By aronsbarronIn Politics, UncategorizedLeave a comment
When President Obama back in 2010 said of the flawed Affordable Care Act, pass it now, fix it later, perhaps he never dreamed of the extent to which politics would have paralyzed the U.S. Congress. In the past, with major laws like Medicare and Social Security, legislators took an engineering model approach. Pass it. Test …
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Boston Olympics? costly diversion
On February 17, 2014 February 17, 2014 By aronsbarronIn Culture, Politics, Uncategorized2 Comments
The initial images of the Sochi winter Olympics - tap water the color of urine, treacherous unfinished sidewalks, bathroom doors that wouldn't open, failed opening night electronic display - have given way to images of skiers doing death-defying summersaults off the chutes, elegant ice skating, breathtaking bobsled runs, the excitement of the T. J. Oshie goal …
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Real life after the good ship Lollipop
On February 13, 2014 February 13, 2014 By aronsbarronIn Politics3 Comments
Shirley Temple was three years old back in the 1930's when she started her performance career. She achieved major league stardom between the ripe old ages of six and 11. With her curly hair and twinkly eyes, she sang and danced and achieved the moniker of America's Sweetheart well before the days of American Idol. …
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Slaps and Claps
Claps for the Boston Sunday Globe's photojournalism spread by Mary Beth Meehan showing the pattern of violence in New Bedford against Mayan Guatemalans. They fled the war in Guatamela and came here for peace and opportunity, but they're being beaten and robbed by African-Americans and Puerto Ricans. They live in constant fear. Seems there's no end of viciousness that …
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None-of-the-above an option for dissatisfied voters?
On February 6, 2014 By aronsbarronIn PoliticsLeave a comment
We believe in informed consent. What about informed dissent? The New Hampshire Union Leader recently reported that Granite State legislators will consider a proposal to allow voters unhappy with their choice of candidates to mark their ballots for "none of the above." What it says is that they care enough to go to the polls but …
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Does moral turpitude negate high art or sports accomplishment?
On February 4, 2014 By aronsbarronIn Culture, Media1 Comment
No mistake about it. Woody Allen's latest movie, Blue Jasmine, was deserving of an Oscar nomination, especially for Cate Blanchett's performance. Allen also recently won lifetime achievement recognition in the Golden Globes. This is more troubling. Allen is prolific and creative, but what does lifetime achievement really mean? NY Times' Nick Kristof last weekend published an open letter …
Continue reading Does moral turpitude negate high art or sports accomplishment?
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Home > Industrials > United Technologies Corp
Wall Street Sees Over 20% Upside Potential in GE
By Anirudha Bhagat
Bullish recommendation
General Electric (GE) has received a consensus “buy” recommendation from analysts polled by Reuters. Five out of 20 analysts have given it “strong buys,” five have given it “buys,” eight have given it “holds,” and two have given it “strong sells.”
The stock’s one-year target price of $12.17 indicates a potential upside of 20.5%.
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GE stock has risen ~39% year-to-date and has significantly outperformed the returns of other industrial conglomerates (XLI). United Technologies (UTX), Honeywell International (HON), and Caterpillar (CAT) have returned 23.3%, 21.3%, and 9.6%, respectively, in the same period.
It seems that analysts are bullish about the entire industrial sector, as they’ve provided “buy” recommendations on the majority of GE’s competitors. However, analysts’ one-year target prices on GE’s competitors reflect minimal potential upsides.
Five out of 22 analysts have given United Technologies “strong buy” recommendations, eight have given it “buys,” and the remaining nine have given it “holds.” Its one-year target price of $141.67 represents a potential upside of 7.9%.
Seven of the 23 analysts covering Honeywell have given it “strong buy” recommendations, 12 have given it “buys,” and four have given it “holds.” Analysts’ one-year target price of $165.74 on the stock reflects a potential upside of 3.4%.
Seven out of 28 analysts have given Caterpillar “strong buy” ratings. Eight have given it “buys,” 11 have given it “holds,” and the remaining two have given it “sells.” Analysts have a consensus target price of $142.86 on the stock, which depicts a potential upside of 2.6%.
Attractive valuation
Last year’s ~57% plunge in GE stock has made its valuation attractive in the industrial sector. At current market prices, GE is trading at a price-to-book value ratio of 2.84x, a significant discount to the industrial sector’s average of 4.19x.
The stock is also trading at a lower price-to-book value multiple than its top peers. Its primary competitors United Technologies, Honeywell, and Caterpillar are trading at multiples of 2.95x, 6.42x, and 5.71x, respectively.
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Home Biography Norma Kuhling
Norma Kuhling Biography
Updated On 26 Jul, 2019 Published On 26 Jul, 2019
Facts of Norma Kuhling
Kuhling
Relationship short Statistics of Norma Kuhling
What is Norma Kuhling marital status ? ( married,single, in relation or divorce):
How many children does Norma Kuhling have ? (name):
Is Norma Kuhling having any relationship affair ?:
Is Norma Kuhling Lesbian ?
Known as Ava Bekker from the television series 'Chicago Med,' Norma Kuhling is an American actress who earned much love and praise through her acting skills. The popular actress is also known for her works in the film like 'The Joneses' and 'Fallen.'
Norma Kuhling's Personal Life; Is She Married?
Norma Kuhling is presently married to Sir James 'Sherlock' Bond. The duo shared the wedding vows on 26 November of 2015 at city hall in New York City. Moreover, the wedding was attended by close friends and family of both the bride and groom.
Popular American actress Norma Kuhling with her husband Sir James 'Sherlock' Bond.
The couple is together from over three years and shares an unbreakable bond. As of now, the pair is happily celebrating their three years of the marital relationship and shares an unconditional love. Here take a look at the post-Norma shared on her Instagram, wishing her husband for the marriage anniversary.
3 years ago today, at city hall in New York City, I married the most handsome Englishman in the world. Vowels you could cut diamonds with, the mind of a panther, and the body of an Olympic gymnast. It’s amazing that someone so talented and really really really good looking could be so humble. Did I mention he can talk to animals. He definitely has not stolen my phone and is not writing this himself. Happy Anniversary, Sir James “Sherlock” Bond OBE.
A post shared by Norma Kuhling (@normakuhling) on Nov 25, 2018 at 6:07pm PST
The duo is deeply in love and is spotted together in many places. Here take a look at them sharing a passionate kiss,
A post shared by Norma Kuhling (@normakuhling) on Nov 19, 2015 at 9:50am PST
Norma is happily married to her soul mate, and the relationship between them seems fluid as there is no sign of divorce between them. Additionally, Norma is active on social media where she shares many posts regarding her personal life and professional life.
What is the Net Worth of Norma Kuhling? Know About His Earnings, Salary
Norma Kuhling's net worth lies somewhere between $100,000-$600,000, all thanks to her career as an actress. In average, the salary of an actress in the United States is $19,300-$180,000 per year.
Had so much fun working with @art_by_zlatkaburtis as one of her Newspaper Dolls! Zlatka makes these dresses from scratch, and shoots on film- check her out, she’s awesome 🖤
A post shared by Norma Kuhling (@normakuhling) on Mar 19, 2019 at 12:42pm PDT
Norma debuted in the film industry after appearing in the 2009 American film, The Joneses. She also appeared in the 2016 American fantasy film, Fallen which starred actors like Jeremy Irvine, Joely Richardson, and Hermione Corfield. Following that, the film was a blockbuster which collected a total of $41 million on the box office against the budget of $40 million.
Kuhling is also known as a television actress who became famous after starring in the American medical drama television series, Chicago Med. Further, the series first premiered on 17 November 2015 which until now consists of 83 episodes under four seasons which. Furthermore, the series revolves around the actors, including Yaya DaCosta, Torrey DeVitto, and Rachel DiPillo, among others.
Quick Facts of Norma Kuhling
Popular American actress Norma Kuhling.
Norma Kuhling was born on 4 December 1991 (age- 27 years as of 2019) in New York, the United States.
She holds American nationality and belongs to the Sagittarius star sign.
Her parents are Kristi Zea and Michael Kuhling.
She studied acting at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.
Norma featured in several press publications including TV Guide Magazine, International Business Times, and The Hollywood Reporter due to her role in Chicago Med.
She is active on Instagram, where she gathered over 33.9k+ followers as of 2019.
Kuhling stands at the height of 5 feet and 7 inches with a pair of brown eyes and blonde hair.
Stay tuned to marriedwiki.com/wiki for more celebrity biographies and latest news.
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Norma Kuhling Married
Marriage with James 'Sherlock' Bond
Married date: November, 26, 2015 Married
Norma Kuhling is presently married to Sir James 'Sherlock' Bond. The duo shared the wedding vows on 26 November of 2015 at city hall in New York City.
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Stern shoots back at family judgment
January 13, 2021 by Shefali Verma
Stacey Solomon shot back on Instagram after a fan criticized her for having three sons with three different fathers.
The 31-year-old panelist from Loose Women hit the user on her story and insisted, “You are the best thing that has ever happened to me.”
In addition to one-year-old son Rex with fiancé Joe Swash, Stacey is also a proud mother of Zachery, 12, and Leighton, 8.
Stacey Solomon shot back at a troll on Instagram (Image credit: Instagram Story / staceysolomon)
What did Stacey Solomon say on Instagram?
Stacey greeted eldest son Zachery with her teenage boyfriend Dean Cox.
Meanwhile, four years later, she and her ex, Aaron Barnham, gave birth to Leighton.
After Stacey revealed that her “older pickles” asked to stay longer in their fathers’ homes to teach at home, she paused their stories to speak to a troll.
The user wrote, “It must be very sad to have three different fathers for your boys. Always separated.
The Loose Women star admitted it was “too early to judge” (Credit: SplashNews)
“Well, I suppose you’re happy about that.”
However, Stacey replied, “Woah, Wilma! It is far too early for such a judgment.
Read more: Stacey Solomon and Joe Swash reveal ‘first photo’ as future husband and wife
“Of course I’m happy about it. They are the best that ever happened to me, no matter how they happened to me. “
Thankfully, Stacey was soon inundated with a swarm of supportive messages from her loyal followers.
Stacey and Joe share young son Rex (Image credit: SplashNews)
How does Stacey deal with lockdown?
Meanwhile, the star recently revealed she’s struggling while homeschooling her sons in lockdown.
Like many parents around the country, Stacey has to work at home with their children.
She said on Instagram: “I’ll try to make the best of not being able to do anything before the boys come home and home schooling starts again tomorrow.”
Furthermore, Stacey added, “The boys’ schools definitely have more than the first time, but I still find it difficult to keep them busy all day.”
Stacey has three sons with three different fathers (Credit: ITV)
It’s not all bad for Stacey, however.
The popular star recently got engaged to Joe following a romantic proposal for Christmas Eve.
Read more: Who’s Wurst on The Masked Singer UK? The audience was convinced it was Stacey Solomon
She revealed that he fell on one knee and asked the question while on a family walk in a forest near her home.
The star shared a photo of herself and her ring and raved: “To the moon and back, boy. I have no words.”
Leave us a comment our Facebook page @EntertainmentDailyFix and let us know what you think of this story.
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causes of the civil war pdf
Home/Uncategorized/causes of the civil war pdf
Missouri entered as ⦠Economic causes of civil war. �R�MC"xT�a�-wi2����mF:k1�]����A�:�e��� ��^��Q�H����1�[��T�y��d�F���l�R䱶s�|�����P��"��������a������.�sY:��>{"U�t�r�03����a��l�ғ�?V�nU,���u���Q��90[H�'�!��S�����^1����H�r�]9�-��6{PՇ�w��B Some fought because they felt their way of life and prosperity were threatened. Sectionalism divided the United States even before the Civil War ⦠endstream endobj startxref Some fought on moral grounds. explain the causes of the Civil War, including sectionalism, states' rights, and slavery analyze Abraham Lincoln's ideas about liberty, equality, union, and government analyze the effects of physical and human geographic factors on major historical events in the United States. Causes of the Civil War Do you say the Pledge of Allegiance every morning at school or do you say a pledge to your state? x�}V�` �W�\P6EA��lO�,˴E��y�����8g:s������z���~�}y�A��ϯ����e禷�t�>wW_;�������vЕs�l���K���o-P{qg����|ٜ/�7���5�7fskvc]�kh^9�էW�xiL��Ë�9��F}4ևcmx�����a��U��)T�N��c������,y��;�]O�{r�-�n���N7�t�m��ZN�nKvKj����m4�ldL+S��u3m��Qk���V4]�ꩪ��h�Z�� WR��rR�%�(�XL����Q)�d�8�da,�A�4-�� *%P| Cultural divide between the American North and South was never more striking than it was in the 1800s. History >> Civil War. The Causes of the Sierra Leone Civil War: Underlying Grievances and the Role of the Revolutionary United Front âThe root of the conflict is and remains diamonds, diamonds and diamonds.â (Ibrahim Kamara 2000) âTo the economist, this is war motivated by greed.For the young fighter, it is injustice.â (William Reno 2003, p.46) The Compromise of 1850 â 1. 5 0 obj The paper seeks to cast the Nigerian civil war of 1967 to 1970 within the mould of a revolution. The unit standard focuses on Alabamaâs role in the ivil War, including reasons for Alabamaâs secession from the Union. The US Civil War and Reconstruction Causes to the Civil War: 1. the slavery issue a. Discover: new vocabulary Explore: key word meanings Skill: language development. Causes of The English Civil War : key words. 3. <>/Pattern<>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 0 0 The Civil War erupted from a variety of long-standing tensions and disagreements about American life and politics. Explanations for the question have been offered, debated, and reinterpreted ever since the time of the war; indeed, even before 1860 some individuals were setting forth reasons why an âirrepressible conflictâ must come. To command all the men, the Union had 583 generals led by Lieutenant General U.S. Grant. endstream ���~|�Y�R��(s`�?��\��YN2U:r1,*�۠�#������a�B ��5� �+,g�Z���Y(�z��ŊI��CC���5�X�L�T����"��1�%����9\~h^~�u��A�S���5�=��&0�1Tb�l�@�E� �K�MU�b���d>���r�)����r��=��8n�. Antebellum Review: 1848-1860 What are the primary causes of the Civil War? endobj <> While there were many political and cultural differences between the North and the South that contributed to the American Civil War, the main cause of the war ⦠Please note: The audio information from the video is included in the text below. To understand the causes of the modern civil war in Syria, including the French rule and mandate, the war with Israel, the various sects and ethnic groups, the Baâath party, and the Assad Regime, one must first understand how they all came about. 4 0 obj In this very active research area economists and political scientists study the causes of war by examining individuals, groups and nation states. 2 0 obj This is called sectionalism. Yeats wrote his short p⦠%%EOF �T8E�� endobj %PDF-1.5 %���� Simi-larly, the key variables of levels of economic and social welfare, which are critical in much of the literature on civil war, are given much less attention by scholars who study interstate war. State re press ion was the seco nd ma jor ca use of the civil war. Although politicians had compromised on slavery during a. Harriet Beecher Stoweâs Uncle Tomâs Cabin (1851-2) b. George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South (1854) endobj Slavery was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. What could have been done during the Antebellum to stop the war? Causes of the Civil War 1820 - 1860 . The Indirect Causes of the American Civil War Before discussing the Civil War it is necessary to define this term. Causes of the Civil War . Uganda to Rwanda, Burundi, and Congo â now the scene of brutal civil 1 Introduction The Causes & Costs of War in Africa From Liberation Struggles to the âWar on Terrorâ PAUL TIYAMBE ZELEZA nhema&zeleza 00intro-pref 24/9/07 10:12 Page 1 1295 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[1288 37]/Length 64/Prev 1216811/Root 1289 0 R/Size 1325/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream h�b```f``�g`2R@(��MX ��s�d ������AH�I�I�qA�LC�M�o��Y�2�3F+�>Р}F�W�J�2G��I\=4b�3x�X��1�(�_0{��C��c=KiS���I��*���,�Lލ�:.�?P��ƹ���ɖQ�awC������)��L��� It stated: 1.) Table 8: Root Causes of the War. Any man who takes it upon himself to explain the causes of the Civil War deserves whatever grief comes his way, regardless of his good intentions. In this study, the surveyed adult Liberians identified greed and corruption most frequently as the causes of the conflict (63%). �. With that, let us start from the beginning. 3 0 obj <>>> The authors instead analyze the effect of institutions on civil war, controlling for income per capita. 1. that plunged the U.S. into a civil war from 1861 to 1865. population during the Civil War era Major Generals key Victories key Defeats Total number of Civil War casualties (injuries and losses of life) unIon ConFEDERACy 6 7. Overall Causes of the Civil War A. One way to understand the causes of the Civil War is to reduce them to very human dimensions and to ask: why do people fight? Hence, the title of this chapter and the headings for each selection from the writings of notable historians who have thought long and hard about the causes of the Civil War. American Civil War Causes of the Civil War. a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of the Civil War in American history. The causation of the American Civil War has been one of the largest issues in the historiography of this nation's past. endobj Economic Conflicts 1. 1 0 obj According to Singer 1982, Civil War is any armed conflict that involves military action and The Civil War is the defining event in American political development. <> This conflict would eventually reach a breaking point and culminate in the American Civil War (1861-1865). The cross-country studies on the causes of war constitute the largest part of the I decided to take that The Civil War was waged because 11 southern states seceded (broke away and started their own government) from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. an understanding of the causes of the Civil War. x���Ok�0���9:��鿠�P�-](���C��'-��n���_9�&�&�^��4�� ./���~�����į4!� "���$MX7i�t�U�wS�e?&�fӬW��(&�|�Y&=P/.��1Mp�P=2���hy���"M� 2) The invention of the _____ _____ made cotton the crop of choice. Some have argued that the civil war ⦠stream CA becomes a free state; 2. TASK: Most historians agree that the Civil War was caused by series of events and growing differences between the States. North (states above the 36'30°) a. primarily industrial b. unsuited in both weather and land quality to agriculture c. by 1860 the nine largest cities of the US were in the North d. interested in a strong central government i. make commerce smoother ii. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820) ⢠There was a great debate over where slavery would be allowed and where it would not. common in discussions of the causes of interstate war, particularly great power wars, is given relatively little emphasis in theories of civil war. The secession took place primarily because of a longstanding debate concerning states rights, and more specifically the issue of slavery. The majority of the North favored abolishing slavery, while the majority of the South disagreed. Most civil wars take place within relatively poorer societies. This volume of primary documents on the causes of the Civil War presents the history of the American political order during its most tumultuous and challenging time. 3) The North had an economy that relied on _____. 1288 0 obj <> endobj h�bbd```b``s �9 �q3�]f� ��铀���VL��3��L`��q����\}` �� The American Civil War started due to the secession of Southern states who then went on to form a new federal government, the Confederate States of America.American president Abraham Lincoln declared in his inaugural address that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property and the war began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. endobj Causes of the Civil War Questions Cause #1: Differences Between the North and the South 1) The Southâs economy relied on its _____. The Civil War, 1861-1865 the first years of the Republic, the ten year period between 1851 and 1861 witnessed the end of sectional settlement. The dominant hypothesis in the literature that studies conflict is that poverty is the main cause of civil wars. What were the key events during the Antebellum that fostered the coming of war? 1324 0 obj <>stream "The causes of the Civil War brings into sharp focus the major issues, real or imaginied, that divided northerners and southerners in a disastrous national crisis. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR 7 Section 2: Instruction This unit consists of five lessons that describe the causes and effects of the Civil War, as well as many important details about the War. 6 0 obj Mike Kubic is a former correspondent of Newsweek magazine. Thus, a conflict started within our nation that was called the Civil War (1861-1865). Stricter fugitive slave law b. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) â allowed the people in each new state to vote on whether or not they wanted slavery c. Others fought to preserve the Union. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861â1865 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861â1865 Civil War soldier Union Forces: estimated at 2,000,000 and made up of whites, African Americans and Native Americans. <> That is not to say the average Confederate soldier fought to preserve slavery or the average Union soldier went to war to end slavery. Word Definition Translate / Similar t t ce al s MP The building where MPâs met and still meet today Something that has been done for a long time in a place or country During the Civil War time period, people cared more about their state than their country. 1 Causes of the Civil War 1 I. stream The key cultural, economic, and political differences that existed were born out of slavery. Early contributions to the study of violence within societies tended to focus on economic deprivation and grievances as key motives. "The Civil War was an evitable step in the country's quest for economic as well as spiritual unit '' (Brinkely-183). <> Having acknowledged that, let me also say I have long believed there is no more concise or stirring accounting for the war than the sentiments propounded by Irish poet William Butler Yeats in The Second Coming, some lines of which are included in this essay. Every profound difference that developed between the North and South was rooted in the issue of slavery. Slave trade is banned in D.C.; 3. A debate occurred and finally a compromise was reached. Write an essay explaining three reasons the Southern states seceded (withdrew) from the Union which lead to the American Civil War. Another 40% mentioned identity and tribal divisions, while less than one in three adult Liberians mentioned poverty (30%), and inequalities (27%). The So ma li peop le ex perien ced 21 y ears of a re press ive milita r y st ate ( 1 969 â 1 9 91 ) . 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Be allowed and where it would not a deeper understanding of the _____ _____ made cotton the of. Tended to focus on economic deprivation and grievances as key motives born out of slavery largest in... ( 63 % ) analyze the effect of institutions on Civil War A.. Men, the surveyed adult Liberians identified greed and corruption most frequently as the causes and consequences of English. And more specifically the issue of slavery allowed and causes of the civil war pdf it would not causes the., controlling for income per capita causes to the study of violence within societies tended focus... War 1820 - 1860 and where it would not differences between the North and South was never more than... War from 1861 to 1865 American Civil War ⦠causes of the American Civil War: slavery! 'S quest for economic as well as spiritual unit `` ( Brinkely-183 ) within the of... That 1 causes of the conflict ( 63 % ) causes of the civil war pdf because they felt way... 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No one is safe in new season of Walking Dead
Nikki Waldmann
Mesa Legend
The Walking Dead has taken us viewers on some bumpy rides these past six seasons. Between fighting the Governor for the claim of the prison and loosing, finding out Terminus was not a safe place; that in-fact the people of Terminus were cannibals looking for their next tasty meal. But the members of Rick’s gang may have finally found their “safe haven” they can call their own, known as Alexandria, the safe zone. Alexandria took some time to find for Rick’s group who has been searching for a place to call home. Beginning of season 6 the crew was brought into Alexandria and were tested to see if the group belonged and they did. Turns out the people of Alexandria really needed the help of Rick Grimes and his group; they just didn’t know it yet. As the season progresses the place that Rick and the group have now called their new home gets invaded with walkers.
At the midseason 6 finally we were left to find the group stuck and trapped inside Alexandria with dozen of Walkers everywhere, viewers were left to think this new place would be destroyed. The season 6 midseason premiere was a fan favorite that left viewers wanting more like usual, with over 13.7 million viewers according to Entertainment weekly. The season 6 premiere started exactly where the group was left, in a zombie herd in the town of Alexandria. The show is now coming on its third episode of the midseason on Sunday Feb 28, and viewers are liking where the season is heading since now the show seems to finally be matching the famous graphic novel that started it all.
The show didn’t always follow the graphic novel word for word, but the writers of the show did change things such as switching character deaths and prolonging other character lives. But viewers were shocked by the episode “No Way Out,” where they found a lot of similarities to the comic such as the death of Ricks current love interest Jesse and her family. The biggest shock of the entire episode was Carl getting shot, many viewers were unsure that the show was going to go through with how the comic portrayed Carl getting shot but the show pulled through.. As for the episode “The Next World,” we were given a nice sigh of relief with a calmer episode rather than massive killings. Even on the show Talking Dead they explain the episode was a nice breather episode. With a few laughs as we the viewers gotten to meet Jesus and for a few of us who had a good cry to see Deanna as a walker.
For the upcoming episodes viewers wonder how much more will the show go word for word from the graphic novel. With Negan, a character who is soon to grace us with his presence, who is one the most notorious villains in the graphic novel viewers are scared for Rick’s group. For anyone who is a fan of the comics they all know that Glenn is killed by Negan, but fans are predicting that the show will change the killing over to another character: Daryl. There have been memes going around all over social media for years now since the show started saying “If Daryl dies we riot,” but the producers aren’t scared of the warnings. The Walking Dead show is almost now caught up to the comics and only time will tell if the zombie apocalypse will have a happy ending
Mesa Legend Staff
These are archived stories from Mesa Legend editions before Fall 2018. See article for corresponding author.
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Has Benoit Allaire Cracked The Rubics Cube Known As Ondrej Pavelec?
Ondrej Pavelec has had one roller coaster of a career. Drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers in the second round of the 2005 draft, Pavelec spent almost all of his career with the Thrashers/Jets franchise. He was a serviceable goalie throughout his career but was never a bonafide stud. During Pavelecs 10 year career, dating back to before this year, Ondrej has never won 30 games in a season but did come close in 2011-12 with 29. To put this in perspective, throughout the last 12 years Henrik Lundqvist has only had fewer than 30 wins once, back in 2012-13 when there was a lockout.
Ever since the Rangers have signed Pavelec, my buddy and co host Hal hasn’t let me forget about it. To make this short, Hal thinks Pav is a piece of shit goalie (like most) and thinks Benoit Allaire isn’t a magic man but instead a made up dream of Rangers fans who have been blessed with underrated back up goalies for the last however many years (Biron, Talbot, Rantaa). Actually, you can see him break down the signing here.
I know what your saying, blue shirts nations, who fucking cares Hal, he’s the fucking back up goalie. Well guess what Garden Faithful; you fucking know this guy stinks. I get it, Beniot Allaire is unreal and pisses excellence. Talbot and Raanta both stepped in and were able to turn their short stints as backups in New York into starting roles elsewhere. But Ondrej Pavelec, is not Talbot or Rantaa. Cam Talbot was an unknown when he got his chance as a 26 year old rookie, who was able to prove he was an NHL caliber netminder. Antti Raanta was a young finish tender that oozed talent when he posted a .936 save percentage before hitting NY. Pavelec is as bipolar between the pipes as a veteran goalie can get. Most recently posting a .888 save percentage in 8 NHL games this past season. An up and down head case who has never put it together, he does not appear to be a guy who can give Lundqvist 25 games of rest this upcoming season. But keep pretending your going to continue riding this backup goalie fairytale, rags fans, I congratulate you on signing a guy whose most newsworthy story of his career was a hit and run DUI. May his save percentage be higher than his breathalyzer scores!
And at the beginning of the season, I think he may have been right. Pav did NOT look good, to be honest it looked like he had absolutely no idea what he was doing. His angles were awful, he couldn’t handle the puck and the fact that the Rangers were absolute dogshit for the first 10+ games of the season didn’t help. But now, now he looks like a different beast.
Yeah check out those stats. In the last three games Pavelec has put on an absolute clinic. The big body goalie looks insanely athletic and his angles have been on point. Which leads me to this question: Has Benoit Allaire Cracked The Rubic’s Cube Known as Ondrej Pavelec? I’m going to go with yes.
Normally I would wait this out until I was 100% sure but Benoit Allaire has done this year in and year out so why am I even surprised? At the beginning of the year Allaire said he was excited to work with such a large goaltender with tremendous athletic ability. I know the sample size is small but as of right now Pavelec is playing the best he’s ever had and this year has been his year.
So Benny the magic man, thank you for all that you do. And Pav, keep kicking. Do your thing buds. OH! And Hal, suck it pal.
Posted in Home, New York Rangers, Uncategorized
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Next Question of The Day: Is The Hockey Kid Almost Getting Drilled by Three Pucks in Warmups Funny?
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Sulaiman Daud
Both Republicans & Democrats vote to impeach Trump again, first US president to be impeached twice
Trump has one week left in office.
Sulaiman Daud | January 14, 2021, 05:39 AM
SIM Professional Development and Enterprise Learning
Online (Click on image)
A majority of the U.S. House of Representatives has voted to impeach President Donald Trump on one charge of inciting an insurrection, involving an attack on the U.S. Capitol by a group of his supporters.
This makes Trump the only president in history to have been impeached twice.
The bipartisan vote
The day before, despite a successful vote in the House calling on him to do so, Vice President Mike Pence refused to invoke the 25th Amendment to remove Trump from office.
This paved the way for the impeachment vote in the House.
On Jan. 14 (Singapore time), 222 Democrats, all the members of the party, voted in favour of impeachment.
But ten Republicans voted alongside their Democratic colleagues to impeach their own party's president, including:
Liz Cheney, Wyoming.
Adam Kinzinger, Illinois.
Fred Upton, Michigan.
Dan Newhouse, Washington.
John Katko, New York.
Jamie Herrera Beutler, Washington.
Peter Meijer, Michigan.
David Valadao, California.
Anthony Gonzalez, Ohio.
Tom Rice, South Carolina.
197 representatives voted against impeachment.
Back in 2019, not a single Republican in the House voted for impeachment.
During the three-hour-long impeachment debate, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi of California said the attackers were "sent by the president" with a cry to "fight like hell".
She asked Democrats and Republicans to "search their souls" and ask themselves if they had a duty to take action against a president she described as a "threat".
"We here in this House have a sacred obligation to stand for truth. To stand up for the Constitution, to stand as guardians of the Republic," she said.
Arguments made by Democrats and Republicans during the debate
Democrat Cedric Richmond of Louisiana mentioned Trump's history of inciting violence, including asking the extremist Proud Boys group to "stand back and stand by" during an election debate with Joe Biden.
Democrat Jamie Raskin of Maryland reminded the House that the Trump supporters were "hunting" for Pelosi and Vice President Mike Pence, but any member in Congress could have died.
Democrat Jim Clyburn of South Carolina, the House Majority Whip, said that the House must hold Trump's actions accountable, and pointed out that Joe Biden and Al Gore had previously certified election results of the Republicans they opposed, and democracy relies on the defeated party accepting the result of an election.
Republican Jim Jordan of Ohio railed against what he saw as a political move, and said that the impeachment effort was an example of "cancel culture".
Republican Tom McClintock of California said that Trump had asked his supporters to "peacefully and patriotically" make their voices heard, and said that Trump could not be held responsible for the violent actions of the "lunatic fringe".
Republican House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy of California condemned the violent acts, and added that Trump bears responsibility for not immediately "denouncing the mob" when he saw what was happening, but said a vote to impeach would worsen divisions in the country.
The next step would be for the U.S. Senate to hold a trial, although Republican Senator Mitch McConnell has indicated he would not bring the Senate back into session until Jan. 19.
Only two other presidents in history have been impeached by the House, in addition to Trump in 2019:
Bill Clinton in 1998 for perjury and obstruction of justice.
Andrew Johnson in 1868, for violating the Tenure of Office Act, among other charges.
Both were not removed from office by the Senate.
Impeachment proceedings were brought against Richard Nixon in 1974 in connection to the Watergate Scandal, but he resigned from office before the House could take a vote.
Top image from Getty Images.
Eng’s Heritage at Northpoint City suspended after 26 people suffer food poisoning, 5 hospitalised
No good.
NEA analysing Sentosa Cove pinkish waters, no traces of industrial pollution found
Could be due to algae.
Surfing enthusiasts catch rare waves at Changi during monsoon surge
Construction sector worker from Tuas dorm tests positive for Covid-19, currently unlinked
Evening update.
S'porean man, 38, given warning for criminal trespass into a church & defacing religious statue
The man claimed he wanted to beautify the statue.
Bishan resident puts up notice requesting owner of 'small, short & sad' used condom to bring it home
Divorced couple in S’pore ask judge in court to decide who gets to eat reunion dinner with son
Family feud.
Jamie Chua makes videos of her crazy rich lifestyle because that's what the viewers want
A whole different level of influencer.
Trump told Pence he would be remembered as a 'pussy' if he affirmed Biden's victory: NYT
Trump was led to believe that Pence could overturn the results of the U.S. 2020 election.
S'pore will review China's Sinovac Covid-19 vaccine after 50.4% efficacy reported in Brazil trials
No go in Singapore at this rate.
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Home » TV » 'The Sopranos': Michael Imperioli Perfectly Explained James Gandolfini To Joe Rogan
The late James Gandolfini resonated with people worldwide thanks to his portrayal of mafioso Tony Soprano on the hit HBO series The Sopranos. This impact didn’t stay in the fan realm, however. Since he died in 2013, Gandolfini’s Sopranos co-stars have gleefully spoken about his effect on people’s lives.
Michael Imperioli, who played Soprano’s nephew Christopher, and Steve Schirripa, who played Bobby Baccalieri, recently opened up to Joe Rogan on what Gandolfini was like on set.
Tony Soprano was a different type of mafioso
The Sopranos helped bring the game-changing mafia drama to television in ways that it never had before. Deadline points out how the show took advantage of HBO’s penchant for prestige television, the series was a television show that felt more like a movie thanks to its high budgets, great crew, and a professional cast of well-known actors and soon-to-be-famous actors.
Gandolfini’s Tony Soprano was, in many ways, an archetypal mafioso at face value. He was more likely to solve a disagreement with a gun than he was to settle it with words. Furthermore, while he loved his family and would literally kill for their honor, his selfish streak often made him hard to live with for the rest of the Soprano kin.
Deep down, however, Tony Soprano had a depth of character that went beyond his tough-guy aesthetic. Inside, Tony was a man who played a stone-cold killer on the streets, but deep down inside, he was a sensitive soul who just wanted to do better for both himself and his loved ones. While The Sopranos was a show about the mafia, it was a character study about the men who find themselves in that life.
To grapple with such a complicated role, Gandolfini had to drench himself in the character’s nuances to ensure that both the tough guy exterior and the soft teddy bear inside were always on-screen. Imperioli and Schirripa recently talked about Gandolfini’s commitment to the role on The Joe Rogan Experience.
James Gandolfini gets in character
Schirripa reflected on Gandolfini’s ability to take the complex role and make it digestible to a diverse fan base. Schirripa acknowledged that he took his late friend’s talent for granted, noting how Gandolfini could convey these complex emotions to the camera.
“Now, you’re watching it, and in one scene… he’s happy, mad, furious, in one three-minute scene he goes through four different emotions,” Schirripa told Rogan.
Imperioli might have spent more time on-screen than anyone outside of the Soprano family, and he’s still taken back by everything that Gandolfini put into the role. He spoke about Gandolfini’s way to not only convey the script on the screen but add his flavor when he felt the script wasn’t doing enough.
“There’s that one scene in the pilot where my character tells Tony Soprano, ‘Oh, I could go to Hollywood and sell my story, or something,’ ” Imperioli told Rogan.
“In the script, he was kind of fatherly… and instead Jim just grabs me by the throat or something like that, and it became very menacing and very intimidating. And, you know, David saw that and said, ‘Wow, that’s the guy!’”
It worked out for every party.
The everlasting legacy of James Gandolfini
Nothing about Tony Soprano was your typical leading man. He was an overweight, bald Mafioso who suffered through anxiety and secretly had a heart of gold underneath his killer exterior.
Few actors could have pulled off the role the way that Gandolfini did. Gandolfini might have tragically passed away years ago, but Tony Soprano keeps finding new audiences to speak to.
This is a testament to the script and production but had any other actor taken on the iconic role, perhaps the show would not have held the space it does over 20 years after its premier. That one choice might have changed television forever.
James Gandolfinijoe rogantv
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RDOF Auction Ends but Confusion and Corruption May Just Be Beginning
Wed, December 9, 2020 | Posted by Christopher Mitchell
The FCC's Rural Digital Opportunity Fund results are a puzzle. RDOF was the recent auction for large swaths of rural areas of the U.S. that have no broadband access, in large part because they were the territories of big companies like AT&T, CenturyLink (now rebranding as Lumen in hopes of improving its dismal image among its subscribers), Frontier, Windstream, and others. Up to $16 billion was at stake though the auction will actually disperse some $9+ billion dollars because many areas were bid well below what was expected.
Please understand that this post is the best I can do right now - this is confusing and we are sorting our way through it. Please let me know if you can help us understand it. See our past coverage for more information.
The auction resulted in far more gigabit - 85% of locations I believe - than anyone expected, at far lower subsidy than expected. However, there is a lot of frustration and confusion because it is not clear that some of the top bidders can deliver. NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association - shared my original enthusiasm for RDOF and our concerns - best articulated over the years by Jon Chambers from Conexon - that the FCC was going to blow this auction by not ensuring those who bid had the capacity to deliver on the promised level of service. Shirley Bloomfield, CEO of NTCA, wrote this and recently tweeted on this:
Not feeling quite as bullish about this final outcome for RDOF #1 and worry that it will take years to show that rural America is still waiting for #broadband and resources needed will be gone. Hoping @FCC has a robust back-end review so the process won’t fail Americans again.
— Shirley Bloomfield (@sbloomfield15) December 8, 2020
Doug Dawson, President of CCG Consulting, has addressed this in the greatest detail so far, arguing that this “means the FCC believes that fixed wireless technology is the functional equivalent of fiber” even though the underlying point-to-multipoint architecture “can’t be used to deliver giant bandwidth to more than a few customers – and it’s not really designed to deliver gigabit download, and certainly not a symmetrical gigabit.” The result? “By allowing WISPS to claim gigabit capabilities, the FCC cheated huge numbers of people out of getting fiber.”
Here is how the auction worked: ISPs could qualify to bid at four different levels of service for groups of households, from “Minimum” (25/3 Mbps) all the way to “Gigabit” (1Gbps/500 Mbps). But an ISP can't just bid for the gigabit level - they had to demonstrate to the FCC that they had the capacity to deliver services. If the FCC accepted an ISP’s claims regarding technology for a given tier, the ISP could bid at that level. But if the FCC allowed you to bid only with FTTH, you are not able - per the rules - to later decide to do fixed wireless. They had weights to compare whether it was a better deal for a subsidy of $100 to deliver gigabit or $43 to deliver 100 Mbps, for instance. In the end, lowest effective subsidy wins - the entity willing to offer the best service at the lowest subsidy would get it.
ISPs qualify for each level for each state. This is what it looks like when the FCC allows an ISP to bid at the gigabit level with wireless, as Nextlink, Resound Networks, and Starry were:
(Search here yourself.)
Row 4 shows that AMG - Nextlink - has FCC permission to bid for areas to deliver a gigabit with wireless. How? No one I have talked to really knows and many doubt the full population in many areas could get this service using current technology affordably.
But the real puzzle is LTD Broadband, the WISP that took away the biggest awards. They are slated to get $1.3 billion over the next 10 years to build gigabit to more than 500,000 locations - often islands in the middle of non-subsidized areas.
Notice that LTD only qualified to bid to build fiber at the gigabit tier. They do not have permission to substitute wireless, from what I (and everyone else I have talked to) understand.
OK, so what? Assume that LTD will just build fiber. Cooperative Network Solutions has published a map of the winners. These are high cost areas that were bid so long ago that successful fiber network operators in the adjacent areas decided the subsidies were too low for them. Somehow LTD is going to get financing and the expertise to build these areas all out with lower subsidies than what local folks could do? Seems improbable.
Mike Dano at Light Reading says this of LTD: “The company said it plans to do so with a mixture of fiber and fixed wireless services.” That mix had better be something like 99.9% fiber and .01% wireless from what we are seeing in the PRS database.
Here is what to watch out for - will the FCC change the rules here retroactively to accommodate auction winners that cannot do what they promised? It has a history of doing that - they changed rules in CAF II to help Viasat after it won areas despite being unable to meet the rules as specified regarding quality of phone calls. Few noticed and fewer cared despite it harming hundreds of thousands of Americans. (The Oregon Congressional delegation has tried at least a little to act on this, to their credit.)
So while some are talking about how fixed wireless did really good in the auction, the question is more whether the FCC has seriously screwed up or whether top bidders shrewdly assumed they could later convince the FCC to move the goal posts to accommodate them. Don’t think it is possible? Do you think the FCC wants to admit it screwed up distributing billions of dollars? Better to quietly change the rules.
In scanning the winning bids, this is what we see regarding the technologies that winning bidders can deploy per the rules as written.
CenturyLink, Frontier, and Windstream have already raked in billions for these properties from the Connect America Fund. Now the FCC is paying them again to do the job it hasn’t already done. We should not be surprised if the FCC ultimately allows them to offer well less than a gigabit and later qualify for still more subsidies.
Once again, as we did after the CAF II auction, we have heard from some WISPs that they bid on realistic services - often 100 Mbps - only to be outbid by other WISPs that are claiming to offer speeds that the first WISPs think all but infeasible with existing technology. This is not a matter of some people being anti-wireless. It is a question of whether the FCC has any credibility when it makes rules.
RDOF is an embarrassment. It is hard to believe that this FCC is the same one that executed the CAF II auction fairly well, all things considered. But perhaps that auction was the aberration, not this one.
rural digital opportunity fund
Kansas Announces New Ten-Year, $85-million Broadband Grant Program
Big Bucks for Broadband in the Balance: Explaining the Affordable, Accessible Internet for All Act - Part 4
West of Lake Placid, Tupper Lake is Tackling Monstrously Bad Service by Building Its Own Network
Henry County, Tennessee Commits to Universal Broadband Access
Sacred Wind Goes Technology Agnostic To Serve the Navajo Nation — Episode 435 of the Community Broadband Bits Podcast
The successful history of rural electrification, as one example, is due in no small part to municipal electric cooperatives that lit up corners of this country where investor-owned utilities had little incentive to go. Those coops turned on the lights for a lot of people! You know, our country would be a lot better off if we would learn from our past rather than try to defy or deny it.
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Incoming Student Placement Exams
For All Incoming BFA and MFA Students
All entering BFA and MFA students are required to take the Music Theory and Musicianship Skills Placement Examinations during Orientation Week. Advance preparation is strongly encouraged!
If you need accommodations for placement testing, please register in advanced with the Disability Services Office.
**There will be no make-up exam times.**
Placement Examination Times
Mandatory Keyboard Skills Assessment (for BFAs only)
Time & Date: independently completed
students must be submit a video mini-audition between August 20 and September 4 via learn.calarts.edu
Mandatory Music Theory Placement Exam (for all BFAs and MFAs)
Time & Date: Tuesday, September 8, 2020, 10:00am–Noon
Placement exams will be administered online using Zoom conferencing software
Required for ALL incoming undergraduate and graduate students
Mandatory Musicianship Skills Placement Exam (for all BFAs and MFAs)
Time & Date: Tuesday, September 8, 2020, 2:00pm–4:00pm
Required for ALL incoming BFA and MFA students who did NOT place into MTHY-001 (Fundamental Musicianship) on the Theory Placement Exam.
What You Will Need at the Examinations
A computer running Zoom with headphones or computer speakers.
A phone or other device with which you can take photographs of your completed exam responses and upload them to a website.
A pencil and eraser.
A computer printer to print the exam paper. If you don't have access to a printer, please draw your own staff paper beforehand in ink using a straight edge (you should prepare at least 18 staves).
Undergraduate Students: CalArts does not accept transfer credit towards its Core Music Theory or Musicianship Skills requirements. Based on the placement examination results, each undergraduate student will be placed at an appropriate level in the Core Curriculum. If an undergraduate student lacks sufficient background to begin the Core Curriculum sequence, s/he may be required to take the MTHY-001 Fundamental Musicianship course as a prerequisite. Incoming first-year BFA students are advised to prepare adequately for the MTHY-001 section of the exam in order to pass it and thus avoid having to take the MTHY-001 Fundamental Musicianship course.
Graduate Students: For graduate students, exam results may indicate either that a student’s prior training and current skill levels are already appropriate for graduate study or that certain theory and/or skills review classes will be required in addition to the normal graduate curriculum. The requirements for total exemption from theory/skills review are the same for graduates and undergraduates. The eligibility of graduate students for Graduate Assistantships in the Core Curriculum is determined primarily on the basis of their performance on these placement examinations.
Keyboard Skills Assessment (BFA students only)
Students must record and submit online a brief video of themselves playing stipulated scales (2 octaves ascending and descending, major and minor, hands separately), triads in inversions, I-IV-V-I progressions (major or minor) with 3 notes in the right hand and the root alone in the left hand, and reading one or two passages of provided music. If the student knows a piece from memory, they are invited to play it, but this is not required.
The video must comprise a single unedited take. It must first show the student's face, and then clearly show both of the student's hands at the keyboard while they play. An assistant or phone tripod may be useful.
The specific tasks to be demonstrated on this video keyboard assessment will be announced later in August.
The only students exempt from undertaking this keyboard assessment are piano majors and transfer students with college transfer credit for a keyboard class. All other incoming BFA students must undertake this keyboard assessment.
Music Theory Placement Exam
The Music Theory Placement Examination is two hours in duration and comprises four sections corresponding to four successive courses within CalArts’ undergraduate Core Theory Curriculum: MTHY-001, MTHY-111, MTHY-112 & MTHY-210. To exempt from a given course, your score on the corresponding exam section must be near-perfect.
A single textbook suitable for use in preparing for all four sections of this examination is Stefan Kostka & Dorothy Payne, Tonal Harmony with an Introduction to Twentieth-Century Music, 6th Ed. (or later), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2008. For the timed portions of the exam's MTHY-001 (Fundamental Musicianship) section, some students may benefit from preparation using the interactive online drills at teoría.com.
A PRACTICE version of the Music Theory Placement Examination is available for download here.
Although its specific content is different, this practice examination is intended to roughly indicate the level of difficulty of the various sections of the official placement examination administered during CalArts' Orientation Week. It does not, however, exhaustively represent every topic that may appear on that official exam. For a complete listing of such topics, and for a description of the separate Musicianship Skills Placement Exam, see below.
Exam Content: MTHY-001 Section (Fundamental Musicianship)
Writing Key Signatures (timed): The instructor names keys whose key signatures are to be written down by the examinee. Major and minor keys with up to seven sharps or flats are included. This task is timed (8 seconds are allowed per key signature).
Writing Intervals (timed): The instructor names an interval to be written above or below a given note using the correct enharmonic spelling. Intervals (perfect, major, minor, augmented and diminished) both ascending and descending between a Perfect Unison and a Perfect Fifteenth are included. This task is timed (8 seconds are allowed per interval). Understanding of interval inversion is also tested.
Writing Scales: This task involves the writing of major, melodic minor and harmonic minor scales with up to seven sharps or flats. The use either of appropriate key signatures or of accidentals without key signatures may be required.
Chord Identification and Construction: Examinees must be able to identify and construct any diatonic triad or seventh chord in any inversion with any given root or bass note.
Transposition of Diatonic Melodies: Examinees must transpose a given major or minor melody by a specified interval using appropriate key signatures and accidentals.
Meter: The examinee’s understanding is tested regarding note and rest values, dots, ties, measures, duple and triple meters, simple and compound meters, time signatures, triplets, duplets, and syncopation.
Musical Terms and Signs: Common terms and signs found in printed music must be written and/or explained.
Fluency with the following fundamental concepts and skills will also be tested: notation in bass and treble clefs, the circle of fifths, relative and parallel major/minor keys, and enharmonic equivalence.
Exam Content: MTHY-111 Section (Tonal Theory A)
European common-practice conventions of chord construction and voice leading
phrase groups
four-part harmonization starting from a bass or melody with or without specified harmonies (i.e., Roman numerals) and using all diatonic triads and seventh chords in all inversions
diatonic pivot-chord modulations
harmonic analysis using Roman numerals including modulation to closely related keys
non-chord tones
diatonic sequences
Exam Content: MTHY-112 Section (Tonal Theory B)
This section of the exam is not required for MTIID students, who should skip forward to the next section ('Non-Tonal Theories').
analysis of chromatic harmony through the late 19th century
4-part chromatic voice-leading and harmonization
secondary functions and tonicization
extended and altered tertian chords
augmented sixth and Neapolitan chords
mode mixture
embellishing chords
chromatic or enharmonic modulations to distantly related keys
chromaticized sequences
chromatic mediants (third relations)
simple binary, ternary and sonata forms
Exam Content: MTHY-210 Section (Non-Tonal Theories)
early modernist idioms (e.g., Debussy, Bartok, Stravinsky) and associated techniques (planing, diatonic modes, pentatonic/whole-tone/octatonic/hexatonic scales, polyharmony, quartal and secundal harmony)
free atonality
pitch-class set theory (pc numbers, interval class, interval-class vectors, normal form, pcset transposition and inversion, set class, prime form)
twelve-tone techniques (matrix construction, doing a “twelve-count”)
integral serialism
basic terms and concepts relevant to electronic and experimental music
Practical Musicianship Skills Placement Exams (ear-training)
The Practical Musicianship Skills Placement Exam will determine placement into Practical Musicianship A, B, C, or D. The course content of Practical Musicianship A, B, C are tonal where D is largely atonal. This exam will include only tonal melodies and chords. It will not include atonal melodies or chords. The exam will be in 2 parts. The first part will be a written dictation exam and the second part will be a 1-on-1 singing exam.
Exam Content: Part 1 - Written dictation portion
- Identify and notate intervals: Intervals up to a major 9th will be played 3 times with a given bass note.
- Identify and notate chords: Triads and seventh chords will be played 3 times with a given bass note. Triads will include major, minor, diminished, and augmented and will be in root position, 1st, or 2nd inversion. Seventh chords will include dominant, major, minor, diminished, and half-diminished, and will only be in root position.
- Transcribe a tonal melody: The melody will be tonal in either major or minor including note values as short as eighth notes and dotted rhythms. Starting note and time signature will be given. Key signature will not be given. You can pause and repeat the track as you like within a given time limit.
- Transcribe a 4-part excerpt complete with Roman numeral analysis and lead-sheet symbols. The starting note will be given. Time signature and key signature will not be given.
Exam Content: Part 2 - Oral singing portion
(If possible, tell the examiner what your range is. Otherwise the examiner will determine it for you.)
- Sing a scale, ascending and descending. (Major, harmonic/natural minor, all other modes except Locrian)
- Sing intervals, ascending and descending. (All intervals up to a major 9th)
- Sing root position triads, ascending. (major, minor, diminished, augmented)
- Sing root position seventh chords, ascending. (dominant, major, minor, diminished, half-diminished)
- Sing the chord tones of a chord with a particular function. Ex: "If this is the I chord (triad will be played), sing a IV chord."
- Sight-read a rhythm. A rhythm will be shown on your screen. with a given pulse of about 60 quarter notes per minute. You will be asked to either clap through it or say a syllable like "tah". You will be given a few seconds to look over it. Once you start, stopping or pausing will result in a lower score.
- Sing a melody. A notated tonal melody with some chromaticism will be shown on your screen. The melody may contain dotted rhythms and note values as short as 16ths. The examiner can provide one note of your choosing only once. You can sing it using a different tonic than written to suit your range. You will be given 1 minute to work through it aloud, pausing, repeating as you like. You will then be asked to sing through it without stopping.
Home • Incoming Student Placement Exams
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Tag: Kelvin Herrera
The Kansas City Royals and American Pharoah Saved 2015
Dearies, have not written about American Pharoah capturing the almost unattainable Triple Crown and The Kansas City Royals coming back from the abyss to win the World Series, for fear that I would wake up and discover that it had all been a dream. A glorious dream, but none the less the gossamer wings of a dream…
As we enter 2016, am finding it difficult to express my sorrow over the horrific global events of 2015. The Paris, San Bernardino and Charleston Church terrorist attacks have turned the World on its head. We have been shaken to our core.
The continuing genocide in Syria with the relentless bombings of Syrian citizens by Vladimir Putin and Bashar Al-Assad, created a humanitarian crisis the likes of which the World has not seen since World War 2. The deliberate starvation of of Madaya and Zabadani, the flight of Syrian Refugees and our failure to act, have almost paralyzed us.
The year started with the horrific massacre of French political cartoonists at Charlie Hebdo, the satirical magazine, by Al Quaeda. Al Shabaab, an Al Queda branch, murders 148 at Garissa University College in Kenya. ISIS – the radical Sunni brand, expands its House of War – exploiting the chaos of the Middle East, to Europe and beyond. Disenfranchised youth from around the World are answering their siren call. ISIS continued its public beheadings, the murder and sexual enslavement of tens of thousands of citizens trapped in their grasp and the destruction of historic landmarks,.
No one in their right mind could have predicted the rise of bombastic, bloviating buffoon Donald Trump. His high-jacking of the Republican Party and polarizing of The Angry American Right Wing is breathtaking to contemplate. The GOP Clown Car is full: Space-cadet Ben Carson proves that going off of your psych meds can be a very dangerous thing, and Carly Fiorina demonstrates that grinding Hewlett Packard into the dust was just a warm-up for a Presidential run. Jeb Bush underscores the fact that Dubya was indeed a doofus. Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio are embarrassments to their Hispanic roots: Mike Huckabee and rest of this motley crew prove that GOP Jesus is a vengeful, hateful, hypocrite. NEVER in its history has the GOP sunk this low. Teddy Roosevelt is turning over in his grave!
Canada’s very own fascists, The Alliance Party-In-Conservative-Clothing, were vanquished by an angry Canadian electorate. Stephen Harper was relegated to the dustbin of History. The Liberal Party and Justin Trudeau – son of late Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau were elected by acclamation. Mine was not one of his votes, but I do wish he and his Cabinet well. They have the Herculean task of undoing nearly 10 years of Harper damage. Especially wish my friend Harjit Sajjan well, as new Defense Minister. Australia’s ruling Liberal Party dumped their despotic leader, Prime Minister Tony Abbott.
Watching American Pharoah and jockey Victor Espinoza romp home in the Kentucky Derby, for trainer Bob Baffert and Owner Ahmed Zayat, had my heart pounding. His victory in the Preakness Stakes left me breathless and fearfully hopeful. But his victory in the Belmont Stakes in early June, accomplished what no other horse has since Affirmed and jockey Steve Cauthen in 1978…They won the Triple Crown. It was the same feeling of elation I had, being at Belmont to see Affirmed win. The Heart of a Champions is biggest of all…
And then, that Cinderella of baseball teams, the Kansas City Royals – who knew only too well that defeat can be snatched from the jaws of victory, made it into the World Series again, looking to end a 30-year drought. What General Manager Dayton Moore and Manager Ned Yost did for team owner David D. Glass was magical. Salvador Perez, Drew Butera, Lorenzo Cain, Christian Colon, Johnny Cueto, Wade Davis, Danny Duffy, Jarrod Dyson, Alcides Escobar, Alex Gordon, Kelvin Herrera, Luke Hochevar, Eric Hosmer, Ryan Madson, Kris Medlen, Raul Mondesi, Franklin Morales, Kendrys Morales, Mike Mousakis, Paulo Orlando, Alex Rios, Yordano Ventura, Edinson Volquez, Ben Zobrist all played with The Heart of Champions.
So it comes down to this – Did Kansas City winning the World Series or American Pharoah winning the Triple Crown, stop the bombing in Syria, the carnage in Paris or the chaos in the Middle East? No, they did not. But sport is also a metaphor for Life.
As that great wit and raconteur, the late and much-missed Yogi Berra said, it ain’t over til it’s over. Terrorism, genocide, refugee crisis’ – man’s inhumanity to man, will always be with us. Thankfully, the Kansas City Royals and American Pharoah continue to write their stories. There will always be another pennant to chase, a baby champion to create and an impossible race or game to win.
And there will always be a reason for Hope in The Better Angels of Our Nature.
Posted on January 12, 2016 January 12, 2016 Categories UncategorizedTags 2016 US Election, Affirmed, Ahmed Zayat, Al Qaeda, Al Queda, Al Shabaab, Alan Kurdi, Alcides Escobar, Alex Gordon, Alex Rios, Alliance Party, American Pharoah, Angela Merkel, Australia, Bashar Al-Assad, Belmont Stakes, Ben Carson, Ben Zobrist, Bob Baffert, Carly Fiorina, Charleston, Charlie Hebdo, Christian Colon, Conservatives, Danny Duffy, David D. Glass, Dayton Moore, Defense Minister, Donald Trump, Drew Butera, Dubya, Edinson Volquez, Eric Hosmer, Franklin Morales, Garissa University College, Genocide, GOP, GOP Clown Car, GOP Jesus, Harjit Sajjan, Hope, Jarrod Tyson, Jeb Bush, jockey, Johnny Cueto, Justin Trudueau, Kansas City Royals, Kelvin Herrera, Kendrys Morales, Kentucky Derby, Kenya, Kris Medlen, LiberalParty of Canada, Lorenzo Cain, Luke Hochevar, Madaya, Marco Rubio, Middle East, Mike Huckabee, Mike Mousakis, Ned Yost, Paris Terrorist Attacks, Paulo Orlando, Pierre Trudeau, Preakness Stakes, Raul Mondesi, Refugees, Republican Party, Ryan Madson, Salvador Perez, San Bernardino, Stephen Harper, Steve Cauthen, Syria, Syrian Refugees, Ted Cruz, Teddy Roosevelt, Terrorism, Tony Abbott, Triple Crown, US Election, Victor Espinoza, Vladimir Putin, Wade Davis, World Series, Yogi Berra, Yordano Ventura, ZabadaniLeave a comment on The Kansas City Royals and American Pharoah Saved 2015
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skeletonema costatum genome
Thus, in spite of their limitations, microalgal bioassays in batch cultures can provide useful and comparable information about the toxicity of substances and effluents. Masing-masing bagian dari protoplasma tersebut membentuk epitheca dan hypotheca baru. The number of algaecidal bacteria was estimated in the order of 105 to 106 per g (wet weight of seaweed). In the case of metals, for instance, adsorption to the cellular surface seems to be a very quick process (Garnham et al., 1992) and real metal concentration in culture media can dramatically decrease in a few hours or even minutes. The valve face diameter for the genus is 2–38 μm. (Barbosa et al., 2005), Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Skeletonema costatum (Brown et al., 1998, 1999). By the gene set enrichment analysis, the expression was elevated under the red tide conditions (Fig. Vb is also known as the species that does not cause harmful algal bloom, so that this species is useful not only for the outgroup of evolutionary studies but also for screening genes responsible for harmful algal bloom. BMC Genomics. 2000;97(9):4627–31. Microalgae reduce (lipid) oxidation in living cells using two strategies: antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant molecules. Harmful algal blooms also have adverse effects, such as the suffocation of fish, due to the lowering of the oxygen concentration in the surrounding marine environment or due to the toxins produced by diatoms. Similarly, the strain was incubated under the same conditions with the experiment-1 at 28 °C for 4 days and put the culture in the dark for 3 days (experiment 2–2). The source of NH4 may be externally supplied or internally as a product of NO3 reduction or photorespiration. Springer Nature. Here we sequenced the genome of Skeletonema costatum, which is the dominant diatom in Japan causing a harmful algal bloom, and also performed RNA-sequencing analysis for conditions where harmful algal blooms often occur.As results, we found that both evolutionary genomic and comparative transcriptomic studies revealed genes for oxidative stress response and response to … Bacteria can influence the growth and decline of blooms (Doucette, 1995; Doucette et al., 1999). Marinobacter sp. Glob Biogeochem Cycles. Bioinformatics. Preliminary considerations of the types of phytoplankton characterizing the various subdivisions of the sea (Fig. (duckweed) is also used. As the name suggests, K. algicida has been shown to be capable of lysing and kill ing various algae, a process regulated … 2008;24(24):2818–24. 17.4) of physiological response may have a molecular basis. However, in coastal upwelling areas, since phytoplankton communities are dominated by the eukaryotic diatoms, sequences are required for genes for N assimilation by this eukaryotic group, and these are limited at the present time (see below and Armbrust et al., 2004). Poulsen and Kroger (2005) also showed that NaR expression was inducible in transgenic Cylindrotheca fusiformis when cells were given NO3. The culture was incubated for 120hr, althoughnonitrite could bedetected in the medium after 62 hr. Two different isoforms of eukaryotic algal GS proteins have been described based upon their size: GS II that is found in eukaryotes (Chen and Silflow, 1996 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Pesole et al., 1991) and GS III which has been identified in diatoms and some other eukaryotes (Robertson and Alberte, 1996; Robertson and Tartar, 2006; Robertson et al., 1999; 2001), although it was first described in bacteria (as described in Kumada et al., 1993). In Korea, the distribution and lethality of algaecidal bacteria against Cochlodinium polykrikoides were studied in a local bay. For experimental sediment toxicity assays (Chapter 10), Corophium volutator was used in 35.1% of the studies, followed by Chironomus sp. Genome size estimation by k-mer analysis and the common eukaryotic genes conservation rate. Ribeiro FJ, Przybylski D, Yin S, et al. Skeletonema marinoi. The proportion of conserved genes between Sc and Tp that are closest to Sc were about 65.4%, which were a total of Sc-Tp shared genes (4375-STPV, 3301-STP, 634-STV, and 2352-ST) divided by the total number of Sc genes (11,557 + 4741). There is an estimate for global net primary production (NPP) of 104.9 petagrams of carbon per year, of which 46% is oceanic and 54% is terrestrial [11].
Real Utopias Project, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Iaas Paas Saas, Chicken Shepherds Pie With Stuffing, Purple Loosestrife Adaptations, Pencil Cartoon Images Black And White, Baby Turtle Coloring Pages, Cute Cat Coloring Page, Openstack Architecture Best Practices, Pink Lady Plant, Purple Cydectin For Goats, Clipart Drawing Pictures,
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Kim Kardashian Details How She Cared For Kanye West During His Battle With Rona
“Kanye had it way at the beginning, when nobody really knew what was going on.”
Bernard Beanz Smalls
Source: Pierre Suu / Getty
Kim Kardashian West is a real one. The bootleg presidential candidate’s shared details about Yeezy’s battle with COVID-19 and how she helped him.
During his ridiculous Forbes interview, West claimed that he caught the ‘rona, but at the time, most people just chalked it up to him speaking nonsense. Well, it would appear that Yeezy was indeed sick with the highly contagious virus, his wife, Kim Kardashian West, revealed.
In an interview with GRAZIA, Kardashian detailed how she took care of her husband while he was battling the coronavirus. No one had any clue what the virus was at that particular moment.
“It was so scary and unknown.”
Kardashian West detailed how she cared for her husband while he was bed-bound while also having to watch the couple’s four children North, 7, Saint, 4, Chicago, 2, and Psalm, 1.
“I had to go and change his sheets and help him get out of bed when he wasn’t feeling good. It was a challenge because it was so unknown. Changing his sheets with gloves and a face shield was really a scary time.”
In his interview with Forbes, West detailed that while he was sick with the coronavirus, he experienced “chill, shaking in the bed, taking hot showers” he added that he also resorted to “looking at videos telling me what I’m supposed to do to get over it.”
Strangely he turned catching COVID-19 into some sort of competition with his “nemesis” Drake adding:
“I remember someone had told me Drake had the coronavirus, and my response was Drake can’t be sicker than me!”
Yeezy might be one of the most annoying people on the planet right now, but we are glad to hear he recovered. Shoutout to Kim Kardashian West for holding it down and nursing him back to health, now if only she could get him to take his meds and drop out of the presidential race.
Photo: Pierre Suu / Getty
Kim Kardashian Details How She Cared For Kanye West During His Battle With Rona was originally published on hiphopwired.com
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Nantucket Today
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Issue 81 of 81 issues ‹ First < 79 80 81
When ISLAND CHEFS describe their cuisine, they often say, “We only use the freshest ingredients available.” There are, however, a number of chefs who stretch this philosophy a bit further whenever...
Sweet Treats: The Perfect Cookie
Who doesn’t love the aroma of COOKIES BAKING in the oven, or the taste of brown sugar and MELTING CHOCOLATE on your tongue as you bite into a FRESH- FROM-THE-OVEN homemade chocolate-chip cookie?
Those...
Recently, a friend and fellow oenophile said to me, “Two out of three Frenchmen drink Bordeaux. That’s a fact!” This was his pleasant way of telling me that I need to stop ignoring the appellation as I am...
Malbec At The End Of The World
The Malbec grape is not native to Argentina, but in the past few years Argentina has certainly given the deeply-delicious, fruity red wine new celebrity. A transplant from the southwest of France, Malbec...
Growing up on Nantucket, CLAUDIA BUTLER had an affinity for the natural world early on. She loved to explore the outdoors, picking wild blueberries and blackberries, and some of her earliest memories are...
The Wreck Of The Two Brothers
On Feb. 11, 1823, cruising to the west of the Sandwich Islands – now Hawaii – in consort with the whaleship Martha, the Two Brothers was separated from her sister ship and caught in a severe gale.
Living Small: York Street Retreat
When watercolor artist Barbara van Winkelen first came to Nantucket more than 40 years ago from her home in Windsor, Connecticut, she never dreamed she would own a house here.
Like many artists before...
Nantucket Weather Forecast, MA
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Coffee-filled feet help off-road robots walk faster
By Ben Coxworth
Coffee-filled feet help off-ro...
The feet have been tested on a commercially available hexapod robot
The coffee-filled robot foot, in various states
One of the main proposed uses for legged robots is the exploration of disaster sites. In order to walk across all that rubble, though, they would definitely need to be sure-footed – which is where new coffee-filled robot feet are designed to come in.
Being developed by scientists at the University of California San Diego, the feet each consist of a flexible latex sphere packed with loose, dry coffee grounds. Along with that coffee, each foot also contains a plant-root-inspired internal support structure.
When moving through the air, the feet remain soft and squishy. Upon meeting with the ground and conforming to its irregular contours, however, they stiffen up. This happens thanks to a phenomenon known as "granular jamming," in which the coffee grounds temporarily get jammed together when placed under pressure.
As a result, each foot is able to form a stiff, custom grip against uneven terrain, each time it's placed on the ground. This can be done passively, as the weight of the robot jams the coffee grounds together, or actively, wherein a vacuum pump is used to jam them by actually sucking the air out of the sphere.
In lab tests, a commercially available hexapod robot was equipped with the new feet.
When that bot was walking on wood chips or pebbles, it was able to move up to 40 percent faster than when using its regular rigid feet. This was partly because the coffee feet reduced the depth to which its appendages sank into the chips/pebbles by an average of 62 percent, and reduced the force required to pull them back out by 98 percent.
They also gave the robot better grip against both uneven and flat surfaces. The active jamming system was found to work best on the former, while the passive system was better-suited to the latter. Plans now call for sensors to be added to the underside of the feet, to ascertain the characteristics of the ground before the feet make contact.
The hexapod robot can be seen using the feet, in the video below.
And this isn't the first time we've heard about jamming coffee grounds being incorporated into robotic devices. They're currently utilized in a gripping device known as the Versaball, plus MIT used them in an object-grasping robotic elephant's trunk.
Source: UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering
Granular boots for bots
RoboticsUC San DiegoUCSDHexapodWalkCoffeeNew Atlas Audio
Ben Coxworth
Based out of Edmonton, Canada, Ben Coxworth has been writing for New Atlas since 2009 and is presently Managing Editor for North America. An experienced freelance writer, he previously obtained an English BA from the University of Saskatchewan, then spent over 20 years working in various markets as a television reporter, producer and news videographer. Ben is particularly interested in scientific innovation, human-powered transportation, and the marine environment.
Aross June 2, 2020 08:17 AM
Well I hope they are using used coffee grounds!
Hodgepoodgerama June 2, 2020 08:29 AM
I have a stressball sitting on my desk that conforms exactly the same way as the passive version of these feet, so the concept is very easy to demonstrate. However, the current multi-pump active vacuum version seems much too complex. That is a lot of pumps, a lot of pumping and a lot of power draw. A potential improvement would be a single pump and a gimble- or manifold-style valve that redirects vacuum to legs that are down and releases vacuum from legs that are up, perhaps one for each side. It seems like the triggers for the pumps are already there in the software, so it should be easy to use those same triggers for valves. This seems like the next logical...um...step.
Signguy June 2, 2020 12:14 PM
New shoe soles?
Tiny schooling aquatic robots inspired by fish
Robotic paddlewheeler skims debris from swimming pools
Automated Hive Controller extracts honeycombs in half the time
Entire Boston Dynamics robot line-up dances in the new year
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All English Français
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Invertebrata
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6000 years of emu mysteries unveiled
www.theislanderonline.com.au
The emu - an iconic Australian bird, but also something of an enigma. "They're so widespread, but we really don't know much about them," says Western Sydney U...
news, national
niversity PhD student Julia Ryeland. "How do you know how they're going to be affected by anthropogenic change when we don't even know basic things like lifespan?" Ms Ryeland and other researchers at Western Sydney University and the University of Tasmania are the authors of a new study that sheds light on the mysterious bird. The scientists investigated where emus are likely to live in Australia, as well as tracking where they have spent the past 6000 years and what will happen in the next 50 years. They compiled emu spottings over the past few decades from the archives, matching the data with open source information about what conditions were like in those locations. They discovered that climate is the most influential factor over where emus live, and that the birds are less bothered by things like habitat and urbanisation. It turns out that emus like rainfall across most of the year, but are put off by heavy rainfall in summer. The researchers used modelling to look at where emu populations were likely to have been from the mid-holocene -- around…
www.perthnow.com.au
How do you pronounce emu? That depends on who you ask
www.abc.net.au
Beloved children's author lifts the lid on his own childhood
www.theage.com.au
The 10 Sydney buildings the NSW treasurer would demolish if he had the chance
www.dailymail.co.uk
Victoria records 238 new cases of COVID-19 amid suburban Sydney spike | ABC News
'We can run two Tests': The extraordinary plan to save the Sydney Test
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How to Survive a Christmas Unlike Any Other
The ideal Christmas of times past with extended family and friends gathered together will not be the reality of Christmas 2020. One UA professor gives some tips on how to cope with the changes.
More than 2,000 degrees were awarded to undergraduate and graduate students last weekend.
Four ceremonies were held throughout the day at Coleman Coliseum.
A variety of colorful and UA-themed masks were seen inside the coliseum.
Mac Jones poses for a photo holding his master’s degree.
Excitement and anticipation before the commencement ceremony.
A wave to the crowd before walking across the stage.
Najee Harris shows off his newly earned degree.
Hard work paid off…
And dreams realized.
President Bell makes his way to the stage to address graduates.
UA student-athletes are No. 1, on and off the field.
A mortar board message of relief.
A first-generation college student proudly holds his degree.
“So did I!”
“Check out my degree!”
Another group of future legends heading out to change the world.
Fall 2020 Commencement Highlights
More than 2,000 degrees were awarded to undergraduate and graduate students during Fall 2020 commencement.
The UA campus is especially beautiful this time of year.
This cute dog is picture perfect for the holidays on the president’s lawn.
The garlands of magnolia take center stage at the President’s Mansion.
Leaves are threaded into garland, and red ribbons are tied into bows, giving it the flare of the holiday season.
The front door magnolia leaf wreaths are a standout.
Buildings across campus get festive for the holidays, including the Gorgas House…
…and Bidgood Hall.
Keeping the season bright.
A Hanukkah menorah is displayed near Gallalee Hall.
An important symbol of light during this time of year.
The star atop the Christmas tree in front of Rose Administration Building shines brightly against the sky.
Bringing cheer for the UA community to enjoy this holiday season.
Holiday Decorations Across Campus
The UA campus has a special beauty during the holiday season.
Faculty Accolades for Dec. 16, 2020
Art exhibitions, publications and other creative output of The University of Alabama faculty.
UA News Center’s Top 10 Stories of 2020
From COVID-19 updates to innovative research, key hires, historical gifts and more — these stories got the most clicks in 2020.
Fall 2020 Graduates Announced at UA
The University of Alabama will award some 2,398 degrees during fall commencement Dec. 12.
A Life of Adventure and a Heart For Service
Leigh Mayberry has lived a life full of adventure. She’ll check another item off her bucket list when she graduates from UA.
UA Athletics Teams Shine in NCAA Graduation Success Rate Figures
A total of seven Crimson Tide teams sported a perfect 100, while six more ranged between 91 and 95.
The UA School of Music’s annual “Hilaritas” concert can be heard on UA Info Radio throughout December.
Faculty Accolades for Dec. 7, 2020
Published works, exhibitions and other recognitions of The University of Alabama’s faculty.
Upcoming Events More
Blackburn Institute 2021 Class Nominations
Mon 1/18, 12:01am
EXHIBITION: Charlie Lucas: Talking to the Ancestors
Mon 1/18, 9:00am
Paul R. Jones Museum
BFSA "King In The Wilderness" Virtual Watch Party
Mon 1/18, 2:00pm
Tue 1/19, 12:01am
Tue 1/19, 9:00am
UA’s Culverhouse School of Accountancy’s undergraduate program ranks 11th overall in 2019, 10th overall for a program with a faculty size at more than 24 and third in the south. (Public Accounting Report)
Master’s programs are ranked 10th overall, 8th in schools with more than 24 faculty and 2nd in the South.
Doctoral program is ranked 9th overall.
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Bisons this week
Last weekend the Bisons football team rallied from a 19 point second half deficit to take a nail-biting 47-39 win against the Saskatchewan Huskies. The win earned the Bisons their second consecutive Hardy Cup berth against the Calgary Dinos.
This will be the third meeting of the season for the two teams with the Bisons dropping a close 42-41 decision in Calgary on September 26 and earning a 50-31 win at home on November 1. With the Canada West championship on the line, the Bisons head to Calgary for a 3:00 p.m. kick-off on Saturday, November 15. Watch the game live at www.canadawest.tv or on Shaw TV.
[rev_slider Bisons-Nov14]
It is provincial rival weekend for the volleyball and basketball teams this weekend as both squads face the Brandon Bobcats. The volleyball teams head west, while the basketball teams will stay in Winnipeg and host the provincial rivals.
On the ice, the men’s hockey team will look to snap a four-game losing skid when they host the Calgary Dinos on November 14 & 15 at Wayne Fleming Arena. Meanwhile, the women’s hockey team heads to Calgary for a two game series against the Dinos.
UM Today Staff
Bisons
Mentoring Mondays: Michele Sung
Alumni, Bisons, Faculty of Kinesiology and REcreation Management, mentoring
President Michael Benarroch update on Summer Term and supporting our collective success
campus community, president, President's Perspective
Latest COVID-19 Recovery updates
Campus and Community, COVID-19
Faculty of Arts introduces Indigenous content requirement
faculry of arts, Indigenous, indigenous education, Student
UM celebrates Black History Month
Black History Month, Faculty and Staff, human resources, Human Rights, Students
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Watch: Government chose not to consult with us on Venice Commission proposals, Delia says
Monique Agius
The Government has chosen not to involve the Opposition in the drafting of the final document which was sent to the Venice Commission, Opposition Leader and Partit Nazzjonalista leader Adrian Delia said during an interview with journalist Rebekah Cilia from the Malta Independent.
During the interview which was aired on the party media on Saturday, Delia spoke about the proposals put forward by the government to the Venice Commission, migration, the coronavirus pandemic and the party.
The Opposition leader noted that despite there was a specific forum set up where the government and opposition would discuss the necessary constitutional reform, when it came to the final document, the Government chose to send its proposals without consulting with the Opposition or informing the President.
Delia said that while the Opposition was cooperating with the Government on the issue of good governance, it has chosen to leave the Opposition out. Speaking about the agreement reached on the appointment of Mr Justice Mark Chetcuti as the new Chief Justice, Delia said that this was an emergency measure since his predecessor’s term was coming to an end.
“The Government has to understand that this is not a partisan issue. It needs to understand that the time to change direction is now and we do not afford to make any mistakes since the country’s reputation is at stake,” Delia maintained.
Asked whether the airport should be reopened with travel corridors in place with countries that have successfully controlled the coronavirus outbreak, Delia said that the party has requested a meeting with the Superintendent of Public Health, Prof. Charmaine Gauci. He explained that the party heeds to the advice by the health authorities and before calling for measures to be reintroduced, the party will first seek a clarification from Prof. Gauci since there seems to be an increase in the number of coronavirus cases detected.
Video: Facebook / Adrian Delia
Adrian Delia
Partit Nazzjonalista
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Watch: Opposition leader accuses PM of ignoring experts’ advice
Catco Group Chairman thought Delia headed Dar tal-Providenza – reports
Political parties agreed not to politicize charity events – FZD
DTP vets all donations and pledges above €10,000
Mġarr residents petition against solar park project
Opposition leader and his wife in mandatory quarantine
Lithuania calls for new EU sanctions against Russia
Jesmond Saliba January 18, 2021
Police detained Navalny on arrival at a Moscow airport on Sunday after he flew home to Russia from Germany for the first time since he was poisoned last summer.
Shades of an apocalyptic sunset
Miguela Xuereb January 17, 2021
Malta experienced a brilliantly red orange sunset last Saturday 9 January, in what was according to the Meteorological office held a record of the highest air temperature for the first month of the year since 29 January 1939, having peaked at 25.8C.
Watch: Vitals deal is costing taxpayers €64,000 a day, Muscat confirms
Last December, both Muscat and Mizzi, did not attend the sitting as Muscat was abroad and Mizzi was in quarantine due to COVID-19 symptoms.
MPA concerned of incidents being reported in Paceville
Watch: Life is measured by our care for others – Repubblika...
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Press release on the celebration of Republic Day in Myanmar
On the occasion of the Republic Day, the Embassy of Nepal organized a Nepal Tourism Roadshow in Yangon, in association with Nepal Tourism Board and support from Visit Nepal Year 2020. The event was inaugurated by the Union Minister for Tourism and Hotels His Excellency U Ohn Maung and Ambassador Bhim Udas by lighting in panas.
Chief Guest HE U Ohn Maung said, with the changed global trends in tourism we have to encounter the challenges in tourism development and management, and we need more cooperation and coordination with neighboring countries to enable tourism industries moving forward for mutual benefits in a sustainable manner. Further, he said, air connectivity is crucial for promotion of tourism and he expressed optimism that air services will be operated again between Nepal and Myanmar in the near future. He assured necessary support to the public and private sector for expanding air linkages among the countries of the region.
In his opening remarks, HE Ambassador Bhim Udas said that the tourism roadshow was organized to promote tourism and culture cooperation between Myanmar and Nepal. The Government of Nepal has announced 2020 as Visit Nepal Year and the Lumbini Year with the aim of attracting 2.0 million visitors during next year. He said, the number of tourist from Myanmar is increasing every year and it might increase further in 2020 with the operation of Gautam Buddha International airport in Lumbini next year. He mentioned about unveiling of U Thant’s statue by his grandson Dr. Thant Myint-U on 17 May(12 days ago) in Lumbini garden with the support of Lumbini Development Trust of Nepal.
Mr. Ko Ko Latt, Vice-Chairman of the Myanmar-Nepal Business Forum stated that private sector of Myanmar has negotiated with a private airline to operate air service between Yangon and Kathmandu from December 2019, that would help improve business and flow of movement of tourists between the two countries.
Mr. Hla Myint Oo, former Ambassador of Myanmar to Nepal who is also the Chairman of Myanmar-Nepal Friendship Association, said that two countries have been enjoying cordial and friendly relations and many things are common. He recalled generous support received from the Government of Nepal in building Myanmar pagoda and monastery in Lumbini garden.
Ms. Ohnmar Myo, Program Office of UNESCO offered her impression about arts, heritage and archaeological sites of Nepal, and the way it is being preserved and protected by the Government and people of Nepal. In the program, HE the Union Minister and Ambassador Udas presents a Honorary Certificate to Mr. Nanda Ram Neupane, President of Hindu Central Board of Myanmar who was awarded “Agghamaha Sudharma Manijyotidhar”, highest medal in religious field by the Government of Myanmar for his immense religious contributions to Myanmar society.
At the end, Ambassador Bhim Udas presented gifts to the Chief Guest and three travel agents who had sent maximum number of tourists from Myanmar to Nepal during the current tourist season.
A video presentation of Lumbini and adventure tourism produced by the Nepal Tourism Board was shown. A Nepali cultural dance was performed by women of Nepali Origin of Myanmar during the program. About 200 people including, a large number of out-bound tour operators and travel agents and spouse of diplomatic core in Yangon attended the roadshow.
Embassy of Yangon
CategoriesMission Activities
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Visit lincolnfinancial.com
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Profiles in Diversity Journal Recognizes Lincoln Financial for Innovative Diversity & Inclusion Professional Development Program
RADNOR, Pa., February 28, 2020 – Profiles in Diversity Journal, a magazine focusing on diversity and inclusion practices in business, recently recognized Lincoln Financial as a winner of its “Innovations in Diversity Award,” for the company’s Pitch U program. The award recognizes 10 esteemed diversity programs across industries.
Pitch U, initially designed for members of Lincoln Financial’s seven Business Resource Groups (BRGs), was a multi-part initiative launched in 2018 – guiding employees on how to develop, package and pitch their past and current career experience for new opportunities. These seven BRGs (African American, Asian, Latino, LGBTQ, People with Disabilities, Women and Veterans) are integral to Lincoln’s Diversity and Inclusion performance. Member volunteerism is the lifeblood of the groups, and the members represent a highly-engaged population. The desire was to deliver an innovative and scalable platform to add value for BRG members and Lincoln.
“This initiative is a testament to Lincoln’s commitment to developing diverse talent,” said Allison Green, chief diversity officer at Lincoln Financial. “As a company, we believe that more diversity of people and experience translates to increased business success.”
Launched by Lincoln Financial’s Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Pitch U offered a four-part professional development series called Package Your Pitch, where members learned the fundamentals to elevate their personal brand value and share their stories. Participants developed a pitch based on what they learned and shared it with their peers for an opportunity to be selected as one of 21 Pitch Your Value finalists. These finalists included three people from each of the company’s seven BRGs, and selected finalists were provided with personal coaching to enhance their pitch and create a personal video for a broader audience.
For those interested in new opportunities, Pitch U led to interviews for open positions internally at Lincoln – and as a result, various participants accepted new roles, as well as invitations to training programs for future leaders. This program helped provide development and exposure opportunities for the company’s BRG members and fill open positions across the company with diverse, engaged and talented employees.
About Lincoln Financial Group
Lincoln Financial Group provides advice and solutions that help empower people to take charge of their financial lives with confidence and optimism. Today, more than 17 million customers trust our retirement, insurance and wealth protection expertise to help address their lifestyle, savings and income goals, as well as to guard against long-term care expenses. Headquartered in Radnor, Pennsylvania, Lincoln Financial Group is the marketing name for Lincoln National Corporation (NYSE:LNC) and its affiliates. The company had $275 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2019. Lincoln Financial Group is a committed corporate citizen included on major sustainability indices including the Dow Jones Sustainability Index North America and FTSE4Good. Dedicated to diversity and inclusion, Lincoln earned perfect 100 percent scores on the Corporate Equality Index and the Disability Equality Index. Lincoln has also been recognized in Newsweek’s Most Responsible Companies and is among Forbes’ World’s Best Employers, Best Large Employers, Best Employers for Diversity, Best Employers for Women and ranked on the JUST 100 list. Learn more at: www.LincolnFinancial.com. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Sign up for email alerts at http://newsroom.lfg.com.
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© 2021 Lincoln National Corporation. All rights reserved.
Lincoln Financial Group is the marketing name for Lincoln National Corporation and insurance company affiliates, including The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, Fort Wayne, IN, and in New York, Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York, Syracuse, NY. Variable products distributed by broker-dealer/affiliate Lincoln Financial Distributors, Inc., Radnor, PA. Securities and investment advisory services offered through other affiliates.
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Top Ten National Parks: Does Mount Rainier Make the List?
Does your bucket list include making the rounds of the top 10 of America's 62 National Parks? If so, you might think you have one covered if you've been to Mount Rainier ... but you would be wrong. What? How can that be? What's not to love about our great white mountain? Nothing really, it's just that some other parks are even MORE popular.
In fact, the top two have been the top two for 30 years!
The National Park Service reports yesterday that Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which straddles the North Carolina-Tennessee border was the most popular national park in the U.S. last year, with 12.5 million visitors.
Grand Canyon National Park was again a distant second with 5.9 million tourists.
Park visits were up 2.9% over 2019 with more than 327 million people visiting nature's wonders last year.
The top 10 looks like this:
1. Great Smoky Mountains National Park (NC/TN): 12.5 million visits
2. Grand Canyon National Park (AZ): 5.97 million visits
3. Rocky Mountain National Park (CO) 4.7 million visits
4. Zion National Park (UT) 4.5 million visits
5. Yosemite National Park (CA) 4.4 million
6. Yellowstone National Park (ID/MT/WY)
7. Acadia National Park (ME) 3.4 million visits
8. Grand Teton National Park (WY) 3.4 million visits
9. Olympic National Park (WA) 3.2 million visits
10. Glacier National Park (MT) 3 million visits
Big trees, big canyons, big mountains, big rivers and lakes generate big bucks! Visitors to the national park sites spent a estimated $20.2 billion in local gateway regions in 2018, according to a May 2019 report (PDF) by the park service, which translated into 329,000 jobs, $13.6 billion in labor income, $23.4 billion in value added, and $40.1 billion in economic output.
So where is our big mountain? Where does Mount Rainier rank? A website called Riley's Roves list all 62 parks by attendance numbers and Ms. Riley shares her thoughts.
Mount Rainier, No. 18
1,501,621 visitors in 2019
"Mountaineers and hikers alike will swoon for Mount Rainier National Park. The active volcano is challenging to climb, making it an excellent training ground for climbers with sights set on Denali or Everest. There are also more than 250 miles of hiking trails ranging in difficulty to soothe every hiker’s soul. If outdoor adventure isn’t your main draw, drive the road to Sunrise for spectacular views and the best glimpses of Mount Rainier itself, the tallest mountain in the Cascades.
Favorite Trails: Grove of the Patriarchs, Glacier Basin, Naches Peak Loop
Scenic Drive: Sunrise Road
Best Time to Go: Summer for wildflowers; many roads closed in winter
Where to Stay: Copper Creek, Nisqually Lodge, Mountain Meadows
Admission Fee: $30 per vehicle or $15 per individual, valid for 7 days
Must-Have Experience: Hike the 5-mile Skyline Trail to follow a ridge for spectacular views of Washington’s highest peaks"
Categories: Northwest News, Recreation
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Govt proposes to help Yuvraj Singh: Maken
New Delhi, Mon, 06 Feb 2012 NI Wire
Wishing a speedy recovery from first stage cancer that was earlier reported as non-malignant tumour in the lungs of Indian Cricket Star and World Cup 2011's 'Player of the Tournament' Yuvraj Singh, Ajay Maken, the Union Sports Minister has said that government is ready to help Yuvraj through all possible means.
"Wish Yuvraj a speedy recovery! Asking officials to find the quantum and nature of help required. Government should & will help him," Maken tweeted.
Yuvraj (30), the left handed middle order batsman and left arm spinner, is currently in US for undergoing chemotherapy for recently diagnosed malignant tumour that was earlier said to be non-malignant tumour last year by his family members. He was the star performer in last One Day International (ODI) World Cup 2011 in which he made 362 runs and took 15 wickets. He was selected 'Man of the Match' four times and became the best player of the tournament.
Informing about Yuvraj's disease his physiotherapist Dr Jatin Chaudhary has stated that Yuvraj's cancer is at first stage and absolute curable. He would be fit to resume cricket in May.
"It is a rare tumour and is cancerous but it has been detected in stage one itself........ Since parts of the tumour are just above the artery of his heart, there was a danger that while running it could burst. But it is 100 per cent curable," Dr Chaudhary said.
"The doctors decided that he would have to undergo chemotherapy and he travelled to the US on January 26. End of March, he would undergo a CT scan and should recover by then. After that it is just some rehabilitation in April before he is fit to be back on the field in May," Chaudhary added.
Yuvraj's fans, friends, team mates and other players who have overcome from this fatal disease are also supporting to him and wishing that they can soon see this splendid player on the ground and hitting long sixes.
Former South Africa all-rounder Dave Callaghan, who overcame testicular cancer to play international cricket in the 1990s and early 2000, has advised Yuvraj to set a time frame for returning on the field.
"Yuvraj will do well to tell himself, 'by the end of my treatment, I would like to play... for example... next year's IPL (Indian Premier League).' A target to work towards is important," Callaghan said.
Yuvraj has played 37 Tests, scoring 1775 runs at an average of 34.80.
He has 8051 runs at an average of 37.62 from his 274-match ODI career. In 23 Twenty20s, Yuvraj has scored 567 runs at 31.50.
Read More: South Goa | Govt Seed Form | Govt Press Chandigarh | Govt Degree College Hamirpur | Chaudhary Sarai Ndtso | Chaudhary Deeh | Sukrauli Chaudhary | Govt. Medical College | Indore Govt. College | Govt. General Hospital | Govt.gen Hospital | Govt.silk Farm | Govt Stanley Hospital | Govt. College Of Engg | Govt.college Of Technology | Barrackpore Govt.housing | Mankundu Govt.colony | Salua Govt. Colony | Diphu Govt.college | Govt. Complex | Yuvraj Singh Reincarnated
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FORGOTTEN TOMB detail new studio album ‘Nihilistic Estrangement’
March 3, 2020 March 3, 2020 NextMosh StaffPress Release
Share the post "FORGOTTEN TOMB detail new studio album ‘Nihilistic Estrangement’"
Italian black/doom metal band FORGOTTEN TOMB will release a new studio album titled “Nihilistic Estrangement” on May 8th via Agonia Records. This will be the band’s tenth full-length album and follow up to “We Owe You Nothing” from three years ago.
The album’s cover artwork is a painting, specifically drawn for this release by artist Paolo Girardi (Power Trip, Bell Witch, Inquisition). It complements the misanthropic and introvert nature of music and lyrics alike.
In a comment that encompasses everything from working on the album, to musical expectations and lyrical themes, the band had this to say: “Nihilistic Estrangement is our tenth album and it opens a new chapter of the band and possibly a new trilogy, therefore it sounds different from our previous release, which closed the past trilogy. The whole idea and concept behind the album was to make something detached from all the current trends in terms of style and production so that it would feel timeless and not chained to a particular frame in time. I chose specific vintage microphones from the 60s/70s for the studio sessions and mostly played on early 80s instruments, as well as using both analog tapes and mixing desk. It was pretty much recorded like an old album from 40 years ago or such. I pretty much wanted to make something that was removed from the current state of music and the standardized productions that get churned out daily. Musically speaking there are references to all of the band’s eras but it sounds very refreshing and extremely personal; it’s 100% Forgotten Tomb. The lyrics deal with several different themes but the main focus is about reaching a mental estrangement from the modern world; it’s about refusing to partake in the current state of things and finding solace in a inner world of my own where no one can enter. I’d say the lyrics and concepts on this album are extremely misanthropic, even if it’s a term that got thrown around so much over the years that it kinda lost its real meaning”.
“Nihilistic Estrangement” was produced by Ferdinando “Herr Morbid” Marchisio (vocal, guitars) and mixed by Alessandro “Algol” Comerio (bass). Jack Control mastered the album at Enormous Door Studios (Darkthrone, Aura Noir, Martyrdod).
FORGOTTEN TOMB will promote the new album with a headlining European tour in May 2020 with support from Vanhelga (SWE) and Totalselfhatred (FIN).
– Jewelcase CD.
– Digisleeve CD.
– Black LP.
– Aqua with kelly green splatter LP.
– Glow in the dark vinyl in wooden box
(feat. poster, backpatch, metal pin, digisleeve CD).
– T-shirt.
– Digital.
https://www.agoniarecords.com/forgottentomb
1. Active Shooter
2. Iris’ House Pt. I
3. Iris’ House Pt. II
4. Distrust3
5. Nihilistic Estrangement
6. RBMK
Ferdinando “Herr Morbid” Marchisio – vocals, guitars
Alessandro “Algol” Comerio – bass
Kyo-Naam “Asher” Rossi – drums
FORGOTTEN TOMB
Nekroí Theoí release new video “Simony of Hollow Christs,” announce Florida shows
Formosa reveal video for single “Dynamite”
North Kingsley release “Rifle In Thought” video
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Home Bears NFC North Notes: Bears, Lions, Vikings
NFC North Notes: Bears, Lions, Vikings
Bears first-round LB Roquan Smith is one of just two draft picks who have yet to sign their rookie contracts.
Bears HC Matt Nagy told reporters on Saturday that one of the hangups in negotiations is related to the new helmet lowering rule, which allows players to be suspended and could result in the voiding of their guaranteed money. (Patrick Finley)
Multiple sources tell Rich Campbell of the Chicago Tribune that Smith’s representatives at CAA Football are asking the Bears to include written assurance that the team would not go after any of Smith’s guaranteed money if he were suspended under the new rule in his contract.
However, the Bears have resisted such language and have instead informally assured Smith’s representatives that they would be reasonable in assessing disciplinary action by the league under the new rule.
Lions WR Golden Tate said Friday that he plans to honor the five-year contract he signed with Detroit and not hold out for a new deal.
“I signed a five-year contract and I’m going to honor it,” Tate said, via PrideofDetroit.com. “I love the game a lot. I want to be out here around the guys.”
Lions WR Marvin Jones suffered a left leg injury during Saturday’s practice, but says he’s “good.” (Kyle Meinke)
Vikings RB Dalvin Cook (knee) said he is no longer playing with a knee brace and is comfortable running without one.
“I told myself, ‘I know the work I put it. I’m going to test it out before I get back to training camp,’ ” Cook said, via Dan Mizutani of the Pioneer Press. “I felt comfortable with (not wearing) it so I just went forward and made sure the training staff knows that I’m not going to be wearing it. They are comfortable with it as long as I’m comfortable with it.”
Vikings HC Mike Zimmer announced that Clancy Barone (TE) and Andrew Janocko (assistant OL) will split OL coaching duties after the sudden passing of Tony Sparano. (Tom Pelissero)
According to Zimmer, former Raiders OC Todd Downing is now the Vikings TEs coach. (Tom Pelissero)
Ian Rapoport reports that the Vikings spent some time talking with former HC Mike Tice, but they couldn’t get a deal worked out.
Clancy Barone
Golden Tate
Mike Tice
Mike Zimmer
Roquan Smith
Todd Downing
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Sukkot Web Series
NJOP’s Sukkot web series features Rabbi Ephraim Z. Buchwald, Founder and Director of NJOP, as he speaks about Sukkot, Simchat Torah and Shemini Atzeret. You can find links to each video below.
Sukkot as a Festival of Peace and Security
A Song About Sukkot
Rejoicing on Sukkot
Happy Sukkot from Rabbi Buchwald!
Getting Back Into The Swing Of Things
Torah is the Elixir of Jewish Life
Rejoice, Rejoice, Rejpoice
Subscribe to our YouTube Channel for more videos!
Sukkot is a time for celebration! Immediately following Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur is the week-long holiday of Sukkot, also known as the Feast of the Tabernacles.
Host or attend the exciting Sukkot programs and classes provided by NJOP and find out how you or your community can participate.
Discover, read and download our comprehensive guides and walkthroughs, watch videos and learn about the various aspects of Sukkot.
Browse our collection of Sukkot Jewish Treats, filled with interesting stories and articles about the histories and traditions of Sukkot.
by ig
Yom Tov - The First Festival Days
The First Festival Days
Sukkot is a 7 day holiday. The first day (first two days outside of Israel) are Yamim Tovim – days which are kept like Sabbath (cooking and carrying, however, are permitted, provided it is also not Shabbat).
The Four Species (the lulav set) is composed of a lulav (palm frond), avot (myrtle branches), aravot (willow branches) and an etrog (citron).
The Sukkah is the temporary dwelling composed of three solid walls and a temporary roof made of branches or loose boards.
Yom Tov Candlelighting
If possible (if it is not a fire or child hazard), candles should be lit in the sukkah.
Shabbat and all Jewish holidays always begin at sunset of the evening before. On the Sabbath and Yom Tov [festival] candles are lit 18 minutes before sunset to welcome the holiday. On the second night of Yom Tov, candles are lit no earlier than one hour after sunset.When Sukkot begins on Friday night, the Shabbat candle-lighting procedure is as follows :Two candles (minimum) are lit, then both hands are waved towards the face, symbolically drawing in the light of the candles and the sanctity of the Sabbath/Yom Tov. The eyes are covered and the blessing is recited. On the second night, Saturday night, the blessing is said first, without the Shabbat addition, and only then are the candles lit (from a pre-existing flame). On Friday night, insert the bracketed words:
Baruch atah Ado-nai, Ehlo-haynu melech Ha-olam, asher kideshanu b’mitzvotav v’tzeevanu l’hadlik ner shel [Shabbat v’]Yom Tov.
“Blessed are you L-rd, our G-d ruler of the world, who sanctified us through His commandments and commanded us to kindle the lights of [the Sabbath and] Yom Tov (festival).”
An additional blessing is said on both nights of Rosh Hashana to acknowledge the good fortune of being able to experience the holiday:
Baruch atah Ado-nai, Ehlo-haynu melech Ha-olam, she’he’che’yanu v’kee’manu, v’hee’gee’anu la’zman ha’zeh.
“Blessed are you L-rd, our G-d ruler of the world, Who has kept us alive, sustained us, and brought us to this season.”
The Festive Meal in the Sukkah:
Evening services are held in the synagogue.
While one must eat in the sukkah throughout the holiday, on the first night there is a specific obligation to do so. If it is raining, it is customary to wait to start the meal until the rain has stopped, waiting even until midnight. If the rain does not stop, many make the kiddush and ha’motzei (blessings over the wine and bread) in the sukkah and then return to the house to conclude the meal.
Ushpizin (Guests) – In the sukkah, the family prepares for the evening meal. Before kiddush, however, it is customary to take a moment to welcome the spiritual guests that join every Jew in the sukkah.
According to the kaballah, the Jewish mystical tradition, the Divine Presence (shechina) accompanies every Jew into the sukkah. The shechina is accompanied by the seven shepherds of Israel: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Aharon, and David.
Each evening the host of the sukkah welcomes the seven ushpizin (guests) by saying:
I invite to my meal the exalted guests: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Aharon, and David. May it please you, Abraham, my exalted guest, that all the other exalted guests dwell here with me and with you – Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Aharon, and David.
On each night a different guest is welcomed, in a specific order. Thus on the second night, one says: May it please you, Isaac, my exalted…and on the third night: May it please you, Jacob, my exalted…etc.
Kiddush (the blessing over wine), found in the regular siddur or holiday machzor (prayer book), is recited, followed immediately by the blessing for residing in the sukkah — leishev ba’sukkah and she’he’che’yanu — the blessing of G-d who has kept us alive for this occasion.
Baruch atah Ado-nai, Ehlo-haynu melech Ha-olam, asher kideshanu b’mitzvotav v’tzeevanu leishev ba’sukkah.
Blessed are you L-rd, our G-d ruler of the world, who sanctified us through His commandments and commanded us to dwell in the sukkah.
Baruch atah Ado-nai, Ehlo-haynu melech Ha-olam, she’he’che’yanu v’kee’manu v’hee’gee’anu la’zman ha’zeh
Because the first day of Yom Tov is also Shabbat, Havdallah, the ceremony separating holy days from each other and weekdays, is recited as part of Kiddush before the second night meal.
On the second night of Yom Tov (outside of Israel), the order of the two blessings is reversed — one first says she’he’che’yanu and then leishev ba’sukkah.
Ha’Motzei – After a ritual washing of the hands, the blessing is made over two whole challot.
a) Because it is still the New Year season, it is customary to have two sweet, round (raisin) challahs.
b) It is also customary to continue dipping the challah in honey in addition to the customary sprinkling with salt.
A festive meal is eaten, followed by the Grace After Meals with the addition of Y’aleh V’Yavo, “May there rise and come…”, for the holiday.
Sleeping in the sukkah is part of the mitzvah of dwelling in the sukkah. Many, however, choose to sleep inside due to the cold or the unsafe location.
The Morning Synagogue Service
a) The Torah Reading is Leviticus 22:26 – 23:44
The haftorah (prophetic message) on the first day is from the Book of Zechariah 14:1-21
The haftorah on the second day is from Kings I, 8:2-21
b) Hallel and Hoshanot
Hallel is a collection of Psalms that are recited on the festivals and Rosh Chodesh (the new month).
During the holiday of Sukkot, the lulav set is held and shaken during the Hallel service.
On Shabbat, Hallel is recited without the lulav set.
The Hoshana Service is the special service of Sukkot.
During the Hoshana Service, congregants circle the bimah with the lulav set.
On Shabbat, the Hoshana Service are recited without the lulav set, reminiscent of the circuits made in the ancient Temple by those observing Sukkot in Jerusalem.
The Festive Lunch is eaten in the Sukkah
a) The Festival Day Kiddush (blessing over wine), found in the holiday machzor (prayer book), is recited, followed by the blessing leishev ba’sukkah.
b) Ha’Motzei – After a ritual washing of the hands, the blessing is made over two whole challot, the pieces of which are sprinkled with salt and dipped in honey.
c) A festive meal is eaten, followed by the Grace After Meals with the addition of Y’aleh V’Yavo, “He will go up and he will come…”, for the Sukkot holidays.
Mincha, the afternoon service is recited (including the weekly Torah reading since it is also Shabbat).
Havdallah – At the conclusion of the second day of Yom Tov, Havdallah, separating holy days from week days, is recited. This Havdallah consists of only the blessing over grape juice (HaGafen) and the Havdallah blessing (HaMavdil), which can be found in the prayer book.
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The Sukkot Hoshanot Services
Hoshana Raba
The last day of Chol Hamoed Sukkot
The last day of Chol Hamoed Sukkot is called Hoshana Raba, the Great Hoshana, because of the extensive Hoshana service.
a) All of the Torah scrolls are removed from the ark and held by members of the congregation at the bimah.
b) While holding the lulav set, the bimah is circled 7 times while responsively reciting the special Hoshana prayers of the day.
c) After circling the bimah, the lulav set is put down and a special bundle of 5 aravot (willow branches) are held. Selichot, penitential prayers, are then recited and the Torah scrolls are returned to the ark.
d) The participants then take the bundle of aravot (willow branches) and beat them against the ground five times.
Hoshana Raba is actually the last day of the Sukkot holiday. (The remaining two days of Yom Tov are a separate festival). It is therefore customary to eat a festive meal in the sukkah in the afternoon to fulfill that mitzvah of dwelling in the sukkah one last time.
a) It is traditional to begin the meal with a whole round challah which is sprinkled with salt and then dipped in honey.
b) On Hashana Rabbah, some have the custom to serve Kreplach (dumplings), which are symbolic of our wanting G-d to hide our sins.
While G-d judges the world on Rosh Hashana and concludes the verdict on Yom Kippur, on Hoshana Raba the verdict receives its final seal. One therefore has time to complete the teshuvah, repentance process, up until the closing hours of Hoshana Raba.
a) There is a custom to spend the night of Hoshana Raba studying Torah, fortifying oneself at the last moment of judgement.
b) The cantor wears a white kittel (robe) on Hoshana Raba, as he does on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur.
c) In Israel, people stay up all night studying Torah and then thousands go to the Western Wall for the Hoshana Raba Service.
Women's Obligation on Sukkot
Women are not responsible for the time-bound positive commandments, including among others: dwelling in the sukkah, the four species, shofar, tefillin, and many more.
Time Bound Positive Commandments
a) Women have, however, taken some of these commandments, such as shofar, upon themselves.
b) The Torah does not obligate people to perform mitzvot that they will not be able to fulfill on a consistent basis. Because of a woman’s role as child-bearer and initial nurturer, the Torah recognizes that a woman will often not be able to perform time-bound mitzvot at very specific times, and, therefore, exempted all women from these mitzvot. However, the halacha (Jewish law) allows women to fulfill these mitzvot on a voluntary basis.
c) When performing mitzvot for which one is not obligated, there is a disagreement whether the blessing over the mitzvah is recited.
According to Ashkenazic opinions, women may say the blessing when performing these mitzvot.
According to Sephardic opinion, women should not say the blessing when performing these mitzvot.
The Mitzvot of Sukkot and Women
a) Dwelling in the sukkah
Because dwelling in the sukkah is required only during the holiday of Sukkot, it is a positive time-bound mitzvah. Many women also try to eat in the sukkah whenever possible.
b) The Four Species
Because the mitzvah of lulav and etrog may only be performed during the day, thus making it a positive time-bound mitzvah, women are not obligated to perform the mitzvah of the four species. Many women, however, choose to perform this mitzvah.
c) Synagogue services
Women are not obligated to pray in a minyan (a quorum of 10 men) and are therefore not obligated to attend services at the synagogue, although attendance is strongly recommend for those who are in a position to do so.
Ushpizin
According to the kaballah, the Jewish mystical tradition, the Divine Presence (Shechina) accompanies every Jew into the sukkah. The Shechina is accompanied by the seven shepherds of Israel: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Aharon, and David. Why are these seven personalities invited into the sukkah?
The Sukkah, the temporary dwelling, reminds Jews of the time of wandering in the wilderness. Each of the seven ushpizin lived through their own exile under the guidance of G-d.
1) Abraham – went forth from his homeland and his father’s house to go to Canaan, the unknown place that G-d would show him (Genesis).
2) Isaac – went to Gerar in the Kingdom of Philistia when there was famine (Genesis).
3) Jacob – left his home to protect himself from his brother and to find a wife (Genesis).
4) Joseph – was sold into slavery and taken to Egypt (Genesis)
5) Moses – led the nation out of slavery in Egypt, through the wilderness and to the borders of the Promised Land (Exodus).
6) Aharon -led the nation in the wilderness in his role as High Priest (Exodus).
7) David – was driven into the wilderness to avoid the wrath of Saul (I Samuel).
Each of the seven ushpizin also personify character traits which strengthen the Divine Presence in this world:
1) Abraham – loving-kindness
2) Isaac – inner strength
3) Jacob – truth
4) Joseph – righteousness
5) Moses – Divine eternity
6) Aharon – Divine grandeur
7) David – Divine sovereignty
“And you shall take for yourselves on the first day the fruit of a hadar (beautiful) tree, the branch of the palm trees, a bough from the “avot” tree, and willows of the stream, and you shall rejoice before your G-d for seven days.”
– Leviticus 32:40
The Four Species are an essential mitzvah of Sukkot.
The Etrog
The fruit that the Torah calls hadar “The fruit of a beautiful tree.”
The English name for an etrog is citron, which is a yellow (or green when not ripe) citrus fruit.
It is necessary that the fruit be completely clean of spots. It should not be smooth like a lemon, and it should be broad at the bottom and narrowing towards the top.
Please note that the etrog is very delicate and should be handled with care. If dropped, the etrog can be damaged and rendered unfit for use!
The Lulav
The Lulav is the name of both one of the species and general term used to describe the three remaining species (lulav, hadassim, and aravot) when tied together.
The lulav is a palm frond.
The lulav is placed between the hadassim (myrtle) and the aravot (willows).
A nice lulav is green, with no signs of dryness. It should be straight, without any bends or twists near the top. The tip and top leaves of the lulav must be whole, and not split.
The Aravot
The aravot are willow branches.
Two willow branches are attached to the lulav set.
The aravot are bound to the left side of the lulav, but slightly lower than the hadassim.
The aravot should have reddish stems with green, moist leaves. The leaves should be long, narrow and smooth-edged.
There should be no nips or tears.
The Hadassim
The hadassim are boughs of a myrtle tree.
Three myrtle branches are attached to the lulav set.
The hadassim are bound on the right side of the lulav.
Hadassim should have moist, green leaves grouped in level rows of three. There should be no large, uncovered section of stem.
The stem and leaves should be whole, without any nips at the top and the leaves should go to the top of the branch. There should not be more berries than leaves and there should be no large twigs.
It is important that the four species are in the right condition.
If one has any questions, one should bring the lulav set to a rabbi.
Meanings Behind the Four Species
There are several interpretations to the significance of the four species.
The Four Species represent four types of Jews:
1) Etrog – represents Jews who possess both Torah learning and good deeds, for it has both a pleasant taste and a pleasant scent.
2) Lulav – represents Jews who possess Torah learning but lack good deeds, for it has a pleasant taste but no scent.
3) Hadassim – represent Jews who possess good deeds but lack Torah learning, for it has a pleasant scent but lacks taste.
4) Aravot – represent Jews who lack both Torah learning and good deeds, for it has no taste and no scent.
The Four Species also symbolizes how one may utilize one’s entire body to serve Torah:
1) Etrog – is like the heart, and so atones for the heart’s evil thoughts.
2) Lulav – is like the spine, the single central stem, so too Jews believe in one G-d.
3) Hadassim – are shaped like eyes, and thus atone for the improper sights which the eyes see.
4) Aravot – are shaped like the mouth, and so atone for the expressions of the lips (improper speech).
Doing the Mitzvah of “Taking the Four Species”
The mitzvah of “taking” the Four Species is performed on each of the first seven days of Sukkot, with the exception of Shabbat, and must be performed during the daytime.
How to “take” the Four Species:
1) The lulav set is held in one’s right hand.
2) The etrog is held in one’s left hand. It should be held up-side down (the narrower end or the end with the pitom facing downward) until after the first blessing is recited.
3) The four species are then brought together and the following blessing is recited:
Baruch atah Ado-nai, Ehlo-haynu melech Ha-olam, asher kideshanu b’mitzvotav v’tzeevanu al n’tilat lulav.
“Blessed are you L-rd, our G-d ruler of the world, who sanctified us through His commandments and commanded us to take the four species.”
On the first day of Sukkot, one also recites the She’he’che’yanu, the blessing for having reached this new season:
Baruch atah Ado-nai, Ehlo-haynu melech Ha-olam, she’he’che’yanu v’kee’manu v’hee’gee’anu la’zman ha’zeh.
4) After reciting the first blessing, the etrog is turned upward.
5) Holding all four species together and facing east (or toward the Holy Ark in the synagogue), they are then waved/shaken three times in the six directions: forward (away from oneself), right, backwards (towards oneself), left, up, and down.
a) An alternate opinion is that one waves them right, left, front, up, down, and back.
b) We wave the lulav set because they represent G-d’s creation of the world, as it says in the Talmud, in Sukkah 37b: It is as if one is taking the species and bringing them to G-d who owns the four directions. One raises them and lowers them to G-d who owns the heavens and the earth.
One must own the lulav set.
1) The lulav set must belong to the person using them.
2) Where there is only one lulav set available, people give the set to each other as a gift, thus allowing all present to fully participate in the mitzvah.
The Sukkah
The Sukkah Leviticus 23:42-43 – You shall dwell in sukkot seven days, every citizen in Israel shall dwell in sukkot, so that your descendants shall know that I caused the children of Israel to dwell in sukkot when I brought them out of the land of Egypt.
For the first seven days of Sukkot, Jews are obligated to dwell in their sukkot. But what is a sukkah?
The Physical Structure
A Sukkah is a temporary structure. While some of its walls may be permanent, the roof may not.) A Sukkah must have at least 2 + stable walls, although it is best if there are 4 walls.
While the walls may be made of cloth or canvas, they must be taut and bound tight enough that the walls will not sway in the wind.
The roof of the sukkah must be temporary. The roof of the sukkah is made from sechach. Sechach is defined as parts of a plant that are now detached from the ground, such as branches or bamboo stalks.
i) The roof materials cannot have been previously used as a utensil, such as boards from a dismantled crate.
ii) The material cannot be edible and should not be malodorous.
The walls of the sukkah must be in place before the sechach is placed on top. The sechach must sufficiently cover the sukkah so that there is more shade than light, but should not block out the sky completely. The sukkah should not be built under a tree, roof or awning.
It is customary to decorate and beautify the sukkah, which is an excellent way of involving children in the holiday.
Dwelling in the Sukkah
During the week of Sukkot, the sukkah becomes one’s temporary dwelling and, therefore, weather permitting, everything that one would do in one’s house, such as eat, sleep or study, is done in the sukkah.
1) All meals must be eaten in the sukkah. Snacks, however, may be eaten outside the sukkah, but preferably not grains.
2) One who is ill is not obligated to sleep or eat in the sukkah.
3) One is not obligated to suffer through bad weather or to put oneself in danger to be in the sukkah.
4) When one eats a meal in the sukkah, one should make the following blessing:
Symbolism of the Sukkah
A) The sukkah represents the temporary dwellings of the Jew wandering in the wilderness.
B) The sukkah represents the Ananei HaKavod, the Clouds of Glory, in which G-d enveloped and protected the wandering nation after the Exodus from Egypt.
C) By moving out of our permanent domiciles, especially at the beginning of the rainy/cold season, Jews demonstrate their faith in G-d as provider and sustainer of all life.
Chol HaMoed
Sukkot is a 7 day holiday. The first day (first two days outside of Israel) are Yamim Tovim – days which are kept like Sabbath (cooking and carrying, however, are permitted). The remaining days in between are known as Chol Hamoed – weekday of the festival.
The Interim Days
During Chol Hamoed, it is customary to continue the holiday spirit and avoid unnecessary work. Many people try to refrain from mundane chores such as laundry. Some people do not go to work and avoid shopping except for that which is essential for the holiday. The requirements to dwell in the sukkah and the mitzvah of the four species continue throughout Chol Hamoed. In synagogue, the Torah is read and Hallel (festive Psalms) and Mussaf (the additional service) are recited. In the synagogue, the Hoshana Service is performed after the Mussaf service on each day of Sukkot (including the first Yom Tov days).
This service commemorates part of the Temple Sukkot celebrations. Each morning of the holiday, after the water libation (described below), the priests would bring out a bundle of aravot (willow branches). The tall branches were placed upright against the altar. The shofar was then blown and special prayers, called hoshanot, were recited.
Today, after the daily mussaf service during sukkot, the Hoshana Service is commemorated. i) The ark is opened and one Torah scroll is brought to the bimah, where it is held until the end of the Hoshana. (This is not done on Shabbat.) ii) Holding the lulav set, the congregants circle the bimah once and responsively recite special prayers. (This is not done on Shabbat.)
Simchat Beit Hashoevah
Sukkot is considered the holiday on which G-d determines the water allotment for the year to come (where there will be rain and where there will be drought, etc.). During the time of the Temple, the week of Sukkot was highlighted by the water libation ceremony, in which water was poured over the altar after the morning sacrifice. The ceremony actually lasted all night and was known as the Simchat Beit Hashoevah, the Celebration of the House of the Drawing of Water.
a) After the Yom Tov, the Temple was set up for the Simchat Beit Hashoevah. Three balconies were created in the women’s section and the men would stand in a courtyard below, allowing more people to attend. Golden lamps were placed in the courtyard that gave off enough light to illuminate the entire city itself.
b) In the courtyard, men would dance and the Levites would play instruments and sing praises to G-d.
c) The kohanim, the priests, would then go to the spring of Gichon and draw the water to be used.
It is customary today, during the week of Sukkot, to attend or host a Simchat Beit Hashoevah celebration, generally held in the sukkah. While one does not mimic the actual water-libation ceremony, the joy of the holiday is the focus of these celebrations.
The holiday of Sukkot, known as the Feast of the Tabernacles, or the liturgy Zman Simchatainu, the time of our rejoicing.
Happy Sukkot!
The first month of the Jewish year (Tishrei) is also the busiest month of the Jewish year. Immediately following Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur is the week-long holiday of Sukkot, also known as the Feast of the Tabernacles. It is called in the liturgy Zman Simchatainu, the time of our rejoicing.
Now that the Jewish people have repented on Yom Kippur and, hopefully, received Divine forgiveness, Sukkot follows as the time for celebrating G-d’s presence in the world. By living in temporary dwellings and taking the four species (the two primary mitzvot of Sukkot) Jews acknowledge that G-d provides for our physical needs as well as our spiritual needs.
Sukkot Stories, Practices and Resources
Origin of Sukkot
Jewish Treats Guide to Celebrating Sukkot
Yom Tov – The First Festival Days
Women’s Obligation on Sukkot
Jewish Treats Sukkot Articles
Sukkot Treats Pinterest Board
During the week of Sukkot, when the Temple stood in Jerusalem, 70 oxen were sacrificed. The rabbis taught that these 70 oxen represent the original 70 nations of the world. The priests offered sin offerings for the nations, invoking a desire for universal atonement, peace and harmony. Sukkot, therefore, is actually a truly universal holiday.
The holiday, however, does not end abruptly since G-d commanded that an eighth day be added which will also be Yom Tov, a festival day, specifically for the Jewish people. This holiday, known as Sh’mini Atzeret, the Gathering of the Eighth, is seen as the holiday which demonstrates G-d’s especial love for the Jewish people – comparable to a host asking his/her best friend to stay after everyone else has left, in order to share a private moment.
Guide to Celebrating Sukkot
Welcome to Jewish Treats Guide to Celebrating Sukkot. From the symbolic meaning of the four species to guidelines for building a sukkah, Jewish Treats Guide to Celebrating Sukkot offers it all– inspiring insights, enticing recipes and suggestions on how to celebrate the holiday known as Z’man Sim’chah’tay’nu, the Time of our Rejoicing. We hope that you will use this guide to truly enhance your own Sukkot celebration.
Print the Jewish Treats Guide to Celebrating Sukkot or use the interface on this page to view or download.
Sukkot Programs
Discover our exciting Sukkot programs in which you can celebrate, participate, or offer in your community.
Sukkot Workshop
This Workshop brings to life the happiest time of year on the Jewish calendar. This exceptional, interactive program includes questions, source material and. illuminating answers..
Specially created for Jews who would like to gain an appreciation and understanding of the history, customs and rituals associated with the joyous Sukkot holiday, this program enables participants to understand the various observances of the joyous festival of Sukkot and helps inspire them to participate more fully and enjoy this beautiful holiday that is known as Z’man Sim’cha’tay’nu (The Time of Our Rejoicing).
Sukkot Workshop Sample
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COVID-19 | Program Status
Out of an abundance of caution due to the spread of the Coronavirus and heeding the recommendation of medical professionals to forgo large gatherings for the time being, NJOP will not be going forward with our Sukkot Across America Program this year. We hope to reinstate the initiative in future years. We pray for the speedy and complete recovery of all those who have contracted the virus and the safety of all others.
Sukkot Across America
The holiday of Sukkot is known as Zman Simchatainu, the Time of our Rejoicing. So let’s celebrate together! You’re invited to join NJOP for Sukkot Across America!
In this uplifting event, participants are welcomed…
into the sukkah to experience the most joyous time on the Jewish calendar. At each of these specially chosen sukkah locations, participants will be invited to shake a lulav and etrog, enjoy some refreshments, and perhaps some music and dance, while rejoicing on this happiest of Jewish holidays together with other members of the Jewish community.
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NASCAR Sprint Cup teams testing at Darlington Raceway this week
By Dustin LongJun 9, 2015, 8:00 AM EDT
Darlington Raceway will host a Goodyear tire test today and an open test Wednesday as NASCAR Sprint Cup teams prepare for the Sept. 6 Southern 500.
Today’s tire test is scheduled to have Ryan Newman (Richard Childress Racing), Jamie McMurray (Chip Ganassi Racing), Greg Biffle (Roush Fenway Racing) and Clint Bowyer (Michael Waltrip Racing).
Wednesday’s open test – each organization is allowed to have one team if it chooses – is scheduled to have:
Aric Almirola (Richard Petty Motorsports)
Kurt Busch (Stewart-Haas Racing)
Kyle Busch (Joe Gibbs Racing)
Jimmie Johnson (Hendrick Motorsports)
Joey Logano (Team Penske)
Martin Truex Jr. (Furniture Row Racing)
Greg Biffle (Roush Fenway Racing)
Clint Bowyer (Michael Waltrip Racing)
Jamie McMurray (Chip Ganassi Racing)
Ryan Newman (Richard Childress Racing)
Wednesday’s test goes from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. ET and is open to the public at no cost (today’s tire test is closed to the public). Two sections of the Colvin Grandstands on the backstretch will be open Wednesday. Fans need to use the Gate 3 entrance to the track off Highway 151. The parking lot is located next to the track’s administration building.
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Home › Around the Clubs › Women’s Division Roundup – Rounds 5 and 6
Women’s Division Roundup – Rounds 5 and 6
By Tim Klingbiel
Bellingen Victory
Kim Barker’s Victory hosted Rachael Oberleuter’s Scorpions in a round 5 meeting between two fine ambassadors of women’s football and their respective protégés, with their mirroring values of positive guidance and support as well as years of experience setting the scene for a well matched game of football played in the right spirit.
The Victory started positively and created numerous attacks before a powerful low strike from midfielder Sam Barker drew the Sawtell custodian into action. The shot was parried into the path of the supporting Bellingen attackers, but they were unable to capitalise on the rebound. Not long afterwards, the Scorpions launched an attack of their own, and referee Bruce Mackie awarded them with a free kick after a handball from a Bellingen defender. The strike was saved well by the Bellingen keeper on a blustery afternoon that was making everyone’s life difficult.
Emma Russell (Bellingen) attacks down the left flank. Photo by Deb Baigent.
With the atmospheric conditions necessitating a ‘deck ball’ style of play, it became a battle of control and precision, and a couple of errant passes from the Victory opened things up for the Scorpions, who earnt a couple of corners and put the home side under pressure. Manager Deb Baigent noted that midfielder Lauren Rigney in particular was outstanding and shouldered a huge workload in the first half.
Sawtell thought they had their opener as they unleashed a strike that bounced back out off the underside of the crossbar after appearing to move the net. No goal was awarded and the ball was safely cleared by the Victory defence. But justice was ultimately done for the Scorpions as they were able to score the opener less than 60 seconds later.
The girls had their work cut out if they were to find the equaliser before the interval. Winger Cath Hawkshaw did her best to create a moment of magic but her shot was ably dealt with by Sawtell’s vociferous keeper. But the Bellingen attackers refused to relent and from sheer persistence, they were able to find the equaliser in the 38th minute from a quality sequence of place. A well-orchestrated throw in from Rigney found ‘pocket rocket’ Jordy Guest, who weaved deftly through the Sawtell backline and rifled the ball into the back of the net to loud cheers from the local support.
Both coaches made the most of the half time break with motivation and a plethora of information on the menu. Baigent speculated whether information overload, anxiety, a surfeit of glucose courtesy of overenthusiastic red frog ingestion or simply the gale force winds on the afternoon was the primary catalyst, but a 47th minute free kick to Sawtell found a gaggle of Victory defenders in a jumbled mess struggling to figure out who was who in the zoo, and the end result was the ball sailing over everyone and rolling softly over the line to hand the Scorpions a 2-1 lead.
Coaches Rachael Oberleuter (Sawtell) and Kim Barker (Bellingen) enjoyed the day out. Photo by Deb Baigent.
With Bello suddenly on the back foot again, they took the setback as a chance to regroup and responded in positive fashion. Some solid build up play on the right flank through Ash Harris and Sophie Russell allowed the Victory to get back on the attack. Newcomer Emma Russell positioned herself well and was unlucky not to find the net after some great runs at the back stick. Both teams had several opportunities to score and it was a thoroughly entertaining spectacle for the onlookers who rode the waves of emotion with each narrowly missed shot.
Assistant coach Jackson Stanmore had been assigned to strategic duties, and was ironing out positional play on the fly. A few minor tweaks allowed the Victory to maintain relentless pressure in attack, and a piece of individual brilliance from Sam Barker, who had spent the entirety of the game under heavy marking, saw her beat three defenders and rifle the ball straight through the Sawtell keeper’s legs for the equaliser.
With 15 minutes on the clock, there were a few nervy passages of play for both sides but it was the Victory who finished the stronger, gaining the ascendancy with the weight of possession tipping in their favour. Full time sounded at 2-2 and the match and result had been just as tight as anticipated. On the balance of play it was a fair outcome for both teams and neither coach walked away disappointed.
Round 6’s fixture against Corindi Breakers saw the Victory at Connell Park once again. The Bellingen ladies started as brightly as they had done all season, pressing hard for the first quarter of an hour and keeping the Breakers defenders busy. Baigent noted that the Victory unit of Allison Kedzlie, Sam Barker and Lauren Rigney were proving a force to be reckoned with and winger Cath Hawkshaw was relentless up the right side.
The Breakers defence became frustrated with the amount of pressure they were being put under by the Bello girls, and a rampaging run from Kedzlie drew an egregious foul as she bore down on goal in the 15th minute. Taken out from behind and copping a knee to the head, Kedzlie was forced off and the home side had lost one of their main attacking outlets. The awarding of a penalty was some comfort, though, and Barker slotted the ball comfortably in the bottom right corner to give the Victory the lead.
Baigent said the girls in black and white really began to click following the opener, and combinations from Rigney, Jordy Guest and Molly Odgers produced some excellent plays. The defence too was indomitable, as every Corindi attack was being snuffed out by central defender Hannah Watt and goalkeeper Ella Jandzio-Fry. With Bellingen continuing their domination in attack during the period leading up to half time, they were able to earn a flurry of corners and challenge the Corindi defence and goalkeeper on numerous occasions.
With just minutes remaining until half time, Corindi counter-attacked and Jandzio-Fry courageously committed to rushing out to the edge of her box and challenging for a 50/50 ball. Unfortunately, she clashed with an attacker and after an unintentional knee to the forehead, she was ruled unfit to continue. Having now lost two key performers to head injuries, the Victory were forced to move the versatile Hawkshaw in between the sticks.
During the break, Barker stressed to the Victory girls the importance of being clinical in front of goal, with so many chances going begging due to shooting inaccuracy and difficulties getting into the right position to apply the crucial final touch. A plethora of crosses and corners had the Breakers defence weathering an aerial assault so it seemed only a matter of time until this would pay dividends for Bello.
Now with a heightened awareness of what was required to get the job done, the girls in black and white returned after the break by picking up right where they left off in terms of attacking dominance, though the accuracy of their shooting was improving as several shots were now missing by only a kitten’s whisker. Strong lead up play in the 55th minute saw Rigney, Emma Webster and Sam Barker employing a composed approach in possession, which ultimately resulted in a great goal by Rigney, who slotted the ball perfectly into the top right corner to double the advantage.
Diminutive but determined winger Melanie Green was influential in the game, and her tireless work on the left flank allowed her to get into supportive positions for the bulk of the Victory’s attacks. The home side welcome the battle-scarred yet eager Kedzlie back on to the pitch, and they enjoyed a period of sheer control with Corindi touches on the ball seeming rarer than rocking horse guano.
Kedzlie’s reintroduction was crucial, as she made an excellent run to beat her marker and rifle the ball into the top left corner off the underside of the bar. It was a bullet strike to hand the Victory a three goal advantage and served as a catalyst to spur them on to sustain their in-game superiority. An acrobatic attempt from Kedzlie soon followed, though she was unable to connect on the cross.
The Breakers hadn’t quite said their piece though, as a rapid attack put the home side’s defence under pressure and caught Hawkshaw out of goals in an attempt to extinguish the play. Guest was forced to turn on the afterburners to steam in and make a scrambling and athletic goal line clearance, and the desperation to retain the clean sheet was palpable – and admirable.
Another frenzy of Bello corners had the Breakers on the back foot once again, and a tantalising Barker cross found Guest in amongst a throng of players in the box. Guest made no mistake and swiftly deposited the loose ball into the net – within just a few minutes she had been involved in two critical pieces of goalmouth action at each end, and this time she made it 4-0 for the Victory.
That would be that on the afternoon and it was a first win for the season for the Bello ladies, which elevated them to tenth on the ladder. The test they will undergo in round 7 will be altogether more rigorous, though, as they take on a puissant Boambee Eagles ‘1’ side refreshed after a week off. It will no doubt be an excellent learning experience for this squad though, and if they can manage to pull off a shock result it would be one of the biggest headlines in NCF senior football for quite some time.
Boambee Eagles
Rounds 5 and 6 saw two close and tough games for Eagles ‘2’, with results going both ways. Firstly, they took on Nambucca in the amphitheatre of Coronation Park. The first 20 minutes of play went according to plan as the Eagles dominated the midfield, though things could have been better in attack as they were having quite some difficulty in finding the target despite a wealth of shooting opportunities.
A concentration lapse meant the Eagles lost their shape and only minutes before half time, the Strikers were able to take advantage of some sloppy defensive play to break the deadlock. The teams went into the sheds at 1-0 to the home side and Boambee coach Fiona Clancy knew her girls had an uphill battle ahead of them in what had been a tight arm wrestle up to that point.
A solid strike from Eagles ‘2’ draws an excellent save from Carly Smith, who was the day’s star performer to preserve the Strikers’ clean sheet. Photo by Amanda Gill-Williams.
The Eagles didn’t mess about though, and returned with some strong football after the break to control the flow of play once again. With the weight of possession behind them, they were able to produce an improved display of shooting to find the target with much greater regularity, but Nambucca goalkeeper Carly Smith was absolutely immense between the sticks, her performance drawing high praise from Clancy who asserted that it was ‘some of the best keeping [she has] seen in the women’s comp this season’.
A few more chances fell the way of the Eagles with a number of crosses flashing across goal, but they lacked the killer blow and were repeatedly unable to connect. At full time the score remained 1-0 to the home side and the Eagles would have to head back to Ayrshire Park with their collective tails between their legs. It was a disappointing defeat and undoubtedly a setback to their finals charge, but with Orara Valley Dingoes awaiting the following week they would have an opportunity to make amends in what would surely be another game of fine margins.
Eagles ‘2’ travelled to Dairyville a player light, as one squad member had evidently misjudged the preparation and travel time involved with packing up a campsite and arriving at OV1 for a game of football. Nonetheless, she eventually did arrive and took the field after a quarter of an hour of play to give her side a full complement of 11. This coincided with a slight brain fade for the Boambee girls, who had switched off slightly after welcoming the extra player into the fold, and the Dingoes were able to sneak a goal that caught most by surprise.
Having given up the lead, the Eagles knew it was time for business, and the ever dependable Kath Vail took things by the scruff of the neck to level up the contest only a few minutes later with a well balanced strike to beat the Orara custodian. The teams went to the break at 1-1 but with the Eagles appearing the stronger.
The girls from Boambee were spirited following the interval and attacked strongly and consistently. Ultimately they were able to take the lead for the first time in the game through Bree Rooney, who nudged the ball past the Dingoes keeper, who got a strong glove on the ball and almost kept the shot out, to make it 2-1. It may be one of Rooney’s last hurrahs for the season as her baby is due to arrive around finals time, so this lent added significance to the goal for her.
Within just a few minutes, the Eagles had another – Kahla ‘Chook’ Craig set off on a run up the right flank and unleashed a strike from distance that sailed past the keeper. The Eagles were starting to run on empty, as it was a stifling afternoon at Dairyville and with just the bare 11 to call on – ten of whom had also run 15 minutes while down a player – fresh legs were at a premium. The slick possession play and attacking verve petered out at this point, and Clancy said her girls were just doing what needed to be done in order to finish with the three points in hand.
Eagles ‘2’ duly did so, and with a full time score of 3-1 they were able to recapture the all important factors of morale and momentum while reigniting their finals charge. After six games they sit in sixth position on the ladder, but this weekend’s fixture against Wildcats ‘1’ is virtually as difficult as it gets and every member of the squad will have to put their best foot forward if they are to pick up a result.
Glenn Bennett’s Eagles ‘1’ hosted the Dingoes in round 5, and they turned on a festival of attacking football for the home crowd. Kylie McDonald opened the scoring in the 4th minute, before netting her second in the 11th minute off an inch perfect corner from Keira Plumbe. A chip over the advancing Orara keeper sealed McDonald’s hat trick, with a bustling run through the middle following a quick counter-attack – straight off the boot of Boambee keeper Di Walker – resulting in her fourth, and another to make it five for her before half time. Rebekah Oberleuter grabbed two on her outfield return from injury, while her sister Bianca – courtesy of a powerful and well placed curling free kick off her left foot – and Siobhan Deam each scored one.
With the half time score at 9-0, and Orara having only troubled the Boambee goal on a couple of occasions without being able to muster a particularly serious challenge, the result was a foregone conclusion, so the Eagles opted to experiment a little and pushed regular keeper Walker up into the midfield. The move paid almost immediate dividends as Walker converted a well-angled strike in the 50th minute. McDonald nabbed her sixth in the 55th minute with a marauding run through the crumbling Dingoes defensive line.
The attacking onslaught from the Eagles did not let up and the stamina of the Boambee girls was stretching the travelling Dingoes beyond breaking point. Three more goals to McDonald, each memorable in their own way, followed – one from just outside the box that left the keeper cemented to the spot, another from a follow up header after a saved penalty, and yet another from a great run straight up the centre of the park. The final Eagles goal came from part-time outfielder Walker again, who positioned herself well to get on the end of a sharp and precise cross from Deam to grab her brace and the Eagles’ 15th without reply.
Boambee manager John Walker praised the Dingoes’ enthusiasm and willingness to stay in the game until the end, observing that they showed plenty of potential and specifically lauding the ‘outstanding’ contributions of captain Helen Moseley who was ‘absolutely everywhere on the field’ and proved a key cog in both defence and attack.
Eagles ‘1’ had a bye in round 6 but return to action this weekend as they host Bellingen Victory and look to maintain their 100% start to 2018 and their lengthy undefeated streak which now stretches to 26 games in NCF competition. One would figure the title race to ultimately come down to Eagles ‘1’, Wildcats ‘1’ and Raiders ‘1’, and with only three points separating first and fifth, it’s absolutely crucial that there are no slip ups for Bennett’s girls if they are to seal another premiership this season.
Coffs City United Lionesses
The Lionesses have quietly built up an impressive start to the season, with three wins and a draw in their first six games. Round 5’s 3-0 defeat to Woolgoolga Wildcats ‘1’ at High Street was hardly unexpected given their opposition’s standing as the competition’s current second ranked side and veterans of a razor-thin 1st Division grand final loss in 2017, but the Lionesses acquitted themselves well and turned on an excellent defensive and goalkeeping performance to make the Wildcats’ lives difficult. Opposition coach Kim Batty noted that the Lionesses will be a side to watch this season and it’s not faint praise for the ladies in red and black.
Round 6 saw an absolute nailbiter away to Macksville as the scores were locked at 0-0 until the final 10 minutes, when the determined Lionesses were able to break through with two crucial strikes to seal a 2-0 result in their favour and take home the three points. It was a gritty win and the ability they have shown when it comes down to outlasting their opponents in gruelling arm wrestles will stand them in great stead for the remainder of the season and breed untold confidence within the squad. They now know they have what it takes to prevail in tight games and should accordingly collect several more points along the way in 2018.
A tough home game against Urunga Raiders ‘2’ awaits this weekend, but there’s nothing to say the girls from Forsyth Park can’t get the job done, and a win there could at least temporarily elevate them to as high as fourth on the ladder. There’s definitely a lot of life in this campaign for the Lionesses and if they get the result on Saturday, they will certainly announce their arrival as a real dark horse in the competition and force several opposition sides to start looking over their shoulders.
Corindi Breakers
It’s been a tough start – or maybe more appropriately, restart – to life in senior women’s football for the Breakers, but these girls continue to improve in leaps and bounds every week and their last two showings away to Woolgoolga Wildcats ‘2’, where they went down 5-0, and Bellingen Victory, where they were on the wrong side of a 4-0 result, were not short on positive moments.
The Bellingen game in particular was punctuated by a number of bright moments and the margin of defeat, while continuing to narrow every week, still probably doesn’t tell the story of the efforts these Breakers ladies are putting in. Still without a goal in their opening five games, their attackers have been better than that statistic would suggest, and this weekend’s home game against Orara Valley Dingoes may just provide the chance they need to finally get off the mark in front of goal.
The Corindi and Bellingen girls played out a great game of football at Connell Park. Photo by Jaclyn Tarran.
There is still a long way left in the season and while it’s fairly safe to say the Breakers won’t be featuring in finals football come September, it’s fantastic to see such a proud club with a team back in the division and the local competition is better off for having them there. The experience these players are gaining every week under the tutelage of Donna Smith is invaluable and with several young members within the side, the groundwork is being laid for an excellent team in a few years’ time. As the saying goes, iron sharpens iron, and by playing against established 1st Division sides week in, week out, the Breakers will themselves become one of those contenders in due course.
Macksville Stingers
Round 5 saw the Stingers with the week off, and it had been well earned after a tough start to the season against some red hot ex-1st Division sides and most notably the critical breakthrough in round 4 that saw them rack up their first win of 2018 against Sawtell Scorpions.
Last week’s result was an altogether more bitter pill to swallow though. In a back and forth battle with Coffs City United Lionesses at their Bellevue Drive home ground, it was a steadfast defensive display by both sets of ladies as they went to half time with the score at 0-0. Stand in Stingers keeper Sarah Mander produced an inspired performance in what manager Deb Turner dubbed ‘an extraordinary job’.
Unfortunately for the Stingers, key performer Minki Laow was carried off the field after colliding with an opposition player, and things went downhill as fatigue began to set in. The Lionesses were able to put two past Mander in the final 10 minutes to seal the win, and it was a case of ‘so close, yet so far’ for the Macksville girls.
They will need to regroup this weekend as they make the short trip to Coronation Park to take on Nambucca Strikers in a local derby. The Strikers have started the season well and have three wins to the Stingers’ one at present, so it will be a tall order if Pete Turner’s ladies are to make up ground on their local rivals. But with more fit personnel – a luxury they have rarely enjoyed in 2018 with numbers regularly proving a struggle and one forfeit already down on the ledger – they should certainly be a threat, and having retained the nucleus of the victorious 2nd Division side from 2017, there is still a winning DNA within this group.
Nambucca Strikers
Round 5 was an emotional weekend for the Strikers as they hosted a day of football to honour the memory of club life member, Jo Deans. Having trained solidly in the week leading up to the game, the girls were back to full capacity and looked primed for an important victory against a tough Boambee Eagles ‘2’ side.
It was the away team who started the more positive of the two, an early shot on goal waking up the Strikers girls and kicking them into gear. Coach Clay Urquhart said the midfield was a battlefield, with Emily Lane and Amie Goswell having their work cut out early as well as the defensive line. The attacking efforts of Anna Champion and Zara Pastega were largely nullified and they were forced into assisting at the back more than being proactive up top due to the Eagles’ suffocating presence.
Anna Champion gets stuck in for the Strikers. Photo by Amanda Gill-Williams.
A tactical switch midway through the opening stanza was brought about as a result of the game’s frenetic pace – Champion and Pastega made way for Charlotte Williams and Jordan, with Williams playing as a 9 and Jordan slotting into a now-five strong midfield. Sam Walsh had worked her socks off and was replaced by the fresh legs of Keily Chase on the flank.
These new introductions had a positive effect from the get go, as the weight of possession began to shift the way of the Strikers, threatening through Williams whose speed and determination caused the Boambee backline no end of headaches. In what Urquhart described as an inspired piece of play, Chase pressured the Eagles into a mistake and played an inch perfect through ball to Williams, who outpaced her marker and prodded the opener past the Eagles custodian. The supporters were in raptures and the Strikers were able to take a 1-0 lead into the break.
The second half was punctuated by some physical play, and the Eagles came back with a period of excellent football to test Strikers keeper Carly Smith on several occasions. With a string of fingertip saves, brave stops under heavy fire, point blank reaction blocks and excellent reading of the game, she was equal to everything Boambee threw her way, with Urquhart calling her performance ‘superb’.
With 20 minutes on the clock, Pastega and Walsh re-entered the fray, rejuvenated from a spell on the bench. The running of Walsh up and down the flank sparked another momentum shift back to the home side, and it was one of these runs that earnt a penalty as she nipped away from her marker and was brought down inside the area. The Strikers were unable to convert, though, and the slender single goal advantage remained.
The composed Luwarna Cohen was playing an assured brand of football at the back that belied her tender years, and linked up well on the left hand side with her older sister Kyiesha. The latter offered a pacy outlet on the wing and was regularly creating space in behind the Eagles line, and it was one of these incursions that almost delivered the Strikers’ second as she teed up Williams, who ultimately fell just short of claiming her brace.
Coach Urquhart said that Cheree Chapman and Melissa Urquhart were playing season best performances in the backline, and their focus was essential in the game’s dying stages with the result still very much in the balance. With mere seconds on the clock, the Eagles were able to burst through the defensive line and close in on Smith one on one, but Smith put her body on the line with minimal regard for self-preservation and leapt at the feet of the striker to collect the ball and protect her clean sheet. There was visible relief amongst the strong and partisan crowd who had been riding the tension of the moment, and the Strikers just held on in a match full of entertainment and high drama.
Round 6 saw the girls travel to Toormina Oval, where the sheer size of the pitch meant that energy levels would play an important role. The game was a story of many vicissitudes, as momentum swung back and forth without either side ever really being able to obtain a clear advantage. The Champion was putting in a wired performance as she supported attacker Williams at one moment and then helped out in defence the next. Goalkeeper Smith was not called into action nearly as much as the previous week, with Chapman marshalling the backline with authority and defiance.
The Strikers midfield were rotated effectively throughout the match on an afternoon where everyone was seemingly running a half marathon equivalent. The cooperation between Terri White and Ella Lewis was excellent and Walsh, Pastega and Simone Jordan were all performing solidly and reliably. A well weighted corner from Pastega in the 80th minute created havoc in the Scorpions box, and Williams reacted quickest to poke home the winner.
The Nambucca girls held out for the remainder of the game and took home a second consecutive 1-0 victory with a second consecutive Williams winner. Round 7 sees them host the Macksville Stingers in a local derby, and all signs point to the result being just as tight as their last two. For a side managed by an attacker in Clay Urquhart, they certainly look to be building a stoic and resolute defence, and having kept two straight clean sheets, opposition sides will have their work cut out to break these girls down.
Orara Valley Dingoes
In a quirky competition where a side with a +53 goal difference after five games sits in 5th spot on the ladder, while a side with -30 in the Dingoes sits in eighth spot – above five other teams – anything can still happen and the Dingoes definitely need to hold their heads high. Two tough weeks played out in rounds 5 and 6, but there is still a long way to go in the season and a lot of time to develop.
They were, in coach Helen Moseley’s own words, ‘outrun and outskilled’ in round 5’s 15-0 defeat to Boambee Eagles ‘1’, but their refusal to give in and the relentless pressure they displayed until the final whistle are heartening signs for the future and there is no shame in going down to the form team in the entire competition over the past few years. Moseley said that her girls were still happy with their performance and see the game as a positive, and it is this attitude that will serve them well as they continue to grow and develop in the competition and experience what it is like to play against exceptionally well drilled and experienced units each week.
Round 6 showed some more positive signs, as the Orara girls took on Eagles ‘2’ at home. Moseley observed that they looked great from the warm up and started as positively as possible with an early goal from Paige Thornber to take the lead in the first half. They went to the break at 1-1 and looked a good chance of a result, but the experience of the Eagles ‘2’ girls proved telling. The Dingoes continued to create a number of attacking opportunities but were outdone by slick passing and clinical finishing, and once they went 3-1 down they were unable to claw back the deficit. Moseley’s girls are using each game as a learning experience and she noted that this one was a decent indicator of where they sit in terms of the hierarchy of the competition as a whole.
This weekend they travel up to Corindi to take on a Breakers side who have not yet scored this season. The Dingoes would fancy themselves as favourites for this one, but they can’t afford any lapses in concentration as the Breakers too have been improving every week and have turned on a couple of decent performances that the scorelines perhaps didn’t quite justify. Moseley will have them well prepared though, and her own talismanic and herculean on-field efforts have been and will continue to be instrumental in the Dingoes’ future success.
Sawtell Scorpions
The Scorpions had a nailbiter in round 5 against Bellingen at Connell Park. It was a game that swung back and forth throughout and the final result of 2-2 was a fair indication of the balance of play. It had been a hard earned point and they would have fancied their chances of picking up a result at home against Nambucca the following week.
That scenario wasn’t to be though, as Rachael Oberleuter’s girls were ultimately outdone by an 80th minute goalmouth scrap following a corner that nestled in their net and broke the hearts of the green and white faithful. Though they sit second from bottom after six games played, they have been right in four of those – barring the Wildcats ‘1’ and Macksville defeats, results against Urunga (where they went down 2-0) and Nambucca just last week would not at all have been out of the realms of possibility, while the Bello draw and another point against Coffs United were extremely closely contested encounters.
The Scorpions did not field a women’s side in 2017, so the squad this season has been assembled quickly and they are only just beginning to gel on the field. With this in mind, it’s likely the girls in green will be picking up a few more points towards the back end of the season in addition to the obvious benefits of experience that they are gaining every week. This weekend’s encounter with Urunga Raiders ‘1’, however, might just be a bridge too far at this stage of their development, with Trevor Martin’s girls rifling home an imposing 59 goals after just five games. Sawtell will need to be at their defensive best to stay in the contest for this one.
Urunga Raiders
A strange scenario played out in round 5 as Urunga Raiders ‘1’ and ‘2’ played against one another. As had occurred with Boambee a couple of weeks back, the coaching staff approached this fixture with some trepidation and to an extent confusion given the multitude of factors at play. Coach Trevor Martin, who looks after both ‘1’ and ‘2’, found himself in a position comparable to cornering two fighters from the same camp – as he noted, ‘on the one hand [he needed] to keep [his] first grade building and improving to make sure [his] new recruits this season learn and understand [the team’s] playing style and at the same time try and keep the second team competitive and improving’.
Knowing from recent results that Team 1 were going to be front runners and Team 2 would struggle, Martin spoke with both teams at length to point out the need ‘to keep Team 1 on the front foot and to treat the encounter as a training game and ignore the scoreline’. Team 1 started with just nine players. With regular goalkeeper Jess Snow caught up at work, Zali Rees stood in for the first 40 minutes and the backline had to be adjusted to compensate.
Both teams started the game brightly and Martin notes that Team 2 have come a long way in their tactical approach to the game. They were able to hold good shape and move the ball around well, with hard work off the ball. Composure in possession was a priority. Team 1, though, were just a step ahead in general play, with superior stamina, crisper passing and better understanding of positional roles making life tough for their counterparts.
After a quarter of an hour, Team 1 had seized the lead. They had been coached to work on the things they had been doing at training and focus on their shape and movement, and Martin was not disappointed, as he noted that their goals ‘were all created via combinations and patient building as requested, and their disciplined approach to working as a unit was encouraging’.
Martin also praised Team 2 for working just as hard at their own team tasks and sticking to script despite finding it tough going. He said they played some attractive football, with Sarah Vidler creating scoring opportunities from midfield and Hannah Smith constantly looking to go on the attack. The battle between Smith and Serine Brandie on the wing was one of the highlights of the day.
Martin commended both his teams for their approach to the game and said that ‘if we can ignore the scoreline (easy to say), [he believes] both teams took something from this game – no winners or losers from [his] perspective, just an opportunity to keep building for finals’. It seemed the Raiders had taken the unfortunate reality of the combined competition on the chin and made the best of a bad situation.
Team 2 followed the tough outing with a trip to High Street to take on the powerful Woolgoolga Wildcats ‘1’ side. Despite their recent improvement, the Raiders ‘2’s were primarily looking to make life hard for their northern opponents and improve their possession percentages and tactical game rather than specifically prioritising the result. With four regular starters having already played the 1pm fixture for Team 1 and their regular keeper missing, Team 2 knew they would have to dig deep.
The early passages of play were marked by great shape from the Urunga girls, who were not only stringing together passes but looking to be proactive and get forward. This enterprising style put Woolgoolga unexpectedly on the back foot at times, but the solidity of the home side’s defence prevented the Raiders from claiming an early lead, and Martin noted that the final ball from his girls was not quite up to scratch.
The Wildcats were looking lethal in attack and their speed and willingness to shoot was creating headaches, though the Raiders backline were largely equal to the task and their determination allowed them to break down a string of Woopi surges forward. Ultimately the persistence of the Wildcats paid off and their approach of pulling the trigger from anywhere within a 30 yard radius of goal delivered two first half goals past the stand in keeper.
Injury and illness cruelled the Raiders and over the course of the next 60 minutes, they lost a number of key players and had to battle on understaffed. To their credit, they continued to force the issue and never allowed Woolgoolga to relax, approaching the game with an inspiring level of intensity. Despite the final scoreline of 7-0 to the Wildcats, Martin said his girls came away feeling proud of their efforts and they have built an immense amount of character through the tough draw they have faced in the early rounds of the competition.
This positivity going forward will be essential this weekend as they take on an ever improving Coffs City United Lionesses side away at McLean Street. One would have to think this will be a very close game based on the respective recent form of these two teams, and the Raiders will be hoping to have more fully fit girls available on the afternoon to ensure their viking longship does not run aground late on once again.
Raiders ‘1’ took on Woolgoolga ‘2’ in round 6, making the journey up the highway short of four regular starters and having to call heavily upon the Team 2 squad to fill the side. With a typical structured approach to their football under Martin’s guidance, so many personnel changes can have a substantial effect when the newer players are not acutely aware of their role as a cog in the greater machine, but Martin was confident that his replacements would fill the gaps adequately and felt positive that they would perform well.
The Wildcats ‘2’ had yet to suffer defeat over the first five games of the season, so Martin knew complacency could not be on the menu for his girls and stressed that they take the game on its merits. The Wildcats used their pace in attack to test the makeshift Raiders backline and were not backward in coming forward, but with the influential Steph Morrison back in the lineup to marshal the troops, the girls in maroon responded well and began looking more solid.
Martin suggested that his side were perhaps slightly below their usual intensity when going forward, but they were still doing enough to create opportunities for their front four. A regular scorer for the Raiders of late in Jackie Kambere was being marked tightly by the Wildcats defenders, but she was still able to hold the ball up and bring other Raiders into the play. A rare moment in space for Kambere allowed her to lay the ball off to Belinda Moore, who opened the scoring for Urunga.
The girls in maroon have excellent depth in attack and Moore’s midfield dominance was causing all kinds of problems too. Whether finding space sitting just behind the strikers or unleashing excellent free kicks, everything seemed to be going Moore’s way on the afternoon and she ultimately grabbed another three goals.
The Wildcats didn’t let up though and kept searching for attacking opportunities. A moment of confusion between fullback and goalkeeper allowed one of the Woopi strikers to profit with a simple tap in, her willingness to follow up the loose ball serving her well. The Raiders responded well to the setback, and Ash Mackie was running at the home side’s defence on the right edge to show that it wasn’t just Moore that the Northern Beaches girls needed to worry about. Mackie was ruthless and took the chances on offer to bang home two late on.
This would be the last the scorers would be troubled and the final count was 6-1, underscoring a dominant performance for the Urunga girls. Martin opined that although he was happy that his girls got the job done and came away with the result, the missing players affected the structure somewhat and his ladies were somewhat below the level they would ordinarily expect. It is this kind of perfectionism that will serve them well in a competition that looks as if it will come right down to the wire with three clear and strong contenders already emerging.
Martin was encouraged to see the Team 2 players step up and contribute without his side losing a great deal of effectiveness, and feels relieved that the issues the club had struggled with in women’s football in past years of lack of depth no longer seem to be a factor. This weekend they travel to Toormina Oval to face a still nascent Sawtell Scorpions outfit who would look on paper to be overmatched at this point. The Raiders can’t rest on their laurels though, and need to deliver every single week to emerge on top in one of the most tightly contested finals races in years.
Woolgoolga Wildcats
Wildcats ‘2’ continued their strong start to the season in round 5 with a convincing win over Corindi Breakers. Their passing improved as the match went on and they created attacking opportunities from both smooth team work with patient build-up play, and moments of individual flair. Rachael from Wildcats ‘2’ said that one of the game’s highlights was seeing both co-captains, Jess and Cass, get their names on the scoresheet.
The Wildcats ‘2’ attackers certainly weren’t starved of opportunities, as the hard working midfielders controlled possession and released the ball forward early. The defence banded together effectively to alleviate any pressure from the Breakers attack, and they were ultimately able to keep a clean sheet while putting five past the opposition keeper.
It was an altogether more difficult assignment in round 6 though, as the ‘2’s took on Urunga Raiders ‘1’. The backline just couldn’t seem to find a way to stop the Raiders’ Belinda Moore, who scored four on the day. After all was said and done, the Woopi girls went down 6-1, but these types of results are hardly unexpected when 2nd Division teams take on 1st Division ones. They have the bye this week and will look to regroup and recommence their quest for a coveted finals position.
The ‘1’s had a tough time breaking down the Coffs City United Lionesses in round 5, with the Coffs keeper doing her best impersonation of a brick wall to frustrate the Wildcats strikers. On Pink Sock Day at High Street, there was a festival atmosphere in the air, but Kim Batty’s girls knew they were going to have to earn the three points through blood and sweat rather than just partying their way to the win.
The strength of the Wildcats defence provided the foundation for much of their play, and Batty was proud of the way all of her backline stepped up and played out with confidence. The forwards weren’t without chances, but the seemingly impenetrable fortress of Lionesses denied them time after time. Eventually, the Wildcats poured more and more forward and were really attacking in numbers, supporting one another and getting shots away at every opportunity.
By full time, they had come away with a 3-0 victory, but Coffs made them work for it and Batty believes the Lionesses will be a team to watch going forward. She was pleased at the volume of her girls’ attacks, but added that she would like them to be putting more on target as wayward shooting almost proved to be their undoing.
Round 7 matched the ‘1’s up with Urunga Raiders ‘2’, who were somewhat understaffed. The game began looking like it would be quite close, but the flagging Raiders dropped like flies as the afternoon wore on and the strength and stamina of Woopi’s best proved far too much for them to deal with. Batty’s girls claimed a 7-0 win and the result allowed them to keep the pressure up on competition front runners Boambee Eagles ‘1’.
They will make a trip to Ayrshire Park this weekend to take on Eagles ‘2’ in a match they are expected to win, but this competition has already thrown up some interesting results and continues to surprise by the week. Every game for every team feels like a potential banana skin at the moment and Batty will be painfully aware that her ladies need to keep turning up and putting in their best effort to keep pace with the top dogs.
l Men’s Premier League – Rounds 6 and 7 Review
Free Community Newcastle Permanent Coaching Master Class at Grafton r
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Creatives in profile - interview series Interviews
Creatives in profile: interview with No Alibis Press
By professorwu January 4, 2019 January 3, 2019
6 Comments on Creatives in profile: interview with No Alibis Press
Emma Warnock and David Torrans, of No Alibis Press and bookstore
It is an increasingly rare sight to find newly published books that break with tradition in uncompromising, unique, surprising and challenging ways. This is, in part, a reflection upon our current times. We live in an era where the biggest publishing companies and media organisations are only concerned with stabilising profits for shareholders – and are prioritising making money over supporting originality and new creative ideas. This is strangling our modern culture – limiting us to a devastating cycle of reboots, sequels, prequels and franchises; where the only novels that are published so often seem to be ones we’ve already read; or else another celebrity biography. This risk-averse and profit-focused approach in turn risks homogenising our culture; and limiting our exposure to new ways of thinking.
At a time when we need new ideas and voices to counter the prevailing cultural winds, which tell us creativity is only of value if it sells, the role of independent publishers becomes more apparent. We need diversity and originality in our publishing; not ceaseless imitation and repetition in pursuit of a fast buck. We need books that experiment and take risks; not those that seem afraid to be different.
Yet of course, setting up and running an independent publisher is no easy feat – not least because anyone who does so must continually battle with the financial weight of the corporate monopolies that dominate the publishing sector.
Based in a small corner of Belfast, No Alibis Press is a small publishing company with a big shouty attitude. As an independent press they’re relatively new on the scene, but for some time now they’ve been quietly incubating among the shelves of No Alibis bookstore where David Torrans and his team have been selling books for more than twenty years. One of their first books – December Stories I by Ian Samson – has already received praise from critics (including ourselves). So just how does a brand new publishing house shout loud enough to be heard over the noise emitted by the corporate behemoths?
Nothing in the Rulebook caught up with the team behind No Alibis to find out.
Tell us about yourselves and your background
NO ALIBIS PRESS
David Torrans, owner of No Alibis Bookstore (opened 1997) and No Alibis Press (founded 2018), both based in Belfast.
Emma Warnock, commissioning editor at No Alibis Press, joined in 2018 after 10 years of working in the industry for various publications and presses as a freelance editor.
The people who take a leap of faith – whatever their discipline/job/motivation – and try to change the way things are done. In terms of writing that has been published recently, June Caldwell jumps to mind. Her collection of stories Room Little Darker (New Island, 2017) is a dramatic departure from the norm – both in terms of the writing itself and the subjects she is exploring. It is dark, uncompromising and incredibly inspiring.
Can you tell us a bit about No Alibis Press – how was it borne into existence?
Independent bookselling over the past 20 years has taught us the importance of independent presses in the larger publishing world. Independent presses to a great degree have helped us to survive by bringing in material that is exciting and adventurous, and that’s why it came to mind when we were thinking of ways to celebrate the 20th anniversary of No Alibis bookshop. Happily, this coincided with us coming across Gerard Brennan’s Disorder, which he handed in to the shop to be bound as part of his PhD in creative writing. Having asked if it would be all right to read it, we immediately knew we had our first publication, and this launched No Alibis Press in 2018.
Has the press evolved as you expected since you first set it up?
It feels too early to say how it has evolved, as we are only coming to the end of our first (incredibly busy and exciting) year. However, we have had really positive responses to our first two publications (Gerard Brennan’s Disorder and Ian Sansom’s December Stories 1), which has certainly given us the energy and inspiration needed to continue.
What makes a work “uncompromising”, in your opinion?
Writing that subverts conventional practices in some way – maybe through form or narrative voice – in order to tap into something new but recognisable. Very often it will defy easy categorisation. For example, Gerard Brennan’s novel Disorder explores the conflicting agendas of a number of characters on the fringes of recreational rioting without entering directly into characters’ minds. It is gritty, darkly funny crime fiction that is experimenting with the conventions of the genre, and it is very effective in creating an appropriately energetic pace. Ian Sansom’s December Stories 1 (a very different work) is also very difficult to categorise. It is a collection of varying forms that work as standalone pieces, but function at a more profound level as a whole. It is a very playful use of form that absolutely suits the insightful portrayals of the characters and their very different experiences of December. In addition to being examples of excellent writing, arguably both of these books are subverting common practice in some way and that makes them very exciting.
You’ve recently published December Stories I by Ian Samson. What drew you to this work, and what’s it been like to bring it into literary existence?
As soon as we read the manuscript we knew that we had something very special. The stories are characteristic of Sansom’s playful humour, while also exposing the idiosyncrasies of human nature and relationships that December brings to light. We felt very fortunate to be given the opportunity to publish such an extraordinary collection. Watching it come together with beautiful illustrations by the very talented Rory Jeffers was also very satisfying. Working with Ian has been fantastic. He filmed all 31 of the stories with his son Joseph Sansom (who fortunately for us is a filmmaker) which are available on our website.
Can you talk a little about the relationship between No Alibis Press and No Alibis Bookstore? How important is it to ensure there is a physical space to provide a platform for both the books you publish, but also for events and readings?
Quite simply, No Alibis Press wouldn’t exist without the bookshop, without twenty years of selling books and getting to know how the industry works. As well as selling books, we have always held gigs and readings in the shop and at other venues, and we regularly participate in festivals across Ireland and the UK. It all comes down to getting writers in front of an audience, getting their work into the hands of interested readers. Publishing feels like a natural progression from that.
What does the average day look like to you?
As a small press, we all end up doing a little bit of everything, so the day can involve processing orders, updating the website or promoting our publications, which may mean tweeting reviews or corresponding with event organisers. As we only publish a couple of titles a year, we can devote a huge amount of energy to the production and promotion of the next book. This means we have been obsessed with December (Ian Sansom’s December Stories 1) since about March. We have submissions coming in all the time, and reading new work is a time-consuming and highly enjoyable part of daily life.
What do you think a publishing house or printing press should be for?
For No Alibis Press, publishing is about getting books or stories that may not appeal to more commercial companies out into the public arena. This might be because they are experimental or slightly subversive, or simply exceptional writing that larger companies aren’t willing to take a risk on for various reasons.
Julian Barnes has suggested that mainstream publishing companies are only interested in “publishing copies of novels that are copies of other successful novels”. Do you think this is a fair assessment? And how can independent publishing houses help address the balance – championing new voices and new ideas?
One of the pleasant surprises for me over the past year is to see how supportive publishers and editors are of one another (both small and large). I think that’s because there’s a sense we’re all aiming for the same goal – to support writers in a difficult industry at a time when outside players (whether online giants or supermarkets etc) are creating unsustainable conditions. There are lots of very talented hardworking people in mainstream publishing companies and many of them are producing original books while still responding to the demands of readers. Sometimes they might be more restricted in certain areas than smaller publishers, or have slightly different motivations, but I think there is a recognition that both small and larger companies are playing different but equally vital roles in producing a range of material.
Do you see your own work as having a political element to it at all?
I suppose publishing fiction – particularly when you are looking for experimental, new or subversive work – is always political because the writing tends to defamiliarise the everyday and challenge norms. We want to publish unheard voices and stories, which is one of the reasons why we decided to publish an anthology of short stories and have opened this up to submissions (until 31 Jan 2019). But besides wanting to promote equality and traditionally under-represented voices, we don’t take a particular political stance. Having said that, personal politics determine many of our choices – we’re never going to publish fiction that champions far-right perspectives, for example. We’ve also rejected manuscripts that carry misogynistic undertones.
Obviously, the rise of the internet has seen a big culture shift in the way we communicate. What role do you see traditional presses playing in this new “digital era”?
The digital era prioritises convenience, but arguably something is lost along the way. There is still a strong desire among readers to hold the printed object in their hand. That’s why when it comes to design and formatting we put extra effort into making sure the books we publish are the right quality of paper, the right size, and that the text is beautifully arranged. We don’t see it as a competition with digital, however. Plenty of people want to read some books in a digital format and keep others on their shelf.
The future of literature; of writing – and indeed the future of publishing – are all frequently discussed at great lengths. What are your thoughts on current industry trends – where are we heading?
It’s true, we’ve been hearing about the imminent demise of the novel, of traditional publishing, the local bookshop for some time now. Yet, novels are still selling in huge numbers – Milkman by Anna Burns is a good example of that, reprints having exceeded expectations. Of course, not every novel attains the readership of a Man Booker prize-winner, but it does demonstrate that there is an appetite for reading, there is a potential audience. For independent presses, this is a very exciting time. Recent successes of Tramp Press or Galley Beggar Press, for example, remind writers looking for representation that smaller publishers can be an attractive option. At No Alibis Press, we’re really not trying to predict what the future holds, we simply continue to look for the best writing we can find and get it out there on the bookshelves.
What are some of the main challenges you face?
I’d say the main challenge we face, which is the same for all publishers big or small, is the financial aspect. As we do not receive external funding, we need money to be coming into the shop and through book sales in order to continue doing what we love. We have to ensure our authors and readers are happy with the price and available buying options, and that we are not compromising on quality or content. We have to find ways to promote the books that don’t cost a lot of money, for example releasing videos of Ian Sansom reading on Twitter and Facebook, and we rely on our authors being prepared to get out there and talk about their work. Financial restraints can bring about more interesting ways to promote books, however, so it’s not all doom and gloom.
How would you define creativity?
The process of dissecting what you witness or experience, and representing it in a new, original form.
What’s next for No Alibis Press? What should we look out for?
We are currently reading submissions for an anthology of short stories, to be published summer 2019. The purpose of the collection is to celebrate writing that is both exceptionally good and challenging conventions in some way, doing something very new with voice or form. We have been very impressed by the quality of submissions already received (submissions are open until 31 Jan 2019), so we anticipate an exciting volume.
Could you write us a story in six words?
Sure. Here’s some historical fiction with a strong female lead:
Once upon a time, she was.
What are your 5 – 10 top tips for aspiring writers and artists?
Don’t be swayed too much by what other people are doing, or by the market.
Don’t rush to submit work without rewriting (many times).
Find a way to make your work unfamiliar as you redraft – writers’ techniques include printing out work, changing the font, reading aloud. The aim is to read it as though for the first time.
Embrace failure.
Please believe manuscripts are rejected for many reasons – don’t quit on account of rejection.
Tags: art books creativity fiction independent publishers interview literature No Alibis publishing
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Online Writer Workshops
Submit a Workshop
Workshop: Women at War 05/01/2020 – 05/31/2020
Instructor Name Bill Haggart
Workshop Start Date 05/01/2020
Workshop End Date 05/31/2020
Workshop Hosted By The Beau Monde Chapter’s Regency Academe
About the Workshop Registration closes May 4th, 2020
This 4-week course is designed to provide writers with the historical
details and evocative stories that can fuel their historical novels,
particularly Regency Romances. To accomplish this, each lesson will
focus on one class of British women who participated in Napoleonic Wars,
examining the general experiences, military regulations governing
women’s participation on campaign.
There will be a number of period
pictures and documents included with descriptions provided.
2. Officers’ Wives and their stories
3. NCO Wives and their stories
4. Enlisted Men’s Wives and their stories
5. Sutlers and Camp Followers and their stories
6. Spanish and Portuguese Women and their stories
7. In Uniform: Women Posing and fighting as Men and their stories
8. Conclusions, Slang and References
While the focus will be on British women and those who followed the
Peninsular and Waterloo armies, the similarities and differences found
in other European armies of the time will be explored, particularly the
army of England’s enemy, France. Participants are encouraged to ask
questions. There is a great deal more information available than can be
presented, but answers to questions may target some of that information.
Bill Haggart was an educator for forty years before retiring. He taught
high school Social Studies, before becoming an Educational trainer and
consultant. For over twenty years, he owned his own training and
consultant business, Insights & Innovations.
He has worked with over 180,000 educators nation-wide and 400 school
systems. The creator of the Kaleidoscope Profiles, a learning styles
inventory, he is also the author of several educational books and
articles. This is in addition to his historical articles in various
magazines.
A history major in college, he loves all history, particularly the
Napoleonic war period and the society of the Regency. He began reading
historical romances and traditional Regencies decades ago, and finally
decided to write them, after being encouraged by Joy, his partner and
heroine for the last forty-two years.
Bill has two terrific sons, Sean and Cory: Sean was an engineer at
the Jet Propulsion Laboratories in Pasadena, CA. The wheels on the Mars
Curiosity were designed by him. He is now working on electric airplanes.
Cory has his own successful public relations business. They both are
models for Bill’s heroes. Sean and his brilliant wife, Jenn have graced
Bill & Joy with two beautiful grandchildren.
He has been a member of RWA, a terrific local group, the Sacramento
Valley Rose as well as The Beau Monde for more than a decade. Over the
years, Bill has had entries place in over a dozen writing contests. His
novel, STEALING TIME, will be published in July. He loves talking about
history and writing. He has given well-received history workshops and
seminars on history and writing with the senses.
Bill was named The Beau Monde’s Teacher of the Year (an award
recognizing the presenter of the year’s favorite Regency Academe
workshop) in 2010, 2015, and 2016.
Workshop Platform Closed bbpress forums on our site
Workshop Cost $25 TBM Members, $30 All others
Registration Link https://thebeaumonde.com/classes/
05 May, Workshops
Research, World Setting
Workshop: Critical Lens—Writing Diversity 06/01/2020 – 06/28/2020
Workshop: Gay in Regency England: Lives, Loves, Legends, Laws and Legacies 06/01/2020 – 06/30/2020
Workshops (111)
Workshops By Month (111)
03 March (19)
04 April (14)
05 May (17)
06 June (12)
07 July (7)
08 August (6)
09 September (13)
10 October (8)
11 November (8)
Book Marketing Co-writing Craft Building Creating Characters Creativity DEI Editing Historical multiple authors Novel Structure Plotting Publishing Research Self-help Social Media Synopsis World Setting Writer Wellness Writing Life Writing Tools
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Combating Covid-19 pandemic: photonics industry worldwide rallies round
Sector responses range from new research initiatives and partnerships, to gifts of safety equipment, tech and financial assistance.
FLIR's Thermal Smart Sensors to be prioritized for those responding to Covid-19.
FLIR Systems has announced the A400/A700 thermal smart sensor and thermal image camera solutions for monitoring equipment, production lines, critical infrastructure, and screening for elevated skin temperatures. The smart cameras provide non-contact temperature monitoring across a range of disciplines including health and safety.
FLIR said that the A400/A700 Thermal Smart Sensor solution “initially will be prioritized for those responding to Covid-19. For all applications, the series offers multi-image streaming, edge computing, and Wi-Fi connectivity to help speed data flow and enable faster decisions, improving productivity and safety for professionals.”
The A400/A700 cameras are designed with two configurations. The Thermal Smart Sensor configuration, recommended for measuring elevated skin temperatures, incorporates advanced measurement tools and alarms with edge computing to enable faster critical decisions.
Jim Cannon, President and CEO, commented, "As the world works together to face the global Covid-19 pandemic, FLIR will prioritize initial deliveries of this new A-series camera to professionals using it in elevated skin temperature screening as an adjunct to other elevated body temperature screening tools to help to fight the spread of the virus."
FLIR is now in beta testing phase for an automated elevated skin temperature screening software solution integrated with its US FDA-certified thermal cameras. The solution is designed to rapidly increase the accuracy, ease-of-use, and speed of existing screening procedures.
Marie Langer, CEO of EOS: "joint approach."
3D Against Corona initiative
EOS, a developer of industrial 3D printing systems of metals and polymers, has launched an online platform 3dagainstcorona and LinkedIn group to support the battle against Covid-19. The company stated, “We want to thank the additive manufacturing community that has been working to find solutions for the fight against Corona.
“At EOS, we have leveraged our global network so our open platform initiative features relevant data, impactful projects, and offers valuable files free to download and ready to print. All of these are designed to support pandemic-fighting and life-saving approaches. The 3DAgainstCorona site will be updated on a regular basis.”
Marie Langer, CEO of EOS, commented, “The current pandemic now calls for a joint approach, more than ever before. Today, we are asking all partners to join us in tackling the challenges. Let's do what our technology enables us to do. One of the most valuable benefits additive manufacturing can contribute is that it can reduce dependence on traditional supply chains. Based on AM, critical shortages can be more rapidly addressed.
“Data can be shared or sent across the globe and products can be 3D printed where they are most needed. Current activities range from filling critical needs, to helping repurpose existing equipment or providing rapid tooling for traditional manufacturing."
Israeli defense company Elbit Systems, which also manufactures electro-optic and countermeasures systems, announced that it is closely monitoring the development of the Covid-19 pandemic and its impacts on employees, customers and suppliers, as well as on the global economy.
Elbit Systems: assist and protect.
Bezhalel (Butzi) Machlis, President and CEO, commented, “We are leveraging our capabilities to produce thousands of ventilators following a request from the Israeli Government. We have been developing a sensor system to remotely read physiological parameters to protect health workers and have adapted our cellular command and control systems to increase the effectiveness of medical staff, each of which are being rolled out at major Israeli hospitals.”
He added, “Our 2019 year-end financial results from March 25, 2020, indicated that the pandemic has not had a material impact on the company. Subsequently some of our businesses have begun to experience disruptions. We are monitoring these businesses closely and plan to update the market in due course. We have initiated a series of cost control measures to help limit the financial impact.”
'$50 million available'
The US Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has launched the application process for $50 million in grants to help manufacturers respond to the Covid-19 pandemic. Using funds authorized by the CARES Act signed by President Trump in March, NIST will issue awards to Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) centers in all 50 US states and Puerto Rico for Covid-19-related projects.
“The MEP centers have the expertise to help client companies make the products needed to fight this pandemic, and to help manufacturers across the supply chain to weather this storm,” commented Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and NIST Director Walter Copan.
Through a formal Request for Applications, NIST MEP centers may apply for a portion of nearly $50 million allocated to support new projects, which will not require matching nonfederal funds. Successful applications will allow MEP centers to help manufacturers recover from workforce and supply chain interruptions; apply for private insurance claims and disaster loans from the Small Business Administration; and access resources at the federal, state and local level.
Luna-OESH: 3D printed masks.
Luna Innovations has joined forces with its Charlottesville neighbor, shoemaker OESH, to manufacture flexible 3D printed respirator masks for use during the Covid-19 pandemic N95 respirator mask shortage.
OESH is using its 3D printers and expertise designing around body features along with flexible, plastic material to produce the masks, which have a tight seal around the edges. The facemask can be used when there are no certified N95 masks available. Luna is welding the masks together, adding an aluminum strip on the nose and distributing them.
Hamamatsu supports remote pathology initiative
Inspirata, a cancer informatics and digital pathology solution provider, announced earlier this week its free remote pathology initiative, available to healthcare institutions looking to provide flexibility to their staff during the pandemic. In an important boost to this campaign, Inspirata is now joined by two industry partners, Hamamatsu and KiKo Knowledge Hub. Hamamatsu will provide its Whole Slide Image scanner, Nanozoomer, to scan glass slides submitted by institutions for research and secondary consults (the device will not be used for any primary human diagnosis).
The founders of KiKo knowledge hub, a knowledge sharing platform for pathologists and other physicians, will leverage their pathology practitioners' expertise to ensure successful scanning and processing of all received pathology slides. "This is an important validation of our efforts to support the community. Our successful previous digital pathology collaborations make Hamamatsu and KiKo optimal partners for this initiative," said Mark Lloyd, EVP and Founder of Inspirata.
High power fiber laser manufacturer IPG Photonics has worked with local health authorities and government agencies around the world to lend support “in any way we can during the global Covid-19 pandemic”. In February, IPG donated $250,000 to local China organizations to support the aid and welfare of communities hardest hit by the corona virus. This donation benefited the Hope Project, operated by the China Youth Development Foundation that used the funds to provide aid and assistance directly to 200 China-based families.
As the pandemic reached the neighborhoods and communities surrounding IPG global headquarters in Massachusetts, the company identified local hospitals and organizations that could benefit from its assistance. IPG says it found that many of the smaller and local institutions struggled to receive support to keep their workers on the frontline safe.
As a result IPG Photonics committed its resources to procure 30,000 N-95 protective masks for local health care professionals and first responders in the greatest need. These protective masks were distributed in early April to multiple hospitals and other first responders in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
IDL 2020: Proposing alternative activities.
The International Day of Light (IDL) 2020, set for May 16, will no longer take place as scheduled, due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the IDL secretariat is offering some potential alternatives.
IDL states, on its website, “Although the International Day of Light recognizes the anniversary of first laser operation on 16 May, events throughout 2020 can still take place with official recognition as an IDL2020 activity.
“So instead of cancelling outright, at this stage you may wish to simply announce rescheduling to a later date to be confirmed once we see how the global situation develops." Further information is available on the IDL Events website.
More from Photonics World
SPIE announces its 2021 society awards
Optical chip on a card to detect Covid-19 antibodies ‘in a minute’
Rochester Laser Lab lands $82M
3dagainstcorona LinkedIn group
3dagainstcorona platform
IDL Events website
Luna Innovations
OESH
Business update: latest industry responses to Covid-19
Business update: photonics industry rises to Covid-19 challenge
CONVAT project aims for point-of-care Covid-19 diagnosis
Covid-19 impacts business – but some positive signs
UK team devises life-saving breathing aid for the NHS in 100 hours
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All posts tagged "2019"
Four Reasons Syracuse Lost to Georgetown
A 12-2 Georgetown run at the end of the first half propelled the Hoyas to a 89-79 win over Syracuse at the...
Is Syracuse the Youngest Team in the ACC?
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Syracuse Offense Historically Bad in Opener against Virginia
This was never an easy spot for Syracuse or Virginia. It’s a nice luxury to play some weaker teams at the start...
This is Jim Boeheim’s Year
Too much isolation, not enough creative offense! These complaints loomed large throughout the last two seasons with Tyus Battle, Oshae Brissett and...
How Good Can SU’s Defense Be in 2019?
It’s not really a secret at this point that the calling card for Syracuse football in its three years under Dino Babers...
Syracuse’s Most Important Players: #2 Airon Servais
After a double-digit win season in 2018, the hype train for the upcoming season in Syracuse is packed to the brim. The...
Three Freshmen That Could Make an Instant Impact for Syracuse This Fall
Lost in the shuffle of all the greatness that came with Syracuse football’s 2018 season (the program’s first ten win-season in nearly...
Who Could Break Out for Syracuse in 2019?
When the Orange heads back to camp to prepare for the 2019 season, it will do so without a number of primary...
Syracuse eyes quartet of pass catchers in 2020, 2021, 2022
The success of Syracuse’s wide receivers since Dino Babers became head coach prior to the 2016 season has been absolutely outstanding. Amba...
Tyus Battle Spurned by NBA Draft Combine
Exactly one year and two days ago, we were talking about what Tyus Battle had to prove at the NBA Draft combine,...
Syracuse’s Best Moments in Years of the Tiger
“The Return to Glory” Believe it or not, that’s not what was said when Syracuse football capped its off its first 10-win...
Finding the First Round Upsets in the NCAA Tournament
Most observers agree, this year’s NCAA Tournament owns the haves and the have nots. There are the true power teams, the four...
West Coast Bias?: Syracuse basketball’s success west of the central time zone
Eight cities across the country are getting set to host the first two rounds of the NCAA Tournament this weekend. Only two...
Reacting to the first Syracuse football depth chart of 2019
Nearly all of the attention that Syracuse fans have to spare is currently focused solely on SU basketball and for good reason....
Four Key Messages We Learned from Dino Babers on National Signing Day
Although Syracuse football head coach Dino Babers said most of the Orange’s recruiting class signed on Early National Signing Day in December,...
Complete Guide to SU Football’s 2019 Class
Syracuse added four signees on National Signing Day, rounding off the class at 21 players. For details on the new commits, check...
SU Dominated by Nightmare Matchup Virginia Tech
Virginia Tech is the best three-pointing team in the ACC. Four of their five starters can hit from deep with regularity. But...
Five-star center Isaiah Stewart spurns Syracuse, headed to Washington
One of the biggest narratives surrounding Syracuse basketball this season has been the Orange’s inability to get production from the center spot....
Evaluating Syracuse’s 2019 Football Schedule
Syracuse’s schedule for the 2019 football season was released today and there are plenty of interesting takeaways. All of the opponents and...
Don’t Sleep on Chance Amie in 2019
There’s certainly plenty to get excited about for Syracuse football heading into 2019. Several key pieces return, including head coach Dino Babers...
It’s early, but here’s what you can already get excited about for 2019
2018 was obviously a year of triumph for Syracuse football, and its victory over West Virginia in the Camping World Bowl was...
Syracuse bolsters secondary with three-stars Cole, Greenwood
For the first time in a couple of months, Syracuse football finally has some down time. SU won’t find out its bowl...
Syracuse Lands Four-Star Linebacker Lee Kpogba
What? Dino Babers has his signature recruit for the 2019 class. Who? Lee Kpogba is a three-star on 247Sports.com but a four-star...
Syracuse Football Gets First 2019 Commit
Syracuse football received its first commitment from the Class of 2019 on Friday when athlete Courtney Jackson announced he would be joining...
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Climate Change Committee Chair Took £600,000 From Green Groups For His Private Business
Yesterday the Mail on Sunday sensationally revealed that ‘green’ businesses have funnelled more than £600,000 into Sancroft International, the private company of Climate Change Committee chair and Conservative peer John Selwyn Gummer, now Lord Deben. His powerful committee consistently argues that billions of pounds of taxpayers’ money should be handed out to big green businesses to help them develop green tech. It just so happens some of that money found its way back to him…
Windfarm and solar investor Temporis Capital paid Gummer’s company £50,000 in the last five years.
Electric car battery producer Johnson Matthey handed Gummer’s firm nearly £300,000 over five years, after which he personally urged the Government to speed up plans to make all new cars on Britain’s roads battery-powered;
Energy producer Drax, which gets £700 million a year in Government subsidies, paid Sancroft £15,500 while the Climate Change Committee was writing a report on its activities.
Gummer has never declared these payments made to his company, but insists that he has been fully compliant with disclosure rules.
Despite the scale of the scandal, numerous news organisations including the BBC have entirely failed to cover it so far. Guido hears that the usual cabal of eco-journalists at are steering clear of this story for fear of consequences from the well-connected Gummer….
mdi-account-multiple-outline John Gummer Lord Deben
mdi-timer February 4 2019 @ 15:22 mdi-share-variant mdi-twitter mdi-facebook mdi-whatsapp mdi-telegram mdi-linkedin mdi-email mdi-printer
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Thesis - Masters
In-vivo ultrasound observations of the surgically repaired flexor digitorum profundus tendon: a case series
Buhler, Miranda
BuhlerMiranda2012MPhty.pdf (5.382Mb)
Cite this item: Buhler, M. (2012). In-vivo ultrasound observations of the surgically repaired flexor digitorum profundus tendon: a case series (Thesis, Master of Physiotherapy). University of Otago. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/2254
There are few assessment tools available to objectively measure in-vivo flexor tendon healing in the hand. Ultrasound properties of echogenicity and tendon thickness, which indicate structural properties of the healing tendon, have previously been used to evaluate healing of the surgically repaired Achilles tendon in humans, and various animal tendons. In the past, tendon excursion has been measured invasively by radiographic measurement of implanted metal markers, however a non-invasive alternative is to measure the distance moved by tendon-suture material, which is rendered visible by ultrasound imaging. Gapping of the tendon ends has also been previously measured ultrasonographically, as has margination (definition of tissue borders), which indicates tendon adhesions. In addition, power Doppler ultrasound is a sensitive measure of tendon vascularity and is able to detect change in tendinopathy lesions and inflammatory conditions.
However, it is not known if the ultrasound properties (of echogenicity, thickness, excursion, gap, margination and vascularity) can usefully detect change in the surgically repaired intrasynovial flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon of the hand. Therefore, this study was designed to: 1) document longitudinal change in grey-scale and power Doppler ultrasound measurements of echogenicity, vascularity, thickness and excursion of the surgically repaired intra-synovial FDP tendon during the first eighteen weeks post-operative; 2) document thickness of the corresponding uninjured contra-lateral tendon; 3) record concurrent clinical outcomes at twelve weeks post-operative.
Three male participants aged between 33 and 59 years who had undergone surgical repair of the FDP tendon within the digital sheath consented to take part in the study. Repeated estimates of echogenicity and power Doppler signal levels as well as measurements of tendon thickness and excursion were determined using a linear array 13 MHz ultrasound transducer. Measurements were made on five occasions between two weeks and four months post-surgery on each subject. Three sites on the injured digit were assessed: the mid-repair site, 1 cm proximal and 1 cm distal to the surgical repair, along with measurements from the corresponding contra-lateral digit, which served as a control. A radiologist rated the echogenicity, power Doppler signal levels and margination of the transverse area of each site on 0 to 4, 0 to 3, and 1 to 4 scales, respectively, before measuring tendon thickness (mm), defect length (mm), and excursion (mm) using on-screen calipers. Tendon excursion was measured on both passive and active DIP joint motion using suture material as a marker.
The standardised protocol of ultrasound evaluations detected a pattern of incremental change in echogenicity scores (4 to between 1 and 3) and power Doppler score (PDS) (no registration to 1 or 2) at the mid-tendon repair site over the sixteen-week period of investigation. Tendon-thickness measurements increased between weeks two and four, then trended downward, averaging 194 to 122 percent of the corresponding uninjured contra-lateral tendon. Excursion of the FDP tendon induced by 30 degrees passive distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint flexion ranged between 1.4 mm and 2.2 mm at 2 weeks, trending upward to between 0.8 mm and 3.6 mm at eighteen weeks post-surgery. Active DIP joint flexion of 30 degrees induced FDP tendon excursions of between 0.8 mm and 1.9 mm at six weeks after surgery, and 1.3 mm to 3.2 mm by eighteen weeks. Dynamic change in the ultrasound variables was most remarkable at the mid-repair site. A greater reduction in echogenicity levels, less variation in tendon thickness and greater tendon excursion were documented in the two participants with good or excellent clinical outcomes (Strickland-Glogovac criteria).
For the first time, longitudinal measurement of ultrasound properties of echogenicity, vascularity, thickness, defect length and suture excursion of the surgically repaired intrasynovial FDP tendon has been investigated in-vivo in the human hand. Although the measurement properties of the ultrasound variables are yet to be determined, the ease of measurement and documented change suggest that these variables offer a non-invasive tool for evaluating tendon healing. Future applications include evaluating and validating a range of physical, biological and pharmacological interventions to modulate healing of the intra-synovial digital flexor tendon in the human hand.
Advisor: Johnson, Gillian; Meikle, Grant
Degree Name: Master of Physiotherapy
Degree Discipline: School of Physiotherapy
Keywords: tendon injuries; ultrasonography, Doppler; ultrasonography; flexor tendon
School of Physiotherapy [68]
Thesis - Masters [3327]
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« Not a Quiet Riot (or a Short One) | Main | Stop This Amendment. »
The Arm of Decision
I haven't read much Stephen Green lately, but this piece caught my eye. A teaser:
Previously, I wrote that in order to win the Terror War, we must "prove the enemy ideology to be ineffective," just as we did in the Cold War. In that conflict, we did so in three ways: by fighting where we had to while maintaining our freedoms, but most importantly by out-growing the Communist economies. I argued that similar methods would win the Terror War. We'd have to fight, we'd have to maintain our freedoms, but the primary key to victory in the Current Mess is taking the initiative.
What I didn't see then - but what I do see today - is what "taking the initiative" really means.
It means, fighting a media war. It means, turning the enemy's one great strength into our own. Broadcast words, sounds, and images are the arm of decision in today's world.
And if that assessment is correct, then we're losing this war and badly.
I sort of touched on the issue in this post, but Green gets more to the essence. The media is not just on the sidelines in this War Against Militant Islamism, they are made part of the fight by our enemies. The sooner mainstream media recognizes this and engages in this information war, the better for all of us. The disinformation comes in pretty fast, but a good starting point today would be dispelling the lie that we used chemical weapons in Fallujah (more cites here, here, here and here). It's old news, twisted to make it sound new. This is where the mainstream press needs to step in and challenge the "reporting" by The Independent and RAI.
Update: So far, twenty four hours after writing this post, no one in the mainstream press has stepped up and directly challenged the assertions made by The Independent and RAI. So far, it's blogosphere only. I'm not asking the mainstream media to become a cheering section for the Bush administration, but neither should it be a cheering section for those who are trying to undermine our interests, nor should they sit on the sidelines at let these spurious charges go unanswered. Fair's fair.
John Cole follows up on his earlier piece, and boy is he pissed off.
Glenn Reynolds has a couple of e-mails from veterans who have used WP.
Jeff Goldstein adds a few more points.
The Confederate Yankee joins in on the debunking.
In the Stockholm Spectator Blog, Michael Moynihan points out that RAI's star witness, Jeff Englehart, did not witness the use of WP, did not hear orders to employ WP, and was in a non-combat role in the final two days of the operation.
A ranting prof rants.
Scott Burgess has been all over this reporting debacle, starting here, updating here and again here. His latest assessment:
So, to sum up:
The primary evidence for the Italian documentary's claims that white phosphorus was used as a weapon against civilian targets in Fallujah consists of photos provided by a campaigner to have the Americans prosecuted for war crimes, and an interview with an antiwar activist who wasn't directly involved in combat.
Concerning the photos, the Independent's chosen weapons expert disputes the key claim - that the intact clothing on the bodies constitutes virtual proof that the victims were incinerated by phosphorus used as weaponry.
It's clear that this story has all it takes to become the latest Received Truth. Look forward to hearing it repeated ad nauseam.
There is of course the possibility that I missed the mainstream press debunking. Perhaps it was on page A147 of the New York Times. Or not. The point is that a prominent and accurate telling of what actually happened would not only be a service to the truth, it would restore honor to the soldiers who risked life and limb to root out the terrorists and Sunni-paramilitarists from that town.
Posted by WarrenPeese at 11:59 AM in Iraq and Terrorism | Permalink
Since the U.S. did use WP in large quantities in Falloujah and it almost certainly caused the civilian burns observed, I think the MSM is doing the U.S. army a gigantic coverup favor just by remaining silent on the issue. Expecting a debunking is a little much.
Posted by: Tim | November 10, 2005 at 01:23 PM
Via DailyKos (which I'm sure will give CB fits), further corroboration of WP use in Iraq beyond spotting, smokescreen and illumination purposes. This time via the May-June issue of Infantry Magazine:
The 60mm mortars from Alpha Company, 1-508th Infantry, were tasked to provide immediate indirect fire support onto known and suspected targets. Upon reaching their planned mortar firing point, the section immediately dismounted their HMMWV (high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle) and conducted an emergency occupation. The section immediately received a call for fire from their forward observers. Within 60 seconds of occupation, the section was placing accurate high explosive (HE) and white phosphorus (WP) rounds onto and in the vicinity of the Iraqi observations posts....
....The Iraqis in one observation post attempted to flee but were fixed with white phosphorus fires. As they attempted to flee again, white phosphorus rounds impacted the vehicle and set it on fire. The section continued to fire a mix of high explosive and white phosphorus rounds into the objective area. The section fired more than 80 rounds in support of the mission.
Posted by: spartikus | November 10, 2005 at 02:02 PM
even more (via KOS):
Under the prodding of the generals, Sassaman took the concept of nonlethal force to its limits. His theory was that no progress would be possible without order first and that ultimately, even if his men were hard on the locals, they would come around. When his men came under fire from a wheat field, Sassaman routinely retaliated by firing phosphorous shells to burn the entire field down. The ambush site would be gone, and farmers might be persuaded not to allow insurgents to use their land again.
Posted by: cleek | November 10, 2005 at 02:19 PM
Hey, Achmed, who are you going to believe: CNN or your lying eyes?
Posted by: alex | November 10, 2005 at 02:20 PM
A laughable update -- just more fact challenged assertions:
1. Charles -- do you dispute that the US used WP artillery shells during daytime in Fallujah as an anti-personnel device? The evidence seems pretty conclusive that it did. If you think otherwise, why not devote a few seconds to that point, before jumping to the conclusion that the press should have debunked a story that no one has yet debunked. Your commentary is fact-challenged.
2. People in other countries believe the use of WP in urban areas is akin to employing chemical weapons. So their news services call its use in Fallujah the use of a chemical weapon, which you say must be debunked as "false."
Except its a debateable value judgment, rather than something "false." Several countries have agreed not to use WP in this context, which protocol the US has not joined. In any event, US policy is to not use it in such a context because it so much resembles a chemical weapon in that context -- though that policy seems to have been violated in Fallujah.
A proper news story in the US would point out this underlying debate -- that the use of WP in urban areas ends up resembling the use of banned chemcial weapons, and would ask why the US has decided to proceed in this manner. It would point out that others think it is the use of an improper chemical weapon, which explains why overseas news services are reporting it in this manner. It would point out how it is not technically a banned chemical weapon -- that this is a value judgment that others have already made, but not the US. It would point out how this debate creates an issue for the US in our effort to win moral support for our causes.
It would not engage in the phony propoganda war you advocate.
3. Use of WP artillery shells in urban areas ends up looking a lot like deploying mustard gas. This is an indisputable fact. The military people justify its use in the battlefield context because the burning WP gas forces troops to flee concealed positions, enabling other weapons to wipe them out. But so would mustard gas. The utility of the weapon hardly justifies its automatic use.
Your inability to deal with these basic facts undermines all of your comment. The others you cite also gloss over this like it is irrelevant -- they suffer from the same blinders.
Posted by: dmbeaster | November 10, 2005 at 02:23 PM
DaveC, I don't think you can know which faction has killed the largest number of civilians in Iraq. Right now it's possible the insurgents are killing most of the civilians, but that's based on news reports and by the very nature of this war (and probably most colonial wars, but especially this one), the western press can't go wandering around counting bodies on its own, assuming they were independent-minded enough to want to do so. I wouldn't expect any government (certainly not ours) to tell the truth about the civilians they've killed in a supposedly noble cause and so the media count is likely to be heavily biased towards the reporting of killings by the insurgents and also of killings of alleged insurgents by US forces. I wouldn't assume every insurgent we supposedly kill really was an insurgent.
Iraq Body Count published a study of their own data which concluded as of early 2005 that the US had caused 39 percent of the deaths, with violent crime coming in second and the insurgents far behind, though in recent months they're catching up. Or they might be, except for the fact that others also continue to kill. I think there are zero significant digits in the IBC estimate for the reasons already given.
There is the Lancet study, of course, and a couple of Iraqi groups which claim the death toll is much higher than the IBC number, and the UN survey for the first year of the war found 24,000 violent deaths and insurgents couldn't have caused more than a small fraction of those at that point. The problem with that number is some might have been insurgents, of course, but I think 12 percent were women and children, not too different from the IBC percentage for their civilian data.
A link you provided has already been rendered obsolete, so to speak, by the admission that the US did use WP as a weapon.
In general I take proclamations of American military virtue with a grain of salt. I don't doubt that US troops are no worse than average Americans. Look at the number of Americans who defend torture and tell me that's supposed to be a comfort. No doubt the majority are decent. That leaves plenty of scope for indecency and anyway, people in wartime sometimes don't behave the way they'd like to think they would in civilian life. And so when someone says "I'm a progressive" and then says US forces couldn't be committing war crimes because they're just our neighbors, I tend to remember the wifebeater who lived in the house next door when I was growing up. Besides, the ultimate responsibilty lies higher up and I'd guess very few people, when ordered to commit a war crime, actually refuse to carry out the order, especially when they don't have to see the results for themselves. Bombing and shelling villages came pretty easy for Americans in Vietnam.
Posted by: Donald Johnson | November 10, 2005 at 03:43 PM
What's In a Number, an update on the Lancet study, from This American Life, well worth a listen.
This week, Producer Alex Blumberg tells the remarkable story of what it took to find that number, why we should find it credible and why almost no one believed it.
Posted by: ral | November 10, 2005 at 03:58 PM
this article is behind a subscription wall, so my link goes to a copy.
Les F. Roberts, a research associate at Hopkins and the lead author of the paper, was shocked by the muted or dismissive reception. He had expected the public response to his paper to be "moral outrage."
On its merits, the study should have received more prominent play. Public-health professionals have uniformly praised the paper for its correct methods and notable results.
"Les has used, and consistently uses, the best possible methodology," says Bradley A. Woodruff, a medical epidemiologist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Indeed, the United Nations and the State Department have cited mortality numbers compiled by Mr. Roberts on previous conflicts as fact - and have acted on those results.
Mr. Roberts and his colleagues now believe that the speedy publication of that data created much of the public skepticism toward the study. He sent the manuscript to the medical journal on October 1, requesting that it be published that month. Mr. Roberts says the editors agreed to do so without asking him why.
Despite the sprint to publication, the paper did go through editing and peer review. In an accompanying editorial, Richard Horton, editor of the The Lancet, wrote that the paper "has been extensively peer-reviewed, revised, edited, and fast-tracked to publication because of its importance to the evolving security situation in Iraq."
Posted by: dutchmarbel | November 11, 2005 at 06:15 AM
Now I'm confused. Charles, are you saying that it's a lie that our soldiers used WP, or are you saying that it is a lie to claim they used chemical weapons because WP isn't a chemical weapon?
This is what I wrote, Lily: "The disinformation comes in pretty fast, but a good starting point today would be dispelling the lie that we used chemical weapons in Fallujah"
WP was used in Fallujah. No one, including me, denied that. WP is not a chemical weapon and it is not illegal; therefore, we used no chemical weapons in Fallujah, and no treaties or conventions were violated. It is an incendiary device used for illumination purposes, sometimes as an alternative to fuel air explosives. When people say that we used chemical weapons in Fallujah, they are lying. Words mean things.
Using the pictures of dead people--the ones that show the clothing intact--as evidence that they were killed by WP is a lie. WP burns right through clothing to the skin. We don't really know how those folks actually died, but it wasn't by WP.
When Englehart said that everyone dies within 150 meters, he is lying. GlobalSecurity.org:
Most smokes are not hazardous in concentrations which are useful for obscuring purposes. However, any smoke can be hazardous to health if the concentration is sufficient or if the exposure is long enough. Medical personnel should be prepared to treat potential reactions to military smokes once such smokes have been introduced to the battlefield. Exposure to heavy smoke concentrations for extended periods (particularly if near the source of emission) may cause illness or even death. Casualties from WP smoke have not occurred in combat operations.
White phosphorus fume can cause severe eye irritation with blepharospasm, photophobia, and lacrimation. Irritation of the eyes and irritation of the mucous membranes are the most commonly seen injuries. These complaints remit spontaneously with the soldier's removal from the exposure site. The WP smoke irritates the eyes and nose in moderate concentrations. With intense exposures, a very explosive cough may occur, which renders gas mask adjustment difficult. There are no reported deaths resulting from exposure to phosphorus smokes.
I know many of you are predisposed to think the worst, but the facts are not on your side. I can't believe so many of you are buying this crap.
Posted by: Charles Bird | November 11, 2005 at 11:21 AM
"I know many of you are predisposed to think the worst"
Please award yourself a Karnak.
Posted by: Dantheman | November 11, 2005 at 11:35 AM
Charles: WP is not a chemical weapon and it is not illegal; therefore, we used no chemical weapons in Fallujah, and no treaties or conventions were violated.
How nice for the relatives and friends of the people in Fallujah who were horribly burned to death with WP to know that it was perfectly legal for the US to do so, because the US never signed up to any treaty or convention banning the use of WP.
This is your idea of successful propaganda - tell the families/friends of the victims that they've got no right to be upset because their friends/kin were horribly done to death in a perfectly legal way?
Or are you seeing this as an information war on people inside the US who do not support the war in Iraq?
Posted by: Jesurgislac | November 11, 2005 at 11:55 AM
Charles, I will try to make this very clear:
THE DEATHS WEREN'T A RESULT OF WP BEING USED AS SMOKE
This has been made evident throughout this thread. You know, the article in Field Artillery, the witnesses own testimony you are trying to debunk. Etc.
And I would be very very careful about throwing accusations of lying around. It might be something that could be fairly levelled at you, at this point.
Posted by: spartikus | November 11, 2005 at 11:59 AM
"Use of WP artillery shells in urban areas ends up looking a lot like deploying mustard gas. This is an indisputable fact."
It's quite disputable, actually. It looks a lot more like other incendiaries, and particularly like WP, which has been used for various military purposes since at least WWII and particularly in Vietnam.
It's not particularly harmful as a gas.
In the air, white phosphorus reacts rapidly with oxygen to produce relatively harmless chemicals within minutes.
Anyone telling you otherwise is either ignorant, or has an agenda. Treatment is required for burns, not inhalation.
The military people justify its use in the battlefield context because the burning WP gas forces troops to flee concealed positions, enabling other weapons to wipe them out."
This is wrong. It's used as a direct weapon primarily because the burning per se drives people out. (This is as well as being used for other incendiary missions, as well as for smoke, of course.)
Is burning someone to death horrible? Of course. It's equally horrible to be burned to death with a flame thrower, and it's not extremely dissimilar to burning to death via napalm, or gasoline.
It's also entirely horrible to blow people's limbs off, to gut them, to blow their head to pieces, and to do that to babies and whole families.
There are no nice ways to do any of these things, and there are no nice ways to fight wars. This is why it's best to take getting into them rather seriously.
Posted by: Gary Farber | November 11, 2005 at 12:34 PM
The oxidation product of WP is not harmless. The oxides are more chemically toxic than the WP itself. In high enough concentrations it is considered a poison gas in industrial use.
It is also no longer used for illumination. Magnesium works better.
It is also quite possible to burn skin through woven fabric if the agent is a vapor. Protection against hot gases requires an impermeable fabric, usually glass-based.
Whoops. Here's the link to the MSDS.
Or, here:
814. Red and White Phosphorus. a. At ordinary temperatures, white phosphorus (WP) is a solid which can be handled safely under water. When dry, it burns fiercely in air, producing a dense white smoke. Fragments of melted particles of the burning substance may become embedded in the skin of persons close to a bursting projectile, producing burns which are multiple, deep and variable in size. The fragments continue to burn unless oxygen is excluded by flooding or smothering.
b. WP may be used to produce a hot dense white smoke composed of particles of phosphorus pentoxide which are converted by moist air to droplets of phosphoric acid. The smoke irritates the eyes and nose in moderate concentrations. Field concentrations of the smoke are usually harmless although they may cause temporary irritation to the eyes, nose or throat. The respirator provides adequate protection against white phosphorus smoke.
c. In an artillery projectile white phosphorus is contained in felt wedges which ignite immediately upon exposure to air and fall to the ground. Up to 15% of the white phosphorus remains within the charred wedge and can re-ignite if the felt is crushed and the unburned white phosphorus exposed to the atmosphere.
d. Red phosphorus (RP) is not nearly as reactive as white phosphorus. It reacts slowly with atmospheric moisture and the smoke does not produce thermal injury, hence the smoke is less toxic.
Posted by: Slartibartfast | November 11, 2005 at 02:24 PM
I guess, to summarize: pure phosphoric acid is probably not good for skin, eyes and lungs. In lower concentrations, though, it's perfectly fine when mixed with carmel coloring, artificial flavoring, aspartame, and carbonated water.
So, discussing the effects of exposure to the ignition by-products of phosphorus need to also include the amount of exposure. Small amounts: no big deal. Taking a bath in phosphoric acid: probably not good. The above seems to indicate that on the field, at least, exposure to phosphorus smoke doesn't cause lasting symptoms after the smoke goes away. I'm not sure what this has to do with the particular situation being discussed, but it is relevant to discussions of WP as a chemical weapon.
I've seen references, although not a link, to a treaty or part therof to which the US is not a party which defines WP as a chemical weapon. If this is accurate, can't we safely say (1) we did use WP (2) many countries, but not the US, legally define WP as a chemical weapon, and (3) WP kills through external burns, rather than usually through inhalation poisoning? (2) seems to make the initial article objected to accurate, although perhaps misleading in that it did not call attention to the US's failure to be a party to the relevant treaty and to the burning, rather than poisonous, nature of WP.
Posted by: LizardBreath | November 11, 2005 at 02:51 PM
Yeah. Running thru a smoke grenade outside, no big deal. Sitting in a room full of hot oxide for minutes, a particularly slow and painful way to die.
Tim, if you've got a cite for this, please provide. Opinion is easy to come by on this sort of issue; hard fact is usually less forthcoming. Personally, I think if you're close enough to the "hot oxide" for the heat to make a difference, you're going to be close enough to be burned to death by the phosphorus igniting any nearby flammables. This is the stuff of opinion.
Round 3 of fact-challenged Charles -- his 11/11 11:21 am post.
He selectively quotes from that portion of Global Security relting to WP smoke, but omits the reference to WP incendiary:
White phosphorus results in painful chemical burn injuries. The resultant burn typically appears as a necrotic area with a yellowish color and characteristic garliclike odor. White phosphorus is highly lipid soluble and as such, is believed to have rapid dermal penetration once particles are embedded under the skin. Because of its enhanced lipid solubility, many have believed that these injuries result in delayed wound healing. This has not been well studied; therefore, all that can be stated is that white phosphorus burns represent a small subsegment of chemical burns, all of which typically result in delayed wound healing.
Incandescent particles of WP may produce extensive burns. Phosphorus burns on the skin are deep and painful; a firm eschar is produced and is surrounded by vesiculation. The burns usually are multiple, deep, and variable in size. The solid in the eye produces severe injury. The particles continue to burn unless deprived of atmospheric oxygen. Contact with these particles can cause local burns. These weapons are particularly nasty because white phosphorus continues to burn until it disappears. If service members are hit by pieces of white phosphorus, it could burn right down to the bone. Burns usually are limited to areas of exposed skin (upper extremities, face). Burns frequently are second and third degree because of the rapid ignition and highly lipophilic properties of white phosphorus.
To summarize, WP used in concentrations as an incendiary (exactly what was used in Fallujah -- "shake and bake") is likely to cause very severe burning to those affected by the dispersal -- this includes inhalation. Is it 150 m? Numerous sources have indicated this is the effective range for artillery shells of the stuff. And it is much more readily attacks exposed skin rather than clothing.
Its worth noting that grenades and small mortar rounds of the stuff probably dose not create this effect -- its the incendiary artiellery rounds used in Fallujah that create this effect. That's why its US policy not to use it in urban areas, ewxept in Fallujah.
I can't believe your willingness to skew facts.
The treaty is the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III). Geneva, 10 October 1980..
eMedicine has this to say about White Phosphorus when used as incendiary agent.
Burns usually are limited to areas of exposed skin (upper extremities, face). Burns frequently are second and third degree because of the rapid ignition and highly lipophilic properties of white phosphorus.
I still await an alternate theory that would explain the type of wounds seen in the pictures on RAI website.
To summarize, WP used in concentrations as an incendiary (exactly what was used in Fallujah -- "shake and bake") is likely to cause very severe burning to those affected by the dispersal
It sounds as if you've got some idea just how much WP was used, and what type of WP rounds were used. Please share.
"Its worth noting that grenades and small mortar rounds of the stuff probably dose not create this effect -- its the incendiary artiellery rounds used in Fallujah that create this effect."
I can't figure out what you mean by "this effect," I'm afraid. (I'm also baffled by the notion that use of white phosphorous in battle is some sort of revelation; only someone who has never read any accounts of modern warfighting in the last fifty years would find it so; heck, I remember playing videogames of tank warfare twenty years ago where you had a choice of WP or HE shells; reading this stuff is like reading someone gasping about having just found out that Army soldiers use chemical reactions to blow civilians' bodies apart, or that lead is fired at high velocities (by a chemical reaction!; these are chemical weapons!) into innocent people's organs, shredding them to bits, killing them in seconds or leaving them to bleed for hours; it's all terrible, and it's all equally news.)
I'm also baffled by the notion that use of white phosphorous in battle is some sort of revelation;
I'm baffled by the notion that people aren't grasping the idea that the objection is the use of incendiary agents in an urban area where civilians are known to still reside, contrary to Army's own doctrine and international consensus.
Especially when the conflict is one, supposedly, of hearts and minds.
Slarti, it's just my opinion. If you were close to the round you'd be killed quickly; otherwise it would probably be death by suffocation as the hot gases filled up the space, like in building fire fatalities from smoke inhalation. The painful part would come from effectively being sprayed with a hot, fairly strong acid.
I imagine, then, that you'd be just as baffled if we were raining conventional explosives on the same area? I mean, I've heard plenty of outrage over the WP being used on the civilians, but little over the use of conventional HE weapons.
Let's see...what sort of WP rounds were used? Could it have been burster rounds? Rounds that are designed as incendiaries and are against the law of land warfare to employ ...against personnel targets? Or could they have been smoke rounds? Rounds consistent with:
We used it for screening missions at two breeches and, later in the fight, as a potent psychological weapon against the insurgents...
Hence my earlier questions. If we used the ground-burst type, then I'm guessing we violated some of our own rules in doing so. If not, then your room full of hot oxide theory is hogwash.
I'm baffled by:
1. The invasion in general.
2. That Fallujah was allowed to fester
3. The sledgehammer assault in light of 2.
Given that this is not total war, but a counterinsurgency is a country that been liberated, I am baffled by the self-defeating roughboy tactics of the U.S. Army, especially in light of the tactics and doctrines of other major armies that stress lower key approaches and which seemed to have, until recently, better results. Like say the British in Basra. And I say until recently because it seems the troubles in the American zone have spilled over.
The use of WP in Fallujah is just another chapter in this story.
It seems to me it would have been alot easier for the U.S. to simply fire up the B-52's and carpetbomb the place into oblivion. You would have likely had the same level of bewildered outrage, but with the bonus that Fallujah would have been dealt with once and for all, with little to no casulties.
If you're going to be an evil empire, don't do it half way.
Rounds consistent with:
That doesn't follow. How do you get smoke rounds out of that sentence? Do you have some sort of special knowledge?
From the November 10, 2004 issue of the Washington Post:
"Usually we keep the gloves on," said Army Capt. Erik Krivda, of Gaithersburg, the senior officer in charge of the 1st Infantry Division's Task Force 2-2 tactical operations command center. "For this operation, we took the gloves off."
Some artillery guns fired white phosphorous rounds that create a screen of fire that cannot be extinguished with water. Insurgents reported being attacked with a substance that melted their skin, a reaction consistent with white phosphorous burns.
More smoke rounds?
We've got:
1. Photos of the corpses of noncombatants with wounds - in light of any other explantion - the most credible explanation of which is White Phosphorus.
2. Video of some sort of burst type shelling.
3. A witness who testifies he heard over the radio that Whiskey Pete was being used.
4. Corroborating articles in Field Artillery magazine, and the Washington Post.
Do you have some sort of special knowledge?
Aside from explicit mention of smoke rounds in Field Artillery? No. But information is normally more valuable (to me, at least) than opinion.
We've got
BTW, do you have a link to any of that?
You lost me on that one. The smoke is the oxide, and it's hot because it's the combustion product. From the blog link DaveC gave earlier in the thread, at least one barrage on the city looked like bursters.
In lower concentrations, though, it's perfectly fine when mixed with carmel coloring, artificial flavoring, aspartame, and carbonated water.
Like hell it is. That stuff will totally dissolve your teeth inside a week! [My sister's best friend's boyfriend's cousin did that experiment in 8th grade, I swear!] Well, either that, or it'll produce a tiny race of people and, eventually, Lutherans.
Posted by: Anarch | November 11, 2005 at 04:29 PM
All the links have been provided, often more than once, throughout the thread.
I'm thinking you're not familiar with what
"screening missions" means. This knowledge is only "special" in the sense of having minimal familiarity with military usage and practice (although my own highest rank in uniform was Second Class Boy Scout).
Have I mentioned lately how unhealthy the huge split between civilian and military culture is?
"screening missions" means.
And I'm thinking there are two references. One to screening missions, and one about "psychological warfare" and it doesn't follow the latter was conducted with "smoke rounds".
Hence the point about WP being a "flexible munition"
It's smoke. It's fire. It's two-two great tastes in one.
OTOH I would think that "psychological warfare" is not typically executed using incendiaries. Just a thought.
Slarti:
It sounds as if you've got some idea just how much WP was used, and what type of WP rounds were used.
From reading elsewhere, there is a type of artillery delivered WP that air bursts into smaller components and rains over an area. I speculate that this is the type of munition that creates the alleged "150m" effect talked about. I forget the numerical designation for this shell type -- the cites sprinkled throughout this thread link to the military journals that talk about its use. There has also been discussion about the total number of rounds of this type that were deployed to Iraq (500 or so), but no indication as to how many were used in Fallujah, but another cite has a reference to the supply having been exhausted by the end of the Fallujah activity. But its not very definite.
I wrote above about how its not WP itself that is the issue, but these air-burst artillery shells that create an issue in an urban environnment. Smaller weapons carrying WP (low caliber mortars and grenades) probably limit their effect to only minor incendiary or smoke because of the lesser amount of WP involved.
The rules of engagement prohibit large WP use in urban areas unless specifically authorized by senior command -- From GlobalSecurity.org which Charles linked to above.
The point is that WP has multiple uses, and can be employed in multiple ways. We are not talking about the smoke bombs for which WP is sometimes used, but the large incendiary shells of WP.
Charles is allegedly "debunking" the WP issue by citing to the smoke bomb's properties, while ignoring the large incendiary type of munition.
It's not? And smokescreens are?
The actual turn of phrase from Field Artillery magazine was "potent psychological weapon"
I speculate that this is the type of munition that creates the alleged "150m" effect talked about.
I speculate that this is a smoke round. Its effects are consistent with this picture of said smoke round going off.
Which is where speculation can take you, I guess.
Based on the munition's size, I estimate that the maximum amount of WP that it (in 155mm form) can contain is maybe 12 pounds. For comparison, the 155mm HE round carries 15 pounds of TNT. The WP round must also contain a burster charge for spreading the stuff around, which is why I'm thinking it's only about 12 pounds. If you can find anything on this that's more precise, please post it.
Ok, maybe your words (paraphrased) will take a bit better:
it doesn't follow the latter was conducted with "incendiary rounds"
Given that this is not total war, but a counterinsurgency is a country that been liberated, I am baffled by the self-defeating roughboy tactics of the U.S. Army, ...
The Fallujah fight was a set-piece battle against entrenched bad guys, so it had to be fought on an ugly scale. It was allowed to fester for political reasons.
Incendiaries are incredibly useful in fighting an entrenched enemy -- think Iwo Jima, for example. I can understand why the marines would want to use it -- it saves the lives of their comrades.
But your point is correct -- its the political consequences of how you fight an insurgency that are paramount, and that's the core point regarding the WP issue. Otherwise, why not carpet bomb the place.
Given use of the term "shake and bake" I think it's the more plausible scenario, don't you?
Gary is also ignoring this account from Infantry Magazine. It's not specific to Fallujah, but notice this particular line:
"The Iraqis in one observation post attempted to flee but were fixed with white phosphorus fires. As they attempted to flee again, white phosphorus rounds impacted the vehicle and set it on fire. The section continued to fire a mix of high explosive and white phosphorus rounds into the objective area."
WP used for screening is airburst, obviously, in order to spread the smoke. If they impacted a vehicle, they were being used primarily for destructive purposes.
Posted by: Phoenician in a time of Romans | November 11, 2005 at 07:52 PM
Ok, spartikus, please tell me exactly what you think that term means.
Slartibartfast, perhaps you could enlighten us? From your tone, it seems you know the answer. Am I wrong?
A cursory Google search reveals "shake n'bake" in Vietnam era military slang as meaning an "*1 officer straight out of OCS (Officer Candidate School) without any combat experience. or *2 the derogatory term applied to a graduate of an accelerated NCO academy who was then entitled to wear "buck" sergeant stripes.
But that doesn't really make any sense in the context of the quote from Field Artillery, does it?
Maybe, in the modern military lingo, it sounds exactly as it sounds: they "shaked" their targets with HE and "baked" them with WP.
But please, feel free to contribute knowledge.
"Gary is also ignoring this account from Infantry Magazine."
I'm reasonably sure I'm not. Perhaps you're confusing something someone else said with something I've said.
"If they impacted a vehicle, they were being used primarily for destructive purposes."
Assuming that was intentional, sure. Have I said anything to contradict this? Or to indicate that I have any doubt that WP is apt to have hit people, innocent people, maybe even, and burned them alive, horribly? Or to indicate that I think it's implausible that WP may have been used intentionally as an anti-personnel indendiary weapon, whether against policy or tacitly ignored? If so, where?
Yes, you are. But it was you that was drawing some conclusions from what shake and bake meant, not me. So I was kind of hoping for a tutorial.
Well, until someone offers up a credible theory that explains the evidence presented in the Italian documentary, the article in Field Artillery, and the article in the Washington Post, the most plausible explanation remains that U.S. forces fired WP incendiary shells during the assault on Fallujah, and that noncombatants died as a result of that.
As others have pointed out, war is ugly and incendiary weapons have their uses. But Iraq is not the tumult of conventional armies locked in a battle to the death on, say, the plains of Central Europe. It's a counterinsurgency campaign attempting to, at the very least, buy time for a credible successor state to step into the vacum of the Baathist regime, if such a thing is possible. And this very much depends on goodwill of the populace.
Besides the helicopter lifting off a Saigon rooftop, what is the most enduring image from the Vietnam War? I'd say it was probably this one...another image of the effects of incendiary weapons.
Slarti, this is a frequent and irritating tactic of yours in comments. It seems to me that most speakers of English would get the same impression from the term "shake and bake" that spartikus does. He is not claiming special knowledge, so please dispense with the "I was kind of hoping for a tutorial" bit. The burden is on you, as someone who apparently gets a different impression from the expression, to come up with a different interpretation.
Posted by: Nell | November 11, 2005 at 10:30 PM
Too spooky, considering the topic. DirecTV is playing 'The End' in the dead programming space left after the Sabres-Leafs game.
And this very much depends on goodwill of the populace.
Alternatively, this.
I could be wrong, but I'm fairly sure that if my husband/wife/daughter/son/grandfather/granddaughter's head is blown off by a handgun, or a carbine, or a machinegun, I'm going to harbor considerable ill will to the people who did that, and it's not apt to be significantly lessened because it was bullets that did the job, not fire. But maybe that's just me.
Slarti, this is a frequent and irritating tactic of yours in comments.
Yes, Nell, you're irritated by me, I'm irritated by you. Pretty much beside the point in this conversation, don't you think? In fact, I'm rather irritated by these side trips into what you imagine might be my tactics.
It seems to me that most speakers of English would get the same impression from the term "shake and bake" that spartikus does.
I'm not talking "impression", Nell. And "most speakers of English" don't speak this kind of jargon. Do you know what it means?
Point is, there seem to be a great many instant experts who are absolutely convinced of...something or other, with respect to this particular issue. Speak up, subject matter experts.
Maybe the use of incendiaries on targets where civilians are known to be in numbers and arbitrary executions on the street are, like, all fruit of the same poisoned tree.
But I'll go out on limb here and say that I would probably be just a little bit extra devastated if my one year old daughter was burned to death rather than shot. But maybe that's just me.
Pretty good analysis, dmbeaster. My 2 bits:
The coalition forces simply weren't ready to go in there in April, particularly the Iraqi Army or ING, who were needed to assess who were bad guys and who if anyboy weren't. It also took time to figure out how to get the civilians who wanted to leave out of town. That said, the battle was happened weeks, maybe 2 months, later than it could have because of the Presidential election.
The video that I saw showed the WP fired behind the buildings on the edge of town, and then the tanks firing at the illuminated buildings. This also presumably cut off any retreat.
Certainly it was the intention of our forces to kill people, a lot of people, who were well armed bad guys concentrated in one place. I rather doubt there was any specific intent to kill civilians, and yet I think everybody knew that there would be civialian casualties among those that stayed in town.
Posted by: DaveC | November 12, 2005 at 12:01 AM
DaveC: I rather doubt there was any specific intent to kill civilians, and yet I think everybody knew that there would be civialian casualties among those that stayed in town.
People keep trying to explain to me how deliberately killing civilians isn't really deliberately killing civilians when you can say that your intent was something else, even though you knew perfectly well that your action would in fact kill civilians.
Sort of like a drunk driver claiming "I didn't MEAN to hurt anyone" in court, and having that accepted as a perfectly adequate defense, because having good intentions is all that matters.
So, the US military deliberately burned civilians to death, but that's okay, because along with the civilians, some heavily-armed insurgents probably also got killed, and even though the military knew they were killing civilians, it was the insurgents that they meant to kill.
Another comment on the WP issue in Michael Froomkin's comments. Froomkin's further comment here.
Hrmphf. While I have absolutely no special knowledge of any sort related to the topic, I find the suggestion in the linked comment that the phrase "take them out" to describe the intended effect of the WP rounds meant 'to frighten them away with smoke' awfully implausible.
I find the suggestion in the linked comment that the phrase "take them out" to describe the intended effect of the WP rounds meant 'to frighten them away with smoke' awfully implausible.
Um, I don't see that in the quote being commented on. The now famous quote says:
...using WP to flush them out and HE to take them out.
HE to take them out. Not WP.
Whoops, I got the WP and HE switched in the quote. Never mind.
Sort of like a drunk driver claiming "I didn't MEAN to hurt anyone"
Question-begging.
Look, when one consructs a dam or a major building or a linear accelerator, there's a clear correlation between work hours and fatalities (the figure I have in my head is 1 fatality/$10^9 spent). One has no intention of killing laborers, but it's a known consequence of large projects built under reasonable safety standards.
Posted by: rilkefan | November 12, 2005 at 05:44 PM
Fact: war inevitably kills innocent bystanders.
Axiom: therefore war is intentional killing of innocents.
Conclusion: therefore war is always inherently wrong.
It's fine to argue for pacifism. I've had days when I've felt like going for it, although I've never been able to keep myself convinced for more than a day at a time, and they were mostly in decades past, myself. But every so often the temptation looms very strongly.
However, it's perhaps useful to simply be upfront and clear about one's premise.
Rilkefan: One has no intention of killing laborers, but it's a known consequence of large projects built under reasonable safety standards.
Yes, and burning civilians to death is a known consequence of firing WP munitions at civilians.
Posted by: Jesurgislac | November 12, 2005 at 06:11 PM
Fact: war inevitably kills innocent bystanders, including by setting them on fire and causing them to be burned alive.
Conclusion: therefore war is only justified when the goals to be served by the war have an expected value sufficient to justify setting innocent people on fire.
Illustration: If you're thinking of starting a war, picture a schoolbus full of children in a puddle of gasoline. Imagine that the ends you seek would be gained if you tossed a lighted match into the puddle. If you wouldn't throw the match into the puddle, don't start the war.
Seriously, it's not pacifism to want to keep the costs of war front and center. We seem to have (possibly not, but seem to have) used WP rounds as an incendiary against people in Fallujah, burning them to death. This sort of thing happens in wars, it's not clear that it's necessarily worse than being shot or killed by an explosion -- all true. Nonetheless, when we're talking about whether the war should have been commenced, or should continue, it is good to report on this sort of thing, so that we remember that we are setting innocent people on fire, and for our actions to be justified they must serve a goal sufficiently important to warrant setting innocent people on fire.
"Conclusion: therefore war is only justified when the goals to be served by the war have an expected value sufficient to justify setting innocent people on fire."
Or alternatively:
Conclusion: we must choose both ends that are likely to make the misery death worth it, and means that minimize the misery and death along the way. And we must be honest about the costs and gains along the way.
Posted by: Bruce Baugh | November 12, 2005 at 06:59 PM
I wouldn't call observing the Hague conventions pacifism. There's a pratical reason you follow them; you don't want your troops exposed to the same shit. There's a good reason hollow-point bullets, poisoned shrapnel, and a host of other goodies aren't used by armies.
So Gary, as posited earlier, why not fire up the B-52's, or better yet, just drop a tactical nuke? I mean, it's war, innit? And innocent bystanders have a chance of getting killed, so why not bring your most effective, and cost-effective, weapons to the game?
"So Gary, as posited earlier, why not fire up the B-52's, or better yet, just drop a tactical nuke?"
See Bruce's conclusion.
White Phosphorus in urban areas crosses that line for me. And much of the world.
"White Phosphorus in urban areas crosses that line for me. And much of the world."
If you're looking for me to argue with you on this, you'll have to try down the hall, I'm afraid.
The final chapter:
The Pentagon has confirmed that US troops used white phosphorus during last year's offensive in the northern Iraqi city of Falluja.
"It was used as an incendiary weapon against enemy combatants," spokesman Lt Col Barry Venable told the BBC - though not against civilians, he said.
The US earlier denied it had been used in Falluja at all.
Col Venable denied that the substance - which can cause burning of the flesh - constituted a banned chemical weapon.
White phosphorus is an incendiary weapon, not a chemical weapon
Col Barry Venable
Pentagon spokesman
US military interview
Washington is not a signatory of an international treaty restricting the use of white phosphorus devices.
Col Venable said a statement by the US state department that white phosphorus had not been used was based on "poor information".
The BBC's defence correspondent Paul Wood says having to retract its denial has been a public relations disaster for the US military.
This affair has reinforced a conclusion I've drawn from the Iraq War: U.S. Army spokethingy's are not to be believed.
See also here.
"U.S. Army spokethingy's are not to be believed."
You're saying that this shouldn't be believed?
"It was used as an incendiary weapon against enemy combatants," spokesman Lt Col Barry Venable told the BBC....
I'm inclined to feel differently; I find that statement very plausible.
But, certainly I agree that nobody's words should be automatically believed.
Posted by: Gary Farber | November 16, 2005 at 07:14 AM
I'm not sure I buy that, Gary.
Posted by: Slartibartfast | November 16, 2005 at 07:53 AM
RE: the lie that we used chemical weapons in Fallujah
http://www.thewe.cc/weplanet/news/americas/us/war_crimes_fallujah.html#this_is_real
Posted by: America | July 30, 2007 at 08:44 PM
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Is the timing right?
Question the Questions
Entrepreneurial Impact Ranking
Our investment focus
Created with Sketch. Insights
Created with Sketch. About
6 Nov 2018 By Octopus Ventures
Go early
• Is the US the Company’s primary market?
• Is your primary distribution channel global in nature (i.e. via app marketplaces and platforms)?
• Are you focused on digital health or education (or another market where the US is substantially larger than European markets, and a complete move can be a strategic decision)?
Go late
• Have you saturated the local market?
• Have you gone through renewal cycles?
• Is the domestic management team sufficiently strong to manage and grow the business in the absence of the CEO?
Often European entrepreneurs start building their startup in their home territory and then recognize that the market opportunity there pales into insignificance compared to the market opportunity for the same problem in the US. The early US entry is in effect a company move, whereby the European home market will be sacrificed in the near term. At an early stage, having two offices is often unrealistic from a funding, culture and operations standpoint. The founders elect to sacrifice (or at the very least substantially reduce activity) in the home market and commit to the new market completely.
The benefit of this approach is that the team will build only one product or service and it will be entirely focused on the new market. The startup’s stage, funding raised, and customer traction then aligns with an early company in the US.
Once a sustainable core revenue and operating base has been built in the home market, the CEO or a core founder will be able to leave the home market and focus on the US with less risk of disruption. Many entrepreneurs who have successfully entered the US have chosen to do this much later in their company’s evolution, often post Series C and when the core business is cash-flow break even. The Company’s internationalization is less of a make-or-break move with a self-sustaining business at home. Teams can then afford to be measured and somewhat clinical, testing, iterating and only recruiting behind success. By having a stable core business, the pressure on the founder to make the new market work is greatly reduced.
Many companies enter the US at the wrong time: When they have initial traction in the home market, but before repeatability and scale have fully taken hold. That can put strain on a vulnerable position.
Beware of the in-between
Those founders who launched an international market before reaching scale in their home territory found both markets hard to deliver. The home territory was required to continue to be the engine of growth for the business, but with focus and resources now strained, the company now deals with double the level of complexity without operational scale. In many cases, those founders had to make the painful decision to retrench one to two years later. The knock-on effects of this can also be very painful: a business that is subscale in its home market and unproven internationally may struggle to raise additional fundraising and may be forced to seek several rounds of potentially dilutive internal funding
“ It’s easy to go too fast or be too early with the US launch before the company is prepared to take this challenge. It’s a differently structured and hyper-competitive market; therefore, European entrepreneurs might benefit from considering soft launching there first.” – Rytis Vitkauskas, YPlan
What milestone and timelines must you meet?
Having milestones and hurdles will help in qualifying your budget and in focusing your spending on high performance. What goals do you want to set yourself?
A lot of preparation for a move to the US can be done from Europe. Expect to have a 6 to 9-month planning phase, then a 6 to 12-month deployment phase where you establish operations on American soil and build out your team.
Graze wanted to test if its proposition resonated with US consumers. It allocated an initial budget to build a campaign and serve the US from Europe. The team created a landing page to collect US emails and started mailing snacks to the US directly from the UK. Once they had established that their proposition wouldn’t change, they invested in New York operations.
“For six months, we went into NYC for one week at a time monthly before launch (until we made our first hire). We wanted to talk to the key people and get to know all the players in the podcast market; I invited people to breakfast—the key NPR and WNYC podcasters -and became friends with many of them. That helped us very much.” – Karl Rosander, Acast
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Panfilo
The business of architecture
The value of architecture
Starting an architecture business
Marketing for architects
Clients, growth and finances
Lessons to my younger self
Reflecting on Making 2014
The Australian Institute of Architects’ national architecture conference, held last month at the Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre. Creatively directed by Sam Crawford, Adam Haddow and Helen Norrie, it explored the “act of making; in the dirtiness, directness and honesty of architecture… both the machinations of the process, and the beauty, delight and surprise of excellence.”[1]
This was the tenth conference since Kerstin Thompson was appointed the first creative director in 2005, and addressed a decade of recent history that saw international speakers drawn predominantly from Europe, North America and Japan. In their opening address, Crawford, Haddow and Norrie showed map overlays of this tendency, revealing a sizable hole in our own backyard. Thus they explained the strong regional focus of Making, with most speakers selected from Asia.
The directors noted that the conference location in Perth – another first in a decade – was unanticipated when they were appointed, but serendipitous. The city’s position on the west coast of Australia is closer to some of our regional neighbours than it is Melbourne and Sydney. With the world’s epicentre shifting to China and India, this is a timely and welcome acknowledgement of the architectural value to be found in Asia, one for which the directors should be applauded.
The conference was divided into four subthemes that sought to extend an intuitive definition of making: an exploration of not just the physical act of building, but its more ephemeral effects. Making culture, making life, making connections and making impact were each anchored by an Australian architect, who presented their own work, introduced the international speakers, and chaired thematically driven discussion panels. This division of duties had the curious side effect of reducing the prominence of the Australian voice within the broader discussion. We were interviewers, not interviewees.
Making culture
Andrew Burns, Australia (anchor)
Richard Hassell, Singapore
David Adjaye, England
Making life
Elizabeth Watson-Brown, Australia (anchor)
Wen Hsia and BC Ang, Malaysia
Cazú Zegers, Chile
Vo Trong Nghia, Vietnam
Marina Tabassum, Bangladesh
Emma Williamson, Australia (anchor)
Sek San Ng, Malaysia
Gurjit Singh Matharoo, India
Andra Matin, Indonesia
Lyndon Neri, China
Making impact
Timothy Horton, Australia (anchor)
Justine Clark and Naomi Stead, Australia
Beth Miller, United States of America
Alejandro Echeverri, Colombia
Jo Noero, South Africa
While website descriptions of the way each subtheme would be explored were clear enough, overlap between all but the making impact theme had the unfortunate side effect of rendering them essentially indistinguishable from one another. This would have been less confusing if all the speakers reflected on their work with reference to the conference themes, but a few resorted to cookie-cutter lectures that failed to address them in any meaningful way.
For instance, Lyndon Neri was very entertaining, but his image-heavy lecture was light on insights. Andra Matin was invited to speak thanks to his role in establishing a network of young architects in Indonesia, but neglected to discuss this entirely, offering little more than walkthrough descriptions of his projects. This was a disappointing distraction that had me questioning the wisdom in including the subthemes at all.
In a thoughtful and detailed email response sent to me after the conference, Norrie explained that the subthemes were however never meant to establish a rigid thesis or architectural taxonomy. The intent was to develop a “curatorial framework” that would broaden the scope of making and provide direction for discussion and audience reflection. Programming the conference was a fluid task, with speakers constantly moved between themes: the directors went through twenty-one iterations before settling on the final programme.[2] Even then there was crossover, with some speakers presenting under one subtheme and participating in the discussion of another.
Retrospectively assessing the conference, it is clear how this approach encouraged debate amongst the delegates and interrogation of making. One colleague commented that architecture cannot make life or culture: life and culture make architecture. I suspect Crawford, Haddow and Norrie were interested however in exploring the role architecture plays within these fields, both as a recipient of and agent for change. Tabassum’s sublime Independence Monument and Liberation War Museum was a good example of this duality. A tribute to the tens of millions of people killed or forcibly displaced during the Bangladesh Liberation War, it is a project both shaped by political events of the past and able to influence a country’s sense of identity in the future.
What were the highlights?
The best speakers were those able to provide meaningful self-reflection and an analysis of their work within the broader contexts of not only the conference themes, but architectural production and national identity also. Richard Hassell was fascinating, the prodigal Perth son whose casual demeanour is a mask for extraordinary success across Asia. Wen Hsia and BC Ang presented a portfolio populated by small projects in concrete and timber, each executed with delightful creativity. And Sek San Ng’s irreverent humour aligned perfectly with his resourceful and honest design work.
Above all, the making impact subtheme stood out, differing from the other three in the clarity of its purpose and focus of its speakers. Populated by individuals operating outside the traditional territory of architecture practice, it was interested in outcomes beyond the built form, like gender equity and community wellbeing.[3]
Timothy Horton’s wide-ranging experience as a political operator made him an excellent choice for anchor. In his introduction he made reference to Rory Hyde’s impressive book, Future Practice: Conversations from the Edge of Architecture, a pioneering series of short interviews exploring similar questions of architectural territory. He recalled some of Hyde’s descriptive titles for contemporary practitioners operating on the edge, titles like the Urban Activist and the Community Enabler, suggesting an exciting world of new opportunities for a profession in crisis.[4]
The presentations of both Alejandro Echeverri and Jo Noero demonstrated the positive influence of high quality public buildings on the informal settlements of Medellin in Columbia and Port Elizabeth in South Africa. Their carefully considered architectural interventions inspire urban and social change in cities with deeply segregated populations. They slow the progress of downwards-economic spirals and act as foundation stones from which disadvantaged communities might begin to rebuild themselves.
The Community Design Collaborative in Philadelphia, of which Beth Miller is executive director, matchmakes deserving community projects with architects who work pro-bono to prepare sketch design proposals and seek financial backing. The CDC believes that good design is not a luxury but a public right, and since 1991 “have coordinated the donation of 100,000 hours of volunteer design work to a portfolio of 600 not-for-profit organisations.”
Finally, Justine Clark and Naomi Stead’s research through Parlour into gender equity has established a far-reaching and invaluable tool for understanding the current state of Australian architecture practice. Broadening the scope of their findings from women specifically to an entire profession, they argued that, “women architects are like the canary in the coalmine,” their equity issues indicative of much more widespread problems. Positive change to this status quo is to be sought from “pragmatic, collective and sustained advocacy.” The conference coincided with the release of their Guides to Equitable Practice, an important milestone towards a fairer Australian architecture profession.
The making impact theme was exceptional for two important reasons. First, more than any of the others, it demonstrated that architecture is not only influenced by its various contexts but can in fact exert influence over them. And second, it was most expressive of the conference’s aspirations, expanding the realm of architectural activity beyond buildings. For Australia, where the services offered by the architecture profession are continuously marginalised, we need to be proactive about uncovering new ones. Making impact offered substantial proof that our profession can be more than mere beautifiers of facades, more than a luxury service affordable only to the wealthy.
The work of Parlour strikes me as most radical in this respect. It is unprecedented for the architecture profession, not just for Australia but possibly the world. Could the Parlour research team generate sufficient expertise to start exporting its services? Could it transcend its scope as an auditor of an industry to an industry in its own right? In the battle for new territory, this is as good evidence as I have ever seen of the architecture profession creating new value from our unique and often underappreciated worldview.
What did I learn?
During the making impact discussion session, the outspoken Jo Noero memorably broadsided Dutch architecture studio OMA for designing a media headquarters for “one of the world’s most oppressive regimes.” He added that, “arguing China will develop a more moderate approach to freedom of speech in 25 years isn’t good enough. As architects, we need to do it now.” Noero has a well-earned reputation for unwavering and polemical morality, inspiring more than one of his fellow presenters to confess their feelings of guilt over the wealth of their clients.
Noero’s comment raised a provocative and enduring question in my mind, one that was accentuated by the choice of speakers for the conference and the region they represent. According to the World Bank’s index of per capita gross national income, Australia is the eleventh wealthiest country in the world. China is ranked 83rd, Indonesia 109th and India 118th, their combined GNI measuring just over half of our own.[5] By focussing on Asia, South America and Africa, the conference inevitably targeted speakers from some of the poorest countries on the planet.
This disparity was not explicitly addressed by the conference themes, but it was implied everywhere: from the costly burden of air-conditioning in tropical climates, and consequent necessity of natural ventilation; to the opportunities provided by materials-light but labour-intensive construction techniques; to the repeated celebration of resourceful architecture. This commentary established a fifth and not-so-subtle subtheme running through every presentation and discussion: making money. The genius of the creative directors, intended or otherwise, was to ensure that the entire socio-economic spectrum be represented, from Sek San’s orphanage built entirely from donated funds and village labour, to Wen Hsia and BC Ang’s work on both private housing and social projects for indigenous Malaysian tribes, to the extraordinary lavishness of Matharoo’s pivoting marble-clad walls.
Noero was provocative, declaring his refusal to design any private house larger than 150sqm, but he was only pointing out the obvious elephant in the room. What role do architects have to play in addressing inequality? When Matharoo or Matin or Neri accept a commission for another expensive mansion, what responsibility do they have to the welfare of the millions of their countrymen and women irrevocably unable to afford their services? What responsibility does an Australian architect have to the same (though less extreme) divide here?
For me, this was the most striking subject to be drawn from the conference. It was not the first time such issues have been raised in public forums and nor will it be the last. I can’t say with any certainty what responsibility architects have in challenging poverty or deep economic segregation, but I hope that future conferences continue to focus their gaze on our region and on the great inequality that continues to exist here. Such a focus is an essential extension of the questions explored by the making theme and one I would like to think is given significant attention by our profession in coming decades.
Overall, Making 2014 was an engaging, contextually relevant and at times inspiring conference. The creative directors successfully curated a selection of speakers producing meaningful work far outside the starchitecture with which we are otherwise bombarded on a daily basis. Above all, it was a rewarding opportunity to recharge my batteries, to step back from the daily activities of being an architect and remind myself of the bigger picture.
I look forward to next year’s conference, Risk 2015, to be held in Melbourne and explore the troubled nexus “between the professional necessity to take calculated and creative risks and a world incapacitated by risk minimisation.” It will look backwards at humanity’s historical architectural achievements and will, I hope, show how we can rediscover our preparedness to take risks for the sake of great rewards.
This article was commissioned by, and first appeared in, Architecture AU.
Sam Crawford, Adam Haddow, Helen Norrie, creative directors; Overview, Making 2014 National Architecture Conference; accessed 11th May 2014
Helen Norrie, Making 2014 creative director; private correspondence with author; May 2014
Even Jo Noero, the only practitioner within the making impact subtheme, is arguably a political activist first and architect second.
Dr. Rory Hyde; Future Practice: Conversations from the Edge of Architecture; Routledge; London; 2012
In 2012, the GNI of Australia was $42,540, of China was $10,900, of Indonesia was $8,750 and of India was $5,080. These figures are in international dollars and based on the gross national income per capita at purchasing power parity i.e. taking into consideration the relative strengths of the listed countries’ currency to achieve a more realistic comparison. Source: GNI per capita, PPP; The World Bank Databank; accessed 20th May 2014
Images sources:
Perth from the air; modified from the original photo by Kristian Maley
Sekeping Serendah by Seksan Design; image courtesy of Sekeping Serendah resort; author unknown
Chempenai House by WHBC; modified from the original photo by Aina Liyana
Red Location Museum by Noero Architects; image courtesy of Noero Architects via Abi Millar‘s insightful article, Architecture of Necessity
Published by Warwick Mihaly
I am an architect, writer, teacher and father. View all posts by Warwick Mihaly
Architecture, Festivals
Adam Haddow, Aeon Flux, Alejandro Echeverri, Andra Matin, Andrew Burns, ArchitectureAU, Australian Institute of Architects, BC Ang, Beth Miller, Cazú Zegers, David Adjaye, Elizabeth Watson-Brown, Emma Williamson, Gurjit Singh Matharoo, Helen Norrie, Jo Noero, Justine Clark, Marina Tabassum, Naomi Stead, National architecture conference, Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre, Richard Hassell, Sam Crawford, Sek San Ng, Timothy Horton, Vo Trong Nghia, Wen Hsia Ang
Postcard from Perth
Architecture is old fashioned
6 thoughts on “Reflecting on Making 2014”
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Panfilo is written by Warwick Mihaly, whose day job involves leading a thriving architecture studio with his wife, Erica Slocombe. Mihaly Slocombe crafts purposeful architecture with joy.
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The "Arms Race" on American Roads: The Effect of Heavy Vehicles on Traffic Safety and the Failure of Liability Rules
NBER Working Paper No. w9302
30 Pages Posted: 7 Nov 2002
See all articles by Michelle J. White
Michelle J. White
University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
There are 2 versions of this paper
The 'Arms Race' on American Roads: The Effect of Heavy Vehicles on Traffic Safety and the Failure of Liability Rules
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 04 Jun 2003
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 07 Nov 2002
You are currently viewing this paper
Date Written: November 2002
Drivers have been running an 'arms race' on American roads by buying increasingly heavy vehicles such as SUVs, vans and light trucks. Families view large vehicles as providing better protection to their own occupants if a crash occurs, but these vehicles pose an increased danger to occupants of smaller vehicles and to pedestrians and bicyclists. This paper measures both the beneficial internal effect and the negative external effect of heavier vehicles. The main result is that when drivers replace cars with light trucks, 3,700 additional crashes per year involving fatalities of smaller vehicle occupants, pedestrians and bicyclists occur, while only 1,400 crashes involving fatalities of light truck occupants are avoided, i.e., the ratio of negative external effects to positive internal effects is 2« to 1. The paper argues that none of the existing traffic laws or institutions forces drivers of heavy vehicles to take account of their negative external effects.
White, Michelle J., The "Arms Race" on American Roads: The Effect of Heavy Vehicles on Traffic Safety and the Failure of Liability Rules (November 2002). NBER Working Paper No. w9302, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=347074
Michelle J. White (Contact Author)
University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Department of Economics ( email )
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HomeBlogAcademicRequirements for Getting a Degree in Video Game Design & Simulation
Requirements for Getting a Degree in Video Game Design & Simulation
Most video games feature explosions, but none have a bigger bomb-radius than this: game play and game players have skyrocketed in the last decade. Which means employment in video game design and simulation is at an all-time high—It is among the fastest growing careers in America.
And you’ve probably been gearing up for a game design degree since childhood! All those games, rematches, challenges, replays, tourneys, and competitive showdowns. Who knew you were training for a rewarding and intensely interesting career?
Because learning the skills behind Simulation and Game Design will put you squarely in the fast lane in a range of potential industries. Depending on your interests and employment goals, this job market offers a wealth of opportunities: Healthcare, Hightech/Software, Industrial, Military, and the Video Game Industry are just a few.
But how do you select the Game Design School that’s right for you? And what IS game design…what does this degree really entail?
Meet Lilibeth Roman, a 2017 Graduate and Honor Student from the William Peace University Game Design Program. She’s now happily employed at Epic Games, so her story will tell you a lot about what to expect as a Game Design student, and what qualities you may need to take with you into your career.
“I assist with the coordination of the Unreal Engine Sponsored Content program, provide support to sellers and customers with any issues they come across and coordinate the rotation of products. When I was at William Peace University, working with a team of three other students to create an educational virtual-reality experience is an opportunity that I value a lot, as it helped me understand how to work in a team and communicate effectively.”
Remember the growth we mentioned a few moments ago? Well, that growth has increased demand for artists, gamers, and designers like Lilibeth who can combine an artistic background with technical know-how and an understanding of the complex interconnectedness of the world we inhabit. Your curriculum should emphasize aesthetics, technical skills, audience analysis and user experience, including a design space that reflects the industry’s latest technologies. Internship opportunities game development, multimedia graphic design and computer programming are also advised.
You should learn to master design, 3D modeling and programming languages used in developing video games or simulations. A Simulation and Game Design program provides a broad background in the Game Development industry, whether you’re seeking a spot in the entertainment side or the burgeoning field of serious gaming.
From Lilibeth again: “The Simulation and Game Design Program helped me learn about the Unreal Engine, which is something I use daily at my current job. I also learned the basics of 3D modeling. The program also taught me how to network and make connections with others in the industry.”
Some of the career titles/paths of simulation video game designers may include: Artist, Designer, Animator, or Programmer. Each career track may have distinguishing daily activities and responsibilities, as well as the skills and education requirements to get hired.
Designer Education Requirements
Game designer education requirements will vary by your chosen career track. But there are three core elements: design, art, and programming. Your personal interests, passions and career goals will determine which training program is the best fit to get hired for the job you want. A breakdown of video game designer and simulation degree program requirements by specialty and job title follows:
Game Designer Skillsets
A college degree, certificate and experience in game design, user experience or creative writing can help you get hired as a game designer or on a design team. Skills can include story-telling & storylines, scripting, prototyping, level design, writing & communication, and project management.
Game Programmers and Game Developers Requirements
For game design programming or development team jobs, the education requirement is typically a bachelor’s degree in video game development, computer science, software engineering, mobile application development, game & simulation programming, computer programming or a similar programming-focused area of study. Video game programmers should be fluent in the object-oriented programming (OOP) languages commonly used in video game design, such as Java, C and C++.
Game Artist Skillsets
Video game artists must first master traditional art techniques and principles, such as form, perspective & color theory, before they can apply these skills to game elements like characters & environments. The ability to effectively use modern graphic design & computer animation software, such as Adobe Flash, will also help you get hired as a video game artist.
Making Real-World Connections
There are currently dozens of simulation and gaming industry companies in the Triangle area alone.
Lilibeth recalls, “WPU gave me the opportunity to network with a variety of game industry professionals and students within in the Raleigh area. It also prepared me by providing internship opportunities, professional development courses and the opportunity to build a portfolio.”
Potential Game Designer Internship and Employment Sites in the Raleigh Area
Insominac
Red Storm Entertainment
Imangi
Virtual Heroes
Horizon Productions
Be Like Lilibeth
It’s great that you’re focused on your future, and taking the critical steps to shape a learning and game design career path that will get you there. We’re here to help. Our top-ranked Game Design program stands apart and above with its inclusivity, work experience opportunities and collaboration. Contact us to find out more about this major, and how it can align with your interests and skills.
Explore Simulation and Game Design MAJOR at WPU
Experience the SGD Lab in 360 degrees
Not Just a Number: Psychology Major MacKenzie Allison on Why WPU
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The Luxury Item
S02 E08: Ryan Serhant, Founder & CEO of SERHANT. and Star of Bravo TV's "Million Dollar Listing New York"
Ryan Serhant, real estate industry mogul and star of Bravo TV's two-time Emmy-nominated 'Million Dollar Listing New York' talks with Scott Kerr about the launch of his new real estate brokerage SERHANT and how it will disrupt the traditional model. Serhant discusses how their digital and social set-up put them in a better position to sell during quarantine, and why New York City real estate will rebound in 2021 for a good "seven to ten year run." He also talks about using data and predictive analytics to sell smarter. Plus: Serhant on what luxury brand can learn from him, and how a kid watching one of his YouTube videos led to a $10 million sale.
Ryan Serhant, Founder & CEO of SERHANT. (IG @raynserhant)
Scott Kerr (@scott_kerr), founder & president of Silvertone Consulting
About Silvertone Consulting:
Silvertone Consulting is a brand strategy firm that helps companies build go-to brands in changing times.
Twitter @theluxuryitem
Email: scott@silvertoneconsulting.com
Newsletter: brilliantcut.substack.com
More episodes from The Luxury Item
S03 E01: Rebecca Foerster, President of Alrosa USA
The Luxury Item's Scott Kerr sits down with Rebecca Foerster, President of Alrosa USA — the world's leading diamond mining company. Foerster talks about the pandemic crippling the global diamond supply chain, and how the "responsible behavior" of Alrosa and other diamond mining companies helped keep the industry afloat. Foerster also discusses how the crisis forced the slow evolving diamond industry to quickly embrace digital solutions, why young people are still buying diamonds, how lab-grown diamonds have been a "wake-up call" to the industry, and what marketing messages diamonds should be telling right now, and more. Plus: When we come out of this crisis what sector will be the main competitor to diamond jewelry. Featuring: Rebecca Foerster, President of Alrosa USA Host: Scott Kerr, Founder & President of Silvertone Consulting About The Luxury Item podcast: The Luxury Item is a podcast on the business of luxury and the people and companies that are shaping the future of the luxury industry. Stay Connected: Twitter: @theluxuryitem, @scott_kerr, @silvertoneconsulting Email: scott@silvertoneconsulting.com Newsletter: brilliantcut.substack.com
Hi. This is Scott Kerr, creator and host of The Luxury Item podcast. Happy New Year! This past December, we wrapped up our second season of the show. I don’t have to tell you that 2020 was a year like no other - a pivotal one in history. The coronavirus pandemic transformed how we live and work in ways we hardly imagined at the beginning of 2020. It significantly impacted businesses and the economy, and pressed companies to rethink and reconfigure their strategies for a changed world. The luxury industry was hammered hard, as the crisis decimated demand for luxury goods. As a result, two-thirds of the sector’s operating profit disappeared. It was the biggest drop ever for the luxury industry and it could take up to three years to recover. Over the course of that time, on “The Luxury Item Podcast” I spoke to executives, creatives, innovators, and analysts across the luxury industry about how they have been navigating this unprecedented period, and planning for future growth. Guests also addressed the changing luxury landscape and shared useful lessons that can be applied to our own business strategies - which is the whole point of the show. One thing for sure about 2020 is I couldn’t have done The Luxury Item Podcast without my listeners and amazing guests. Thank you for supporting the show and sticking by us as we grew. I’m so grateful to each and every one of you. Now we're back for a third season, debuting January 12th. Expect more conversations with world-class business leaders on topics that matter most for the global luxury industry. Luxury is often one of the first industries to take a hit in times of crisis, but it is also one of the most resilient sectors there is. So, here’s to the luxury industry rolling with the punches, adapting to changes and bouncing back stronger in 2021. Expect accelerated online channel growth, reimagined physical stores, shifting category sales, new ways people think and behave, an even greater demand for sustainability, diversity and inclusivity will be a key priority, and China will continue on its journey to be the world’s largest luxury market. The Luxury Item podcast will be right there as it’s all happening. Season 3 of The Luxury Item podcast comes your way on January 12th wherever you get your podcasts. A Silvertone Consulting production. This is Scott Kerr. See you soon. Host: Scott Kerr, Founder & President of Silvertone Consulting About Silvertone Consulting (silvertoneconsulting.com): Silvertone Consulting builds go-to brands that add value to people's lives. Follow Us: Twitter @theluxuryitem Email: scott@silvertoneconsulting.com Newsletter: brilliantcut.substack.com
S02 E13: Neil Jacobs, Chief Executive Officer of Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas
Six Senses CEO Neil Jacobs talks with Scott Kerr about navigating the wellness-driven global luxury resort brand during the pandemic and how it's innovating to meet new guest expectations. Jacobs, who took the helm of Six Senses in 2012, talks about how wellness and sustainability values are in the DNA of the company's culture, right down to the way it builds and designs its properties. He also explains why affluent travelers have been more resilient, what the new meaning of luxury travel is, why it's increasing its digital marketing investment, and why Six Senses is taking "a much deeper approach" to mental wellness. Plus: Neil shares some of the most important things he's learned from the crisis when it comes to his hosts, guests, and employees. Featuring: Neil Jacobs, Chief Executive Officer of Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas Host: Scott Kerr, Founder & President of Silvertone Consulting About Silvertone Consulting (silvertoneconsulting.com): Silvertone Consulting builds go-to brands that add value to people's lives. Follow Us: Twitter @theluxuryitem Email: scott@silvertoneconsulting.com Newsletter: brilliantcut.substack.com
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Home Books, Arts and Culture Books Controversy: The Virtues of Humiliation
Controversy: The Virtues of Humiliation
Continuing the debate from "The Shaming Sham," by Carl F. Horowitz (March-April 1997).
by Amitai Etzioni
Dear Dr. Horowitz:
After reading your commentary on public shaming ["The Shaming Sham," TAP, March-April 1997], I realized that to engage in an intelligent debate on this topic, we first need to distinguish shaming from honorable forms of argumentation. I hope that you'd agree that it is shameful to point to one attribute shared by two parties, and then blame the second party for the various failings of the first. Thus, it is wrongheaded to accuse liberals of being commies just because both shared a concern for the downtrodden. Likewise, it is quite unacceptable for Stephen Holmes to taint communitarians with the sins of authoritarians just because both groups are critical of liberals, as he does in his book Anatomy of Antiliberalism.
Of course, if you agree with me on the above two examples, then surely you will see the ironic flaw of your essay: You have written a tirade against shaming in which you avoid making an honorable argument by instead relying on shaming tactics of your own. Rather than treat shaming, which can be an educational and pro-social device, on its own terms, you repeatedly conflate it with: physical violence, including public hangings and the beheading of convicted drug dealers; "godly fumigation" of the termites that Pat Robertson claims are running our institutions; blacklisting and boycotts; and-the least of the charges-turning "cultural enemies into feckless mush."
To separate fact from allegation, let's start at the beginning. Shaming entails symbolic acts that communicate disapproval, ranging from relatively gentle acts such as according a student a C+ or sending a disruptive kid to stand in the classroom's corner, to a more severe measure such as marking the cars of people convicted of repeat drunk driving with a glow-in-the-dark bumper sticker that reads, "Convicted DUI-Restricted License." Shaming thus differs sharply from many other modes of punishment-public spanking for instance-in that the latter inflict bodily harm, rather than being limited to psychic discomfort, which has untoward consequences of its own. True, violent punishments also inflict shame, but this is a side effect of the main abuse. To equate shaming with public hangings is like conflating the lowering of flags with funerals, and Radio Marti with the Bay of Pigs.
The first step in determining whether shaming is morally appropriate is to recognize that shaming is only justified when those being shamed are acting out of free will. When people act inappropriately but cannot help themselves, such as when those with mental illnesses talk to themselves loudly, chiding them is highly inappropriate. Many progressives argue that it is wrongheaded to shame the poor, the disadvantaged, and the unemployed for antisocial behavior, because society is to blame for their condition. Social conservatives, by contrast, depict most everything from homosexuality to being on welfare as reflecting one's free choices, and hence blameworthy if the choices made do not suit social conservative beliefs. In either case, when there is no free will, shaming is highly inappropriate.
But while you see any attempt to censure people as a form of intimidation used by political tyrants, the true test of the merit of shaming is faced when the people the community seeks to deal with are those who command a significant measure of free choice. Think about Michael Milken, who made $550 million a year and then cheated and clawed his way to another $100 million.
How are we to deal with those whose antisocial behavior cannot be ignored, and who can behave differently? The answer depends greatly on your assumptions about human nature. The sanguine crowd tends to assume that people can be convinced to conduct themselves in a socially constructive manner solely by means of praise and other forms of encouragement, or by nondirective and nonjudgmental treatment, allowing the goodness of people to unfold. For those who share this view, shaming is indeed cruel and unusual and unnecessary punishment.
Once we realize, however, that a world of only positive reinforcements is wondrous but not within human reach, we must reluctantly turn to disincentives, sanctions, and other forms of punishment. True, we should first determine if the social demands are fair and reasonable, and to what extent we can rely on positive inducements. But, at the end of the day, some form of disincentive-hopefully sparing and mostly of the gentle kind-cannot be avoided.
When it comes to punishment, the less you are inclined to shame, the more you end up relying on much harsher means of control, such as jailing and caning (two examples of punishment you mistakenly conflate with shaming). Many of my progressive friends are horrified at the hypothetical suggestion that a youngster convicted for the first time for dealing hard drugs on a playground should be sent home without his pants and with his head shaved clean. The widely used alternative is to send the same youngster to a place in which he will typically be subject to gang rape and deeply inducted into the culture of crime-a vastly inferior option.
Finally, shaming has one feature that even you cannot dispute: Shaming reflects the community's values, and hence cannot be imposed by the authorities per se against the people. Thus, if being sent to the principal's office is a badge of honor in a person's peer culture, then no shaming will occur. A yellow star, imposed to mark and shame Jews in Nazi Germany, is now worn as a matter of pride in Israel.
In short, unlike all other forms of punishment, shaming is deeply democratic. It can be said with only the slightest of exaggeration that if punish we must, shaming should be at the top of the list.
Amitai Etzioni
Dear Dr. Etzioni:
I must say that after reading your commentary, you have proved more insightful as a student of complex organizations than as an evangelist for community reinvigoration. Not only do you misrepresent any number of my points, but you also shoot yourself in the foot more than once.
From what I gather, the gravamen of your complaint is that I lump together disreputable proponents of shaming with reputable ones, thereby committing the cardinal sin of confusing the content of an idea with its source. My taking to task fevered extremists who call for, say, public floggings of adulterers, you argue, only will undermine efforts by wonderfully civic-minded folks who deal with wrongdoing more humanely and effectively. I reiterate my position: Using shame as public policy attracts extremists, and the "good cops" of the shaming patrol differ from the "bad" ones far more in strategy than in substance. And the goal of both camps is stringent control over individual expression, lest the immoral among us lead us further down some cultural slippery slope. Inasmuch as it's necessary to distinguish between extremists and moderates, let us also remember "moderate" versions of bad ideas have a way of getting out of hand, and becoming witch-hunts. It is poetic justice that those who start revolutions often get swallowed by them.
Extreme or not, supporters of shaming make two spurious claims: first, shaming precludes, rather than precedes, government censorship; and second, shaming is humane and benign in and of itself. Since you've chosen not to force my hand on the first point, I'll stick to the second.
Shaming, even to the supposedly prudent extent you favor, is not likely to be humane or effective. I chose This Will Hurt as the point of reference because it exemplifies the seductive power of a bad idea. It may not seem right to harp on Singapore's caning of an American vandal, but consider this: A prominent mainstream conservative, National Review senior editor Jeffrey Hart, in giving This Will Hurt advance publicity, not only praised Singapore's action, but called for similar measures here.
Let us hope that you are blessed with a milder disposition. Still, with few reservations, you think shaming a decent, stabilizing, and "deeply democratic" process. You delight in shocking your progressive friends in describing how you would humiliate a drug-dealing school kid. Leaving aside what type of drug was dealt, and in what quantity, I should like to know where such a strategy has worked.
In your zeal to shame, you propose a dragnet that would not only snag drug-dealing school kids, but would also nail financier Michael Milken. That poor dead horse, Mr. Milken, spearheaded the construction of the information superhighway, enabling companies such as Turner Broadcasting, McCaw Cellular, MCI, and TCI to bypass banks to acquire needed project capital. For his efforts, Milken did earn $1.1 billion during 1984-87 (as opposed to the more virtuous Sam Walton, who earned $4 billion in 1987 alone). But Milken during this period also paid an estimated $500 million in federal and state taxes, and donated $300 million to schools and charities. That's not including the $600 million he paid the federal government years later to settle his case, or, of course, his stretch in federal prison.
Nowhere do I imply we should avoid speaking difficult truths to egregious wrongdoers, or to those accommodating them. Personally, I wouldn't want to belong to any country club that would have O.J. Simpson as a member. What I object to in today's manifold calls for moral censorship is the reflexively punitive tone, and the refusal to consider the consequences of institutionalizing fear. Individualism is not a four-letter word, and America is better off for that fact. In the long run, to challenge shaming as public policy, it is crucial to debunk the notion of America as in a state of cultural collapse, and thus in need of a "culture war" to restore it to good graces. But then again, without such a war most advocates of shaming would be out of a job.
Carl F. Horowitz
Issue: Books, Culture & the Arts Books
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Comparison of primary care resident physicians' practice styles during initial and return patient visits
J Gen Intern Med. 1999 Aug;14(8):495-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.05068.x.
K D Bertakis 1 , R Azari, E J Callahan, J A Robbins, L J Helms
1 Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, Davis 95817, USA.
New adult patients (n = 212) were randomly assigned to 58 primary care resident physicians. Physician practice styles during initial and return visits were analyzed using the Davis Observation Code. Compared with initial patient visits, return visits were shorter, but more work-intensive. Return visits displayed significantly less technically oriented behavior (including history taking, physical examination, and treatment planning) and fewer discussions regarding use of addictive substances; however, there was more emphasis on health behaviors and active involvement of patients in their own care. These physicians' practice style differences between initial and return patient visits suggest that physician-patient familiarity affects what happens during the medical interview.
Family Practice*
Physician's Role
Physician-Patient Relations
Practice Patterns, Physicians'*
HS 06167-02/HS/AHRQ HHS/United States
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The First Song From ‘Cappuccino’
The prominent music label in the Malayalam film industry, has released the first song from the upcoming movie ‘Cappuccino’. The track titled, “Janah Meri Janah ” is sung by Vineeth Sreenivasan. Hesham Abdul Wahab has composed the music with lyrics written by Haseena S Kanam. Watch “Jaana Meri Jaana” official song video on Muzik247’s YouTube …
Continue reading “The First Song From ‘Cappuccino’”
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Bilingual ballots
ProEnglish is continuing to investigate the costs of multilingual ballots in the 2020 elections. Foreign-language ballots were available in at least 29...
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Georgia Counties Right to Reject Bilingual Ballots
22 January 2016 Robert Vandervoort Executive Director ProEnglish InsiderAdvantage January 22, 2016 It is gratifying that Gwinnett and Hall counties in Georgia...
Congressman Collins (GA-09) opposes proposal to use bilingual ballots in Gwinnett and Hall counties
January 20, 2016 ProEnglish supports Congressman Doug Collins (GA-09) for opposing a proposal to use bilingual ballots in Gwinnett and Hall counties....
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fshiels
Progressive Future USA
BEFORE MEMORIAL DAY
Posted on May 30, 2016 by fshiels
From my friend and poetry publisher, James Penha, of New Verse News poetry magazine
by James Penha
Large group of school children, with their teacher, standing in a town street, circa 1850s. Daguerreotype by an unknown photographer. Original in the Daguerreotypes Collection of the Library of Congress.
Which of these boys
in the back rows shucked
his suit for another uniform, packed
a Remington revolver 1858,
a Colt 1860,
or a Beaumont-Adams,
aimed a Pattern Enfield 1853 rifled musket,
a Springfield 1861,
or an M1841 Mississippi Rifle,
held high a Model 1832 foot Artillery Sword,
a Cutlass, or a Bowie knife,
before he was cranked
and grounded by a Gatling
or by J.D. Mill’s Coffee Mill Gun?
And how
many?
Which of their teachers?
Who among the girls cried
for the dead? Who
among the littler
boys?
Who craved
James Penha edits TheNewVerse.News.
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Could Sanders be the Next Ralph Nader for Trump?
From the NEW YORK TIMES May 18, 2016 Bernie Sanders, Eyeing Convention, Willing to Harm Hillary Clinton in the Homestretch By PATRICK HEALY, YAMICHE ALCINDOR and JEREMY W. PETERSMAY 18, 2016 Senato…
Source: Could Sanders be the Next Ralph Nader for Trump?
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From the NEW YORK TIMES May 18, 2016
Bernie Sanders, Eyeing Convention, Willing to Harm Hillary Clinton in the Homestretch
By PATRICK HEALY, YAMICHE ALCINDOR and JEREMY W. PETERSMAY 18, 2016
Senator Bernie Sanders spoke at a campaign rally on the campus of California State University, Dominguez Hills, in Carson, Calif., on Tuesday. Credit Monica Almeida/The New York Times
Defiant and determined to transform the Democratic Party, Senator Bernie Sanders is opening a two-month phase of his presidential campaign aimed at inflicting a heavy blow on Hillary Clinton in California and amassing enough leverage to advance his agenda at the convention in July — or even wrest the nomination from her.
Advisers to Mr. Sanders said on Wednesday that he was newly resolved to remain in the race, seeing an aggressive campaign as his only chance to pressure Democrats into making fundamental changes to how presidential primaries and debates are held in the future. They said he also held out hope of capitalizing on any late stumbles by Mrs. Clinton or any damage to her candidacy, whether by scandal or by the presumptive Republican nominee, Donald J. Trump.
After sounding subdued if not downbeat about the race for weeks, Mr. Sanders resumed a combative posture against Mrs. Clinton, demanding on Wednesday that she debate him before the June 7 primary in California and highlighting anew what he asserted were her weaknesses against Mr. Trump.
Mr. Sanders, his advisers said, has been buoyed by a stream of polls showing him beating Mr. Trump by larger margins than Mrs. Clinton in some battleground states, and by his belief that an upset victory in California could have a psychological impact on convention delegates who already have doubts about Mrs. Clinton.
But his newly resolute attitude is also the cumulative result of months of anger at the national Democratic Party over a debate schedule that his campaign said favored Mrs. Clinton; a fund-raising arrangement between the party and the Clinton campaign; the appointment of fierce Clinton partisans as leaders of important convention committees; and the party’s rebuke of Mr. Sanders on Tuesday for not clearly condemning a melee at the Nevada Democratic convention on Saturday.
While Mr. Sanders says he does not want Mr. Trump to win in November, his advisers and allies say he is willing to do some harm to Mrs. Clinton in the shorter term if it means he can capture a majority of the 475 pledged delegates at stake in California and arrive at the Philadelphia convention with maximum political power.
Tad Devine, a senior adviser to Mr. Sanders, said the campaign did not think its attacks would help Mr. Trump in the long run, but added that the senator’s team was “not thinking about” the possibility that they could help derail Mrs. Clinton from becoming the first woman elected president.
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“The only thing that matters is what happens between now and June 14,” Mr. Devine said, referring to the final Democratic primary, in the District of Columbia. “We have to put the blinders on and focus on the best case to make in the upcoming states. If we do that, we can be in a strong position to make the best closing argument before the convention. If not, everyone will know in mid-June, and we’ll have to take a hard look at where things stand.”
The prospect of a drawn-out Democratic fight is deeply troubling to party leaders who are eager for Mrs. Clinton and House and Senate candidates to turn to attacking Mr. Trump without being diverted by Democratic strife. Mr. Sanders has won nearly 10 million votes, compared to Mrs. Clinton’s 13 million, and Democratic leaders say she needs time to begin courting the young voters, liberals and other Sanders supporters who view her as an ally of corporate and big-money interests.
But Mr. Sanders has sharpened his language of late, saying Tuesday night that the party faced a choice to remain “dependent on big-money campaign contributions and be a party with limited participation and limited energy” or “welcome into the party people who are prepared to fight for real economic and social change.”
Mr. Sanders’s street-fighting instincts have been encouraged by his like-minded campaign manager, Jeff Weaver, who has been blistering against the Clinton camp and the party establishment. On Wednesday, he took to CNN to accuse Representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz of Florida, the Democratic national chairwoman, of “throwing shade on the Sanders campaign from the very beginning.”
For weeks, some current and former Sanders campaign workers have privately acknowledged feeling disheartened about Mr. Weaver’s determination to go after the Democratic National Committee, fearing a pitched battle with the party they hope to support in the general election. The intraparty fighting has affected morale, they say, and raised concerns that Mr. Weaver, a longtime Sanders aide who more recently ran a comic book store, was not devoted to achieving Democratic unity. Several described the campaign’s message as having devolved into a near-obsession with perceived conspiracies on the part of Mrs. Clinton’s allies.
Posted in Politics | 1 Reply
SUBJECT: How to beat Hillary Clinton in November
Posted on May 4, 2016 by fshiels
you will not regret going the distance with this one!
This is so funny that I had to get it right up. Please do read it as a companion to the post of earlier today! I was thinking of an op ed or blog piece entitled “What Trump Needs to Do Now”. But then, this came along and did two days’ work for me. And much funnier. But I still may try. ~fls
from POLITICO MAGAZINE ONLINE MAY 4, 2016:
Though the outcome is hardly settled, it’s looking increasingly probable that Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump will be facing off as the Democratic and Republican nominees, respectively, in this fall’s general election. Politico Magazine asked a liberal commentator, Bill Scher, to counsel Trump on how to beat Clinton, below, and a conservative pundit, Matt Latimer, to advise Clinton on how to win against Trump, here.
To: Donald J. Trump
Re: The 2016 Election
From: Bill Scher,
Congratulations, Mr. Trump. You are well on your way to winning the Republican nomination. Time to start thinking about how to take on Hillary Clinton.
This won’t be easy, but you can do it. Unlike the GOP primary, in which you led from almost the moment you entered the race, this race you begin behind. I know you like polls, and you are behind in nine of the 11 polls taken this year gauging a Clinton-Trump matchup. In the most recent NBC/Wall Street Journal poll, you lose by 13.
You also start from behind in terms of the 2012 electoral map. Assuming you don’t lose any of the Mitt Romney states, you need to pick up, at the absolute least, three additional states from Barack Obama’s column.
You could go for a sweep of the “big three”: Florida (one of your “home” states), Ohio and Pennsylvania. If you can get only Florida and Ohio—the two tightest states of 2012—you’d need to add two or three of these Northern states: Michigan, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa. If you can get only one of the big three, you need four or five of the smaller Northern states. If you can’t get any of the big three, you’ll need all five of the smaller set plus some of the less white swing states: Virginia, Colorado and Nevada.
Contrary to much speculation, the magical unicorn of new voters will not be your savior. Voter turnout has already been relatively high the past few elections. The 61.6 percent registered voter turnout of the 2008 election was the highest since 1968. In 2012, turnout slipped slightly to 58.2 percent, a loss of 2.2 million voters. Romney lost by 4 percentage points and 5 million voters. You need to make up far more ground than that.
The hard reality is that you need to win over some swing-state voters who went with Obama in both of the past two elections: the blue-collar workers saved by the auto bailout, the unmarried women who want equal pay and reproductive freedom, the Catholic moderates and other irregular churchgoers who swung from George W. Bush to Obama and, yes, the Latinos who made the same jump.
Stitching together such a Republican rainbow coalition would be a steep challenge for a typical Republican politician. But you, Mr. Trump, are no typical Republican politician!
It’s time to use your unmatched media skills to take you where no Republican has been able to go in recent years. But that means abandoning much of what has carried you to the brink of the Republican nomination and resisting a political consultant paint-by-numbers approach to attacking Hillary Clinton.
Scorching the earth? Tempting, but wrong.
The path to victory may seem obvious. Hammer her on trust: Benghazi, emails, Goldman Sachs speeches and Wall Street donations. Twist the knife by dredging up charges of Bill Clinton’s sexual harassment and abuse, and accuse Hillary of enabling. Pick up disgruntled Bernie Sanders supporters and white working-class voters by rejecting big corporate donors, highlighting your opposition to unfair trade deals and assuring you know how to bring back jobs.
But that’s not so simple. You, your supporters and others have been doing that hammering for months. Yet her lead over you in the RealClearPolitics poll average has been fairly steady since September.
Furthermore, your insult game on Hillary lacks the panache you have for your Republican rivals. Correction: your male Republican rivals.
You have a knack for crystallizing the character flaw of your enemies—“low energy” Jeb, “Little Rubio” the “choke artist”—but your mockery powers fell flat when it came to Carly Fiorina. After you said of her, “Look at that face. Would anyone vote for that?” Fiorina faced you down in the next debate. You were forced to grovel on stage, “she’s got a beautiful face and she’s a beautiful woman.”
With Hillary, you also miss the mark. “Clinton does not have the strength or the stamina to be president,” you keep repeating. There are a lot of things you can call Hillary that will make voters nod their heads, but questioning her endurance isn’t one of them. You don’t seem to know how to cleverly insult a woman. If you can’t do it, don’t do it.
Never forget that Clinton’s best moment in all of 2015 was her 11-hour marathon congressional testimony on Benghazi, an event concocted by unwitting Republicans. Her performance was akin to Obama’s table-turning race speech in the 2008 campaign responding to the controversial sermons of his Chicago pastor—reassuring Democrats that the candidates could handle whatever the Republicans threw at them.
You are unlikely to bag your bounty by drowning yourself in the right-wing fever swamps of Clinton scandal theories. Always tempting. Often backfires.
What you need to fix, now
So if you can’t easily tear down Hillary, what can you do to build up yourself between now and the convention? How can you re-introduce yourself to the constituencies you need?
You already know your biggest hurdle in this race is race. A whites-only strategy is mathematically daunting, and your pursuit of Republican white voters has severely damaged your reputation with nonwhites and socially liberal whites. Blithely asserting you are going to win with “the blacks” and “the Hispanics” will be far from sufficient in the general.
Look at the failures of the Sanders campaign. Just showing up for a few events in black neighborhoods, with a few surrogates and a lot of promises, does not impress when you haven’t been present in their communities for most of your professional life.
Consider spending your spring on a Hillary-esque “listening tour” of small roundtable discussions with African-Americans, Latinos and Muslims—not for the cameras, but for actual listening. Allow some unvarnished talk on bigotry in America to seep into your brain and change how you think and speak. Show understanding and personal growth, and you’ll at least get a hearing.
Although people-of-color voters are an obvious challenge for you, most assume you have an easy path to win over working-class whites. They see themselves in your politically incorrect persona and eat up your broadsides against the pending trade deals and “hedge fund guys … getting away with murder.”
But you’re about to go six months tangling with a candidate who is both one of the biggest wonks and one of the most surgical attackers in the country. She can match your populist rhetoric and expose yours as lacking substance if you don’t beef it up.
You are generally allergic to policy specifics, but that didn’t matter because so were most of your Republican rivals. (Even the ones with position papers didn’t dwell on them much.) Clinton is on another level.
Yes, yes, voters don’t read position papers or sweat details. But some of Sanders’ weakest moments were when Clinton’s policy fluidity made him seem out of his depth. When she shows off her plan to rein in Wall Street and reduce income inequality, your “I’m just gonna do it” bit isn’t going to fly.
And Clinton is going to take that back-of-the-envelope tax plan of yours, one of the few policy papers you grudgingly agreed to develop, and put it in the shredder. The Republicans won’t hit you for an $11 trillion tax cut that mostly favors the rich and nearly doubles the nation’s debt-to-GDP ratio. But the Democrats have been running that play for years to win working-class and middle-class votes.
You need a real policy team, and you need it now.
In the general: Pivot like nobody has pivoted before
Fortunately, you have a “psych profile” akin to that of Martin Blank of the film Grosse Pointe Blank: “moral flexibility would be the only way to describe it.” You can run a general election campaign that is completely different from your primary campaign, without a care about past contradictions. And you won’t lose your die-hard supporters because, as you have practically proved, you could “shoot somebody” without losing voters.
But what you have also said, back in November 2012, was that incendiary comments made in the primary can sink a candidate in the general: “[Romney] had a crazy policy of self-deportation which was maniacal. It sounded as bad as it was, and he lost all of the Latino vote. He lost the Asian vote. He lost everybody who is inspired to come into this country.”
To save yourself from Romney’s fate, you need to pivot like nobody has pivoted before.
You had elements of such a pivot in your Super Tuesday news conference. But it lacked a certain…coherence. “Planned Parenthood has done very good work for many, many—for millions of women,” you said, with a clear eye on moderate female swing voters. However, these pro-choice suburbanites are not impressed when you follow that statement with “we’re not going to fund as long as you have the abortion going on.” You will need to pivot much harder.
And you planted the seeds for a Latino pivot back in August when you said your “great wall” would have a “big beautiful door.” Shelve your rhetoric about deporting everyone. Talk more about how you will ensure healthy flows of legal immigration, protect immigrant worker rights once they are here, and keep families united. Maybe you can avoid Romney’s disastrous results and have a shot in Colorado, Nevada and Florida.
Attack Hillary with finesse
Of course, your campaign can’t be all positive. Hers won’t. But ask failed New York Senate candidate Rick Lazio about trying to humiliate her on the debate stage. Or ask President Obama how smart it was to call her “likable enough.” You can turn Hillary into a sympathetic character real fast. Besides, plenty of other independent entities will be throwing their own mud at her.
So give up the weirdly insecure “tweetstorm” rants and snarky Instagram video swipes. That feeds the long-time Hillary haters, but those folks are already with you, and they are not enough. You don’t have to be as noble as Sanders was and renounce any discussion of her “damn emails.” But you can play against type, and win plaudits for taking the high road.
Pray for an indictment.
Of course, the Clintons are a family that survived a presidential impeachment. So nothing can be assumed to be automatically fatal. And the political benefit from a Clinton indictment could be negated with a loss for you in one of the three fraud causes against Trump University.
Obviously, you’d have to hit Clinton hard if she actually were indicted. But recall how Bill Clinton won the political debate over impeachment: by constantly assuring the public he was fighting for them while Republicans were obsessed with personal destruction. Surely, she would try to downplay any negative development as small beer or politically motivated, while staying focused on “the issues that matter to the American people.” No matter what happens on the legal front, to either of you, you will need to do the same.
You face an uphill battle. You won’t have a united Republican army at your back. Meanwhile, Obama’s approval ratings roughly match his 2012 vote, making it easier for Hillary Clinton to replicate his winning coalition. I make no guarantees that the above strategy is foolproof. But your path to victory lies in burying your current persona as a crude vessel of white rage, and repackaging yourself to a totally different audience.
And if anyone knows how to play to an audience, it’s you.
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Washington Post: Republicans have a massive electoral map problem that has nothing to do with Donald Trump
NOT MUCH TO SAY HERE AT THIS POINT (BUT SOON). THE STORY SPEAKS FOR ITSELF~ SHIELS
Republicans have a massive electoral map problem that has nothing to do with Donald Trump
Indianans vote in their primaries on Tuesday. Stay caught up on the race.
The limits of Ted Cruz’s strategy
In 2012, Mitt Romney effectively ended Rick Santorum’s presidential campaign with a seven-point victory in Wisconsin. Just 44 percent of Wisconsin Republican voters picked him, yet in exit polls, 67 percent of them said they’d be “satisfied” if he won the nomination.
Cruz’s Wisconsin victory was nearly twice as large as Romney’s in 2012, with a 13-point margin, and a near-majority of 48.2 percent support. Yet in exit polls, asked how they’d feel if Cruz won the presidency, just 60 percent were optimistic. Put another way, for every two votes Romney got, another voter was open to backing him. For Cruz, the ratio was four-to-one.
Ted Cruz’s campaign runs out of base with Indiana primary on tap Tuesday
These 10 states will decide whether Trump is the GOP nominee
Democratic polling in Indiana
In 2008, Hillary Clinton defeated Obama here by less than one percentage point.
GOP polling in Indiana
Indiana is the first of three big states left on the Republican voting calendar. (The others, California and New Jersey, vote June 7.)
Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump told a crowd of his Indiana supporters on May 2 that Cruz would lose the state by “the biggest landslide in history.” (Reuters)
Politico reported today on a Florida poll conducted for a business group in the state that shows Hillary Clinton beating Donald Trump by 13 points and Ted Cruz by nine.
Why is that important? Because if Clinton wins Florida and carries the 19 states (plus D.C.) that have voted for the Democratic presidential nominee ineach of the last six elections, she will be the 45th president. It’s that simple.
Here’s what that map would look like:
And here’s the underlying math. If Clinton wins the 19 states (and D.C.) that every Democratic nominee has won from 1992 to 2012, she has 242 electoral votes. Add Florida’s 29 and you get 271. Game over.
The Republican map — whether with Trump, Cruz or the ideal Republican nominee (Paul Ryan?) as the standard-bearer — is decidedly less friendly. There are 13 states that have gone for the GOP presidential nominee in each of the last six elections. But they only total 102 electorate votes. That means the eventual nominee has to find, at least, 168 more electoral votes to get to 270. Which is a hell of a lot harder than finding 28 electoral votes.
Many Republicans — particularly in Washington — are already preparing to blame a loss this fall, which many of them view as inevitable, on the divisiveness of Trump. That’s not entirely fair to Trump though.
While his dismal numbers among women and Hispanics, to name two groups, don’t help matters and could — in a worst-case scenario — put states like Arizona and even Utah in play for Democrats, the map problems that face the GOP have very, very little to do with Trump or even Cruz.
Instead they are, largely, demographic problems centered on the GOP’s inability to win any large swath of non-white voters. New Mexico, a state in which almost half the population is Latino, is the ur-example here. In 2004, George W. Bush won the Land of Enchantment in his bid for a second term. (His margin over John Kerry was 588 votes.) Eight years later, Barack Obama won the state by 10 points over Mitt Romney; neither side targeted it in any meaningful way.
What has become increasingly clear is that any state with a large or growing non-white population has become more and more difficult for Republicans to win. Virginia and North Carolina, long Republican strongholds, have moved closer and closer to Democrats of late. (Obama won both states in 2008 and +carried Virginia in 2012.)
At the same time as these states have grown friendlier to Democrats, there are very few states that are growing increasingly Republican. Wisconsin and Minnesota are two but neither is moving rapidly in Republicans’ favor just yet.
What you are left with then is an electoral map in which the Democratic nominee begins at a significant advantage over the Republican one. (It is the obverse of the massive Republican electoral college edge of the 1980s.) And that edge is totally distinct from any individual candidate and his/her strengths or weaknesses. Yes, Trump as the nominee is more problematic than Ryan as the nominee, but the idea that Ryan would start the general election with a coin-flip chance of being elected president is just wrong.
The Republican map problem goes deeper than Trump — or any one candidate. Blaming Trump for a loss this November not only misses the point but could ensure that Republicans are doomed to repeat history in 2020.
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Mundo PMsem-categoriawhat do tea tree seeds look like
what do tea tree seeds look like
Acclimate the shrubs to direct sun over the course of seven to 10 days in early autumn. Other examples of “naked seeds” are cypress cones, yew seeds, which are surrounded by a berry-like cup called an “aril,” and juniper fruit, which are tiny cones with fleshy berry-like coverings that each holds at least one seed. Borne along the stems, the blooms may be single or double, in shades of red, pink or white depending on the varieties. I have never smelled a bottle of tea tree essential oil. Provide an inch of water weekly. in Often times, young trees can be found among the tropicals at a nursery. Who doesn't love being #1? Flood damage varies depending on the depth and duration of inundation. It looks like two seeds joined together each with a wing attached to the outside. Who doesn't love being #1? Mist the seeds with water every few hours so they never fully dry out. They are paddle shaped and look like small delicate leaves. Common ash trees have no fixed sex and some trees can change sex yearly. dominant feature. However, just because an ash tree produced seeds one year doesn't mean it will seed the next. Their leaves are not as However, just because an ash tree produced seeds one year doesn't mean it will seed the next. They typically range from 1¼â4¾" (3â12 cm.) Depending on the species of elm, most fruit/seed will be 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, and green to reddish. I have never smelled a bottle of tea tree essential oil. I do not know about the Chinese gum tree. Relevance. The size of the seeds is equal or a little smaller than silver. Wait for the seeds to sprout. How to Germinate Camellia Sinensis Seeds. that may stray from or overlap the following descriptions of the differences Sweet laurels are dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. Asked by Wiki User. Leaves are thick, maturing to a dark green. cm.) mindshift. sinensis Assam bushes grown for tea production are also pruned to control Harvests from the China bush are somewhat small as well, owed in part to their small leaf size. The seeds of Kratom are very delicate, and they grow in podheads. The tree also has a small nut, more like a seed. They are very long (longer than a pencil)_, and contain multiple seeds. The seeds of Kratom are very delicate, and they grow in podheads. What to do. Mature paw paw have a somewhat lancelate oval shaped leaf that is reminicent of a stone-age folsum point. wide. When the pods first fell, they were green in color. A plucker can harvest about 20 kg of tea a day. A brownish green fruit develops from the flower that They typically range from 1¼–4¾" (3–12 cm.) Barring that, seeds are available for purchase online. This is a very versatile planting and can thrive even with extreme pruning. I'm Planting Grass Seed Using Mushroom Compost: Do I Need to Add Soil? What you are looking at now are the first cotolydens that develop from a sprouting seed. The two primary varieties (Camellia sinensis var. Mangroves are coastal trees that don’t mind wet salty feet. In the spring, inconspicuous pale yellow-green flowers bloom followed by small, purplish-black, oval berries. The honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) is a fast-growing tree. The Sweet Gum tree is the sand spur of the forest. Each bract can produce two seeds, which can travel a long way away from the parent tree if they become airborne. Place the tea plant seeds in a deep bowl. Look for a tree that is at least 2 inches in diameter and watch carefully during the flowering ... Just harvested some linden blossoms to dry for tea and make a little liqueur, but like last year, (when I threw them away), they’re full of teeny tiny little bugs that seem to come out of them when you spread them out. Take an oak tree seed. For the next 6-8 weeks, keep the soil damp by regularly spraying it with water. sprouting from the base in a vertical fashion. It grows as much as 20 feet in the first 10 years and can eventually grow 70 feet high. Wiki User Answered . What do elm tree seeds look like? What do elm tree seeds look like? California Polytechnic State University Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute; Camellia Sinensis, Texas A&M University Department of Horticulture: Propagation of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, University of Hawaii at Manoa Cooperative Extension Service: Germinating Tea Seeds, University of California Alameda County Master Gardeners: Your Alameda County Garden Month-by-Month, How to Propagate a Wild Coffee Plant From Seed. When still attached to the bract, winged pine seeds slightly resemble a very small set of hoof prints. Can’t find anything about the bugs online. The Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is a juniper and the Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) is an arbor vitae. Red Mangrove cigar-like seed pod. inside a fruit capsule, each of which is dark brown, smooth, and about ½" Tea tree is an ingredient in more than one of the health and beauty products I use on a regular basis. consisting of multiple leaflets. The name “coffee bean” is a lie: coffee is a seed. They are very long (longer than a pencil)_, and contain multiple seeds. Evolutionarily designed with grey wings, the seeds are carried by the wind to fertile grounds to grow into Moringa plants further afield from the parent. Each berry has a single seed found on mature female trees. Samantha McMullen began writing professionally in 2001. It's tea olive, the glossy-leaved shrub known by the ... with a scent like that of ripe apricots. This variety is Most leaves tend to have a hairy underside and they usually grow to between 5 and 10 centimetres in length. Australian tea tree plants are drought tolerant once established, withstanding wind and poor, sandy soil. Look for a tree that is at least 2 inches in diameter and watch carefully during the flowering ... Just harvested some linden blossoms to dry for tea and make a little liqueur, but like last year, (when I threw them away), they’re full of teeny tiny little bugs that seem to come out of them when you spread them out. They’re found in the pods of the tree which typically look like green beans. Then, place 2-3 seeds in a container of coarse vermiculite and leave it in a warm, sunny location. teas including the very distinctive pu'erh tea. Boxelder seeds are also clustered; however, they look like wings, rather than paddles. alternate, serrate, acuminate, and glabrous. By Barbara Fahs From the huge coconut that the coconut palm produces to edible dates produced by the date palm, palm tree seeds show much variation in size and shape and have many different uses. Unlike many fast-growing trees, though, the honey locust does not have invasive roots or weak wood. It yields Maple Syrup every 9 days when tapped. Growing Grass. 3 Answers. Factors other than plant variety are much The China bush is considered to produce the best leaves for fancy green teas, high quality black teas, and oolongs. A Maple Tree is a common Tree that grows from a Maple Seed. possible as we go along. True cedars of the Cedrus genus are the Atlas Cedar, Cedar of Lebanon and Deodar Cedar. I also use a tea tree shaping cream for my hair to keep the style in place. Be the first to answer! Don’t assume a tree without seeds is not an ash tree. Set the potted tea plant seeds inside a shaded cold frame on a germination mat. They are paddle shaped and look like small delicate leaves. They tolerate salt. Collect those with a crack in the hull and sow them immediately. long and ½–2" (1–5.5 cm.) When the pods first fell, they were green in color. Sweet laurels are dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. Step 1 Wait until the fall and look for small clusters of red berries that pull easily from the tree branch. While fairly insignificant when compared with those of its relative Space them at least 15 feet apart. Tea trees are susceptible to damage from some insect pests and oil yields can be reduced by adverse events like prolonged flooding or drought. You can differenciate them by size. It is planted as a street tree. Asked by Wiki User. Between 1â5 seeds are held Make sure the pale spot, or eye, on the end of the seed is positioned horizontally. Ash seeds. Lovely apple blossom-like flowers bloom in early spring. Some people say that they taste like mushrooms. It also tolerates salt, foot traffic, polluti… You can harvest the seeds from a dogwood tree and plant them to grow a new tree. A maple seed is also a samara. Answer. Growing Tea Olives. But on coffee farms, it tends to be cut short to make it easier to harvest. but on tea plantations it is most often pruned to keep it shorter and sheared Seed clusters only form in late fall and early winter. Fill a seed tray … It grows as a spreading tree up to 20 m (70 ft) tall, with its trunk covered by a white, beige and grey thick papery bark. different places, with both producing great teas. The wood from the tree is used by cabinetmakers and carpenters. The seeds are in a non-opening, winged fruit called a samara. Hybrid varieties tend to revert to traits of their parents. Look for signs of germination in one to two months. The wood from the tree is used by cabinetmakers and carpenters. Inspect the seeds in a day or two. diameter. What are Kratom seeds look like? The seed may be roasted and used as a substitute for coffee beans; however, unroasted pods and seeds are toxic. If you plan to harvest seeds from an existing tree, look for a female. The true cedars (Cedrus spp.) Perhaps it is time for some rehabilitation. Do not cover the fruit with mix, but place a glass or plastic sheet over the tray and place in a warm shady site for the winter. Reply. Tree seeds do not require watering, nor do they require the surrounding land to be empty (unlike Fruit Trees): the land can be fully paved; trees can planted next to water or other features. What do maple tree seeds look like? Ash seeds. But on coffee farms, it tends to be cut short to make it easier to harvest. How does moringa seeds look like ? Each podhead contains around 50 seed pods per head, and each pod in return contains around 50 seeds. to a flat âtable-top.â Both are Favorite Answer. Barring that, seeds are available for purchase online. Weâll distinguish between these as much as Smaller than an aphid and longi A tree seed; beechmast, sweet chestnuts, hazelnuts and acorns are often easy to find; A plant pot with drainage holes in the base; Some small stones; Compost; Wire mesh; Bamboo cane (optional) Plastic bottle (optional) Give your seedling extra protection by creating a DIY guard. Answer. serrated edges, taper to sharp points at their tips, and are otherwise between the China and Assam bushes. Camellia sinensis Wait until the capsules turn dark brown and feel very hard when squeezed. I would recommend if you’re going to plant a tree like this plant it out in a field. You’ll find two (normally) of these seeds inside each cherry-like fruit of the coffee plant. Here they are in autumn at the beginning of the year. Description. Be the first to answer! Animals find these seeds and they buried it somewhere where it can grow into an oak tree. The flowers sit in hot water for at least five minutes to let the distinctive flavor brew. The Assam bush is used to produce many fine, robust black Like all seeds, these are produced from the female gametes, found within the flower. These will look like tassels in the spring as they pollinate the female flowers, which will in turn develop into a greenish conelike structure that will scatter the seeds later in the summer and early fall after turning brown. Another kind of tree in my area (southeast Virginia) produces these long seed pods with seeds that are about the size of a sunflower seed (and look like it too). thereâs a big difference between how it grows in the wild and how it grows in cultivation on tea plantations. Sow the tea plant seeds in individual 4-inch greenhouse pots filled with a mix of one-half potting soil and one-half perlite or vermiculite. Melaleuca quinquenervia, commonly known as the broad-leaved paperbark, paper bark tea tree, punk tree or niaouli, is a small- to medium-sized tree of the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Maple tree seeds often are called helicopters, because they are two connected seed pods made for flying short distances. Almost all dogwood seeds produce white-colored dogwoods, since the pink variety is propagated only by grafting. Look for what botanists call catkins on male birch trees. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} cocoa pods on tree in a plantation, palakkad, kerala, india - trees with seed pods stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . Buy Camellia sinensis seeds for best results. Browse 1,328 trees with seed pods stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Transplant the tea plants into a permanent bed with acidic, consistently moist soil in the fall after the first rain. Grow the tea plants under light shade for two to three months, or once they grow to 1 foot in height. Boil water in a pan, then remove it from the heat. There are two main types of tea plants. Lv 7. I grow my little tea tree sapling alongside a bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). These little plastic trays are not that great, they all blow around in the winter winds, and break apart from each other. Dropped tree Sap can be made into Basic Fertilizer and is an ingredient in Quality Fertilizer.ChoppingTrees can be felled by chopping them repeatedly with an axe. The China bush has a shrubby habit, with its branches What Does The Coffee Plant Look Like? They are easy to propagate from seed or cuttings. These ones (microscopic) are from seeds that we collected from manuka and kanuka trees. You can buy seeds from the local nursery or order them online. Then strain the leaves, add honey if desired, and enjoy. 1. The vicious seed pods have impaled many a forager and has done much to ruin the Sweet Gums reputation. They can produce leaves for white, black, and green tea. The New Zealand tea tree ( Leptospermum scoparium) is an evergreen shrub that features small, prickly, needle-like leaves, which are aromatic when crushed. Normally, shaking a Maple Tree has a chance of producing a Maple Seed, but during the last two weeks of Fall, a Hazelnut is dropped instead. 3 Answers. It usually displays a techniques that make for easier plucking at harvest time. An olive tree (Olea europaea) can be grown from a saved seed, which is inside the pit, but it may not bear fruit true to what you've just eaten. crown width of about 16' (5 m.). It takes a plant three to five years before is ready for plucking. You can mix Moringa flowers in a salad or fry them in Moringa oil, as well as add them to many different dishes Moringa flowers could be either dry in the shade, or in the oven under low temperature to be stored for tea making. In the spring, inconspicuous pale yellow-green flowers bloom followed by small, purplish-black, oval berries. What Do Pine Tree Seeds Look Like? If you want to grow an olive tree from a seed, use an heirloom variety or skip the guesswork and buy seed from a seed company. Soak them for 24 hours to soften the outer hull. Probably they are best to save if you have a glasshouse operation. In the wild these plants can grow 32â50' (9.8â15 m.) tall and have a Propagation: Press the whole fruit into a flat bed of seed raising mix. Past 120 years old the tree starts to get a lot of “cavities” and becomes home to a many woodland creatures, notably porcupines and raccoons. 2012-05-12 18:36:24 2012-05-12 18:36:24. Don’t assume a tree without seeds is not an ash tree. Commonly called tea plant, Camellia sinensis is an evergreen shrub species grown for its glossy, edible leaves and fragrant autumn flowers. distinct trunk and somewhat open branching. It is planted as a street tree. How to Germinate Camellia Sinensis Seeds. These flowers are attractive to bees and other pollinators. 3 4 5. In the early summer, the plant sports showy white, pink, or red blossoms. Where can I find an accurate picture? Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} cocoa pods on tree in a plantation, palakkad, kerala, india - trees with seed pods stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . The size of the seeds is equal or a little smaller than silver. It's tea olive, the glossy-leaved shrub known by the ... with a scent like that of ripe apricots. Boxelder seeds are also clustered; however, they look like wings, rather than paddles. Each podhead contains around 50 seed pods per head, and each pod in return contains around 50 seeds. I did an unknown favor years ago that may stump some stuffy botanist in the near or distant future, and a mangrove helped me. Tea plants are most commonly propagated using vegetative propagation methods such as cuttings, but they will also grow dependably from fresh seeds. This is a common variety grown in Russia and Asia not only as a spice but as a source of cooking oil and greens. Answer Save. They hung from the tree and look similar to a sweet pea pod. You’ll find two (normally) of these seeds inside each cherry-like fruit of the coffee plant. more important in determining a luscious cup of tea. Fill one pocket with them as you wander through the woods, crack ’em with your teeth and spit out the shell. Smaller than an aphid and longi My neighbor has three locust trees in his yard and my yard is an absolute mess with leaves the small seeds are everywhere. Below is a link to a picture of elm seeds. They hung from the tree and look similar to a sweet pea pod. Be the first to answer this question. You can differenciate them by size. Do not lower the temperature at night. The coffee plant could also be categorized as a tree since it has the ability to grow up to about 9 meters. It is a long-lived tree that tolerates wind storms and ice. Australian tea tree displays small, leathery, bluish-grey leaves and grey bark that adds to its textural appearance. An olive tree (Olea europaea) can be grown from a saved seed, which is inside the pit, but it may not bear fruit true to what you've just eaten.
Long Put Option Profit, History Of Raspberries, Best Sound System For Music Lovers, How To Roast Fenugreek Seeds, Scottish Deerhound Puppies,
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Dick Palm
I’ve been in broadcasting my entire adult life, spending 30 years in radio here in Presque isle as well as Portland before moving over to TV in 2004. I spent 11 years at WAGM-TV as a news anchor, reporter and producer. I’ve recently come back to my first love, radio, as well as digital media with Townsquare Media. I live in Presque Isle and I have an adult son. I’m looking forward to interacting with people in Northern Maine and Western new Brunswick again.
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Justin Barry, a student at Northern Maine Community College, has been named a 2020 New Century Workforce Scholar and will receive a $1,250 scholarship.
New Northern Light Health President and CEO Named
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ENMAX Corp. Completes Purchase of Emera Maine
The purchase of Emera Maine by ENMAX Corporation was announced today.
New President Named for University of Maine at Fort Kent
University of Maine System Chancellor Dannel Malloy announced Tuesday that the search has ended for a new president at the University of Maine at Fort Kent.
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The University of Maine System is offering to enable “Guest” Wi-Fi networks for 140 local schools.
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If you're a parent and you might be in need of some homeschooling assistance with your kids, then Wintergreen Arts Center might have what you're looking for.
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The American Red Cross has issued a Blood Donation Alert.
Maine PUC Approves ENMAX Acquisition of Emera Maine
The Maine Public Utilities Commission, during deliberations Tuesday, approved the acquisition of Emera Maine by ENMAX Corp.
Star City Events Kick Off Local Bicentennial Celebration
The Presque Isle Historical Society and the City of Presque Isle officially kicked off the Bicentennial Celebration in Presque Isle on Statehood Weekend.
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Review ArticleReview Articles
Chemical Tools for Studying Lipid-Binding Class A G Protein–Coupled Receptors
Anna Cooper, Sameek Singh, Sarah Hook, Joel D. A. Tyndall and Andrea J. Vernall
Stephen P. H. Alexander, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Anna Cooper
School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Sameek Singh
Sarah Hook
Joel D. A. Tyndall
Andrea J. Vernall
Stephen P. H. Alexander
Cannabinoid, free fatty acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, prostanoid, leukotriene, bile acid, and platelet-activating factor receptor families are class A G protein–coupled receptors with endogenous lipid ligands. Pharmacological tools are crucial for studying these receptors and addressing the many unanswered questions surrounding expression of these receptors in normal and diseased tissues. An inherent challenge for developing tools for these lipid receptors is balancing the often lipophilic requirements of the receptor-binding pharmacophore with favorable physicochemical properties to optimize highly specific binding. In this study, we review the radioligands, fluorescent ligands, covalent ligands, and antibodies that have been used to study these lipid-binding receptors. For each tool type, the characteristics and design rationale along with in vitro and in vivo applications are detailed.
Cannabinoid (CB), free fatty acid (FFA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), prostanoid (DP, EP, FP, IP, TP), leukotriene [leukotriene B(4) (LTB4), cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT), oxoeicosanoid (OXE), formyl peptide receptor (FPR)2], bile acid receptor (GPBA receptor), and platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptors are class A G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by lipid-derived endogenous ligands. GPCRs are the largest family of transmembrane-signaling proteins in the human genome and convey signals from a wide range of stimuli, including neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, and autocrine factors (Katritch et al., 2012), thus offering huge potential for disease therapy (Jacobson, 2015). Chemical tools are invaluable for interrogating GPCR structure and physiologic role, which facilitates efficacious drug development. GPCRs can mediate different signaling pathways and are dynamic, flexible, and sensitive to many proximal stimuli (Kobilka and Deupi, 2007); therefore, studies using live cells in native environments often reveal more relevant information. However, scientists face challenges with GPCR research, including very low receptor expression levels in native endogenous cells and tissues (Fredriksson and Schiöth, 2005). In addition, GPCRs are difficult to crystallize due to conformational flexibility, a fluid native membrane environment, and lack of stability in detergents (Salom et al., 2013). In spite of this, the number of reported GPCR crystal structures has exploded in recent years, opening up opportunities for rational structure-based design of drugs and tools (Cooke et al., 2015; Ghosh et al., 2015). Although X-ray crystallography offers invaluable insights into GPCR structure, the static nature somewhat limits the use in unraveling dynamic receptor processes. The chemical tools for CB, FFA, LPA, S1P, prostanoid, leukotriene, GPBA, and PAF receptors discussed in this review can help elucidate receptor physiologic role and dynamic signaling events in live cells and in native environments, thus complementing available structural information.
A. Cannabinoid Receptor
Two CB receptor subtypes (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoid (ECB) endogenous ligands, and the corresponding regulatory enzymes are part of the ECB system (Katona and Freund, 2012). CB1 receptor (the then only identified CB receptor) was characterized in 1988 through investigation of binding of the known CB receptor radioligand [3H]CP-55,940 (Fig. 1; Table 1) in rat brain membranes (Devane et al., 1988), and it was cloned in 1990 (Matsuda et al., 1990). CB1 receptor is abundant in the brain, particularly on central and peripheral neurons in the presynapse (Kano et al., 2009), postsynaptic cells, and astrocytes (Castillo et al., 2012), and is found in low levels in peripheral organs (Engeli et al., 2005). CB1 receptor can activate multiple, diverse signaling pathways; for example, it can couple with Gi, Gs, and/or Gq proteins (Bosier et al., 2010) and modulate calcium and potassium channels. CB2 receptor was cloned from spleen in 1993 (Munro et al., 1993) and is expressed predominantly in immune cells, lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and tonsils (Galiegue et al., 1995), and at low levels in central nervous system (CNS) tissues such as microglial cells (Savonenko et al., 2015). Two crystal structures of the human CB1 receptor have recently been published, one complexed with a modified rimonabant-based antagonist (Hua et al., 2016) and the other with the inverse agonist taranabant (Shao et al., 2016).
CB, FFA1, S1P, prostanoid, leukotriene, and PAF receptor radioligand tools for in vitro studies. Note: structures are not shown for radioligands with unknown radioisotope position.
CB, FFA, S1P, leutokriene, prostanoid, and PAF receptor radioligands for in vitro experiments
CB receptors are implicated in an array of physiologic processes and disorders, not limited to the following: pain, inflammation, anxiety, obesity, anorexia, drug addiction, cardiovascular disease, stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, and cancer (reviewed in Pacher and Kunos, 2013). Selective targeting of CB2 receptor holds promise for treating chronic pain perhaps without (or with reduced) the CNS-mediated psychoactive side effects often associated with CB1 receptor activation (Dhopeshwarkar and Mackie, 2014). This, along with promise in other therapeutic areas, is therefore driving development of chemical tools to better understand how CB receptor expression and function can vary between cell types and healthy and diseased tissue.
1. Ligand Classes.
The ECBs anandamide (AEA) (Devane et al., 1992) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) (Mechoulam et al., 1995; Sugiura et al., 1995) are endogenous CB receptor ligands. Cannabis has been known for its medicinal properties for thousands of years, and in 1964 the major psychoactive component ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a partial CB receptor agonist, was characterized (Gaoni and Mechoulam, 1964). Many synthetic high-affinity selective agonists, antagonists, and some allosteric ligands for CB receptors have been developed and have been reviewed elsewhere (Pertwee, 2000; Pertwee et al., 2010; Vemuri and Makriyannis, 2015). It must be noted that, although these ligands themselves can be considered chemical tools that can be used to study CB receptor, they have not been included in this review. However, some of these ligands are the basis of chemical tools, such as radioligands and fluorescent and covalent ligands, which are reviewed in this work.
There are a handful of approved drugs; for example, the CB receptor agonists dronabinol (THC) and nabilone (THC analog) are prescribed for nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy, and Sativex (THC and cannabidiol) for neuropathic pain and spasticity in MS (Pertwee, 2012). In 2006, the CB1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant was licensed in the European Union and several South American countries (but never in the United States) to treat obesity but was withdrawn in 2009 due to side effects such as depression and suicidal ideation.
B. Free Fatty Acid Receptor
There are four characterized FFA receptor subtypes. Each receptor can transduce signals via coupling to various G proteins and through G protein–independent signaling, such as via β-arrestin pathways (reviewed in Milligan et al., 2017). FFA1 receptor, known at the time as GPR40, was identified in 2003 (Briscoe et al., 2003; Itoh et al., 2003; Kotarsky et al., 2003) and is expressed in high levels in pancreatic β and α cells, monocytes, and various enteroendocrine and nervous system cells (reviewed in Mancini and Poitout, 2013). FFA1 receptor expression and its role in the brain is an area of ongoing interest (Khan and He, 2017). FFA2 and FFA3 receptors were identified in 2003 as the then GPR43 and GPR41, respectively (Brown et al., 2003; Le Poul et al., 2003), and are expressed in gut, immune cells, adipose tissue, and the peripheral nervous system. FFA4 receptor, which shares the least sequence homology compared with FFA1–3 receptors, was reported in 2005 (Hirasawa et al., 2005) as the then named GPR120 and has been found in many tissues such as intestinal, gastric, adipose, and liver. The crystal structure of FFA1 receptor bound to the allosteric agonist ligand TAK-875 (Fig. 1) has been reported (Srivastava et al., 2014). The relatively recent deorphanization of FFA receptors means their role in disease and therapeutic intervention has not yet been fully realized. Recognition of dietary FFAs and how these enable cross-talk between energy metabolism (Hara et al., 2014) and the immune system has implications for many conditions such as type II diabetes and obesity (reviewed in Milligan et al., 2014; Alvarez-Curto and Milligan, 2016).
As the name suggests, FFAs are ligands for FFA receptors. Medium- and long-chain FFAs have higher potency at FFA1 and FFA4 receptors, whereas shorter-chain FFAs have higher potency at FFA2 and FFA3 receptors (Brown et al., 2003; Stoddart et al., 2008; Christiansen et al., 2015; Milligan et al., 2017). FFAs can be released in the body as the result of triglyceride breakdown and bacterial-mediated carbohydrate breakdown, or consumed in the diet. Despite some structure–activity relationship (SAR) trends, many FFAs bind to more than one FFA receptor subtype, thus making characterizing and understanding FFA receptors challenging (Hudson et al., 2011). A greater number of synthetic ligands for FFA1 receptor has been reported compared with other receptor subtypes, and, of those, there are many more agonists than antagonists (reviewed in Milligan et al., 2015, 2017; Tikhonova and Poerio, 2015). This mirrors research efforts that suggest agonists of FFA1 receptor may be of benefit therapeutically. TAK-875 (or fasiglifam) (Fig. 1), a FFA1 receptor agonist, underwent Phase III clinical trials and showed improved glycaemic control in type II diabetic patients, but was not progressed further due to safety concerns (Kaku et al., 2015).
C. Lysophospholipid Receptors
LPA and S1P receptors were first classified as endothelial differentiation gene receptors and later divided into two classes based on endogenous ligand preference (Chun et al., 2002). There are five characterized S1P receptors (S1P1–S1P5) and six characterized LPA receptors (LPA1–LPA6). Originally named endothelial differentiation gene 1, S1P1 receptor was first characterized in 1990 (Hla and Maciag, 1990). S1P1–S1P3 receptors are ubiquitously expressed (Blaho and Hla, 2014), whereas S1P4 and S1P5 receptors are found in distinct cell types such as lymphoid, hematopoietic oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and in lung tissue (Gräler et al., 1998; Terai et al., 2003). As is the case for LPA receptors, different S1P receptor subtypes all couple to different combinations of G proteins (as reviewed in Kihara et al., 2015), and presumably also use yet to be fully characterized G protein–independent signaling mechanisms. The first of the LPA receptors was identified in 1996 (Hecht et al., 1996), and the expression and signaling have been recently reviewed (Contos et al., 2000; Choi et al., 2010; Fukushima et al., 2015; Stoddard and Chun, 2015). In brief, LPA1 and LPA3–LPA6 receptors are widely expressed, whereas LPA2 receptor expression is comparatively more limited, with higher levels found in testis and leukocytes. The crystal structure of S1P1 receptor (Hanson et al., 2012) and, more recently, LPA1 receptor (Chrencik et al., 2015) has been reported, both using a high-affinity antagonist.
S1P1 receptor signaling regulates human B cell tissue distribution, thereby opening avenues to treat MS, leukemia, and certain immunodeficiencies (Sic et al., 2014; Farez and Correale, 2016). S1P or LPA receptor modulation (reviewed in Mutoh et al., 2012) may be of therapeutic benefit for many areas, not limited to the following: treatment of cancer and autoimmune disorders such as systemic sclerosis and arthritis (Stoddard and Chun, 2015); fibrotic disease of the kidney, liver, lung, and skin (Kihara et al., 2015); infectious disease (Arish et al., 2016); ischemic vascular disease (Abdel-Latif et al., 2015); and neurotrauma and Alzheimer’s disease (Choi and Chun, 2013). A greater understanding of receptor expression and dynamic signaling is required to unlock this potential—for which development of new chemical tools is key.
S1P (reviewed in Ghasemi et al., 2016) and LPA (reviewed in Stoddard and Chun, 2015; Yung et al., 2015) are the endogenous lysophospholipids for S1P and LPA receptors, respectively. In brief, both S1P and LPA mediate an enormous array of physiologic process, and, like the ECBs, production of these lipids is tightly regulated in a complex network involving many enzymatic transformations (Tang et al., 2015). Development of synthetic S1P receptor ligands has been most intensive for S1P1 receptor; however, selective agonists and some antagonists of other S1P receptors have been reported and reviewed elsewhere (Blaho and Hla, 2014; Delgado and Martínez-Cartro, 2016). Synthetic ligands for S1P1 receptor notably include the nonselective agonist prodrug FTY720 (fingolimod), which was the first orally available treatment of relapsing MS (Chun and Hartung, 2010). Predominantly, antagonists have been reported as synthetic ligands for LPA1 and LPA3 receptors; however, many gaps exist in terms of lack of selective agonists and antagonists for the various LPA receptor subtypes (Llona-Minguez et al., 2015). Currently, there are no marketed drugs targeting LPA receptors; however, the LPA1 receptor antagonist BMS-986020 is currently in Phase II clinical trials to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
D. Prostanoid Receptor
There are currently five recognized prostanoid receptor subtypes, DP, EP, FP, IP, and TP receptor, which have been categorized based on the potency of the principal endogenous ligands prostaglandin (PG) or thromboxane, and then further divided into receptor subtypes (DP1–DP2, EP1–EP4 receptor). First to be cloned was TP receptor (Hirata et al., 1991) and, most recently, DP2 receptor (Nagata et al., 1999), which, despite sharing PGD2 as an endogenous ligand, possesses little sequence homology to DP1 receptor and has very different functions (Hirai et al., 2001). Prostanoid receptor expression, distribution, and diverse G protein–signaling pathways are reviewed by Woodward et al. (2011). Briefly, DP1 receptor is expressed in the small intestine and platelets, and at particularly high levels in the retina, whereas DP2 receptor expression is widespread across the digestion system, heart, spinal cord, and blood. EP1 receptor distribution in humans is limited when compared with murine species. In contrast, EP2, EP3, EP4, and FP receptors have widespread distribution in humans. TP receptor is expressed in platelets, the cardiovascular system, and smooth muscle. To date, crystal structures have not been reported for prostanoid receptors.
EP receptors have been implicated in tumorigenesis, and, as such, the diverse signaling pathways of EP receptor subtypes are being explored as cancer drug targets (O'Callaghan and Houston, 2015). EP2 receptor has also been investigated as a target for treating inflammation in CNS disease, stroke, and ocular disease (Ganesh, 2014), whereas EP4 receptor has been shown to have roles in immune modulation, inflammation, and tissue development (Konya et al., 2013). DP2 receptor is a promising drug target for the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis (Santini et al., 2016; Santus and Radovanovic, 2016).
The endogenous prostaglandins, PGD2, PGE2, pGF2α, PGI2, and thromboxane A2/precursor PGH2, are involved in a variety of functions, including smooth muscle contraction and relaxation and platelet aggregation. These endogenous ligands are promptly metabolized and therefore act as paracrine or autocrine factors (Smith et al., 2011; Korbecki et al., 2014). There are selective, synthetic agonists, and antagonists for all nine prostanoid receptors (reviewed in (Flesch et al., 2013; Lamers et al., 2013; Santini et al., 2016; Santus and Radovanovic, 2016; Markovič et al., 2017) and approved TP receptor antagonists on the market, including seratrodast for the treatment of asthma (Dogne et al., 2002) and ridogrel for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism (Vandewerf et al., 1994). Terutroban was investigated as an antiplatelet agent, but the trial was suspended as it was found to be no better than aspirin (Bousser et al., 2011). EP receptor–targeted drugs have a variety of uses, such as misoprostol and sulprostone for ulcer treatment, medical abortion and labor induction (Van Mensel et al., 2009), and iloprost (also targets IP receptor) for treatment of hypertension (Olschewski et al., 2002). EP receptors are being explored as an alternative target for development of anti-inflammatory therapies because specific cyclo-oxygenase-2 (which is involved in the same pathway) inhibitors have been shown to exhibit serious side effects such as myocardial infarction and gastric ulceration (Ganesh, 2014; O'Callaghan and Houston, 2015).
E. Leukotriene Receptor
The leukotriene family of receptors is classified according to its specificity for the endogenous leukotrienes and consists of two LTB4, two CysLT, one OXE, and one FPR2/lipoxin A4 (ALX) receptor, with LTB41 receptor the first to be cloned (Yokomizo et al., 1997). Both subtypes of LTB4 receptor couple to Gi and Gq, stimulate phospholipase C, and inhibit adenylate cyclase, whereas CysLT1–2 receptors are Gq-coupled and OXE and FPR2/ALX receptor are Gi-coupled (Bäck et al., 2011; Powell and Rokach, 2013). All leukotriene receptors are expressed in leukocytes (as reviewed by Bäck et al., 2011), with LTB41 receptor also expressed in smooth muscle and umbilical cord endothelial cells and LTB42 receptor expressed in spleen, liver, and ovary. CysLT1 receptor is expressed in lung, spleen, and smooth muscle, and CysLT2 receptor in adrenal gland, heart, spleen, brain, and spinal cord. OXE receptor is expressed in the digestive system, heart, and lungs, whereas FPR2/ALX receptor is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, lung, kidney, spleen, and placenta (Bäck et al., 2014). A leukotriene receptor crystal structure is yet to be reported. The leukotriene receptors have a major role in inflammation and have been implicated in CNS disorders (Ghosh et al., 2016), cancer (Burke et al., 2016), allergy (Liu and Yokomizo, 2015), and asthma (Singh et al., 2013b).
Leukotrienes are the endogenous ligands of these receptors and are primarily inflammatory mediators. Leukotriene levels are tightly regulated by enzymes, including lipoxygenase that converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes (Murphy and Gijon, 2007). There are a number of selective synthetic agonists and antagonists for the leukotriene receptors, including anti-inflammatory agonists for FRP2/ALX receptor (Corminboeuf and Leroy, 2015; Stalder et al., 2017) and CysLT1 receptor antagonists for modulation of immune cell function (Theron et al., 2014). There are three CysLT1 receptor antagonists currently on the market for treatment of asthma: Pranlukast (Keam et al., 2003), Zafirlukast (Kelloway, 1997), and Montelukast (Paggiaro and Bacci, 2011).
F. Bile Acid Receptor
GPBA receptor, often called TGR5 receptor, shows the closest sequence homology (28%) to S1P1 receptor and signals via endogenous bile acids (Maruyama et al., 2002). This receptor is coupled to Gs, controlling adenylate cyclase stimulation and protein kinase A activation (Copple and Li, 2016). GPBA is widely expressed in gall bladder, intestine, liver, and enteric neurons (Duboc et al., 2014). GPBA receptor mediates the action of bile acids on glucose homeostasis and inflammation, and is therefore an interesting target for inflammatory and metabolic disorders such as diabetes (Duboc et al., 2014; Lieu et al., 2014). There is no crystal structure available for GPBA receptor.
The endogenous ligands of GPBA receptors are the bile acids (for example, chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid), which principally enable digestion of fats in the intestine, but also mediate insulin secretion, energy expenditure, and immune cell function through GPBA receptor signaling (Copple and Li, 2016). There have been a number of selective synthetic agonists developed for GPBA receptor (reviewed in Xu, 2016); however, no drugs have yet come to market that specifically target this receptor.
G. Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor
The PAF receptor was first cloned in 1991 (Honda et al., 1991). Activation by the endogenous agonist PAF signals via a complex network of G protein–dependent (Honda et al., 1994) and –independent (Lukashova et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2002) transduction pathways. PAF receptor is widely expressed in immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and B cells, and also in other cell types such as keratinocytes, and, as the origin of the name suggests, platelets (Chao and Olson, 1993; http://wwwguidetopharmacologyorg/GRAC/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=55). Several studies have shown the existence of intracellular PAF receptors, with differences in receptor cellular localization most likely resulting in distinct functions (Bhosle et al., 2016), thus adding an extra layer of complexity and potential for drugs targeting a specific receptor population. Historically, most therapeutic intervention via PAF receptor antagonism has been directed at treating conditions associated with inflammation and immunity, for example, asthma (Kasperska-Zajac et al., 2008), allergic conditions (Pałgan and Bartuzi, 2015), and autoimmune diseases (Edwards and Constantinescu, 2009). Due to the extensive pathophysiological role of this receptor, there has been recent interest in targeting PAF receptor for other indications, for example, in reducing human immunodeficiency virus–related comorbidities (Kelesidis et al., 2015) and in the treatment of dengue infections (Souza et al., 2009). A crystal structure of PAF receptor has not yet been reported.
The endogenous ligand is the proinflammatory phospholipid PAF, which in the 1960s was identified via its role in platelet aggregation and histamine release from activated platelets (Barbaro and Zvaifler, 1966). As is the case for other endogenous lipid-signaling molecules, the production and metabolism of PAF are highly regulated and complex (as reviewed in Prescott et al., 2000); for example, therapeutic intervention using PAF acethydrolase inhibitor darapladib failed to meet Phase III endpoints (Marathe et al., 2014). Clinical applications of PAF receptor modulation have driven the development of many selective antagonists (reviewed in Koltai and Braquet, 1994 and Feuerstein et al., 1997), and natural products have been reported as PAF receptor antagonists (reviewed in Singh et al., 2013a), of note ginkgolide B (also known as BN 52021). Rupatadine is a dual histamine-1 and PAF receptor antagonist clinically used to treat allergic rhinitis and urticarial (Gonzalez-Nunez et al., 2016), whereas several other PAF receptor antagonists are still in clinical trials (e.g., modipafant, which was discontinued for asthma indication but is now under investigation for dengue fever) or have failed in clinical trials/been discontinued (e.g., apafant, lexipafant, foropafant).
H. Orphan G Protein–Coupled Receptors
Future classification of orphan GPCRs into existing endogenous lipid-binding GPCR families or as new lipid-binding GPCR families is possible. GPR55 is found in CNS tissue, vasculature, and osteoclasts, and is thought to play a role in nociception, cancer, and metabolism (Henstridge, 2012). The endogenous ligand for GPR55 is reported as lysophosphatidylinositol, but sensitivity toward endogenous CBs and some synthetic CB receptor ligands has also been shown (reviewed in Henstridge et al., 2016), whereas some chemical tools developed for CB receptors turned out to have affinity for GPR55 (Fluorescent Tools for In Vitro Experiments). Endogenous lipid-like ligands have been shown to bind to other class A orphans such as GPR18, GPR84, GPR119, GPR132, and GPR174 in more than one publication (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/GPCRListForward?class=A).
I. Rational Design of Tools and Considerations for Use
A well-characterized ligand with high affinity and selectivity for the target receptor is often selected as the starting point for designing a radioligand, fluorescent, or covalent ligand. GPCRs can exist in multiple conformations (e.g., R and R*), and each conformation may have a different affinity for ligands, such as antagonists, agonists, or allosteric modulators; therefore, end biologic use should be considered early in the design process. Often tool design is aided by structural information, either crystallographic or homology receptor models, and/or knowledge from biologic techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis. For receptors with endogenous or synthetic lipophilic ligands, it is important to balance the inherent requirement for some lipophilicity of the orthosteric pharmacophore to retain receptor affinity and/or efficacy but without undesirable properties such as high levels of nonspecific membrane binding. Promiscuous binding to other GPCRs and cellular proteins also contributes to undesirable nonspecific binding and should be considered in the design process. The receptor selectivity of a chemical tool should be considered in a context-specific manner to enable meaningful use, as selectivity measured in different cell lines overexpressing a given receptor subtype in vitro may not necessarily translate into in vivo selectivity if relative receptor subtype expression is vastly different due to tissue- or disease-induced differences.
Ligand entry into lipid-activated CB (Makriyannis and Rapaka, 1990; Tian et al., 2005; Hurst et al., 2010) and S1P (Hurst et al., 2013) receptors is proposed to be via a lipid portal rather than direct extracellular entry as for other class A GPCRs. This has implications for access of chemical tools such as radioligands, covalent, and fluorescent ligands into the receptor binding site. The generation of antibodies against an antigen is of course a very different process to that of designing chemical tools and requires stable purified protein, often in a certain functional conformation, which can be quite challenging for flexible membrane-embedded GPCRs. Depending on availability and suitability, in vitro GPCR research can use cells or tissue from many different species; for example, discussed in this manuscript are human (h), mouse (m), rat (r), bovine (b), guinea pig (gp), and rabbit (rbt) cell lines/tissues. Small variations in sequence can lead to significant differences in potency of a ligand for a receptor (Hudson et al., 2013); therefore, when analyzing tools, it is extremely important to consider the receptor species.
II. Radioligands
A. Characteristics and Design Rationale
Radioligands contain a radioisotope such as 3H, 123I, 125I, 35S, 11C, and 18F, which undergoes nuclear decay to emit β particles, positrons, or γ radiation that can be detected and quantified. Sensitivity and shelf life are determined by specific activity and half-life (t1/2) of the radioisotope; for example, 125I has a specific activity of 2200 Ci/mmol and a t1/2 of 60 days compared with 3H with a specific activity of 120 Ci/mmol and a 12-year t1/2. It should be noted that these specific activities are representative and will vary across batches. More commonly, 3H radioligands have been used to study CB, FA, LPA, S1P, prostanoid, leukotriene, GPBA, and PAF receptors, due to commercial availability and the 3H–1H interchange leading to little chemical change, thus preserving biologic activity and better relative safety over other radioisotopes. Radioisotopes are chemically incorporated, for example, through reaction of a phenolic ligand with [11C]methyl iodide or catalytic reduction of an alkene with tritium gas.
For GPCRs with lipid-like endogenous ligands, it is often challenging to design suitable radioligands that possess sufficient polarity to negate high levels of nonspecific membrane binding. For example, most CB receptor radioligands for in vivo imaging are lipophilic compounds with logD7.4 in the range of 3.3–6.0. High-affinity radioligands with subnanomolar Kd values are preferred, as they can be used effectively at lower concentrations (Bigott-Hennkens et al., 2008). As with many other chemical tools, the researcher can select a tool that is most advantageous to his or her study—this could be an agonist, antagonist, or inverse agonist. Currently, there are reported radiolabeled allosteric tools for studying FFA1 receptor but not for other lipid-binding GPCRs discussed in this work; future development, for example, of a radiolabeled ORG27569 (Fig. 6), a CB receptor allosteric ligand, would prove very interesting.
B. Applications of Radioligands
Radioligands have been used extensively to study GPCR pharmacology, for example, distribution, signaling, oligomerisation, allosteric modulation, and in binding assays for screening novel ligands. Radioligands have been used in saturation, competition, or kinetic binding assays to determine various ligand–receptor parameters such as Kd, Ki, and Bmax. There are also in vivo applications such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). High-affinity and excellent radioligand receptor subtype specificity are especially important with low levels of receptor expression and to avoid toxicity and radiation hazards. Limitations inherent to radioligands include legal and safety requirements surrounding handling, disposal, synthesis, and/or storage, and the need for specialized equipment and facilities to address this, along with natural radioactive decay that limits shelf life.
1. Radioligands for In Vitro Experiments.
Rather than an exhaustive commentary of all radioligands and uses, this review describes the commonly used in vitro radioligands based on synthetic scaffolds (Fig. 1; Table 1) and describes selected studies that showcase the utility of these radioligands. It should be noted that many radiolabeled lipids are commercially available and have been used to study receptor and endogenous ligand trafficking, for example [33P]S1P (Jo et al., 2012), [3H]LPA (Thomson et al., 1994), [3H]AEA (Hillard et al., 1997), [3H]PGE2 (Nemoto et al., 1997), [3H]PGD2 (Matsuo and Cynader, 1993), [3H]LTB4 (Toda, 1999), [3H]5-oxo-ETE (O'Flaherty et al., 1998), and [3H]PAF (Nakamura et al., 1991). Although these labeled endogenous ligands can be useful tools for interrogating receptor pharmacology (Hecht et al., 1996; Parrill et al., 2000; Van Brocklyn et al., 2000), they often suffer from rapid enzymatic degradation even in in vitro experiments. In this study, we review only radiolabeled synthetic ligands.
In 1964, THC was identified as a CB1 receptor ligand, and soon after it was 14C-labeled to provide the first CB receptor radioligand [14C]THC (Miras, 1965). Since then a number of THC-based CB receptor radioligands have been developed (Agurell et al., 1969; Pitt et al., 1980; Nye et al., 1985); however, nowadays these are not commonly used due to high nonspecific membrane binding.
Autoradiographic studies of receptor distribution can be carried out in vitro; for example, an early report using the CB receptor radioligand [3H]CP-55,940 (Fig. 1; Table 1) found the highest CB1 receptor density in substantia nigra, basal ganglia, globus pallidus, cerebellum, and hippocampus regions that are known to control cognitive and motor functions (Herkenham et al., 1990; Glass et al., 1997). An interesting recent example of a competition-binding assay using [3H]CP-55,940 is the evaluation of approximately 50 compounds from the herbal mixture known as “Spice,” previously shown or assumed to be a CB1 agonist (Hess et al., 2016). Many new structural analogs of cannabinoids have emerged in recent years designed to circumvent legally defined chemical classes, with little accompanying pharmacological evaluation. Hess et al. (2016) carried out radioligand-binding assays using [3H]CP-55,940, which revealed most compounds had low to subnanomolar affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors, and further functional assays showed these to be agonists.
CB receptor affinity determined by a radioligand competition-binding assay is often the first parameter by which ligands are ranked despite the sometimes little structural similarity between radioligand and test ligand. A recent report has highlighted some important things to note when using a universal radioligand for investigating binding of ligands to CB2 receptor (Smoum et al., 2015). Smoum et al. (2015) reported that HU-433, the enantiomer of the well-studied HU-308, had 25-fold reduced binding affinity to CB2 receptor (as measured using a competition assay with [3H]CP-55,940) but had much higher potency in osteoblast proliferation and anti-inflammatory experiments compared with HU-308. It was proposed that HU-433 and HU-308 may bind to CB2 receptor in different orientations, thus turning on different downstream signaling pathways and competing with [3H]CP-55,940 nonequally. This study serves as a reminder that measured compound affinity for a receptor is only ever in relation to the reference, and sometimes the choice of reference or radioligand tool can influence not just the raw number but also the rank order of ligands.
Radioligands are crucial tools for investigating the existence of multiple GPCR states. For example, it was estimated that CB receptors are present in a 70% inactive:30% active conformation in rat cerebellar membrane using the agonist [3H]CP-55,940 that bound only to active rat (r) CB1 receptor and the inverse agonist [3H]SR141716A (Fig. 1; Table 1) that bound to rCB1 receptors in both active and inactive states (Kearn et al., 1999). Radioligands are also important tools for identifying key receptor amino acids, for example, direct comparison of radioligand binding to wild-type versus mutant receptor. In one study, modified human (h) CB1 receptors were constructed with residues D2.63 and K373 mutated to Ala or the reciprocal Asp/Lys mutation to investigate the importance of an ionic interaction (Marcu et al., 2013). [The residue numbering system used is based on the Ballesteros–Weinstein numbering scheme, whereby the single-letter code of the amino acid is followed by the transmembrane helix (TMH) number, and then the amino acid’s position relative to the TMH’s most conserved residue (assigned as 50)]. The Kd, Bmax, and Ki of [3H]SR141716A were measured for wild-type receptor and for each receptor mutant, and, interestingly, no significant difference in binding was observed. However, a GTPγS-binding assay indicated signaling was impaired in each Ala receptor mutant, but not in the reciprocal Asp/Lys mutant, with the authors suggesting the ionic interaction between D2.63 and K373 influences the EC-3 loop and is important for CB receptor signaling.
The physiologic relevance of GPCR oligomerization is not yet fully understood, and radioligands have been used as tools to shed light on this; for example, a selective adenosine2A receptor agonist CGS21680 decreased the Bmax of the CB1 receptor radioligand [3H]SR141716A in synaptosomal membrane of rat brain from 3.23 ± 0.17 pmol.mg−1 to 2.68 ± 0.18 pmol.mg−1 (Ferreira et al., 2015). This was attributed to inhibition of CB1 receptor signaling by adenosine2A receptor, with the authors suggesting that dual targeting of these receptors may prove therapeutically beneficial. Despite radioligands having utility for investigating GPCR oligomerization, fluorescent tools are often superior for this line of investigation, as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments can provide precise spatial information (Applications of Small-Molecule Fluorescent Tools). Allosteric binding sites of CB, FFA, prostanoid, and S1P receptors have been interrogated using radioligand tools. In one example, a CB1 receptor radioligand-binding assay carried out in the presence of compounds such as ORG27569 (Fig. 6) increased the binding affinity of the agonist [3H]CP-55,940, whereas a decrease in the binding affinity for the inverse agonist [3H]SR141716A was observed (Price et al., 2005).
Distinct FFA1 receptor binding sites have been identified using the partial allosteric agonist [3H]AMG837 (position of the 3H radioisotope was not reported) and the full allosteric agonist [3H]AM1638 (Table 1) in experiments with and without endogenous FFA docosahexaenoic acid and other unlabeled FFA1 receptor agonists (Lin et al., 2012). Three allosterically linked binding sites were proposed, with the authors noting these ligand–receptor interactions were far more complex than previously recognized. These findings are important in the context of the role of FFA1 receptor in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and may provide a novel multiligand treatment therapy for type 2 diabetes, in which a reduced dose of drug can be used due to ligand cooperativity. Another research group has reported the synthesis and use of [3H]TAK-875 (Fig. 1; Table 1) as a FFA1 receptor radioligand agonist (Bertrand et al., 2016a), based on the TAK-875 drug that failed Phase II clinical trials. After demonstrating that [3H]TAK-875 bound to GPR40–human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells in higher levels than in wild-type HEK cells, the research team developed a [18F]TAK-875 radioligand (Radioligands for In Vivo Experiments).
The first reported radioligand-binding assay for FFA2 receptor used [3H]GLPG0974 (Table 1; position of the 3H radioisotope not reported) as the competing ligand (Sergeev et al., 2016). This radiolabeled antagonist was characterized using saturation equilibrium-binding assays across several different FFA2 receptor mutants and then analyzed in kinetic binding assays, in particular to determine on and off rates of unlabeled agonists and antagonists. Data from these experiments led to the suggestion that an agonist requires interaction with both arginine residues (Arg-1805.39 and Arg-2557.35), whereas, for an antagonist, interaction with only one of these two arginines is required. This provided valuable information to aid rational structure-based design of novel tools and drugs for this therapeutically relevant receptor. Radioligands based on synthetic, selective scaffolds for FFA3 and FFA4 receptors have not yet been reported; however, researchers have used labeled fatty acids such as [33P]S1P to probe the binding site(s) of unlabeled synthetic agonists (Jo et al., 2012).
To eventually develop iodinated derivatives for in vivo imaging of S1P receptor (Radioligands for in vivo experiments), Briard et al. (2015) made two radioligands—[14C]BAF312 and a cold iodinated derivative of this [14C]18 (Fig. 1; Table 1) (Briard et al., 2015). These two ligands were used in autoradiography studies to compare biodistribution of the MS drug BAF312 (Fig. 1) to the iodinated derivative [127I]MS565 with the goal of making [123I]MS565. Whole-body autoradiography studies in rats revealed similar biodistribution profiles of [14C]BAF312 and [14C]18.
Radioligands based on synthetic LPA receptor ligands are not yet reported despite the availability of several high-affinity synthetic ligands for these receptors (Ohta et al., 2003; Qian et al., 2012). It is expected that development of radioligands based on synthetic ligands for studying LPA receptors will see rapid growth. This development will be fueled by the need to prepare novel ligands targeting these receptors for various disease conditions.
Selective synthetic radioligands are available for prostanoid family DP1, DP2, FP, and TP receptors. The selective DP1 receptor antagonist [3H]BWA868C (Table 1) has been used for autoradiographic studies in human eye sections (Sharif et al., 2000). This study revealed high levels of DP1 receptor expression in ciliary epithelium/processes, ciliary muscles, the iris, and the retinal choroid, which was similar to that observed previously using the endogenous ligand [3H]PGD2 (Matsuo and Cynader, 1993). Selective radiolabeled DP2 receptor antagonists have been reported: [3H]TRQ11238 (Ulven et al., 2007), [3H3]QAW039 (Luu et al., 2015), and [3H]OC-459 (Sykes et al., 2016) (Fig. 1; Table 1). Consideration of ligand–receptor kinetics is crucial in a drug discovery program, and often drug dissociation time from the receptor is clinically relevant. Sykes et al. (2016) therefore used [3H3]QAW039 and [3H]OC-459 (tritiated versions of the Phase III asthma treatments fevipiprant and timapiprant, respectively) to directly measure drug kinetics and function in parallel to unravel the drug mechanism of action, concluding that QAW039 should competitively inhibit disease-relevant DP2 receptor-mediated responses in human cells (Sykes et al., 2016).
Sharif et al. (1999) used the selective FP receptor agonist [3H]9β‐(+)‐fluprostenol (Fig. 1; Table 1), a carboxylic acid derivative of the glaucoma drug travoprost, to study prostanoid receptor distribution in the human eye (Sharif et al., 1999), which revealed FP receptor distribution consistent with that obtained using tritium-labeled endogenous ligand [3H]PGF2α (Matsuo and Cynader, 1992; Davis and Sharif, 1999).
[3H]Iloprost (Fig. 1; Table 1), the tritiated analog of the marketed agonist drug iloprost, has been used to investigate IP receptor expression and function, although it also possesses modest potency for EP3 and EP1 receptors (Abramovitz et al., 2000). Decreased saturation binding of [3H]iloprost in platelets of humans with type 2 diabetes compared with healthy humans has been demonstrated (Knebel et al., 2015). This finding along with other functional measurements led the authors to suggest that this lower IP receptor expression in platelets of patients with type 2 diabetes might lead to increased platelet aggregation, which may be the reason for the increased risk of thrombosis observed in such patients.
Among prostanoid receptors, the greatest number of radioligands has been developed to study TP receptor (Fig. 1; Table 1), probably due to its importance in thrombosis and related cardiovascular disorders. Selective antagonist [3H]SQ-29548 (Hanasaki et al., 1988; Hedberg et al., 1988) (Fig. 1; Table 1) is frequently used in competition-binding assays. For example, in one study, the antibody C-EL2Ab, which binds to the C-terminal of second extracellular loop of TP receptor, competitively inhibited the binding of [3H]SQ-29548 to TP receptor and also inhibited TP receptor–mediated platelet aggregation, which showed the importance of this portion of the receptor structure in platelet activation and the potential of C-EL2Ab as an alternative antiplatelet agent (Murad et al., 2012).
Compared with the prostanoid receptor family, there are far fewer synthetic scaffold-based radioligands reported for the leukotriene receptor family, and therefore radiolabeled endogenous ligands are frequently used. There is one report of the synthesis and use of the antagonist [3H]CGS23131 (Fig. 1; Table 1) to characterize the single LTB4 receptor subtype recognized at that time on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (Jackson et al., 1992) and several early reports on the use of [3H]ICI198615 (Fig. 1; Table 1) (Aharony et al., 1988; O'Sullivan and Mong, 1989) to study the single recognized CysLT receptor. Pranlukast, a selective antagonist for CysLT1 receptor that is used clinically to treat asthma, has been tritium labeled and used for autoradiographic studies in human nasal inferior turbinates (Shirasaki et al., 2006). These studies revealed high distribution of CysLT1 receptor in vascular endothelium and the interstitial cells; however, the Kd of [3H]pranlukast was not reported.
There are many examples of synthetic high-affinity antagonists for PAF receptor, several of which have been radiolabeled and used as tools, for example [3H]-dihydrokadsurenone (Hwang et al., 1986), [3H]52770-RP (Robaut et al., 1987; Marquis et al., 1988), [3H]WEB2086 (also known as [3H]apafant) (Ukena et al., 1988), [3H]L-659989 (Hwang et al., 1989) (Fig. 1; Table 1), and [3H]SR27417 (Herbert, 1992) (Table 1). Determination of the degree of competition that a synthetic radioligand has with the endogenous receptor agonist is important; for example, it was shown that [3H]WEB2086, but not [3H]52770-RP, interacted with the same binding site as [3H]PAF in human platelets (Ukena et al., 1988). Now commercially available, [3H]WEB2086 has been used several times as a tool to study PAF receptor; for example, radioligand-binding assays showed that human B lymphoid cell line LA350 expressed high levels of PAF receptor (Zhuang et al., 2000). To date, synthetic radiolabeled ligands for GPBA receptor have not been reported; however, it is likely this will be an area of future interest as drugs targeting this receptor (Xu, 2016) are developed.
2. Radioligands for In Vivo Experiments.
In vivo radioligand experiments require consideration of blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability (if required) and ligand metabolism to radiometabolites that can complicate analysis. As discussed in Introduction, selectivity of a chemical tool in vivo requires careful consideration of receptor subtype selectivity (which is often first measured in vitro), versus relative in vivo expression levels of the subtypes/other receptors. Much effort has been directed toward the development of in vivo radioligands to study CB1 receptor in brain to investigate pain and addiction pathways. Despite PET radioisotopes having a shorter t1/2 (11C t1/2 = 20 minutes, 18F t1/2 = 110 minutes), Miller et al. (2008) compared with those used in SPECT (123I terminal t1/2 = 13 hours; γ ray = 159 keV) (Kung et al., 2003). PET has been used extensively to study CB receptors due to higher resolution and sensitivity. A major challenge is that the short radioligand t1/2 requires on demand synthesis with fast purification. PET and SPECT imaging time, which is also related to radioligand t1/2, is usually insufficient to allow radioligand–receptor binding to reach equilibrium; therefore, appropriate kinetic models should be used to correct this. In vivo imaging of the ECB system using PET (Horti et al., 2014), brain imaging of CB receptors using PET and SPECT (Casteels et al., 2013), and synthesis of such radioligands (Ahamed et al., 2013) have recently been extensively reviewed. Of note and described in these reviews are radioligands [11C]OMAR, [11C]MePPEP, [18F]FMPEP-d2, and [18F]MK-9470, which have been used in preclinical imaging of CB receptors in humans. Since the publication of these reviews, additional novel radioligands have been reported and are discussed in this work along with more recent applications of commonly used in vivo radioligands.
[11C]OMAR (Table 2) is a structural analog of SR141716A (Fig. 1), in which a methyl and chlorine of SR141716A have been replaced with cyano and 11C-labeled methoxy to increase polarity (Fan et al., 2006). [11C]OMAR has been used in human PET studies to characterize hCB1 receptor expression in cannabis dependence (D'Souza et al., 2016), post-traumatic stress disorder (Neumeister et al., 2013), and threat perception in trauma (Pietrzak et al., 2014). [18F]MK-9470 (Table 2) is a high-affinity inverse agonist for CB1 receptor (Burns et al., 2007), which to date is the most widely used radioligand for in vivo CB1 receptor studies. Since the area was last reviewed (Horti et al., 2014), [18F]MK-9470 has been used in PET experiments to analyze hCB1 receptor expression in schizophrenia (Ceccarini et al., 2013), prostate carcinoma (Emonds et al., 2013), Alzheimer's disease (Ahmad et al., 2014), alcohol dependence (Ceccarini et al., 2014), cannabis dependence (Ceccarini et al., 2015), functional dyspepsia (Ly et al., 2015), food intake disorders (Ceccarini et al., 2016b), and Huntington’s disease (Ceccarini et al., 2016a).
Commonly used and new CB receptor radioligands for in vivo use reported since (Casteels et al., 2013; Horti et al., 2014); FFA, S1P, prostanoid, leukotriene, and PAF receptor radioligands for in vivo use
The CB2 receptor in vivo radioligand toolbox is underdeveloped compared with that of CB1 receptor, perhaps due to the timeline of receptor subtype characterization and the intense interest in CNS-expressed CB1 receptor. The 2-oxoquinoline–based [11C]NE40 (Table 2) (Evens et al., 2009) was the first radioligand used for in vivo PET imaging of hCB2 receptor (Ahmad et al., 2013) and will be an important tool for studying CB2 receptor in pathologic conditions. Ahmad et al. (2013) showed rapid brain uptake and washout of [11C]NE40, along with major uptake in lymphoid tissue in agreement with known expression of hCB2 receptor.
Hortala et al. (2014) developed a triazine-based radioligand [18F]d2-3 (Fig. 2; Table 2), which was used for PET imaging of CB2 receptor in rhesus monkey and baboon models of neuroinflammation (Hortala et al., 2014). [18F]5 (Fig. 2; Table 2) is another triazine-based radioligand, which was developed to study in vivo distribution of a series of triazine-based CB2 receptor agonists (Yrjölä et al., 2015). Other radioligands with an oxoquinoline scaffold have been reported and used for imaging CB2 receptor in rats and mice, for example, [11C]KD2 (Mu et al., 2013), [11C]RSR-056 (Slavik et al., 2015a), [11C]RS-016 (Slavik et al., 2015b), [18F]RS-126 (Slavik et al., 2016), and [11C]KP23 (Mu et al., 2014) (Fig. 2; Table 2). These oxoquinoline-based radioligands all exhibited similar patterns of biodistribution with high specific binding to spleen (concluded from excess cold ligand–blocking experiments) and low brain uptake, along with high nonspecific binding to liver and small intestine. It is unclear whether low brain uptake is solely a reflection of proportionally lower CB2 receptor expression in brain compared with spleen or also a function of poor BBB passage. In the case of [11C]RSR-056 and [11C]RS-016, an increase in brain radioligand uptake in a neuroinflammatory mice model was observed as compared with healthy mice. However, it remains ambiguous whether this increase is a result of the increased expression of CB2 receptor or a result of increased brain permeability due to inflammation-induced disruption of the BBB.
CB receptor radioligand tools for in vivo studies reported since (Casteels et al., 2013; Horti et al., 2014). Note: structures are not shown for radioligands with unknown radioisotope position.
Both cis and trans isomers of the naphthyridin-based radioligand [18F]CB91 were evaluated (Fig. 2; Table 2) with the cis/trans mixture then used for imaging CB2 receptor in mice and showed distribution in spleen and gut, consistent with known CB2 receptor distribution, but also in kidneys, pancreas, and brown adipose tissue. High liver accumulation of radioligand indicated rapid clearance by the hepatobiliary route (Saccomanni et al., 2015). [11C]AZD1940 (Fig. 2; Table 2) is a radiolabeled analog of a peripherally restricted CB receptor agonist AZD1940, which was a drug investigated for treatment of neuropathic pain. [11C]AZD1940 was used for PET studies in monkeys to study the distribution of AZD1940 and revealed low CNS exposure; however, further experiments are required to determine the contribution of unbound versus CB receptor–bound ligand in brain given the nanomolar CB1 receptor affinity of [11C]AZD1940 (Schou et al., 2013). Synthesis of PET radioligands based on aminoalkyl indole (Gao et al., 2014a) and benzenesulfonamide (Gao et al., 2014b) scaffolds has been reported; however, biologic data for these ligands are not yet reported. Most reported CB2 receptor radioligands exhibit high lipophilicity and metabolic susceptibility or lack CB2 receptor specificity, and much work still needs to be done to enable intricate in vivo imaging of CB2 receptor in humans.
As already discussed, there are very few reported FFA receptor radioligands. In the same body of work as [3H]TAK-875 (Radioligands for In Vitro Experiments), Bertrand et al. (2016a) also reported the synthesis of [18F]TAK-875 (Fig. 3; Table 2). The cold analog [19F]TAK-875 was also synthesized and showed similar FFA1 receptor agonist activity to TAK-875 (Fig. 1), and in vitro and in vivo studies are underway.
FFA, S1P, and prostanoid receptor radioligand tools for in vivo studies. Note: structures are not shown for radioligands with unknown radioisotope position. The structures of [99mTc]RP517 and [111In]-DPC11870-11 are not shown because of size.
There are a greater number of in vivo radioligands for S1P compared with FFA and LPA receptors, a trend perhaps reflective of the number of marketed and under development drugs for S1P receptor. The synthesis and evaluation of FTY720 analogs with a cold 127I appended to varying positions as a lead-in to making [123I] or [124I] radioligands for SPECT or PET S1P receptor imaging have been reported (Briard et al., 2011). The 2-iodo derivative, BZM055, was identified as a lead candidate for radiolabeling, and the authors comment that imaging studies are ongoing. Briard et al. (2015) also took a similar approach and synthesized an iodinated analog of the S1P receptor ligand BAF312 (Fig. 1). Distribution of cold analog [127I]MS565 was analyzed using the equivalent [14C]18 tool (Radioligands for In Vitro Experiments) and is suitable for development of hot [123I]MS565 as a SPECT tool (Briard et al., 2015).
Cold fluorinated derivatives of the S1P1 receptor antagonist W146 have been synthesized, with the most promising in vitro derivative radiolabeled to [18F]24 (Fig. 3; binding affinity not reported) (Prasad et al., 2014). Although stable in serum, in vivo PET imaging of S1P1 receptor in mice using [18F]24 showed accumulation of radioactivity in bone, most likely due to metabolic defluorination, thus limiting its use. The same laboratory subsequently reported [18F]17, a derivative of FTY720, for imaging S1P receptors (Fig. 3; Table 2) (Shaikh et al., 2015). [18F]17 induced peripheral blood lymphopenia (a measure of S1P1 receptor downstream regulation) at a comparable level to FTY720 and did not undergo defluorination during mice PET studies; however, rapid clearance of [18F]17 was observed. Thus, further optimization of these PET radioligands is required.
[11C]TZ3321 (Fig. 3; Table 2), based on a selective S1P1 receptor oxadiazole scaffold, has been reported and used in MicroPET imaging studies in a femoral artery wire–injury mouse model (Jin et al., 2017). These studies revealed high expression of S1P1 receptor, in line with the proposal that higher levels of this receptor are observed in vascular smooth muscle cells following intimal lesions usually caused by in-stent restenosis. The same research group then reported synthesis of the PET radioligand [18F]28c (Fig. 3; Table 2), also based on oxadiazole scaffold (Rosenberg et al., 2016). S1P1 receptor expression is thought to increase in inflammation, and in vivo PET imaging indeed showed increased binding of [18F]28c in the liver of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice compared with control mice. This radioligand could be an important tool for monitoring S1P1 receptor expression as a measure of inflammation.
Radioligand tools have been developed for imaging S1P2 receptor, for example, [11C]5a (Fig. 3; Table 2) (Yue et al., 2015), which is a derivative of the S1P2 receptor antagonist JTE-013. PET studies in mice showed high uptake of [11C]5a in S1P2 receptor–rich regions such as heart, lung, kidney, and liver. Low brain levels were observed, with the authors suggesting that this could be due to radioligand efflux by P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as an increase in brain penetrability was observed on treatment with P-gp inhibitor cyclosporine A. Further improvements in brain uptake of this radioligand are required before utility in PET imaging of MS and neuroinflammation conditions is achieved. S1P3 receptor radioligands have also been developed for in vivo imaging. [18F]1, a mixture of two compounds (Fig. 3), was synthesized based on a known [19F]-containing indole-based ligand for S1P3 receptor (Rokka et al., 2013); however, to date pharmacological data for this radioligand have not been reported.
Four [14C]-labeled DP receptor antagonists, including 1-[14C] and 2-[14C] (Fig. 3; Table 2) (Berthelette and Wang, 2007), along with three [3H]-labeled analogs (Scheigetz et al., 2004), have been synthesized and used to study the extent of covalent protein labeling in vitro (Sturino et al., 2007). These [14C]-labeled DP receptor antagonists may prove useful tools for in vivo DP receptor studies in the future, although DP receptor selectivity in particular over TP receptor will require further optimization. [14C]‐Fluprostenol has been used to analyze the disposition and metabolism of an intramuscular injection of fluprostenol in horses (Chapman et al., 1980), although DP receptors were not directly investigated.
An optimized [99mTc]RP517-containing formulation has been developed as a [99mTc]-labeled analog of the hydrazinonicotinamide-conjugated LTB41 receptor antagonist SG380 (Table 1; unchelated ligand) for imaging infection and inflammation (Liu et al., 2002). A study by Riou et al. (2002) examined [99mTc]RP517 uptake in an ischemia-reperfusion–induced myocardial inflammation model, and found that postreperfusion [99mTc]RP517 uptake correlated with myeloperoxidase (a specific neutrophil enzyme) levels. Ex vivo imaging of heart slices postreperfusion also showed [99mTc]RP517 localized within the area of inflammation. To investigate whether these results might be LTB41 receptor specific, Riou et al. (2002) also performed in vitro studies using [F]-RP517, an undisclosed CY3 fluorescently tagged analog of RP517, which showed a 44% displacement with LTB4 and complete displacement with nonfluorescent RP517 on isolated neutrophils. [99mTc]RP517 has also been used as a tool to study Escherichia coli infection in rabbits; however, although accumulation of [99mTc]RP517 occurred in the abscess, there was also significant accumulation in the intestines, leading the authors to propose development of a more hydrophilic tool (Brouwers et al., 2000). This research group then reported 111In labeling of the more hydrophilic LTB41 receptor antagonist DPC11870-11 (Van Eerd et al., 2003). [111In]-DPC11870-11 showed specific receptor interactions, localized to infection foci rapidly after injection and showed minimal accumulation in the intestines.
[14C]WEB2086 (also called [14C]apafant) (Table 2) was first reported in a patent in 1989 (Birke and Stiasni, 1989) and has since been used to show apafant is a substrate for P-gp but has not been used to directly interrogate PAF receptor (Leusch et al., 2002; Fuchs et al., 2014). Again, in a pharmacokinetic rather than direct PAF receptor study, [14C]E6123 (Table 2) has been reported and used to probe metabolic enzymes of PAF antagonist E6123 (Kusano et al., 1993).
PET radioligands are valuable tools for studying the pharmacokinetics of investigational drugs and in vivo imaging of GPCRs. In particular, many in vivo radioligands have been reported for CB receptor, and it is anticipated in the near future more radioligands for the other class A lipid-binding GPCRs will be developed, thus facilitating an understanding of the role these receptors have in disease conditions.
III. Small-Molecule Fluorescent Tools
Small-molecule–based fluorescent tools have been used to study molecular targets, such as receptors, enzymes, proteins, small molecules, and ion channels, and are increasingly being used to study GPCRs (Vernall et al., 2014; Stoddart et al., 2015). Other fluorescent-based techniques, such as yellow fluorescent protein and green fluorescent protein genetic tags, antibodies, nanoparticles, and tagged proteins (Cottet et al., 2013; Ciruela et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2014; Stoddart et al., 2016), are also used but are outside the scope of this review.
Small-molecule–based fluorescent tools are commonly synthesized by tethering a known pharmacophore/ligand to a fluorophore via a covalent linker. Pharmacophore selection is guided by target receptor affinity, selectivity, and the desired utility of the fluorescent ligand (antagonist, agonist, etc.). The linker is positioned in a benign area of the pharmacophore and is of an appropriate length such that the binding of the pharmacophore to the receptor is not perturbed. However, this is often based on experimental trial and error rather than on predictive comparable functionality to the parent pharmacophore. Fluorophore selection is dependent on choice of wavelength and equipment filter path length, quantum yield, resistance to photo bleaching, and appropriate physicochemical properties. There are examples of a fluorophore designed as part of a pharmacophore (Fluorescent Tools for In Vitro Experiments) and a fluorophore acting as a biologically active ligand itself (May et al., 2010; Dale et al., 2012). Another design approach is to join a fluorophore to a suitably tagged ligand in situ during the biologic experiment (Fluorescent Tools for In Vitro Experiments). Much like radioligands, the physicochemical characteristics of a fluorescent tool must allow for specific receptor binding and minimal nonspecific interactions such as with the membrane, to obtain a high signal to noise ratio. This is especially challenging for receptors with endogenous lipid ligands and lipophilic synthetic ligands. To this end, the linker and fluorophore could be used to tune the overall physicochemical properties of fluorescent tools, although the proposed entry via a lipid portal into some of these receptors (Rational Design of Tools and Consideration for Use) must not be forgotten.
B. Applications of Small-Molecule Fluorescent Tools
The increasing availability of small-molecule fluorescent tools, both commercially and via published synthesis, is progressing the use of techniques such as fluorescence confocal microscopy, scanning confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, high-throughput screening, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer and BRET assays, and diagnostic imaging to study receptor pharmacology. Once a pharmacophore-linker-fluorophore ligand is successfully developed, it is a lead point for attachment of another entity in place of the fluorophore, for example, another pharmacophore for a bivalent ligand, a magnetic resonance–based ligand, or theranostic agent. Many of the reported fluorescent tools have not been fully pharmacologically characterized for functional activity, that is, agonist, antagonist, or inverse agonist, which can be an important consideration as the functionality and application of a fluorescent tool are often different from the parent pharmacophore.
1. Fluorescent Tools for In Vitro Experiments.
Early reports of fluorescent small molecules for lipid-binding GPCRs were of labeled endogenous receptor agonists, for example, a benzoxadiazole-based fluorophore linked to anandamide (Koga et al., 1995) or to S1P (Hakogi et al., 2003; Yamamoto et al., 2008). Bile acid derivatives have been linked to nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorophores and used to study cellular uptake (Májer et al., 2012), and fluorescent LTB4 linked to two AlexaFluor fluorophores has been used specifically to study LTB41 receptor (Sabirsh et al., 2005). An early report of a flow cytometry assay for FFA1 receptor used the commercially available fluorescent ligand C1-BODIPY-C12 (Hara et al., 2009). Many endogenous ligands for CB, FFA, and S1P receptor are now commercially available attached to a range of fluorophores.
In 2008, a biotin–AEA tool was developed to study the biodistribution of AEA, which was visualized in a two-step process using an anti-biotin monoclonal antibody (mAb), followed by a green fluorescent anti-mouse secondary antibody (Fezza et al., 2008). Martin-Couce et al. (2011) described modification of the ECBs AEA, 2-AG, and 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE) to contain a biotin or alkyne tag for subsequent direct, selective in situ fluorescent labeling with a streptavidin-fluorophore or a click reaction, respectively. The 2-AGE ECB tagged with an alkyne was the most potent tool, but it lacked receptor subtype selectivity (Ki = 84.7 ± 0.8 nM at hCB1; 84.9 ± 0.6 nM at hCB2), whereas 2-AGE-biotin-3b (Fig. 4; Table 3) showed some selectivity (Ki = 221 ± 8 nM at hCB1, 450 ± 11 nM at hCB2). Imaging of hCB1 receptor in mouse hippocampal cell lines (HT-22) transfected with CB1 receptor has been carried out by reaction of 2-AGE-biotin-3b with streptavidin-Alexa488 fluorophore in situ. Some background fluorescence was observed in control experiments using either nontransfected cells or with a high concentration of the CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist HU210, indicating some nonspecific binding. The ligand 2-AGE and other ECBs are lipids, so using these as a basis for chemical tools means large amounts of nonspecific membrane binding are probable along with modest, if any, CB receptor subtype selectivity, driving the need for fluorescent, synthetic ligands with improved selectivity and physicochemical properties.
CB receptor fluorescent tools.
CB, FFA, and prostanoid receptor fluorescent ligands
The first reported fluorescent tools based on a nonendogenous CB pharmacophore were dansyl derivatives of THC (Forrest et al., 1971), and these were used for analytical tracing of cannabinoid ligands (Just et al., 1972). However, as this was prior to CB receptor characterization, these fluorescent compounds were not evaluated explicitly as CB receptor ligands. About 30 years later, a fluorescent naphthoyl indole CB2 receptor agonist designed around JWH-015 was developed using a CB2 receptor homology model and ligand docking that indicated a naphthoyl-linker position may be tolerated and the NBD fluorophore could act as a second pharmacophore with the receptor (Yates et al., 2005). Unfortunately, this fluorescent compound had significant loss of affinity (10 µM gave 25% displacement of [3H]CP-55940 from CB2 receptor) compared with parent indole agonist JWH-015, cytosolic accumulation, and nonspecific binding. In another report, replacement of part of an orthosteric pharmacophore with a fluorescent moiety has been reported to generate a fluorescent CB2 receptor tool (Petrov et al., 2011). The morpholine of isatin acylhydrazone, believed to interact with the lipophilic cavity of CB2 receptor, was substituted with NBD to provide the CB2 receptor–selective NMP6 (Fig. 4; Table 3). Confocal microscopy demonstrated specific binding of NMP6 to CB2 receptor on CD4+ T cells, as binding was inhibited by preincubation with the selective CB2 receptor agonist GW842166X. Further utility of NMP6 was demonstrated using flow cytometry to study CB2 receptor expression on mouse lung mononuclear B cells.
Use of commercially available T1117 (tocrifluor 1117) (Fig. 4; Table 3) was first reported in 2008 (Daly et al., 2008). T1117 was developed by linking AM251 [a CB1 receptor–selective inverse agonist, IC50 = 4 ± 1 nM (Gatley et al., 1997)] to a tetramethylrhodamine fluorophore. There are conflicting reports regarding pharmacological characterization—early studies reported T1117 to bind to GPR55 (increased Ca2+ response in HEK293 cells expressing GPR55) with only weak affinity at CB1 receptor (Daly et al., 2010). However, in a different study, T1117 exhibited moderate binding at CB1 receptor (Kd = 460 ± 80 nM at rCB1) and was used in a CB1 receptor competition-binding assay (Bruno et al., 2014). The fluorescence of T1117 was quenched upon CB1 receptor binding and restored upon displacement by unlabeled test compounds. T1117 was then used as the competitive tracer in a binding assay, providing IC50 values for anandamide and AM251 in agreement with literature values. Bruno et al. (2014) further demonstrated utility of T1117 as a drug discovery tool by the appropriate identification of the CB1 receptor allosteric ligand ORG27569 (Fig. 6). However, use of T1117 to study CB1 receptor in native cell environments is limited, as it exhibits nonspecific binding to membrane most likely due to high lipophilicity (Bruno et al., 2014). This limitation is probe specific and not a general feature of fluorescent ligands, as demonstrated by fluorescent ligands for FFA1 receptor (discussed in this work) and for other class A GPCRs (reviewed in Vernall et al., 2014) that can be used to study GPCRs in native cell environments.
CB receptor agonists HU210 and HU308 were derivatized with a biotin tag at the ethoxy position, suitable for subsequent in situ conjugation to a fluorophore (Martín-Couce et al., 2012). The biotin-derivatized HU210-1 exhibited high affinity but little subtype selectivity for CB receptors, whereas biotin-derivatized HU308-3 exhibited selectivity for CB2 receptor (Fig. 4; Table 3). Endogenous CB1 and CB2 receptor expression was studied in neurons and microglia using biotin-HU210-1 and biotin-HU308-3 by addition of streptavidin-Alexa488 fluorophore, and receptor-specific binding was then confirmed by using unlabeled HU210. Martín-Couce et al. (2012) also used biotin-HU210-1 in flow cytometry to study CB receptor expression in the monocytic cell line THP-1 at the single-cell level. The same research group has used biotin-HU210-1 in conjugation with streptavidin-Alexa488 to show there is high CB1 receptor expression in B, T, plasmacytoid dendritic, and myeloid dendritic cells from donors with allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, or food allergies (Martin-Fontecha et al., 2014).
Recently, within the space of a few months, there were three independent reports of fluorescent ligands for FFA1 receptor. In one of these reports, fluorescent ligands based on the TUG-770 or TUG-905 pharmacophore linked to a NBD fluorophore were constructed (Christiansen et al., 2016). Of these, TUG-905-NBD-4 (Fig. 5; Table 3) showed only a small reduction in potency compared with TUG-905 and retained FFA1 receptor agonism. A BRET assay paired with NanoLuciferase-tagged FFA1 receptor was established using TUG-905-NBD-4, with low levels of nonspecific fluorescence allowing for measurement of ligand kinetic parameters, and also a robust competition-binding assay was established. In a different study, a fluorescein-conjugated TAK-875 (Fig. 1) ligand (F-TAK-875A) (Fig. 5; Table 3) was synthesized as a racemic mixture and used in flow cytometry competition assays, which showed that FFA carbon-chain length was correlated with binding potency to FFA1 receptor (Ren et al., 2016). In the third report, Bertrand et al. (2016b) synthesized and evaluated a series of TAK-875-linker–fluorophore conjugates containing different types of linkers and fluorophores. In live cells overexpressing hFFA1 receptor, the lead probe TAK-875-Alexa488-16 (Fig. 5; Table 3) showed specific labeling of FFA1 receptor. This fluorescent agonist may prove especially valuable for studying dynamic receptor processes as 90-minute postincubation fluorescent internalization was observed. Endogenously expressed FFA1 receptor in pancreatic β cells was then visualized using a combination of TAK-875-Alexa488-16 and an Alexa488 antibody to amplify the signal. These reports collectively highlight the importance of both linker position and physicochemical properties for a successful fluorescent imaging tool. All three of these reports were based on a FFA1 receptor–selective parent pharmacophore (TAK-875 or TUG-905 core); however, the affinity and/or function of the fluorescent tool at the other FFA receptors were not provided, and it can be predicted, but not assumed, that the fluorescent tool and parent pharmacophore have a comparable receptor subtype selectivity profile.
FFA and prostanoid receptor fluorescent tools.
To our knowledge, the only report of high-affinity synthetic ligand fluorescent conjugates for prostanoid, leukotriene, PAF, or GBPA receptors is by Tomasch et al. (2012), who synthesized a series of cinnamic acid antagonists containing various fluorophores. The most promising fluorescent compound when accounting for both EP3 receptor affinity and a desirable emission wavelength above that of tissue autofluorescence was pyryllium-labeled cinnamon acid derivative 8 (Fig. 5; Table 3). Although with approximately threefold reduced affinity for EP3 receptor compared with the parent, nonfluorescent pharmacophore, in different cell lines with respective recombinant EP1–4 receptor subtypes, eight showed selectivity for EP3 receptor over EP1 (550-fold), EP2 (24-fold), and EP4 receptor (sevenfold). Labeling of EP3 receptors in HT-29 cells using eight was demonstrated, with binding determined as specific by displacement of eight with excess nonfluorescent selective EP3 receptor ligand. Further utility of eight was demonstrated in murine kidney, human brain tissue, and human platelets, with the authors commenting that future studies will aim to improve EP3 over EP4 receptor selectivity.
In the same body of work reporting photoactivatable ginkgolide derivatives as PAF receptor tools (Photoactivatable Covalent Tools), two ginkgolide derivatives tagged with a dansyl fluorophore at different positions were reported (Strømgaard et al., 2002). The most promising of these fluorescent conjugates had moderate PAF receptor affinity [Ki = 0.96 µM, guinea pig (gp) PAF]; however, it was not evaluated further for PAF receptor fluorescent labeling or photoactivated covalent binding. Nevertheless, future development of fluorescently tagged ginkgolide derivatives as fluorescent tools may prove useful for PAF receptor interrogation.
2. Near-Infrared Wavelength Fluorescent Tools for In Vivo Imaging.
Both the optical properties of tissues, including endogenous chemical components present, and choice of fluorophore can influence the depth that a suitable signal-to-noise fluorescent signal can be detected in vivo (reviewed in Pansare et al., 2012; Hong et al., 2017). Longer wavelength fluorophores such as those in the near-infrared (NIR) region (700–900 nm) and the now termed NIR-II region (1000–1700 nm) are well suited to in vivo imaging and typically can be detected at a tissue depth of up to 5–7 mm with good signal-to-noise resolution. As is the case with in vivo radioligands, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the tool in relation to the intended use need to be considered, along with careful characterization of in vivo versus in vitro selectivity.
There has been particular interest surrounding in vitro use/characterization and also in vivo use of NIR fluorescent tools to study CB2 receptor expression in malignant tumors. Synthesis of selective CB2 receptor SR144528 derivatives with linkers introduced to the pyrazole or 4-chloro phenyl position abolished CB2 receptor–binding affinity; however, incorporation of a linker at the benzylic position was more successful, resulting in the SR144528 linker derivative mbc94 (Ki = 15 nM at mCB2) (Fig. 4) (Bai et al., 2008; Sexton et al., 2011). Attachment of the fluorescent IRDye 800CW to mbc94 to give NIR-mbc94 (Fig. 4; Table 3) led to some loss in affinity (Ki = 260 nM at mCB2). This fluorescent tool was successfully used in a multiwell high throughput screening assay using intact CB2-mid delayed brain tumor (DBT) cells (mouse DBT cells transfected with CB2 receptor); however, imaging experiments using primary microglia cells revealed a high level of NIR-mbc94–nonspecific binding (Sexton et al., 2011).
The same group of researchers developed NIR760-mbc94 (Fig. 4; Table 3) using the same CB2 receptor pharmacophore-linker mbc94 but a different fluorophore (NIR760) (Zhang et al., 2013). When CB2-mid DBT cells were incubated with NIR760-mbc94 in the presence and absence of the control nonfluorescent pharmacophore SR145528, the fluorescent intensity was reduced by only 40% compared with the control, indicating some nonspecific binding of the fluorescent tool, which the authors suggested was due to nonspecific protein binding because NIR760-mbc94 has a net negative charge. In a cancer model, CB2-mid DBT cells were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of healthy mice, and tumors were allowed to develop for 10 days. Zhang et al. (2015) then injected mice with NIR760-mbc94 and observed fluorescence on the whole body, followed by tumor-specific localization 48–72 hours postinjection. Injection with SR144528 1 hour prior to NIR760-mbc94 was carried out to determine specific CB2 receptor binding of NIR760-mbc94, and after 72 hours a 31% reduction in fluorescence of the tumor area/normal area ratio was observed. As CB2 receptor plays an important role in inflammation, this fluorescent tool has also been used for in vivo imaging of mCB2 receptor expression in a complete Freund’s adjuvant–induced inflammation mouse model (Zhang et al., 2015). Low specific binding of NIR760-mbc94 was observed with inflammation-specific fluorescence visible only 36 hours postinjection.
The same group of researchers then conjugated a quinolone-based ligand with the NIR760 fluorophore to give NIR760-Q (Fig. 4; Table 3) (Wu et al., 2014b). Nonspecific binding was observed in experiments with Jurkat cells in the presence of the unlabeled control ligand 4Q3C, which the authors suggest may be due to the total negative charge of NIR760. The same research group subsequently developed the zwitterionic NIR-fluorophore–containing ZW760-mbc94 (Fig. 4; Table 3) (Wu et al., 2014a). Specificity of ZW760-mbc94 for CB2 receptor was determined in vitro by incubating CB2-mid DBT cells in the absence or presence of the unlabeled control ligand 4Q3C, which afforded a 50% reduction in fluorescence intensity. This is a moderate improvement compared with negatively charged NIR760-mbc94, and development of fluorescent tools with improved in vivo selective binding is an ongoing challenge. The fluorescent tool ZW760-mbc94 was further evaluated by injection into mice 10 days after CB2-mid DBT cell inoculation in the right flank, and images showed high fluorescence in the liver as well as fluorescence throughout the whole body that persisted 72 hours after ZW760-mbc94 injection. Ex vivo analysis revealed mice treated with the control blocking ligand 4Q3C showed a 47% reduced tumor:normal tissue fluorescence ratio ascompared to ZW760-mbc94–treated mice without blocking ligand, indicating some observed fluorescence was CB2 receptor-dependent.
Another fluorescent tool developed by the same research group is NIR760-XLP6 (Fig. 4; Table 3), which consists of a pyrazolopyrimidine pharmacophore conjugated via a linker to the NIR760 fluorophore (Ling et al., 2015). Experiments were carried out to determine in vivo receptor selectivity, which showed higher fluorescence (40% higher) in mice with CB2-mid DBT tumors as compared with CB1-mid DBT (DBT cells transfected with CB1 receptor) tumors. This research group has also developed a CB2 receptor–targeted photosensitizer IR700DX-mbc94 (Fig. 4; Table 3) by attaching a NIR fluorophore, IR700DX, to mcb94 (Zhang et al., 2014). In vivo experiments in mice revealed that IR700DX-mbc94 inhibited growth of CB2 receptor–positive tumors following light (wavelength 670–710 nm) irradiation, but not that of the CB2 receptor-negative tumors (Jia et al., 2014). This is an interesting novel approach to treating tumors overexpressing CB2 receptor. A patent application (Bornhop et al., 2013) has been published by the same group of researchers that describes the use of SR144528 derivatives tethered to an IRDye800CW fluorophore, a topoisomerase inhibitor (such as etoposide), and a gadolinium chelate. The potential applications of these SR144528 derivatives claimed by the patent include use as a molecular imaging tool and as a targeted drug delivery system.
The development and use of fluorescent tools for GPCRs are a rapidly developing field. There are several reports of selective CB2 receptor fluorescent tools; however, there is a lack of selective CB1 receptor fluorescent tools, and no doubt this is an area of intensive research. Selective fluorescent tools for the other FFA, S1P, LPA, prostanoid, leukotriene, PAF, and GPBA receptors based on synthetic pharmacophores will most likely be developed in the future, which will facilitate some exciting biologic experiments.
IV. Covalent Tools
A covalent ligand (or affinity label) is a tool that, once in place at the target receptor, is able to form a covalent bond with one or more amino acid side chains located at or near the ligand binding site (Weichert and Gmeiner, 2015). Covalent tools should ideally be able to first interact with the receptor noncovalently with high affinity and then engage in a controllable and/or specific reaction(s). High affinity will increase the concentration of covalent ligand at the binding site and therefore increase covalent labeling.
Covalent tools can be classified as photoactivatable and/or electrophilic, each of which can be irreversible or reversible. Photoactivatable ligands (or photoaffinity labels) possess a chemically inert moiety such as an azide or benzophenone that can be irradiated to a highly reactive nitrene or biradical, which can form a covalent bond with a nearby amino acid. Electrophilic ligands contain a reactive electrophilic functional group that can react with a nucleophilic amino acid side chain to form a covalent bond. Investigating affinity and specificity for the target receptor, as well as stability of the covalent ligand, is important for the validation of a covalent probe. Covalent binding is usually quantified using a radioligand-binding assay by calculating the decrease in radioligand Bmax after incubation of receptors with the covalent ligand and washing to remove unreacted ligand (Picone et al., 2002). There has been reinvigorated interest in covalent drugs (Singh et al., 2011; Nussinov and Tsai, 2015) and studying the kinetics of irreversible and reversible covalent ligand binding. A number of studies have investigated potency and modulation of drug–protein residence times by adjusting the covalent reactivity of drugs such as kinase inhibitors (Flanagan et al., 2014; Krishnan et al., 2014; Bradshaw et al., 2015), a concept that is also applicable to covalent tools for GPCRs.
B. Applications of Covalent Tools
Covalently linked tools have been used to investigate key amino acid residues involved in ligand binding and receptor activation, as well as in receptor-signaling studies and in vivo physiologic research. When combined with in silico modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, covalent tools can enable characterization of the spatial orientation and topography of receptor ligand binding site(s). Indeed, covalent tools have been employed in the mapping of ligand binding sites of dopamine transporters (Vaughan et al., 2005), GPCRs such as α2-adrenoceptor (Matsui et al., 1989) and adenosine receptor (Kennedy et al., 1996), and enzymes such as the 2-AG–deactivating monoacylglycerol lipase (Zvonok et al., 2008). A covalent ligand–receptor interaction has aided in the isolation and purification of other class A GPCR subtypes (Dohlman et al., 1988) and improved receptor stability for GPCR X-ray crystal structure determination (Palczewski et al., 2000; Choe et al., 2011). Covalent ligands have also been useful in establishing the receptor targets of biologically active compounds (Sumranjit and Chung, 2013).
Antibodies, peptide sequencing, or mass spectrometry is often used to analyze a covalent ligand–GPCR complex. By comparison with fluorescent ligands and radioligands, covalent tools discussed in this work do not possess the functionality for direct use in imaging studies and for the most part have been used in cell-based studies. When designing an in vivo covalent ligand, it is important to consider the safety profile of irreversible binding, as off-target interactions could result in, for example, potentially immunogenic extracellular protein–ligand adducts (Johnson et al., 2010).
There are numerous reports of the utility of covalent tools for CB receptors and to a lesser extent leukotriene, prostanoid, and PAF receptors; however, to date there have been no reports of covalent ligands for FFA, S1P, or LPA receptors. A large number of covalent tools based on classic, nonclassic, and ECB CB receptor scaffolds have been developed by the Makriyannis group (ligands named with the prefix “AM”). Their approach, termed ligand-assisted protein structure, is to develop a range of ligands with various reactive moieties at different ligand positions to elucidate the role of different receptor amino acid side chains, thus characterizing the ligand binding site of CB receptor (Picone et al., 2002).
1. Photoactivatable Covalent Tools.
The most commonly used inert groups capable of photoactivation are azides, benzophenones, and diazirines. An advantage of photoactivated ligands is that the highly reactive species generated in situ is able to form a covalent bond with any amino acid nearby, compared with electrophilic covalent ligands that are limited to reaction with only one or two nucleophilic amino acid side chains (Sumranjit and Chung, 2013). The highly reactive species generated can covalently bind to the receptors through insertion into bonds (e.g., C-H) in the peptide backbone and amino acid side chains (Cavalla and Neff, 1985). Desirable properties of a photoactivated ligand include high receptor affinity, activatable at a wavelength that does not cause damage to the target receptor or biosystem, the generation of a reactive group with a short lifetime, indiscriminate or finely-tuned formation of a covalent bond with any nearby amino acid, and formation of a stable irreversible adduct (Vodovozova, 2007).
Initial efforts to develop covalent tools for CB receptors focused on analogs of ∆8-THC, which has a similar affinity for CB1 receptor, but is more stable than the naturally more prevalent ∆9-THC isomer. A photoactivatable azido group was positioned at the THC aliphatic chain terminus, as SAR showed this position to be tolerant of bulky groups (Charalambous et al., 1992). This ligand, 5′azido-∆8-THC AM91 (Fig. 6; Table 4), exhibited approximately twofold increased affinity to that of ∆8-THC (Ki = 35 ± 11 nM at rCB1). AM91 was developed shortly after cloning of CB1 receptor with the intention of aiding receptor isolation and characterization and was a prototype for the next generation of photoactivatable ligands. Increasing interest in CB receptors and the need for tools to identify receptor subtypes and enable receptor isolation, purification, and characterization drove the development of subsequent CB receptor covalent tools.
CB receptor photoactivatable, electrophilic, and bifunctional covalent tools.
CB, leukotriene, prostanoid, and PAF receptor covalent ligands
The same research group radioiodinated AM91 by introducing [125I] ortho to the phenolic group to give 2-iodo-5′azido-∆8-THC (2-[125I]-AM91) (Fig. 6; Table 4) (Burstein et al., 1991). The 2-[125I]-AM91, equilibrated with tissue and exposed to UV light to induce azide to nitrene conversion, could detect CB receptor expression in mouse cerebral cortex (Kd = 5.60 pM) and mouse lymphoma cells (Kd = 9.38 pM). Samples of mouse brain analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography showed formation of a covalent bond between ligand and CB receptor. This experiment provided the earliest evidence of a covalent ligand–CB receptor entity and provided a clue to the existence of receptor subtypes as a fainter, lower molecular weight band on the gel was also observed. This other band was later shown to be CB2 receptor (Makriyannis, 2014).
Distinct chemical classes of photoaffinity labels can provide insight into the ligand-binding mode and the topography of the CB receptor ligand binding site(s). A series of photoactivatable CB receptor ligands featuring a heteroaroyl group at C3 in place of an alkyl chain were synthesized, including a CB2 receptor–selective 3-benzothiophenyl-derivative AM967 (Ki = 34.2 nM at mCB2, 124.8 nM at hCB2, 1254 nM at rCB1) (Fig. 6; Table 4) (Dixon et al., 2012). Photolysis of aryl phenones with UV light at approximately 350 nm generates a highly reactive triplet-state ketone intermediate, which can form covalent bonds through insertion in C-H bonds (Vodovozova, 2007). Receptor photolabeling of CB2 receptor using AM967 was measured at 67% (reduction in specific binding of [3H]CP-55,940) in HEK293 membrane preparations expressing mCB2 receptor (Dixon et al., 2012). This covalent series provided interesting SAR data on heteroaroyl-containing CB2 receptor ligands. Future experiments with AM967 could elucidate key amino acids specifically involved in the binding of arylphenone analogs, expanding the structural understanding of CB2 receptor and further enabling structure-based design of subtype-selective drugs.
The classic CB-based tool AM993, which has a C3 adamantyl group, has been synthesized to inform receptor molecular recognition of this fixed conformation adamantyl moiety (Ogawa et al., 2015). AM993 (Fig. 6; Table 4) behaved as an agonist at rCB1 receptor with an EC50 = 2.4 nM and Emax = 45% and as a neutral antagonist at hCB2 receptor. Successful covalent labeling of CB receptors following pretreatment with 10-fold above the Ki of AM993 was demonstrated with a 67% reduction in specific binding of [3H]CP-55,940 at rCB1 and a 60% reduction at hCB2 receptor. A series of electrophilic and photoactivatable aryl pyrazole compounds based on the high-affinity CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant have been developed (Howlett et al., 2000). However, most of these compounds did not maintain the affinity of the parent compound, and the best in this series irreversibly labeled rCB1 receptor at IC50 = 28 nM. Modified ECBs have also been developed as CB receptor covalent ligands. AM3661 is based on the structure of AEA and incorporates a cyclopropylamide moiety at the head group for improved CB1 affinity and a photoactivatable azide at the terminal alkyl chain. AM3661 (Fig. 6; Table 4) was shown to irreversibly label 68% of rCB1 receptor when used at 18 nM (Li et al., 2005). Binding assays were carried out in the presence of a serine protease inhibitor to avoid AM3661 hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzyme in ECB metabolism. ECB-based covalent tools can be used to reveal key information regarding the binding and signaling of AEA and 2-AG as well as ECB-like ligands.
There are also a number of CB receptor photoactivatable tools reported in review literature but without published primary experimental data, which are summarized below. The tool 7′-N3-1′,1′-dimethylheptyl-∆8-THC, the 1′-geminal dimethyl and seven carbon aliphatic chain analog of AM91, was reported to give improved affinity (Ki = 0.4 nM at CB1) compared with AM91 (Picone et al., 2002). This improved affinity would be advantageous when working in native cell lines with low CB receptor expression. The (-)-11-hydroxy-7′azido-∆8-THC (AM836) was ascribed an IC50 = 0.16 nM at CB1 receptor (Palmer et al., 2002; Thakur et al., 2005). Two tools containing an azido instead of the 10-methyl of 1′,1′-dimethylheptylhexahydrocannabinol have been reported. AM869 contains an iodide at the terminus of the seven-carbon chain (Ki = 0.67 nM at CB1, 0.72 nM at CB2), whereas AM1708 has both an alkene and 125I at the terminus of the alkyl chain (Ki = 0.8 nM at CB1, 0.85 nM at CB2) (Khanolkar et al., 2000).
Initial characterization of CysLT1 receptor was aided by a radioiodinated photoactivatable azido analog of LTD4. [125I]-azido-LTD4 [Ki = 1.7 nM (nonradioactive analog)] (Fig. 7; Table 4) was able to selectively covalently label a 45-kDa protein in guinea pig lung membranes (Metters and Zamboni, 1993). LTD4, LTE4, LTC4, and MK-0571 (a CysLT1 antagonist) were able to inhibit the photolabeling of the 45-kDa protein by [125I]-azido-LTD4 with similar potencies to their IC50 values at CysLT1 receptor, providing evidence that this protein is CysLT1 receptor. However, [125I]-azido-LTD4 was also found to nonselectively label guinea pig serum albumin. Subsequently, the more synthetically accessible photoaffinity probe [125I]-L-745310, an analog of CysLT1 receptor antagonist montelukast, containing a trifluoromethyl diazirine as the photoactivatable group, was developed (Fig. 7; Table 4) (Gallant et al., 1998). The reactive carbene generated upon protolysis (350 nm) of the diazirine can insert into C-H bonds. [125I]-L-745310 was able to label the same 45-kDa protein in guinea pig lung preparations, acting as an antagonist (IC50 = 27 nM, 53 nM at gpCysLT1). High levels of nonspecific labeling were reduced with addition of a detergent and optimization of irradiation time and temperature.
Leukotriene, PAF, and prostanoid receptor photoactivatable covalent tools.
The endogenous leukotrienes possess some innate photoactivatable labeling properties due to the presence of conjugated double bonds, and this has been exploited (Falk et al., 1989; Müller et al., 1991; Slipetz et al., 1993; Nicosia et al., 1995). However, this process requires cryofixation of the receptor–ligand complex to reduce significant nonspecific labeling.
Photoactivatable peptidoleukotriene analogs for CysLT2 receptor have been developed, containing either 7Z,9E or 7E,9E dienic moieties in an effort to improve stability of the endogenous leukotrienes (Klotz et al., 1993). The aryldiazonium-substituted dienic LTD4 derivatives (Fig. 7; Table 4) showed greater selectivity for CysLT2 receptor than the less potent arylazido derivatives. In addition, irradiation of the azido analogs at 245 nm overlaps with the absorption of the dienic moiety (235 nm), resulting in simultaneous decomposition of both azide and diene, whereas only a single reactive species is produced when the diazonium analogs are irradiated at 360 nm.
Characterization of PAF receptor was aided by a similar approach using [125I]AAGP, a photoactivatable, radiolabeled derivative of PAF (Fig. 7; Table 4) (Chau et al., 1989). [125I]AAGP showed saturable, high-affinity binding in rabbit platelet membranes (Kd = 2.4 ± 0.7 nM, Bmax = 1.1 ± 0.2 pmol/mg; EC50 of nonradioactive analog = 3.2 ± 1.9 nM), and photolabeling identified a protein of 52 kDa as the PAF receptor. In another study, a series of ginkgolide B and ginkgolide C derivatives were synthesized containing varying photoactivatable groups (Strømgaard et al., 2002). These were all found to act as antagonists at PAF receptor with the highest affinity compound a ginkgolide B derivative containing a tetrafluorophenylazide (Ki = 90 nM at gpPAF) (Fig. 7; Table 4) and being more potent than ginkgolide B (Ki = 0.56 µM at gpPAF receptor). This ligand could potentially be used to investigate ginkgolide interactions with PAF receptor; however, as yet covalent binding has not been demonstrated.
The first prostanoid receptor covalent tool developed was a diazonium salt of 9,11-dimethylmethano-11,12-methano-16-(4-aminophenoxy)13,14-dihydro-13-aza-15 alpha beta-omega-tetranor TXA2, PTA-POA, which was shown to irreversibly bind to hTP receptor, but affinity was unable to be determined (Mais et al., 1986). An iodinated azide derivative of 13-azaprostanoic acid, I-APA-PhN3 (Fig. 7; Table 4), was able to irreversibly bind TP receptor with moderate affinity (Ki = 290 nM at hTP) and irreversibly inhibit human platelet aggregation (Arora et al., 1987; Kattelman et al., 1987). The TP receptor photoaffinity probe, [125I]PTA-azido (Fig. 7; Table 4), had good affinity (Kd = 11 nM at hTP) and was able to label three protein bands of 43, 39, and 27 kDa, but it was not clear which of these was TP receptor (Mais et al., 1989). [125I]PTA-azido was used to determine the isoelectric point of TP receptor (Mais and Halushka, 1989).
Another TP receptor photoaffinity probe, I-PTA-PON3 (Fig. 7; Table 4), was used to inhibit human platelet aggregation and irreversibly label hTP receptor (Mais et al., 1990). A radioiodinated photoaffinity probe [125I]SAP-N3 (Fig. 7; Table 4) irreversibly labeled human platelet TP receptor with high affinity (Mais et al., 1991). [125I]SAP-N3 was used with SDS-PAGE autoradiography to identify TP receptor with a molecular weight of 50–51 kDa, and subsequent digestion of this photoaffinity-labeled receptor identified two N-linked glycosylation sites (Mais et al., 1992). Proteolytic cleavage studies of purified, [125I]SAP-N3–labeled TP receptor were carried out to localize the ligand binding domain to amino acids 99–192 (True and Mais, 1994).
A PGI2 analog, [3H]APNIC (Fig. 7; Table 4), was used to characterize IP receptor. [3H]APNIC had good affinity (Kd = 4.7 nM, Bmax 0.58 pmol/mg protein, mouse mastocytoma P-815 cells) and photolabeled IP receptor with good efficiency (80% of specific binding of [3H]APNIC at 13 nM), and was able to identify a 43-kDa protein in mouse mastocytoma and a 45-kDa protein in porcine platelets as IP receptor (Ito et al., 1992; Suzuki et al., 1992).
A moderate affinity azidophenacyl ester of PGE2 (azido-PGE2) (Fig. 7; Table 4) was synthesized for use as a tool to isolate and identify EP receptor (Michalak et al., 1990). The radiolabeled analog, [3H]azido-PGE2, was able to covalently label a protein of 100 kDa in isolated bovine cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles, and this photolabeling could be inhibited with excess unlabeled PGE2 and azido-PGE2. Another EP receptor photoaffinity probe has been reported, (15S)-17-(4-azidophenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin E2, which had moderate receptor affinity (IC50 = 300 nM chicken spinal cord EP receptor), but covalent binding was not demonstrated (Kawada et al., 1991). A series of photoactivatable PGF2α derivatives were synthesized with the purpose of developing an FP receptor probe. The highest affinity derivative in the series had a Ki of 49 nM (ovine luteal cells); however, covalent binding wasn’t demonstrated (Golinski et al., 1992).
A number of other photoactivatable ligands have been developed for lipid-binding receptors that, due to low-moderate affinity, will have limited utility as covalent tools, but may still have some application. For instance, labeling with moderate affinity aryl azide LTB4 derivative photoaffinity probe 4bα (IC50 = 0.7 µM at hLTB41) (Fig. 7; Table 4) was carried out in conjunction with amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry to determine the binding residues as Cys 97, Ser 100, Met 101, and Ser 104 of TM-III and Trp 234 and Tyr 237 in TM-VI, providing initial characterization of the LTB41 receptor ligand binding site (Durand et al., 2000).
2. Electrophilic Covalent Ligands.
A variety of reactive moieties has been used in covalent labels for class A GPCRs, including isothiocyanates, halomethylketones, reactive thiols, Michael acceptors, and nitrogen mustards (Weichert and Gmeiner, 2015). The isothiocyanate is a popular choice for electrophilic tools as it is readily prepared from primary amines (Wong and Dolman, 2007), is stable in water, but is reactive with amino acids containing a thiol, imidazole, or amine under physiologic conditions (Guo et al., 1994).
AM708 and the closely related analog 7′-NCS-DMH-THC were the first two high-affinity electrophilic covalent ligands reported for CB1 receptor (Fig. 6; Table 4). Affinity of AM708 (IC50 = 1.6 ± 0.3 nM at rCB1) was measured with a [3H]CP-55,940 displacement assay (Guo et al., 1994). Treatment with 10 nM AM708 led to 80% reduction in the available rCB1 receptor binding sites, whereas 100 nM treatment practically depleted all the rCB1 receptor binding sites. Time- and AM708 concentration-dependent irreversible ligand–CB receptor binding was demonstrated for the first time. Guo et al. (1994) postulated that there must be an amine, thiol, or imidazole amino acid side chain present in the CB receptor binding site to which the covalent ligand bound. The more hydrophobic 7′-NCS-DMH-THC (IC50 = 0.66 nM at rCB1) demonstrated irreversible binding with incubation at five times the apparent IC50 leading to an 83% reduction in specific binding of [3H]CP-55,940 at rCB1 receptor (Morse et al., 1995). Taking all evidence into account, it was postulated that covalent binding of AM708 and 7′-NCS-DMH-THC indicates the likelihood of a lysine or cysteine residue in proximity to the alkyl side chain terminus in the CB1 receptor–binding pocket (Picone et al., 2002). The CB receptor ligand AM960 (Fig. 6) [IC50 = 25 nM at rCB1 (preliminary biologic experiment, no further full experiment reported)] was designed in an effort to introduce an iodo group while maintaining the covalent binding ability of AM708 (Chu et al., 2003). Incorporation of a C6 3-iodopropyne group was informed by previous SAR showing that an iodopropyl group at this position conferred high affinity and the iodo group offers potential for [125I] radiolabeling.
Concurrent use of covalent ligands and site-directed mutagenesis is a powerful way to study ligand-binding orientation and determine which amino acids are involved in binding of a specific ligand. AM841 (Fig. 6; Table 4) was the first CB1 receptor covalent tool to be used in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis and provided important information about ligand activation sites (Picone et al., 2005). It was proposed using CB1 receptor homology modeling and ligand docking that a cysteine residue present on helix 6 C6.47 (residue 355), part of the highly conserved CWXP-binding motif in class A GPCRs, was the most likely site of covalent attachment of AM841. Mutation of Cys C6.47 to Ser, Ala, or Leu to reduce or eliminate the nucleophilicity of residue 355 was carried out to test this hypothesis. The affinity of AM841 for hCB1 C6.47 Ser (Ki = 10.46 ± 0.88 nM) and Ala (Ki = 11.32 ± 0.29 nM) mutants was similar but was reduced for the C6.47 Leu mutant (Ki = 58.09 ± 11.69 nM). In spite of retaining some receptor affinity, AM841 did not irreversibly bind to any of the three mutants. It is therefore worth considering the contribution of measured binding affinity versus covalent bond formation—high ligand affinity is not dependent on covalent bond formation, although measurement can be biased depending on the experiment used to measure Ki. Also of consideration is the effect site-directed mutagenesis has on overall receptor shape/misfolding. In this study, the CB1 receptor global conformation of the mutants is likely to be maintained as it is in the wild-type receptor because AM841 displayed comparable affinity.
There have been multiple studies utilizing AM841 to probe CB receptor structure and function. Pei et al. (2008) used AM841 to demonstrate distinctions in ligand-binding motifs between hCB1 and hCB2 receptor subtypes via complementary site-directed mutagenesis and ligand-docking studies. Mutagenesis of hCB2 receptor indicated that C6.47 is the site of covalent attachment of AM841 and ruled out two cysteines on helix seven, C7.38 and C7.42. Activation of hCB2 receptor by AM841 (leading to inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production) was achieved with much higher potency compared with the noncovalent analog of AM841 (wherein the NCS group is replaced by an H atom) or at hCB1 receptor. The highly conserved CB1 receptor Lys K3.28, which has been shown to be important in recognition of multiple ligands by hCB1 receptor (Song and Bonner, 1996), was demonstrated as having little effect on hCB2 receptor–AM841 binding. Pei et al. (2008) also postulated that AM841 accesses the CB2 receptor–binding pocket through the lipid bilayer (discussed in Leukotriene Receptor). Despite a potential lipid bilayer entry, covalent ligands such as AM841 are thought unlikely to bind to random nucleophilic amino acids as a high-affinity binding interaction needs to occur before significant covalent labeling can occur. This specific covalent reactivity can be shown using mass spectrometry, as demonstrated by Szymanski et al. (2011), who further characterized the covalent interaction of AM841 with hCB2 receptor residue C6.47. Multiple reaction mass spectrometry monitoring showed that covalent modification of hCB2 receptor by AM841 was exclusive to TMH6, and high-resolution mass spectrometry of the TMH6 tryptic peptide confirmed this covalent labeling to be selective for C6.47 (Szymanski et al., 2011). This report shows the power of combining mass spectrometry–based proteomics and site-directed covalent labeling in the elucidation of GPCR ligand binding sites. Taken together, this information provides valuable insight into CB receptor ligand-binding pocket(s) and requirements for high-affinity, selective ligand design.
Highly specific and potent covalent ligands have also been used to investigate the physiologic and pathophysiological roles of GPCRs. AM841 has been used in an in vivo study of inflammatory bowel disease to show the involvement of both central and peripheral mCB1 and mCB2 receptors in the anti-inflammatory action of cannabinoids (Fichna et al., 2014). The utility of AM841 in research and therapeutics has been further demonstrated by examining gastrointestinal motility in healthy and stressed mice (Keenan et al., 2015). In this study, AM841 was found to act as a peripherally restricted ligand, normalizing accelerated gastrointestinal motility through action on CB1 receptor in the small and large intestine. These studies demonstrate the therapeutic potential of covalent ligands such as AM841. It would be interesting to see what the equivalent noncovalent ligand would do in the same experiments to dissect the importance of the covalent attachment in the observed therapeutic effects.
An electrophilic adamantyl-substituted covalent tool (AM994) (Fig. 6; Table 4) has also been developed with good affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, which behaved as an agonist at rCB1 receptor and an inverse agonist at hCB2 receptor (Ogawa et al., 2015). Successful labeling of CB receptor following pretreatment with 10-fold the Ki of AM994 was demonstrated with a 63% reduction in specific binding of [3H]CP-55,940 at rCB1 receptor and a 74% reduction at hCB2 receptor.
The same research group that developed photoactivatable AM3661 has also synthesized an isothiocyanate-functionalized AEA tool AM3677 (Fig. 6; Table 4), which irreversibly labels 58% of rCB1 receptor when used at 26 nM (binding assays carried out in presence of serine protease inhibitor as with AM3661) (Li et al., 2005). Further structural and functional profiling was carried out by Janero et al. (2015), which showed that AM3677 forms a covalent bond to hCB1 C6.47. AM3677 was found to function as an agonist, inhibiting cellular cAMP formation and stimulating irreversible internalization of rCB1 receptor. The authors propose AM3677 could be used as a tool in the study of ECB-induced CB1 receptor activation and associated signaling.
Functionalization of a known biarylpyrazole (AM6731) with an isothiocyanate group generated AM1336 (Fig. 6; Table 4), a covalent hCB2 receptor inverse agonist (Mercier et al., 2010). AM1336 irreversibly bound 60% of available hCB2 receptor when administered at 5.4 nM. Mutation of Cys to Ala or Ser at single and multiple points in hCB2 receptor and analysis using tool AM1336 revealed two residues in TMH7 (C7.38 residue 284 and C7.42 residue 288) as key for inverse agonist binding. C1.39 (residue 40) of TMH1 was also found to modulate hCB2 receptor ligand affinity, and residue C137 from intercellular loop 2 was shown to affect the maximum efficacy of AM1336.
Exploration of the aminoalkylindole CB chemical scaffold as an electrophilic ligand has been carried out with synthesis of analogs containing an isothiocyanate on the indole ring or at various C3 naphthyl positions (Yamada et al., 1996). The most potent derivative (isothiocyanate 12) (Fig. 6; Table 4), containing indole 6-isothiocyanate substitution, demonstrated irreversible binding at sixfold the IC50 with 70% reduction in specific binding of [3H]CP-55,940 at rCB1 receptor. This depletion of [3H]CP-55,940 binding indicates that the aminoalkylindole class and nonclassic CBs (e.g., CP-55,940) may have overlapping binding sites.
Due to the psychotropic side effects associated with direct CB1 receptor activation, alternative CB drug development strategies have been investigated. One area of promise is allosteric modulators, potentially allowing more efficacious control of downstream signaling effects. However, improved knowledge of any CB1 receptor allosteric site(s) is critical to drug development. To this end, Kulkarni et al. (2016) have recently developed the covalent CB1 receptor ligand GAT100 (Fig. 6; Table 4), by replacement of the chloro moiety of allosteric CB1 receptor allosteric ligand ORG27569 (Fig. 6) with an isothiocyanate group. Further in-depth characterization showed GAT100 is a negative allosteric modulator of CP-55,940 (Fig. 1), AEA, and 2-AG across several signaling pathways and may interact with key residue C7.38(382) of CB1 receptor (Laprairie et al., 2016). It will be very interesting to see what structural knowledge of the CB1 receptor allosteric site is gleaned by future use of this tool.
Methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate has been shown to act as an irreversible inhibitor of CB1 receptor (IC50 = 20 nM at rCB1) (Fig. 6; Table 4), preventing subsequent binding of CP-55,940 and reducing the maximal responses of agonists WIN 55,212-2 and CP-55,940 (Deutsch et al., 1997; Fernando and Pertwee, 1997). Methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, which is also a potent irreversible antagonist of FAAH (IC50 = 2.5 nM at rFAAH), acts as a phosphonylation agent as the electrophilic fluorophosphonate group can covalently label nucleophilic residues such as serine.
There is a lack of electrophilic covalent probes for the other fatty acid–binding class A GPCRs when compared with CB receptors. An attempt at an electrophilic covalent ligand for the putative prostamide receptor(s) was made; however, biologic data have not yet been published (Shelnut et al., 2015).
3. Bifunctional Covalent Ligands.
Bifunctional ligands with two reactive/photoactivatable functional groups are capable of forming two covalent bonds to one receptor. To this end, the homobifunctional ligand AM5823 with two isothiocyanate groups and the heterobifunctional ligand AM5822 with an isothiocyanate and an azide group have been developed (Fig. 7) (unpublished data) (Makriyannis, 2014). Another bifunctional tool, di-azido AM859, has been reported in a review (Ki = 1.6 nM at CB1, 2.65 nM at CB2) (unpublished primary experimental data) (Khanolkar et al., 2000). It is hoped that this approach will provide greater spatial accuracy in the classification of CB receptor ligand–binding orientation.
V. Antibodies
An antibody (or immunoglobulin) is a heterodimer glycoprotein consisting of two amino acid heavy chains and two light chains linked by disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions (Schroeder and Cavacini, 2010). These chains contain a constant sequence region at the C-terminal and a variable sequence region at the N-terminal, the latter of which selectively binds to a particular antigen. Significant obstacles to raising antibodies against membrane-embedded GPCRs include low receptor expression levels and the difficulty in isolating pure receptor in a stable and functionally relevant conformation (Hutchings et al., 2010). Methods are being developed to improve stability and overexpress GPCRs to aid in the production of functional antibodies (for example (Takeda et al., 2015)).
A. Characteristics of Antibodies
Antibodies from a monoclonal source (mAbs) are identical, as they are produced by a single clone of a B cell hybridoma and bind to a single epitope. Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are produced by multiple B lymphocytes and thus are a mix of antibodies with varying affinity and specificity (Ritter, 2000). GPCRs exhibit a high degree of conformational flexibility (particularly in the extracellular loops), and this can impact antibody affinity if an epitope is more or less accessible in a particular conformer (Peeters et al., 2011). The affinity of a mAb toward a GPCR may also be sensitive to receptor conformation, polymorphism, and/or glycosylation state. The affinity of pAbs may be less affected by receptor conformation; however, there may be less specificity for GPCRs compared with mAbs (Lipman et al., 2005), and there can be batch to batch variability. Overall, the affinity, specificity, and reproducibility of mAbs over pAbs are hugely advantageous in the pursuit of reliable and consistent results (Singh et al., 2014).
B. Antibody Limitations
The major limitations with using antibodies as tools for GPCR localization studies are false positives and false negatives. False positives most often occur due to lack of antibody specificity, leading to the recognition of other proteins with similar or identical epitopes (Ivell et al., 2014). False negatives can likewise arise due to low antibody specificity for the target, but can also be caused by epitopes being hidden or in an altered conformation, or by unsuitable sample fixing procedures. In addition, use of antibodies can be especially challenging and unreliable in the study of GPCRs due to very low levels of receptor expression.
CB1 receptor is historically regarded as the CNS CB receptor, whereas CB2 receptor is the peripheral receptor. Reports of neuronal CB2 receptor using antibody-based methods have challenged this notion (reviewed in Atwood and Mackie, 2010); however, there has long been debate in the CB receptor community surrounding the accuracy of reported receptor expression determined solely using antibodies. This fueled a spate of CB2 receptor antibody validation studies (Baek et al., 2013; Cecyre et al., 2014; Marchalant et al., 2014), which showed that whereas many commercially available pAbs have sensitivity for CB2 receptors, often specificity is lacking. Other validation studies have also raised doubts of the specificity of several CB1 receptor pAbs (Grimsey et al., 2008; Morozov et al., 2013), as well as a S1P1 receptor mAb and pAb (Talmont and Moulédous, 2014) and a FFA1 receptor mAb and two pAbs (Teutsch et al., 2014). Together, these validation studies illustrate the importance of complete characterization of tools for the individual applications intended. There are many positive and negative controls available for accurate confirmation of antibody specificity, and these are summarized well elsewhere (Rhodes and Trimmer, 2006; Moser et al., 2007; Bussolati and Leonardo, 2008; Lorincz and Nusser, 2008; Baek et al., 2013).
Antibodies can be purchased from a commercial source or made in-house; however, each option has limitations. Specificity of commercial mAbs and pAbs has been shown to be highly variable (Berglund et al., 2008), so time-consuming, thorough validation of the antibody is necessary to ensure meaningful results. It has been estimated that poor characterization of antibodies costs biomedical research $350 million each year in the United States (Bradbury and Pluckthun, 2015). Some academic groups produce their own antibodies to reliably secure sufficient reagent to complete their study, but this can be expensive and time consuming, with no guarantee of a functioning antibody (Rhodes and Trimmer, 2006). Reproducibility of antibody-based experiments is hampered by an estimated 44% of published articles (in all fields of research) failing to provide enough unique identifiers of the antibody used (i.e., a universal database identifier, or a vendor and catalog number, or protocols for reproduction) (Vasilevsky et al., 2013). There are numerous CB, FFA, S1P, LPA, prostanoid, leukotriene, PAF, and GPBA receptor antibodies available for purchase and a number of comprehensive databases available that detail some of these antibodies (http://www.antibodypedia.com/, http://antibodyregistry.org/ and https://www.citeab.com/). Only the specific details of the antibodies used in the examples cited have been given in this work.
C. Applications of Antibodies
Antibodies have been used to detect and quantify lipid-binding receptors using a variety of techniques such as Western blotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Antibodies have been used to study localization and variation in receptor expression between different tissue types and disease states. Antibodies can be used in conjunction with radioligands to help identify structural motifs key to function, for example, C-EL2Ab and [3H]SQ-29548 described in Applications of Radioligands (Murad et al., 2012). Several recent examples are discussed in this review that demonstrate a range of techniques rather than an exhaustive summary, as the number of studies is extensive.
IHC is commonly used to study CB receptor expression across different cell and tissue types (Bouskila et al., 2013), between healthy and diseased tissue (Allen et al., 2009; Dowie et al., 2014), and in developing predictions of disease severity and outcome (Chung et al., 2009). IHC has also been used to localize GPBA receptor expression (Cipriani et al., 2013), to study CysLT1 receptor expression in Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Schain et al., 2008), and to localize EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, and FP receptor expression in the human ureter (Oll et al., 2012).
Western blotting has been used to study variations in CB receptor expression (Alvaro-Bartolome and Garcia-Sevilla, 2013). IHC and Western blotting have been used to localize FFA1 and FFA4 receptor (Mizuta et al., 2015), FFA3 receptor (Nøhr et al., 2015), and S1P1 receptor expression (Bradaric et al., 2011; Maeda et al., 2014). Using antibodies, localization of elevated S1P1 receptor helped demonstrate that the BBB-protective effects of the traditional antimalarial drug artesunate are mediated through S1P1 receptor signaling (Zuo et al., 2017). In another study, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to show that activation of S1P receptor induces cardiac hypertrophy (Robert et al., 2001). IHC and LPA receptor antibodies have been used as tools to study tissue expression of LPA receptors, for example, on cell membranes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer specimens (where greater LPA1 receptor expression was observed), indicating this could be used as a diagnostic marker (Kataoka et al., 2015).
Machado et al. (2014) used immunofluorescence to monitor CB receptor activation in rat paw using fluorescently labeled CB1 and CB2 receptor antibodies (Proteimax Biotechnology, Cotia, São Paulo, Brazil) that are specific to the activated receptor conformation. This study monitored CB and opioid receptor interactions during treatment with the snake venom peptide crotalphine, concluding that the venom antinociceptive effects were dependent on activation of peripheral CB2 receptor, causing release of dynorphin A and subsequent κ-opioid receptor activation. Immunofluorescence labeling has been used to investigate FFA1 receptor in the medulla oblongata in a study of the role that this receptor plays in pain control mechanisms (Nakamoto et al., 2015). Immunofluorescence has also been used to study EP4 receptor expression in an investigation evaluating the potential of this receptor as a therapeutic target for leukemia and lymphoma (Gobec et al., 2014).
Flow cytometry has been used by Jean-Gilles et al. (2015) to quantify fluorescent antibody (PA1-745 and PA1-744; Affinity Bioreagents, Golden, CO) labeling of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines in MS (Jean-Gilles et al., 2015). Agudelo et al. (2013) also used flow cytometry and primary polyclonal and secondary fluorescein-conjugated antibodies (sc-20754 and sc-25494, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA; 10224, Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, respectively) to quantify CB1, CB2 receptor, and GPR55 to study the effects of alcohol use on immune responses and dendritic cell modulation. This study concluded that alcohol upregulated CB2 receptor and GPR55 in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. IHC and flow cytometry were used to study how variations in anatomic location of B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma can be related to the differential expression of S1P1 and S1P3 receptors (both which control lymphocyte exit from secondary lymphoid organs) and S1P2 receptor (responsible for retention of lymphocytes within germinal centers) (Middle et al., 2015). Flow cytometry was used to investigate reduced LTB41 receptor expression in chronic myeloid leukemia patients (Lucas et al., 2014) and increased LTB42 receptor expression in a study on cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer (Park et al., 2016).
Antibodies labeled with a heavy metal, most commonly gold, can be studied using electron microscopy. For example, the role of CB1 receptor in epilepsy and neurodegenerative disease was examined by labeling first with rabbit polyclonal anti-CB1 (ab23703; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and then with goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to 1.4-nm gold grains (Nanoprobes, Stony Brook, NY) (Meng et al., 2014). Observations by electron microscopy demonstrated that CB1 receptor expression was enhanced in the astrocytes of epileptic rats. Heterodimerization of GPCRs can have significant effects on receptor function, signaling and trafficking, and ligand pharmacology (Hiller et al., 2013). GPCR heterodimer-selective antibodies have been used to study the localization, prevalence, and function of GPCR heteromers (reviewed in Gomes et al., 2014). A mAb specific for δ opioid–CB1 receptor heteromers was used by Bushlin et al. (2012) to detect increased δ opioid–CB1 heteromer prevalence in the cortex upon induction of neuropathic pain. This study also found nonsignaling doses of CB1 receptor agonists increased δ opioid receptor activity in neuropathic pain–afflicted animals ex vivo. The antibody was capable of blocking this heteromer-mediated activity, thus demonstrating the potential of heteromer-selective antibodies as therapeutic agents and δ opioid–CB1 heteromer as a therapeutic target. In another study, an antibody selective for the CB1–AT1 receptor heteromer was used to investigate heteromer-mediated signaling (Rozenfeld et al., 2012). Production of fibrogenic proteins from activated hepatic stellate cells in alcohol-treated rat membranes was blocked by the heteromer-specific antibody, indicating the potential of CB1-AT1 heteromers as a therapeutic target for liver fibrosis therapies. However, it is important to note that the results from these studies were observed in vitro, and that there will be additional challenges in the therapeutic application of antibodies in the CNS, such as BBB penetrability. Strategies are in development for improving antibody brain penetration (Niewoehner et al., 2014) as well as the design of small-molecule bivalent ligands that target receptor heteromers.
D. Beyond Antibodies
Many GPCR antibody limitations such as selectivity, stability, solubility, and production are being addressed by the emergence of the next generation of tools. For example, bio-orthogonal coupling and release of either a drug or tracer to an antibody that targets tumor-associated glycoproteins have been demonstrated (Rossin et al., 2016). This approach has yet to be reported for antibodies targeting GPCRs, although no doubt will be reported in the future. Nanobodies are single-domain antibodies approximately 10% of the size of regular antibodies that have two heavy and two light chains. Nanobodies are increasingly used as diagnostics, targeting tools, and therapies (reviewed in De Meyer et al., 2014 and Chakravarty et al., 2014), and for GPCRs have been useful for cocrystallization and X-ray structure determination, for example, stabilizing β2-adrenergic receptor in the active form (Ring et al., 2013). More recently, a negative allosteric nanobody for β2-adrenergic receptor has been reported and used to tease out the pharmacology of various ligands (Staus et al., 2016). Affibodies are smaller nonimmunoglobulin proteins that are increasingly used as both diagnostic tools and drugs (Feldwisch et al., 2012). Bio-orthogonal pretargeting followed by coupling of fluorophores and in vivo radioligands to an affibody that targets human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 has been reported (Altai et al., 2016). To date nanobodies or affibodies for CB, FFA, LPA, or S1P receptors have not been reported.
VI. Conclusions and Future Outlook
The discovery and characterization of CB, FFA, LPA, S1P, prostanoid, leukotriene, GPBA, and PAF receptors have been made possible by the use of tools such as covalent and fluorescent small-molecule ligands, radioligands, and antibodies. An ideal tool or technique should be able to provide information about the chemical and conformational structure of the receptor, changes occurring during receptor activation, and receptor-signaling cascades in the native cell environment. However, it is difficult to imagine a single tool or technique capable of providing all this information in a system as complex as GPCRs. Thus, our current understanding of receptor structure and function is based on information obtained using these tools in conjunction with other techniques such as molecular biology and receptor mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, and homology modeling. Before the application of an individual tool to study a receptor, it is critical that the tool be subjected to rigorous pharmacological validation, as structural modifications can drastically alter the pharmacological characteristics in comparison with the untagged/unmodified ligand.
Radioligands, including those based on synthetic scaffolds reviewed in this work and also radiolabeled endogenous ligands, are the most developed tools for all the lipid-binding class A GPCRs. Preclinical in vivo imaging, in particular for CB1 receptor, is increasingly used where signal depth/tissue penetration is a consideration. Radioligands have the advantage of sharing the highest structural similarity with the parent ligand as compared with other tools and cause minimum disturbance compared with the unlabeled ligand–receptor interaction. However, the drawbacks of radiation safety and shelf life fuel the continued development and interest in small-molecule fluorescent tools. Future development of synthetic ligands tethered to newly discovered NIR fluorophores will fuel the use of fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging as an alternative to radioligands, especially as longer wavelength NIR-II fluorophores allow for improved detection depth. Although there can be issues with nonspecific background fluorescence and quenching by fluorescence chelators, the advantages of small-molecule fluorescent ligands (such as precise spatial information) usually far exceed these limitations. Nonspecific membrane interactions can be an issue for radioligands and fluorescent ligands, especially when the core pharmacophore/ligand is hydrophobic, as is often the case for lipid-binding GPCRs. A nonspecific membrane interaction is very much probe-specific, so researchers should select the best available tool for their experiment hypothesis, or alternatively there are huge scope and demand to design and synthesize novel probes with more favorable properties. Covalent ligands are powerful tools to probe the binding site of these lipid receptors especially when used in conjunction with mutation studies. Antibodies are very versatile and can be used in a number of different techniques and are theoretically very specific, yet the cost, pharmacokinetic properties (especially for in vivo study), and the questions surrounding specificity (in particular for CB2 receptor antibodies) are limiting factors.
The toolbox available to researchers for some lipid–receptor subtypes is either empty or minimal. As drug discovery drives reports of new high-affinity selective small-molecule ligands, it is anticipated this in turn will facilitate development of new chemical tools with better selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties.
Continued advancement of knowledge regarding GPCR structure and ligand–receptor binding interactions, such as that provided by the recently solved CB1 receptor crystal structures, will also fuel rational design of chemical tools. The use of biologics as selective tools is another expanding field, with researchers focusing on smaller ligands such as peptides, nanobodies, affibodies, and aptamers. Development of new tools will enable probing questions about CB, FFA, LPA, and S1P receptors to be addressed, in particular in complex processes such as receptor allosterism and oligomerization.
We thank the School of Pharmacy and the University of Otago for doctoral scholarships for A.C. and S.S.
Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: Cooper, Singh, Hook, Tyndall, Vernall.
Received September 8, 2016.
A.C. and S.S. contributed equally to this work.
https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.116.013243.
2-AG
2-arachidonylglycerol
2-AGE
2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether
lipoxin A4
bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
CysLT
cysteinyl leukotriene
delayed brain tumor
fatty acid amide hydrolase
free fatty acid
formyl peptide receptor
GPBA receptor
bile acid receptor
G protein–coupled receptor
human embryonic kidney
lysophosphatidic acid
LTB4
leukotriene B(4)
nitrobenzoxadiazole
near-infrared
oxoeicosanoid
platelet-activating factor
prostaglandin
P-glycoprotein
sphingosine 1-phosphate
structure–activity relationship
single-photon emission computed tomography
∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol
transmembrane helix
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Students End Sit-In Angered by Lack of Action from Beacon Hill Lawmakers
Zac Bears May 23, 2019 The PHENOM UpdateComments are off for this post
After advocating “the right way” for years, our patience has run out.
Photo: Students ending their sit-in at the State House on May 22, 2019. (Zac Bears/PHENOM)
This story has been updated with a full response to House Speaker DeLeo’s statement on the student sit-in. Read it below.
Students ended their occupation of the State House after five days, leaving the building frustrated by legislative inaction but empowered to continue organizing and building student power across Massachusetts to demand action on the Debt Free Future Act and Cherish Act.
Senate President Karen Spilka spoke to students in her office lobby on Monday, but senators still did not vote on Amendment 302 to fund the first year of the Cherish Act. House Speaker Robert DeLeo chose not to meet with students, threatened students with arrest on Tuesday, and continued to refuse a meeting request even after students sat in the Speaker’s office lobby for over four hours on Wednesday.
After days of leadership ignoring students or delaying action to address the crisis in public higher education, the group chose to end their occupation and leave the State House.
About 20 protestors camped outside @SpeakerDeLeo office, three in his lobby, refusing to leave – wanting more higher education spending pic.twitter.com/hoqhIIwDfn
— Victoria McGrane (@vgmac) May 22, 2019
We are still accepting donations to support the students who attended the sit-in, and to provide resources for future actions. You can donate here.
Students wrote a full recap of the day. Check it out below along with their response to Speaker DeLeo’s remarks.
Students ended their sit-in for higher ed funding. For 5 days, students requested meetings and demanded concrete action. They were ignored. Speaker DeLeo & Senate President Spilka are responsible for students who drop out or go hungry next year. #FundOurFuture #DebtFreeFuture pic.twitter.com/YnIr7qs3bT
— PHENOM (@MassPHENOM) May 22, 2019
Students Respond After Speaker DeLeo Lashes Out
“I think it is incredibly sad that Speaker DeLeo has descended into name calling and spreading misinformation, exactly the ‘Trumpian tactics’ he accused others of using. Student organizers spent days trying to share stories with the Speaker about the crisis of hunger, homelessness, and unaffordability that thousands of students face on a daily basis due to state funding cuts for public higher education. Clearly, he realizes that it was a mistake not to engage personally with the students and is attempting to change the story,” said Zac Bears, executive director of PHENOM.
“On Tuesday, rumors of protests closed part of the Senate gallery and an increased state police presence was seen throughout the building. We reassured several court officers that we had no intention to disrupt the Senate’s business. After students moved to respectfully sit in the hall outside Speaker DeLeo’s office in the afternoon, I had a conversation with a court officer who stated ‘I probably shouldn’t tell you this,’ and then described details of a facial recognition system in operation at the State House and a law enforcement staging area on the second floor of the building. The officer stated that the system matches faces of people who walk through the public entrances with data from law enforcement databases, particularly mentioning ‘outstanding warrants.’ The officer also stated that the system has flagged individuals in the past without mentioning specific cases. If these statements are true, they merit investigation. If these statements or statements by court officers threatening arrest are false, then someone needs to ask the Speaker who was ordering his employees to lie to students and create a chilling effect on their protest,” Bears said.
“On Tuesday afternoon after sitting outside the Speaker’s office for multiple days, we decided to sit directly inside the office and were immediately threatened with arrest,” Sonya Epstein, Suthaney Sundar, and Adam Lechowicz, three UMass Amherst students said. “One student informed the staffers inside the office of their intention to sit inside, and politely asked where the best place for them to sit would be with the intention to make clear that the Speaker’s staff was not the target of our action. A court officer inside responded: ‘No you’re not [going to sit inside]. Not unless you want to be arrested.’ The students inside then exited the office and informed others of this warning. The Speaker himself didn’t threaten arrest, yet as an authority in the Speaker’s office, this court officer’s threat sent a clear message: the Speaker would rather have students arrested than meet with them.”
“Throughout the sit-in, members of the Speaker’s staff accused us of being liars while refusing to acknowledge previous statements they made, questioned whether the sit-in was ‘productive,’ and exhibited a general pattern of hostility,” said Alli Young, a UMass Amherst student. “If the Speaker truly values ‘participation by all stakeholders,’ why is this public smear the first message directed at students in his name?”
“We hope that the Speaker will reconsider his approach, meet directly with the students and workers who are suffering through a deep crisis, and push his Higher Education Committee to schedule a vote to report favorably on broadly-supported solutions like the Cherish Act and Debt Free Future Act,” UMass Amherst student James Cordero said.
Day 5 Update: Student Sit-in to Demand Funding for Public Higher Education Ends
Day 5 was the final day of the Students’ Occupation of the State House. While we are not satisfied with the way that things have panned out in the past five days, we, as students with tuition bills to pay in the coming months, need to move on to our summer jobs and other commitments. We are deeply disappointed in our legislature’s complete abandonment of students. Leaders have failed to pass any initiatives which would address the student debt crisis. We feel that at this time our best option is to let the legislature sit with the consequences of their mistakes.
We began the day with a continued presence outside House Speaker DeLeo’s office. Our goal was to have him listen to our requests and meet with us to discuss the student debt crisis. We have also attempted to secure a meeting through phone calls and have had members of the House of Representatives request meetings with the Speaker on our behalf. Given his and his staff’s continued disregard for the presence of students and the issues that they face on a daily basis, some of our students entered his office lobby this morning seeking an meeting with the Speaker.
This action came with the full knowledge of yesterday’s events, when staffers in the Speaker’s office threatened to arrest students for their presence in his office lobby mere minutes after their arrival. However, students were allowed to sit on chairs, but were not engaged with by staff and did not receive a meeting with the Speaker. After four long hours, the student organizers made the choice to move to the floor and began chanting.
Shortly after this chanting commenced, another event on the floor below began. This was an event honoring Gold Star Families of Massachusetts. The students were not aware of the existence of this event when the plan was made to begin our chanting at that time. Had we known that this event would be a conflict beforehand, we would have made the choice to change our plans in order to not interfere with the event. In fact, we made the choice to end our action earlier than originally planned when we realized the nature of the event we were interrupting.
As band downstairs starts playing national anthem, a ranger asks students to respect the anthem. They pause their chanting, some place hands over hearts. pic.twitter.com/OtclIEJJZ3
— Katie Lannan (@katielannan) May 22, 2019
Soon after, students left the office and we marched out of the State House. Disgusted by Speaker DeLeo and Senate President Spilka’s abandonment of the students of Massachusetts to another year of fee hikes, hunger, and housing insecurity, we chose to end our occupation.
This repression of student voices exposes State House leadership’s lack of morality. Additionally, it provides us with the troubling information that despite claiming Massachusetts’ status as number one on education in the country, our legislators do not prioritize public higher education in a way that is reflective of that ranking.
We want to assure people that the end of this action does not mean the end of our fight for affordable public higher education for all the residents of the Commonwealth and a Debt Free Future. We will take what we learned from the past five days and apply it to our efforts going forward. We will pass ballot initiatives, run campus campaigns, and continue our tradition of occupation until we win the Debt Free Future that students deserve. Legislators of the Commonwealth, we assure you: We will be back. We will win.
Students’ Final Statement Thanking Allies and Promising Continued Pressure
To our friends and allies:
We, the students of the Commonwealth, ended our Students’ Occupation at the Massachusetts State House yesterday afternoon. For nearly a full week, we have rallied support for public higher education, amplified discussion of the student debt crisis, and reminded our legislators that students are a force to be reckoned with. During our Occupation, we engaged dozens of legislators who committed to our cause of a Debt Free Future. To our allies, we are eternally grateful.
Specifically, we want to thank the roughly one dozen senators and representatives who came out into the halls of Beacon Hill and discussed the issue of student debt with us. Chief among them included higher education champions such as Senator Eldridge, Senator Comerford, Representative Gentile, Representative Sabadosa, Representative Higgins, and Representative Gouveia. These steadfast allies for education justice heard us at a critical time in the student debt crisis.
We also want to thank the variety of representatives and senators who formally met with members of our group. We especially thank the chairs of the Higher Education Committee, Senator Gobi and Representative Roy, for meeting with us. We will follow up with more information and work with you to see the Cherish Act and Debt Free Future Act reported favorably out of the committee. These meetings are critical to ensure that members of the legislature hear the voices of the students who are most vulnerable when funds for higher education are slashed. Additionally, we are grateful to those who offered us meetings that we could not attend due to the limited time and people we had at the sit in. We look forward to meeting with these legislators at a later date, so that we can continue working for a Debt Free Future together.
As a testament to our advocacy, we are pleased that, after requesting a meeting with the Senate President, our determination and direct pressure earned us time with her during one of the busiest weeks of the year. This meeting displays the immense impact we had in just a few days’ time. At meetings like this, we were able to advance the issue of college affordability far beyond previous years’ discussions. We are grateful to the Senate President for this brief, 10 minute meeting–and we know this conversation isn’t over. Thus, we are incredibly grateful to the fierce allies we made in the Senate, who are now advocating alongside us in our request for a longer meeting with the Senate President.
Moreover, our allies in the House have also given us the hope that a similar meeting could happen with the Speaker. We are grateful for these efforts, and we hope to continue collaborating with these Representatives. We are also grateful to the legislators who have pledged to visit our campuses, meet with more students, and hear their stories of struggling with student debt. We look forward to building upon this support in the coming months.
Finally, we want to thank the students, parents, and grassroots advocates who supported the sit-in. Whether people joined our cause through amplifying our voices on social media, calling their legislators, or actually joining our sit-in, our movement became stronger. We are especially thankful for the number of people who donated to our cause. Our strength rests in our collective power—for your support, we thank you.
Our fight is not over. Our Occupation has highlighted the student debt crisis, and our advocacy will continue until we have resolved this issue. With strong support from our legislative allies, we are continuing to bolster our movement. Every day, students, educators, and parents become more aware that the student debt crisis must end. Every day, these residents ask their legislators to lead on this issue. These advocates will only grow in numbers, such that their legislators join our movement. The momentum of our movement will continue to inspire students, families, and legislators across the Commonwealth. To them, again, thank you.
The Students of the Commonwealth
The Public Higher Education Network of Massachusetts
Zac Bears
Welcome Timmy, PHENOM’s New Executive Director!
PHENOM Seeks New Executive Director and Organizing Director
Theme: Illdy. Public Higher Education Network of Massachusetts © 2020
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Quote mining
(Redirected from Quote-mining)
Logic and rhetoric
Key articles
General logic
Argument by assertion
Conditional fallacy
Morton's fork
Ultimate end
Bad logic
Argument from omniscience
Galileo gambit
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
Suppressed correlative
Weasel word
“”Dr. Jane Gupta: Though Prescott Pharmaceuticals claims that their VacsaDiet 3000 is 'guaranteed to help you shed those unsightly pounds', this claim has not been verified and many of the ingredients in the product present potential health risks.
Stephen Colbert: Hey, Bob! Dr. Jane Gupta just said that 'Prescott Pharmaceuticals VacsaDiet 3000 is guaranteed to help you shed those unsightly pounds.'
—The Colbert Report[1]
“”Hitler was […] probably the greatest […] person ever to have lived.
—RationalWiki[2]
Quote mining (also contextomy) is the fallacious tactic of taking quotes out of context in order to make them seemingly agree with the quote miner's viewpoint or to make the comments of an opponent seem more extreme or to make it seem that the opponent holds positions they don't in order to make their positions easier to refute or demonize.[note 1] It's a way of lying. This tactic is widely used among Young Earth Creationists (YEC) in an attempt to discredit evolution.
Quote mining is an informal fallacy and a fallacy of ambiguity, in that it removes context that is necessary to understand the mined quote.
2.1 Darwin
2.2 Mark Ridley
2.3 Attempted use by Private Eye for libel defence
2.4 Fahrenheit 9/11
2.5 Climategate
2.6 Adam Smith on responsible capitalism
2.7 NASA as a defense agency
2.8 Breitbart.com
2.9 Pseudoastronomy
2.10 Creationism
2.11 Others
3 The Bible
4 Conspiracy theorists
5 Quote Mining Index
Format[edit]
1: Read a large chunk of text, and notice something that agrees with your argument:
… A sentence that disagrees with my position. A sentence that disagrees with my position. A sentence that disagrees with my position. Sentence that agrees with my position. A sentence that disagrees with my position. A sentence that disagrees with my position. A sentence that disagrees with my position. …
2: Remove all unnecessary or disagreeing text:
Sentence that agrees with my position.
Another way is to make creative use of ellipses:
… A sentence that mentions something. A sentence that says something else. Sentence that disagrees with my position. A sentence that mentions something else. …
Cut out the part you don't like, add an ellipsis, for the sake of form:
Something that…agrees with my position.
And you've "corrected" the quote!
The best part is that no one will be the wiser since few[note 2] would bother to look up the original and check the full context of your quote.
For extra points, you can reformat it as such:
Person X disagrees with my position; they write, "Sentence that disagrees with my position." Yet they later stated, "Sentence that agrees with my position." How can both be true, Person X?
This makes it seem like you're presenting "both sides" of Person X's views when all you care about is Sentence that agrees with my position.
With the above lessons firmly in mind, you are now ready to submit your overly long, self-published paper and earn yourself a fellowship at Creation Ministries International.
Examples[edit]
There are many examples of quote mining, probably because (sadly) it works.
Darwin[edit]
A famous example, possibly one of the most famous examples of quote mining, is the following misquotation of Charles Darwin, where the bold section is often presented without including the rest of the quote.
“”To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree. Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. How a nerve comes to be sensitive to light, hardly concerns us more than how life itself first originated; but I may remark that several facts make me suspect that any sensitive nerve may be rendered sensitive to light, and likewise to those coarser vibrations of the air which produce sound.
—Charles Darwin[5][note 3]
As may be seen, the quote has been taken out of context to give it the opposite meaning, thus appearing to support a different conclusion from that in the original article. Bolder quote miners may actually use ellipses to omit material that contradicts their point of view even in the middle of a sentence or paragraph,[note 4] safe in the knowledge that their audience will not look up the full quote.[note 5] The most brazen of all will go so far as abusing ellipses to string together phrases that are paragraphs apart, or even from entirely different chapters of a book.
Supporters of this dishonest tactic often try to defend themselves against accusations of quote mining by stating that only supporters of evolution use the term: therefore it is invalid.[11] However, this is largely because the primary group using these tactics, strenuously avoided in academic circles, are Young Earth Creationists; therefore their opponents will most often be the ones leveling the charge. This is less about the validity of the term and more about the desire to cling to a spurious tactic when few other arguments are available.
As a result of widespread use of quote mining in YEC circles, several sites[12] have been set up as "quote mines", providing lists of mined quotes without the need to actually go to the source material where one could get led astray into understanding evilutionism. Most users of these quotes have never read the original source material, and would likely be hard pressed to actually find copies.[13]
Mark Ridley[edit]
The following quote, mentioned in New Scientist, has been used in an attempt to discredit evolution:[14]
“”In any case, no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favour of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation.
—Mark Ridley[15]
However, the quote leaves out the very next sentence, which not only provides context, but shows the author's point of view much more accurately:
“”This does not mean that the theory of evolution is unproven.
The article goes on in the next paragraph to state that:
“”So what is the evidence that species have evolved? There have traditionally been three kinds of evidence, and it is these, not the "fossil evidence", that the critics should be thinking about. The three arguments are from the observed evolution of species, from biogeography, and from the hierarchical structure of taxonomy.
Attempted use by Private Eye for libel defence[edit]
A case brought by Lord Russel of Liverpool, a legal adviser at the Nuremberg trials, centering on whether his book The Scourge of the Swastika[16] was pornographic, was the first accusation of libel against Private Eye actually to make it to court, in 1965.
The success of the Eye's defence can perhaps be best summed up by this exchange in the courtroom:
David Turner-Samuels (for the Eye): With your permission, my lord, I will read an extract from The Times Literary Review — "Lord Russel's works could be said to be pornographic…"[17]
David Hirst, QC (for the plaintiff): Read the rest of the sentence.
David Turner-Samuels: "But they are not."
The Eye lost.
Fahrenheit 9/11[edit]
A classic and definitive example of quote mining comes in Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11. Moore excerpts a speech by Condoleezza Rice, where she says:
“”Oh, indeed there is a tie between Iraq and what happened on 9/11.
At which point the camera cuts away, the audience laughs and thinks that Rice is being deceptive in trying to argue that al-Qaeda and Iraq were jointly involved in planning 9/11. The rest of the speech continues:
Oh, indeed there is a tie between Iraq and what happened on 9/11. It's not that Saddam Hussein was somehow himself and his regime involved in 9/11, but, if you think about what caused 9/11, it is the rise of ideologies of hatred that led people to drive airplanes into buildings in New York. This is a great terrorist, international terrorist network that is determined to defeat freedom. It has perverted Islam from a peaceful religion into one in which they call on it for violence. And they're all linked. And Iraq is a central front because, if and when, and we will, we change the nature of Iraq to a place that is peaceful and democratic and prosperous in the heart of the Middle East, you will begin to change the Middle East…
Although Rice did try to place the blame for 9/11 on Iraq by declaring it "a central front" of a "great terrorist, international terrorist network", she also stated that Saddam was not directly involved in 9/11. When Moore cited only one part out of context, he failed to include the entire statement where Rice says Saddam didn't plan 9/11 but actually is part of the terrorist conspiracy that caused 9/11 while not actually being involved (see: doublethink). It is also worth noting that the speech was made in November 2003, so it is disingenuous for Moore to argue that it was a part of "drumming up public support for the war" which started in March 2003, eight months before her speech.[18]
Climategate[edit]
See the main article on this topic: Climategate
In which leaked e-mails were copiously quote mined in order to insinuate scientists were using "tricks" to "hide the decline." In fact, this wasn't just quote mining choice phrases out of context, it involved actively removing the explanation of what "hide the decline" even meant. SPOILER ALERT: It didn't mean "covering up" or "faking data" but something far more boring — simply counteracting data that was known to be wrong.
Adam Smith on responsible capitalism[edit]
Speaking at the Liberal Democrat autumn conference, Liberal Democrat business secretary, Vincent Cable prompted rebuke from the Adam Smith Institute by quoting Adam Smith on regulation:
“”But Adam Smith himself was scathing about some forms of business behaviour — particularly those that led to the suppression of competition. He wrote "people of the same trade seldom meet together even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public."
—Vincent Cable[19]
However, Smith goes on to say:
“”It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies; much less to render them necessary. A regulation which obliges all those of the same trade in a particular town to enter their names and places of abode in a public register, facilitates such assemblies… A regulation which enables those of the same trade to tax themselves in order to provide for their poor, their sick, their widows, and orphans, by giving them a common interest to manage, renders such assemblies necessary. An incorporation not only renders them necessary, but makes the act of the majority binding upon the whole.
—Adam Smith[20]
NASA as a defense agency[edit]
See the main article on this topic: NASA
The very first words of the book Dark Mission: The Secret History of NASA by Richard Hoagland and Mike Bara, are:[21]:1
“”The NASA that we've known for over 50 years has been a lie.
Pseudo-justifying this announcement, Hoagland and Bara cite Sec. 305(i) of the Space Act:[21]:2
“”The Administration shall be considered a defense agency of the United States.
…of which the full version is:
The Administration shall be considered a defense agency of the United States for the purpose of Chapter 17, Title 35 of the US Code.[22]
Title 35 is exclusively concerned with patent law.[23] Chapter 17 says that if an employee of a "defense agency" (as defined) files an application for a patent, the commissioner of patents may keep it under wraps while checking with the bosses of the relevant agency to make sure publishing it won't blow some cosmic secret.[24] In other words, it simply brings NASA into line with other national enterprises in the context of boring old patent law. The Departments of Justice and Homeland Security have the exact same wording in their charters.
For the record, NASA is by definition a civilian agency. Dilettantes like Hoagland and Bara get confused because the agency does undertake certain classified projects on a contract basis.
Breitbart.com[edit]
See the main article on this topic: Breitbart.com
Pretty much everything they get attention for is due to selectively editing quotes and videos so that the quotes appear to represent the opposite of their actual, in-context meaning. Breitbart's attack on Shirley Sherrod was particularly egregious.
Pseudoastronomy[edit]
See the main article on this topic: Pseudoastronomy
The Flat Earth and geocentrist movements have frequently resorted to quote mining to support their crankery.[25] Examples include:
Quoting part of physicist Albert A. Michelson's argument ("There was only one other possible conclusion to draw — that the earth was at rest.") without quoting his conclusion that contradicted that statement ("The hypothesis of a stationary ether is erroneous.").[26]
Video editing part of an interview with Buzz Aldrin to falsely make it look like he thought the Moon landings hadn't happened.[27][28]
Taking Neil deGrasse Tyson's "'pear-shaped' analogy" to explain the spheroid shape of Earth out of context.[29]
Editing a NASA video to make it seem like Apollo had not traversed a van Allen radiation belt.[30]
Leaving out the end of a sentence by Albert Einstein "Since then I have come to believe that the motion of the Earth cannot be detected by any optical experiment," (flat Earth version) which ends with "though the Earth is revolving around the Sun."[31]
The geocentrist 'documentary' film The Principle[32].
Creationism[edit]
See the main article on this topic: List of fallacious quotes by creationists
Creationists do this. A lot.
Others[edit]
Expelled: Leader's Guide
Nils Heribert Nilsson
Antonio Lima-de-Faria
Albert Einstein and Richard Dawkins (for evangelistic purposes)[33]
"Scientific facts which annihilate evolutionary theory", at The Evolution Cruncher
Creation/Evolution Quotes by Stephen E. Jones (archived from March 21, 2017)
"The Atheist Test", which uses the above-mentioned Darwin quote-mine. The site has so far not responded to notification of the "mistake".
A bunch of out-of-context (and probably out of date also) quotes by scientists allegedly casting doubts on evolution is at Anointed-One.
A quote miner fails
Don Patton's collection of quotations on evolution — many with some staggeringly dishonest quote mining, including an ellipsis that spans 4 whole chapters of Origin of Species!
TV tricks of the trade — quotes and cutaways
Perfect example of quote-mining freemasons
Richard A. Gardner's supposed pro-pedophilia.
Smoloko News: Especially when it comes to contextomy on random quotes said by Jews.
Joe Biden: A Trump attack ad played a clip that made it appear that Biden bribed a Ukrainian prosecutor.
Bernie Sanders: Infowars and other conservative sites tried to make a question that Bernie answered on racial blindspots in 2016 debate to say that white people did know what it was like to be poor. Sanders was actually referring to how blacks were treated by the police as compared to whites.
George Soros: Glenn Beck and others used a 60 Minutes interview of Soros to make it appeared that Soros, who was at the time posing as a non Jew by his family to survive the Holocaust, used the clip to make it look like Soros supported rounding up Jews. Both Glenn Beck and Alex Jones still use this clip to smear Soros.
Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi: A passage from his 1925 book Praktischer Idealismus about the future of humanity being mixed-race is regularly quote-mined as "evidence" for him advocating the destruction of Europe and its native people (see Alt-right glossary#Kalergi Plan) – however, in his other works (e.g. Paneuropa from 1923) he vehemently opposes non-white people being admitted to Europe and instead advocates for a united Europe to rape Africa for its resources.
Maurice Samuel: His 1924 book You Gentiles is quote-mined extremely often to make the various claims by anti-Semites, compiled by him, sound like he himself is asserting them.
The Bible[edit]
Theologians, especially Christian fundamentalist theologians, can acquire extensive skills in mining the Bible for nugget-quotes (conveniently-sized Biblical verses). Since many authors and editors have cobbled the texts of the Biblical canon together, such scripture contains many contradictions and other situations where the Bible can be quoted against itself (sometimes even within the same book!). Quote miners can take advantage of this largesse — and Christian writers have often decontextualized Biblical verses to get whatever twisted interpretation they can out of them. For example, Psalm 37:4[note 6] has been used to justify name it and claim it theology.
Of course, two can play that game. As the Bible says (Psalm 14:1, Psalm 53:1):
“”There is no God.
Although maybe King David (the Bible attributes both of these psalms to him) himself quote mined this from a more nuanced statement.
Conspiracy theorists[edit]
Conspiracy theorists, lacking evidence, need to resort to quote mining to give the illusion of an overwhelming amount of evidence. By doing this one can do things like: Make the UN announce an International Court, announce a Global Currency, and make Obama announce a New World Order by quoting him saying the "Old order" is not working and that they need a "new order".[34]
Quote Mining Index[edit]
In his book The Greatest Show on Earth, Richard Dawkins jokingly suggested that you could create a Quote Mining Index (QMI) by calculating the ratio of the number of times a quote is mined versus the number of times it is quoted in full (or when context is also quoted) — using Google search results as a proxy for how many times the quotes appear. For example, his quote,
“”It is as though they [[[fossils]]] were just planted there, without any evolutionary history.
returned 24,600 hits on Google. Whilst the following explanation:
“”Evolutionists of all stripes believe, however, that this really does represent a very large gap in the fossil record, a gap that is simply due to the fact that, for some reason, very few fossils have lasted from periods before about 600 million years ago.
returned only 3,160 hits. That is 7.8 quote mines to every "legitimate" use of the quote, or a QMI of 7.8.
Talk Origins has an in-depth analysis of Quote mining.
Looking for outright lies?
CreationWiki has a page about Quote mining
Fallacy of ambiguity
Intellectual dishonesty
List of fallacious quotes by homeopaths
Lying by omission
Rove's Law
Excellent video on how text, audio, and video cuts are made to look seamless
This video contains examples of quote mining from officially unpublished vocal music scores.
Quoting Out of Context, Fallacy Files
↑ If you're good, you can also pretend your fellow loonies said nice things[3] rather than nasty things.[4]
↑ Save for a standing army of anal-retentive skeptics, that is!
↑ One recent example is from Conservapedia.[6]
↑ This example[7] from the movie Expelled is particularly malicious.
↑ A seemingly quite recent (2008) addition to the quote miner's armoury has been a quote pulled from Darwin's The Descent of Man, alleging to show he was a racist as demonstrated by Ken DeMeyer at Conservapedia.[8] Whenever this half paragraph is quoted by creationists, it always demonstrates the same omission thus revealing (ahem) the common descent of the quote mine. The ellipsis conceals the omission of the text "as Professor Schaaffhausen has remarked (18. 'Anthropological Review,' April 1867, p. 236.)" revealing Darwin was repeating the opinion of his academic colleagues at the time,[9] and regardless of whether he was or was not a racist, his views were held in common with the greater part of the western world (and even so, trying to hold Darwin to present-day views of race is fallacious in the form of presentism). Incidentally, thanks to the Internet one can now read Darwin's quoted source[10] without even a trip to a university library. Also of note is the very next article in the review, entitled "The theory of development and its bearing on science and religion" which reminds us that the battle of getting fundamentalists to understand that while not antagonistic to their beliefs, science does in fact rule out events of creation by fiat has been going on for over a century and half.
↑ "Delight thyself also in the LORD: and he shall give thee the desires of thine heart."
↑ 30 More Fallacies by Michael LaBossiere (May 21, 2011) A Philosopher's Blog.
↑ Adolf Hitler (Revision as of 13:27, 20 August 2019) Rationalwiki. A non-quote-mined quote with the same text: "Adolf Hitler … was leader of the German Nazi Party from 1921, chancellor and eventually dictator, or Führer ("leader"), of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. … Hitler was a bad human being, though solely as a politician he was probably the greatest that ever lived, as he invented modern politics: discredit the opposition, create fear to control the population, make a permanent enemy that isn't tangible, push agendas in state-controlled media and glorify the military as heroes to the nation like some sort of Mycaenan Greek city-state. … As the leading perpetrator of the most destructive war in modern history and for his role in the murder of six million European Jews, several million ethnic Slavs (among others), gypsies, homosexuals and communists, some view him as the most evil person ever to have lived."
↑ Ann Coulter (Revision as of 23:06, 31 December 2007) Conservapedia (archived from 7 Jul 2013 13:46:50 UTC).
↑ On CNBC's The Big Idea, Coulter said that "we" Christians "just want Jews to be perfected" by Jeremy Holden (October 10, 2007 4:30 PM EDT) Media Matters for America (archived from July 30, 2014).
↑ The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection: Or The Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life by Charles Darwin (1872) John Murray. pp. 143-144.
↑ Irreducible complexity (Revision as of 13:51, 24 December 2008) Conservapedia (archived from 7 Jul 2013 13:47:38 UTC).
↑ Expelled's Quote Mining (June 27, 2008) Discomforting Ignorance.
↑ Template:Mainpageleft (Revision as of 23:24, 14 September 2008) Conservapedia (archived from 7 Jul 2013 13:47:05 UTC).
↑ The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin (1871) D. Appleton and Company. p. 201.
↑ Proceedings of the Paris Anthropological Society Anthropological Review (April 1867) 5(18):236.
↑ User talk:Aschlafly/Archive12: Panel and Quote Mining Conservapedia (archived from March 7, 2009).
↑ Quote Mine Project: Or, Lies, Damned Lies and Quote Mines by John Pieret (October 31, 2006) talk.origins Archive.
↑ [1] Answers in Genesis quote page
↑ Talk:Theory of Evolution/Archive 1: conservatives, where is the extensive criticism of the evolutionary position? Conservapedia (archived from July 18, 2017).
↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Who Doubts Evolution? Palaeontologists disagree about the speed and pattern of evolution. But they do not — as much recent publicity has implied — doubt that evolution is a fact. The evidence for evolution is simply does not depend upon the fossil record. by Mark Ridley (25 June 1981) New Scientist90:831.
↑ The Scourge of the Swastika: A Short History of Nazi War Crimes by Edward Frederick Langley Russell (1954) Cassell.
↑ Private Eye: The First 50 Years by Adam MacQueen (2011) Private Eye. p. 49. ISBN 1901784568. Turner-Samels even managed to get the name of the publication wrong: he was actually quoting the Times Literary Supplement.
↑ Fifty-nine Deceits in Fahrenheit 9/11 by Dave Kopel (2018).
↑ Responsible capitalism by Vince Cable (22/11/2012) Scopulus.
↑ An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith (1776), Book I, Chapter X. pp. 160-161.
↑ 21.0 21.1 Dark Mission: The Secret History of NASA by Richard C. Hoagland & Mike Bara (2007) Feral House. 1st ed. ISBN 1932595260.
↑ Title 51 — National and Commercial Space Programs Office of the Law Revision Counsel, United States Code.
↑ U.S. Code: Title 35. Patents Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.
↑ 35 U.S. Code Chapter 17 — Secrecy Of Certain Inventions And Filing Applications In Foreign Country Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.
↑ Category: Quote Mining FlatEarth.ws.
↑ Albert Michelson in "Michelson and the Speed of Light" FlatEarth.ws.
↑ Buzz Aldrin's Interview & the Quote-Mining by Flat Earthers] FlatEarth.ws.
↑ Did Buzz Aldrin Admit That He Never Went to the Moon? Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin's answer to a question posed by a child was misrepresented as an admission that he didn't set foot on the moon. by Dan Evon (27 July 2018) Snopes.
↑ Neil deGrasse Tyson and His 'Pear-Shaped' Analogy FlatEarth.ws.
↑ Orion EFT-1, Apollo and the Van Allen Radiation Belts FlatEarth.ws.
↑ Quote-Mined Einstein Statement FlatEarth.ws.
↑ 'The Principle': A Documentary Without Principle FlatEarth.ws.
↑ Examples of Quote Mining in Posters leading up to Simon Fraser University Jesus week
↑ Barack Obama and the New World Order 666 by Bible Flock Box (Jul 31, 2014) YouTube
Articles about logical fallacies
Informal fallacies: Ad iram • Appeal to ancient wisdom • Appeal to bias • Appeal to confidence • Appeal to consequences • Appeal to emotion • Appeal to faith • Appeal to fear • Appeal to flattery • Appeal to gravity • Appeal to hate • Appeal to mystery • Appeal to nature • Appeal to novelty • Appeal to probability • Appeal to tradition • Argument from incredulity • Argument from morality • Argument from oh bloody hell that was years ago • Argument from omniscience • Argument from silence • Argumentum ad baculum • Argumentum ad fastidium • Argumentum ad lunam • Argumentum ad martyrdom • Argumentum ad package insert • Association fallacy • Balance fallacy • Big words • Broken window fallacy • Category mistake • Certum est quia impossibile est • Circular reasoning • Common sense • Confounding factor • Counterfactual fallacy • Courtier's Reply • Damning with faint praise • Danth's Law • Definitional fallacies • Due diligence • Equivocation • Escape to the future • Exception that proves the rule • Extended analogy • Fallacy of accent • Fallacy of accident • Fallacy of amphiboly • Flying carpet fallacy • Friend argument • Gambler's fallacy • Genuine but insignificant cause • Gish Gallop • Golden hammer • Good old days • Gore's Law • Greece-baiting • Ham Hightail • Hindsight bias • Hyperbole • Imprecision fallacy • Infinite regress • Informal fallacy • Is–ought problem • Just asking questions • Loaded question • Media was wrong before • Mistaking the map for the territory • Moralistic fallacy • Morton's fork • Moving the goalposts • My enemy's enemy • Nazi analogies • Nirvana fallacy • One single proof • Overprecision • Pathos gambit • Phantom distinction • Pink-baiting • Post-designation • Pragmatic fallacy • Presentism • Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur • Race card • Red-baiting • Red herring • Relativist fallacy • Release the data • Sanctioning the devil • Science doesn't know everything • Slothful induction • Spider-Man fallacy • Spotlight fallacy • Straw man • Style over substance • Sunk cost • Terrorism-baiting • Toupee fallacy • Two wrongs make a right • Uncertainty tactic • Word magic • تقلیل به هیتلر • دوگانگی مرتن • سفسطهی حد وسط • پاسخ کورتیر • کلمات قلمبه سلمبه • 稻草人谬误 •
Ad hoc: Ad hoc • Escape hatch • God of the gaps • Handwave • Moving the goalposts • Nirvana fallacy • No True Scotsman • PIDOOMA • Slothful induction • Special pleading • Tone argument •
Arguments from ignorance: Appeal to censorship • Argument from ignorance • Argument from incredulity • Argument from omniscience • Argument from silence • Holmesian fallacy • Science doesn't know everything • Science was wrong before • Toupee fallacy • Willful ignorance •
Causation fallacies: Correlation does not imply causation • Counterfactual fallacy • Denying the antecedent • Gambler's fallacy • Genuine but insignificant cause • Post hoc, ergo propter hoc • Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (español) • Regression fallacy • Wrong direction •
Circular reasoning: Appeal to faith • Argument by assertion • Argumentum ad dictionarium • Circular reasoning • Infinite regress • Self-refuting idea •
Emotional appeals: Appeal to confidence • Appeal to consequences • Appeal to emotion • Appeal to fear • Appeal to flattery • Appeal to gravity • Appeal to hate • Appeal to money • Appeal to pity • Appeal to shame • Argumentum ad baculum • Argumentum ad fastidium • Deepity • Loaded language • Pathos gambit • Style over substance • Tone argument •
Fallacies of ambiguity: Continuum fallacy • Definitional fallacies • Equivocation • Etymology • Fallacy of accent • Fallacy of ambiguity • Fallacy of amphiboly • Moral equivalence • Not as bad as • Phantom distinction • Scope fallacy • Suppressed correlative • Wronger than wrong •
Formal fallacies: Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise • Affirming a disjunct • Affirming the consequent • Argument by gibberish • Chewbacca Defense • Confusion of the inverse • Denying the antecedent • Enthymeme • Existential assumption • Fallacy fallacy • False dilemma • Formal fallacy • Four-term fallacy • Illicit process • Masked man fallacy • Negative conclusion from affirmative premises • Nemmeno sbagliato • Non sequitur • Not even wrong • Self-refuting idea • Substituting explanation for premise • Syllogism • دوراهی اشتباهی •
Fallacious argument styles:
Conditional fallacies: Appeal to the minority • Argumentum ad populum • Conditional fallacy • Galileo gambit • On the spot fallacy • Professor of nothing • Slippery slope • Special pleading • What's the harm •
Genetic fallacies: Genetic fallacy •
Appeals to authority: Appeal to celebrity • Appeal to confidence • Appeal to identity • Appeal to the minority • Argument from authority • Argumentum ad populum • Galileo gambit • Invincible authority • Ipse dixit • Linking to authority • Professor of nothing • Silent Majority • Ultracrepidarianism • Weasel word •
Ad hominem: Ad iram • Appeal to bias • Appeal to identity • Argumentum ad cellarium • Argumentum ad hominem • Argumentum ad hominem (français) • Association fallacy • Blaming the victim • Bulverism • Damning with faint praise • Demonization • Envenenar o poço • Fallacy of opposition • Jonanism • Nazi analogies • Not an argument • Nothing to hide • Nutpicking • Pathos gambit • Poisoning the well • Scapegoat • Shill gambit • Tu quoque • Whataboutism • گزارهی حملهی شخصی •
Imprecision fallacies: Anecdotal evidence • Apex fallacy • Appeal to fiction • Category mistake • Cherry picking • Confounding factor • Fallacy of accident • False analogy • Imprecision fallacy • Nutpicking • Overgeneralization • Overprecision • Pragmatic fallacy • Selection bias • Spotlight fallacy • Texas sharpshooter fallacy •
Valid logical methods: Logical validity • Negative evidence • Rapoport's Rules •
Fallacy collections: Fallacy Files • Logically Fallacious • Nizkor Project • SeekFind • Your Logical Fallacy Is •
Retrieved from "https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Quote_mining&oldid=2238975"
Silver-level articles
Assessing pseudoscience
Fallacies of ambiguity
Fallacious arguments
Informal fallacies
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CL Colgate-Palmolive Co
Consumer Staples : Household Products | Large Cap Blend
Colgate-Palmolive Company (Colgate) is a consumer products company. The Company operates in two product segments: Oral, Personal and Home Care, and Pet Nutrition. The Oral, Personal and Home Care product segment is operated through five geographic segments, which include North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Africa/Eurasia. The Company's oral care products include Colgate Total, Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief, Colgate Max Fresh and Colgate Optic White. The Company is also engaged in various product categories of the personal care market with operations in liquid hand soap, which it sells under the Palmolive, Protex and Softsoap brands. The Company manufactures and markets a range of products for the home care market, including Palmolive and Ajax dishwashing liquids, Fabuloso and Ajax household cleaners and Murphy's Oil Soap. The Company, through its Hill's Pet Nutrition segment (Hill's), manufactures pet nutrition products for dogs and cats.
(Heavy Day)
Glancy Prongay & Murray LLP Reminds Investors of Looming Deadline in the Class Action Lawsuit Against Mesoblast Limited (MESO)
12:00 pm ET November 23, 2020 (Globe Newswire) Print
Glancy Prongay & Murray LLP ("GPM") reminds investors of the upcoming December 7, 2020 deadline to file a lead plaintiff motion in the class action filed on behalf of investors who purchased or otherwise acquired Mesoblast Limited ("Mesoblast" or the "Company") (NASDAQ: MESO) securities between April 16, 2019 and October 1, 2020, inclusive (the "Class Period").
If you suffered a loss on your Mesoblast investments or would like to inquire about potentially pursuing claims to recover your loss under the federal securities laws, you can submit your contact information at https://www.glancylaw.com/cases/mesoblast-limited/. You can also contact Charles H. Linehan, of GPM at 310-201-9150, Toll-Free at 888-773-9224, or via email at shareholders@glancylaw.com to learn more about your rights.
Mesoblast develops allogeneic cellular medicines using its proprietary mesenchymal lineage cell therapy platform. Its lead product candidate, RYONCIL (remestemcel-L), is an investigational therapy comprising mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. In February 2018, the Company announced that remestemcel-L met its primary endpoint in a Phase 3 trial to treat children with steroid refractory acute graft versus host disease ("aGVHD").
In early 2020, Mesoblast completed its rolling submission of its Biologics License Application ("BLA") with the FDA to secure marketing authorization to commercialize remestemcel-L for children with steroid refractory aGVHD.
On August 11, 2020, the FDA released briefing materials for its Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee ("ODAC") meeting to be held on August 13, 2020. Therein, the FDA stated that Mesoblast provided post hoc analyses of other studies "to further establish the appropriateness of 45% as the null Day-28 ORR" for its primary endpoint. The briefing materials stated that, due to design differences between these historical studies and Mesoblast's submitted study, "it is unclear that these study results are relevant to the proposed indication."
On this news, the Company's share price fell $6.09, or approximately 35%, to close at $11.33 per share on August 11, 2020, on unusually heavy trading volume.
On October 1, 2020, Mesoblast disclosed that it had received a Complete Response Letter ("CRL") from the FDA regarding its marketing application for remestemcel-L for treatment of SR-aGVHD in pediatric patients. According to the CRL, the FDA recommended that the Company "conduct at least one additional randomized, controlled study in adults and/or children to provide further evidence of the effectiveness of remestemcel-L for SR-aGVHD." The CRL also "identified a need for further scientific rationale to demonstrate the relationship of potency measurements to the product's biologic activity."
On this news, the Company's stock fell $6.56, or 35%, to close at $12.03 per share on October 2, 2020, on unusually heavy trading volume.
The complaint filed in this class action alleges that throughout the Class Period, Defendants made materially false and/or misleading statements, as well as failed to disclose material adverse facts about the Company's business, operations, and prospects. Specifically, Defendants failed to disclose to investors that: (1) comparative analyses between Mesoblast's Phase 3 trial and three historical studies did not support the effectiveness of remestemcel-L for steroid refractory aGVHD due to design differences between the four studies; (2) as a result, the FDA was reasonably likely to require further clinical studies; (3) as a result, the commercialization of remestemcel-L in the U.S. was likely to be delayed; and (4) as a result of the foregoing, Defendants' positive statements about the Company's business, operations, and prospects were materially misleading and/or lacked a reasonable basis.
Follow us for updates on LinkedIn, Twitter, or Facebook.
If you purchasedâ?¯or otherwise acquired Mesoblast securities during the Class Period,â?¯you may move the Court no later thanâ?¯December 7, 2020 to ask the Court to appoint you as lead plaintiff. To be a member of the Class you need not take any action at this time; you may retain counsel of your choice or take noâ?¯action and remain an absent member of the Class. If you wish toâ?¯learn moreâ?¯about this action, or if you have any questions concerning this announcement or your rights or interests with respect to these matters, please contactâ?¯Charlesâ?¯Linehan, Esquire, of GPM, 1925 Century Park East, Suite 2100, Los Angeles California 90067 at 310-201-9150, Toll-Free at 888-773-9224, by email toâ?¯shareholders@glancylaw.com, or visit our website atâ?¯www.glancylaw.com. If you inquire by email please include your mailing address, telephone number and number of shares purchased.â?¯
This press release may be considered Attorney Advertising in some jurisdictions under the applicable law and ethical rules.
Glancy Prongay & Murray LLP, Los Angeles
Charles H. Linehan, 310-201-9150 or 888-773-9224
1925 Century Park East, Suite 2100
www.glancylaw.com
shareholders@glancylaw.com
https://ml.globenewswire.com/media/dca1d463-f40e-41ea-a1d6-f8a47b633445/small/gpm-logo-jpg.jpg
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Use the keywords feature with a free QxMD account.
Sign up for a free QxMD account to keep up to date with topics of interest to you.
Keywords critical illness
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https://read.qxmd.com/read/33453549/eccsofa-sofa-illness-severity-score-adapted-to-predict-in-hospital-mortality-in-emergency-critical-care-patients
eccSOFA: SOFA illness severity score adapted to predict in-hospital mortality in emergency critical care patients.
Kian Niknam, Jason Nesbitt, Tsuyoshi Mitarai, Matthew J R Nudelman, Alexandra June Gordon, Jennifer G Wilson, Michael A Kohn
BACKGROUND: Boarding of ICU patients in the ED is increasing. Illness severity scores may help emergency physicians stratify risk to guide earlier transfer to the ICU and assess pre-ICU interventions by adjusting for baseline mortality risk. Most existing illness severity scores are based on data that is not available at the time of the hospital admission decision or cannot be extracted from the electronic health record (EHR). We adapted the SOFA score to create a new illness severity score (eccSOFA) that can be calculated at the time of ICU admission order entry in the ED using EHR data...
December 14, 2020: American Journal of Emergency Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33453492/estimating-the-familial-risk-of-psychiatric-illnesses-a-review-of-family-history-scores
Estimating the familial risk of psychiatric illnesses: A review of family history scores.
Furkhan Ali, Vanteemar S Sreeraj, Ravi Kumar Nadella, Bharath Holla, Jayant Mahadevan, Dhruva Ithal, Srinivas Balachander, Biju Viswanath, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian, John P John, Y C Janardhan Reddy, Sanjeev Jain
A history of psychiatric illnesses in family members of those diagnosed to have an illness has been of significant interest both in research and in clinical practice. Almost all of the major psychiatric illnesses have a familial component to them, perhaps influenced by genetics and a shared environment or their combination. Systematic attempts have been made to quantify these familial risks, as obtained from family history (FH) of psychiatric illnesses. The methods range from a simple dichotomous or count scores to those quantifying as weighted risks such as the Family history density (FHD) measures...
January 10, 2021: Asian Journal of Psychiatry
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33453380/analysis-of-the-plasma-metabolome-after-trauma-novel-circulating-sphingolipid-signatures-and-in-hospital-outcomes
Analysis of the Plasma Metabolome after Trauma, Novel Circulating Sphingolipid Signatures, and In-Hospital Outcomes.
Anthony Cyr, Yanjun Zhong, Steven E Reis, Rami A Namas, Andrew Amoscato, Brian Zuckerbraun, Jason Sperry, Ruben Zamora, Yoram Vodovotz, Timothy R Billiar
BACKGROUND: Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability for individuals under age 55. Many severely injured trauma patients experience complicated clinical courses despite appropriate initial therapy. We sought to identify novel circulating metabolomic signatures associated with clinical outcomes following trauma. STUDY DESIGN: Untargeted metabolomics and circulating plasma immune mediator analysis was performed on plasma collected during three post-injury time periods (<6h, 6h-24h, D2-D5) in critically ill trauma patients enrolled between April 2004 and May 2013 at UPMC Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh, PA...
January 13, 2021: Journal of the American College of Surgeons
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33453245/the-proteomic-characteristics-of-airway-mucus-from-critical-ill-covid-19-patients
The proteomic characteristics of airway mucus from critical ill COVID-19 patients.
Zili Zhang, Tao Wang, Fei Liu, Airu Zhu, Guoping Gu, Jieping Luo, Jingyi Xu, Jincun Zhao, Yiming Li, Yuanyuan Li, Xiaoqing Liu, Nanshan Zhong, Wenju Lu
BACKGROUND: The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought a global public health crisis. However, the pathogenesis underlying COVID-19 are barely understood. METHODS: In this study, we performed proteomic analyses of airway mucus obtained by bronchoscopy from severe COVID-19 patients. In total, 2351 and 2073 proteins were identified and quantified in COVID-19 patients and healthy controls, respectively. RESULTS: Among them, 92 differentiated expressed proteins (DEPs) (46 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated) were found with a fold change >1...
January 13, 2021: Life Sciences
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33453090/metabolic-syndrome-and-clinical-outcomes-in-patients-infected-with-covid-19-does-age-sex-and-race-of-the-patient-with-metabolic-syndrome-matter
Metabolic Syndrome and clinical outcomes in patients infected with COVID-19: Does age, sex and race of the patient with Metabolic Syndrome matter?
Prateek Lohia, Shweta Kapur, Sindhuri Benjaram, Abhilasha Pandey, Tanveer Mir, Berhane Seyoum
BACKGROUND: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is highly prevalent worldwide and its individual components obesity, diabetes and hypertension have been identified as risk factors to develop severe COVID-19 illness, however data on MetS and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 is scarce. This study aims to determine association between MetS and severe disease outcomes, i.e. mortality, need for mechanical ventilation and ICU requirement among COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A retrospective multi-hospital cohort study on 1871 patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis...
January 16, 2021: Journal of Diabetes
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33453047/inhibition-of-xbp1-alleviates-lps-induced-cardiomyocytes-injury-by-upregulating-xiap-through-suppressing-the-nf-%C3%AE%C2%BAb-signaling-pathway
Inhibition of XBP1 Alleviates LPS-Induced Cardiomyocytes Injury by Upregulating XIAP through Suppressing the NF-κB Signaling Pathway.
Chunmei Zhang, Xi Chen, Chao Wang, Yu Ran, Kai Sheng
Cardiomyocytes injury caused by sepsis is a complication of common clinical critical illness and an important cause of high mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Therefore, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced H9c2 cells were used to simulate the cardiomyocytes injury in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate whether X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) exacerbated LPS-induced cardiomyocytes injury by downregulating Xlinked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) through activating the NF-κB signaling pathway...
January 16, 2021: Inflammation
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33453017/the-poetics-of-vulnerability-creative-writing-among-young-adults-in-treatment-for-psychosis-in-light-of-ricoeur-s-and-kristeva-s-philosophy-of-language-and-subjectivity
The poetics of vulnerability: creative writing among young adults in treatment for psychosis in light of Ricoeur's and Kristeva's philosophy of language and subjectivity.
Oddgeir Synnes, Kristin Lie Romm, Hilde Bondevik
There is a growing interest in the application of creative writing in the treatment of mental illness. Nonpharmacological approaches have shown that access to poetic, creative language can allow for the verbalisation of illness experiences, as well as for self-expressions that can include other facets of the subject outside of the disease. In particular, creative writing in a safe group context has proven to be of particular importance. In this article, we present a pilot on a creative writing group for young adults in treatment for psychosis...
January 16, 2021: Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33452630/harming-patients-by-provision-of-intensive-care-treatment-is-it-right-to-provide-time-limited-trials-of-intensive-care-to-patients-with-a-low-chance-of-survival
Harming patients by provision of intensive care treatment: is it right to provide time-limited trials of intensive care to patients with a low chance of survival?
Thomas M Donaldson
Time-limited trials of intensive care have arisen in response to the increasing demand for intensive care treatment for patients with a low chance of surviving their critical illness, and the clinical uncertainty inherent in intensive care decision-making. Intensive care treatment is reported by most patients to be a significantly unpleasant experience. Therefore, patients who do not survive intensive care treatment are exposed to a negative dying experience. Time-limited trials of intensive care treatment in patients with a low chance of surviving have both a small chance of benefiting this patient group and a high chance of harming them by depriving them of a good death...
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33452625/access-to-broadband-internet-and-its-utilization-for-health-information-seeking-and-health-communication-among-informal-caregivers-in-the-united-states
Access to Broadband Internet and its Utilization for Health Information Seeking and Health Communication among Informal Caregivers in the United States.
Hyunmin Kim, Asos Mahmood, Joy V Goldsmith, HyukJae Chang, Satish Kedia, Cyril F Chang
Informal caregivers provide unpaid care to their physically or mentally ill loved ones and play a critical role in the healthcare delivery. eHealth tools, including the broadband internet, can facilitate care processes and impact the caregiving burden through seeking health information and health communication. This study examines the predictors of access to broadband internet and the factors associated with health information seeking and health communication among informal caregivers with broadband internet...
January 15, 2021: Journal of Medical Systems
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33452570/sars-cov-2-associated-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-clinical-manifestations-and-the-role-of-infliximab-treatment
SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: clinical manifestations and the role of infliximab treatment.
Nahed Abdel-Haq, Basim I Asmar, Maria P Deza Leon, Eric J McGrath, Harbir S Arora, Katherine Cashen, Bradley Tilford, Ahmad Charaf Eddine, Usha Sethuraman, Jocelyn Y Ang
This study was conducted to assess the clinical spectrum, management, and outcome of SARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We reviewed medical records of children with MIS-C diagnosis seen at the Children's Hospital of Michigan in Detroit between April and June 2020. Thirty-three children were identified including 22 who required critical care (group 1) and 11 with less intense inflammation (group 2). Children in group 1 were older (median 7.0 years) than those in group 2 (median 2...
January 16, 2021: European Journal of Pediatrics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33452228/health-awareness-as-genre-the-exigence-of-preparedness-in-cancer-awareness-campaigns-and-critical-illness-insurance-marketing
Health awareness as genre: the exigence of preparedness in cancer awareness campaigns and critical-illness insurance marketing.
Loren Gaudet
Dominant understandings of genre-as-form have limited our abilities to perceive health awareness: we recognise, and expect, health awareness campaigns from governmental and non-profit agencies. Inversely, we often fail to recognise, or name, health awareness as such when it comes from other sources, such as commercial marketing or advertisements for products. However, rhetorical genre theory centres attention on action brought about by form and, as such, rhetorical genre provides tools for recognising instances of health awareness often escape our notice...
January 15, 2021: Medical Humanities
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33452195/prospective-cohort-study-of-children-with-suspected-sars-cov-2-infection-presenting-to-paediatric-emergency-departments-a-paediatric-emergency-research-networks-pern-study-protocol
Prospective cohort study of children with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting to paediatric emergency departments: a Paediatric Emergency Research Networks (PERN) Study Protocol.
Anna L Funk, Todd A Florin, Stuart R Dalziel, Santiago Mintegi, Marina I Salvadori, Daniel Joseph Tancredi, Mark I Neuman, Daniel C Payne, Amy C Plint, Terry P Klassen, Richard Malley, Lilliam Ambroggio, Kelly Kim, Nathan Kuppermann, Stephen B Freedman
INTRODUCTION: Relatively limited data are available regarding paediatric COVID-19. Although most children appear to have mild or asymptomatic infections, infants and those with comorbidities are at increased risk of experiencing more severe illness and requiring hospitalisation due to COVID-19. The recent but uncommon association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with development of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome has heightened the importance of understanding paediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection...
January 15, 2021: BMJ Open
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33451915/witnessed-resuscitation-a-concept-analysis
Witnessed resuscitation: A concept analysis.
Shaista Meghani
BACKGROUND: The advance in the practice of resuscitation is globally recognised and fully sanctioned in scientific world. However, practicing family presence during resuscitation, also known as witnessed resuscitation, is yet to be endorsed by healthcare professionals. Many professional nursing and physician organisations have endorsed the practice of witnessed resuscitation by issuing guidelines. These organisations support family presence during resuscitation due to the research proving its benefit for patients and families...
January 12, 2021: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing: the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33451860/review-of-evolution-and-current-status-of-protein-requirements-and-provision-in-acute-illness-and-critical-care
Review of evolution and current status of protein requirements and provision in acute illness and critical care.
Elisabeth De Waele, Julie Roth Jakubowski, Reto Stocker, Paul E Wischmeyer
Nutrition therapy, by enteral, parenteral, or both routes combined, is a key component of the management of critically ill, surgical, burns, and oncology patients. Established evidence indicates overfeeding (provision of excessive calories) results in increased risk of infection, morbidity, and mortality. This has led to the practice of "permissive underfeeding" of calories; however, this can often lead to inadequate provision of guideline-recommended protein intakes. Acutely ill patients requiring nutritional therapy have high protein requirements, and studies demonstrate that provision of adequate protein can result in reduced mortality and improvement in quality of life...
December 29, 2020: Clinical Nutrition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33451636/global-proteome-and-phosphoproteome-characterization-of-sepsis-induced-kidney-injury
Global Proteome and Phosphoproteome Characterization of Sepsis-induced Kidney Injury.
Yi-Han Lin, Maryann P Platt, Haiyan Fu, Yuan Gui, Yanlin Wang, Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe, Dong Zhou, Yanbao Yu
Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (S-AKI) is the most common complication in hospitalized and critically ill patients, highlighted by a rapid decline of kidney function occurring a few hours or days after sepsis onset. Systemic inflammation elicited by microbial infections is believed to lead to kidney damage under immunocompromised conditions. However, although AKI has been recognized as a disease with long-term sequelae, partly because of the associated higher risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the understanding of kidney pathophysiology at the molecular level and the global view of dynamic regulations in situ after S-AKI, including the transition to CKD, remains limited...
December 2020: Molecular & Cellular Proteomics: MCP
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33450778/transfusion-with-cryoprecipitate-for-very-low-fibrinogen-levels-does-not-affect-bleeding-or-survival-in-critically-ill-cirrhosis-patients
Transfusion with Cryoprecipitate for Very Low Fibrinogen Levels Does Not Affect Bleeding or Survival in Critically Ill Cirrhosis Patients.
Isadore Budnick, Jessica Davis, Anirudh Sundararaghavan, Samuel Konkol, Chelsea Lau, James Alsobrooks, Matthew Stotts, Nicolas Intagliata, Ton Lisman, Patrick Northup
BACKGROUND: Fibrinogen (FIB) levels less than 150 mg/dL have been associated with increased rates of bleeding and lower survival in critically ill cirrhosis patients. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine if treatment with cryoprecipitate (CRYO) for low FIB levels were associated with bleeding complications or survival. Patients / Methods: 237 cirrhosis patients admitted to an intensive care unit at a tertiary care liver transplant center with initial FIB levels less than 150 mg/dL were retrospectively assessed for CRYO transfusion, bleeding events, and survival outcomes...
January 15, 2021: Thrombosis and Haemostasis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33450531/blood-glucose-levels-should-be-considered-as-a-new-vital-sign-indicative-of-prognosis-during-hospitalization
Blood glucose levels should be considered as a new vital sign indicative of prognosis during hospitalization.
Jothydev Kesavadev, Anoop Misra, Banshi Saboo, S R Aravind, Akhtar Hussain, Leszek Czupryniak, Itamar Raz
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The measurement of vital signs is an important part of clinical work up. Presently, measurement of blood glucose is a factor for concern mostly when treating individuals with diabetes. Significance of blood glucose measurement in prognosis of non-diabetic and hospitalized patients is not clear. METHODS: A systematic search of literature published in the Electronic databases, PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using following keywords; blood glucose, hospital admissions, critical illness, hospitalizations, cardiovascular disease (CVD), morbidity, and mortality...
January 2, 2021: Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33450473/the-impact-of-a-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-video-on-reducing-surrogates-anxiety-a-pilot-randomized-controlled-trial
The impact of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation video on reducing surrogates' anxiety: A pilot randomized controlled trial.
Tirsa M Ferrer Marrero, Mark Barash, Besma Jaber, Meghan Nothem, Kumar Shah, Matthew W Weber, Stephanie Zellner Jones, Patrick Kennedy, Jeanette Graf, Shannon Broaddrick, Zhuping Garacci, Anjishnu Banerjee, Jennifer Kryworuchko, Jayshil Patel
PURPOSE: To test the primary hypothesis that a CPR video will reduce ICU patients' surrogates' anxiety when deciding code status, as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating (HAM-A) Scale, as compared to the no video group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective randomized control trial. Twenty-seven ICU patients' surrogates were enrolled in the study after receiving an ICU team-led code status discussion. After the enrollment, twelve surrogates were randomized to the video group and fifteen to the no video group...
December 3, 2020: Journal of Critical Care
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33450087/emerging-benefits-and-drawbacks-of-alpha-2-adrenoceptor-agonists-in-the-management-of-sepsis-and-critical-illness
Emerging benefits and drawbacks of alpha 2 -adrenoceptor agonists in the management of sepsis and critical illness.
Yugeesh R Lankadeva, Yahya Shehabi, Adam M Deane, Mark P Plummer, Rinaldo Bellomo, Clive N May
Alpha2 -adrenoceptor agonists are increasingly being used for the provision of comfort, sedation and the management of delirium in critically ill patients with and without sepsis. In this context, increased sympathetic and inflammatory activity are common pathophysiological features linked to multi-organ dysfunction, particularly in patients with sepsis or those undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Experimental and clinical studies support the notion that the alpha2 -adrenoceptor agonists, dexmedetomidine and clonidine, mitigate sympathetic and inflammatory overactivity in sepsis and cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass...
January 15, 2021: British Journal of Pharmacology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33450081/omega-3-fatty-acid-lipid-emulsions-are-safe-and-effective-in-reducing-endotoxemia-and-sepsis-in-acute-on-chronic-liver-failure-an-open-label-randomized-controlled-trial
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Lipid Emulsions are Safe and Effective in Reducing Endotoxemia and Sepsis in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure-an open-label randomized controlled trial.
Anand V Kulkarni, Lovkesh Anand, Ashish Kumar Vyas, Madhumita Premkumar, Ashok K Choudhury, Nirupama Trehanpati, Jaya Benjamin, Guresh Kumar, Yogendra Kumar Joshi, Shiv Kumar Sarin
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Sepsis is an important determinant of the outcome of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients. Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are known to suppress inflammation, reduce morbidity, and mortality in postoperative and critically ill patients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of intravenous omega-6 and omega-3 FA lipid emulsions in ACLF patients. METHODS: Ninety ACLF patients were randomly allocated to 3 groups- Gr. A- received no lipid emulsions, Gr...
January 15, 2021: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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Hitting the High Points of Nepal by Bonnie and Bill Neely
Real Travel Adventures June 1, 2011 0 Comments
Just as our plane circled and began its descend toward a landing at the Kathmandu airport, I began to see out of my window the rugged, snowcapped peaks of the Himalaya mountain range and felt a surge of excitement and wonder at actually finally being able to visit a place that had always held an almost mystical image for me. The line of Himalayan peaks vanished as our plane dove down through the clouds that I would later learn were made up of air pollution as well as water vapor.
The director and guide, Arvind, of our SmarTours tour did a wonderful job of coordinating everything from customs to visas to collection of our bags at the Kathmandu International Airport terminal, and we were on our bus and headed for our hotel in no time, passing through the dusty streets of Nepal’s capital city with its population of over two million people. My idea of Kathmandu being somewhat of a magical city in the foothills of the Himalayas began to be dampened by the rundown look of the buildings and houses we passed and the traffic congestion. There seemed to be the same problem of trash disposal that we had encountered throughout India, and there was a general lack of prosperity in the looks of the crowds of local residents gathered at the market areas.
As in India, when we arrived at the location of our hotel, our bus had to go through guarded gates in order to enter the hotel grounds. Once through the gates, we were greeted to the beautiful surroundings of Soaltee Crown Plaza Hotel. We spent the rest of the afternoon settling into the hotel and visiting the numerous shops that were on the grounds. That evening we wandered down past the large swimming pool area where we had supper at Al Fresca Italian Restaurant, one of the many restaurants on the hotel grounds, and had the best meal ever: lasagna and prawn ravioli, local beer, soup, water and delicious eggplant spread for bread.
After a restful evening we were up and ready to experience Kathmandu and its surrounding areas. We suppose that in order to feel independent and self-sufficient India sets time 30 minutes off from the rest of the world, and Nepal differs another fifteen minutes, so we never knew exactly what time it was. We were so surprised to find that this city, for which we brought all our winter warmest clothes, long underwear, and heavy coats, is about 75 F degrees, so we are in shirtsleeves here at 5,000 feet above sea level at the end of November! Is this global warming?? We are definitely here at the optimum time of year for tourists.
We boarded our bus and headed across the city to our first stop, which would be the Tibetan Buddhist Stupa (shrine/temple) and the area where the Tibetan refugees had settled after China’s take over of Tibet. Along the way Arvind introduced us to Deepak who would be our local guide. Deepak gave us a lot of information about Kathmandu and Nepal in general. Nepal has a population of about 30 million. The entire small country is only 58,000 square miles: 950 miles long, 100-150 miles wide, and most of it is in the high Himalayas and their valleys. Hindus comprise 75%, Buddhists 20%, other religions 5%. The main business is agriculture on small, hand-tilled farms terraced along the mountainsides and in the many Himalayan valleys.
On arriving at the Tibetan center, we walked through an elaborate gate and were confronted with the large, white dome topped with steeple with large eyes painted on each of the four sides. This Stupa is surrounded by shops, restaurants, and housing for Tibetan refugees. The United Nations has been very helpful with the Tibetan refugees who fled over the mountain when the Chinese took over Tibet. At Tibetan monasteries we do not remove shoes. We climbed to the roof of the weird domed worship building. The Stupa is centered in the large square with its eyes watching everything.
We visited a school for artists that were being taught how to paint Mandalas. The Mandalas were very detailed and done with magnificent color. After spending a couple of hours shopping in the many Tibetan shops, we boarded the bus again and traveled a short distance to a stop along the river at the Pashu Pathinath section of Nepal.
The Pashu Pathinath has the holiest Shiva Temple in the world. After a short walk along the Batmati River we came to the cremation area that was located on the opposite side of the river where a raised concrete set of platforms were occupied with various groups preparing and starting funeral pyres. We were told that the Batmati River eventually reached the Ganges River. As we watched, poor women carried huge loads of wood on their back across the river to the funeral pyres. Other than family members of those being cremated only holy people and the firewood carriers are allowed to cross the bridge to the place of cremations. We stayed across the river from the cremation area, but the smell of the smoke, and the filth along the river and around the site created a sickening feeling to most of us.
However, here on the side of the river where we had come to view the cremations we encountered the bizarre Sadhus, the most holy people, who sat at the base of a small shrine clothed in white rag wraps with painted faces and Rastifarian hair which is never washed or cut. They are stoned and with big grins hold out their hands for money. They are the only people who are allowed to use drugs legally in the form of marijuana or hemp.
Varanasi (which was formerly Benares) and Pashu Pathinath are the most holy Hindu places in the world. The legend about Pashu Pathinath is that 2,000 years ago this was a pasture for cows. There was a certain pile of stones where one cow was always milked and gave her milk freely. One day a cowherd was angry because this cow would not give milk. He threw a stone and it bled. The royal priests and authorities came to see the bleeding stone and declared it a holy place and built the Shiva Temple here.
Part of our group chose to travel out of Kathmandu that afternoon to visit some mountain villages where a great deal of Nepal farming takes place. Our bus took us up the very narrow, s-curved mountain road on a trip which had us sometimes feeling that we were hanging out over a cliff at each curve. We arrived at Nagarcort climbing some 6,500 feet above Kathmandu’s 4,500 feet in altitude. The journey took us passed typical mountain houses and tiny villages with terraced farms covering the hillsides. We stopped at a quiet resort, where upper class Nepalese come from the city for the weekend. Here we took a break and had tea and gazed out at the distant peaks of the Himalayas covered with snow. We were high enough to be above the smog of the city, which is rife with coal smoke from many factories in the valley and thick fumes of cars.
After tea we hiked down a little dirt road, which slowly descended past typical farmhouses. The tour company had made agreements with the people on this path for us to visit and take photographs. We went into one home, which had a beautiful garden and a view looking over the terraced hillsides. The home was stucco with dirt floors and neat, with only room for sleeping mats and the few possessions, clothes on hooks on the walls, and baskets of grains etc. around. Goats and other animals were in each yard. This was quite an opportunity to see real Himalayan life, which is constant work to maintain food and shelter. Although the families had been paid, the children still followed us and begged a little, showing how they could roll a small hoop with a stick. After winding our way out of the mountains, we returned to Kathmandu and our hotel, settling in for a nice restful evening.
The next morning many of us were up early to go to the airport to take a plane ride up to view Mt. Everest. The planes that were to take us held 16 passengers and each passenger had a window view. We were not sure we would get to go up as everything depended on the weather being right. The cost of taking the trip up to Everest and then back was $200 per person, but we knew we more than likely would not be back, and this was our one chance in our lifetime to actually see the tallest peak in the world. The flights for the last two days had been canceled, so as we stood waiting in the crowded domestic terminal, we kept our fingers crossed for good luck. After waiting nearly two hours, the sun came through the clouds and we fortunately were taxied out onto the runway and were off.
When we cleared the Kathmandu smog and the light cloud cover, we began to see the line of Himalayan peaks stretching as far as we could see from the west to the east. The plane climbed to an altitude of about 20,000 feet and headed northeast, bringing the mountains ever closer. There was a state of awe for all aboard as we viewed the vastness of so many towering peaks. As we neared Mt. Everest, the stewardess took each of us individually to the cockpit so we could view the mighty mountain out of the front of the plane. Everest was capped with a halo shaped cloud, but we could see most of the mountain and the roughed terrain that leads up to it. The pilot circled so everyone got a good view of the mountain and could take all the pictures we wanted. We then flew back to the west, again able to view the panorama of the Himalayas all the way back to Kathmandu.
Right after arriving back at our hotel the rest of the tour met us in the lobby, and we prepared to head out again to take in more of the sights of the Kathmandu area. We were driven through the main center of Kathmandu with central bus lines, market, military parade ground, Queen’s pool, theater, Nepalase movies, and we drove through this big commercial center, which looks fairly new. The former pink palace now is the Narayanhti Palace Muesum where the drunk son of the king picked up a rifle and killed his father and mother, brother and sister and then himself. His uncle arrived and became king for short time before the Communist Maoist party won the last democratic election.
After our drive through the central part of Kathmandu, we arrived at Bakau or Bakatapur City, fifteen kilometers east of Kathmandu toward the Tibetan border. This is one of most historic cities in Kathmandu Valley. The former palace and many Hindu temples of differing construction in brick and wood are around a huge courtyard or central square. The tall pagoda of intricately carved teak wood was built 300 or more years ago. The famous Mala Dynasty Palace of 55 Windows also has amazing carved window and door-frames and a tall Golden Gate entrance. This place was a separate kingdom/city state for a thousand years from the 9th to the 18th Centuries and was the golden period for art and architecture. It is now a World Heritage Site, and we seemed be visiting all the World Heritage sites of the areas being visited during International World Heritage week. The Little Buddha movie was filmed here. We enjoyed lunch of “safe” and not spicy tomato soup, fried rice and beer, at the Palace Restaurant Bhaktapurnot, which also had a clean restroom. We are grateful for small blessings! The rest of the afternoon we were free to tour the area and shop at the many shops in the area. After a very exciting and interesting day we returned to our hotel for another relaxing evening.
The next day was our last day, and we started out at the famous and ancient Durban Palace, which has a statue of the Monkey God, Hanauman. Nearby, we walked through the small courtyard at the 17th Century House of the Living Goddess, a peculiar tradition in this culture. A group of girls aged four to six years are gathered, the most beautiful one, perfect without any flaws, is choosen from these. The one that is selected to be the Living Goddess holds this distention until she reaches puberty. She must be able to stay in a dark room without fear, and her horoscope must match that of the ruler of Nepal, which in past years was the king. The little girl selected is brought to this house, and it is believed that the soul of the goddess comes to reside within her. Her parents can visit during the day, but she stays with her guardians at night. When she reaches puberty she is replaced and leaves this lonely place of honor. After she retires as a teen she gets permanent monetary support from the government.
We returned to the hotel by late afternoon quite tired. It was time to repack and make a few purchases at the shops near the hotel. Our farewell dinner was a typical Nepalese meal at a former Buddhist monastery in a very old and charming building. We were served small portions of many different favorite local dishes while we watched a group of performers playing traditional crude musical instruments, including strings, drum, horn, and box accordion. The pairs of dancers dressed in colorful traditional Himalayan village costumes performed several dances, which have been part of local celebrations since time immemorial. Normally the meal would be for guests seated on the floor, but tourists are given a table.
We were to leave in the morning on an Air India plane for Delhia, India, and then on to the United States. But when we got to the airport and after waiting for several hours, we were informed that our flight had been canceled. Our tour director Arvind had to get our baggage back and our visas redone as well as get us rebooked on a flight the next day and then find us hotel rooms for the night. Arvind did an amazing job of arranging everything. Because the majority of our tour group were ticketed to go straight on back to the US on a connecting flight in Delhi, Arvind also had to get the SmarTours agency to spend most of the evening getting everyone rebooked on flights back to the US the next day. Amazingly everything worked out, and we were headed back to the US the next evening after a wonderfully interesting journey through India and Nepal.
CategoriesNepal
Lander, Wyoming, A Beautiful Serendipity by Bonnie and Bill Neely
Turkish Delights in Istanbul by Bonnie and Bill Neely
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Home / Articles –> Garry Emery
Garry Emery
Retrospect was the name given to a series of articles appearing in Desktop Magazine between 2010–>11. Significant Australian graphic designers were asked to discuss examples of their work they considered important and influential. The text here is an edited version of an article which first appeared in Desktop Magazine (issue #271). Text by Garry Emery.
Garry Emery, 1962
Letterform Design
Figure 1: Baker Institute Symbol
During the 50’s, we specialised in letterform design, which is perhaps evident in this work from the late 50s, early 60s. Our design approach was preoccupied with the interaction of negative and positive form (less about content) and strongly influenced by European modernism. Shown here, a symbol for the Baker Institute, a medical research unit and industrial packaging for Industrial Safety Services. These two examples were characteristic of our work during that period.
Figure 2: ISS Packaging
Figure 3: Poster for 1993 International
Graphic Design Conference, Mexico
Surrealism, we thought, was an effective visual medium for marketing the benefits of prescription drugs to doctors. In this instance a drug for the treatment of anxiety to be taken ‘once a day at night’. Product benefits were conveyed through the use of surreal imagery, rarely seen in medical journal advertising in the 70s and 80s. For 12 years the practice was substantially focused on pharmaceutical marketing. Although, cultural communications have always occupied our interests, as shown by this poster for an International design conference.
Figure 4: Trade journal advertisement for Glaxo Australia
Wayfinding and Signage: Part 1
Begun in 1985 the Parliament House project was the first large scale wayfinding and signage project undertaken by the practice. At the time we were overwelmed by the importance, the magnitude of the task and the cultural significance of the undertaking. However the project established fundamental processes and principles that still underpin our current thinking. As well as conveying functional public information, a wayfinding and signage system was developed to express the classic modern architectural character of the building. A new alphabet was designed specially for inscriptions, after considerable research into historical and vernacular Australian letterforms and technical analysis of the requirements of letterforms suitable for lapidary incision and casting three-dimensionally in bronze.
In the early 90s, signage was designed for the Australian Embassies in Tokyo and Beijing. The free-standing portable signs were an early experiment in designing highly crafted objects as was the bronze lecturn designed for Parliament House Canberra.
Figure 5: Wayfinding signage, Australian Embassy, Tokyo
Figure 6: Parliament House Signage Alphabet, 1985–88
The wayfinding and signage system for the Melbourne Exhibition Centre is so closely integrated with the building that it is hard to tell where the architecture breaks off and the signage begins. Bold colours and super-sized graphic overlays that match the architectural scale denote the entries to the different exhibition halls and promote legibility along this very long public colonnade. In this vast crowded space, the graphics and signage need to be instantly recognisable and legible.
Figure 7: Melbourne Exhibition Centre Wayfinding, 1996
emerystudio have designed wayfinding, signage and branding for the three tallest buildings in the world: Petronas Towers (1997), Taipei 101 (2002) and Burj Khalifa (2006). In each instance the buildings were an expression of economic power, progress and national pride. A custom-designed typeface was developed for signage for the Burj Khalifa in collaboration with Mamoun Sakkal, an Arabic American type designer. These three projects have contributed to the international profile of the practice. The sculptural sign for Melbourne Grammar School (2007) is an example of one of many explorations that blur the boundaries between branding, signage and public art.
Figure 8: Petronas Towers Wayfinding, 1997
Figure 9: Melbourne Grammar Signage, 2007
From 2003 emerystudio began several projects for Soho China in Beijing each designed by celebrated international architects. Our tasks included brand identity, wayfinding, signage and retail image overlays. Managing the design integrity of large projects in China requires clear communications and persistance. Working in foreign cultures demands cultural understanding and finding new ways to work, that are aligned with local capabilities.
Figure 10: Soho identity and signage, 2003–
C+A magazine
Figure 11: C+A Magazine Spread 1
C+A magazine (ongoing since 2006) is the magazine of Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia, the industry body representing the concrete construction industry in Australia. C+A publishes in detail examples of concrete architecture in Australia, and internationally, to promote the possibilities of concrete as a material of choice in architecture. The content, format, image, tone of voice, spirit, integrity and consistency in expression are the essence of this highly respected magazine. It is in itself a brand that resonates with the target audience, triggering all the right responses. If the masthead is concealed from the viewer the magazine remains highly identifiable, but never gives way to repetition. Without publicity the readership has expanded to embrace an international audience. The magazine has captured the imagination of high profile architects worldwide, and represents an example of our current thinking towards specialised magazine design.
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Microsoft Rolls Out SCVMM 2008 R2 RC
The release candidate (RC) of System Center Virtual Machine Manager (SCVMM) 2008 R2 is now available for public testing, Microsoft announced on Monday.
The application can be downloaded at the Microsoft Connect portal here, using a Windows Live ID. The RC is the last test version before final product availability.
This version of SCVMM 2008 R2 contains about six new features since the beta was released in March. Those features include storage migration, live migration queuing, rapid provisioning, host compatibility checks, support for third-party clustered file systems and support for the Veritas Volume Manager, according to Microsoft's announcement.
Storage migration lets IT pros move the storage of a virtual machine (VM), even while it's running, both within the host and across hosts, according to the announcement. Users have to allocate about two minutes of downtime to make the move. It's not as quick as VMware's Storage VMotion feature, a Microsoft blog admitted. However, it will be widely available. Redmond plans to add the capability across all its SCVMM products, according to that blog.
The live migration queuing feature lets IT pros set up multiple VM migrations, which are then automatically timed. Previously, users could just move one VM at a time. Live migration is Microsoft's term for moving VMs in real time, with little to no downtime experience for the end user.
The host compatibility check feature lets users determine hardware compatibility between the host and destination machines, before moving a VM.
Rapid provisioning is a shortcut that lets users deploy a new VM without a network copy on the virtual hard disk. "You can now create a template which includes the OS answer file and which references a dummy VHD which is not used," Microsoft explained in its announcement.
SCVMM 2008 R2 is part of Microsoft's System Center family of management solutions. The product works with VMware ESX, Microsoft Virtual Server 2005 R2 and Windows Server 2008 with Hyper-V.
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| Reel Chicago – At the intersection of Chicago Advertising, Entertainment, Media and Production
Reel Chicago is a daily digital magazine that covers the news in Chicago on all aspects of advertising, film, TV, media and production. The content is original, written by industry experts and contributing Op Eds
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REEL WOMEN: Hana Mitchell, editor at Impakt Studio
By Reel Chicago Mar 19, 2020
Editor’s Note: They are leaders. They are inspirational. They are mentors. They are visionaries. They are, quite frankly, badasses. They are our 2020 Reel Women During Women’s History Month, you will be able to meet these incredible personalities in Advertising, Entertainment, Media and Production. Get ready.
Hana is a professional film and video editor with over 15 years of video production experience. As one the co-owners and exclusive editor at Impakt Studio, Hana began her career editing music videos for Chicago artist Omen from J Cole’s Dream Ville label, Lupe Fiasco, and Syleena Johnson.
Her resume also includes Grammy nominated music videos for Eric Roberson, Lalah Hathaway, and Terisa Griffin. Some of her other credits include promotional videos for Jamie Foxx, and Floyd Mayweather.
Though her training started with music videos with an emphasis on narrative storytelling, Hana turned her focus on features, short films and documentaries. Some of which have screened at several major film festivals . Her creative editing can also be seen in the feature films Pierre Jackson which is currently on Netflix, London Mitchell’s Christmas which aired on Magic Johnson’s Network Aspire, and “My Online Valentine” which had a national theatrical run early 2019.
She is looking forward to the Impakt Studio produced sci-fi fantasy anthology film Paradigm Grey to be streaming later this year, in which she edited most of the stories as well as serving as one of the Executive Producers. You can see her work on her companies
What did you originally want to be when you grow up?
When I was younger Ive always pictured myself being a business owner of some sort. Not necessarily having a specific field in mind at the time, you know… but I just knew that whatever I ended up doing, I’d be the owner / boss.
How did you get into the film industry?
I got introduced to the business at 16 years old. A friend of my sister was a set designer for films, and I remember her inviting my niece and I to help work on set as production assistants. I just fell in love with process, specifically the work that goes on behind the scenes.
Who were your mentors?
So, I’ve never really had any formal mentors, but I absolutely have had individuals who have inspired me, and guided me throughout this journey.
What is your greatest achievement?
My greatest achievement outside of becoming a wife and mother has been to be the Co-Owner and partner of Impakt Studio for over 20 years and being able to continually push our creativity further than my business partner Christopher Adams and I could dream of.
What is your biggest disappointment?
My greatest disappointment has to be the lack of Black women operating successful independent Black owned media companies as well as the lack of real distribution opportunities for Black productions.
ALSO READ: MORE REEL WOMEN
What are your predictions for the film industry over the next decade?
I predict that AI (artificial intelligence) will push into all aspects of film production from writing and editing to eventually maybe helping directors direct. It’s not hard to imagine a system that has been fed information on the types of edits popular directors and editors have used in their movies and then selecting a preset in the editing software like lets say a “Spike Lee/Barry Alexander Brown” style edit on one scene then a “Quentin Tarantino/ Sally Menke (RIP)” style edit on another scene it’s not as far fetched with the current state of machine learning. These new technologies will still need a “human” touch to really get the nuances of what we do…for now..we shall see 🙂
Name a job you had that would surprise people.
My first and only job I had was a Stock Market floor runner for Morgan Stanley Dean Witter. Basically I transferred orders received by phone clerks to brokers for execution in the pit.
Who plays you in your life story?
Angela Bassett plays me in my life story. Yup.
What do you wish you had more time to do?
I wish I had more time to blog/write.
Do you talk to yourself?
I talk to myself all the time. I have whole conversations with myself, out loud and internally. Motivational and Complementary. I think It helps you clarify your thoughts.
What inspires you to be creative?
I tend to gather my inspiration from other artists who’s work I admire. That always seems to push me to be more creative..
ReelChicago.com Copyright © 2021. All rights reserved.
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Issue 22 2020
RATES & DATA
Trailblazer Jacqueline O’Donovan takes home a Forward Ladies Award
Jacqueline O’Donovan, MD of O’Donovan Waste Disposal added another trophy to her cabinet recently when she was presented with the Mentor of the Year award at the Forward Ladies (FL) Awards in London and the South East. Jacqueline was selected for her track record in mentoring and developing future leaders of the waste, construction and logistics sectors whilst also taking a strong stance on encouraging diversity and inclusion.
The FL National Awards & Summit recognise the achievements of businesswomen in the UK who are dedicated to encouraging the growth of women and celebrate the achievements of successful women across the UK.
Jacqueline has long been recognised as an industry leader and has several awards under her belt for her outstanding accomplishments and leadership which has seen the family business O’Donovan Waste become one of London and the South East’s largest independent waste management companies. A leader in the construction and demolition supply chain with an excellent reputation for service, compliance and sustainable operations, O’Donovan Waste is a multiple award-winning business which employs 165 staff and operates a fleet of 95 lorries throughout the capital.
Forward Ladies CEO Griselda Togobo said: “Jacqueline is a genuine inspiration and role-model for women. An undisputed leader and ‘disruptor’ in a male-dominated industry, Jacqueline is one of the waste and construction sectors’ most influential trailblazers – passionately advocating for road-safety and best-practice, she has championed improved standards, resulting in a safer and more responsible sector.”
Jacqueline commented “ I am delighted to receive this award for mentoring as it is something I not only enjoy doing and I am passionate about it. At the moment there is such economic uncertainty and it is important to continue to encourage others into our industry sectors so we can offer guidance and direction whilst navigating the current business climate.”
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HMCC Resources – By Topic
HMCC Resources – All Documents
Facility Reporting Form
Register for Member Forums
About the HMCC
HMCC Staff & Steering Committee
Full Coalition
Incidents and Events
Training & Exercise Committee
training announcements
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Scroll below vaccine planning and communication resources to see an article listing.
MA COVID Command Center affirms Quarantine Expectations for First Reponders
Last week, the MA Office of Health and Human Services Secretary Marylou Sudders issued a letter to confirm that, consistent with Massachusetts COVID-19 Command Center guidance, EMS providers and first responders are not required to quarantine following an exposure to…
Article: What you need to know about the Moderna and Pfizer coronavirus vaccines
Both appear to be more than 90 percent effective in clinical trials and could begin to be available before the end of the year.
Article: The End of the Pandemic Is Now in Sight
A year of scientific uncertainty is over. Two vaccines look like they will work, and more should follow.
HMCC November Newsletter
Video Now Available from “Working with Translators and Interpreters in Public Health and Healthcare Settings”
In this workshop, staff from the UMass Amherst Translation Center provided an overview of considerations regarding interpreting and translation needs, tools, and best practices within a public health or healthcare setting. Specific topics covered included: Should bilingual employees in your…
MA COVID-19 Command Center Situation Reports
MA COVID-19 Command Center Situation Report Thursday January 14 MA COVID-19 Command Center Situation Report Thursday January 7 MA COVID-19 Command Center Situation Report Thursday December 30 MA COVID-19 Command Center Situation Report Thursday December 23 MA COVID-19 Command Center…
The W MA HMCC provides support within a multi-agency response by supporting the MA State Department of Public Health, healthcare providers and local health jurisdictions. Standing links to state and federal partners that issue clinical or public information guidance and…
Governor Baker Declares State of Emergency to Support Commonwealth’s Response to Coronavirus
Today Governor Charlie Baker declared a State of Emergency in Massachusetts to support the Commonwealth’s response to the outbreak of Coronavirus. The Baker-Polito Administration also announced new guidance for Executive Branch employees in order to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19.…
First Presumptive Positive Case of COVID-19 Identified by Massachusetts State Public Health Laboratory
CDC to conduct additional testing to confirm state’s possible second case.
Funding opportunity soon be announced
The MA Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs will announce, likely in March 2020, the addition of new funding into the Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Action Grant Program. This new funding will focus on climate change, the healthcare sector, and public…
Registration Now Open for Violent Critical Incident Tabletop Exercise
Building off last spring’s Active Shooter Planning Considerations Workshop, this tabletop exercise will have attendees examine their response, recovery, and/or continuity of operations plans through the lens of responding to and recovering from a violent critical incident. While the workshop…
Commission Aims to Create Roadmap for US Role in Global Health Security
A commission including global health and national security leaders, and members of Congress has released a set of recommendations it believes can serve as a blueprint for improved U.S. action on global health security. “We began the Commission’s work with…
CISA Releases Cyber Essentials
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) released its Cyber Essentials, a starting point for small businesses and government agencies to understand and address cybersecurity risk as they do other risks. Developed in collaboration with small businesses and state and…
This High-Tech Solution to Disaster Response May Be Too Good to Be True
Major cities are turning to a Silicon Valley start-up to help save lives in an emergency. But some fear its promise has been dangerously exaggerated.
Opinion: A liability problem could delay supply of emergency respirators
Imagine an Ebola epidemic is ravaging a community, or a dirty bomb goes off in a major city — but health workers can’t enter the affected area because they lack adequate respiratory protective devices (respirators) meant to protect them from…
CYBER ALERT – BlueKeep Exploit Affecting Medical Devices
A newly identified exploit, known as BlueKeep, is being used by unauthorized actors to gain system level access to healthcare networks via unprotected medical devices. This exploit is similar to the Eternal Blue exploit used to spread the ransomware, WannaCry,…
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School Of Public Health’s Center For Health Security Releases 2018 Annual Report
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health’s Center for Health Security released its 2018 annual report. The report details the center’s efforts to enhance research and analysis on major domestic and international health security issues, including emerging infectious diseases and…
HHS Has Released 2019-2022 U.S. Health Security Strategy
Late last week, The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services released its 2019-2022 National Health Security Strategy, which “provides a vision for strengthening [the] nation’s ability to prevent, detect, assess, prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and recover from 21st…
Upcoming Training: Emergency Risk Communication in Practice for Health Professionals
The Local Public Health Institute of Massachusetts will offer a free risk communication training in western MA in February 2019 at no cost to attendees. This course is geared towards the following audiences: Health professionals EMTs/Paramedics Health Facility Administrators Physicians…
2018 Updated Public Health Preparedness Capabilities Released
In 2011, CDC established 15 capabilities that serve as national standards for public health preparedness planning. Since then, these capability standards have served as a vital framework for state, local, tribal, and territorial preparedness programs as they plan, operationalize, and…
Senators Blast Nursing Home Operators, CMS Over Emergency Prep Rules
Members of a Senate committee on Friday released a critical report on emergency preparedness in the nation’s nursing homes, accusing both operators and the federal government of failing residents during storms and other disasters. Compiled by the Democratic members of…
October 2018 Full Coalition Meeting
Our fall 2018 Full Coalition meeting drew together western MA healthcare and public health stakeholders to offer disciplinary and HMCC-level updates, and partake of a program focusing on models of community paramedicine and mobile integrated health. For that main program,…
Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense Releases Updated Federal Policy Recommendations
Earlier this month, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense released an updated report, "Holding the Line on Biodefense: State, Local, Tribal and Territorial Reinforcements Needed", which highlights several recommendations for how federal policy can help to render state, local,…
HMCC Leadership Elects New Officers
Jacqueline Johnson, Chief Operating Officer of Caring Health Center HMCC Steering Committee Chair
Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response comments on newly released National Biodefense Strategy
"Today, the White House and four federal departments unveiled a comprehensive National Biodefense Strategy to make America safer against modern biological threats to the United States. In the 21st century, biological threats are increasingly complex and dangerous, and that demands…
How the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention responds to a hurricane like Florence
For all the political chatter about the human toll of hurricanes, one lesson of past monster storms is clear and increasingly urgent: Hurricanes claim lives and erode health before, during and after the water, wind and rain hit. To reduce…
Stop the Bleed Training Kits Now Available
The Western MA HMCC now offers bleeding control training kits to western MA organizations to borrow, free of charge, when offering bleeding control trainings, provided the organization will not make a profit from the training. The kits, four in total,…
Plan for Emergencies and Disasters During Preparedness Month
FRAMINGHAM, MA – Governor Charlie Baker has proclaimed September 2018 to be Emergency Preparedness Month to highlight the importance of emergency preparedness and to encourage planning for disasters and other types of emergencies. To help individuals and families prepare during Emergency Preparedness…
STATE HEALTH OFFICIALS ALERT RESIDENTS TO POTENTIAL MEASLES EXPOSURE AN EASTERN MA HOSPITAL AND OTHER LOCATIONS
BOSTON (August, 23, 2018) The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) has confirmed a case of measles which was diagnosed at Lahey Hospital & Medical Center (LHMC). The individual, during their infectious period, was in a number of locations that…
How to get ready for a CMS emergency preparedness survey
When 12 residents of a Florida nursing home died in the days following Hurricane Irma, the need for better emergency preparedness came to the fore. That's one reason why the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' emergency preparedness rule has…
FEMA Seeks Feedback on Draft Planning Guide re: Evacuations and Shelter-in-Place
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is seeking feedback on the draft document released last Friday, August 10th, Planning Considerations: Evacuation and Shelter-in-Place. Feedback and recommendations received will help ensure the final version of the guide is an effective resource for…
The Franklin Regional Council of Governments seeks a well-rounded, professional, and intelligent candidate for a 30 hr/wk grant-funded position assisting with a variety of regional emergency preparedness activities in western Massachusetts.
Opinion: EMS coordination: Healthcare coalitions provide organized cooperation
Healthcare coalitions offer EMS a “seat at the table” for regional emergency planning.
Pandemic Virus Exercise from John Hopkins Shows Our Vulnerability
A leading medical institution created a simulation that shows how a new disease could kill 900 million people — and it reveals how unprepared we are.
Opinion: Changes to the Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act are essential to saving lives in disasters
In this opinion piece, Dr. Kadlec offers his thoughts on the re-authorization of Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA), and highlights his priorities and recommendations for further legislative commitment. Dr. Robert Kadlec is the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response…
FEMA Releases Planning Considerations: Complex Coordinated Terrorist Attacks
Earlier this week, FEMA released Planning Considerations: Complex Coordinated Terrorist Attacks to aid all community partners, including all levels of government, infrastructure owners and operators, small businesses, non-profit organizations, and volunteer organizations, in planning and preparing for complex coordinated terrorist…
More Dangerous Outbreaks Are Happening. Why Aren’t We Worried About The Next Epidemic?
Ebola. MERS. Zika. Nipah virus. Lassa fever. Rift Valley fever. All were in active outbreaks in June.
Drill – Significant Stuff Going Down All Hands Needed
Some really heavy stuff is going down that requires the assistance of all local public health and community health centers with messaging. Duty Officer are working closely with the state EOC to coordinate messaging.
Winter Storm X – This is a Drill Post.
This is a drill post to gain practice with quickly shifting coalition status level and all necessary asks of the Coalition membership. Note there are existing links in the template format already. Further can be added as needed.
2017 Hurricane Season FEMA After-Action Report
The unprecedented scale, scope, and impacts of the complex combination of hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria tested capabilities FEMA has developed and improved since hurricanes Katrina and Sandy. Following the 2017 hurricane season, FEMA conducted an after-action review of the…
DrPH Health Security track at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health to launch next year
Brooks releases bipartisan reauthorization bill to protect U.S. from public health threats
U.S. Rep. Susan Brooks (R-IN) has introduced the bipartisan Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness and Advancing Innovation Act (PAHPA) of 2018 to reauthorize the nation’s main law ensuring Americans are prepared to respond to public health emergencies resulting from chemical,…
Baystate Noble Hospital Honored for Stroke Care
Baystate Noble Hospital received the American Heart Assoc./American Stroke Assoc. Get with the Guidelines – Stroke Silver Plus Quality Achievement Award, recognizing the hospital’s commitment to ensuring stroke patients receive the most appropriate treatment according to nationally recognized, research-based guidelines…
SAMPLE ALERT – WEATHER EVENT
Describe the event here. . .
Congressional Leaders Call Out HHS Leaders on Healthcare Cybersecurity Center
A bipartisan group of U.S. Senators and U.S. Representatives wrote a joint letter June 5 to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar voicing concerns and confusion about the status of the one-year-old Healthcare Cybersecurity and…
Antimicrobial resistance threatens our health security — both domestically and globally
Following the recent news that the new Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) reached an urban area where its spread can accelerate, congressional attention to reauthorizing the Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA) is timely.…
What Is a Healthcare Coaliton?
Lori Upton, MS, Director of Regional Preparedness for the Southeast Texas Regional Advisory Council (SETRAC), speaks to the fundamental composition and purpose of healthcare coalitions. Ms. Upton joined the region 1 HMCC and our Region 2 counterparts this past spring…
House health subcommittee members prepare PAHPA reauthorization
Members of the U.S. House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health on Wednesday considered proposed updates to the nation’s law on preparing for and responding to national and global public health emergencies resulting from any chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear…
Tips for Emergency Preparedness
Healthcare Professionals can take slight measures to aid their facilities in preparing for potential crises. Here’s how. When it comes to providing safe and effective healthcare, the formality of following algorithms and protocols is perhaps more important than in any…
Storm surge: After Irma, Harvey and Maria, providers prep for a new hurricane season
Amanda Leite's daughter Nicole was running a fever while her family was shut in by Hurricane Irma. The worst of the storm was tearing through the Orlando, Fla., area on Sept. 6, 2017, when Leite's 4-year-old was sick. It sounded…
TFAH Applauds the Introduction of the Bipartisan Pandemic And All-Hazards Preparedness And Advancing Innovation Act–But Improvements Can Be Made
WASHINGTON, May 22, 2018 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The following is a statement from John Auerbach, President and CEO, of Trust for America's Health (TFAH) on the introduction of the Senate HELP Committee's Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness and Advancing Innovation (PAHPAI) Act:…
HMCC Participates in Patient Evacuation Exercise
The Western MA Health & Medical Coordinating Coalition participated in a tabletop exercise on April 25th testing the MA Dept. of Public Health’s new Patient Placement Coordination Plan. Following federal requirements, the Department had to practice moving at least 20% of…
Inside the secret U.S. stockpile meant to save us all in a bioterror attack
A SECRET LOCATION OUTSIDE WASHINGTON, D.C. — From the outside, it looks like an ordinary commercial warehouse, only much bigger, about the size of two super Walmarts. Inside it’s dark except when motion sensors are triggered. When the lights come…
Our Full Coalition convening in the fall of 2017 was the venue in which we hosted JSI Research and Training, a contractor hired by the MA Department of Public Health to conduct regional Jurisdictional Risk Assessments in each Massachusetts HMCC…
April 2017 Full Coalition Meeting
Our April 2017 Full Coalition Meeting allowed for HMCC updates to our membership, and featured presentations from Jessica Collins, Executive Director of Partners for a Healthier Community (since renamed the Public Health Institute of Western Massachusetts) on “Foundations of Health Equity”, and Chad…
Our first Full Coalition Meeting was held in October of 2016 after a rigorous planning process to form the HMCC. We had great attendance and participation as we outlined our progress thus far, and highlighted what was coming for the…
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Browse all Reviews
A Little Gay History of Wales / Daryl Leeworthy
In January 1988, hundreds of people gathered in Cardiff for a rally organised by ‘Wales Against Clause 28’. Held aloft ‘were signs identifying the places the mainly lesbian and gay marchers had lived and where they were from to disprove the popular notion that “there were no gays in Wales”.’ (p.
Women before the court: Law and patriarchy in the Anglo-American world, 1600–1800 / Lindsay R. Moore
Lindsay R.
Catholic Nuns and Sisters in a Secular Age, Britain 1945-90 / Carmen M. Mangion
In the preface of Catholic Nuns and Sisters in a Secular Age, Carmen M. Mangion admits ‘this was not a book I wanted to write. This was a book I thought should be written’ (p.xi).
Married Life in the Middle Ages 900-1300 / Elisabeth van Houts
Married Life in the Middle Ages offers a refreshing approach to medieval marriage. Elisabeth van Houts focuses on the social and emotional sides of marriage rather than viewing marriage through a legal or institutional lens. Two aspects of van Houts’ book set it apart from others.
Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and her Activist Worlds / Nancy A. Hewitt
For generations, American historians fought bitterly over the meaning and legacy of abolitionism. Some have derided the abolitionists as nefarious ‘ultraists’ radicalising the country and bringing about the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history.
Gandhi 1914-1948 / Ramachandra Guha
‘The speed king of Asia’ (p. 472) is not an honorific normally associated with the subject of this new biography by Ramachandra Guha, the Indian historian, cricket writer, and journalist. It was found in a letter from a British Quaker admirer of Gandhi who had accompanied the 64-year-old on his vigorous campaigning tour through southern India in support of rights for Harijans
Following the Levellers / Elliot Vernon
Gary De Krey is a leading historian of mid-to-late 17th-century London. His two monographs on the City: London and the Restoration and A Fractured Society capture the complexity, dynamics and interiority of London politics in ways that have often stumped the best of historians.
The Common Freedom of the People: John Lilburne and the English Revolution / Michael Braddick
Pauline Gregg’s Freeborn John was previously the most recent full biographical work on John Lilburne. Published in 1961, Gregg’s work was extremely close to H. N. Brailsford’s seminal The Levellers and the English Revolution; the two works standing for decades as the cornerstones to Leveller historiography.
Spiritual Life of Medieval German Women - review article / Lucy Barnhouse
Both Mulder-Bakker’s study and, especially, the edition and translation of the Life of Gertrude Rickeldey, promise to be valuable resources for those studying the lives of lay religious women in the later Middle Ages. The text itself engages with intersecting questions of the legal and social identities of such women, and of their roles in urban communities.
Magic as a Political Crime in Medieval and Early Modern England: A History of Sorcery and Treason / Francis Young
Francis Young’s Magic as a Political Crime in Medieval and Early Modern England makes an important contribution to both the historiography of political culture in medieval and early modern England and the historiography of magic. This book develops ideas from Young’s previous monograph English Catholics and the Supernatural, 1553–1829.
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Mark Anderson is 99% energy; the 1% mass holds him together on stage and in the studio. His Big FOR His AGE creds go back to the first Big FOR His AGE album, playing bass on the song "Homicide" and then joining the band for live shows and recordings. In 2006, he and I went into the studio to record a series of demos earmarked for the next Big FOR His AGE album. Then in 2009 he joined us for the Livinghead Audio home sessions, when we recorded basic tracks for 6 songs; 4 of them, a decade later, became the foundation of the Big FOR His AGE Too album.
Original Big FOR His AGE band photo taken at Livinghead Audio; Mark, naturally in his shades, unnaturally in back.
A pic from a Mahoneyfest show, in Seligman, Arizona, where Mark encouraged the entire audience to join him on the floor for a little "Holding On" time.
Mohawk Mark
It was great to have Mark back in the studio laying down bass lines all over Big FOR His AGE Too.
Mark not only kept the rhythms tight all over the new album, he also brought his sax and guitar stylings to "Walk-On." His remarkable talents are also silently on display in the graphic-design of the new album.
As if the preceding weren't enough, Mark's played live with a wide array of bands, and he and his wife, Carly Schorman, spawned Yab Yum West, an AZ-based music-and-art site with an amAZing trove of music reviews and eloquent observations and a number of fascinating podcasts. Over the last few years they've further revved their content creation, releasing their initial 6-episode audio-drama series, "Confessions from the Nocturne Nebula." Together, they are a whirling world of creativity: Carly's new novel, "The Saint of Lost Causes," will arrive in bookstores on January 15, 2021. The Saint of Lost Causes
The Saint of Lost Causes - Carly Schorman
When a vigilante organization headed by a mysterious figure known only as Jude begins delivering its own strange brand of justice, those involved are left questioning how far must people be willing to go to exact retribution.
We had a chance to visit with Mark about his contributions to Big FOR His AGE Too and his myriad musical and artistic projects.
Mark Anderson Interview
in BFHAToo
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Beats Antique honor Ghost Ship fire victims in Oakland
Laura Casey
A video posted by Jon Bauer (@jonbauer) on Dec 3, 2016 at 11:55pm PST
OAKLAND — Oakland’s own electronic gypsy outfit Beats Antique filled the Fox Theater Saturday night with upbeat rhythms while also pausing several times to address the Ghost Ship warehouse blaze and the dozens of lives lost when something caught fire inside packed party hosted at the communal artist home and workspace.
Beats Antique, which melds alternative world fusion with electronic music of all sorts, was once associated with artist Derick Alemany, known as Derick Ion. Alemany ran the ill-fated Ghost Ship warehouse as an artist collective and residence. Ghost Ship was hosting an electronic music concert Friday night when it went up in flames, killing at least 24 people in the worst, most horrific fire in Oakland’s modern history.
Alemany was once the band’s photographer and he helped them settle on the name Beats Antique. Alemany was at a hotel at the time of the fire.
The Fox Theater opened with Zoe Jakes twisting unflinchingly in the dark in circles with a lighted globe in her hands, casting lace shadows around the stage while drums pumped up the crowd.
After the second song, “Beauty Beats,” Beats Antiques’ David Satori said, “This has been one crazy, crazy week,” and initiated a moment of silence “for the people in our community who were affected by the tragedy of last night.” People shouted at first but then the entire venue was silent for an extended period of time.
Beats Antique grew out of well-known Burning Man-favorite bands like the Extra Action Marching Band and the Yard Dogs Road Show. They held the audience in captive attention with Jakes’ belly dancing, with a troupe of eight to nine other dancers’ drumming and dancing, and with an Indonesian-style shadow puppet theater. Audience members brought their own battery-lighted poi and spun trails of color during the show.
There were many elements of lightheartedness to the event, which ended with the entire cast and audience singing Queen’s “Bohemian Rhapsody.” Satori asked the crowd, “Do you want to jump with us, Oakland? We want to jump to the sky, jump for our friends who died.” The Fox bounced.
Satori, after commenting that this is an “intense time” for Oakland right now, also led the audience into a release of shouting for joy. This outburst was almost as long as the moment of silence with screams, whistles and howling.
The band has been touring the country over the last several months to support their new album, Shadowbox. Their tour concludes this month with shows in Nevada, Oregon and Washington.
Despite the high energy and party atmosphere Beats Antique expertly created Saturday, hearts were heavy during the show. The fire was all everybody could talk about in the bars and restaurants around the venue prior to doors opening.
Alemany became an instant social media villain Friday night, even before authorities started counting the dead, by lamenting the loss of his material possessions in the fire on Facebook and not mentioning the victims.
He said: “Everything I worked so hard for is gone. Blessed that my children and (wife) Micah were at a hotel safe and sound. … It’s as if I have awoken from a dream filled with opulence and hope … to be standing now in poverty of self-worth.”
Although they did not specifically mention Alemany, Beats Antique’s Tommy Cappell said, “Regardless of what happens, tragedy strikes or happiness survives, we all have our hearts.”
Fans passed glass donation jars flanking the exit doors of the Fox Theatre venue, with donations going to the families of the fire victims.
Follow writer Laura Casey at Twitter.com/aloradream.
Laura Casey is an Oakland-based writer and journalist who focuses on music, community news and features. She has been writing professionally for more than 15 years—including several years at the Oakland Tribune— and going to concerts and arts shows are two of her favorite things. Laura is a fan rather than a musician, a patron rather than an artist. She loves darkwave, electronica, industrial, hard rock and heavy metal, but her ears are open to anything catchy, fun or thought-provoking.
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Lee Fields & the Expressions: Old school soul made for divisive times
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Places of Pilgrimage – Connecting with the Welsh Landscape
Sacred Sites Wales
Welsh Pilgrimages
The Hermitage – A Sacred Space
Buddhist Pilgrimage
Huw Llwyd’s Pulpit
February 4, 2018 by Awakened Heart Sangha
Huw Llwyd is a legendary figure in Welsh history and literature.
Huw Llwyd is a legendary figure in Welsh history and literature. He is is known to have lived between 1568 and 1630. His house – Cynfal fawr still stands in the Cynfal valley near Llan Ffestiniog.
He lived through the reign of James 1st, Charles 1st and the first decade of Elizabeth 1st. He was apparently the 7th son of a 7th son and feasted on eagle meat to ensure his descendants had powers for a further 9 generations. He was renowned as a mercenary soldier, a bard, harpist, writer, magician, alchemist, healer and for his ability to see into the future.
People travelled from far afield to hear him preaching and to seek his help. He served in France and Holland in a Welsh regiment in the role as chaplain and doctor. As a self -styled preacher he convinced local Christian clerics that sorcery was invaluable in the battle against evil and witchcraft.
He was visited by John Dee (alchemist and mathematician of the Elizabethan court) and they exchanged ideas and knowledge of magic.
On New Years Day 2018 Lama Shenpen and residents at The Hermitage of the Awakened Heart, undertook a Buddhist pilgrimage to his natural pulpit.
Within the deep and narrow Cynfal gorge ( Grid reference: SH705412) a fast-flowing river plunges around a tall pillar of rock. It was on this rock pillar in the middle of the river that Huw meditated, gave discourses and used his magic to cast out evil spirits.
Lama Shenpen and gang on Buddhist pilgrimage
His sermons were powerful and miraculously could be heard above the sound of the rushing water. He only used his powers to combat evil and to punish those who misbehaved.
In Welsh the word to describe his meditation is synfyfyrio which literally means sudden or startled meditation. He would dress in a long cape with magical symbols, wear a special sheepskin crown with a pigeon feather in it and hold a whip made of eel skin with a bone handle.
A powerful wizard, he would heal through exorcism and the demons would be cast as dark shadows into the ravine below. The waterfall downstream from his pulpit is called Rhaeadr Ddu, the Black Falls.
Rhaeadr Ddu – the Black Falls
He was called upon to deal with anything weird and “witchy” and there are many stories of his taming of local negative forces and bandits.
In one tale Huw is called in to solve a case of serial theft at an inn in Betws y Coed. The inn is run by 2 beautiful sisters who are also witches and can transform themselves into cats at night to then steal from their customers. Huw rests that night with his magic sword by his side and when he notices the 2 cats stealthily sneak into his room and to his pockets he strikes one a blow on their paw.
The next morning one of the sisters has a bandaged hand and he knows for sure they are the criminals. He warns them and they deeply apologise for their actions. Instead of reporting them to the witch-finder for trial he tells them the inn is now under his protection and there will be no more stealing. The inn thrives and the sisters earn a good virtuous living.
The River Cynfal – scared site of Huw Llwyd’s Pulpit
In another story Huw mesmerises a group of bandits at a tavern in Pentrefoelas who were planning to kill him. He causes the table they are sitting at to grow antlers which they are unable to look away from. He gets a good nights sleep and in the morning they are arrested by the sheriff. In another story Huw leaves a spell on an unscrupulous and extortionate innkeeper by causing everyone to dance and sing until they are nearing terminal exhaustion. He then sends instructions for how to find the spell and throw it into the fire thus releasing everyone. These three tales show how he was just, effective and humorous!
He was married with children and on his death bed he told one of his daughters to throw all his books on the ‘black arts’ into a lake where they were received by a pair of ethereal hands. There is no record of his death, no will was ever executed or probate granted for his estate… some say he lives on!
His grandson (or perhaps nephew) Morgan Llwyd (1619 – 1659) was a Christian mystic and renowned welsh bard with numerous works still in print. He was a puritan preacher in Wrexham but his views were unorthodox being influenced by the German mystic Jacob Bohme. For some people he is considered a Welsh Nation builder.
The River Cynfal
The water of the river Cynfal is rich in fish and eels. Elfyn’s grandfather caught a snake once while fishing in the river. It has a powerful feel to it – a Guru Rinpoche place and a home to nagas?
By Tara Dew
Tagged Buddhism Wales, Buddhist Pilgrimage, Cynfal fawr, Cynfal valley, Historic Gwynedd, Huw Llwyd, Llan Ffestiniog, Pentrefoelas, Sacred Wales, Sacred Welsh Ritual, synfyfyrio, Welsh Meditation, Welsh Pilgrimage, Welsh Pilgrims
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Swiss group files criminal complaint against Credit Suisse over Mozambique loans
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JOHANNESBURG (Reuters) – A Swiss anti-corruption lobby group has filed a criminal complaint against Credit Suisse over alleged fraud in the arrangement of $2 billion of loans to Mozambique, the group said on Monday.
Mozambique, one of the most indebted countries in the world, in 2016 admitted to billions of dollars of undisclosed borrowing, sparking a debt crisis and leading to the arrest of government officials and international bankers in the United States, United Kingdom and South Africa.
Three former Credit Suisse bankers were arrested in London in January on U.S. charges of conspiring to violate anti-bribery law and to commit money laundering and securities fraud, while former Mozambique finance minister Manuel Chang was arrested in South Africa as part of the same case.
Public Eye, a Switzerland based advocacy group focused on financial crimes, said even though the transactions were facilitated by Credit Suisse’s UK subsidiary, the bank should also be investigated in its home jurisdiction.
“With its criminal complaint, Public Eye is calling on the Office of the Attorney General to investigate whether Credit Suisse Group AG fulfilled its corporate responsibility to oversee its subsidiary and prevent unlawful conduct as required of companies by the Swiss criminal code,” the pressure group said in a statement.
Credit Suisse said it continued to cooperate with regulatory and enforcement authorities in connection with multiple investigations related to the Mozambique maritime transactions.
“Credit Suisse is not currently in a position to disclose details of those processes, given pending investigations,” a spokesman for the bank in London said.
The maritime transactions, or so called tuna bonds, refer to a fleet of sea vessels bought by Mozambique using loans arranged by the international banks for a self sustaining fishing program that never materialized. The cash came in the form of a government-backed bond to state tuna-fishing company Ematum.
The Swiss Attorney General has previously said that no criminal proceedings have been opened in Switzerland.
(Reporting by Mfuneko Toyana; additional reporting by Karin Strohecker in London, Editing by Kirsten Donovan)
Exclusive: Google suspends some business with Huawei after Trump blacklist – source
Trump says EU tariffs on Harley Davidson unfair, vows to reciprocate
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Missing Woman Critical After Deputy-Involved Shooting In Martin County
By Joel Malkin Jan 13, 2021
A woman is in critical condition after a deputy involved shooting in Jensen Beach.
"Our prayers are certainly with the woman that we were forced to shoot. "That's the hardest thing any of us can do is to make a decision to fire at somebody else."
Martin County Sheriff William Snyder says someone called 911, but hung up on Tuesday afternoon. Deputies responded to the area where the call came from and found a parked vehicle that was the subject of a bulletin issued earlier in the day for a missing and endangered woman.
49-year old Carrie Ann Demone from Michigan was in that vehicle and Snyder says she had slit her wrists.
He says the woman got out of the car and charged at a deputy with a knife, forcing him to fire two rounds, striking her. Demone was flown to the hospital.
Snyder says the woman has an extensive background of mental illness and it's unclear whether she was actually trying to stab the deputy or commit suicide by cop.
The deputy involved is on administrative leave, which is standard protocol.
Click Here for more on this story.
Photo: CBS 12
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Climate Change: Building resilience from both the public and private perspectives
27 Jan 2021 12:00 PM • Via Zoom
Connecting in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic
NEW Program News
Climate Change - Building Resilience From Both the Public and Private Perspectives
In the recent comp plan update process, communities across the region had varied responses to climate change and its relationship to resilience.
Two cities, St. Louis Park, a fully developed city facing issues of redevelopment with respect to resilience and sustainability, and Maplewood, a developing city also concerned about resilience and sustainability but in the context of new development, both laid groundwork in their comp plans to address these issues.
St. Louis Park’s focus on sustainability and resiliency includes programs, policies, plans, goals and strategies to mitigate and prevent climate change, including adoption of a Climate Action Plan, Green Building Policy and the establishment of a set of strategic priorities that includes a commitment to continue to lead in environmental stewardship.
Maplewood looked at sustainability and resilience through the lens of new development and how best to protect and preserve resources now and in the future.
Cuningham Group, an architecture, landscape architecture and urban design firm committed to designing sustainable environments that make a positive difference in the world, will present their approach of thinking beyond property limits, prioritizing resiliency, supporting human health, respecting the vitality and diversity of cultures, and protecting our planet’s resources .
Members..please reset your password for access to your account using the log In box at the of this page.
For assistance please email Community@sensibleland.org or call Natalie at 952-474-3302
Board member nominations are now being accepted. For an application, or to nominate someone email community@sensibleland.org prior to October 1st 2020.
Click below to become a member.
Sensible Land Use Coalition
The Sensible Land Use Coalition brings together public and private sector land use professionals to collaborate on policy decisions, exchange information as well as best practices.
Throughout the year we host programs with relevant content, valuable networking and continuing education for AICP, AESLIG, Builders and Real Estate continuing education credits.
Thank you to our Generous Gold Sponsors for Your Continued Support
Thank you to our Silver Sponsors for Your Continued Support
Thank you to our Bronze Sponsors for Your Continued Support
The Sensible Land Use Coalition is a 501(c)6 non-profit organization. PO Box 284 Excelsior, Mn 55331
Sensible Land Use Coalition Phone: 952.474.3302 Email: Community@sensibleland.org
PO Box 284 Excelsior, Mn 55331
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On Tech Management
I’ve noticed a pattern both in the LFI-Software community and in my career overall: it’s striking how many lessons I’ve learned from therapy that can be applied to engineering management.
What I often need from my manager is much closer to the skills of a social worker than those of a project technical lead.
I’m probably destined to be a manager someday (it was mentioned during my first 1:1 at my first full-time job) and I know I’m gonna mess up royally in some ways because it’s hard. But for now, I see harm being done and I feel that a lot of it can be mitigated.
Engineering managers don’t have management skills
Most of the problems we see with both project management and people management methodologies and processes are that they’re cargo-cult applied without systems thinking. Not only are engineering managers not trained at all in the core skills of people management, but we devalue those skills as an industry. As a result, people management skills never get significantly invested in.
What I’ve seen is this: teams will drift into success by various measures. Good things happen and then management post-hoc applies cause to whatever random approach they tried. The root cause fallacy isn’t limited to failures.
So the product got launched and the Jiras got closed and money got passed around and paychecks got deposited. People tell each other what great work they did, and some subset of them get promoted. Meanwhile, all the LOE estimates are wrong, we’re querying bad data, tech debt charges more interest, everyone’s putting out fires. And people wonder why we have a problem with burnout in the industry.
Upper management refuses to scale back scope because they “made promises” and they’ve never heard of killing your darlings.
“We need to maintain velocity,” they say when engineers try to push back on product asks in order to clean up tech debt. Shortly after, they ask why it takes so long to implement a feature that “should be pretty simple.”
Meanwhile, the people who care the most are the ones who burn out fastest.
Managers burning out
It hurts the managers as well. At two different jobs I was placed under a former technical individual contributor (IC)—one an analyst, one an SRE—who had just been promoted to their first management role. Both were tacitly expected to maintain their IC output while also taking on all the responsibilities of a manager.
A while back, I read some great advice for engineering managers:
5. Both code and people require the same thing to thrive: focused, sustained attention. No one does both well.
— Sarah Mei (@sarahmei) May 11, 2017
Additionally, Charity Majors has given advice along a similar vein:
Stop writing code and engineering in the critical path
What happens when you try to do both? One or more of these:
your engineering work suffers
your health suffers
your reports suffer
At my first tech job, the analyst-turned-manager didn’t have the time or resources to help me or even realize what was happening as I dove headfirst into burnout. In top-secret government work, there’s almost never a person with the technical expertise, the appropriate clearance, and the availability to hand work off to. If this manager didn’t do her IC work, someone else would have to explain to a three-star Air Force general why it didn’t get done.
At my second tech job, the SRE-turned-manager burned out within four months of his new role. His eagerness to build out the team with promising juniors was admirable, but ultimately unsustainable given the improvements he wanted to make and the never-ending backlog of work to do.
Being responsible about burnout
Generally, however, managers aren’t expected to maintain their productivity doing engineering work. Practitioners at the sharp end are, even though they have less control over business and product decisions, and are subject to more scrutiny when something goes wrong. As Dekkar describes in Just Culture, technical practitioners are often held in a double bind, forced to choose between
spending additional time and resources to play it safe, or
cutting corners now because “velocity!”
I’ve experienced this firsthand, and many of my colleagues are experiencing it right now.
Burnout is no joke. I feel strongly about that. It’s irresponsible for managers in the tech industry not to be well-versed in at least the symptoms of burnout.
In addition to being knowledgeable about burnout, it’s the responsibility of any people manager to be well-versed in systems of oppression. The tech industry is a complex system involving humans, and those humans can’t just leave their non-work struggles at home. Minoritized people experience more stress overall, so they’re more at risk of burnout. Oppression can’t be handled as a separate issue‚ it’s interwoven into every part of the existing system.
Social science? lol
It’s been very frustrating to encounter tech workers throughout my career who throw up their hands because something can’t be made into a simple binary metric or linear scale. In basically every other field, practitioners and decision-makers have no choice but to navigate complexity and nuance.
Those same tech workers will then roll their eyes and scoff at the idea of studying or even discussing anything under the umbrella of social science. Here’s my take: Social science is the only thing that can save tech from itself. Let’s learn from it.
As an example, let’s think about the question that sparked the Slack rant that inspired this post:
How do you measure outcomes as a manager when everything you’re doing is fuzzy?
One answer? Look to other professions that have fuzzy nonlinear outcomes to measure, like healthcare (especially mental health), social work, community organizing, teaching. How does a psychiatrist determine that a patient should change medication? How does a teacher help a student who’s struggling?
There’s no 1:1 perfect solution, but we can take lessons from other kinds of work and apply it to our own.
Isn’t that what we already do with the solutions we find on StackOverflow? It’s rare that it makes sense to copy the top answer verbatim into your codebase. Instead, I expect you do something like this:
compare several approaches, reading comments to gain context and determine how well a given StackOverflow answer’s solution works for your needs
make sure you understand the logic behind the solution you’re trying
copy some or all of the code from the solution you’re trying, editing parameters and cleaning up formatting to interface with your existing code
test and iterate, or start back at an earlier step with a different StackOverflow answer
In order to keep what works and throw away what doesn’t, you need to actually engage with the content you’re learning from.
As always with LFI discussions, there’s no instant fix. But with enough of us reading and discussing and learning and applying lessons from high-reliability systems, safety-critical industries, software engineering teams, and even social science(!), we can make a difference.
← My Quarantine Family Treat alerts like comments →
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Modification of a Modulation Recognition Algorithm to Enable Multi-Carrier Recognition
Angela M. Waters
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Michael A. Temple, PhD
Modulation recognition is important for both military and commercial communication applications, particularly in cases where enhanced situation awareness and/or channel assessment is required to mitigate intentional or collateral interference. Modulation recognition via template matching or statistical analysis is a key aspect of non-cooperative (nonmatched filtering) signal interception, classification, and exploitation. This research concerns the evaluation and modification of a conventional Digitally Modulated Signal Recognition Algorithm (DMRA) to enable multi-carrier, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), waveform recognition. The original DMRA architecture was developed to classify communication signals for three fundamental data modulations, i.e., Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK). By adding an additional key feature and threshold to the original DMRA architecture, a modified DMRA architecture is developed to enable the reliable recognition of OFDM waveforms. Simulation results for the modified DMRA architecture show a 95.25% success rate for OFDM waveform recognition at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 11:0 dB. When operated under scenarios where FSK signals are neither present nor considered an alternative, the modified DMRA architecture yields success rates of 100%, 98.25%, and 98.25% for classifying PSK2, PSK4, and OFDM at a SNR of 5.0 dB.
AFIT-GE-ENG-05-23
Waters, Angela M., "Modification of a Modulation Recognition Algorithm to Enable Multi-Carrier Recognition" (2005). Theses and Dissertations. 3873.
Electrical and Electronics Commons
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Florida Woman Dies After Being Forcibly Removed From Hospital
Home » Blog » Florida Woman Dies After Being Forcibly Removed From Hospital
A Tallahassee woman who refused to leave the hospital after doctors discharged her is dead after being forcibly removed by police.
Fifty-seven-year-old Barbara Dawson entered Liberty Calhoun Hospital to seek treatment for breathing difficulties and stomach pain. Doctors believed Dawson was stable and should have been released, however, Dawson felt like she was still having breathing issues. She refused to leave the hospital.
According to the Tallahassee Democrat, the hospital had called the police on her numerous times and once ordered her off the property when she brought a friend in for treatment. According to her family, Dawson had a long history of breathing problems and had visited Tallahassee Hospitals 22 times since 1987.
On Monday, Liberty Calhoun Staff called the Police to have Barbara Dawson Removed. The 57-year-old was arrested for disorderly conduct and trespassing. While under arrest, she collapsed.
The arresting officer removed the handcuffs and escorted her back to the hospital.
Investigation Into Dawson’s Death
The Blountstown Police Department is awaiting the results of a Tuesday autopsy to determine the cause of Dawson’s death.
“We were told by a doctor once she got back in the hospital that her vital signs were good and it was their decision to readmit her” said Blountstown Police Department Chief, Mark Mallory.
Police Dashcam footage of the incident did not capture video but did capture audio at the scene. Officials say it will be released before Christmas.
The Calhoun-Liberty County Chapter of the NAACP held an emergency meeting on Tuesday, and Florida Department of Law Enforcement has been called to investigate the matter.
Hospital Negligence: Sent Home Too Soon?
One of the most common forms of hospital negligence is when a doctor makes the decision to discharge a patient too early, or before they are medically stable. Hospital emergency rooms are often overcrowded, especially around the holidays. With such a rush to get through the patients, staff can sometimes pay so much attention to the number of beds available that they may be too quick to send someone out the door.
In situations where the patient requires medical intervention or dies after the early discharge, it may be considered medical malpractice.
Hospitals will often argue that sending patients home too soon is unavoidable due to overcrowding, however, according to Nolo Law For All, numerous studies have shown that these types of shortages of beds are often due to the Hospital’s poor planning.
If you were discharged from the hospital too early, you may have a medical malpractice claim if the doctor or facility;
Failed to properly diagnose and treat;
Failed to conduct proper testing prior to discharge;
Failed to schedule a necessary follow-up visit; and/or
Failed to ensure medical stability.
Arresting Barbara Dawson rather than treating her for her breathing issues may be considered a failure to properly diagnose and treat, as well as failure to ensure medical stability.
Protecting Yourself From Premature Hospital Discharge
If you are concerned that a health care professional care facility is discharging you from care too soon, you have the right to request your discharge rights from the hospital and speak with the attending physician. If you have limited ability to care for yourself at home, we urge you to express these concerns.
Tragically, Barbara Dawson was arrested because she did not leave the facility. Tallahassee law firm, Parks and Crump is representing Dawson’s family and plans to file a suit against the hospital, the Blountstown police department, or both.
How To File A Medical Malpractice Lawsuit
When a mistake made by a Doctor, Nurse, or Hospital Staff member leads to the death of a loved one, survivors are flooded with emotions. The sadness of the loss of a loved one is compounded by the anger felt toward negligent parties.
During this difficult time, filing a claim against the hospital can seem like an impossible task. However, consultations with most personal injury law firms including Schultz & Myers Personal Injury Lawyers are almost always free of charge, so there is no risk to talk to an attorney about your options. A personal injury lawyer can often offer clarity during what seems like an impossible situation.
An Important Note Regarding Infants
While no infants were involved in Monday’s tragic incident, early discharge of infant patients remains one of the most common forms of premature discharge in the United States. Hospitals must keep a newborn infant in their care for at least 48 hours. In certain situations, an infant’s individual needs require more care.
If you’ve suffered complications or lost a loved one due to a premature hospital discharge, we invite you to speak with an attorney at Schultz & Myers Personal Injury Lawyers for free. Consultations are always 100% confidential.
Call us at 314.444.4444 or fill out a case consultation form on our website.
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After last night’s loss to the Memphis Grizzlies, the Los Angeles Lakers’ record has fallen to 29-31 with 22 games remaining. The Lakers are 1-2 coming out of the All-Star break having defeated the Houston Rockets, but losing to the New Orleans Pelicans before last night.
Prior to Lebron James’ injury that kept him out of the lineup for 17 games, the Lakers’ record stood at 20-14 and they were the four seed. They went 6-11 with the 15-time All-Star sidelined.
Feb 25, 2019; Memphis, TN, USA; Los Angeles Lakers forward LeBron James (23) reacts during the first half against the Memphis Grizzlies at FedExForum. Mandatory Credit: Justin Ford-USA TODAY Sports ORG XMIT: USATSI-385552 ORIG FILE ID: 20190225_pjc_fb1_031.JPG
Since his return, the Lakers have gone 3-6. There is no doubt the Lakers should be concerned about the possibility of missing the playoffs fior a sixth straight year.
As a team, the Lakers have not played well since before the trade deadline when many players heard their names publicy mentioned in trade rumors to the New Orleans Pelicans for All-Star power forward Anthony Davis. This would give James another superstar that could help entice a third star to come to the Lakers this summer as a max contract free agent.
The trade that never happened is still having ripple effects on the court for the Lakers.
When every young draft picks’ names were mentioned in the trade for Davis, I can see why.
According to multiple sources, the Lakers offered Brandom Ingram, Kyle Kuzma, Lonzo Ball, Lance Stephenson, Michael Beasley, Rajon Rondo, two first round picks, and taking on Solomon Hill and the remaining 12.8 million left on his Pelicans’ contract. Pelicans’ GM Will Demps asked for a minimum four first round picks and four second round picks for starters and talks broke off from there.
Lakers’ president of basketball operations, Magic Johnson, along with GM Rob Pelinka, brought in stretch 5 Mike Muscala and sharp shooter Reggie Bullock as minor upgrades just before the trade deadline. But, the fact that so many players named in trade rumors remained in Los Angeles after the deadline has brought a dark cloud to the team.
While Johnson believes the NBA is a business and players should have no room for hurt feelings after being mentioned in trade rumors, this is easier said than done.
After James brought his talents to LA last July, Ingram, Kuzma, and Ball all figured to be important pieces that would team with James to bring another championship to Laker Nation.
Many expected this to be a playoff year, but the Lakers to be contending for a championship in a few years with Ingram, Kuzma, and Ball important pieces to the team.
Let’s keep in mind that Kuzma is 23, and both Ingram and Ball are 21. Each has shown glimpses of being a future superstar before James arrived. Shouldn’t playing with Lebron take their games to another level?
How are these players supposed to put aside the fact Lebron and management felt the future of the franchise would be better served with them in another city? Will they be offered up again this summer?
Once again, it appears King James is attempting to blow up a team so he can bring in players he feels compliment his own game.
This team was doing well before James’ injury. Had Magic and Lebron not attempted to trade away its core, the team would be rattling off victories rather than having their playoff chances go down quicker than the Titanic.
Now, James is in danger of missing the playoffs for the first time since his second season in the league. Last night, James had this to say following the loss to the Grizzlies.
“At this point if you are still allowing distractions to affect how the way you play, then this is the wrong franchise to be a part of and you should just come and be like, ‘Listen, I don’t [think this is for me]. I cannot do this’.”
James makes a great point. The trade deadline has come and gone and many of these players remain. It is now time to put feelings aside and be professionals where these young players can gain valuable playoff stretch experience. If the Lakers are fortunate enough to make the playoffs, the team can acquire further training needed to move towards wining a future NBA championship.
The team should have an open meeting and get all these feelings behind them. Lebron needs to be the leader he is and admit his defense has left a lot to be desired. He cannot just be the man on the offensive end. The king has carried teams with less talent, albeit he was younger. His legacy will take a hit if he cannot rally this extremely talented team to the playoffs.
Follow my As I See It blog at http://Scottdm71.com
Twitter handle: @Mikulski_Scott
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Photo credits: Magic Johnson (Washington Post), Lebron (USA Today), Davis (Sportingnews.com), Ingram (Silverscreenandroll.com), Kuzma (Silverscreenandroll.com), Ball (Sportingnews.com)
Filed Under: NBA Tagged With: #ROC, Anthony Davis, Brandon Ingram, King James, Kyle Kuzma, Lebron James, Lonzo Ball, Los Angeles Lakers, Magic Johnson, Max NBA Contract, Memphis Grizzlies, NBA Free Agency, NBA Rumors, New Orleans Pelicans, Rob Pelinka, Will Demps
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1923 - Pennsylvania State College (not yet a university) established a branch school in the city of Scranton - offering evening technical institute programs.
1951 - The school was renamed The Scranton Center and began offering day and evening courses.
1953 - Courses were redesigned as associate degree programs.
1968 - Moved to its current location in Dunmore and was named Penn State Worthington Scranton.
1968 - Began offering the first two years of PSU bachelor's degree programs.
1991 - Associate degree in Nursing offered.
1995 - Offered the first campus baccalaureate degree program in Nursing.
1996 - Associate degree in Occupational Therapy offered. (Program has since been discontinued)
1997 - Associate degree in Human Development and Family studies offered.
1997 - B.S. in Business offered.
1998 - The Gallagher Conference Center was built.
1998 - B.S. in Human Development and Family Studies offered.
1999 - B.S. degree in Information Sciences and Technology offered.
2000 - Campus CEO James Gallagher retires; Dr. Mary-Beth Krogh-Jespersen named PSWS chancellor.
2002 - Nittany Lion Sculpture Garden dedicated.
2004 -- Bachelor degrees in American Studies and Letters, Arts & Sciences offered. (American Studies degree has since been discontinued).
2004 - Nursing Suite renovations are completed.
2006 - Bookstore and Cafeteria renovations and creation of The View Cafe.
2007 - Groundbreaking for new Business Building.
2008 - Campus celebrates its 40th anniversary; reunion held on campus for members of the Class of 68-69.
2009 - Completion and dedication of The Business Building.
2010 - Renovation of the Biology, Chemistry and Physics labs.
2010 - Completion of The David and Ann Hawk Student Success Center in the Study Learning Center.
2010 - B.S. in Science offered
2012 - Campus hosts summer Board of Trustees meeting
2013 - B.S. in Business offered (w/accounting option)
2014 - B.A. in Corporate Communication offered
2014 - Groundbreaking for the Matt McGloin Baseball Field.
2015 - Chancellor Mary-Beth Krogh-Jespersen retires; Dr. Marwan Wafa named new chancellor.
2015 - B.A./B.S. in Psychology offered.
2016 - New side entrance-way completed for the Study Learning Center.
2016 - B.S. in Biology offered
2017 - PSU Board of Trustees approves campus name change to Penn State Scranton, effective May 1, 2018.
2017 - Ground floor renovations completed on the ground floor of the Dawson Building, including new offices: Academic Affairs Suite; Admissions Suite; Alumni and Community Relations Suite; Bursar's Office; Business Services office; Human Resources office; upgrades to classrooms; and a new conference room.
2018 - Campus name changed to Penn State Scranton.
2018 - Project and Supply Chain Management degree is added to the campus' four-year degree offerings, bringing the total to 13.
2018 - Campus purchases the Grainger Building on the O'Neill Highway.
History of Penn State & the Scranton Campus
The Pennsylvania State University was chartered in 1855 as the Farmer's High School. A pioneer institution designed to provide higher education for all qualified students, it admitted its first students in 1859 and graduated its first class in 1861.
Renamed the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania in 1862, it became the land grant college of the Commonwealth in 1863. The name was changed again in 1874 to the Pennsylvania State College, and in 1953 to The Pennsylvania State University.
The Scranton campus was named in memory of Worthington Scranton (1876-1955), a prominent industrialist and civic leader of northeastern Pennsylvania. The campus, one of 24 Penn State facilities throughout the Commonwealth, is located on a forty-five-acre tract of land just off Exit 188 of Interstate 81.
This is Penn State Scranton
Board Meeting Presentations
Economic and Community Contribution
Penn State History
Penn State Historical Markers
The Alma Mater
Penn State Myths
All Things Nittany
Penn State News
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I have no face The secret to chicken and egg problems: bend one of the flaps
Book takeaways: Buzzmarketing
Entrepreneur, Reviews Add comments
If you like Seth Godin’s philosophy and the main message of Purple Cow you’ll dig Buzzmarketing. In a world of advertising in which we are deluged with thousands of sound bites and ads competing for our attention, the most successful marketing campaigns are the ones that achieve buzzworthiness and propel themselves beyond the initial transmission via word-of-mouth. Doug Hughes says the key to marketing is giving people a message that’s worthy of talking about. And I couldn’t agree more. Anybody who is able to convince an entire town in Oregon to rename itself to Half.com and literally put a company on the map gets my ear for a day. Here are the key points and takeaways from reading this book.
The six buttons
Hughes believes there are six traits of buzzworthy topics. If you find a way to incorporate a couple of these qualities in your messaging, you stand a good chance of having other people passing it along. By nature we like to talk about:
the Taboo
the unusual
the outrageous
the hilarious
the remarkable
Basically we like to be interesting. Couch your messaging in way that lends itself to 2-3 of these qualities and it becomes “conversation currency.” Hughes explores a couple marketing success stories to substantiate this theory. For instance Miller Lite was hugely trailing its competitor Budweiser until their marketers found their sweet spot in positioning the brand. From conducting ol’ fashioned face to face market research studies in bars they learned that most bar patrons weren’t truly concerned with calories, they instead gravitated towards a specific light beer because it made them less bloated so they could stay longer at the bar. Once they discovered this hot button, Miller crafted its messaging around this aspect and then delivered an ingenious marketing campaign around the idea of “tastes great, less filling.” It became such a popular refrain that it was literally sung by fans in stadiums everywhere and Miller became the 2nd most popular brand of beer in the world.
Hughes recounts the story of a chiropractor in New York that built a multi-million dollar practice by working on homeless people for free. That’s impossible you say? He recognized the value of word-of-mouth advertising and what occurs when you truly improve the quality of life for a few people requiring only the payment of lip service. By deferring cash payment for the first year he was able to build a massive grass roots awareness of his practice and book as many as 10x the number of clients his competitors had. He established offices that allowed him to treat people on a massive scale and eventually gobbled up competitors that defected from their own practice to join his.
Hughes dissects the success of the TV show American Idol and how it was able to achieve impossible growth in viewership season after season in spite of the fact that every network but one had shot it down initially. Citing a Bonnie Rait song (which I despise btw), he pounds home the point that as marketers our job is simple: “let’s give ’em something to talk about.” His analysis of the American Idol show, the community that developed around it and the countless water cooler conversations it has spawned reminded me a lot of the TV show “Friends” that was popular ten years ago when I was in college. There were social groups of people in every dorm that would spontaneously gather around the TV in the common areas to watch this show and at every commercial they would dive into lively conversation around the characters of that show. Complete strangers were united by their connection to the characters in this show. It was like meeting someone and having a mutual friend. What the makers of that show (and every other successful TV show like it) realized is that in the end people just want to connect with others. The show The Office on TV now is the current equivalent providing office workers with this shared common experience that reaches them on an emotional level. Marketers that continue with traditional techniques of blasting loud messages will eventually find that their target constituency has long ago donned noise-canceling headphones and are happily chatting away with each other via skype about the next product that shares one of the six traits of buzzworthiness.
A major takeaway for me here was his point about “empowered interactivity” – American Idol single-handedly did for SMS text messaging what a failed $120-million dollar ad campaign around the mLife product could not do for AT&T. Give the people that use your stuff a way to show off their own intelligence via ratings, reviews, case studies, testimonials, whatever and they will become much more invested in your product. One-third of the people that voted on American Idol had never texted before the show- it was a compelling enough use case to drive 7 million people to adopt SMS. And all just so they could have a say in who won a contest on TV. The point is: do what Kathy Sierra preaches and recognize that it’s not about you, it’s about helping your users kick ass.
The story of the Apple 1984 Superbowl commercial that catapulted the Macintosh to mainstream popularity could probably be a book on its own. Not only did that single ad (which again was initially killed by the company’s Board) resuscitate a struggling company, it arguably created the Superbowl Sunday ad pageant that’s become a yearly tradition for marketers to show off the best-in-show of advertising.
Capture Media
It’s no secret that the more newsworthy you become, the less you have to push things uphill via paid marketing initiatives and the more you get to enjoy the downhill toboggan ride of the press writing about you. Hughes believes there are five hot buttons for reporters, and they are stories that:
have a David and Goliath theme
are unusual or outrageous
incite controversy
include a celebrity
play on an already-hot topic in the media
So this isn’t an Einstein, ground-breaking discovery here but he retells the story of Clearplay DVD and how they drove a successful marketing campaign that consisted entirely of legal fees. This company was one of a dozen that produced a “vchip-like” technology for DVD’s that allowed parents to selectively screen out unsuitable content for their children based on thresholds defined by Clearplay. While every competitor yielded under impending lawsuits from the major Hollywood directors and studios, the Clearplay CEO saw the David & Goliath controversial showdown over the home remote and went for the jugular. The press ate up the story and people began to rally around the call of “who controls your remote, Hollywood directors or you?” In the face of copyright lawsuits from heavyweights like Spielberg who said “you’re damaging the artistic integrity of my work by altering it,” Clearplay struck a nerve with parents, kept to its story and ultimately triumphed winning major deals with studios and distributors. Hughes relates a nearly identical David & Goliath story around Ben & Jerry’s ice cream.
My only problem with this reasoning is that, “history is written by the victors.” No arguments that taking a bold stand is going to make you newsworthy, but it also makes you a big frickin’ target for the opposition and sometimes Goliath wins in those situations. I’m reminded of the ReplayTV vs. Tivo battle and how sometimes riding in the slipstream of a competitor that chooses to lash out and absorb the brunt of the opponent’s attacks can be a more effective survival strategy. You don’t always have to outrun the bear…
The takeaway here for JumpBox is that we need an adversary. And not an adversary as in a competitor producing virtual appliances, but adversary in terms of an iconic Goliath that our users can commiserate over and feel unified against. We had tossed around a clever idea for an ad campaign awhile back involving a “Lumberg figure” and how JumpBox was the equivalent of sawing your cube in half and gutting a fish on your desk. Sales are made when you connect with people emotionally and not from logical conclusions drawn from statistics and research. Even if you have something wildly useful, failing to connect with your market on an emotional level means you only capture people making head decisions and not gut decisions.
The fact you’re still reading at this point given the length of this post is laudable, so thanks for your attention. The point of this chapter is very simply: if you’re average you’re invisible. Hughes says we can do four things to better grab people’s attention:
follow a balanced multimedia diet for how we advertise
find clutter-free media – the spaces where there is nothing else competing for attention
take off the shine and reveal the underbelly of your organization – essentially the advice from the Wired cover story Get Naked and Rule the World
product placed inextricably in the content itself- think songs like “pass the courvoisier“
There has never been as fierce a competition for people’s mental cycles as there is now. And we can expect the competition for attention to get more desperate over time. As Hughes says, “without attention nothing happens” (it’s the whole “tree falls in the woods” phenomenon). The pattern that manifests again and again in companies as they grow is that they start out with a bold approach that gets them famous and then they become complacent and reserved gravitating towards less-risky decisions- it’s essentially the Innovator’s Dilemma applied to marketing. Messaging evolves to a pasteurized, mr-potato-head-like jumble of blandness quilted together by committee. Viewers mistrust it, and more likely, stop caring altogether (kind of how we feel about Microsoft at this point).
Supposedly in relationship counseling they say hatred is easier to resolve than apathy because at least the partner still cares and has feelings to work with. When it’s pure indifference and there’s an absence of feeling it’s impossible to fix. Same is true for a brand- it’s better to be loved or hated but when people just don’t care, then you’re hosed. Hughes delves into Britney Spears’ rise to stardom to see how her agent and publicist capitalized on attention to build her career. He recognized her talent when she was thirteen but held off on promoting her for two full years until he detected that the market was ripe for her debut. Mis-timing her launch would have almost certainly meant a fizzled career because of the scarcity of attention from the target demographic given the cycle of pop stars and that it was devoted away from poppy bands towards rock and hip hop. Obviously there was a lot more that contributed to her success than perfect timing, but launching when conditions were optimal as far as attention from the target market was a critical factor.
Again, hindsight is always 20/20 but the takeaway here for me is that conditions now are primed for the AdSqueeze concept. Given the ADHD nature of people growing up, the fierce battle for attention and the existence of commercial-skipping technologies via DVR’s, something like AdSqueeze is sure to sprout up within the next year. And it will be a fad like Million Dollar Homepage that runs it’s course in six months, experiences a bunch of copycat competitors and then flames out. But not before somebody makes a mint on ad revenue reshapes the TV advertising landscape by offering a different model. I wish I had extra cycles and the ability to bankroll this project right now because someone will do it.
Climb Buzz Everest
The point of this chapter is that big wins only come with big risks. Find the Mount Everest-sized challenge that can put your company on the map and then tackle it. Hughes did precisely this with his company Half.com and persuaded a town named Halfway in Oregon to actually change its name to Half.com. Other instances of companies that climbed Buzz Everest:
Pepsi goaded Coke drinkers to take the Pepsi Challenge after discovering from legitimate taste tests that people genuinely preferred Pepsi over Coke (the key here in this that the author neglects to mention is that Pepsi in small doses is preferable due to its sweetness – listen to a podcast from Malcom Gladwell for a discussion on this).
The revival of Tie Dye t-shirts (and consequently the lesser-known brand of die behind them, Rit Dye) is another story of a marketing comeback from a guy that chose to ditch a comfy position marketing a sure-thing product in order to take on the impossible and climb a Buzz Everest. Doc Searls talks about effective marketing as the art of starting a forest fire of buzz by creating sparks in the right places. The Tie Dye story is a classic example of how to start a blaze by a few well-placed sparks.
Discover Creativity
At this point it felt like Hughes had said most of what he wanted to say and was stretching for two more chapters to round out his six points. His advice regarding creativity is to:
dump the idea of marketing strategy and simply define the marketing problem succinctly
understand your consumers intimately
swing the bat often and not be afraid of failure – (ie. Babe Ruth struck out more than anyone)
create internal competition and pit marketing teams against one another
produce creative content, not ads
He urges companies to think about failure differently- treat them like fouls in a basketball game rather than one-strike-you’re-out mistakes. When your players finish the game with four fouls that’s when they’ve pushed the limit and played their hardest. Anyone who finishes with zero fouls isn’t getting scrappy enough and taking risks. He talks about the Ford Mustang and how their marketing team did a masterful job of creating mystery around the product via “ads that hyped future ads” leaving people a secret to be discovered. Ford connected with local DJ’s and gave them individual test drives of the Mustang and then ran ad spots with the radio stations in which the DJ’s had to write their own copy for the spots relating the experience of driving the car. The result was an authentic referral from a trusted personality instead of a regurgitated sound bite from a large corporation and a product that had individuality infused into it from day one. Likewise, the Mini Cooper automobile has amassed so much personality associated with its image that 75% of their owners name their cars and 60% mod them with custom enhancements/decorations to make them more unique and personalized. When the user is that invested in the product, you can be they are going to show their friends wallet pictures of their baby.
Police Your Product
The last chapter is devoted to the importance of discovering and handling negative buzz early. This too seemed like brain-dead-simple common sense but Hughes points out that massive buzz blunders have caused irreparable damage to big companies. Ten years ago, the fires didn’t spread nearly as quickly because the communication means available at the time weren’t as networked and multi-media. The Internet-related technologies like web, blog, email, IM, youtube, twitter, etc. have amplified the voice of the consumer and both broadened the audience and condensed the time frame for the transmission of buzz down to seconds. Look at how quickly the Jet Blue debacle got away from them in February. Hours after being stranded on the tarmac people were taking pictures of overflowing toilets in the airplanes from their camera phones and posting them to their blog.
Every citizen is now potentially a journalist. I learned this power first-hand through posting a negative experience on my blog after dealing with Sprint customer service. <- That blog entry has gotten thousands of visits appearing on the first page of google results for the search term "sprint customer service." As Hughes says, "23 complaints = 10,000 enemies” via the digital grapevine of communication that occurs from people posting and reading these painful stories when researching a product. Negative reviews on sites like Epinions, Yelp, Tripadvisor and Amazon cause severe material damage to companies and the smart ones have people trolling search engines to stay ontop of customer complaints made out in the blogosphere. You’re also seeing a rise of technologies like the Listening Post to monitor buzz and serve as the early warning radar so companies can detect and respond to potential PR disasters before they become catastrophic.
Hughes says of all the survey questions companies ask, there’s really only two that matter:
Would you be willing to go out of your way to tell a friend about our product?
This was a mild takeaway for me. The first tracks the effective sources of how people are finding you and your all important number: the word-of-mouth factor. The second gauges the buzzworthiness of your product and implicitly asks for a commitment from your users. We already do the first one and we’ll be implementing the second on JumpBox just as soon as I finish writing this.
If you’re into marketing, this book is worth a read. Of the handful of business books I’ve read recently, this one produced a respectable 3 1/2 takeaways and for me that factor is always the gauge of a valuable, thought-provoking read. There is one particular idea I got for a promotion which I need to run by our lawyers first. It’s so out there that I’m afraid it violates both SEC and gambling laws, but if not, you’ll be hearing about it soon enough as it will be coming second-hand to a water cooler near you.
"Getting to Plan B" is a must-read for every entrepreneur
Thoughts on Infusionsoft from a new user
One Response to “Book takeaways: Buzzmarketing”
Scrollin’ On Dubs » Blog Archive » Book Takeaways: Made to Stick says:
[…] Rather than try to hash through everything in a long post as I did with Buzzmarketing, I figured I’d try a different approach. I captured the notable stories on a single page via tiny sketches to trigger a memory of each story and its meaning. I’ve scanned that page and created an image-mapped graphic of that page with an abstract for each story distilling the important insight. […]
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Home Sculptor News Breckenridge International Snow Sculpture Championships downsizing to just one sculpture in 2021
Breckenridge International Snow Sculpture Championships downsizing to just one sculpture in 2021
Team Mexico’s “Cenote Gaurdian,” the winner of 29th annual Snow Sculpture Championships.
Hugh Carey / hcarey@summitdaily.com
BRECKENRIDGE — At the Breckenridge town council work session on Tuesday, Dec. 10, assistant town manager Shannon Hayes reported to council the Breckenridge Events Committee’s proposal to downsize the 2021 International Snow Sculpture Championships due to closure of the South Gondola lot.
“The [2021] International Snow Sculpture is proposed to consist of one sculpture, ‘World Peace’, to be created by a number of participants from previous winning teams. With the planned closure of the South Gondola lot and the subsequent loss of parking spaces the BTO (Breckenridge Tourism Office) and BEC (Breckenridge Events Committee) believe attempting to host a full Snow Sculpture event would create immense traffic and parking challenges,” Hayes said in her memo to council.
Hayes added that the traffic and parking issues would likely produce negative community sentiment and expected decreasing the scope of the event would help mitigate these issues. The South Gondola lot will be closed due to construction of the new parking garage from May 2020 to Nov. 2021, and the snow sculpture event typically takes place at the end of January.
Rob Neyland, event founder, said that the plan for the location of the piece will also aid in parking issues, as it is planned to be located on the north side of the Welcome Center of the Blue River Plaza, rather than in the Tiger Dredge parking lot.
“The snow sculpture historically takes up the entirety of the Riverwalk parking center. I think everyone kind of agreed that what we are going to be doing is not going dark with the event but stepping it down to a lower profile presence,” Neyland said.
Neyland added that the location will also keep the sculpture shaded, allowing it to remain on display for much longer. Neyland said the working term for the piece will be “World Piece,” as it will incorporate pieces from international sculpting teams.
“The notion of this ‘World Piece’ is we are going to do a collaborative sculpture. We’re going to hand pick the teams to come back to work on a collaborative sculpture,” Neyland said. “It would allow us to celebrate a different element of the world collaboration of the event that happens in Breckenridge. It allows us to keep ourselves alive and active in the snow sculpture world.”
The 2022 event is expected to return to the normal competition format, though Neyland said that the idea of a collaborative piece may become a regular tradition as part of the event in the future. He said there will also be other programming done to commemorate the event and continue the messaging of the piece.
Council agreed with the event committee’s proposal. Council member Dick Carleton commented that he thought the theme of “World Peace” was very fitting. Council members then discussed the larger issue of events that fall during the closure of the parking lot.
“In consideration of the parking structure being built…what’s the philosophy going forward?” council member Erin Gigliello said.
“I think we should follow what we’re doing with snow sculpture,” Mayor Eric Mamula said. “We’re going to need to have a very robust transportation plan for not only the winter but Oktoberfest…any big event.”
Mamula added that there would need to be clear signs directing people to available parking and that there would need to be a push for utilizing the bus system while the parking structure is being built.
The 2020 snow sculpture event will occur as planned with a competition between sculpture builders. The event will take place from Jan. 20 to 29. Now that town council has given the green light for paring down the event in 2021, more detailed planning will continue.
“The good news is that the town remains committed to continuing the town’s iconic event,” Neyland said.
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Are you madly in love or driven mad by it? Happily single or looking for a partner? Living together, married with kids, or dumped and desperate? Whatever the state of your love life, Hot Relationships has all the answers to your dating and relating dilemmas. Funny, practical, and refreshingly realistic, it's packed with advice on everything from flirting and flings to monogamy and marriage. There are hot tips on getting over an ex, where to meet a partner, how to spot the losers, and how to breeze through that first date, as well as hints on fixing the fights, surviving jealousy and infidelity, and breaking bad love habits. A must-have manual for singles, couples, men, and women, Hot Relationships shows you how to have one-and how to keep it that way. Inside you'll learn: How to get from bonking-each-other-senseless to couplesville (without losing the urge) How to tame the green-eyed monster and what to do if your partner cheats (or you're tempted to) What to do with loony libidos and lousy lovers, or if you're both too zonked to bonk ...Show more
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Home > Fleet Products > Two Step Wash Products
These two step products have an acid and an alkaline part that when used one right after the other create a chemical reaction that releases all materials that has adhered to a vehicle's surface through normal over the road conditions.
No. 1 is extremely hazardous and can only be shipped via freight carrier, NOT via Fed Ex Ground. Call to order this item. Listing here for information only.The two step system was popularized by a major equipment manufacturer and field-tested for many years. The first step, No. 1, is a hydrofluoric acid product that sets the magnetic attraction of the soil. The second step, No. 2, is an alkaline chemical that reverses the attraction and repels the soil from the surface. Step 2 contains...
Ships with a $37 hazmat fee and $13 handling fee via FedEx ground.No. 1a conc. This is a substitute for the No. 1 or ALUMA BRITE when a non-hydrofluoric acid solution is preferred. In its’ concentrated formula, this product does not require any further dilution and should be metered at 1:100. Or one can make 4 and meter at 1:25 ratio just like the No.1. Contains Phosphoric and Citric Acids and is USDA approved. ...
No. 1a - 55 gallon drum
Drums can not ship via Fed Ex Ground, please call to order. Listing for information only.No. 1a conc. This is a substitute for the No. 1 or ALUMA BRITE when a non-hydrofluoric acid solution is preferred. In its’ concentrated formula, this product does not require any further dilution and should be metered at 1:100. Or one can make 4 and meter at 1:25 ratio just like the No.1. Contains Phosphoric and Citric Acids and is USDA approved. ...
No. 2 - 5 gallon
Ships with a $37 hazmat fee and $13 handling fee via FedEx ground.The two step system was popularized by a major equipment manufacturer and field-tested for many years. The first step is a hydrofluoric acid product that sets the magnetic attraction of the soil. The second step is an alkaline chemical that reverses the attraction and repels the soil from the surface. Step 2 contains Potassium Hydroxide and will have a hazmat fee. Many people in the industry are strong believers in two step...
No. 2 - 55 gallon drum
Drums ship via freight carrier. Call to order. Listing is for information only.The two step system was popularized by a major equipment manufacturer and field-tested for many years. The first step is a hydrofluoric acid product that sets the magnetic attraction of the soil. The second step is an alkaline chemical that reverses the attraction and repels the soil from the surface. Step 2 contains Potassium Hydroxide. Many people in the industry are strong believers in two step washing. 1 drum of...
SW 503 H.D. 1 gallon
SW 503 H.D. is a Non-Etching Aluminum and Stainless Steel cleaner and polisher. A ready to use biodegradable liquid acid surfactant formulation designed to effectively remove dirt, oils, road film, soot, corrosion and oxide film from polished metal without etching or pitting. Apply with a plastic spray applicator. Avoid overspray and drying on surfaces. Contains Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acids. Buying more than two at one time will incur a hazmat fee. ...
Ships with a $37 hazmat fee and $13 handling fee via FedEx ground.SW 503 H.D. is a Non-Etching Aluminum and Stainless Steel cleaner and polisher. A ready to use biodegradable liquid acid surfactant formulation designed to effectively remove dirt, oils, road film, soot, corrosion and oxide film from polished metal without etching or pitting. Apply with a plastic spray applicator. Avoid overspray and drying on surfaces. Contains Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acids. ...
SW 503 H.D. 55 gallon drum
Drums can not ship via Fed Ex Ground. Call to order. Listing is for information only.SW 503 H.D. is a Non-Etching Aluminum and Stainless Steel cleaner and polisher. A ready to use biodegradable liquid acid surfactant formulation designed to effectively remove dirt, oils, road film, soot, corrosion and oxide film from polished metal without etching or pitting. Apply with a plastic spray applicator. Avoid overspray and drying on surfaces. Contains Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acids. ...
SW 710 H.D. is the second step to use after SW 503 H. D. in a two step wash system. This brushless concept cleaner is a concentrated green liquid that combines the cleaning ability of biodegradable detergents with a grease cutting, mild alkali that breaks loose road film, diesel edge and dissolves bug splatter. It can also be used alone as a one step alkali truck wash. Non hazardous.
Ships with a $37 hazmat fee and $13 handling fee via FedEx ground.SW 710 H.D. is the second step to use after SW 503 H. D. in a two step wash system. This brushless concept cleaner is a concentrated green liquid that combines the cleaning ability of biodegradable detergents with a grease cutting, mild alkali that breaks loose road film, diesel edge and dissolves bug splatter. It can also be used alone as a one step alkali truck wash. Non hazardous. ...
SW 710 H.D. is the second step to use after SW 503 H. D. in a two step wash system. This brushless concept cleaner is a concentrated green liquid that combines the cleaning ability of biodegradable detergents with a grease cutting, mild alkali that breaks loose road film, diesel edge and dissolves bug splatter. It can also be used alone as a one step alkali truck wash. Non hazardous. Ships via freight carrier.
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is resin plastic strong
The material has an incredibly high resistance to freeze/thaw cycles, which commonly impact a variety of other materials when temperatures fluctuate between freezing and not freezing. Plastic resin material is a large category of resins and includes many types. From a chemical point of view, it can be categorized into a group of semi-solid and solid amorphous compounds. Bonds to a range of materials, including metal, plastic, wood, glass, ceramic, stone, marble and many rigid plastics. Yes, in general resin is stronger then plastic, but sometimes it's labeled the same thing. Epoxy Resin. Resin is a popular choice because it can withstand many years of wear and tear. Solid resin has a bit more versatility regarding how it can be formed. In fact, custom products and colors are available upon request. The main difference between resin and plastic is that resin is mainly derived from plants whereas plastic is derived from petrochemicals. Plastic is dense and hard in nature while the resin is viscous and gluey substance. Croslite is a proprietary Closed Cell Resin material that will be plastic NOR rubber that is NOT. From stone to granite, our resin-based products can be made to look like other materials that are much heavier and less sustainable. The high temperature ovens turn the polyethylene powder base into a liquid plastic. Instead, resin-based products are uniquely durable – read on to find out why. Material science and polymer chemistry define resin as a highly viscous and solid substance obtained from synthetic or origin or plant. It is a composite blend that is rotationally molded into strong products that are affordable, lightweight, and can imitate the look of other materials like stone or granite. This is something resin has in common with all types of plastic, it is lightweight. Another great thing about plastic is that it can be recycled … Both the resin and plastic have an organic nature, which means that they are mainly composed of long hydrocarbon chains. Paul_Schommer 2015-12-03 22:39:14 UTC #3. Many plastic products are recyclable, including resin. Because it can be made in a press similar to shaping steel, it is more suitable for volume car production than fiberglass. Products made from resin are incredibly durable and resistant to rust, but is resin a plastic? It is not found in pure form and often contains several other substances as well to get the proper shape. There's different kinds of plastic & there's different kinds of resins, so it's hard to tell. However, the process is not as daunting as it seems. Our resin products are non-hydroscopic, that means they will not absorb moisture from the air, this prevents water damage. Its closed cell properties… We have worked with cities and companies of all sizes to create a variety of custom products made right here in the USA. Plastic can be remelted while the resin’s hard to remelt. Browse our complete collection of resin products. That material is polybenzimidazole (PBI), marketed as a bulk polymer under the trade name Celazole.It is commonly reported to have the highest compressive strength of any unfilled plastic material, and also has the highest tensile strength, highest shear strength, and highest Rockwell hardness rating of any plastic that I have been able to find. Thanks to our careful in-house manufacturing process, it has minimal environmental impact associated with its manufacturing and fabrication. It is found in yellowish-brown and some tress in dark brown colors. According to material science, plastic is a substance that can be mold in different forms. Is resin A plastic? At TerraCast, our resin is a Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), which is a synthetic plastic material you could find in common products like outdoor trash cans. 1 x mixing spatula . The resin is entirely an organic substance while plastic is an inorganic material. It all depends on what your project is as to whether you would choose epoxy resin or polyester resin. It is also supposedly easier to repair. It is a composite blend that is rotationally molded into strong products that are affordable, lightweight, and can imitate the look of other materials like stone or granite. Plastic is slow in degrading and causes environmental pollution and various additives found in plastic have toxic characteristics while the resin is a natural product, so it is environment-friendly. The unique formula of our resin makes it incredibly resistant to stains, including graffiti. It can be hand carved, CNC milled, 3D printed, sculpted or manufactured in any other way. White but … Due to the presence of repetitive units, both have polymer characteristics. While cheap forms of plastic will crack, warp and break very easily, resin will not. Resin is more than just a term used to describe a type of plastic. Resin SA (Pty) Ltd is a South African based composite company operating in three major business sectors – Polyester Resins, Vinyl ester Resin, Chemical Solvents and Speciality Plastic Polymers – with a strong Accessories range to back these market sectors.. What is Resin? Subject to the requirement of material, it is made from different things. A bunch of Indian engineers at the Bengaluru R&D Facility of Saudi Arabia’s Sabic petrochemical company have created a plastic that is stronger than steel while being extremely lightweight. Instead, you can remove most stains using a Mr. Clean Magic Eraser product, or a pressure cleaner. fiberglass, epoxy resin, clear cast, Bondo, etc.) Casting Resins, cast, resin, hobby* clear resin, hobby, professional, high quality resins As prior stated however cast materials will never have the strength of metal. Resin is resistant to stains, including graffiti. It is made of recycled material, cotton waste and phenol resins. In fact, it can withstand temperatures that range between -40 and 140+ degrees. What exactly is acrylic plastic made out of? Our resin is easily the winning choice when compared to other types of plastic and even other resin-based products on the market. Call Us Today: (844) 837-7222 | Email: [email protected]. Duroplast is light and strong. Making Plastic as Strong as Steel University of Michigan researchers have developed a nanoinfused polymer that is as strong as steel but as thin as plastic … Size: 10ml per Tube Resin initially is in liquid form but hardens to produce a solid coating. Our resin is made with as much as 100% post-consumer recycled material, which means it qualifies for LEED credits. Resin vs. “Plastic” is simply a material that forms long chain polymers under proper conditions. PET is a clear, strong, lightweight plastic that is the most commonly used thermoplastic polymer in the world. 30 Cu Ft Resin Storage Shed All Weather Plastic Outdoor Patio Container Garden. Color also can be added for shelf appeal. In addition, it is the superior choice to granite, marble, and metal. Please Note: PMC does not sell the material listed below. It experiences good dimensional stability and fatigue, even over time and after exposure to the elements. Plastic is more stable and containing fewer impurities as compared to resins that are full of many impurities. In addition, epoxy resin is strong, tough, stiff and highly resistant to extreme heat, extreme cold, electricity and a number of chemicals – particularly solutions which are basic in nature. Resin is not just a fancy word for average plastic. You receive; 1 x Epoxy resin . Resin’s Magic The process of making plastic can be altered in numerous ways, leading to a lot of variety even among common plastics. Plastic is strong enough to withstand the rough and tumble on the D&D table, it holds enough level of character detail for us to enjoy, and it usually comes with a reasonable price per miniature. 1x Epoxy Hardener. In today's world, we are surrounded by plastics, also known as plastic resins. If you’re stuck between purchasing a metal shed and a plastic shed, a resin storage shed is a good compromise. The resin is mainly derived from plants whereas plastic is derived from petrochemicals. Why is ABS used so often? Resin has a long history since ancient age where it was being treated as prized substances and was given a religious value as well. Similar to fiberglass, Duroplast has limited possibilities for efficient disposal. The key difference between resin and plastic is that the resins are more of a natural origin since we produce them directly from the plant oozes whereas the plastics are of synthetic polymeric nature.. Resin and plastic are of an organic nature, which mainly consist of long hydrocarbon chains. In the modern era, it has continuously replaced several other traditional materials like stone, horn, woods, leather, metal, glass and much more. Most paints and debris will not bond to the material. making ABS from ABS). In modern days, these are being used as additional compounds into polymers. Disposal. $380.00 + shipping . PET Resin PET Resin Properties & Uses. Polymerizing resins are one type of plastic material. Cheap resin planters are made from a high-density polyethylene, which means they are far more susceptible to damage. 2 minutes gel, long-lasting adhesion, firm and reliable, widely used. In the process, the two locked halves become one, providing the final 360-degree symmetry our products are known for, as well as excellent balance and strength for the long haul. Waterproof, ultraviolet and windproof. Stretchy or fragile materials would deliver a poor surface of the piece and imprecise det… The formula and manufacturing process we utilize make our resin superior to other forms of plastic on the market. Some plastics polymerize with a catalyst (e.g. The heat at which ABS plastic is molded affects its final properties, with low temperatures yielding more impact resistance and high temperatures yielding more ultimate heat resistance. But generally, yes, resin is stronger then plastic. It is produced by most of the woody plants when these plants get an injury in the form of cut. In addition, since our resin is blended with UV-12 inhibitors, it is less susceptible to fading and discoloration from the sun. Epoxy resin is the worlds fastest, toughest bonder and is suitable for applications to rubber, metal, glass, plastic and wood and is perfect for both domestic or commercial use. It is designed to work in minutes and dries to leave a clear finish. We only use the material list to inform visitors that we are experienced in processing these materials for many fine products. PET was first polymerized in the 1940s by DuPont chemists looking to develop polymer materials for use as textile fibers. © 2020 Terracast Products. HDPE acts as an excellent moisture barrier, but has poor gas barrier properties. MPK 90 is the high impact plastic I use. 3 Size Outdoor Garden Storage Shed Metal Tool House Backyard Lawn, Sliding Door. The material of the master model should be sturdy enough to allow making a precise mold, so popular choices include rigid plastics such as polyurethane, epoxy, polyester, ABS, Nylon or Delrin. Today these are being used as a replacement for most of the products because of being low-cost products, versatility, ease of manufacturer, and the quality of getting molded in several forms. Pla… As a result, you don’t need heavy equipment to move them and they are more affordable to move onsite than heavier materials. This means that a common way of producing ABS plastic is from other ABS plastic (i.e. We frequently get asked about the difference between epoxy resin and polyester resin. Both of these qualities are not part of the solid plastic. Natural resin is a thick, sticky organic liquid that is insoluble in water. The resin is a viscous hydrocarbon secretion of many plants mainly coniferous trees while plastic is a sculptor and molder. Most widely used plastic resins. Plastic is dense and hard in nature while the resin is viscous and gluey substance. This is something resin has in common with all types of plastic, it is lightweight. 1. Flexible is extremely weak compared to the rest. HDPE has limited chain branching which makes it rigid and less permeable to chemicals. These are kind of organic polymers containing high molecular mass. Our manufacturing process includes a process known as rotational molding, which involves building an object from the outside in. It is also used as a supplement for most of the plastic-based substances. All Rights Reserved. Polymerizing resins are one type of plastic material. Dow introduces its first recycled plastic resin for shrink film applications in North America. Most of the types of plastics are obtained as derivate products from petrochemicals while there are many that are made from renewable materials like cellulosic from cotton linter or polylactic acid from corn. Both of them have polymer characteristics because of the presence of repetitive units. 4ML / 25ML, single pack, universal glue, easy to use and easy to carry. Plastic. Our resin also differs from the resin planters at your local hardware store. This provides strong edges and corner details that are very precise, adding to the strength of each product. For example, polyethylene plastics make up everything from supermarket bags and water bottles to hardened gun cases. The Complete Guide To Plastic Resins . Resin is more than just a term used to describe a type of plastic. ABS Plastic ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) is a widely used thermoplastic polymer found in everything from the popular Lego ® toys to automotive parts. Epoxy resin makes a strong and durable tabletop. They’ve created a resin-metal based hybrid solution that they call Noryl GTX. Typically resin casting procedure starts from making a master model. Each plastic resin has its unique properties, advantages as well as disadvantages. As compared to the plastic, it is less consistent, volatile, and among other things of diterpene. While resin is a plastic, it is not the plastic found in most products – for instance the thin plastic used to make a bag. High-density Polyethylene is used to make milk jugs, bottles for vitamins, and film containers. HDPE is a strong, multipurpose resin that many associate with 1-gallon milk containers which use this material in its natural state. As a result, we’ve created a line of products that can stand up to harsh weather, abuse, impact damage, graffiti, and more. An inflammable organic substance that is insoluble in water and is obtained from trees and other plants. Read more about recyclable plastics such as polypropylene plastic properties in our previous blog. Engineers are always on the lookout for materials that can improve the performance of their existing products. It really is an impact that is extraordinary resin material developed for optimum cushioning. It is a composite blend, which is rotationally molded into strong and pliable products that can mimic the look of stone and metal materials at a more affordable cost and a fraction of the weight. Plastic is slow in degrading and causes environmental pollution and various additives found in plastic have toxic characteristics while the resin is a natural product, so it is environment-friendly. When compared to stone and other raw materials, Resin can be made to imitate other materials like stone and granite. The less mass a part has the less strength said part will offer. We create both halves of the mold and then fit them together, filling them with our proprietary resin powder base. The common examples of resin are balsam, Canada balsam, balm of Gilead, and several others those trees that belong to the family of Dipterocarpaceae. Our resin also differs from the resin planters at your local hardware store. According to recent research over the usage of plastic as a substitute product, plastic us being used for packaging purpose and as a material for buildings components like piping or vinyl siding. The different types of resin material are plastic resin, polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, casting resin, polymer resin, acrylic resin, chemical resin, and dry resin. The plastic wrap that you use in your home to keep food fresh is made from vinyl/polyvinyl chloride. Plastic is synthetic resin in the form of long-chain polymers derived from petroleum. While resin is a type of plastic, it is not your generic plastic, for instance what you’d find on a cheap plastic planter. Granite, our resin-based products can be mold in different forms Size: 10ml Tube! 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And you can remove most stains using a Mr. Clean Magic Eraser product, or a pressure cleaner film! Inflammable organic substance that is the final product for using further, this prevents water damage in a similar! Tress in dark brown colors, clear cast, Bondo, etc. that you use in your to! You use in your home to keep food fresh is made from resin are incredibly durable and to! Size: 10ml per Tube epoxy resin and polyester resin to granite, our resin-based can... A strong, multipurpose resin that many associate with 1-gallon milk containers which use this material its... Plastics, also known as the organic compounds and discoloration from the is resin plastic strong s. Halves of the plastic-based substances firm and reliable, widely used as compared to stone and other raw,! It has the property of being convertible into polymers filling them with our proprietary resin powder base then... To make milk jugs, bottles for vitamins, and film containers heavier and less permeable to chemicals be into! Processing these materials for use as textile fibers with our proprietary resin powder base into group. In-House manufacturing process we utilize make our resin superior to other forms of plastic & there 's different kinds resins. To make milk jugs, bottles for vitamins, and metal ABS has a resistance! Makes a strong resistance to corrosive chemicals and/or physical impacts, any chemical compound that has the property being! Find out why granite, marble, and film containers plastic properties in our blog. Rotational molding, which means that they call Noryl GTX to shaping steel it! Be formed water bottles to hardened gun cases bottles to hardened is resin plastic strong.. Unique formula of our resin also differs from the air, this prevents water.. Branching which makes it incredibly resistant to stains, including graffiti in form. 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Precise, adding to the strength on that material qualifies for LEED credits exposure to elements. Is the mixture of several organic compounds namely terpenes including graffiti resin be... Most stains using a Mr. Clean Magic Eraser product, or a pressure cleaner store... Over time and after exposure to the presence of repetitive units is synthetic resin in the of...
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Tories bail out Southern rail bosses to bash the union
by Raymie Kiernan
Published Wed 7 Sep 2016
Tory transport secretary Chris Grayling has handed our money to Southern
The Southern Railway gravy train was topped up with a £20 million bailout last week from Tory transport secretary Chris Grayling.
The news came ahead of a planned two-day strike by Southern train guards on Wednesday.
Former Virgin Trains executive Chris Gibb landed himself a £1,500 a day job heading Grayling’s new “hit squad”. It is tasked with sorting out the mess at Southern, which is run by Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR).
Meanwhile, Govia’s owners Go Ahead saw profits soar by 27 percent to £100 million last year.
Go Ahead boss David Brown insisted his firm “doesn’t make any money” from its 65 percent stake in Govia. But Grayling’s department pays it a fixed fee to run GTR, Britain’s biggest franchise.
Southern trousered another £27 million last year. That was its share of the £81 million compensation rail operators got from Network Rail for delays that they didn’t pass on to passengers.
It doesn’t matter how bad Govia’s service is, the Tories’ favourite rail firm is given a pass. They even changed the rules so it could increase cancellations by another third earlier this year.
Bosses blame train guards’ “unprecedented sickness levels” for their dismal performance.
This was always a lie, which was confirmed last Monday when Southern reinstated 119 of the 341 services it had cut on 11 July. Many of the reinstated services were driver only operated (DOO).
These rail parasites are in cahoots with the Tories. Brown admitted “a large part” of GTR’s franchise is to introduce new trains and “modernise working practices”.
This lies behind RMT union train guards’ walkout this week against extending DOO.
The rail unions stand in the way of this attack but have not yet fought as effectively as they could. This is partly due to bosses’ use of anti-union laws to frustrate action.
The Aslef train drivers’ union has been taken to the courts twice to stop strikes. Aslef’s latest strike ballot was suspended at the end of August under threat of more legal action.
The RMT suspended a strike by station staff, which was also set for this Wednesday. The union said it had secured a six-month trial of bosses’ plans to make cuts at station.
But Ricky, a Southern train dispatcher, questioned the suspension. “It’s not a proper trial if ticket offices are still open and people won’t be asked to work alone while carrying cash,” he said.
“How can you judge what the impact of these things would be? It feels like this is just stalling it for six months.”
He added, “Having the stations out with the guards would have been a very powerful response.”
Wed 7 Sep 2016, 10:56 BST
Why has the Southern railway gravy train hit the buffers?
How runaway train profits derail safety
Southern strikes are on the right track as bosses feel the heat
Govia Thameslink Rail workers hope strike won’t face cancellations
Tower Transit strikers stop London buses
Exclusive: union faces £1 million bill for fighting Southern Rail firm
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Collective Aid
Note: As of 26 Dec 2020, we have disbursed all funds for microgrants, and are no longer taking microgrant applications.
This initiative is conceived as a crisis response and shared resource for cultural workers based in Singapore, which includes freelance workers (artists, designers, writers, performers, technicians), art and design students, and any others for whom these shared commons might be helpful. It includes emergency monetary assistance, working space, tech and studio expertise, equipment, art materials, counselling hours, and other forms of care for cultural workers.
The aid provided is not bound to requirements such as the need to produce an artwork/project or to render a service to receive assistance. In times of the COVID-19 pandemic, we want to be sensitive to needs and capacities in flux, and of pre-existing inequalities magnified, which contribute to the difficulty of continuing creative processes or production. We offer what we can in hopes of building support outside of pre-existing networks and structures, many of which will diminish, or have already diminished. We hope to locate these efforts alongside what is already provided by institutions, to attend to more localised needs and persons who may not be able to access resources provided elsewhere.
Together with Coda Culture, Grey Projects, INTER—MISSION, and soft/WALL/studs, we are collectively offering:
✤ Crisis relief microgrants in amounts of $100, $200, $300, and $500
(Note: As of 26 Dec 2020, we have disbursed all funds for microgrants, and are no longer taking microgrant applications)
✤ Free counselling hours
✤ Our spaces for one-off or recurring uses
✤ Borrowing of equipment from our spaces
Booking and Application Form
Click here to open form in new window.
List of Resources Available
Click here to open spreadsheet in new window.
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Concert Review: The Sonata Project/ Bernadette Harvey
Bernadette Harvey launches The Sonata Project
The Sonata Project
Bernadette Harvey
Verbrugghen Hall, Sydney Conservatorium of Music
Written by Ria Andriani
One of the aims of Bernadette Harvey’s new concert venture The Sonata Project is to bring back the atmosphere of Romantic soirees in European salons, offering a new experience in classical piano music for contemporary audiences. This concert was also an occasion to perform works by commissioned from contemporary female composers and to launch the CD of the music performed at this event.
This inaugural performance from The Sonata Project featured three landmark world premiere’s by Australia women – Aristea Mellos’ Sonata for solo piano (2016), Melody Eötvöss’ Demoiselle D’Ys for solo piano and Jane Stanley’s Piano Sonata (2016) – alongside a recent work The Sea Star Fantasy for solo piano (2015) by Australian master musician Ross Edwards. Harvey’s technical mastery, musical sophistication and personal connection with the composers made for a vivid snapshot of some of the most recent developments in Australian piano composition and performance.
The concert was preceded by drinks in the foyer whilst students of Sydney’s Conservatorium of Music provided entertainment. The performance itself was beautifully presented by Rachel Kent from the Museum of Contemporary Art who engaged in conversation with two of the composers: Aristea Mellos and Ross Edwards.
Aristea Mellos’ three movement sonata transported the audience to the charms of Rome and the wilderness of the moors of Brittany. Harvey offered a rich interpretation of Mellos’ piece which was composed for her and commissioned by the Australia Council. The first movement We Ate the Stars, contained delicate rising notes in contrast to the claustrophobia invoked by the clashing chords of the second movement, Cardinal Spada’s Gallery, the composer’s yearning for freedom, manifested in the widening registration of the chords at the end of the movement. The final movement, Vanishing Point took the audience on a stroll down the streets of Rome, with each motif offering brief glimpses of something new versus the familiar.
In contrast to Mellos’ programmatic piece, Melody Eötvöss two-movement sonata The Demoiselle D’Ys was a piece of disorientation. Inspired by the 19th century American writer, Robert Chambers’ book of short stories, The King in Yellow, The Demoiselle D’Ys depicts a traveller lost on the moors of Brittany, represented by a thread of notes offering some melodic direction which eventually becomes lost in a texture of chords. This movement featured emphatic bass notes, underscoring a sense of the traveller’s bewilderment. The second movement, Verite Cachée (Hidden Truth) paints a happier theme of love, although it is laced with warning as a single ostinato note emerges in crescendo. The thread in Verite Cachée is more disconnected, weaving in and out of the texture with the lines eventually coalescing into melody and counter-melody, ending with a decaying tonic in the right hand, followed by an echo in the bass at a slightly lower pitch – rather like an unanswered question.
Jane Stanley’s sonata was the most challenging piece for me to absorb. A complex work, it is sculptured from short staccato figures which grow to quite fluid and rhythmic motifs. The piece reminded me of a sprinkling of dust moats disintegrating in the light, with the music building to crashing meteors, enhanced by dramatic pauses which let the sound decay, allowing a moment to settle before scattering again, finally vanishing in the wind.
Ross Edwards described his Sea Star Fantasy. The piece had an underlying plainchant of Ave Maris Stella, with its ecological and eco-feminist significance, which Edwards wrote in his unique dance-like style of composition. The Ave Maris Stella was the thread in Sea Star Fantasy used to honour and refer to the Virgin Mary as a symbol of the universal Earth Mother, nurturer and protector of the environment.
This Sonata Project concert incorporated engaging visual elements such as backdrops by artist Lara Merrett and interior design by Lynn Bradley, featuring a leather armchair set on a bed of moss. The collegiate atmosphere was a welcome element, offering a wonderful opportunity to socialise and discuss the evening’s music.
The Sonata Project is a very worthy enterprise and an important element in sustaining Australian pianos music into the 21st century and beyond. Future developments are awaited with interest.
Ria Andriani for SoundsLikeSydney©
Ria Andriani graduated with Bachelor of Music/ Bachelor of Arts from UNSW in 2015. She now sings as a soprano with various choirs in Sydney, and presents recitals in collaboration with other musicians. Follow Ria on www.facebook.com/RiaAndrianiSoprano
The CD of The Sonata Project can be purchased via www.bernadetteharvey.com or www.tallpoppies.net.
This article was amended on 21 nov 2017. Ed.
Posted on November 17, 2017 @ 13.47
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Panther Nation
A Middlebury College Sports Blog
Reflections on Alvernia and a Glance at Baruch
Matt Daley scored 24 points and grabbed 11 rebounds in Middlebury’s 81-71 win over Alvernia yesterday. A lot of credit should go to Jeff Brown for choosing the right starting lineup in this game, which seemed like an impossible task hours ago. Neither Jeff nor I had Matt St. Amour or Matt Daley in our first-game starting lineups, despite our excitement about their potential. If Daley doesn’t start against Alvernia, Middlebury very well could have lost the game. Daley scored 6 of Middlebury’s first 8 points and 10 of the team’s first 21 and the team stagnated offensively when he sat. And it wasn’t purely an offense thing either as Daley held his own on the defensive end, collecting 5 defensive rebounds and blocking a shot, while staying out of foul trouble. To further that sentiment, the sophomore forward boasted a +/- of +21 in a 10-point win and never left the game for the bench with the team in a worse place than when he entered the game. St. Amour, meanwhile, was not as effective, but finished with 10 points on 3-10 shooting in a solid debut as only the fifth freshman to start the opening game of the season during Jeff Brown’s tenure. And while St. Amour struggled at times, he was also a member of Middlebury’s most effective lineup, which included Kizel, St. Amour, Merryman, Daley and Roberts.
Part of the reason that lineup had as much success as it did was Alvernia’s inability to deal with Middlebury’s length inside. The same likely won’t be true of Barcuh, which boasts a bigger lineup that should better matchup with Middlebury’s size inside and do a better job keeping the Panthers off the glass. (Though for good measure, Franklin & Marshall held a +8 rebounding advantage over the Bearcats and collected 13 offensive rebounds in the game.) For Middlebury, there’s a relatively simple solution to this: make shots and finish inside. The Panthers grabbed 22 offensive rebounds against Alvernia, in large part because they shot just 43 percent as a team. If Middlebury can make more shots, particularly around the basket, where they missed a number of bunnies and putbacks, they shouldn’t have too much trouble with Baruch, which—if their scoring tendencies are any indicator—will likely try to slow down Middlebury’s tempo and limit turnovers and fastbreak opportunities to a minimum.
The Bearcats had pretty balanced in scoring in 2012, with no player averaging more than 10.4 points per game and return four of their top five scorers from a season ago. They also got an infusion of talent through the transfer window: Abraham Akanmu, a junior who played his first two seasons at Queens College, led the Bearcats with 13 points in the season opener; Joshua Gener, meanwhile, is a 6’7” forward/center who didn’t see game action for the Bearcats yesterday, but bolsters their front court rotation. In yesterday’s victory over Franklin & Marshall—only the Diplomats’ second home loss over the past three seasons—Baruch started a small backcourt of three guards (5’11”, 5’11”, 6’2”) and then a 6’6” forward in senior Joshua Vital (9.8 ppg, 6.6 rpg, 46% shooting in 2012-13) and 6’8” center Brian McMahon, a junior who averaged 5.8 points per game last season, who added 6 points and 4 blocks in a Jack Roberts type line. The two players to keep an eye on off the bench for the Bearcats are Matas Rascius, a 6’7” forward from Lithuania, who scored 9 points in just 13 minutes off the bench yesterday, and 5’9” senior Matt Feldman, who played starter minutes in a reserve role.
From the roster alone (and it’s always dangerous to assume too much from the roster alone) Baruch seems to have the size to contend with Middlebury’s bigs, and enough speed in the backcourt to make life difficult for Kizel and St. Amour in the backcourt. Jake Brown, who appears to be sitting out the tournament altogether, would be particularly helpful in this matchup. In his absence, Kizel and the trio of St. Amour, Pendergast and Bullcuk, in particular, will have to take care of the ball and not allow Baruch, a team that scored just 70.6 points per game last year on 43/33/73 splits to get easy looks off turnovers. Though unranked, Baruch should provide Middlebury with another good early season test, especially on the defensive end where they will likely harass the Panthers and apply more pressure than Alvernia did yesterday. If Middlebury executes and gets balanced play from their backcourt and bigs, the Panthers’ talent and depth should help them pull away from the Bearcats.
This was written by Damon Hatheway. Posted on Saturday, November 16, 2013, at 1:03 pm. Filed under Men's Basketball. Bookmark the permalink. Follow comments here with the RSS feed. Post a comment or leave a trackback.
Welcome to the new edition of the panthers. for the panther nation prognosticators and the Clubbo opinion there are several early keys to stress from Lancaster. My take gong in was that Joey was going to run the game because despite the idea that Henry or JakeB. might need the experience at it, that will not be a factor whenever Midd is in a high intensity game, particularly on the road. Evidence is in the minutes this weekend. When you’ve got arguably the best PG in the land and the task of blending in a lot of new pieces as JeffB. does this season, ‘you dance with who brung ya’, and somewhere further down the line deal with giving others experience. The new pieces were better than pretty good against Alvernia. Daley will be a major force. St. Amour will only get better, which will cause major headaches for our opponents. Dylan who was just game-rusty on Friday, apparently got his hands on some WD-40 overnight and came back with a well-oiled performance against BernieBaruch. Thoughts on the inside game where my Blog had said we might overmatch Alvernia proved on point, because LongJack (one of his best games at Midd) MattD. and ‘Jerry’ Nidenberg were simply too much. Nice but not unexpected performance from Nidenberg, who showed much better floor confidence in preseason. Apparently I was wrong about Chris Churchill because he was a DNP, but I’m still not convinced that he’s not going to be a solid contributor on this edition. So let’s leave it at ‘the jury is still out’ phase. It may have been that LongJack had a giant effort, and MattD. was readier to roll than most had thought. BTW- glad that JeffB. was of a different mindset. Hunter looks more at ease and confident, as did Nate Bulluck. Also liked that Conor Huff made a solid contribution, particularly against Alvernia where his toughness as a prep ‘4’, were called upon at the 3 spot.
One point should be noted. The Alvernia game was a serious physical test. Their play was hard throughout, and sometimes cheap. Give us a “A” on that test. They got a big bump from the local zebra’s who had a serious length of fire-hose unrolled, particularly in the 2H. TheBoys survived even the missed calls and the miscalls, and were solid down the stretch. I left town and only saw Baruch in pieces on the small screen because we were having problems with the video. Although we had a knockout chance early, to Baruch’s credit they hung in there, and Midd never delivered it. But late when it mattered, the ball and the game was in Joey’s hands and as usual he was the iron, knocking in the final nails. Because this was a back-to-back, my take is that starting actual practice only two weeks ago, we had less than fresh legs after Alvernia, and as much as Baruch played well, that might be an equal factor why we were unable to deliver the knockout punch. For all the pundits in chatter land that had us on life support, it is pretty clear that the Midd patient is alive and well, and soon to be heading north from the #18 spot on the charts. Be well. Clubbo.
Monday, November 18, 2013 at 10:56 am | Permalink
With a 6’10” player on Green Mtn., I am wondering if we will see Mr. Churchill tonight. Are there any rumors regarding the return of Mr. Jensen? We could sure use him this weekend.
Tuesday, November 19, 2013 at 10:12 am | Permalink
‹ Alvernia
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Browns Wire
Denzel Ward and Austin Hooper back at Browns practice
Jeff Risdon
Two key players who missed the Cleveland Browns’ big game against the Baltimore Ravens on Monday night were back at the first practice of the week on Wednesday. Starting QB Denzel Ward and tight end Austin Hooper were both limited participants in the session at the Browns training facility in Berea.
Getting Ward back would be a huge boon for the Browns defense. The Pro Bowl CB has missed the last three games with a calf strain, and the secondary has sorely missed his presence.
“We’ll see where Denzel is throughout this week,” coach Kevin Stefanski said in his press conference on Wednesday. “We’ll take that day by day. If Denzel’s able to make it back, obviously that would be a big boost for our team.”
Hooper was back after suffering a neck injury late last week in practice. While he was limited, Stefanski noted that the team’s top tight end was “trending in the right direction.”
Right guard Wyatt Teller sat out the practice session with a sore ankle, one that is unrelated to the calf strain that kept him out for several games earlier this season. Wideout KhaDarel Hodge was limited with his lingering hamstring injury.
Myles Garrett and Jedrick Wills, who each left Monday night’s game for a brief time with injuries, were not listed with any injury designations.
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Nick Caserio would be making a career-ending mistake to trade Texans QB Deshaun Watson
In addition to Deshaun Watson’s cryptic tweets signaling the offseason has begun, another time-honored tradition are rumors that the three-time quarterback will be traded.
No need to link to that bosh; just go to your favorite search engine and type “Deshaun Watson trade.”
Do you know hard it is to acquire a franchise quarterback? Ask the Chicago Bears. They’re still looking for theirs since Sid Luckman. Maybe they would have had one in the 1980s if Charles Martin hadn’t body-slammed Jim McMahon and sent him on a road of injury misery that marred his career.
Speaking of Bears quarterbacks, ever wonder how Jay Cutler ended up in Chicago? In 2009, when another Bill Belichick acolyte named Josh McDaniels was hired by the Denver Broncos, he actively tried to acquire New England Patriots backup quarterback Matt Cassel, who McDaniels had worked with and led to an 11-5 record the year before when Tom Brady tore his ACL in Week 1. McDaniels ran off a starting quarterback because it wasn’t “his guy” and ended up getting fired midway through is second season.
Do you think new Houston Texans general manager Nick Caserio didn’t pay attention to his former colleague’s big blunder with the Broncos?
Caserio was with the Patriots going back to 2001. In addition to seeing what stability under center can do for a franchise, he has also seen the abject failure franchises go through constantly evaluating the quarterback position. The New York Jets, Miami Dolphins, and Buffalo Bills were all dumpster fires at quarterback with first-round busts, failed free agents, and undrafted hopium at quarterback — all en route to losing seasons and making New England’s path to the postseason all the less difficult.
How about the most recent season the Patriots endured? Brady goes to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and New England has to choose between Jarrett Stidham and Cam Newton — a situation akin to what their division rivals had to endure since 2000. The results were evident as the Patriots finished 7-9, their first losing record since Bill Belichick took over in 2000.
Caserio has to find a new coach and execute a soft rebuild. That doesn’t sound so bad compared to the Jacksonville Jaguars, for example, who have to hire a new coach, initiate a total rebuild, and find a new quarterback. Houston, Indianapolis, and Tennessee may be getting easy wins for the next couple years.
Trading Watson would be that catalyst to hurl Houston into a state they have no reason to be in. Why would Caserio get rid of a franchise quarterback hoping to get something better?
Watson earned his third Pro Bowl, set the Texans’ franchise record for single-season passing yards and touchdowns, and also won the league passing title — all the while the rest of the team failed to produce around him. Just give Watson a team, and he can be the catalyst to get the club back into playoff contention.
If Caserio traded Watson, Houston would be in a rebuild that they probably could never come out of and be reminiscent of the pre-playoff seasons — 6-10 finishes, perpetually third in the division, “maybe next year” as the Texans are nothing more than filler between the Houston Astros and Houston Rockets.
No one would give Caserio another shot after that. He could go back to New England, like McDaniels did after his colossal failure in Denver and one-year stint as the St. Louis Rams offensive coordinator. Aside from the Colts getting jilted in 2018, no one else has given McDaniels a chance.
Caserio has more to gain working with Watson than working to get rid of him.
4 assistants GM Nick Caserio could target as the Texans' new coach
Mahomes in concussion protocol: QB must clear 5 benchmarks to play vs. Bills
Tom Brady shares touching moment with Drew Brees' family after Bucs-Saints
Buccaneers quarterback Tom Brady spent some extra quality time with Drew Brees and his family after what could be the Saints QB's final game.
Bruce Arians throws shade at Bill Belichick, Patriots with Tom Brady observation
Bruce Arians offered some unsolicited feedback for Bill Belichick and the Patriots after Tom Brady led the Buccaneers to playoff victory Sunday.
James Harden Appears to Address Shaq's Recent Comments, Shouts Out Dwyane Wade
After his final game with the Houston Rockets, James Harden didn't exactly paint the team in a flattering light, garnering him some criticism from Shaq.
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Scott Brooks believes Russell Westbrook's mindset is rubbing off on Wizards
Chase Hughes
Brooks believes Westbrook's mindset is rubbing off on Wizards originally appeared on NBC Sports Washington
During a morning shootaround before a recent Wizards preseason game, Russell Westbrook delivered a message to his teammates that head coach Scott Brooks felt perfectly embodies the tone he has set as a new leader in the locker room.
Westbrook is notorious for his competitive spirit, more often compared to Kobe Bryant and Michael Jordan in that regard than any other current player. It sounds like he wants his teammates to view their opponents the same way he does; as enemies.
"It was an early shootaround, a meeting. He said ‘hey, the game doesn’t start at seven, the game starts now.’ When you wake up in the morning, that’s when the game starts. You’ve gotta prepare yourself. You have to think about who you are guarding and how you can impact the game in a positive way. Just with him saying those words, players listen," Brooks said.
"It’s always been that way. He’s been so locked in on game days. You don’t want to mess with him on game days because he’s locked in right from breakfast on. He’s already thinking about how he can hate the other opponent."
That right there represents a culture change in Washington. If you recall, it was just two seasons ago a veteran player openly complained about shootaround, saying "I get paid for what I do at 7 p.m."
Clearly, Westbrook won't stand for that type of mentality. Others will have to get in line, and Brooks likes that because it makes his job easier.
"I’ve been with him for a long time. We grew up together. I grew up being a head coach and he grew up in the league," Brooks said, referring to their days together in Oklahoma City.
"I’m pretty proud of his mindset and proud of what in three weeks now, what he’s been able to instill into our program. His professionalism has been just remarkable."
The Westbrook era in D.C. begins Wednesday night against the Sixers. It will be the start of what the Wizards hope is not only a culture reset, but the starting of a more successful future in the standings as well.
Houston -134 -1.5 O 225.5
Chicago +110 +1.5 U 225.5
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The Verdict on Cook County Court Sentencing Data, Part 1
You can trace the course of justice in Chicago, including the direction and speed at which it travels, at the fledgling Cook County Government Open Data portal, a site brought to its URL at the behest of Kimberly Foxx, Illinois State’s Attorney for the county in which the city of the big shoulders shrugs. Four of the portal’s holdings – Initiation, Dispositions, Sentencing, and Intake – chronologize the dispositions of cases processing through the system; I chose Sentencing for my look here.
It’s a big data set for a big city, recalling as it does sentencing records dating back to January 2010 and pulling through December 2017. With 189,000 cases and a field complement stretching to column AJ, don’t even think about calling it up in Google Sheets (the data-supporting capacity there: two million cells), but Excel is agreeable to its 41 megabytes if you are, and it’s available for download from the second above.
And at 41 megs, the minimalist in you will be avid to put your scissors to fields that might be rightly deemed dispensable. Cases in point: the four ID parameters fronting the data set in columns A through D, none of which are likely to advance your reportorial cause (note, by the way the interjection of commas into the large-sized identifiers, an unusual formatting fillip). Deleting the fields and their750,000 or so entries actually slimmed my workbook down to a lithe 29.7 mb, and that’s a good thing.
You may also note the slightly extraneous formatting besetting the INCIDENT_BEGIN_DATE, RECEIVED_DATE, and ARRAIGNMENT_DATE fields, their cells bearing time stamps all reading 0:00. I suspect these superfluities owe their unwanted appearances to the data in the ARREST_DATE field, which do exhibit meaningful times of suspect apprehension. We’ve seen this kind of excess before, but again it’s proper to wonder if any of it matters. If, after all, it’s your intention to re-present the data in pivot table form, for example, you’ll attend to any formatting disconnects there, and not here. If so, a reformatting of the data source may be no less superfluous.
But whatever you decide we can proceed to some analysis, acknowledging at the same time the scatter of blank cells dotting the records. Given the welter of substantive fields in there, quite a few possibilities beckon, and we could start by breaking out types of offenses by year, once you answer the prior question submitting itself, i.e. which of the available date parameters would be properly deployed here? I’d opt for ARREST_DATE, as it affords a kind of read on Chicago’s crime rate at the point of commission – or at least the rate of crimes culminating in arrest, surely a different and smaller-sized metric.
But if you’re thinking about installing the arrest dates into the column area, think twice – because the dates accompanied by their time-stamps are sufficiently granulated that they surpass Excel’s 16,384- column frontier. You’ll thus first have to swing these data into the Rows area, group them by Year, and only then can you back them into Columns, if that’s where you want them stationed.
And that’s what I did, only to be met up with a surprise. First, remember that Excel 2016 automatically decides upon a (collapsible) default date grouping by year, like it or not; and when I corralled the arrest dates into Rows I saw, in excerpt:
Now that ladder of years seems to be fitted with a column of rickety rungs. Remember that the sentence data appear to span the years 2010-2017, and so the aggregates above hint data entry typos, and at least some of them – e.g. the 1900 and 1915 citations – doubtless are.
The additional point, however, is that some of these putative discrepancies might tie themselves to crimes that were in fact brought to the attention of the justice system well in the past, and that took an extended while before they were actually adjudicated. Remember that our data set archives sentences, and some criminal dispositions take quite some time before a sentence is definitively pronounced.
For example, the 12 sentences associated with arrests made in 1991 reference serious crimes – seven murder or homicide charges, one armed robbery, one unlawful use of a weapon charge, one robbery and two thefts. One of the thefts, however, records an incident-began date (a separate field) of November 17, 2013, and thus appears to be erroneous.
But in any event, since our immediate concern is with arrests carried out in the 2010-17 interval I could click anywhere among the dates and proceed to group the data this way:
Note that I’ve modified the Starting at date to exclude the pre-2010 arrests, be they errantly captured or otherwise. Now after I click OK I can drag the years into the Columns area, after filtering out the residual <1/1/2010 or (blank) item.
Now I can drag OFFENSE_TITLE into Rows.
Surprise. With 1268 Offense categories cascading down the area you’ll have your work cut out for you, once you decide what to do next. Do you want to work with the data as they stand, or collapse near-identical types, and vet for misspellings along the way? Good questions – but in the interests of exposition we’ll leave them be.
How about something more immediately workable then, say age at incident? Exchange AGE_AT_INCIDENT for OFFENSE_TITLE, filter out the 2300 blanks, and group the ages by say, 3 years. Reprise AGE_AT_INCIDENT into Values (count). I get:
We see an extremely orderly negative association between age and arrests, with only the 20-22 tranche exceeding its predecessor bracket among the grand totals and only slightly. You’ll also observe that the numbers for 2017 are far smaller than the previous years, a likely function of incomplete data. In addition, track down to the Grand Totals row and behold the very significant ebbing of overall arrest totals from 2013 to 2016. Again, our table records arrest, and not crime totals, but the two likely point the same way – unless one wants to contend that the downturn in the former owes more to policing inefficiencies that any genuine diminution in crime – a not overwhelmingly probable development.
I’d then move to a Show Values As > % of Column Total look to learn how the brackets contribute differentially to arrests:
(The zeroes at the lowest reaches of the table reflect round-offs.)
Among other things, note the considerable, relative pull-back in arrests of suspects in the 17-19 range.
No, I don’t have an explanation at the ready for that, but perhaps you do.
← Airbnb Data, Part 2: A Tale of Three Cities
The Verdict on Cook County Court Sentencing Data, Part 2 →
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Home 2021 Running Sessions
Puffing Park Closure and Suspension of Running Sessions
It will come as no surprise to members that we have had to close the Puffing Park until further notice. Under the Government’s Covid-19 virus precautions it is not possible to continue running locos because of restrictions on unnecessary travel and the difficulty of maintaining social distancing and safe running.
The safety of our members and the public is paramount and will keep the situation under review. Only when it is safe and legal will we resume these club activities. When that happens we will of course let members know. Thank you for your understanding.
Roger Stephen 26th March 2020
2021 Club Running Sessions at the Puffing Park
Club running sessions at the Puffing Park are normally scheduled for the Sunday morning following club nights at 10:00am and for the Wednesday afternoon two weeks after club nights at 1:00pm. They are subject to weather and to Society participation in other events which will take priority.
The 2020 season will start in April although there may be sessions in March subject to the weather, ground conditions and members’ wishes. There will have to be grounds and track maintenance working parties at the Puffing Park before running sessions can begin.
The following dates are scheduled for 2021:
RUNNING DATES WILL BE PUBLISHED WHEN CURRENT COVID 19 LOCKDOWN RESTRICTIONS ARE LIFTED.
Roger Stephen will endeavour to send out an email to those members who are on his Puffing Group list in advance of scheduled running sessions. If you wish to be added to that list please let Roger know. Subject to serviceability the club steam loco ‘Polly’ and the club electric loco should be available for members’ use at club running sessions. Running may be possible from November to March but weather and ground conditions generally conspire against it.
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The 97% consensus on global warming
97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.
The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...". (Petition Project)
Science achieves a consensus when scientists stop arguing. When a question is first asked – like ‘what would happen if we put a load more CO2 in the atmosphere?’ – there may be many hypotheses about cause and effect. Over a period of time, each idea is tested and retested – the processes of the scientific method – because all scientists know that reputation and kudos go to those who find the right answer (and everyone else becomes an irrelevant footnote in the history of science). Nearly all hypotheses will fall by the wayside during this testing period, because only one is going to answer the question properly, without leaving all kinds of odd dangling bits that don’t quite add up. Bad theories are usually rather untidy.
But the testing period must come to an end. Gradually, the focus of investigation narrows down to those avenues that continue to make sense, that still add up, and quite often a good theory will reveal additional answers, or make powerful predictions, that add substance to the theory.
So a consensus in science is different from a political one. There is no vote. Scientists just give up arguing because the sheer weight of consistent evidence is too compelling, the tide too strong to swim against any longer. Scientists change their minds on the basis of the evidence, and a consensus emerges over time. Not only do scientists stop arguing, they also start relying on each other's work. All science depends on that which precedes it, and when one scientist builds on the work of another, he acknowledges the work of others through citations. The work that forms the foundation of climate change science is cited with great frequency by many other scientists, demonstrating that the theory is widely accepted - and relied upon.
In the scientific field of climate studies – which is informed by many different disciplines – the consensus is demonstrated by the number of scientists who have stopped arguing about what is causing climate change – and that’s nearly all of them.
Authors of seven climate consensus studies — including Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton, and John Cook — co-authored a paper that should settle this question once and for all. The two key conclusions from the paper are:
1) Depending on exactly how you measure the expert consensus, it’s somewhere between 90% and 100% that agree humans are responsible for climate change, with most of our studies finding 97% consensus among publishing climate scientists.
2) The greater the climate expertise among those surveyed, the higher the consensus on human-caused global warming.
Expert consensus results on the question of human-caused global warming among the previous studies published by the co-authors of Cook et al. (2016). Illustration: John Cook. Available on the SkS Graphics page
Scientific consensus on human-caused global warming as compared to the expertise of the surveyed sample. There’s a strong correlation between consensus and climate science expertise. Illustration: John Cook. Available on the SkS Graphics page
Expert consensus is a powerful thing. People know we don’t have the time or capacity to learn about everything, and so we frequently defer to the conclusions of experts. It’s why we visit doctors when we’re ill. The same is true of climate change: most people defer to the expert consensus of climate scientists. Crucially, as we note in our paper:
Public perception of the scientific consensus has been found to be a gateway belief, affecting other climate beliefs and attitudes including policy support.
That’s why those who oppose taking action to curb climate change have engaged in a misinformation campaign to deny the existence of the expert consensus. They’ve been largely successful, as the public badly underestimate the expert consensus, in what we call the “consensus gap.” Only 16% of Americans realize that the consensus is above 90%.
Lead author John Cook explaining the team’s 2016 consensus paper.
Last updated on 8 May 2016 by BaerbelW . View Archives
Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming
Naomi Oreskes' study on consensus was flawed
IPCC is alarmist
Richard Black at the BBC investigates whether there is a bias against skepticism in the scientific community.
The "Climate Denial Crock of the Week" video series examines the list of "32,000 leading skeptical scientists."
Naomi Oreskes gives a thorough presentation of the development of our scientific understanding of anthropogenic global warming:
Here is a video summary of the various studies quantifying the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming, as well as the misinformation campaigns casting doubt on the consensus.
Many thanks to Joe Crouch for his efforts in tracking down scientific organizations endorsing the consensus as well as links to their public statements.
On 21 Jan 2012, we revised 'the skeptic argument' with a minor quote formatting correction.
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LeonD - I expect you're doing a 'drive-by', rather than actually engaging in conversation, but I would ask you to consider just what proportion of peer-reviewed biology papers make explicit statements for or against the validity of evolution in their abstracts? And whether you, for some reason, think the large percentage of such papers not restating known facts is in some fashion disagreement with evolution?
The same holds of climate science. In fact, I suspect the estimated percentage of disagreement on climate is biased towards the negative (that the percentage might be lower than 3%), since authors disagreeing with the consensus have far more reason to mention AGW than authors who treat it as a known and understood background to the data.
Bzzzt.
LeonD at 05:16 AM on 15 September, 2015
The source is the paper itself:
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024
Specifically Table 5
I am referring to the self-rated results but the abstract results are even less in favour of AGW.
LeonD - I'll repeat my question: do you think the high percentage of biology papers that fail to state a position on evolution are in fact evidence that biologists disagree with it? Or that the infinitesimal number of modern physics studies stating a position on the existence of atoms represents evidence of major disagreement there?
There's no need to repeat known facts, especially in the limited space of a paper or even more so the 200-500 words of an abstract - your argument is absurd.
I cannot find the reference at the moment, but as I recall Naomi Oreskes noted that as a scientific consensus grows the explicit mention of that consensus declines - because, again, there's no need to repeatedly tell your audience that water is wet, or that a clear sky is blue...
My mistake, I thought they were querying the authors on their own views not on what their papers were saying.
Rob Honeycutt at 06:54 AM on 15 September, 2015
LeonD... I think that's a very common mistake. Relative to the Cook13 paper, many people fail to discern the difference between "position" and "opinion."
For a survey of scientific opinions, rather than the published work, see Doran 2009, whose survey found that among scientists who had more than half of their recent work on climate (i.e., who are actively researching the matter), 97% agreed that:
"...human activity is a significant contributing factor in changing mean global temperatures".
Tom Curtis at 09:18 AM on 15 September, 2015
KR @707, I think insufficient attention has been paid to uncertainty intervals with regard to the concensus. In particular, in the case of Doran, Kendall and Zimmerman (2009), the sample size for question two, ie, the question on attribution, is only 77.
Calculating uncertainty depends not only on the sample size, but also (weakly) on the size of the total population. In the case of climate scientists, the total number of climate scientists in the world is an unknown. However, based on a literature review, Verheggen et al (2014) found the emails of approximately 8000 people, of which approximately 7600 where climate scientists (the other 400 being contacted because they where known "skeptics". On that basis, the total number of climate scientists in the world is likely to be greater than 5000, but less than 50000.
Using these figures and a confidence interval calculator, it is possible to determine that the 99% confidence interval is approximately is between + 2.6% and - 4.64 to 4.68%. The larger of the two figures assumes 50 thousand climate scientists. Of course the confidence interval calculator assumes a normal distribution, which is not possible in this case because there cannot be more than 100% concensus. That is likely to mean the lower bound is understated by a small amount, but the 95% confidence interval almost certainly has a lower bound less than or equal to 4.7% based on these figures.
More troubling for Doran is the actual question, which is:
"2. Do you think human activity is a significant contributing factor in changing mean global temperatures?"
By asking if human activity is "a significant factor", it allows that other influences are as, or even more significant.
Taking significance to be "statistically significant", it asks whether global temperature increase since the "pre-1800s" would have been less than that observed by a statistically significant amount absent human influence. Given the statistical uncertainty in determining pre-1800s temperatures (see graph below) that requires greater than 50% of the warming be attributed to anthropogenic factors. I think this means the question must be understood colloquially, where "significant" does not imply "statistically significant".
Colloquially, something contributing 25% of the effect would be considered "a significant contributing factor". Arguably something contributing just 10% of the effect would also be considered "a significant contributing factor" but that is more dubious. Taking the 25% benchmark, we can compare Doran et al to Verheggen et al, in which just over 90% agree that 25% or more of the warming is due to anthropogenic factors. Allowing for the inclusion of approximately 5% known "skeptics" without regard of their scientific qualifications (and in most cases absent relevant scientific expertise), that result is qualitatively equivalent to Doran et al's.
The upshot is that unless we are making the weak claim that the consensus is that anthropogenic factors are a significant factor in recent warming, we should no longer be citing Doran et al, and hence the 97% figure, for the percentage of scientists who accept the concensus position. That is particularly the case given Bray and von Storch (2010) and Verheggen et al (2014), both of which post date Doran et al, have larger sample sizes and support a consensus figure in the high 80 percents. In particular, Verheggen et al, excluding those invited because of their known "skeptical" opinion and without regard to their scientific qualification, find a concensus figure of 87% (85-89%).
KR at 13:34 PM on 16 September, 2015
Tom Curtis - I would agree that little attention has been paid to the uncertainty ranges on consensus estimates. However, as you yourself have noted WRT Doran, with perhaps the smallest sample, the uncertainty is <5% - meaning that even at the extrema we are still looking at a >90% consensus on AGW in the literature, and in at least some surveys of the expert opinions. (As I understand it, B. Verheggen is of the opinion that the lower number in their survey was actually due to a much more detailed/specific question, rather than the mean range thought appropriate - that the respondents didn't think they could narrow it down to the specificity given)
And when you look at actual attribution studies in AR5, the fraction of warming due to AGW has a mean of 110%, with less than a 5% chance of anthropogenic causes being responsible for less than 50% of observed warming. That makes AGW not just a significant, but a dominant cause.
Quite frankly, the various arguments on consensus (and denial thereof by the pseudoskeptics) are equivalent to discussing the number of angels who can dance on a pin, given that by any measure the scientific consensus on AGW is as high as that on ozone depletion by CFCs, acid rain, or the dangers of smoking tobacco, in all of which we found the consensus sufficient to act.
We know enough to take appropriate action.
Tom Curtis at 22:34 PM on 16 September, 2015
KR @709, Verheggen et al argue that the percentage of respondents excluding undetermined results (ie, "unknown", "I do not know" and "other") for both the qualitative and quantitative responses are equivalent. Specifically, 84 +/- 2% of respondents agreed that 50% or more of "global warming since the mid 20th century" can be attributed to "human induced increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations"; while 86 +/- 2% agreed that greenhouse gases had a moderate or strong warming contribution to the "reported global warming of ~0.8 degrees C since pre-industrial times".
As an aside, the unequal time periods for the quantitative and qualitative questions substantially weaken that argument. However, I think it is a no brainer that "I do not know" and "other" responses should not be included. On the other hand, arguably "unknown" responses claim scientific ignorance (ie, it has not been determined adequately by scientists) rather than mere personal ignorance, and so should not be included. Against that, an "unknown" response may merely indicate the respondent thinks it is not yet determined whether the greenhouse gas contribution was 75-100 or 100-125% (quantitative question) or a moderate or strong warming contribution (qualitative question). Therefore while presumable some respondents answering "unknown" do not agree with the consensus, it is problematic including the "unknown" figures because doing so assumes that all who so answered disagreed with the consensus which is not at all certain.
More important are the figures with no "unconvinced", ie, those deliberately invited to participate because of their "skeptical opinion" rather than because they are just scientists. Excluding both "undetermined" responses and "unconvinced" invitees, 87 +/-2% agreed that 50% plus of recent warming has been due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. That does not lie in the uncertainty range of Doran et al. As Verheggen et al. is much more recent then Doran et al, we must therefore either conclude that there has been an approximately 10% slide in agreement with the concensus among climate scientists; or that differences in the questions made a substantial (approximately 10%) difference in the response. The later is what I argue above, based on the difference between "a significant contributor" and "the major contributor".
I completely agree with your final two paragraphs, but do not think that reason to by imprecise or selective when quoting determination of the size of the concensus. That is, to the best of our current knowledge, ~87% of climate scientists (on attribution), and ~97% of climate science papers. IMO those figures show that the approximately 13% of climate scientists who do not agree with the IPCC on attribution do not do so based on publishable evidence. Put another way, it means that political opinion has influenced the scientific views of some climate scientists, but against the IPCC position, not for it (ie, in the opposite direction of the bias claimed by "skeptics").
PhilippeChantreau at 12:49 PM on 19 October, 2015
Response to sjw40364 on the appropriate thread.
A Real Sceptic Says at 06:20 AM on 31 October, 2015
Okay so while a sceptic is mostly interested in checking (and if necessary refuting) new scientific claims, it is reasonable to discuss the "consensus" issue due to its importance to science as a whole.
Ironically, there is no consensus on the meanings of the terms used to define this consensus. Does it mean a majority? Or just an important and strongly agreed minority? Do voices with authority carry sway, or is it democratic. Does it need to be "overwhelming" and is it, in fact? Is it absolute or is there internal dissent? Which human beings count as scientists? Which institutions act as gatekeepers thereof and what is their motivation?
Rather than work trough all of these, I will simply ask the reader to consider whether it is healthy that you are being asked to accept the speakers' tacit definitions on these matters, as well as their unstated assumptions. You are being guided toward what is really more of a psychological sensation than any fact-based argument - the sensation of being part of something big and powerful. Maybe a sense of belonging and safety. Maybe moral superiority. Maybe the clarity that comes from being decisively led.
If the reader is ready to understand their own (and their peers') fralties in such areas, then I do not need to discuss the history of systems of control and subjudication. If not, there's no point getting in to it except to suggest you may wish to begin with the Milgram experiment.
Instead, I will take a single example, from the current article, of a flagrent manipulation of the meaning of "consensus" and surrounding terms: the 97% pie-chart.
You thought it said 97% of scientists, right? No. It's 97% of papers. That's right there in the jpeg image itself but you didn't notice it. What else didn't you notice?
If you read the underlying study, what 97% really agree with is somthing along the lines of "do you agree that (a) humans emit CO2 and (b) that the greenhouse effect is real". Your present author does, and so would be a part of the consensus!
The trick here is a toxic mix of pedantry and tactical naivety - as so often seen among precotious fifteen-year-olds, but in this case carefully hidden within a typically dull metholodgy section in a paper. It is *pedantically* true that human CO2 plus greenhouse effect implies *probably* *some* human generated warming. But has human generated warming been *shown* to occur? Not implied. Is it problematic? Not implied. Significant? Not implied. Even detectable? Not implied. Nor does the position in the question even imply that there won't be compensating factors or that warming would even be harmful anyway.
In summary, consensus taken in general is too subject to the frailties of the human condition for any wise person to pay any attention to it. Specific factoids, such as the 97% pie-chart (and there are others) may seem to lend concrete validity, but as soon as you check them you find nothing meaningful, only trickery.
Should we accept climate consensus because consensus exists around, say evolution? A real sceptic can answer this easily: the whole point of science is to investigate methodically the questions whose answers are *not* obvious on the surface. No scientist would ever be so intellectually lazy as to reason that since the climate consensus "sort-of looks like" the Darwinian consensus, that their underlying scientific validities should also match.
Climate consensus is much more like a rainbow. Amazing to look at; vast and magical. But how many times do you have to check for that pot of gold before you accept there's really *nothing there at all*!
Eclectic at 08:38 AM on 31 October, 2015
A.R.S.Says @ #712 :
To be blunt: the word consensus has a very plain, straightforward meaning in the English language.
Your expressed "logic" is a complete failure, since you seem unable to connect words and concepts and realities.
(btw, I must commend your sense of humour in choice of your nom-de-plume ~ the abbreviation is priceless.)
[JH] Inflamatory & off-topic.
KiAnCa at 17:16 PM on 1 November, 2015
I'm looking for the data on climate change. I haven't been able to find it. I don't care how many agree, I want to know what evidence they base their opinion on. I was taught to question, not swallow. Please just post the data on climate, not the politics of popularity. Thank you.
[DB] Data and codes are openly available, and have been for years:
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/data-sources/#Climate_data_raw
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/data-sources/#Climate_data_processed
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/data-sources/#GCM_code
http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/science/dataproducts/
http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/
http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/daacs
https://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_models.php
Note that the Muir Russell Commission was able to do a full global reconstruction from the raw data linked to from the above page, WITHOUT ANY CODE, in a mere 2 days (when asked, they replied "any competent researcher could have done the same).
The Auditors over at McIntyre's Climate Audit have been struggling with their "audit" reconstruction for many years now.
Eclectic at 19:09 PM on 1 November, 2015
KiAnCa @ #714 : You have my sympathies, for your desire to gain good quality scientific information about the amount of global warming going, and how severely the problem is building. As you have doubtless already noticed, the mainstream media generally does a poor job in supplying realistic information ~ and it gives an inordinate amount of space to anti-science propagandists (with lawyer-type rhetoric designed to make you think black is white, or that there are so many "doubtful" shades inbetween, such that there is nothing meaningful in this whole universe).
You will find a vast amount of science-based info on this website . . . but you have my sympathy, because that info is not presented as a giant-size single meal where you simply chew your way through from one end of the pie to the other end.
Best (a) if you go to the Home page, central top region, and click on the small box titled "The Big Picture" . . . and then follow to areas that interest you,
or (b) on the Home page, click on the nearby box titled "Newcomers, start here" . . . and look down to the second heading, titled "Good starting point for newbies" where [second line of the paragraph] you can click on "Warming Indicators" and from that go to "Evidence for Global Warming (intermediate)" . . . where you can follow your interests. I must point out that this particular section generally holds info up to about 2010 ~ and so doesn't directly mention all the additional weight of scientific info in the last five years [i.e. all the newer "hot year" global records and even faster Ice Melt and sea-level rise]. No great matter, since the "sufficient evidence" was already overwhelmingly convincing, long before that date [indeed, in a recently publicised scandal, it appears that Exxon already had convincing evidence of the CO2/Warming problem by 1979],
or (c) if your scientific education is already above average, then you can simply skip to the "Arguments" [on Home page] and pursue any of the 170+ "arguments" [arranged by Climate Myth] which interest you, and delve further from there. The Myths are quite entertaining, because the info there does neatly deflate all the rubbish/nonsense talked by the small number of shills & mavericks who oppose the mainstream science (i.e. the mainstream science which results in virtually all the climate scientists being in accord with the consensus of 97% . . . or nowadays more likely 99% )
Good hunting ~ and please use the appropriate thread's Comments Section for any questions that you want clarified.
wideEyedPupil at 00:50 AM on 9 December, 2015
One of the human finger prints cited in the first week of the Denial course was that the atmospheric warming this century is unique in the fact of warming lower atmosphere and cooling upper atmosphere. What evidence from past warming episodes establises that this is unique to the current warming. How do we know what happened in the upper stmosphere in the past warming/ increased CO2 events?
[Rob P] - A cooling upper atmosphere and warming lower atmosphere is a signature unique to the enhanced (increased) Greenhouse Effect. If we had a Tardis, we would be able to go back in time to the Paleoecene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) about 55-56 million years ago, a time of substantial natural global warming, and observe the Greenhouse Effect growing stronger.
The enhanced Greenhouse Effect we are now measuring is a human fingerprint because the source of it is the continued emission of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, produced by industrial activity. See the SkS post: Climate Change Cluedo.
Thanks for Responce @Rob P and for the link to Climate Cluedo. I get that carbon isotopes are critical in determining CO2 sources and ways of determining concentrations but my question speicifically was what is it about a cooling upper atmosphere in conjunction with a warming lower atmosphere that is unique. Another way to ask this might be, why is the upper atmosphere cooling with increased GHG levels while the lower atmosphere continues to rise at a sharp rate compared to background seasonal oscilations? And how do we know that in the past when the lower atmosphere warmed, so to did the upper atmospthere, or did it just stay the same. (I only found three hits on the Cluedo page when searching "upper atmos" and they were all in comments. no hits for "lower atmos")
scaddenp at 10:53 AM on 9 December, 2015
What you should be looking for is "stratospheric cooling". It is not an easily understood concept, but there are several attempts around the internet to explain it. At basic level, It falls out of the equations for radiative transfer if you increase a greenhouse gas. Other forcings that change the surface temperature like changing albedo, solar influx, or aerosols do not produce this effect.
Pfc. Parts at 13:52 PM on 10 December, 2015
John writes: "Science achieves a consensus when scientists stop arguing"
Actually that's a bit simplistic. A scientifi consensus is formed after a series of scientists are able to reproduce the work of the scientist advancing a hypothesis. This is done by publishing confiming/denying results in refreed journals. Tom make that possible, the person advancing the hypothesis first fully explains it, then describes how it was tested (the "mehtodology"), the observed data and the results.
A scientific consensus isn't formed by simple agreement between scientists, it's evidence based and very much dependent on repeatable experiment. So while the consensus that CO2 is a "greenhouse" gas, meaning that like water vapor and methane it absorbs and radiates solar energy in known quanta, there is no consensus on the effect or "sensitivity" Earth's climate has to increases or decreases in it. Which is the problem.
We know CO2 absorbs IR. Water vaport (H20) observes much more, so much more that IR astronomers put their telescopes as high as possible, on Mauna Kea, Medium Altitude soborbital platforms like the KAO and SOPHIA, and in low Earth orbit in order to get above H20. IR astronomers aren't particularly worried about CO2 because its effect is so small it just doesn't matter.
[PS] Myths about water vapour are addressed under "water is the most powerful greenhouse gas". Make your arguments there. Offtopic comments will be deleted.
"Tom" doesn't make it possible. "To make"
"methodology" not "mehtodology"
"vapor" not "vaport"
"suborbital" not "soborbital"
I was proof reading my post here on the last page of comments when I encountered this gem:
"One of the human finger prints cited in the first week of the Denial course was that the atmospheric warming this century is unique in the fact of warming lower atmosphere and cooling upper atmosphere"
Not sure who came up with this but it's trully choice. So how many folks were measuring the temperature of Earth's stratosphere 200 years ago? 500 years ago? 2000? 20,000 years ago?
Whoever made up that fun fact should get a prize, it's a real whopper.
[PS] try reading for understanding rather than demostrating misunderstanding before banding about accusations. The surface temperature of any planet can be altered by changing solar input, albedo, GHG composition or aerosols. Increases in GHG composition is unique in that it is only forcing change that will warm the surface but cool stratosphere.
It would be very nice if this site allowed comments to be edited.
wideEyedPupil at 14:45 PM on 10 December, 2015
@Pfc. Parts
I gather from you're tone your here to troll not to learn, understand or convey science. But if you're interested in the source you can listen the full interview with Ben Santer (lead author of the historic 1995 IPCC) here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOrUYQhGzT8
He states, no known natural mechanisms or combination of natural causes have that sustained effect, that human fingerprint, in this unquie way.
My focus has been, in the last 10 years or so, on two things. One is the vertical structure of temperature changes in the atmosphere. If you look from the surface of the Earth right up into the stratosphere, 20 miles above the surface of the Earth, what we’ve actually observed in weather balloon measurements and satellite measurements is this complex pattern of warming low down and cooling up high. The lower atmosphere, the troposphere, has shown warming pretty much across all latitude bends, and the upper atmosphere has shown cooling over the last 30 to 40 years or so.
It turns out that that pattern of warming low down and cooling up high is really distinctive. We know of no natural mechanisms that can generate something like that, sustained for three or four decades. Volcanoes can’t do it. The sun can’t do it. Internal climate variability can’t do it, nor can some combination of natural causes: volcanoes, the sun, and internal variability generate that complex pattern of warming low down and cooling of the upper atmosphere. The only thing that we know of that can generate that distinctive fingerprint is human-caused increase in heat-trapping greenhouse gasses, and human-caused depletion in the upper atmosphere of stratospheric ozone.
It’s been fascinating over my career to look at ever-better satellite observations and ever-better model simulations and see that fingerprint pattern of human effects literally emerging from the noise. The best information we have now from our most recent research is that the chances of getting a fingerprint match between that human fingerprint pattern of warming low down and cooling up high and purely natural causes is infinitesimally small. The signal-to-noise ratio is greater than 10. That’s what our research tells us. There’s just no way of explaining what we’ve actually observed without invoking a strong human effect on climate.
Eclectic at 21:49 PM on 10 December, 2015
to Pfc.Parts @722 : you make a fair point, with your comment "It would be very nice if this site allowed comments to be edited."
On balance though, that would not be a good idea ~ and I am sure you can picture the chaos and non-sequiturs which would occur as posters go back and modify their posts, even with innocent intent (let alone the malicious intent). Nope: to be fair to all, a non-self-modified posting system is definitely far better.
Mind you, it could be reasonable to allow a poster to later insert a very obvious "corrigendum" paragraph at the end, to deal with clumsy bloopers / typos / or poorly-expressed phrasing . . . and this would help the flow of understanding in the commentary [rather than having such corrections appear later and quite possibly be half-buried by other intervening posts]. Such corrigendum would require clear demarcation and date/time label.
But . . . there would probably need to be a 24 or 48-hour cut-off for such "grafted-on" corrections. And even there, I am sure you can picture how some posters would try to play games and thoroughly abuse such a system. So, overall, it's simpler to keep this as they are : and it also makes for a simpler and less vulnerable control of the comments column.
[apologies for this off-topic excursion]
flavoid at 05:46 AM on 15 December, 2015
If you read the sentence stating 97% support, it's a self selecting subset of the data,
"of papers stating a position on human caused global warming"
of all the papaers in the Cook study, only 0.5% Explicitly support and quantify AWG as > 50%., (64 out of 11944)
of all papers stating a position, that number jumps to a whopping 1.5%. (64 out of 3974)
can someone explain to me how that equates to "consensus"
CBDunkerson at 10:05 AM on 15 December, 2015
flavoid, sure I'll explain:
We only look at papers stating a position on the topic (of which 97% state that humans are causing most global warming) because factoring in papers which DON'T address the topic would be ridiculous.
Papers on needlepoint don't state that humans are responsible for global warming... ergo no consensus. See? Ridiculous.
[PS] Perhaps flavoid could clarify their position about "self-selected dataset" by providing examples of papers that dont support the consensus that would be missed by the selection procedure.
Eclectic at 10:35 AM on 15 December, 2015
Flavoid, to put it another way: your statements have gone well wide of reality ~ you have missed the truth by a country mile !
I don't know how you managed to get it so wrong. Very likely, you haven't actually read the paper Cook et al., 2013. Even just a read of the the paper's Abstract [see link at the head of this thread] will show you how wide of the mark you are. Read with a calm mind, and you will see how straightforward it all is.
You will then also note the excellent quality-control of the Cook paper ~ and how the surveyed papers' authors themselves have expressed the same 97% via their own assessment.
So the matter of consensus is quite clear, too.
Even mavericks like Dr R. Tol have admitted (in a slightly curmudgeonly way) that the "consensus" is 90+% .
If there is to be a valid criticism of the "97%" as shown in the Cook paper, then the criticism [today] would be that the 97% is based on somewhat dated information [i.e. being on papers averaging about 10 years old by now].
A present-day and deep-searching survey would now probably show a climate-scientist consensus closer to 99% .
TheRobin at 05:40 AM on 20 January, 2016
Has anyone looked at the rebuttal from José Duarte regarding Cook's 97% consensus paper? (http://www.joseduarte.com/blog/cooking-stove-use-housing-associations-white-males-and-the-97)
He makes quite a good case about various biases being in the methodology along with pointing out how the claimed standards have not been met in various ways.
From what I can tell he makes a pretty compelling case that the 97% consensus is way overstated as a result of those errors.
[RH] Please inform us when Duarte gets his rebuttal through peer review and we can discuss it at that time.
Tom Curtis at 08:35 AM on 20 January, 2016
TheRobin @728, I have addressed Duarte's criticism elsewhere. The upshot is that even if we allowed his criticisms as being entirely valid, and removed from the study all papers to which it applies, it would only reduce the consensus to 96.8%. That reduction ignores that several of the papers on Duarte's list were classified as 4, and therefore did not contribute to the consensus value; and that no doubt there were opposite errors were papers supporting the consensus were excluded or classified as 4 (both of which are known to have been the case). Ergo the 96.8% represents a generous overestimate of the impact of taking Duarte's criticism into account.
It is astonishing how consistently critics of Cook et al (2013) fail to estimate the impacts of their criticism on the 97%; and how consistently the impacts are negligible at best. There is a reasons why Duarte's criticism will not make it into peer review - but will be endlessly bandied around by those for whom rhetoric is more important than analysis.
Eclectic at 11:47 AM on 20 January, 2016
TheRobin @ 728, my viewpoint is much more the layman's , compared with Tom Curtis's more scientific assessment.
I had a look through some of Duarte's blogging output, about a year ago. That guy has a very weird way of viewing the world [to put it politely] . . . and my recommendation is that you will be wasting your time reading his ideas. Life is too short, to make it worthwhile spending time sifting through such quasi-sapient ramblings. Duarte is clearly intelligent, but his ratiocination is rather disconnected from reality.
[PS] Eclectic - please refresh your memory of the Comments Policy. In particular, note the "no ad hom, no inflammatory tone, no accusations of fraud". Recent comments have pushed or been over the line.
scttharding5 at 03:01 AM on 27 January, 2016
I just had a quick question. I know that all but two scientific bodies with national or international standing have endorsed anthropogenic climate change. The two that have not take no official position. I was just wondering exactly how many scientific organizations have national or international standing. Is it hundreds of organizations or scores of organizations?
KR at 03:11 AM on 27 January, 2016
Wikipedia has a pretty up to date listing of scientific organizations and their position on the climate here. They show four non-commital groups (all geologists, for some reason), with none expressing a group opinion contrary to the current consensus.
Thanks KR. I knew about the Wikipedia page, but I was hoping someone had already done the counting. Here is the simplified list from Wikipedia of scientific organizations that have endorsed anthropogenic climate change. I hope someone will let me know if I missed any or counted some twice.
1. Inter Academy Council
2. International Council of Academics of Engineering and Technological Sciences.
3. National Science Academy of Australia
4. National Science Academy of Belgium.
5. National Science Academy of Brazil.
6. National Science Academy of Canada
7. National Science Academy of the Caribbean.
8. National Science Academy of China.
9. National Science Academy of France.
10. National Science Academy of Germany.
11. National Science Academy of India.
12. National Science Academy of Indonesia.
13. National Science Academy of Ireland.
14. National Science Academy of Italy.
15. National Science Academy of Malaysia.
16. National Science Academy of New Zealand.
17. National Science Academy of Sweden.
18. National Science Academy of Turkey.
19. National Science Academy of the United Kingdom.
20. National Science Academy of Japan.
21. National Science Academy of Russia.
22. National Science Academy of the United States.
23. National Science Academy of South Africa.
24. National Science Academy of Cameroon.
25. National Science Academy of Ghana.
26. National Science Academy of Kenya.
27. National Science Academy of Madagascar.
28. National Science Academy of Nigeria.
29. National Science Academy of Senegal.
30. National Science Academy of Sudan.
31. National Science Academy of Tanzania.
32. National Science Academy of Uganda.
33. National Science Academy of Zambia.
34. National Science Academy of Zimbabwe.
35. African Academy of Sciences.
36. Polish Academy of Sciences.
37. American Association for the Advancement of Science.
38. Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies.
39. United States National Research Council.
40. European Academy of Sciences and Arts.
41. European Science Foundation.
42. American Chemical Society.
43. American Institute of Physics.
44. American Physical Society.
45. Australian Institute of Physics.
46. European Physical Society.
47. American Geophysical Union.
48. American Society of Agronomy.
49. Crop Science Society of America.
50. Soil Science Society of America.
51. European Federation of Geologists.
52. European Geosciences Union.
53. Geological Society of America
54. Geological Society of London.
55. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.
56. National Association of Geoscience Teachers.
57. American Meteorological Society.
58. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society.
59. Canadian Meteorological Society.
60. Royal Meteorological Society (UK).
61. World Meteorological Organization.
62. Amercian Quaternary Association.
63. International Union for Quaternary Research.
64. American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians.
65. American Institute of Biological Sciences.
66. American Society for Microbiology.
67. Australian Coral Reef Society.
68. Institute of Biology (UK)
69. Society of American Foresters.
70. The Wildlife Society.
71. American Academy of Pediatrics.
72. American College of Preventable Medicine.
73. American Medical Association.
74. American Public Health Association.
75. Australian Medical Association.
76. World Federation of Public Health Associations.
77. World Health Organization.
78. American Astronomical Society.
79. American Statistical Association.
80. Canadian Council of Professional Engineers.
81. The Institution of Engineers Australia.
82. International Association of Great Lakes Research.
83. Institute of Professional Engineers New Zealand.
84. The World Federation of Engineering Organizations.
Scientific Bodies Rejecting Anthropogenic Global Warming:
Scientific Bodies With No Official Position.
1. American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
2. American Institute of Professional Geologists.
3. Candadian Federation of Earth Sciences.
4. Geological Society of Australia.
So, if your basketball team had a record of 84-0-4, that would be a pretty good year. If you tell me there is no consensus I would advise you to see a phychiatrist.
ghagilaris at 12:15 PM on 21 June, 2016
A point about messaging to the public. In the "Consensus of Scientists" video, John Cook makes the well-reasoned point about relying on expertise. But I think the general public could reasonably still be confused by the fact that non-expert scientists aren't showing nearly as strong of a consensus based on the current surveys. Is this because the wrong question is being asked of them, at least in terms of the type of question that is relevant to the public? Should there be a different survey that asks whether they trust the findings of the climate scientists in regard to climate change? In other words, should the quesiton be posed so that non-experts are not being asked about their personal confidence based on their expertise but rather of their trust in the findings of climate scientists, who are the experts? If the question was posed in such a way, would it show a much broader support in the science community for the acceptance of climate change and the need to act? Would this clarify the messaging to the public by separating a scientist's personal expertise from their support for the relevant experts? I guess one could just point to all the scientific societies that give the same supporting message on climate change, but maybe that could still be miscontrued by the public as a "top-down" opinion being pushed by representatives rather than an accurate reflection of the opinions of individual scientists.
dfern at 14:20 PM on 8 September, 2016
If the body of evidence is so strong and the concensus so overwhelming, why is it that no organisation, including IPCC, will directly answer the question "what percentage of forecast global warming is due to greenhouse gas emissions". They seem happy to forecast temperature rises to a tenth of a degree over a decade, so presumably have data to segregate causes.
Welcome to Skeptical Science. Please take the time to review the comments policy and ensure future comments are in full compliance with it.
In particular, please note the ban on sloganeering which your comment runs dangerously close to. This means that you must back your assertions with references/data.
Your comment seems strange because it appears that you have not in fact read what the IPCC says. It does not "forecast" as such, nor do models have any skill at decadal level prediction of surface temperature. The report most certainly does have an attribution statement on warming.
"It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together. The best estimate of the human-induced contribution to warming is similar to the observed warming over this period."
That statement is discussed in more detail here.
You will find discussions here more productive if you do not raise strawmen arguments (ie make sure what you claim someone says is in fact true).
dfern @735, here are the IPCC's AR5 attribution of recent warming (1951-2010) to various anthropogenic factors based on their figure 10.5:
Note, OA stands for Other Anthropogenic factors, primarilly the aerosol direct and indirect effects and Land Use Change, all of which are negative forcings. As indicated, the certainty of the total anthropogenic contribution is much greater than that for the decomposed elements. The figure needs a slight qualification in that it does not include the uncertainty of the correctness of the models, so that the actual uncertainty is larger than that shown, but not quantifiably so. To allow for this, the IPCC AR5 stated that at least 90% of the Probability Density Function of anthropogenic contribution (ie, the equivalent of the area under the orange line, once model uncertainty is accounted for) lies above 50%. They used a technical short hand to say that, but that is the ghist. Note that expanding the uncertainty will reduce the peak, and broaden the area under the curve, but ill not shift the position of the peak, so that the most probable anthropogenic contribution is 108% over that interval, and the most probable greenhouse gas contribution is 138%.
In short, your supposition that the IPCC has not directly answered the question as to the percentage of warming contributed by anthropogenic factors, or even greenhouse gases is false.
hathawad at 03:08 AM on 15 September, 2016
There definitely is a consensus that CO2 can increase temerature,
BUT NOBODY KNOWS BY HOW MUCH, that part is NOT consensus. According to believers the icecaps would have been long gone by now and we would be in knee deep water in Florida.
There is no consensus on CATASTROPHIC climate change.
Over the past 11,000 years the Earth has had temperatures above today's average temperature about 9 times. We are now at average temp according to this data: GISP2 below
During evolution, the CO2 was many thousands of ppm and man was definitely not around then and yet life was possible during this "catastrophic" CO2 level
[RH] Shortened link. Please note that use of all caps is against our commenting policy.
[TD] Your comments are most appropriate on several other threads. Please read the following, and if you want to comment further on those topics do so on those threads, not this one:
"...the icecaps would have been long gone by now." You need to provide a reference for your claim. I'm unaware of anyone who has claimed that. For actual peer reviewed scientific projections of ice loss, type into the Search field at the top left of any page relevant terms such as ice, sea ice, land ice, and glacier, and choose from among the resulting hits. Here is one of those: Read the Intermediate tabbed pane of "How the IPCC is more likely to underestimate the climate response," scrolling down to the section on Arctic sea ice.
"...we would be in knee deep water in Florida." You need to provide a reference for your claim. I'm unaware of anyone who has claimed that. For actual peer reviewed scientific projections of sea level rise, type "sea level" into the Search field at the top left of any page, and choose from among the resulting hits. Here is one of those: "How much will sea levels rise in the 21st Century?" After you read the Basic tabbed pane there, read the Intermediate one.
"There is no consensus on catastrophic global warming." "Catastrophic" is too ambiguous a term; scientists' projections are much more specific. Read "Positives and negatives of global warming." After you read the Basic tabbed pane, read the Intermediate and then the Advanced.
"Over the past 11,000 years the Earth has had temperatures above today's average temperature about 9 times. We are now at average temp according to this data: GISP2 below." The GISP2 graph you linked has as its most recent data the year 1855. Not even 1955, but 1855. So it does not show anything like "today." Also, it reflects the temperature only from a single spot in Greenland, which is not at all representative of the entire Earth. Read "Most of the last 10,000 years were warmer." To learn about temperature indices that are representative of the entire Earth, and that go up to much closer to today, read "Real skepticism about the Marcott hockey stick." Then use the Search field to look for more posts about Marcott, and posts about PAGES 2K.
Why do we analyze only a few hundred years back.
We need to look back 11,000 years and you will see that the temperature has been much higher in the past and increased at a much faster rate in many occasions in the past. We focus to much on the recent past and its wron to base conclusions on this tiime period alone.
[TD] This comment is redundant with your previous one. Don't do that.
Hathawad:
If you want to learn about these things, go to the "View All Arguments" at the bottom of the thermometer image on the upper left of each page (below "Most Used Cliamte Myths"). You wll find nearly 200 links to various myths, of which your brief posts have covered a surprisingly large number for so few words.
Your assertions are completely unsupported, and that counts for nothing at this site.
...and read the comments policy (link just above the box you type your comment in)
Hathawad @737:
1) "There definitely is a consensus that CO2 can increase temperature, but nobody knows by how much"
IPCC AR5:
"The equilibrium climate sensitivity quantifies the response of the climate system to constant radiative forcing on multicentury time scales. It is defined as the change in global mean surface temperature at equilibrium that is caused by a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Equilibrium climate sensitivity is likely [probability of 66% or more] in the range 1.5°C to 4.5°C [0.41- 1.22 C/(W/m^2))](high confidence), extremely unlikely [probability of 5% or less] less than 1°C [0.27 C/(W/m^2))] (high confidence), and very unlikely [probability of 10% or less] greater than 6°C [1.6 C/(W/m^2))] (medium confidence)."
That is very simple to interpret. If your assessment of the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) shows a probability that the ECS lies between 1.5 and 4.5 C less than 66%, you are in disagreement with the IPCC, and your assessment lies outside of the consensus. If your assessment is that the probability that the ECS is less than 1 C is greater than 5%, you are in disagreement with the IPCC, and your assessment lies outside of the consensus. If your assessment is that the probability that the ECS lies above 6 C is greater then you are in disagreement with the IPCC, and your assessment lies outside of the consensus. As a result it is clear that Nick Stokes estimates of the ECS, though low, are clearly within the consensus while those of deniers claiming an ECS of 1 C or less are not.
I included in the quote from the IPCC the values interpreted as a Climate Sensitivity Factor, which allows you to simply multiply out a forcing to see the temperature response to that forcing. Thus, at doubled CO2 the forcing is 3.7 W/m^2 +/- 10%. From the forcing and the Climate Sensitivity Factor, the temperature impact of CO2 at equilibrium is easilly calculated. In short, the temperature impact of CO2 is known within a significantly constrained range that excludes most denier estimates of the impact.
2) "According to believers the icecaps would have been long gone by now..."
No climate scientist of any repute has claimed that the ice caps (ie, kilometers deep layers of ice covering Antarctica and Greenland, and some thinner ones on islands in the Canadian Archipelago) would have melted by now, or even by the end of the century. Wieslaw Maslowski and Peter Wadhams has predicted an early loss of Arctic sea ice (ie, the very thin ice floating on the sea surface) around this decade. The low bracket of their estimate has come and gone. The central value of his estimate falls in the remaining four years of this decade, and are widely considered by sea ice experts to be utterly implausible. The actual consensus position, as given in the IPCC AR5 is:
"Based on the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble, projections of average reductions in Arctic sea ice extent for 2081–2100 compared to 1986–2005 range from 8% for RCP2.6 to 34% for RCP8.5 in February and from 43% for RCP2.6 to 94% for RCP8.5 in September (medium confidence). A nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean (sea ice extent less than 1 × 106 km2 for at least 5 consecutive years) in September before mid-century is likely under RCP8.5 (medium confidence), based on an assessment of a subset of models that most closely reproduce the climatological mean state and 1979–2012 trend of the Arctic sea ice cover. Some climate projections exhibit 5- to 10-year periods of sharp summer Arctic sea ice decline—even steeper than observed over the last decade—and it is likely that such instances of rapid ice loss will occur in the future. There is little evidence in global climate models of a tipping point (or critical threshold) in the transition from a perennially ice-covered to a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean beyond which further sea ice loss is unstoppable and irreversible."
(See the upper right panel in particular.)
So, the consensus position is for a sea ice free Arctic around mid century, approximately 30 years from now, and that being avoidable if we mitigate climate change.
3) "...and we would be in knee deep water in Florida".
The IPCC AR5 predicts a likely range for sea level rice in 2081-2100 of 0.52 to 0.98 meters (ie, enough to make you shin to knee deep if you stand at the current water level) assuming RCP 8.5 (essentially business as usual. Predictions of knee deep sea level now except as a result of storm surge are figments of your own imagination.
4) "Over the past 11,000 years..."
GISP 2 represents a temperature proxy for only one location on the earths surface, and consequently does not represent Global Mean Surface Temperature (GMST). You should at the minimum use a mean of several long term temperature proxies, such as this one from Global Warming Art:
The recent decadal average is up around 1 C on this scale, and well above the 2004 value indicated in the graph, and hence above the mean across all decades. These proxies do not have a annual time scale so some decades in the past 10,000 years may have been warmer than our current decade - but we do not know that any were and it is likely that very few were. Further, the temperature rise since 1850 is almost certainly unprecedented since the end of the last glacial.
5) "During evolution, the CO2 was many thousands of ppm and man was definitely not around then and yet life was possible during this "catastrophic" CO2 level"
Durring those periods with very high CO2 levels, solar activity was significantly less than it is today. This is known because solar activity increases overtime in a very predictable pattern. The result is that combined forcing of CO2 plus solar was not much greater than preindustrial levels, and less than likely levels of forcing with Business As Usual:
It is interesting to note that up to 65 million years ago, land life was dominated by ectotherms and endotherms, ie, creatures much less vulnerable to heat stress than is the case for humans. Periods of elevated temperatures in the last 65 million years have also see a dominance of smaller animals, with a higher surface to volume ratio and higher basal temperatures (both contributing to more efficient cooling). Neither of these facts is comforting to large, homeothermic animals such as humans when facing similarly elevated temperatures. Rodents, snakes and cockroaches, on the other hand, will do just fine.
In summary, your "points" rely mostly on misrepresenting the claims of climate scientists, or misrepresenting what is actually known. An argument that can only be pressed by such means (as is the case with nearly all denier arguments) are not worth pursuing, or indeed, giving any credence to.
If you surprise me by actually responding, please do so on the appropriate threads as indicated by the moderator.
[JH] To make it easier for readers to disgest your posts, I suggest that you use italics font for the material you are quoting from the commenter you are responding to. In this particular case, you may also want to put the quotes in bold-face because they essential serve as subject headers.
Spassapparat at 05:32 AM on 10 February, 2017
I have a question regarding the famous Cook et al. (2013) paper on scientific consensus regarding AGW, and critical responses to this paper, especially the one by Legates et al. (2015). The only response to this paper by Legates et al. that I could find was included in the '24 errors of Tol' (page 6). In their paper, Legates et al. claim that Cook et al. misrepresent the consensus since only a small minority of papers actually say that 'human activity is very likely causing most of the current GW'. The two biggest categories of papers accepting the AGW hypothesis are either of the implicit or explicit but unquantified variety. In response to the critique, Cook et al. argue that it is an impossible expectation to expect authors to explicitly quantify the extent of global warming. I do not think that this is what Legates et al. are expecting though - they are only expecting papers to say that they are 'causing most of the current GW', which is the definition made by Cook et al. at the outset of the paper. So in so far as I'm reading the original Cook et al. paper correctly, i.e. they are querying what percentage of papers agrees with the definition of the AGW hypothesis Cook et al. establish in their paper, namely "human activity is verly likely causing most of the current GW", it appears to me that Legates et al. are correct in arguin that Cook et al. cannot show that 97% of the papers that express an opinion do express this strong of an opinion.
I think Legates et al. do have a point in the sense that there is a clear difference between a paper saying that humans are contributing to climate change (this being the example statement in the Cook et al. paper for their category 2) and a paper saying that humans are the primary cause of climate change. 'Humans are contributing to climate change' is something that, as far as I am aware of the denialist literature, even most denialists would agree with - they would just say that the human contribution is minimal.
Thanks in advance for any clarification on this matter!
Tom Curtis at 07:25 AM on 10 February, 2017
Spassapparat @741, Legates et al do not have a good point, because they apply it selectively. We may well be interested in a comparison between the number of papers that "explicitly endorse with quantification" (65) and those that "explicitly reject with quantification" (10) which means an 86.67% endorsement rate among papers whose abstracts explicitly endorse or reject AGW, not the 0.03% used by Legates et al. (Indeed, Legates figure is doubly wrong because 0.3% of 11,944 abstracts is 36, not the actual 65 explicit endorsements as can be determined by a simple search of the abstracts.) We might be more interested in the 52 author rated "explicit endorse with quantification" and 9 author rated "explicit reject with quantification" (85.25% endorsement rate). We may also be interested in the 10 rated "explicit endorse with quantification" and 0 rated "explicit reject with quantification" (100% endorsement rate) from among those abstracts that which include the term "attribute" or its cognates in the title. We also may be interested to know that among those abstracts that include "attribute" or its cognates, the quantities in each endorsement category are:
for a total endorsement rate of 97.09% among those that state a position in the abstract.
The point is that it is not true that only those papers whose abstracts explicitly endorse with quantification actually endorse AGW. Therefore if you are going to restrict discussion to just those abstracts with numerical attribution values, you need to compare them with just those abstracts - not the total of abstracts which have been excluded from consideration on a technicality. Not including a specific quantification may simply occur because the quantification has been reserved for the conclusion rather than being revealed in the abstract (a common trait in scientific papers), or because the paper was not explicitly about attribution so that a more general statement was sufficient. Pretending that is not the case to make rhetorical points is not good science. It is pseudoscience.
Mr. Curtis,
thanks so much for your quick reply! I agree with everything you have written, and I do think that Legates et al.'s 0,03 number is completely bogus.
What I did agree with Legates et al. is that Cook et al's wording is at least unfortunate. In my opinion, if, as is Cook et al's outset question, you want to figure out the number of papers who accept the hypothesis that 'human activity is responsible for most of current GW' you cannot include papers that write that 'human activity is contributing to current GW' as part of the total number of papers that agree with 'human activity is responsible for most of current GW. Now the word 'attribute' is a different ballpark, since if I write 'current GW is attributed to human activity' then I actually mean, in contrast to 'contribute', that most (or all) of current GW is due to human activity. (or at least, this is my understanding, I am not a native speaker of English)
I do believe that words matter. In my view, then, papers that use the word 'attribute' or similar should have been separated from papers that use 'contribute', 'play a part/role', 'add to', etc. If this is what is done in the analysis you posted, then this shows that Cook et al's analysis is robust to Legates et al's critique.
I have another question: something that is also critiqued in Legates et al. as well as other critical papers is the issue of the search term used - they claim that the search term 'global warming' or 'global climate change' biases against critical research since at least some critical research does not use these terms - do you give any credence to the view that this is a significant bias?
I have now dabbled with the search tool you posted a bit and looked up papers whose abstracts include 'attribute'. Just on the first page, I found several papers that use the word attribute, but in association with someting other than climate change attributed to human impact. Did your analysis of the word attribute and its cognates only include such papers that used the word attribute and its cognates specifically for this purpose?
Also, I was wondering about what the paper is actually saying. If we include category 2 and 3, don't we have to dial down what we are saying to what is included in the weakest category (category 3), i.e. all we can say is 97% of papers agree that humans are causing global warming to some extent. That is decidedly not how this paper is used in public discourse though, I think in many instances this paper is used to say that not only do humans cause global warming, but they are also the major cause and the degree of effect on nature/climate is in some way dangerous and needs to be mitigated. This only is true for a minority of the papers though. Would you agree with this assessment?
Eclectic at 01:50 AM on 11 February, 2017
Spassapparat @744 & prior :
two points for your consideration, are (A) the design of the Cook-2013 study included a second part where the scientific paper authors were surveyed to discover their assessments of their own papers, regarding attribution ... and this second part confirmed the accuracy of the first part
and (B) the average "age" of the papers equalled approx. 2005 ... so 10 years or more ago. Reading the Cook et al. study shows that later papers were more "attributive" than earlier papers. This result is exactly what one would expect, in view of scientific research subsequent to 2005 all indicating the high [ approx. 100% ] attribution to human-causation of global warming. (See the latest IPCC summaries)
Additionally, if you look around the world today, you find almost no genuine climate scientists who attempt to support a contrary [ =non-human ] attribution for the present & continuing rapid warming.
We can enjoy having Spass with words & rhetoric, but it is our duty to look at the Realitaet — the physical reality of atoms & energies which underlie the words. That reality is experiencing major warming, and the causation is scientifically very clear and obvious.
Spassapparat at 03:06 AM on 30 March, 2017
Eclectic @745 , thanks for your response!
Since the chair of the science committee in today's hearing on climate change brought the papers critiquing the Cook et al study into public record, this brought me back here.
I am aware of (A), but one should note that even there we still do not get close to a 97% consensus on category (1). I've looked into the data, and it suggests that 17% of the authors of papers that do express an opinion on climate change self-identify their paper as a category 1 paper. This is substantially higher than the rating by Cook et al. themselves, but still a farcry from the 97%.
If Cook et al. are now saying that many papers do not make a definite statement because it is obvious that most of global warming is human-made, I am inclined to agree with this assumption, not least because of other research referenced on this page showing a similar degree of consensus. However it is still just that, an assumption.
I do not think it is just Spass to play with words, I do think there is a substantial difference between saying "Cook et al. show that there is a 97% consensus that most of global warming is human made" (which, in my opinion, is an untrue statement) and "Cook et al. show there is a 97% consensus that some global warming is human made".
I wonder why, since there are half a dozen other studies showing a similar agreement, this site in particular and the climate science community in public discourse in general chooses to use a study whose proclaimed findings are so easily attackable.
Tom Curtis at 09:42 AM on 30 March, 2017
Spassapparat @746, in Cook et al, endorsement or rejection is explicitly stated to be endorsement or rejection of the theory of AGW. That is, it is endorsement or rejection of a specific theory which states, in part, that anthropogenic factors are responsible for greater than 50% of warming since 1950. If you interpret the different categories of endorsement (implicit, explicit, and explicit with quantification) as applying to successively stronger theories, you have misinterpreted the paper and misunderstood the methodology in the paper.
You say (@744):
"Also, I was wondering about what the paper is actually saying. If we include category 2 and 3, don't we have to dial down what we are saying to what is included in the weakest category (category 3)"
However, category 3 is not endorsement of a weaker theory, but a less strong endorsement of the same theory. In category 1, endorsement is explicit, and a quantification is give so there can be no doubt that AGW is endorsed. In category 3, endorsement is implicit, so while the theory endorsed is the same, the possibility of error in assessing whether or not the paper endorses the theory is greater.
I am aware that climate "skeptics" reject this understanding of the paper, but it was the understanding of the authors, and it was the understanding of the raters. More importantly, if the endorsements are not understood in that way, it makes the paper inconsistent. That means critics are rejecting a consistent understanding of the paper, which was held by the authors and raters, in order that a criticism they have should be valid. Another way of putting that is that they are raising a straw man.
Eclectic at 21:01 PM on 30 March, 2017
Spassapparat @746 ,
the purpose of science is to discover the truths of our universe.
And the purpose of surveys such as Cook et al., 2013 , is to discover the truth about what scientists hold to be factual.
Of course, we should also look for further evidence that may corroborate what the surveys do find (they find that, for expert climate scientists, a percentage figure in the high 90's is holding AGW theory to be factual).
These survey results are (unsurprisingly) supported by word-of-mouth opinion from expert scientists about their colleagues — and Spassapparat, this is a matter which you can rather easily ascertain for yourself, by questioning some genuine climate-related scientists. I am confident you will find it difficult, indeed almost impossible, to find any genuine "contrarian" scientist. And any such, that you can find, will be unable to provide any real evidence to support their contrarian viewpoints.
For the year 2013, it is reported that over 2000 climate-related scientific papers were published (totalling 9000 authors). And yet in that period, only one paper made a contrarian claim [i.e. that modern global warming is caused by an alteration of cosmic ray bombardment of the atmosphere]. This single paper was by a Russian astronomer, and was published in a Russian journal of proceedings. The paper was vaguely-worded; it did not measure the claimed effect; and it failed to dispose of the well-measured and well-understood CO2 mechanism known to produce AGW. This cosmic ray hypothesis had already been debunked before 2013 : and in addition, since 2013 there has been more evidence (from cloud-chamber experiments by CERN scientists) showing that this cosmic ray hypothesis is false. In short, the Russian paper was Dreck.
So in reality, Null out of 2000 papers could support a non-AGW position. To me this seems excellent corroboration that the "over 97%" Cook et al. study is the correct representation of the truth — and that the Cook 97% figure very much understates the current status.
In seeking truth, it is our duty to use complete Ehrlichkeit, and to avoid word-games which are unsupported by the general evidence, and to avoid unredlich conclusions (even when these unredlich conclusions are politically fashionable in some quarters).
DPiepgrass at 09:54 AM on 6 May, 2017
This page needs to be updated because denialists are using a new strategy: rather than deny the consensus itself, they deny what the consensus view is. One guy that I debated at length repeatedly ignored the words "most" and "mostly" present in many of the survey questions, instead summarizing the survey questions as asking whether warming is affected by humans "at all" so that scientists' views would not be in conflict with his (he and the 3 followers 'liking' all his posts ignored me as I repeatedly pointed out the ridiculousness of claiming "most" = "any at all".)
Also, this page should give the EXACT wording of each survey question and the percentage of publishing climate scientists in agreement. According to the "consensus on consensus" paper, for instance, I noticed that 88% of members of the AMS surveyed whose area of expertise was climate science, agreed in 2014 that half or more of the warming was caused by human activities, including 78% who agreed that “the cause of global warming over the past 150 years was mostly human”. “An additional 6% answered ‘I do not believe we know enough to determine the degree of human causation.’” (Stenhouse 2014)
Notice the window on this question: 150 years. Now, it’s clear the numbers on this very web site that humans caused substantially less than half of global warming in the early 20th century and before. Why, then, do 88% of American climate scientists still agree, despite this, that the roughly 1°C of global warming over the last 150 years was half-or-more human-caused? The obvious answer: although the human contribution was below half before 1940, it was far more than half in the last 50–65 years. So on average, in aggregate, humans are responsible for 50% or more, and much more than that if we limit the window to 50–65 years.
Smart climate deniers may ignore this reasoning and focus on numbers like 78%, saying 22% disagreed and that's not a consensus. (The one I spoke with will simply change the subject and dazzle you with his encyclopedic knowledge of contrarian claims, never admitting that he holds a minority opinion or disagrees with scientists.) Yet if the question had asked about the most recent 50-65 years instead of 150 years, the consensus might have been 97%.
We can't stop denialists from twisting words around, but if the survey questions and methodology are not easily discoverable to the public then it is harder to counter their claims.
Oh, and specifically it's no longer useful to cite Doran 2009 which asked if "human activity is a significant contributing factor in changing mean global temperatures". Denialists will interpret "significant" as "anything above zero" and claim to be "in" the 97%. Instead be sure to quote one of the other 97% surveys that uses the word "most" or "mostly".
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