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Review: Louis Sullivan/Chicago Cultural Center and Art Institute of Chicago
July 12, 2010 at 11:57 pm by Art Editor
by Art Editor
Gage Building: Horizontal Ornament from the Facade., 1898-1899
It’s hard not to romanticize the life of iconic Modern architect Louis Sullivan. Arriving in Chicago with nothing but extraordinary intellect, will power and desire, he quickly rose to the top of his profession, and almost as quickly sank to the bottom. It would be especially difficult for Chicagoans, who can regularly see and love his work, not to weep as he begs money off his famous protégé, Frank Lloyd Wright, or is reduced to designing decorative floor plates for a manufacturer of cast-iron stoves. He had a dream for a new, vibrant, democratic kind of American art and architecture, and that dream turned out to be a brief interlude between the dreary banalities of Neo-Classicism and the cool, elite severities of International Modernism.
His story is well told in the dramatic exhibition now on view at the Chicago Cultural Center. The show tracks his career through scale models, architectural fragments and amazing wall-sized photo enlargements that immerse viewers in great buildings that no longer exist. The extensive exhibition also tracks the personal side, with large-scale portraits that nearly span the sixty-eight years of the artist’s life, and references to the people most important to him. There’s material about his early mentor, the unconventional young architect (and anarchist) John H. Edelmann, his talented collaborator, ornamental sculptor Kristian Schneider, and his ex-wife, the novelist Margaret Davies Sullivan. There is even some poignant, if ugly stuff, like photos of the terra cotta ornament executed by an inferior contractor for a job in New York, and the sepulchral Sullivan knock-offs sold by a mail-order catalog, proving that Sullivan’s ideas required sensitive, masterful execution to be successful.
Richard Nickel, "Untitled (Garrick Theatre)," 1961
All of this is visually energized by the exhibition’s designer, Chicago cartoonist Chris Ware. The brief but penetrating commentaries accompanying the materials don’t hide emotional or aesthetic judgments, probably because curator Tim Samuelson, cultural historian for the City of Chicago, has followed Sullivan since he was a teenager, tagging along with photographer Richard Nickel who documented the demolition of Sullivan’s Garrick Theater.
Happily, Nickel’s photographs as well as those of Aaron Siskind and John Szarkowski are concurrently on display in galleries 1-2 at the Art Institute of Chicago. Their three styles could hardly be more different. Nickel passionately documented the destruction of world art no less tragic than when the Taliban dynamited the Buddhas of Bamiyan. Siskind used Sullivan’s buildings to produce abstract designs for his photographs, and Szarkowski set architectural detail within the context of the life that flows beside and upon them. The real stars of both shows are the ornamental fragments and the fascinating figure sketches that Sullivan must have drawn in some idle moment. Taken together, these two shows are a fitting tribute to an exceptional American artist. (Chris Miller)
“Louis Sullivan’s Idea” shows through November 28 at the Chicago Cultural Center, 78 East Washington. “Looking After Louis Sullivan” shows through December 12 at the Art Institute of Chicago, 111 South Michigan.
New Mythology: A Review of Luis A. Sahagun at the Chicago Cultural Center Sahagun strives to create a new mythology, including precolonial elements of Latinx culture and an emerging decolonial confrontation.
Aesthetic Absurdity that Matches the Madness of Our Times: A Review of Nina Chanel Abney at the Chicago Cultural Center Abney’s paintings contain all of the dramatic grandeur and import of the figurative works which are fêted dutifully in the past centuries of Paris and London, but depict the trappings of our present.
Avant-Garde Meets the Midwest: A Review of Bauhaus Chicago at the Art Institute of Chicago As smart design shows do, this one makes us look at our own environments with a new appreciation.
Beautiful, Yet Eminently Boring: A Review of “John Singer Sargent and Chicago’s Gilded Age” at the Art Institute of Chicago Sargent was a prodigiously gifted artist working in a transitional era in European art history.
A Review of El Greco at the Art Institute of Chicago It’s been 114 years since El Greco’s “Assumption of the Virgin” landed on Michigan Avenue.
Cultural Heirlooms: A Review of Ashley M. Freeby at Hyde Park Art Center “Plots & Hems” anchors Freeby’s interdisciplinary, labor-intensive practice, which explores her family history and the history of American civil rights.
Chicago Cultural Center
John H. Edelmann
John Szarkowski
Kristian Schneider
Margaret Davies Sullivan
Richard Nickel
Tim Samuelson
Previous Post Review: Valerie Magarian/Harold Washington College President’s Gallery
Next Post Review: Gregg Evans/Ebersmoore Gallery
pandoranwar
Sullivan’s work had a profound impact on my sense of life. I was nineteen when I first encountered his Guaranty Building one cold night in Buffalo. At this corner actually:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prudential_buffalo_louis_sullivan.jpg
It was fabulous.
http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&expIds=25657,26637&sugexp=ldymls&xhr=t&q=guarantee+building+buffalo&cp=13&wrapid=tljp128709505018736&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=univ&ei=D4O3TN6uMsKclgeKte2JCA&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCcQsAQwAA
It inspired a series of paintings from me.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TESfWWOMg5s/R5YvF0AzA0I/AAAAAAAAACY/UHiEGzzu–k/s1600-h/Homage+to+Louis+Sullivan+1.jpg
http://danthonydesign.blogspot.com/2008/01/archetypes-homage-to-master-builders.html
There was never anything quite like his work before or after. He captured his moment in time and expressed the spirit of his age.
Beyond tragic the way he was marginaled and ignored later in life. A truly amazing man.
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Elen Hallégouët at Passerelle Centre d’art contemporain
Artist: Elen Hallégouët
Exhibition title: Je te cavernerai
Venue: Passerelle Centre d’art contemporain, Brest, France
Date: October 16, 2020 – January 16, 2021
Photography: all images copyright and courtesy of the artist and Passerelle Centre d’art contemporain
As part of the Workshops in Residence, in partnership with Documents d’Artistes Bretagne, Elen Hallégouët is presenting her first personal exhibition in an art centre. Elen Hallégouët sought inspiration in the fertile Breton land and designed a huge immersive installation on the upper floor of the building, combining the history of religious sculpture with political engagement and an imaginary world of water and its legends.
The artist took her title ‘Je te cavernerai (I’ll cavern you)’ from a composition by the poet John Keats taken from his correspondence, referring to the style of the Gothic novel. This piece of writing is key to understanding the political statement of the artist: the Church, despite existing for millennia, has not succeeded in totally eliminating traditions which have survived it, whereas the neo-liberal system has in the space of a few years been able to erase eternal rituals and cultures. Although the period the artist observes for the exhibition is before the time of Keats, the idea of the fantastical bestiary and relics from pagan times, as well as a fascination for the appropriation of past worlds, are found at the heart of the project.
Elen Hallégouët has taken over existing forms; she has cast sculptures in the mould of various churches and architectural elements of the churchyards of Finistère. These forms – dragons, mermaids and other fantastic figures – inherit a new life, in full transparency, and are associated with other, abstract forms, which also play with the question of the visible. Glass sculptures in the form of netting demarcate spaces and constitute a floating space, evoking an aquatic world. On the floor are arranged sculptures evoking mineral aggregates, which accompany visitors as they wander through, constructing a terrestrial map of the cosmos. Elen Hallégouët constructs a route for the senses, playing with brightness and the impression of the real. Shadows and lights, which she includes in the work, refer as much to Keats’ poem as to Plato’s allegory of the cave. The artist manipulates the materials by diverting them from their traditional use: plastic thus becomes delicate while glass is transformed into a wall and into heavenly remnants. With Elen Hallégouët, archaeology mingles with the future and legends leave the world of the imagination to materialise in the present.
This provides a unique opportunity for the joint production in 2021 of an exhibition with Les Enclos Paroissiaux – Le CIAP (Centre d’interprétation de l’architecture et du patrimoine [Architecture and heritage interpretation centre]) on the Guimilau site (Finistère).
In partnership with Documents d’Artistes Bretagne
As part of ‘Chantiers-Résidence’, a residence programme for emerging artists in Brittany.
leschantiers-residence.com
This programme has the benefit of support from Suravenir, a subsidiary of Crédit Mutuel ARKEA.
Thanks to Sével Services – Brest, UBO – Open Factory and ActuaPlast – La Forêt-Fouesnant for their support.
Categories Exhibitions Tags Brest, Elen Hallégouët, France, Passerelle Centre d'art contemporain Post navigation
Calabash Kids at Cordova
Ryan Siegan-Smith at Soy Capitán
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Friends Membership
Space Connects Us
Technical Briefing
About Asteroid Foundation
Asteroid Foundation’s goal is to promote worldwide awareness, understanding, and education about asteroid opportunities and risks and the emerging space economy.
Each year the Foundation organizes public information events around and on 30 June, called “Asteroid Day”, in order to raise people’s awareness and understanding of asteroids. Asteroid Day is a United Nations recognized day of education and awareness. The Foundation undertakes a public information and education program through journals, magazines, newspaper articles, public lectures, workshops, media platforms, and other means to reach out and inform the general public around the world about asteroids’ benefits and risks.
Asteroid Foundation also undertakes programs and activities to support asteroid scientists, engineers and students around the world to accelerate asteroid discovery by sponsoring and co-sponsor programs, research, conferences, and workshops on the subject of asteroids. You can review a snapshot of our Luxembourg based 2019 programs here.
Asteroid Foundation, (autorisée par Arrêté grand-ducal du 22 Juin 2017) authorized by grand-ducal decree of 22 June 2017 and supervised by the Luxembourg Ministry of Justice.
See Asteroid Foundation Board
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Menu Home AT
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Celebrating Inspirational Entrepreneurs Building Tech that Matters for Africa
Bernard Chiira, AMREF Health Africa
Exactly a year ago my career took a right turn and I found myself working at the intersection of innovation and disability. The journey has been exhilarating, worth every mile of the way and rewarding. I am grateful to have received two incredible awards; 50 Most Fabulous Innovative Leaders Award from the World Innovation Congress and top 100 most influential young leaders in Kenya from Avance Media! This article, however, is not about me, rather a personal recognition to a bunch of some the most incredible people I have met along the way!
Brian Mwenda-CEO and Founder at Hope Tech
Brian has made it his life mission ever since high school to make life for blind people better. What’s amazing about Brian’s story is the power of inclusion! He went to a high school that accepted persons with disabilities. Seeing how brilliant some of his blind school-mates were but the number of barriers they had to overcome to be at equal terms with their seeing counterparts sparked an ambition that turned out to be his career and life mission. He founded Hope Tech Plus, a startup that is reimagining mobility and navigation for the blind. With already 1,000 plus users under their belt with the 4th eye, a gadget that helps blind people avoid obstacles above the knee level. Hopetech has gone on to design, build and test what they believe to be the first Assistive Technology to replace the whitecane. They will unveil the 6th sense to the world on demo day.
Sylvia Nyagah and Sharon Simiyu Co-Fonders at Syna Consultancy
Sylvia recently and Sharon recently graduated from University. The two brilliant ladies studied engineering with specialisations in water and sanitation. They have been concerned for a long time about the undignified and inaccessible toilets that persons with disabilities, especially those with severe mobility challenges have to endure to make a basic call of nature. Across Africa, in most low-income households and settlements, the only available toilet option is the pit-latrine. Syna has developed Utu Luv, a mobile toilet commode that can be used in places with inaccessible toilets e.g. pit-latrines in villages or for bedridden persons at home or in hospital. Having been able to move from prototype to minimum viable product, Syna is now trialling Utu Luv for the market.
Anthony Karimi and David Chudhi, Co-Founders at Toto Sci
I have come across some brilliant techies in my life but these two are special. There commitment to using tech for good is simply remarkable. And not just any tech, Anthony, who’s had a person for tech since 13 years old and once built an IOT solution to help the mom know when the household water reserve was full or empty, has a special interest in IOT. The duo has tested and continue to do research on how IOT could be used to improve security for white cane (walking stick for the blind) users. They have developed AlexCane, an IOT solution that helps white cane users share their location, request for help or connect with other users automatically at the touch of a button. They aim to ensure that blind people and those who care about them have peace of mind and a fast and efficient way to keep in touch when apart. Think of it like sharing your trip and location in real-time when you take an uber.
Lincoln Wamae, Founder and CEO at Linccell Technology
Some times life gives you an opportunity to meet a rare or special breed of humans whom you know deep down that you probably will never meet any such any time soon. Such is Lincoln. His story is fascinating. Not only is he a self-taught engineer, but he also did it in a remarkable way. Lincoln has always been fascinated by technology and built his first drone in 2012. He went on to build and test a drone sophisticated enough to cary him or his equivalent weight then of 55 Kgs. Unfortunately, the drone crashed with his equivalent of deadweight into Mt. Kenya forest where it has never been located to-date as he forgot to put in a GPS tracker. His approach to innovation has always been learning, solve a problem and make an impact. His drone project was out of frustration of not getting a job and not being able to afford a flight! So he decided to build a personal aircraft to fly out of Kenya! As funny as that may sound, there is nothing funny about what he considers his most passionate project-helping persons with disabilities, specifically wheelchair users move effortlessly, affordably and safely. In Nairobi and largely most African cities, wheelchair users do not have access to public transport. They are forced to move long distances and expend bodybuilder-type effort just to get about. In the case where they can’t push the chair themselves, they rely on help. This is worse in slum areas or the countryside where the terrain is uneven and rough! Linccell Technology is leading in the electric personal mobility industry in Africa and putting wheelchair users at the front of this revolution. They have designed, build and sold more than a dozen electric wheelchairs across Kenya. Linccell Tech wheelchairs are designed and tested to withstand the toughest off-road conditions in Africa as well as convenient indoor use. All the while leveraging on Lincon’s incredible lithium-ion battery configuration that delivers more speed, range and safety. The one thing that get’s me going about Linccell is that not only are they making wheelchair users the pioneers of personal electric mobility in Africa, they are also having a great positive impact on the environment by recycling lithium-ion batteries while creating jobs for the youth across the Linccell technology value-chain across manufacturing to last-mile delivery!
Ronald Mukanga and Maureen Mukabane, Co-Founders at Vision Vijana
Now, some of us may take for granted the ease of access to eyeglasses and eyesight testing, that is readily available in our cities and malls. However, its a totally different story altogether for millions of people in rural and urban settlements across Africa. Some of these people are engaged in sources of livelihoods that directly depend on good vision, e.g. truck drivers or tea pickers. Ronald has an amazing story of how he overcame the challenges of being unemployed and a refugee in Europe. That experience shaped his resilience for entrepreneurship and mission to create job opportunities for the youth in Kenya. Today, he leads Vision Vijana a startup that is building and training a network of youth to make vision testing and eyeglasses accessible at scale. Vision Vijana has done vision testing and eyeglasses fitting for 8,000 people in Kenya. What’s special about their approach is rather than relying on the rare and practically scarce optometrist services in Africa, they use technology to test for low, short or long-sightedness, fitting and assembling eyeglasses on the spot! One of their amazing stories is how they tested 3,000 truck drivers in Mombasa and found a third of these with eyesight problems that affected their vision on the road. More than 1,000 were fitted with eyeglasses.
I have never come across a group of entrepreneurs that are more passionate about what they do! These brave and impact-conscious entrepreneurs give me so much energy and inspiration to continue supporting founders in Africa tackling real-life problems especially those affecting persons with disabilities!
Our amazing heroes from cohort 1.0 will be pitching and sharing incredible stories of change and progress in an invite-only virtual demo day on the 4th of June! A special mention to team Hope Tech that has also chosen the day to reveal the 6th Sense device a breakthrough technology that could totally replace the walking cane for the blind! You don’t want to miss this! (Contact me if you are interested in getting an invite to our demo day).
With our 1st cohort almost coming to a finale, I am so proud to announce that the call for the second wave of Africa’s most innovative and brilliant entrepreneurs and founders in the field of Assistive Technology is now officially on!
Innovate Now (iN)-Africa’s pioneering Assistive Technology Accelerator is now receiving applications for cohort 2.0, in the first thematic call by iN in the field of AT. The primary theme is Bridging the access gap to Assistive Products and Services using mobile technologies. In cognisant of the current global crisis of Covid19, we are also accepting applications for our secondary theme: Bridging access to information, services and resources for persons with disabilities in times of national and international difficulties such as pandemic
In a rapidly digitising continent, mobile technology has not only transformed the lives of people in Africa but also provided the backbone for entrepreneurs to re-write the rules of the game in how people access goods, services and information.
There is compelling evidence that mobile technology has great potential to help persons with disabilities access assistive technologies or act as an assistive technology itself. The Global Disability Innovation Hub identifies mobile as a powerful tool in improving the capacity of personnel involved in AT development and provision, as well as being a mode of new AT delivery (Assistive Technology Scoping report). In a study by GSMA (Understanding the mobile disability gap) it's noted that although persons with disabilities are less likely to own a mobile phone than non-disabled persons, those with access to mobile devices perceive the handsets to be useful for accessing features such as education and financial services.
Compounded by the current global Covid19 pandemic that is affecting individuals, communities and economies globally in radically life-threatening ways, the need to give persons with disabilities equal access in society, especially to Assistive products and services has never been more apparent.
I am therefore thrilled to invite innovators, entrepreneurs and startups across Africa developing solutions that leverage on mobile technologies, that can improve the wellbeing, functioning independence of persons with disabilities to apply for our second cohort of Innovate Now Accelerator at atinnnovatenow.com/apply.
We have a brand new shiny website too! For more details about the programme and to find out more about the support we provide, please visit. atinnnovatenow.com
Connect with Innovate Now Cohort 1.0 websites below to learn more about their solutions:
1. Linccell Technology: https://www.linccelltechnology.com
2. Hope Tech:https://hopetechplus.com
3. Toto Sci (AlexCane):https://alexcane.totosci.com
4. Syna Consultancy:https://syna.co.ke
5. Vision Vijana:http://www.vijanareloaded.com/#challenge
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Copyright © 2020 Global Disability Innovation Hub CIC. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes
J. E. Burns, L. J. Clark, W. A. Yeudall, R. Mitchell, K. Mackenzie, S. E. Chang, E. K. Parkinson
Oral Biology & Dx Sciences
Around 60% of oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) have been shown to harbour p53 mutations, and other studies have demonstrated mutant p53 genes in normal and dysplastic squamous epithelium adjacent to these SCCs. In line with these earlier studies we show here that DOK, a keratinocyte cell line derived from a dysplasia, displays elevated levels of p53 protein and harbours a 12 bp in-frame deletion of the p53 gene spanning codons 188-191. In contrast, the coding region of the p53 gene was normal in a series of six benign recurrent laryngeal papillomas and a series of four premalignant oral erythroplakia biopsies and their cell cultures. All but one of these lesions were free of malignancy at the time of biopsy, in contrast to the premalignant lesions studied by previous investigators, but keratinocytes cultured from these lesions all displayed a partially transformed phenotype that was less pronounced than that of DOK. Since three out of four of the erythroplakia patients developed SCC within 1 year of biopsy, these lesions were by definition premalignant. The availability of strains of partially transformed keratinocytes from premalignant erythroplakias which possess normal p53 genes should enable us to test the role of mutant p53 in the progression of erythroplakia to SCC. The premalignant tissues and cultures were also tested for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is known to inactivate p53 function in some cases. Only the benign papillomas were shown to contain high levels of either HPV 6 or HPV 11 E6 DNA, but not both, and none of the samples contained detectable levels of HPV 16, HPV 18 or HPV 33 E6 DNA or L1 DNA of several other HPV types. There was therefore no evidence to suggest that p53 was being inactivated by a highly oncogenic HPV in these samples.
British Journal of Cancer
https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1994.356
10.1038/bjc.1994.356
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Keratinocytes Medicine & Life Sciences
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Medicine & Life Sciences
DNA Medicine & Life Sciences
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis Medicine & Life Sciences
Human papillomavirus 11 Medicine & Life Sciences
Human papillomavirus 6 Medicine & Life Sciences
Burns, J. E., Clark, L. J., Yeudall, W. A., Mitchell, R., Mackenzie, K., Chang, S. E., & Parkinson, E. K. (1994). The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes. British Journal of Cancer, 70(4), 591-595. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1994.356
The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes. / Burns, J. E.; Clark, L. J.; Yeudall, W. A.; Mitchell, R.; Mackenzie, K.; Chang, S. E.; Parkinson, E. K.
In: British Journal of Cancer, Vol. 70, No. 4, 10.1994, p. 591-595.
Burns, JE, Clark, LJ, Yeudall, WA, Mitchell, R, Mackenzie, K, Chang, SE & Parkinson, EK 1994, 'The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 591-595. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1994.356
Burns JE, Clark LJ, Yeudall WA, Mitchell R, Mackenzie K, Chang SE et al. The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes. British Journal of Cancer. 1994 Oct;70(4):591-595. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1994.356
Burns, J. E. ; Clark, L. J. ; Yeudall, W. A. ; Mitchell, R. ; Mackenzie, K. ; Chang, S. E. ; Parkinson, E. K. / The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes. In: British Journal of Cancer. 1994 ; Vol. 70, No. 4. pp. 591-595.
@article{9580875971284b3bb1bf5c9f9d444451,
title = "The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes",
abstract = "Around 60% of oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) have been shown to harbour p53 mutations, and other studies have demonstrated mutant p53 genes in normal and dysplastic squamous epithelium adjacent to these SCCs. In line with these earlier studies we show here that DOK, a keratinocyte cell line derived from a dysplasia, displays elevated levels of p53 protein and harbours a 12 bp in-frame deletion of the p53 gene spanning codons 188-191. In contrast, the coding region of the p53 gene was normal in a series of six benign recurrent laryngeal papillomas and a series of four premalignant oral erythroplakia biopsies and their cell cultures. All but one of these lesions were free of malignancy at the time of biopsy, in contrast to the premalignant lesions studied by previous investigators, but keratinocytes cultured from these lesions all displayed a partially transformed phenotype that was less pronounced than that of DOK. Since three out of four of the erythroplakia patients developed SCC within 1 year of biopsy, these lesions were by definition premalignant. The availability of strains of partially transformed keratinocytes from premalignant erythroplakias which possess normal p53 genes should enable us to test the role of mutant p53 in the progression of erythroplakia to SCC. The premalignant tissues and cultures were also tested for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is known to inactivate p53 function in some cases. Only the benign papillomas were shown to contain high levels of either HPV 6 or HPV 11 E6 DNA, but not both, and none of the samples contained detectable levels of HPV 16, HPV 18 or HPV 33 E6 DNA or L1 DNA of several other HPV types. There was therefore no evidence to suggest that p53 was being inactivated by a highly oncogenic HPV in these samples.",
author = "Burns, {J. E.} and Clark, {L. J.} and Yeudall, {W. A.} and R. Mitchell and K. Mackenzie and Chang, {S. E.} and Parkinson, {E. K.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Professor John Wyke for critical reading of the manuscript and the Cancer Research Campaign for financial support.",
doi = "10.1038/bjc.1994.356",
journal = "British Journal of Cancer",
T1 - The p53 status of cultured human premalignant oral keratinocytes
AU - Burns, J. E.
AU - Clark, L. J.
AU - Yeudall, W. A.
AU - Mitchell, R.
AU - Mackenzie, K.
AU - Chang, S. E.
AU - Parkinson, E. K.
N1 - Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Professor John Wyke for critical reading of the manuscript and the Cancer Research Campaign for financial support.
N2 - Around 60% of oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) have been shown to harbour p53 mutations, and other studies have demonstrated mutant p53 genes in normal and dysplastic squamous epithelium adjacent to these SCCs. In line with these earlier studies we show here that DOK, a keratinocyte cell line derived from a dysplasia, displays elevated levels of p53 protein and harbours a 12 bp in-frame deletion of the p53 gene spanning codons 188-191. In contrast, the coding region of the p53 gene was normal in a series of six benign recurrent laryngeal papillomas and a series of four premalignant oral erythroplakia biopsies and their cell cultures. All but one of these lesions were free of malignancy at the time of biopsy, in contrast to the premalignant lesions studied by previous investigators, but keratinocytes cultured from these lesions all displayed a partially transformed phenotype that was less pronounced than that of DOK. Since three out of four of the erythroplakia patients developed SCC within 1 year of biopsy, these lesions were by definition premalignant. The availability of strains of partially transformed keratinocytes from premalignant erythroplakias which possess normal p53 genes should enable us to test the role of mutant p53 in the progression of erythroplakia to SCC. The premalignant tissues and cultures were also tested for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is known to inactivate p53 function in some cases. Only the benign papillomas were shown to contain high levels of either HPV 6 or HPV 11 E6 DNA, but not both, and none of the samples contained detectable levels of HPV 16, HPV 18 or HPV 33 E6 DNA or L1 DNA of several other HPV types. There was therefore no evidence to suggest that p53 was being inactivated by a highly oncogenic HPV in these samples.
AB - Around 60% of oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) have been shown to harbour p53 mutations, and other studies have demonstrated mutant p53 genes in normal and dysplastic squamous epithelium adjacent to these SCCs. In line with these earlier studies we show here that DOK, a keratinocyte cell line derived from a dysplasia, displays elevated levels of p53 protein and harbours a 12 bp in-frame deletion of the p53 gene spanning codons 188-191. In contrast, the coding region of the p53 gene was normal in a series of six benign recurrent laryngeal papillomas and a series of four premalignant oral erythroplakia biopsies and their cell cultures. All but one of these lesions were free of malignancy at the time of biopsy, in contrast to the premalignant lesions studied by previous investigators, but keratinocytes cultured from these lesions all displayed a partially transformed phenotype that was less pronounced than that of DOK. Since three out of four of the erythroplakia patients developed SCC within 1 year of biopsy, these lesions were by definition premalignant. The availability of strains of partially transformed keratinocytes from premalignant erythroplakias which possess normal p53 genes should enable us to test the role of mutant p53 in the progression of erythroplakia to SCC. The premalignant tissues and cultures were also tested for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is known to inactivate p53 function in some cases. Only the benign papillomas were shown to contain high levels of either HPV 6 or HPV 11 E6 DNA, but not both, and none of the samples contained detectable levels of HPV 16, HPV 18 or HPV 33 E6 DNA or L1 DNA of several other HPV types. There was therefore no evidence to suggest that p53 was being inactivated by a highly oncogenic HPV in these samples.
U2 - 10.1038/bjc.1994.356
DO - 10.1038/bjc.1994.356
JO - British Journal of Cancer
JF - British Journal of Cancer
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Hobart City Council unanimously backs marriage equality
14 April 2015 Community, News
Advocates have congratulated the Hobart City Council on its unanimous support for a motion calling for the federal government to allow same-sex couples to marry.
“Hobart City Council has confirmed that our city is inclusive, and supports everyone being treated fairly and equality,” said Australian Marriage Equality national director, Rodney Croome. “I hope other councils around Tasmania and the nation are inspired to follow Hobart’s lead.”
The motion will see Council write to the federal government calling for a conscience vote, and to all Tasmania’s federal representatives asking them to vote for marriage equality, was passed without dissent at this evening’s Council meeting.
Aldermen Damon Thomas and Tanya Denison expressed concern the motion is not core business but supported it, in Alderman Thomas’ case because of strong community representations in favour.
Addressing their concern Mr Croome said, “Social inclusion is core Council business and marriage equality is all about ensuring same-sex couples and their families are included in one of our most important social and legal institutions.”
During debate on the motion Alderman Anna Reynolds noted local government has led the way on marriage equality in other countries. Alderman Eva Ruzicka pointed out it is the role of local government to represent majority support for the reform.
Alderman Philip Cocker said he looks forward to the time when all loving couples are treated equally. Lord Mayor, Sue Hickey, drew a parallel between the inequities faced by same-sex couples and the stigma attached to unmarried motherhood when she attended a Catholic school in the 1970s.
Alderman Jeff Briscoe said it is disappointing Launceston City Council recently missed the opportunity to take a lead on the issue by knocking back a similar motion. He added that 80% of the letters he had received were in support of the motion, a proportion he believes is representative of Hobart residents.
Spokesperson for Rainbow Communities Tasmania, Deidre Murray, said, “I am happy the Council has supported this important motion, but I’m ecstatic for my children and the other children of same-sex partners. Marriage equality is about recognising and supporting all families.”
“I want to see a time when we no longer talk about gay marriage but marriage, not gay people but people.”
For more information, visit: www.australianmarriageequality.org for details.
Image: Rodney Croome
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Mardi Gras reveals 2014 festival program
3 December 2013 Festivals, News
From the bright, sparkling and saturated to the mixed, blurred and occasionally understated – the 2014 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is poised to deliver festivalgoers a kaleidoscope of colourful experiences, with a jam-packed program of cultural and community events.
Based on the creative concept of ‘kaleidoscope’, the three-week festival will offer up a slather of celebratory selections, with an array of free and ticketed events including fabulous parties; world-class cabaret, theatre and musical performances; premiere film screenings; all-inclusive community, social and youth events; interactive panel discussions; and unforgettable art exhibitions.
Cabaret fans will rejoice as beloved gay icon Bob Downe returns to the Sydney Theatre bringing audiences his new production Bob, Sweat and Tears. Australia’s Prince of Polyester is finally manning up, performing a brand new bunch of classic hits and offering up a laugh-a-minute roller-coaster ride of shocks and frocks!
Direct from his sell-out West End run, and performances across Europe and the UK, cabaret star Trevor Ashley is bringing Liza home to Sydney in his internationally-acclaimed stage show Trevor Ashley is Liza (on an E). From her marriage to Australia’s song-and-dance darling, Peter Allen, to her notorious pill-popping and ubiquitous showbiz family, Liza (on an E) will dish the dirt on Liza’s extraordinary life like never before!
Courtney Act will entrance Sydney audiences in her hit cabaret show, Boys Like Me on the back of sold out seasons in New York and Los Angeles. Airing hysterical dirty laundry from her alternative sex life, including the angry text from that straight boy’s girlfriend – Courtney will share her observations of life on the gender divide, her journey through masculinity and femininity, and how all of these elements manifest when “boys like her”!
Other musical theatre highlights include Everything I know I learned from Madonna, a real and riotous comedic drama told through some of the material girl’s most famous lyrics; Oprahfication, a side-splitting multi-award winning cabaret about the world’s richest and most beloved talk-show queen; and Falsettos, a wickedly funny Tony Award-winning musical about the original modern family!
Peter Nichols’ Privates on Parade is an outrageously funny play, part satirical revue, part coming-of-age drama, is underpinned by a darker and more poignant reality. With music by Denis King, Privates on Parade is a camp concoction of song, dance, blokes in frocks and very naughty laughs.
Part exhibition, part performance art go-go, and part T-dance, lovers of visual art are also in for a sensory treat in the Day for Night exhibition – a collaboration between Performance Space and Mardi Gras which places Australia’s boldest queer artists in a durational performance wunderkammer, showcasing unique creative works before transforming into a large-scale dance party once the sun goes down.
Artistic highlights also come in the form of Ross Watson’s new exhibition, which contains celebrated artworks of seriously sexy surf twins, tri-athletes and gay icon Tina Arena; Inverto, a street art project along the backstreets of Darlinghurst featuring black and white photographs of an individual’s physical transition from female to male; and Outing Disability, a photographic exhibition celebrating sexuality, sex and gender diversity in the lives of people with disability.
Sure to be on the radars of all cinema-lovers will be the 21st edition of the Mardi Gras Film Festival, Australia’s leading selection of LGBTQI films. Presented by Queer Screen, the 2014 Festival will once again celebrate the best in queer filmmaking, offering up a diverse selection of Australian premieres and top-notch flicks from across the globe.
For festivalgoers looking for a slightly more cerebral Mardi Gras experience, Queer Thinking 2014 will be an event not-to-be missed! This day-long set of talks and discussions will present a queer-tinged fusion of stories, ideas, literature and academia with LGBTQI leaders, activists and artists – all of whom will challenge the status quo and share their thought-provoking insights and experiences.
For more information and full program, visit: www.mardigras.org.au for details.
Image: Bob Downe
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This motorcycle of the future will also power your home
Designed and built in a small Austrian factory near the Czech border, the distinctive shape has been likened to a giant peanut, a prewar Junkers airplane or even a medieval jousting steed.
There is no thrum of a Ducati or familiar rumble that made Harley Davidson famous. Only a whine from the electric motor that increases linearly as you rush for the horizon.
This is the Johammer J1 , a cruiser like no other. Designed and built in a small Austrian factory near the Czech border, the distinctive shape has been likened to a giant peanut, a prewar Junkers airplane or even a medieval jousting steed. The outrageous design seems more at home in the living room than the garage.
"This is a natural return to the concept of the horse, before there was noise and pollution from engines," says Johann Hammerschmid, founder of Johammer e-mobility GmbH.
First released in late 2014, some 60 Johammers are storming across Europe. While it's the first electric motorcycle to cover more than 300 kilometers (186 miles) on a single charge, what comes next might make it even more revolutionary. The next generation, now under development, while parked might also double as battery storage behind home solar-power panels. A prototype-think of a Tesla Powerwall on wheels-is already in use in Switzerland.
A crowdfunding campaign has just started to help fund expansion. "The change of pace will be quicker than we currently imagine," says Hammerschmid.
Fifty-six-year-old Hammerschmid first thought of an electric vehicle in 2007, and it took shape over the years as essentially a weekend project. His other company, Nordfels GmbH, solves complex engineering problems. With a team of fewer than 40 it makes factory lines for the food, drug and farm industries. Their latest machine, for example, toasts 5,000 sandwiches per hour.
Local design consultant Yellow.at gave the Johammer a conceptual vision with the name "Biiista"-a play on the German word for beast. It's hard to decide what's more striking: the polypropylene body cladding or the unconventional center-hub steering, a system created a century ago but never widely embraced.e places to recharge.
tesla powerwall
johann hammerschmid
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Əsas səhifə Between People and Statistics: Essays on Modern Indonesian History Presented to P. Creutzberg
Between People and Statistics: Essays on Modern Indonesian History Presented to P. Creutzberg
Francien van Anrooij (auth.)
Perhaps Piet Creutzberg is and essentially always has been an artisan and an admirer of the best in craftmanship. The emphasis on the practical side of things seems to pervade whatever he undertook during half a century. Anyway, it is as a trader of the historical craft - wielding a Chinese abacus or an electronic computing devic- that, from about 1965 onwards, an increasing number of younger students of Indonesian social, economic and political history have met him in the depot of the 20th century colonial archives in The Hague or at the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam. Of the scores of Dutch, Indonesian, British, Scandinavian, German, American, Australian and Japanese historians he inspired and advised some were writing a master's thesis, others had already made part of their academic career in Indonesian history or related topics, but most of them were in the critical phases of collecting published or archival materials with a view to their incorporation in doctoral dissertations.
Nəşr:
Səhifələr:
Yükləmələr əlçatan deyil
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Artists Interpret Climate, Race, Gender Identity at Montclair Art Musuem
Annette Batson - September 25, 2017
Montclair resident and nationally renowned contemporary artist Philemona Williamson has her first ever solo exhibition of 20 thematic oil paintings at Montclair Art Museum now, through January 7.
Philemon Williams (b.1951) Eventual Autumn, 2003. Oil on Linen 62×50 in. Courtesy of the artist and June Kelly Gallery, New York
Large and colorful, children populate her 20 wildly enchanting, entertaining and thought provoking canvasses. The works span Williams’ career from 1988 to the present. Often autobiographically inspired, there is action, play, emotion and of course her own narrative on the fluidity and ambiguity of age, race, class and gender – a frequent topic for these days.
The familiarity of her characters and the symbolism in her art is striking and accessible. One painting which stopped me in my tracks, “Eventual Autumn” (2003) depicts two adolescents who have dropped their toys in a backdrop of falling leaves. Are they two boys, a girl and a boy? You can’t really tell by their clothing or facial features, which seem mismatched. And the muted skin tones leave ethnicity and race in question. The two friends are holding hands; it seems the artist depicts identities and relationships in transition, yet to be defined. Does it matter? You may have seen this painting displayed on the exhibition’s flag banners around town – go see the painting for yourself.
Philemona Williamson (b. 1951) In the Studio, 2017. Composite photograph printed on Poplin. Photographs by Peter Jacobs Fine Arts Imaging. Image courtesy of the artist.
Passing through the exhibition’s first and second gallery, visitors are treated to the museum’s beautiful atrium which always affords artists a unique space for display. Williamson does not disappoint, with her first sculptural works conceived specially for the space. A collection of four large abstract “Topsy-Turvy Dolls”(2017) occupy the alcoves – folk art dolls without the typical dress – laying bare the textile figures of contrasting skin colors though of dubious gender. The message of unity and inclusiveness is clear – portrayed in a happy, comforting way.
Philemona Williamson (b. 1951) Limbs, 2016. Oil on linen. Collection of Philemona Williamson. Image courtesy of the artist.
The largest painting, “Limbs” (2016), takes a more impressionistic form showing the artistic process on the canvas of unpainted areas of faces and clothing, overlapping lines, and a rich palette – all which lends movement of children’s limbs in the limbs of a tree.
Finally, don’t overlook Williamson’s gigantic composite photographic mural occupying the museum’s Laurie Staircase. Here again the artist has taken advantage of the space to create a photographic collage of her personal sources of artistic inspiration, letting us all in on elements that touch her soul and by design, ours as well.
New York artist, Charles Burchfield, exhibits a different kind of inspiration for a lifetime of paintings, drawings and watercolors – a sampling of which, on loan from the Burchfield Penny Art Center in Buffalo, is featured at MAM – also through January 7.
Sunburst, 1929–31. Charles E. Burchfield (1893–1967) Oil on canvas. The Charles Rand Penney Collection of Works by Charles E. Burchfield, 1994. Reproduced with permission from the Charles E. Burchfield Foundation and the Burchfield Penney Art Center.
Weather patterns, in all its permutations, is what directed the artist’s vision. As weather and light are constantly changing during the day, all of Burchfield’s works contain unmistakable motion and progression – you see wind, rain, heat, cold, sun, shade, light, darkness often all in one painting. A keen observer of nature, Burchfield said the best work is done in retrospection.
The exhibition is organized around the weather themes which inspired Burchfield: the sky, changing seasons, haloed moons, sunbursts, cloudbursts, heat waves and wild weather.
His drawings often contain notes taken on changing weather conditions – time lapse drawings over a 24 hour period. Some of the more turbulent paintings evoked a style of Van Gogh, but his art was influenced in part by Japanese prints as well as Chinese scroll painting, specifically the left to right narrative. Burchfield translated this aesthetic to design wallpaper during a period in the 20’s and 30’s, when the 9-to-5 combined with his studio work.
Fireflies and Lightning, 1964–1965. Charles E. Burchfield (1893–1967) Watercolor, graphite and white conté crayon with masking tape on joined paper mounted on board, Burchfield Penney Art Center. Purchase made possible with funds from M&T Bank, an anonymous donor, William P. and A. Laura Brosnahan, the Vogt Family Foundation and the Margaret L. Wendt Foundation, 1998. Reproduced with permission from the Charles E. Burchfield Foundation and the Burchfield Penney Art Center. Charles E. Burchfield (1893–1967)
Considered a visionary painter of the 20th century, influencing many artists, eight years ago, the Whitney Museum featured a retrospective of his works. Burchfield translated his emotional reactions to weather in art, symbols and verse. Quotations from his journals, transferred on the museum walls, frame the exhibition. “The Burchfield exhibition,” says curator Gail Stavitsky, “is the perfect intersection of science and art. Notations on the artist’s sketches are scientifically correct. Descriptive labels for each work were written by a climatologist and an art historian.”
As part of the Weather Event exhibition, MAM’s Family Learning Lab on the third floor offers projects to learn about clouds, build a mobile, and contains a digital weather station.
A guided tour of these exhibitions can greatly enhance your museum experience. They are available every first Friday and third Sunday of the month at 2 pm, and at the monthly Free First Thursday receptions, at 6:30 and 7:30 pm.
Montclair Art Museum, 3 S. Mountain Ave., Montclair, 973-746-5555
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Freedom vs Safety: What Matters More?
Anyone can publish on Medium per our Policies, but we don?t fact-check every story. For more info about the coronavirus, see cdc.gov.
Is there a right answer in the debate to quarantine or reopen the economy?
Photo by Martin Sanchez on Unsplash
The Coronavirus quarantine has been in place for over a month in the US now to varying degrees. While some places reopen, others are extending their quarantines.
Understandably, people are upset and tired of the quarantine. Is it necessary for public safety, or is it an overstep of government limiting freedoms?
Protests sprung up across the U.S. against government lockdowns
There have been demonstrations in almost every state demanding the economy be opened up again.
First, let?s get something out of the way: the majority of these protests and protestors are ridiculous. There are those who are standing closely together and not wearing masks, in complete denial that there is a pandemic right now. There are those who show their vanity and selfishness by demanding to get haircuts and go golfing. There are weird far-right nuts bring their guns to protest their second amendment rights, which has nothing to do with the current situation. Then there are the worst of the worst people who harass nurses who are on the frontline saving lives.
All those people aside, there are legitimate reasons for opening up the economy. People need jobs to feed their families. A society can only survive so long on essential workers and government aid. At some point, the costs of quarantine ? unemployment, poverty, hunger, homelessness, delayed health risks ? will outweigh its benefits.
What?s the right answer, and who decides? First, we have to step back and look at the core of this debate ? freedom and safety.
Freedom and safety are at odds with each other, but also need each other
Freedom is being able to think, say, and do what you want ? to live your life as you please. Safety is being protected from harm ? to live your life without fear of danger.
Though people may uphold freedom as an ultimate virtue, it?s limited in a society. You can?t have absolute freedom because it takes away from the safety and the freedom of others. If anyone could do whatever they wanted, and they chose to hurt and kill, that restricts someone else?s freedom to live as they please.
But you also can?t have absolute safety. That would require monitoring and limiting the actions of everyone, submitting to a protective but also authoritative body. Restricting actions limits freedom, but it also limits safety because you become vulnerable to whoever you trust for protection.
Absolute freedom and absolute safety don?t exist in the real world. They rely on each other. Freedom needs safety to be free, and safety needs freedom to be safe.
Within the structure of a society, an ideal government holds the authority and responsibility of balancing the two ? giving as much freedom and as much safety as possible to as many people as possible.
The misquoted Benjamin Franklin
Every time there?s a debate over freedom and safety, a quote by Benjamin Franklin is always used and taken wildly out of context. You may recognize it:
The argument is typically made in favor of freedom or liberty, saying that giving up freedom for safety would be a loss of both. The Washington Post has a great explanation of what this quote really means, but I?ll try to sum it up briefly here.
This was part of a letter regarding taxation and military protection. In the arrangement that this letter address, Benjamin Franklin did not feel it was fair and so was opposed to it. He felt the freedom they would give up was too great, and in return, the safety they would get was too little.
He later went on to sign the Constitution, in which states ultimately ceded some of their freedom to the federal government in return for safety.
The key words from that quote are not ?liberty? and ?safety,? but rather ?essential? and ?temporary.? You would not give up something ?essential,? whether it?s liberty or safety or something else, for something that?s temporary. That?s a bad trade. You have to ensure that whatever you give up is worth what you get in return.
So it?s not really about whether freedom or safety are more important, but how much each is given up in exchange for the other. Let?s take this into a practical scenario.
There?s a balance, and we have to admit we have acceptable limitations to both
We love to drive, and we love the freedom of driving. But there are limits to that freedom ? limits that we all generally accept. There are limits to where you can drive, what direction you can drive, how fast you can drive, when you can drive, what you can drive, and a complex set of rules governing how you drive. All these traffic laws are designed to maximize safety while driving, but significantly hamper the freedom of driving. Yet we accept them because for all of us to have the relative freedom to drive, that freedom needs to be limited for everyone.
Though we value safety as evidenced by the abundance of traffic laws to provide it, there?s a limit to how much we are willing to give up for it. Traffic laws help reduce deaths from collisions, and yet there?s an acceptable number of automobile deaths that we can live with. It sounds jarring, but it?s true. In 2019, there were 38,800 deaths from auto collisions in the U.S. We can significantly reduce those deaths by cutting the speed limit in half. We could reduce that to a small fraction if we only permitted essential travel, or designated drivers (public transportation, taxis, and ride services). We can eliminate auto deaths completely by simply banning cars.
But we won?t do any of those. It would be too much of a cost on our economy, productivity, employment, convenience, and leisure. Lives are not worth that much to us. So to maintain the level of freedom we have from driving cars, we are ok with 35,000?40,000 people unnecessarily and prematurely dying every year.
Let?s bring this a little closer to home. Each year, 30,000?60,000 people die from the seasonal flu in the U.S. Every year, we could quarantine during flu season, but we don?t.
The balance of freedom and safety applies to every aspect of our society. It?s a hard reality to admit for either side. Those who value freedom more tend to ignore that they support limitations on freedom in numerous ways. Those that value safety more ignore that there is an acceptable level of danger and death they are willing to tolerate for convenience.
Absolutes from either side are unhelpful, the issue is more complex
The primary and usually passionate argument from both sides is in favor of absolute (or at least very extreme) freedom or safety.
Those in favor of lifting the lockdown often claim that government is being oppressive, limiting freedoms, and creating a communist state (I?m ignoring the more ridiculous claims of the pandemic being a hoax). Yet they often advocate for government to restrict and enforce regulations in other areas of life for other people. They only oppose government when it is in conflict with their personal freedom.
Those who favor staying in quarantine often place an over idealistic emphasis on saving lives. Claims that you can?t put a price on life or that the economy is not worth losing lives sounds great as a virtue to aspire to, but simply isn?t the reality of how we live as a society. The amount of money we spend or don?t spend, as individuals and as a society, reflects how much we value human life. Though we would never quantify it if asked, there is a very real price tag on how much saving a life is worth. This is an eye-opening article on how different organizations and companies place a dollar amount on the cost of a human life.
The real arguments
There are valid arguments on both sides for an extended quarantine or a lift of the lockdown.
An extended quarantine doesn?t mean we?ll save every life, but we will save more lives. Though I pointed out earlier that we tolerate a certain amount of death, we still need to sacrifice as much as we can to preserve life. We have the examples of terrifying death rates from other countries. Our own death toll continues to grow without slowing down. This virus is still too unknown for us to know if people can even build any sort of immunity. While the number of people that have died from Coronavirus is comparable to the seasonal flu, it is far from over. Rising death tolls indicate there will be a lot more deaths in the coming weeks, far surpassing the flu. Quarantine is needed to slow the death rate down.
On the other hand, people need to work to survive. This isn?t about the economy, it?s about jobs and livelihoods. While there is already a high unemployment rate, it will only climb higher as quarantine is extended because small businesses will shut down and companies will no longer be able to pay their employees. Most people will make it through a few weeks of unemployment, but not a few months. It?ll result in higher rates of poverty, hunger, and homelessness ? not only in the short-term but especially in the long-term if families can?t recover from their losses. This is in addition to the other negative effects of extended quarantine including increases in suicides, domestic violence, child abuse, sex trafficking, and homelessness.
The real conversation that both sides should be participating in is the duration of quarantine, the phases of reopening, the low-risk industries that can reopen sooner, the precautions that need to be in place, and the markers of success or regression. It?s a much more complex and nuanced conversation than ?freedom over fear? or ?stay home save lives.?
Better questions to ask
The question of whether freedom or safety is more important isn?t a good question to ask. It?s overly simplistic and doesn?t take into account that both are needed, and that the balance of the two really depend on the situation, which with Conoravirus, is changing daily.
A better question is, ?What personal freedoms can I sacrifice to ensure the safety of others?? Or, ?What personal safety can I give up so others are free to work and provide??
Ultimately, it?s a personal moral question of ?What can I do to help??
It?s easy to protest opening the economy when you don?t have anyone close to you who has compromised immunity or still working in high contact jobs. How can you help someone who is self quarantining because they really are at risk if they go out?
It?s easy to tell everyone to stay home when you have the ability to work from home and still get paid. How can you help those without a job?
There are a lot of people doing good during this time, from frontline and essential workers to those who are volunteering to help their neighbors and community with basic needs. They do it in silence and out of sight because it?s the right thing to do. Unfortunately, it?s the angry and aggressive who tend to be the loudest and capture our attentions.
We?re in an era where we?ve confused fighting on the comments section of the internet as ?social action.? We?ve confused putting up some witty phrase on a sign and holding it on the street as ?social action.? They are not. It?s just a self-absorbed effort to prove a point or pick a fight.
If you really care about your position, this is real social action. Contact your local political leaders and representatives to voice your opinions and provide helpful suggestions. Reach out to local community organizations to see how you can help. Donate money to organizations that are helping people through this crisis. Give money to people who don?t have a job. Check in on people to see how they?re doing physically, emotionally, and financially.
We get so absorbed in proving a point that we forget the vast majority who are struggling and just trying to make it through this. Stop fighting with your neighbor and start fighting for your neighbor.
Originally published at https://steven.ma
If you like what I have to say and want to see more, follow my personal blog where I write weekly inspiration for personal growth and social impact.
An Injustice!
A new intersectional publication, geared towards voices, values, and identities!
The Scripts of Star Wars
Tiger Tattoos and their Meanings
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WOMAN DISRUPTS HER HUSBAND'S SECRET WEDDING TO HIS MISTRESS IN ABIA
COURT DISMISSES OBJECTION RAISED BY NJC IN SUIT CHALLENGING THE SACKING OF JUSTICE RITA OFILI AJUMOGOBIA
KOGI GOVERNOR DROPS BOMBSHELL: THEY ARE BRINGING CORONAVIRUS VACCINES TO KILL US
TENSION IN MAIDUGURI AS MOB KILLS SOLDIER WHO KILLED 4 CIVILIANS
KANO GOVERNMENT DIRECTS CIVIL SERVANTS TO STAY AT HOME OVER COVID-19
FG SUMMONS, WARNS SOUTH AFRICAN HIGH COMMISSIONER OVER XENOPHOBIC ATTACKS
John Ameh, Olalekan Adetayo and Adelani Adepegba
The Federal Government has called on Pretoria to stop the xenophobic attacks on Nigerians and bring the perpetrators to justice.
This was as the government summoned the South African High Commissioner to Nigeria, Ambassador Lulu Mnguni, for explanation over the latest attacks on Nigerians in Pretoria and other communities.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in a statement last night observed that incidents of xenophobic attacks had continued unabated in South Africa since 2015.
It noted that Nigerians were among the groups that had been mainly targeted for attack and their property looted by South Africans.
The statement read, “The Nigerian Government strongly urges the South African Government to take the strongest measures to protect the lives and property of foreigners living in South Africa and also to quickly bring to justice the perpetrators of these heinous crimes.
“The ministry utterly deplores these acts of mindless violence and unwarranted attacks against other nationals in South Africa simply on the basis of their nationality or status.
“International law and the age-old written law of hospitality amongst nations and societies recognise the sanctity of the lives and property of foreigners everywhere.
“The High Commissioner of South Africa to Nigeria is being summoned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during which the Federal Government’s concerns on this matter would be brought to his attention.”
The ministry urged Nigerians in South Africa to remain calm and law-abiding but vigilant.
It said it had intensified contacts with the South African authorities to address the unacceptable situation.
“The Federal Government of Nigeria unequivocally insists on, and will strenuously work towards the protection of Nigerians anywhere, including in South Africa,” the ministry assured.
The Federal Government had earlier on Monday asked the African Union to intervene in the renewed xenophobic attacks on Nigerians and other Africans in South Africa.
The Senior Special Assistant to the President on Foreign Affairs and Diaspora, Mrs. Abike Dabiri-Erewa, made the call in a statement made available to journalists in Abuja.
Dabiri-Erewa said there was credible information at her disposal that more attacks against foreigners would take place on Wednesday and Thursday this week.
She also called on the South African Government to take decisive and definitive measures to protect Nigerians and other Africans in South Africa.
The presidential aide described the attacks as unnecessary setback and advised Nigerians to be extra-cautious.
Although she urged restraint on the part of Nigerians, Dabiri-Erewa warned that further attacks without any reprimand might have dire consequences.
She said, “The attention of the AU is being called to intervene because information has it that there will be other xenophobic attacks against foreigners on February 22 (Wednesday) and February 23 (Thursday). These attacks should not be allowed to continue because it is a big setback.”
Meanwhile, the House of Representatives Committee on Diaspora Affairs on Monday condemned the killings of Nigerians in South Africa.
The Chairman of the committee, Mrs. Rita Orji, deplored what she called “conspiracy of silence” by the Federal Government.
She complained that while the Nigerian government did everything within its powers to protect South Africa business entities in Nigeria, the South African authorities did not return the favour to Nigerians.
Orji said, “The South African Government should bear in mind that Nigerians know that they have interests, they have businesses here, they have South Africans here, they should not put their people in jeopardy.”
Meanwhile, the Nigerian community in South Africa said, on Monday, that some of its members were receiving calls threatening more attacks against their homes and business premises.
The President, Nigeria Union, South Africa, Mr. Ikechukwu Anyene, told the News Agency of Nigeria on the telephone from Pretoria, South Africa, that some Nigerians received calls asking for payment to protect their homes and business premises.
Anyene stated, “Some Nigerians and other foreign nationals in Pretoria West now live in fear. Some have started packing their belongings for fear of more attacks.
“They confirmed to the union that some South Africans were calling and threatening to unleash mayhem on them. The callers asked for money to be spared the attacks.
“The union is worried about the development because the South African police have yet to arrest those who perpetrated last Saturday’s attacks.”
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Casino Slots Online
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Believe in Zero
No child should ever die from a preventable cause. Every day, 25,000 do. "Believe in zero" is the U.S. Fund for UNICEF's rallying cry. We fervently believe in zero and ask all those outraged by the unnecessary deaths of children to join us.
The UNICEF Snowflake
The UNICEF Snowflake—a beautiful ornament gracing the intersection of 57th Street and Fifth Avenue in New York City and Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills during the holiday season—is the centerpiece of an ambitious program to raise millions of dollars for UNICEF's programs providing immunization, education, health care, nutrition, clean water and sanitation to children in developing nations.
Tap Project
On March 22, 2007—World Water Day—hundreds of restaurants in New York City invited their patrons to pay just $1 for the tap water they normally get for free. The campaign went national in 2008, and extended throughout World Water Week. The funds collected support UNICEF's water programs, which provide safe drinking water to children around the world.
Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF
Created, inspired and powered by kids since 1950, Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF has empowered generations to make lasting change in their global community.
The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF
The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF launched in 2005 with an initial donation of $1 million. It specifically targets UNICEF programs in Bangladesh but also provides lifesaving assistance to children suffering from civil conflict, natural disasters and poverty elsewhere.
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Program & Campaign Highlights
Situation in eastern DR Congo turns desperate.
Send in your 2008 Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF donations.
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Fieldnotes Blog
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Guinea-Bissau: The fight against cholera continues
In the year 1999 we set out to change the world /\
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‘Señor Plummer’s Final Fiesta’ shows whimsy of WeHo
Award-winning artists’ collective Rogue Artists Ensemble will take over West Hollywood’s Plummer Park for a site-specific immersive theater experience with “Señor Plummer’s Final Fiesta,” celebrating the life of Eugene Plummer, a prominent figure in what is now West Hollywood, running from Oct. 19-Nov. 4 with performances on Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays at 7:30 p.m.
Using tall-tales, puppets, masks and music, Rogue Artists Ensemble electrifies Eugene Plummer’s whimsical tales of early Los Angeles. (photo courtesy of Lisa Francesca Photography)
“Señor Plummer’s Final Fiesta” stirs up a merry band of ghosts and shadows who sweep attendees into a past filled with wild west duels, pirates, land-grabs, violent mobs, shark-riding, romances, court battles and fiestas.
Using a patchwork of tall-tales, large-scale puppets, masks and music, Rogue Artists Ensemble electrifies Señor Plummer’s whimsical tales of early Los Angeles in a memory map that reflects back to the communities of the city. Written by Diana Burbano, Tom Jacobson and Chelsea Sutton with Rogue Artists Ensemble; directed by Rogue’s Artistic Director Sean T. Cawelti with Assistant Director Julia Garcia Combs; and features original music by Adrien Prévost, this immersive show pulls viewers into the middle of the late 19th century and early 20th century Los Angeles.
“This is a once in a lifetime project where we get to tell the story about a real figure in our City’s history in the same place that he once lived so many years ago,” West Hollywood Mayor John J. Duran said.
The play takes place in the Great Hall and Long Hall and the connected rooms and courtyard at Plummer Park. Audiences will experience a multitude of stories from Eugene Plummer’s past and the history of Los Angeles, and they will be able to pick and choose which paths and characters they follow.
“The audience will have the chance to interact one on one and learn from the characters and be a part of the story themselves. With so many possibilities and stories to explore there is no way you can see the entire show in one night. Everyone’s experience will be unique, helping to encourage community dialogue and hopefully do the very thing Eugene tried, bridging communities,” Cawelti said.
Tickets range from $35-$55, which include options for performance with drinks provided by Angel City Brewery.
Plummer Park is located at 7377 Santa Monica Blvd. For information and tickets, visit rogueartists.org, or contact West Hollywood Arts Manager Andrew Campbell at (323)848-6883 or acampbell@weho.org.
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Energy Strands
Author(s): Denise Linn
Native shamanic traditions tell us that there are cords, strands, threads, and filaments of energy that flow to and through us, connecting us to everyone and everything in the Universe. Some energy strands make us feel vibrant and alive. Others deplete and weaken us. Most of us are unaware of these energy strands, but they are extremely powerful forces that surround us every day.
In her latest book, Energy Strands, Denise Linn shows you how to release the cords that bind you and strengthen the ones that heal you. She shares methods she's personally practiced over the years to help you achieve peace and balance in your life, including how to:
- discover attachments to family, friends, lovers, past-lives, and pets
- cut energy strands with toxic people and unhealthy relationships
- activate specific techniques to protect and shield your energy field
- use space clearing methods to create harmony in your home
Energy Strands explores the connection between the chakras, breath, meditation, visualization, sound healing, and more. Using a variety of tools, including dowsing, smudging, singing bowls, crystals, and much, much more, you'll begin to renew your energy, replenish your inner sources, and magnify the cords that empower you.
Denise Linn's personal journey began as a result of a near-death experience at age 17. Her life-changing experiences and remarkable recovery set her on a spiritual quest that led her to explore the healing traditions of many cultures, including those of her own Cherokee ancestors, the Aborigines in the Australian bush, and the Zulus in Bophuthatswana. She trained with a Hawaiian kahuna (shaman), and Reiki Master Hawayo Takata. She was also adopted into a New Zealand Maori tribe. In addition, Denise lived in a Zen Buddhist monastery for more than two years.Denise is an internationally renowned teacher in the field of self-development. She's the author of the bestseller Sacred Spaceand the award-winning Feng Shui for the Soul, and has written 16 books, which are available in 29 languages. Denise has appeared in numerous documentaries and television shows worldwide, gives seminars on six continents, and is the founder of the International Institute of Soul Coaching(R), which offers professional certification programs in life coaching. For information about Denise's certification program and other lectures, please visit her Website: www.DeniseLinn.com
Publisher : Hay House, Incorporated
Imprint : Hay House
Dimensions : .64 Inches X 6.04 Inches X 9 Inches
Produced in : United States
Author : Denise Linn
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fun stuff · meme · Uncategorized
#Top10Tuesday: If You Like To Judge A Book By Its Cover…
November 1, 2016 October 16, 2016 Maria Casacalenda (Big City Bookworm)
It’s time for another Top 10 Tuesday!!! For those of you who don’t know, Top 10 Tuesday is a weekly meme hosted by the folks over at The Broke and the Bookish! The theme this week asked us to choose books for a specific book club of our choice/imagination. I’ve decided to highlight books that would be perfect for a book club that loves to judge a book by its beautiful cover. This list will feature books with some of the most beautiful covers I have ever seen, and as an added bonus, they also happen to contain wonderful stories.
Tell Me Something Real by Calla Devlin
Three sisters struggle with the bonds that hold their family together as they face a darkness settling over their lives in this masterfully written debut novel.
There are three beautiful blond Babcock sisters: gorgeous and foul-mouthed Adrienne, observant and shy Vanessa, and the youngest and best-loved, Marie. Their mother is ill with leukemia and the girls spend a lot of time with her at a Mexican clinic across the border from their San Diego home so she can receive alternative treatments.
Vanessa is the middle child, a talented pianist who is trying to hold her family together despite the painful loss that they all know is inevitable. As she and her sisters navigate first loves and college dreams, they are completely unaware that an illness far more insidious than cancer poisons their home. Their world is about to shatter under the weight of an incomprehensible betrayal…
This Savage Song by Victoria Schwab
Highly Illogical Behaviour by John Corey Whaley
Sixteen-year-old Solomon is agoraphobic. He hasn’t left the house in three years, which is fine by him.
Ambitious Lisa desperately wants to get into the second-best psychology program for college (she’s being realistic). But is ambition alone enough to get her in?
Enter Lisa.
Determined to “fix” Sol, Lisa steps into his world, along with her charming boyfriend, Clark, and soon the three form an unexpected bond. But, as Lisa learns more about Sol and he and Clark grow closer and closer, the walls they’ve built around themselves start to collapse and their friendships threaten to do the same.
The Summer That Melted Everything by Tiffany McDaniel
Fielding Bliss has never forgotten the summer of 1984: the year a heat wave scorched Breathed, Ohio. The year he became friends with the devil.
Sal seems to appear out of nowhere – a bruised and tattered thirteen-year-old boy claiming to be the devil himself answering an invitation. Fielding Bliss, the son of a local prosecutor, brings him home where he’s welcomed into the Bliss family, assuming he’s a runaway from a nearby farm town.
When word spreads that the devil has come to Breathed, not everyone is happy to welcome this self-proclaimed fallen angel. Murmurs follow him and tensions rise, along with the temperatures as an unbearable heat wave rolls into town right along with him.
As strange accidents start to occur, riled by the feverish heat, some in the town start to believe that Sal is exactly who he claims to be.
While the Bliss family wrestles with their own personal demons, a fanatic drives the town to the brink of a catastrophe that will change this sleepy Ohio backwater forever.
A Darker Shade of Magic Trilogy by V.E. Schwab
Kell is one of the last Antari, a rare magician who can travel between parallel worlds: hopping from Grey London — dirty, boring, lacking magic, and ruled by mad King George — to Red London — where life and magic are revered, and the Maresh Dynasty presides over a flourishing empire — to White London — ruled by whoever has murdered their way to the throne, where people fight to control magic, and the magic fights back — and back, but never Black London, because traveling to Black London is forbidden and no one speaks of it now.
Officially, Kell is the personal ambassador and adopted Prince of Red London, carrying the monthly correspondences between the royals of each London. Unofficially, Kell smuggles for those willing to pay for even a glimpse of a world they’ll never see, and it is this dangerous hobby that sets him up for accidental treason. Fleeing into Grey London, Kell runs afoul of Delilah Bard, a cut-purse with lofty aspirations. She robs him, saves him from a dangerous enemy, then forces him to take her with him for her proper adventure.
But perilous magic is afoot, and treachery lurks at every turn. To save both his London and the others, Kell and Lila will first need to stay alive — a feat trickier than they hoped.
My Review (Book 1) | My Review (Book 2)
Devil And The Bluebird by Jennifer Mason-Black
Blue Riley has wrestled with her own demons ever since the loss of her mother to cancer. But when she encounters a beautiful devil at her town crossroads, it’s her runaway sister’s soul she fights to save. The devil steals Blue’s voice—inherited from her musically gifted mother—in exchange for a single shot at finding Cass.
Armed with her mother’s guitar, a knapsack of cherished mementos, and a pair of magical boots, Blue journeys west in search of her sister. When the devil changes the terms of their deal, Blue must reevaluate her understanding of good and evil and open herself to finding family in unexpected places.
In Devil and the Bluebird, Jennifer Mason-Black delivers a heart-wrenching depiction of loss and hope.
Relativity by Antonia Hayes
Twelve-year-old Ethan Forsythe, an exceptionally talented boy obsessed with physics and astronomy, has been raised alone by his mother in Sydney, Australia. Claire, a former professional ballerina, has been a wonderful parent to Ethan, but he’s becoming increasingly curious about his father’s absence in his life. Claire is fiercely protective of her talented, vulnerable son—and of her own feelings. But when Ethan falls ill, tied to a tragic event that occurred during his infancy, her tightly-held world is split open.
Thousands of miles away on the western coast of Australia, Mark is trying to forget about the events that tore his family apart, but an unexpected call forces him to confront his past and return home. When Ethan secretly intercepts a letter from Mark to Claire, he unleashes long-suppressed forces that—like gravity—pull the three together again, testing the limits of love and forgiveness.
Told from the alternating points of view of Ethan and each of his parents, Relativity is a poetic and soul-searing exploration of unbreakable bonds, irreversible acts, the limits of science, and the magnitude of love.
The Serpent King by Jeff Zentner
Dill has had to wrestle with vipers his whole life at home, as the only son of a Pentecostal minister who urges him to handle poisonous rattlesnakes, and at school, where he faces down bullies who target him for his father’s extreme faith and very public fall from grace.
The only antidote to all this venom is his friendship with fellow outcasts Travis and Lydia. But as they are starting their senior year, Dill feels the coils of his future tightening around him. Dill’s only escapes are his music and his secret feelings for Lydia neither of which he is brave enough to share. Graduation feels more like an ending to Dill than a beginning. But even before then, he must cope with another ending one that will rock his life to the core.
We Are The Ants by Shaun David Hutchinson
There are a few things Henry Denton knows, and a few things he doesn’t.
Henry knows that his mom is struggling to keep the family together, and coping by chain-smoking cigarettes. He knows that his older brother is a college dropout with a pregnant girlfriend. He knows that he is slowly losing his grandmother to Alzheimer’s. And he knows that his boyfriend committed suicide last year.
What Henry doesn’t know is why the aliens chose to abduct him when he was thirteen, and he doesn’t know why they continue to steal him from his bed and take him aboard their ship. He doesn’t know why the world is going to end or why the aliens have offered him the opportunity to avert the impending disaster by pressing a big red button.
But they have. And they’ve only given him 144 days to make up his mind.
The question is whether Henry thinks the world is worth saving. That is, until he meets Diego Vega, an artist with a secret past who forces Henry to question his beliefs, his place in the universe, and whether any of it really matters. But before Henry can save the world, he’s got to figure out how to save himself, and the aliens haven’t given him a button for that.
Six days ago, astronaut Mark Watney became one of the first people to walk on Mars.
Now, he’s sure he’ll be the first person to die there.
After a dust storm nearly kills him and forces his crew to evacuate the planet while thinking him dead, Mark finds himself stranded on Mars’ surface, completely alone, with no way to signal Earth that he’s alive. And even if he could get word out, his supplies would be gone years before a rescue could arrive.
Chances are, though, Mark won’t have time to starve to death. The damaged machinery, unforgiving environment or plain-old “human error” are much more likely to kill him first.
But Mark’s not ready to quit. Armed with nothing but his ingenuity and his engineering skills—and a gallows sense of humor that proves to be his greatest source of strength–he embarks on a dogged quest to stay alive, using his botany expertise to grow food and even hatching a mad plan to contact NASA back on Earth.
As he overcomes one seemingly insurmountable obstacle after the next, Mark begins to let himself believe he might make it off the planet alive.
But Mars has plenty of surprises in store for him yet.
What are some books that have beautiful covers in your opinion? Do you agree with the choices I’ve made? Let’s discuss!
a conjuring of light a darker shade of magic a gathering of shadows andy weir antonia hayes book club books calla devlin devil and the bluebird fun stuff highly illogical behaviour jeff zentner jennifer mason-black john corey whaley judge a book by its cover list meme picks relativity shaun david hutchinson tell me something real the martian the serpent king the summer that melted everything this savage song tiffany mcdaniel top 10 top 10 tuesday top ten top ten tuesday ttt v.e. schwab victoria schwab we are the ants
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15 thoughts on “#Top10Tuesday: If You Like To Judge A Book By Its Cover…”
Such beauties! I would totally pick them based on covers! Great topic idea.
KliScruggs says:
This is such a good idea!! I love your topic. And I’m completely with you on Victoria Schwab’s covers. They are SO well done.
Thank you so much! Aren’t they gorgeous? As a graphic designer, I really appreciate these things lmao!
SAME! I did a some designing/branding in College and seeing a well designed book is EVERYTHING. Do you work in Illustrator mostly or InDesign? I adore Illustrator, but InDesign is my one true love.
I jump back and forth between Illustrator and InDesign mostly and depending on the project I might use Photoshop 🙂 but yes, InDesign is my all time fave! Editorial Design is my favourite and InDesign is perfect for that! 😀 I love Illustrator for logos and icons and things though!
Nice! Do you plan to do editorial design for a living/do you do it for a living? I didn’t know that book cover designing was actually a job I could have aspired to, otherwise I would have studied GD in college!
I currently have a graphic design job, but it isn’t in the editorial design field. I also wish I ventured a little more into the book cover design field, that would have been super sick!
That’s awesome! What projects do you mostly work on at your job?
I actually venture into a lot of different fields haha! I’ve done some logo design, poster design, some editorial, social media headers for twitter & facebook etc. I’ve kind of been lucky enough to experiment with different things! 😀
I absolutely adore the Shades of Magic book covers. They’re so badass and foreboding and I love how they all look together.
They’re absolutely gorgeous!
I love what you did with this weeks theme. Those are definitely some gorgeous covers and all books I need to get around to reading. Especially ADSOM, that’s one I’m going to try to squeeze in this month if I have the time. 😊
Pingback: #WrapUp: November 2016 – Big City Bookworm
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2016 Republican Party Platform A Stunning Call For Electoral Annihilation
July 14, 2016 Becky SarwateLeave a comment
“As The New York Times reported this week, the platform also “demands that lawmakers use religion as a guide when legislating, stipulating ‘that man-made law must be consistent with God-given, natural rights.’” Anyone who thinks well-meaning public servants are attempting to blur the lines between Church and State out of zealotry for Christ, I’ve got a bridge in Atlantis to sell you. Over and again within in the Republican Party’s official legislative positions, religion is used to bludgeon and subjugate the “other.” The irony of course is that this backward-looking bullshit is the work of a scared and shrinking minority. These fools are the other now and they know it. GOP leadership is doubling down on the Man’s panic in an evolving world and culture where he’s losing the position to dominate.”
Contemptor (Politics/Media Criticism/Sports)2016 republican party platform, Contemptor, Republican Party, The New York Times
GOP’s 2016 SCOTUS Artifice A Short And Long-Term Strategic Failure
July 8, 2016 Becky SarwateLeave a comment
“The bottom line: when the Republican Party took its unified February gamble to stonewall replacing Scalia, the reasoning was already tough to follow. Moreover, the offered logic wed them permanently to the position. After all if you claim you’re exercising stubbornness in the name of democracy, it’s hard to shift gears if say, your candidate is a maniac, has no chance of winning the election and/or SCOTUS decides not to play along with the reliable ideological divide.”
Contemptor (Politics/Media Criticism/Sports)antonin scalia, Contemptor, Republican Party, SCOTUS
Chicken? Game Theory? Whatever. Go Kasich.
“2016 is a year marked by a rapid rise in personal cognitive dissonance. I don’t want President Kasich. Frankly speaking, a majority of the Republican Party has come to the same conclusion. The only demographic demonstrating an appetite for his candidacy are residents of his home state. Still I find it impossible not to enjoy the schadenfreude that is the Governor’s adamant refusal to quit the race. Kasich’s most high-profile campaign success is happening in real-time – acting as Chief-Thorn-in-Side to party leadership and Florida Senator Marco Rubio.”
Click here to read the full post at Contemptor.
Contemptor (Politics/Media Criticism/Sports)2016, chicken, game theory, John Kasich, Marco Rubio, Republican Party
For Many Conservatives, Personal Responsibility Is So 47 Percent
August 31, 2015 Becky SarwateLeave a comment
If you ask members of the Republican party about any one of our social safety net programs, badly needed resources on which 49 percent of Americans depend, you tend to get standard answers. They usually include words like “takers” and “entitlements.” Let’s recall this standard bearing gem from recent presidential candidate Mitt Romney:
“There are 47 percent of the people who will vote for the president [Obama] no matter what…who are dependent upon government, who believe that they are victims. …These are people who pay no income tax. …and so my job is not to worry about those people. I’ll never convince them that they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives.”
Of course the more humane and rational among us are quite aware that these programs overwhelmingly assist the elderly, disabled and gainfully employed, but afflicted with unlivable wages. The oft-peddled image of the lazy American eating prime rib in a hammock simply doesn’t hold up to reality. But no matter. “Those people” ought to suffer further for their crimes of poverty, lack of educational opportunity and infirm bodily condition. It is the cherished rhetorical and policy practice of oligarchs throughout history. If they want to live the American dream, let them figure it out, with no help from any of us. And let’s use the Bible as a defense of that position whenever we can. That’s capitalism, baby!
Yes, members of the GOP, party media apparatus and conservative celebrity heroes love telling everyone how to live and worship (Christian), and regulate their bodies (oh especially if female!) and embrace a moral philosophy of complete personal accountability. And yet stubbornly, these crusaders seem to have a hard time practicing what they preach (pun definitely intended). Also, the buck definitely stops before the sinner’s door in these cases, a benevolent gift of grace perpetually denied the economically challenged, especially if they are of a different creed or color.
While right-wing conservative hypocrisy is nothing new, I suggest that the latest round of agency deflection is unique and supremely galling. As a female writer and proud feminist, I am measuredly loathe to devote any more ink to Josh Duggar or the Ashley Madison hacking scandal, but I must, if only to further the goal of duplicity awareness.
For you see, Josh Duggar, despite being raised in a family that espouses to teach children to “exercise self-control in any situation,” has failed to keep it in his pants. So many times. And despite the horndog’s taste for his own underage sisters and other married women, proclivities that do more than hint at personal failings that deserve our collective denunciation, somehow the Duggar circle believes their oldest gift from God has been a victim in his own right. A martyr of authority.
Pastor Ronnie Floyd, leader of an Arkansas congregation that has included the Duggar family in the past, indicts culture for Josh’s indiscretions. He said during a live stream pulpit sermon earlier this month, “This sexual revolution is altering mindsets, undermining the family, influencing the culture and is a mockery to Biblical truth.” Yep. With so many women running around the country retaining informed and empowered reproductive control, how else could a young family man be expected to react? The good reverend has also been known to shrug off Duggar’s violation of his siblings as if it were an annoying mosquito bite: “Things like [this have happened before and will happen again.”
Personal responsibility is the cross to bear of those who have been unfortunate enough to be born less fortunate. Those who have been blessed so heavily by God with TV ratings, revenue and the power to lead political parties can hardly be expected to manage their libidos and moral rectitude with so much important work in front of them. The work that those damned poor and unwell choose not to do.
Unfortunately, the Ashley Madison scandal also ensnared executive director of Louisiana’s Grand Old Party, Jason Dore. However, just so we’re clear, Dore is not to blamed for so much as bad judgment upon the release of records showing he paid almost $200 for use of the site. This was merely, “opposition research.” The man is a true patriot.
The unique cocktail of xenophobia, inequality, misogyny and do as I say, not as I do insincerity that has come to typify right wing culture is swiftly moving the Republican party to the fringes of mainstream tolerance. Perhaps that should be reward enough for having to tolerate the constant stream of cruel duality that renders many of the characters onstage – Duggar, Dore, Donald Trump – stomach-turningly disingenuous. But somehow it isn’t. Too many injustices. Too many families are being hurt.
Contemptor (Politics/Media Criticism/Sports)Ashley Madison, Josh Duggar, personal responsibility, presidential candidate Mitt Romney, Republican Party
Republican Ideology Has Its Worst Week Ever (July 20, 2014)
June 4, 2015 Becky SarwateLeave a comment
Though you’d never guess by listening to its representatives speak, it was a terrible week for modern Republican ideology.
Those right-wingers who love to call President Obama weak on foreign policy, setting him in relief against their favorite bare-chested strongman Vladimir Putin, are scrambling to crawl under the nearest rock. It’s becoming increasingly apparent that the icon of conservative male virility lent support to war criminals who shot 80 children from the sky. Per a report from theAssociated Press:
“On Thursday, Putin blamed Ukraine for the crash, saying Kiev was responsible for the unrest in its Russian-speaking eastern regions. But he didn’t accuse Ukraine of shooting the plane down and didn’t address the key question of whether Russia gave the rebels such a powerful missile.”
If gathering rumors are to be believed, Russian interlopers may have already absconded to Moscow with Malaysian Airlines Flight 17’s “black box” recorder. And as of Saturday morning, the crash site in Eastern Ukraine remains unsecured. As evidence decays and/or is purposefully tampered with, Putin’s Thursday statement may be the closest thing we ever get to an admission of the truth. A wise person once told me that when an unpleasant man tells you something about himself, believe him. And by shying away from implausible deniability (a sport in which the Russian thug routinely indulges), Putin is speaking loud and clear.
Russian sponsorship of the downing of the defenseless civilian airliners. Yeah, that’s real bravery. Keep talking McCain Nation.
Moving onto another human tragedy a little closer to home, the Republican Party continued its parade of heartless, xenophobic double talk about the Central American child immigrant crisis. Even as Colorado’s Democratic Governor John Hickenlooper offered a ray of humanitarian hope in writing, “If Denver or other communities in Colorado want to offer their support and sponsorship while these children are in the legal system, the state respects and would defend that decision,” and Pope Francis publicly cautioned the devout to love and protect the kids, a dark strain of ugliness continued to permeate the official GOP response.
This past week, retired medical doctor and Republican House member Phil Gingrey told NBC News, “The border patrol gave us a list of the diseases that they’re concerned about, and Ebola was one of those…I can’t tell you specifically that there were any cases of Ebola, I don’t think there were, but of course Tuberculosis, Chagas disease, many – small pox, some of the infectious diseases of children, all of these are concerns.”
These alarmist and disgusting comments continue to undercut our nation’s once-vaunted reputation as a refuge for freedom seekers. On a secondary level, you have to wonder if the GOP understands that they won’t be able to erase Hispanic voter memory in 2014 and beyond. Yet the certainty that the party is briskly digging its own electoral grave doesn’t do much to relieve the dire and fearful predicament of the kids. They’ve run from terror only to be treated as enemy invaders by the Land of the Free.
This year has been unbelievably tough for those in favor of contemplative, deliberate foreign policy, sensible gun and comprehensive immigration reforms and last but not least, liberty for the GOP’s most discounted “special interest group” – women.
New York Times commentator Timothy Egan makes the case this week that the SCOTUS’ disastrous Hobby Lobby decision does more than assault female reproductive freedom. It also takes a swipe at our founding principle – the separation of church and state. He writes, “In the United States, God is on the currency. By brilliant design, though, he is not mentioned in the Constitution. The founders were explicit: This country would never formally align God with one political party, or allow someone to use religion to ignore civil laws. At least that was the intent. In this summer of the violent God, five justices on the Supreme Court seem to feel otherwise.”
As Americans continue to grapple with the Supreme Court’s increasingly partisan suppression of human rights in favor of corporate ones, the media is finally (finally!) beginning to take the five Catholic male justices responsible to task in a semi-bipartisan way. Meanwhile, Democratic Congressional leaders are trying to develop and pass legislation that would grant women access to everything promised by the Affordable Care Act. May they be relentless.
It was a week when modern Republican claims to be defenders of freedom, limited government and human dignity were clearly exposed as money and power grabbing, racist scams. Individual rights trump all else – except for women who want to make their own family planning decisions. Give us your tired and your poor – unless they are frightened brown children. We have no money to take care of them properly as dictated by law. Those funds are subsidizing the lifestyles and business ventures of the one percent. And that weak-willed, effeminate Obama. If only he’d man up and covertly supply terrorists who murder international civilians like that macho Vladimir Putin.
PoliticusUSA (Politics)Democratic Governor John Hickenlooper, GOP, President Obama, Republican ideology, Republican Party, Vladimir Putin
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Bet365 Bingo Review – Everything you Need
Posted by Lily | Aug 24, 2017 | Bingo | 0 |
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Bet365 is an incredibly popular gambling site, with more than 19 million users in more than 100 countries. Their bingo site is likely to enjoy the same success. Read on to find out why or discover more info about other top bingo sites here.
About Bet365 Bingo
Bet365 was founded in 2000 and grew to become one of the UK’s best online gambling providers. The site offers a range of services, including sports betting, poker, casino, slots and of course, bingo. On the whole, Bet365 has won several awards, including the eGaming award for ‘Operator of the Year’. Does their bingo service measure up? In this review I’ll go over the bingo portion of the site and what it has to offer.
Games and Mobile
Bet365 offers three main types of bingo:
75 ball bingo
Here are some of the individual bingo games you can play on the site:
Bingo Linx
DOND Bingo
MOJO Lounge
The Press Room is the cheapest game on the site. It’s a 90 ball game which costs 2p to play and has a jackpot of £20. Guilty Pleasures is also a 90 ball game, but costs 10p to play and has a bigger prize pot of £50. A Night on the Town is the site’s 75 ball game, and Lucky Numbers is a specials game.
Non-Bingo Offerings
Bet365 doesn’t just do bingo. They offer a wide range of extra games, including slots, scratchcards and casino games. They even have some multi-player games, so you can compete against other members. The whole range of games is huge, with far too many titles to list here, but has everything from classics like Cleopatra’s Chest and Clover Rollover to niche games like Transformers and Thor’s Thunder. The same can’t be said for the range of casino games, which includes only 2; Blackjack and Mini Roulette.
Bet365 is one of the UK’s leading online gambling companies, so of course they provide a great sports betting service. When you’re on the bingo site, just scroll to the very top of the page, where you’ll find a banner of options at the top, and click ‘sports’ to use it. On that page, you can live-stream games and place bets on everything from greyhound racing to futsal. They have a ‘bore draw money back guarantee’, which means that you receive a refund for any bets placed on games that end in a 0-0 score. There’s also a 50% bonus on tennis accumulators. New customers get a 100% bonus on their first deposit up to £100.
The Mobile Experience
You can play Bet365 Bingo on any mobile device by opening your browser and going to bingo.bet365.com and log in using the same account you use for the desktop site. It’s absolutely free to use the site, although data charges may apply if you’re not using Wi-Fi. If you lose signal while playing a game, don’t worry. Your game will continue to play and any winnings will be credited to your account, so you won’t lose out. For an even better mobile bingo experience, you can download the Bet365 Bingo app. Read on to find out more about how the app works.
For those who want to take their mobile bingo to the next level, there’s a Bet365 bingo app available for download. The app gives you a better experience than the mobile site because it has a few extra features that you can’t access in your browser. There’s an even bigger range of games, exclusive promotions, and a ‘coming up’ feature, which shows when the next bingo games are due to start. If you’re playing on an iOS device, you can use fingerprint recognition to access your account, making it even more safe and secure. You can download the app from the Apple store and Google Play store.
Bet365 Bingo’s site is packed with promotions, including regular, seasonal and welcome bonuses. Here’s what they are:
Bet365 Bingo New Customers Welcome Package
New customers to Bet365 Bingo are treated to a great welcome package, which includes three different bonuses. First of all, you receive a bonus of up to £100 on your first deposit, with 200% given on whatever you put down. Then, once you register a chat name, you’re given access to the Welcome Room, where you can play £1,000 worth of free bingo from 1pm-7pm for the first 7 days of your membership. On top of all that, you also get a £20 slots bonus.
Other Promos and Specials
The fun doesn’t stop there. Here are the other promotions available to existing customers:
Garden Party – Every Sunday, there are 10 chances to win with this promo. Prizes include hammocks, BBQs, chimeneas and more. Just play from 11am-12pm, 3:30pm-5:30pm and 8:30pm-10:30pm in the Garden Party room during the week, and you’ll get free tickets to take part in Sunday’s Heatwave game, where the prizes are up for grabs. BingoMummy reviews all the top sites for promotional and special bingo offers.
£150,000 Penny Bingo – For a limited time only, there’s £150,000 to play for in Penny Bingo, with daily prizes of £5,000.
£20,000 Big Night Out – For a limited period, the jackpot in the Night on the Town room shoots up to £20,000! Tickets cost just 5p.
Bingo Linx – At 10pm in the Guilty Pleasures room, there’s a super £20,000 Bingo Linx hour.
Ready, Steady, Go – This one’s easy. Just opt in to play bingo on your desktop, mobile or tablet and you can double your weekly winnings up to £30.
Bingo Value Night – Every Thursday at 6pm, there’s a total prize pot of £30,000. Log in to play and win your share.
Community Nights – At 5pm in the Guilty Pleasures room on selected days, there are guaranteed prizes totalling £30,000.
Rush Hours – Every weekday in the Press Room, £2,000 is given away.
MOJO Vault – Play in the MOJO Lounge on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays to open the vault and win an extra bingo bonus.
75 Ball Lunchtime Special – From Monday to Saturday at 12pm-3pm, there’s £2,500 in prizes on all 75 ball games.
The Breakfast Club – On Saturday and Sunday mornings, there’s £4,500 to play for in the Guilty Pleasures room. On weekdays, it’s £2,500.
Feel Good Friday – Every Friday at 6pm, the party starts. For the rest of the night, there’s £50,000 in prizes to play for.
The Money Ladder – Every Wednesday, climb the Money Ladder for a chance to win a share of £30,000.
Super Free Bingo – Get yourself Superbooks tickets and be in with a chance to win with prize pools of up to £1,500
Transacting Business
Bet365 Bingo accept a wide range of payment methods. Here are the different ways you can make deposits and withdrawals on the site:
FastBank Transfer
Pre-paid Card
Entro-Pay
Bet365 has a dedicated team of customer support staff, which you can contact in a number of ways. The easiest way is to use the live chat function on the website, which will give you the fastest possible response. Customer advisors run the chat 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. You can also call them on three different contact numbers, all of which are free. They are: Customer Service
If you need to contact them by post, perhaps to send some documents, their address is as follows:
bet365 House
Media Way
ST1 5SZ
You can also email [email protected]
Bet365 is one of the UK’s top online gambling services, and it shows. Their site has a huge range of games with lots of promotions, both regular and seasonal, to keep things interesting. The welcome bonus is a great way to encourage people to sign up and get playing, and when they do, they have so many games to choose from that they’re never likely to get bored. Bet365 also accept a huge range of payment methods, so members are spoilt for choice when it comes to how to complete transactions.
Things I Don’t Like So Much
The only thing that Bet365 could add is a better social media presence. Many other bingo sites use Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to engage further with their members, offering exclusive promo codes, games and competitions there that can’t be found on the main site.
Bet365 Bingo comes from one of the top online gambling platforms in the UK, so it’s a well-trusted brand which is known for providing great service and entertainment. It has everything you need from a bingo site, from great games and exciting promotions to a mobile app. With a great welcome bonus to get you started, there’s no reason not to sign up and give Bet365 Bingo a try. If you’ve still not been won over by bet365 then you can check out Beckys Bingo site.
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NFL Picks Against The Spread: Week 1
Written by Brandon Lewis on September 5, 2019
Photo Credit: barstoolsports.com
The 100th season of the NFL kicks off tonight with the Green Bay Packers taking on the Chicago Bears in Chicago. While I do think Chicago wins the game, there are some games on the docket in Week 1 that I disagree with Vegas on.
Falcons@Vikings(-4)
Both these teams are looking for a rebounding season, and I think only one of them is going to do so; the Falcons. I trust Matt Ryan. I like their offensive skill position players with Devonta Freeman, Julio Jones, Calvin Ridley, Mohamed Sanu and Austin Hooper. I think the offense will be improved this year with new offensive coordinator Dirk Koetter at the controls, and head coach Dan Quinn taking over the play calling on defense, a side of the ball that should be a lot healthier for the Falcons this season.
I think the Falcons are back with a vengeance this year, and they kick it off with a win down in Minneapolis. While I think the Vikings have a good team, I don’t trust them situational, and I don’t trust Kirk Cousins whether it’s at home or on the road in close games, and I expect this game to come down to the last possession.
Niners@Bucs(pick em)
This game is an intriguing game to me because it’s between two franchises who are trying to find their identity. For San Fran, their big question is Jimmy Garoppolo. If he can stay healthy, the Niners can compete for a playoff spot.
They have a ton of backs, so the loss of Jerick McKinnon shouldn’t hurt them. I like the addition of Kwon Alexander. I like their secondary and defensive line, and while their wide receivers are young, they should grow up throughout the season. Not to mention, I haven’t even mentioned George Kittle, one of the best tight ends in the league!
For Tampa Bay, their big question is former No. 1 overall pick in 2015 Jameis Winston. New head coach Bruce Arians has a full year to figure out if Winston is his guy moving forward. The Bucs have a ton of talent on offense led by Mike Evans and O.J. Howard, and they have a great defensive line, but they don’t have the greatest secondary. However, I do think rookie linebacker Devin White makes an immediate impact on this team.
This game is truly a toss up. I’m going to say Tampa Bay wins at home because Jimmy G will not be sharp to start the year, and that will be Kyle Shanahan and company’s downfall Sunday.
Lions@Cardinals(+2.5)
The first pick in the 2019 NFL Draft Kyler Murray, his new head coach Kliff Kingsbury and this new look Cardinals team make their anticipated debut Sunday against the Lions, and I expect it to go well. I think Matt Patricia will be caught off guard by the Cardinals offense, and I think Murray makes a statement in Week 1 that he can play in the NFL. This game feels a lot like the Eagles-Redskins opening game in 2013 when Washington wasn’t ready for Chip Kelly’s college style offense.
We don’t know what Kingsbury is bringing to the NFL, and that’s why I can’t wait to see it unfold. I also don’t trust the Lions as they just seem to me like an organization that pays people, and then those people don’t play well. There a mediocre team, and a good team for Murray to show off against.
Texans@Saints(-7)
I know this is the Saints on Monday Night Football in the Superdome, but I am surprised with how many points Vegas is giving the Saints. Vegas is saying the Texans have no shot at this game, and that could not be further from the truth. Did Vegas forget what happened in the NFC Championship Game last season?
The Saints are still obsessed over that call, and that will be their undoing this season. Trust me, they will start off slow. You can’t lose two straight years in the playoffs in two completely different devastating ways, and then come back the next season like nothing happened. As a matter of fact, if Alshon Jeffrey didn’t drop that pass, I believe my Philadelphia Eagles are heading to LA, and the Saints are watching the NFC Championship from their couch… I still like you Alshon!
This is not me hating on the Saints; I actually like them as an organization and team, but there just not as good as people think they are. Besides Michael Thomas and Alvin Kamara, Drew Brees, who is in decline at age 40, does not have weapons. Latavius Murray is nice, but he’s not as much of an enforcer as Mark Ingram was. I don’t think the Saints defense will be as good as last year. It’s just a sneaky suspicion.
Then, you got the Texans. After the multiple trades they executed over the weekend, they now have Deshaun Watson, Deandre Hopkins, Will Fuller, Kenny Stills, Carlos Hyde, Duke Johnson and Laremy Tunsil on the line. Yes, they gave up Clowney on defense, but they still have a monster in J.J. Watt and an underrated pass rusher in Whitney Mercilus. I’m higher on Houston than most this year, and I think they finally avoid a slow start by going into New Orleans and shocking the Saints and most of the NFL world, except for me and Texans fans.
Brandon Lewis is the Web Director for Black Squirrel Radio. Follow him on Twitter @brandonlewis_7
Tagged as Arizona Cardinals Atlanta Falcons Detroit Lions Football Houston Texans Minnesota Vikings New Orleans Saints nfl nfl picks against the spread San Francisco Niners sports Tampa Bay Bucs
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Home/Mobiles/Introducing Samsung Galaxy Note 8
Introducing Samsung Galaxy Note 8
Farah Noor Mowlee
For the past year, Samsung has been the target of hundreds of jokes regarding its exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphone. The company made an earnest apology when releasing the Galaxy S8 earlier this year but doubled down on their message of consumer safety and satisfaction before the launch of the highly anticipated Samsung Galaxy Note 8. With the past troubles behind, the Note 8 was launched with a few new tricks up its sleeves and a very premium price tag.
The Galaxy Note 8 shares its DNA with the Galaxy S8 from earlier this year. The two Samsung phones have adopted a design language where a wide aspect ratio display becomes the center of attention for passersby. Combine the thin, near invisible bezels with a curved screen and the ever so underrated S Pen and you have a recipe that Samsung fans have been starving for. The overall design has changed slightly from the Galaxy S8. The corners of the phone are more square now and the curvature of the display has been reduced in order to increase the total surface area on which the S Pen can be used. Check out Best Upcoming Flagship Mobile Phones of this year.
Another design change and perhaps one of the most notable additions to the new smartphone is the presence of dual cameras on the back of the Note 8. Both cameras are 12MP and feature Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) which is an industry first for dual cameras. One camera has a f/1.7 aperture while the second camera has a 2X telephoto lens with a f/2.4 aperture. This lens setup is similar to that of the iPhone 7 which is disappointing in a sense. Other companies like LG, Huawei and Essential have demonstrated that two camera sensors can be used in much more creative ways than to just punch into a picture by 2X. Huawei uses a monochrome sensor with an RGB sensor together in order to capture more light and detail in their photos. Additionally, the monochrome sensor can be used independently to capture stunning black and white photos. LG on the flip side added a super wide angle lens to the second camera to achieve a unique point of view that allows the capture of some extraordinary landscapes and close up shots. Most naysayers of the 2X zoom lens always argue that it is simply inadequate. If one really needs to zoom into a subject it is usually by a factor of 3,4 or higher. Like Apple, Samsung’s Galaxy Note 8 has a software feature that uses both lenses to blur out the background. Samsung has taken this one step further by allowing users to adjust the degree of blur and to also change it after a photo is taken. Adjacent to the cameras is the fingerprint scanner. This placement has proven to be problematic for most users and the added size of the Note 8 does not help either.
The internals of the Samsung Galaxy Note 8 are very similar to that of the Galaxy S8. We have a Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 processor, 64GB of built in storage and 6GB of RAM. The battery is 3,300mAh which has some critics worried as the S8+ with its larger 3,500mAh battery had less than stellar battery life. The microSD card slot makes a return and so does the 3.5mm headphone jack. The Note 8 supports wireless charging, has IP68 dust and water resistance, USB Type C, Samsung Pay and runs on Android 7.1.1 Nougat.
The Samsung Galaxy Note 8 has all the hallmark features of a 2017 flagship and so it should be on everyone’s radar. The phone will cost $1000 (expect to pay approximately BDT 90,000 when launched in Bangladesh) and will be available in blue, black, grey and gold colours. The price is very very steep when compared to the rest of the competition but Samsung is hoping to reel in customers with the beautiful 6.3-inch display, the S Pen and the best brand loyalty of any Android manufacturer.
6.3-inch Quad HD+ (2960×1440) Super AMOLED
US: Qualcomm Snapdragon 835
International: Samsung Exynos Octa core
64GB (US) / 128GB / 256GB
microSD expansion
Back: Dual 12MP cameras with OIS. Wide-angle f/1.7, telephoto f/2.4
Front: 8MP f/1.7
Other specs:
Android 7.1.1 Nougat
IP68 water and dust resistant
NFC and MST for Samsung Pay
LTE Cat. 16
Wi-Fi: 802.11a/b/g/n/ac
Latest Oppo Mobiles and their Prices in Bangladesh
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British Politics/Decision 2015/Democracy and Elections/Great Charter Convention/Previous Series
Will a constitutional convention refound the British state?
Stuart White / April 29, 2015 / 0 / 1.1k
If we are in a constitutional moment, it is time that ‘We the people’ have a right to settle what happens. A Constitutional Convention (CC) is one way to give the people this leading role. A CC is unlikely to refound the British state if it is set up to function as, in effect, an advisory council to the UK Parliament on a relatively narrow range of issues.
The UK is in what the lawyer and political philosopher Bruce Ackerman would call a ‘constitutional moment’.
There are, obviously, deep and urgent questions about the future of the Union and ‘devolution’. There are related questions about the second chamber of Parliament and the election itself is likely to raise again questions over the voting system. There are multiple questions about the role of money in UK politics. There are challenges around surveillance and liberty in the digital sphere. And, not least, there are profound underlying problems with the political economy which has been built through the existing UK state: the fragility and unevenness of economic growth, employment precarity, long-term wage stagnation and housing market inequality. Multiple problems, rooted in the structure of the state, calling for wide-ranging reform at a basic level: a constitutional moment.
If we are in a constitutional moment, then it is not appropriate to let the key questions be settled just through the processes of ‘normal’ politics. Democratic theory says that this is a time when ‘We the people’ have a right to settle what happens precisely because what is at stake is a set of very basic questions about how we are ruled. A constitutional convention (CC) is potentially one way of giving ‘We the people’ this leading role.
A CC could consist of a group of people (200? 300?) who would deliberate over a period (a year? Two years?) about these questions. Membership might include some MPs, but, following the example of the recent CC in Ireland, it might consist mostly of members of the general public, selected by lot but in a way to make the assembly broadly representative of the population. Its deliberations can be structured so that the CC receives input from citizens outside the convention. Its recommendations could be sent to a referendum or referendums.
At this general election, Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens are all calling for some kind of CC. But it is becoming clear that talk of a convention can mean different things.
A CC can be set up so that it has a primary role in settling constitutional questions. Or something called a convention can be given a secondary and subordinate role. In this second case, politicians do much of the heavy lifting concerning new political arrangements through ‘normal’ politics. The CC is then brought in to do additional lifting, within a strictly delimited area, or just to help codify a set of arrangements that in their essentials have already been decided (by politicians).
Some conventions on offer
Which kind of CC are we being offered? Do the offers correspond to what we want or need?
Let’s start with Labour. Labour’s manifesto includes an explicit call for a ‘people-led Constitutional Convention’. Its envisaged job will be to examine certain questions about reform of the UK Parliament following new devolution settlements in the nations of the UK. In particular, it is suggested that the convention will consider (a) reform of the second chamber and (b) ‘how English MPs can have a greater role in the scrutiny of legislation that only affects England’.
At the same time, Labour’s manifesto commits to a set of proposals for further ‘devolution’ in the nations of the UK, including an English Devolution Act.
Note the division of labour here: while the ‘people-led constitutional convention’ gets to discuss the implications of new devolution settlements for the UK Parliament, it does not appear to get to discuss the content of the devolution settlements themselves. In particular, it will not apparently be for any constitutional convention to deliberate the form of devolution within England. Labour has its own ideas about that.[i]
The Liberal Democrat manifesto also proposes a ‘UK Constitutional Convention’. For the Liberal Democrats, the purpose of the convention is to draw up a ‘full written constitution for the UK’. This sounds like quite a broad and open-ended task. However, the idea apparently is not that the convention is to design a UK constitution from scratch but rather to formalise a new constitutional settlement that has, in many of its essentials, already emerged: ‘Constitutional change has taken place rapidly. We now need to make sure all the new arrangements work together coherently…’
Although the Liberal Democrats also envisage the CC considering the question of English votes on English laws in the UK Parliament, the CC they propose sounds to me a lot like a tidying up exercise once the main lines of constitutional settlement have been determined.
Some of our leading constitutional experts also seem to envisage the CC having a secondary and subordinate role. Peter Hennessey, a crossbench peer, writing at ConservativeHome, argues:
‘In my view, it’s highly unlikely that an overarching written British constitution will coagulate…, however first-order and fundamental some of the questions we face. The Scottish settlement will have its statute. There is a strong possibility that Commons procedure will be adapted to facilitate some version of EVEL. There is, too, a definite likelihood of a convention after those developments are properly underway to, as it were, mop up the rest and fashion an overarching constitutional settlement that captures the multiple changes as coherently as possible.
‘For me, such a constitutional convention must approach its task with a particular state of mind about the need to enable both mutual flourishing and a capacity for the UK to think and act together as a Union, as a collectivity amongst all the devolution and decentralisation.’
In this proposal, ‘English Votes on English Laws’ is to be decided on prior to the CC (in contrast to Labour’s and the Liberal Democrat’s proposal to include consideration of it in the CC). Then the CC kicks in to fashion ‘an overarching constitutional settlement that captures the multiple changes [already decided?] as coherently as possible.’ The CC’s job is, as for the Liberal Democrats, to give coherence. Again, the assumption seems to be that a great deal has already been determined outside of the convention – including most of the ‘devolution and decentralisation’? – as the necessary background to its work.
What would a people’s convention process look like?
A CC could alternatively have a more leading role in determining a new constitution. One model is that set out by Anthony Barnett in his open letter to Ed Miliband. Without being overly prescriptive, here are some principles that can guide design of a CC which gives ‘We the people’ more of a leading role.
First, as I think Labour (and the Greens) already accept, membership of the convention – or conventions – should be drawn largely from members of the general public, chosen by lot but in a way that is designed to be broadly representative of the population. (Exactly which population? The standard assumption is that the relevant population consists of UK citizens, but David Owen argues forcefully that non-citizen residents and non-residents should also have representation in a CC.)
Second, imagine that a UK convention is given a wide remit and some power to set its own agenda (and time to develop it). If a convention is to be genuinely ‘people-led’ mustn’t its agenda be responsive to the people? Allowing the convention a wide remit, or allowing it to identify issues for itself, gives us all an opportunity to campaign to the convention to address issues we think important. It draws us all into the discussion and thereby helps to create a democratic constitutional moment.
Third, we need to ask what happens to the recommendations of a convention. The assumption implicit in the Labour and Liberal Democrat proposals, I think, is that in the first (and last?) instance they go to Parliament. Parliament decides what happens next. Alternatively, they could go straight to a referendum or referendums.
Fourth, there is a vitally important question about how a convention process works across different territorial levels. How should a UK-wide convention relate to, say, an English CC? How should an English CC relate to, say, a CC for the English North? We can imagine a convention process, in which regional and national conventions feed into a wider, UK-level convention.
On this last point, there are initiatives already underway. The Institute of Welsh Affairs, for example, has run an online convention on the future of Wales. There is emerging support for a Northern CC within England. A constitutional convention process can and should try to build on these and related initiatives and the energy they represent.
A key principle here is that devolution and decentralisation ought to be bottom-up processes with real accountability to local people. Northern devolution, for example, ought not to be settled just by negotiations between UK and city-level political elites. The citizens of the North have a right to their own say over new arrangements, a requirement that is completely missing from ‘Devomanc’ style deals which are imposed without any local referendum.
A refounding moment?
The referendum in Scotland in 2014 was a tremendous affirmation of popular sovereignty. The people of Scotland faced a hugely important question, over which they really did have the final say. The result was a nation-wide debate about what kind of country Scotland might be. This debate took in not just political questions but issues of economic organization and public policy more broadly. A CC process could offer the other nations of the UK an opportunity to have – to join in – this kind of discussion: What kind of nation/family of nations do we want to be?
But a CC is unlikely to have this effect if it is set up to function as, in effect, an advisory council to the UK Parliament on a relatively narrow range of issues. In this case, politicians will be largely posing and answering the key constitutional questions on the terms they prefer.
In a sense, the way we resolve the constitutional moment before us will itself determine the sort of constitution we get. Process is part of the outcome. An open, citizen-led CC process would in effect refound the UK as a whole on the principle of popular sovereignty. A narrower CC, more beholden to Parliament, reaffirms the sovereignty of Parliament and so retains much more continuity with the historic UK state. Bluntly – it keeps us, the people, in our historic place.
Those of us who are sympathetic to the idea of a CC need to look beyond the term itself and ask: what kind of convention do we want?
[i] “The manifesto text does say that reform of the second chamber and consideration of the role of English MPs is scrutinising English legislation are ‘part of the Constitutional Convention process’ (my emphasis), implying that there might be other issues for the convention to consider. But read in context, I assume these would be issues about reform of the UK Parliament and not about the content of, say, English devolution. My thanks to the Democratic Society for helpfully hosting the party manifestos in one place.’
This post is part of our Decision 2015 series.
Tags:ConstitutionDevolutionGeneral Election
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Stuart White is a political theorist with an interest in ideas and their application. His research analyses political ideals such as social justice, equality and liberty and considers the kind of policies and institutions that advance these ideals. He lectures at Oxford University.
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Why do you need an Early Access Code to create a sync. account?
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How the UK Banks are supporting their customers during Covid-19. →
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Kenna's Kingdom: a Ramble Through Kingly Kensington
Por Robert Weir Brown
A RAMBLE THROUGH
KINGLY KENSINGTON.
R. WEIR BROWN.
" Kenna! that gave the neighbouring town its name."-
Tickell.
DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. MARTIN'S PLACE, W.C.
fough Adds Ouddhua 8°/24.
| The greater part of the accompanying work appeared some six years ago in a local newspaper.
Since then I have been frequently urged to republish the papers in a completed form, but up to the present time, other duties and absence from England, have prevented me from doing so.
I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to “Faulkner's History of Kensington,” to Princess Marie Liectenstein’s “Holland House,” to Sir Charles Otto Trevelyan's “Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,” and above all to Leigh Hunt's « Old Court Suburb."
From the ast work I have borrowed less directly than from the others, but I feel that were it not
for the taste for the subject which the perusal of this book infused into me when I first read it some years ago, the present work would never have appeared. Indeed, no small portion of my object will have been obtained should these random jottings induce any of my readers who have not yet done so to turn to these standard authorities for them. selves.,
Kensington, W.
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Grounded Boeing jet holds back profits, growth at airlines
DALLAS (AP) — The three big United States (US) airlines that own Boeing 737 Max jets don’t expect the grounded plane back in their fleets until after the peak summer travel season, and that promises to lead to thousands more cancelled flights and higher costs well into another year.
On Thursday, American Airlines executives said they cancelled 10,000 flights in the fourth quarter because of the idled planes.
Southwest Airlines said the grounding cut its 2019 operating income by USD828 million. The airline expected to own about 75 Max jets by now — 10 per cent of its fleet — and the shortage is creating “a crisis-like challenge,” said CEO Gary Kelly.
The airlines planned to add more flights in 2020 to take advantage of strong demand for travel. Now Southwest figures to shrink by up to 2.5 per cent in the first quarter, compared to early 2019. Beyond that, the airline isn’t sure because it all depends on when the Max returns.
Max operators said they are still confident in the plane, which they bought with its promise of better fuel economy and larger size than previous versions of the venerable Boeing 737, which has a good safety record.
“We know it will fly again some day,” American Airlines CEO Doug Parker said of the Max. “When it does, we’ll be ready.”
Southwest pilots prepare for a flight at Tampa International Airport in Tampa. PHOTO: AP
The comments, which echoed those by United Airlines executives the day before, came as American and Southwest reported fourth-quarter profits.
Both American and Southwest have reached settlements with Boeing over damages they suffered from the loss of their Max jets during 2019. They will continue negotiating as the financial impact lingers long into 2020.
The Max has been grounded since last March after two crashes killed 346 people. Boeing, which is working on fixes to software and other items, said this week that it doesn’t expect federal safety regulators to clear the plane to fly until June.
Southwest executives said even after the plane is re-certified by the Federal Aviation Administration, they will need three or four more months to update operating manuals, get mothballed planes ready to fly, and train pilots in Max flight simulators.
That would push the plane’s return into the fall. Southwest, American and United have all removed the Max from their schedules into June but are certain to push back their schedules again after Boeing’s latest announcement.
Those airlines face a limit on growth and are keeping a few older planes flying instead of retiring them. Meanwhile, rival Delta Air Lines, which never bought any Max jets, continues to grow.
Analysts said demand for travel remains healthy, driving a closely watched measure of revenue per seat higher.
American reported record-high occupancy levels on its planes, which helped push earnings up 27 per cent to USD414 million. The results were slightly better than expected, with adjusted earnings of USD1.15 per share being a penny higher than a FactSet survey of 18 analysts.
Revenue rose more than three per cent to USD11.31 billion, matching the analysts’ average forecast.
The Fort Worth, Texas, airline said 2020 adjusted earnings, excluding non-repeating items, will be between USD4 and USD6 per share. That is in line with Wall Street expectations of USD5.06 per share.
Cowen analyst Helane Becker said American’s 2020 forecast was probably conservative because of uncertainty around the Max and the economy.
Southwest’s profit slipped 21 per cent to USD514 million, partly due to higher costs and lost revenue from the Max grounding.
Analysts were looking for earnings of USD1.09 per share, according to FactSet. Southwest delivered 98 cents per share, but that included a loss of 18 cents per share related to the Max. Revenue was USD5.73 billion, slightly better than analysts predicted.
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Mahrez revival provides fresh impetus for Man City
MANCHESTER, United Kingdom (AFP) – Riyad Mahrez is finally back to his best after a frustrating debut season with Manchester City and the Premier League champions are reaping the rewards as they fight to keep pace with title rivals Liverpool.
When Pep Guardiola’s side host Wolves today without the injured Kevin De Bruyne, Algeria winger Mahrez will be ready to shoulder the burden of driving City towards another priceless victory.
It is a far cry from Mahrez’s first few months at the Etihad Stadium, when his then club-record GBP60 million (USD74 million) switch from Leicester was in danger of becoming a nightmare.
Unable to recapture the form that won him the PFA player of the year award for his instrumental role in Leicester’s 2016 Premier League title triumph, Mahrez cut a miserable figure.
It did not help that the superb form of Raheem Sterling and Bernardo Silva stopped Mahrez from garnering enough playing time to recover his rhythm.
Manchester City’s Algerian midfielder Riyad Mahrez, Argentinian striker Sergio Aguero and Argentinian defender Nicolas Otamendi stretch during a team training session. PHOTO: AFP
Guardiola has since hinted that Mahrez became unhappy at his lack of action and let it affect his performances.
“He’s quality. Perhaps the only thing he has to improve is to be more relaxed when he doesn’t play. Only that. The rest is top,” Guardiola said.
Mahrez’s nadir came at Liverpool last October when he blazed a late penalty high over the bar to rob City of a win over their main challengers.
But Guardiola remained confident Mahrez would eventually turn the tide.
A defining moment came on the final day of the Premier League season when he was included in the starting line-up for the must-win clash at Brighton.
Guardiola’s faith in Mahrez was rewarded when his blistering second-half strike opened up a 3-1 lead that eased City’s nerves as they went on to lift the trophy.
Mahrez started again a week later when City thrashed Watford in the FA Cup final to complete the domestic treble and he has not looked back since.
With his morale on the mend, the 28-year-old captained Algeria to glory in the Africa Cup of Nations in July and has carried that form into this season.
When the Cup of Nations ended, City were already one game into their pre-season tour of Asia, meaning Mahrez had little respite from competitive action before the Premier League resumed.
But he was determined to stay in Guardiola’s plans and impressed his boss by refusing the option of an extended summer break.
“I didn’t have much holidays but that is what I wanted, because I wanted to be ready straight away. I am happy but I have to keep going,” Mahrez said.
While he was already a believer in Mahrez’s quality, Guardiola pinpoints the winger’s uplifting experience with Algeria as a transformative moment.
“I think the Africa Cup made him believe how good he can be. He knows it but I think it helps to win this kind of trophy for Algeria, for his country,” he said.
“It was so important for him. From the beginning he arrived with an incredible mentality, positive and the way he plays. He has something special.”
Selected for the Premier League season opener at West Ham, Mahrez has seized his chance, playing with the swagger and intelligence that were the hallmarks of his best days at Leicester.
He has appeared in 10 of City’s 11 games in all competitions, scoring three times – including a superb free-kick in last weekend’s win at Everton – and providing seven assists.
“All this season he has been playing outstandingly” Guardiola said.
“He is an exceptional player. I’m happy for him because he’s playing at an incredible level.”
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"Politics"
by Carmen Petaccio September 18, 20151:08 am September 21, 2015
How Italian Is Carly Fiorina, Exactly?
Carly Fiorina, the former Hewlett Packard CEO who now stands–among her 15 male counterparts–as the lone female in consideration for the 2016 Republican Presidential nomination, has built an ascendent political career on the pillars of business savvy, leadership, and, most important, having a last name that sounds like a type of pasta. Though Fiorina has never publicly identified herself as an Italian-American, her blatant avoidance of the subject, in conjunction with her pasta-evoking cognome, has led many prospective conservative voters to assume that she may very well be a marinara swiller, if not a full-blown mozzarella guzzler, per a recent poll conducted by The New York Times. The confusion is a twofold issue. First, an Italian-American President surely would, given the minority’s infamous temperament and capicola dependency, collapse the American political system within a week. Second, the only scenario worse than an Italian-American President would be a President who lies about being Italian-American, because what kind of insane masochist would do such a self-destructive thing? So, to address the question the Republican nominee seems so intent to ignore, the Baby Pictures of Famous Dictators political research team has conducted months of intense inquiry into the mystery that is Carly Fiorina. Please be warned: the information they uncovered is sure to shock and disgust even the most devoted of Fiorina supporters.
Because Carly Fiorina isn’t Italian at all. She is 100% LIAR.
Cara Carleton “Carly” Fiorina (nee Sneed) was born September 6th, 1954, in Austin, Texas, a city with an Italian population of zero, to parents of mainly English and German ancestry, nationalities that are literally the exact opposite of Italian. While the number of Italian-American residents in Austin has in the time since swelled to two (me and Vincent), it is likely that Carly Fiorina has few, if any, deep-seated opinions about bread. Additional documents also seem to suggest that the politician has seen neither Goodfellas nor Casino, and even if she did see them, she would probably think that Goodfellas is a better film, which it isn’t. (It isn’t.) Worst of all, like each and every of the Republican nominees, Carly Fiorina is a socially backwards opportunist whose economic and political policies would, in the improbable event they were implemented, almost fully derail the train of American progress–more than sucking as a businesswoman, she sucks as a woman, period. Her stewardship of Hewlett Packard cost over 50,000 employees their jobs, but did nothing to stop her from taking a $21 million severance upon her resignation. She is openly opposed to abortion, gay marriage, and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants. Honestly, the only reason she is still around is that her stupid viewpoints mirror those of her stupid male competitors. As a proud Italian-American, I am doubly proud not to call Carly Fiorina one of my own. Basta.
Tagged with: Carly Fiorina Death Italian? Liars Life Make America Great Again Politics Presidential Race 2016 Republican Nominees
@SidLoundy don't log rewatches 😏 1 week ago
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BIM appoints missionaries for service
The Rev. Matthew Ruesch (with back to camera), an LCMS missionary to Puerto Rico, speaks to a “FORO” group there recently. (Courtesy of Ted Krey)
By Pamela J. Nielsen
ST. LOUIS — At its Feb. 2-3 meeting, the LCMS Board for International Mission (BIM) extended calls to two career missionaries for service in the Gambia and Belize and issued seven solemn appointments to new GEO (Globally Engaged in Outreach) missionaries who will work alongside career missionaries for up to two years in Eurasia, Asia and Latin America.
The board also extended a call for a teacher to serve at Concordia International School Shanghai and endorsed a pastor for service as a chaplain in the U.S. military.
Synod President Rev. Dr. Matthew C. Harrison provided a mini state-of-the-Synod report in which he presented his chief concern — the Synodwide financial challenges and the impact they have on LCMS mission and ministry work, including missionary funding. “We have 40 missionaries coming home for fundraising [this summer],” said Harrison. “The church needs a big push to support them.”
Harrison encouraged the board as he spoke about global mission efforts and the “enormous and growing” worldwide influence of the LCMS.
“Internationally, we are doing the best mission work we’ve ever done,” Harrison told the board, “but [we are] under the cross with financial challenges.”
The recently published LCMS demographic study and report was a significant topic for the president and the board.
“Demographers have told us we’ll lose another half-million people before the church grows again in numbers,” Harrison said, emphasizing that in spite of these statistical facts, “we have to plant churches, do evangelism, engage in outreach and revitalize [congregations].” He underscored that the Synod is already doing these things with a team of ministry leaders moving forward and a growing collection of resources designed to assist the local parish and pastors.
Hands-on work
The Rev. John Fale, executive director of the Office of International Mission (OIM), spoke about the blessings and advantages in the LCMS by being involved in hands-on mission work. “Districts, congregations and mission societies want to be involved in meaningful work,” he said, explaining that these groups want to provide input for the work and often have significant funds and expertise to support that work.
“In certain mission fields, a ‘FORO’ model will allow us to do that,” said Fale, who explained a partnership model that has been increasingly successful in the Latin American region. A FORO — from the Latin “forum,” a public gathering for the exchange of ideas and open discussion — involves bringing together interested partners to provide expertise, ideas and resources coordinated through LCMS missionaries in a specific country or region. Fale noted that this involves “yielding some local control and inviting others to the table.”
The FORO model can be adapted and pursued in other regions. “It can be done and has to be done,” said Fale.
He also addressed a recurring challenge for the BIM and missionaries on the ground. He noted how districts, congregations and various mission societies sometimes engage in mission work in the very places LCMS missionaries are serving, with little-to-no mutual coordination or cooperation with the OIM. In such instances, Fale said, efforts may be unnecessarily duplicated, finances wasted and relations with LCMS partner church bodies damaged.
The board heard a report from the Rev. Craig Muehler, director of LCMS Ministry to the Armed Forces. Muehler described his work as focused on recruitment of and support for chaplains. “We provide over-watch for our chaplains with the Department of Defense,” said Muehler, describing increasingly difficult and time-consuming challenges as the military succumbs to a culturally liberal agenda that embraces same-sex marriage and transgenderism as protected classes and challenges the religious liberty of chaplains and troops they serve.
“I do this so the chaplains can do their jobs,” said Muehler. “They are glad to know that at every level their church has their back.”
Following a tutorial on the process to become a military chaplain, the board approved the name of a pastor put forth by Muehler for endorsement as a military chaplain.
Pinpointing support
The board heard a presentation from Mark Hofman, executive director for LCMS Mission Advancement, who presented a series of U.S. maps indicating the location of Synod congregations and individuals who are supporting LCMS mission-and-ministry efforts around the world. Hofman discussed what his team is learning from this data and how they aim to use it to increase Synodwide support for missionaries and mission projects.
The board spent the second day of their meeting reviewing policies.
BIM Chairman Rev. Bernie Seter reflected on the meeting.
“Our new board is getting to know one another as we wade into the vast amount of work in which the OIM is engaged,” Seter said.
Encouraging ‘ambassadors’
He pointed out how veteran board members encouraged new members to be ambassadors for the OIM in any way that they can.
“Our fourth [Synod] mission priority is that we will ‘collaborate with Synod’s members and partners to enhance mission effectiveness,’ ” said Seter, who noted that board members should be willing to visit congregations and other mission organizations within the LCMS “to relate the work of OIM and gain support for the multitude of things our church is doing on their behalf around the world.”
Those interested in learning more about the mission work of the LCMS are encouraged to check out the website lcms.org/missionaries and request copies of the OIM’s International Mission — Your Guide to Our Work in the World.
Deaconess Pamela J. Nielsen (pamela.nielsen@lcms.org) is associate executive director of LCMS Communications.
Tags Asia Board for International Mission concordia international school shanghai demographics Eurasia Latin America Matthew Harrison military chaplains Ministry to the Armed Forces mission advancement Missionaries office of international mission President
National mission board begins refining policies
Reversing the LCMS membership decline: not just by having more children
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Investigations of fine-scale phylogeography in Tigriopus californicusreveal historical patterns of population divergence
Christopher S Willett1 &
Jason T Ladner1,2
BMC Evolutionary Biology volume 9, Article number: 139 (2009) Cite this article
The intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus is a model for studying the process of genetic divergence in allopatry and for probing the nature of genetic changes that lead to reproductive isolation. Although previous studies have revealed a pattern of remarkably high levels of genetic divergence between the populations of this species at several spatial scales, it is not clear what types of historical processes are responsible. Particularly lacking are data that can yield insights into population history from the finest scales of geographic resolution.
Sequence variation in both cytochrome b (CYTB, mtDNA) and the rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP, nuclear) are examined at a fine scale within four different regions for populations of T. californicus. High levels of genetic divergence are seen for both genes at the broader scale, and genetic subdivision is apparent at nearly all scales in these populations for these two genes. Patterns of polymorphism and divergence in both CYTB and RISP suggest that selection may be leading to non-neutral evolution of these genes in several cases but a pervasive pattern of neither selection nor coadaptation is seen for these markers.
The use of sequence data at a fine-scale of resolution in this species has provided novel insights into the processes that have resulted in the accumulation of genetic divergence among populations. This divergence is likely to result from an interplay between a limited dispersal ability for this copepod and the temporal instability of copepod habitat. Both shorter-term processes such as the extinction/recolonization dynamics of copepod pools and longer-term processes such as geological uplift of coastline and sea level changes appear to have impacted the patterns of differentiation. Some patterns of sequence variation are consistent with selection acting upon the loci used in this study; however, it appears that most phylogeographic patterns are the result of history and not selection on these genes in this species.
Genetically divergent populations of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus have become an important model system for studying how populations diverge in allopatry and how this genetic divergence can lead to the accumulation of reproductive isolation between populations [1–7]. Important questions still remain to be answered in this species concerning the nature of the historical processes that have led to the dramatic levels of genetic divergence between populations. Studies of variation in DNA sequences can be a powerful tool for intra-specific phylogeography and can help reveal historical patterns of population differentiation but have not yet been applied to the finest scales of resolution in this species, the scale over which gene flow is likely to be occurring [2, 3, 5, 8, 9]. An examination of this type of data may help reveal the nature of the interplay between gene flow, geography, geological processes, and extinction that contribute to genetic divergence in this system.
Despite the apparent ephemeral nature of their habitat (high intertidal rock pools that individually dry up on a regular basis), data from T. californicus populations show convincing evidence of long-term persistence within an outcrop and limited gene flow between rocky outcrops that results in the accumulation of substantial genetic differentiation between these populations [2]. Over the range of this copepod species from southern Alaska to central Baja California, Mexico, nucleotide sequences can show high levels of genetic divergence between regions on the scale of 100 km apart or less, which in mtDNA-encoded genes can exceed twenty percent [3, 5, 10, 11]. Studies of allozyme variation [12, 13] and transplant experiments [9] reveal that between rocky outcrops, within a region, there is also little gene flow. In fact, longer-term monitoring of differences in allozyme frequencies between outcrops (some as close as 500 m apart) reveal that differences remained stable for at least 18 years, potentially more than 100 copepod generations [2]. However, over time local population extinctions are likely, due to the ephemeral nature of copepod habitat [14, 15] and long distance gene flow must occur occasionally as evidenced by the recolonization of previously glaciated regions [5]. Most of this previous work primarily utilized allozyme markers at the finest scales of geographic resolution with the result that patterns of DNA sequence variation have not yet been studied at the geographic scale necessary to yield insights into the longer-term historical processes of extinction and recolonization.
The high levels of mtDNA divergence between populations of T. californicus reflect large numbers of differences in both synonymous and non-synonymous (or amino acid changing) sites. For example in the cytochrome b gene (CYTB, 1128 bp) between two California populations (Santa Cruz, SCN and Abalone Cove, AB) there are 197 synonymous differences and 28 amino acid changes [10]. These high levels of divergence are likely to reflect both long periods of isolation between populations and high mutation rates. Willett and Burton [10] showed that mtDNA is evolving at a much more rapid rate than nuclear genes in this species, between 26 and 38-fold higher at synonymous sites. Although higher rates of mtDNA than nuclear DNA evolution are found in other taxa, especially vertebrates [16], the ratio of mtDNA to nuclear DNA rates of evolution in Tigriopus appears to be high when compared with other invertebrates and arthropods [10, 17, 18]. There is some evidence for positive selection acting upon a limited number of sites in one mtDNA gene in T. californicus, cytochrome oxidase subunit 2, COII [11], but in general the rapid accumulation of synonymous differences between these populations weakens the power of these rate-based tests of selection to detect selection on amino acid substitutions.
Despite the limited evidence to date for selection on mtDNA in T. californicus from patterns of sequence divergence there are reasons to believe that evolution of mtDNA in this species has resulted in the functional divergence of mtDNA-encoded proteins between populations. A number of experiments in T. californicus examining hybrid fitness and enzymatic rates have suggested that a portion of the genetic variation between populations leads to divergence in intergenomic coadaptation [6]. MtDNA-encoded proteins in the electron transport system are part of large, multi-subunit proteins and interact directly with many nuclear-encoded proteins so that intimate co-evolution between these proteins is likely to occur. Studies in T. californicus have shown that the interactions between mtDNA-encoded and nuclear-encoded proteins in the electron transport system have resulted in divergence in genomic coadaptation and include examples of the loss of functional coadaptation as measured by examining electron transport system enzyme and gene activities [19–22], impaired mitochondrial function [21], and lowered hybrid copepod fitness [21, 23–28]. It is not clear if this coadaptation between mtDNA-encoded and nuclear-encoded proteins of the ETS has lead to consistent selection acting upon mtDNA and if this selection on mtDNA could alter phylogeographic patterns.
In this study we will characterize nucleotide sequence variation in CYTB (a mtDNA-encoded protein of complex III of the electron transport system) to study fine-scale phylogeography in T. californicus and the potential impacts of non-neutral evolution upon its diversification among these copepod populations. In addition, variation in a nuclear-encoded protein of complex III of the electron transport system, the rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP) will be studied for use as a nuclear-encoded marker for phylogeographic inferences. A unique aspect of this study is that although there have been a number of studies in T. californicus examining fine-scale population structure (within and between adjacent outcrops) using allozymes and broader-scale studies (involving geographically distant populations) using both allozymes and mtDNA/nuclear gene sequences, there are few data available for sequence evolution and differentiation at the finer population scale. These sequence comparisons will have the added advantage of bringing a historical perspective to studies of population subdivision and molecular evolution. We will center these fine-scale studies of genetic differentiation on four different geographic regions (each of which has most likely evolved independently of the other regions for significant periods of time) to determine the extent to which patterns of divergence are repeated across regions.
Population sampling
To investigate genetic divergence in mtDNA and population history among closely spaced Tigriopus californicus populations, copepods were collected from high intertidal rock pools spaced along 3–16 km stretches of coastline centered at four rocky outcrops in California that have been used extensively in previous studies of T. californicus: San Diego (SD) on Point Loma and La Jolla Point (LJP) both in San Diego County, Abalone Cove (AB) on the Palos Verdes Peninsula in Los Angeles County, and Santa Cruz (SCN) in central California. Sampling at each of these four outcrops (and surrounding regions) was primarily done in one of two months, November 2002 and August 2004. For each sampling site, copepods were combined from several pools from within a single outcrop into a single sample and individuals were randomly selected from this sample for genetic analyses. Previous studies using transplanted individuals have indicated that pools located on the same rocky outcrop will tend to become genetically homogenized over periods as short as months [9]. Between two and ten other sites from disjunct outcrops were sampled from the vicinity of each of the four focal sites within each region (Figure 1 and Additional file 1, Table S1). In general all accessible outcrops with copepod pools immediately adjacent to the focal sites were sampled and then outcrops were sampled at increasing distances away. The sampling on Point Loma was not as extensive as for the other three regions, only two other outcrops to the south of the SD population were sampled.
Map of T. californicus sites along the coast in California. Sites sampled within the (a) Santa Cruz, (b) Palos Verdes, and (c) La Jolla and Point Loma regions are depicted. Dashed lines within each region indicate extensive portions of coastline that consist of low-lying stretches of sandy beach, which are unlikely to have had any copepod habitat in recent time. The location of each of these regions within California is depicted in (d) with the locations of the additional sites. Two other additional sites were included in this study from British Columbia, Canada but are not depicted on this map: Point Atkinson, West Vancouver (BC) and Ucluelet, Vancouver Island (VI).
Additional samples were taken from locations outside of these regions (we will call them "additional sites") to serve as potential outgroups for intra-region comparisons and to help clarify the relationships of regions to one another (Figure 1). With the combination of focal region sites and additional sites, the sampled populations in southern California (Los Angeles and south) include most of the major areas containing T. californicus for this region. Near Santa Cruz, the additional site at Pescardero (PES) was sampled for this study, a sampling that is not an exhaustive set of the T. californicus sites around central California. Several other geographically distant sites in California and British Columbia, Canada were also included in phylogenetic analyses for CYTB.
Sequencing Cytochrome b and RISP
Complete CYTB sequences were obtained from individual copepods from each of the sites (listed in Figure 1) to compare the extent of population divergence within and between sites and regions. Soon after collection, DNA from individual copepods was prepared using a simple proteinase-K cell-lysis method [23]. The complete CYTB gene was PCR amplified from these individuals using either a conserved set of primers or unique primer sets developed for the SD, AB, and SCN regions (see Additional file 2, Table S2) that amplified a product of between 1300 to 1800 bp in size depending on the primer sets used. PCR products were directly sequenced using Big-Dye Terminator and run on a capillary sequencing machine. Direct sequencing of the complete CYTB (1131 bp) was performed for 10 or more individuals from most sites (see Table 1 for numbers); generally only two individuals were sequenced for CYTB from each of the additional sites.
Table 1 Polymorphism in CYTB within focal regions for T. californicus
For a nuclear gene comparison to CYTB, the RISP gene was sequenced from copepods from a subset of the above sites. This gene includes an 883 to 1113 bp intron that provides extensive variation between individuals and sites. Primers to amplify nearly the complete coding sequence for this gene were previously developed ([10] and see Additional file 2, Table S2). PCR amplifications were done using PfuUltra Hotstart High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase from (Stratagene, Cedar Creek, TX). The resultant RISP PCR products were cloned using a zero blunt TOPO cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). For most individuals, both direct sequencing of the PCR products and sequencing of cloned sequences were done to both identify the heterozygous sites and the haplotype phases. Sequences of RISP of 1585, 1753, and 1838 bp (size differences result from variation in intron size) were obtained from Palos Verdes, La Jolla, and Santa Cruz region copepods respectively from at least 4 individuals from each site. Two haplotype sequences were constructed for each individual for RISP, in a few cases these haplotypes were identical for individuals that were homozygotes. RISP and CYTB sequences have been submitted to GenBank with the accession numbers GQ140634–GQ141051 and are also included in the additional files (see Additional files 3 and 4).
Sequence Analysis and Population Structure
Sequences were edited and aligned using Sequencher version 4.7 (Genecodes, Ann Arbor, MI). The program DNAsp version 4.1 [29] was used to examine levels of polymorphism, divergence, and compute statistical metrics of selection (e.g. Tajima's D [30], Fu and Li's D and F [31]), compute R, the recombination parameter [32], and Rm, the minimum number of recombination events [33] for the CYTB and RISP sequences. Fay and Wu's H [34] was calculated for each site using the closest available outgroup (PES for Santa Cruz, Dume for Palos Verdes, and LagBch for Point Loma and La Jolla). The significance of H was tested by running coalescent simulations in DNAsp using up to 10 000 replicates with no recombination for CYTB and several different parameter values of moderate recombination for RISP. McDonald and Kreitman tests (MK test [35]) were performed using divergence and polymorphism data from DNAsp and hand counts. The program Arlequin v3.11 [36] was used to compute analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) to partition variation between sites, regions, and individuals, and to calculate pairwise FST values between sites based on genetic divergence and their significance (using 10 000 permutation replicates) for CYTB and RISP. Isolation by distance testing was performed using the IBD web service version 3.02 with the significance assessed using a Mantel test [37]. Nested clade analysis was implemented using the program GeoDis version 2.2 [38] for the CYTB dataset using the inference key of Templeton [39]. Multilocus nested clade analysis was not attempted for the combined RISP/CYTB datasets due to extensive recombination within regions for RISP.
Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using several different methods: Haplotype networks were constructed for CYTB by hand using a parsimony method and also using statistical parsimony via the program TCS v1.18 [40]. Gene trees for the CYTB sequences were constructed under the parsimony criterion using the program PAUP* version 4.0b10 [41]. A Bayesian tree was also constructed for the same set of CYTB sequences using the program MrBayes v3.1.2 [42]. For this analysis, a GTR model with gamma-distributed rate variation and a proportion of invariant sites was run for 800 000 generations with a 200 000 generation burn-in time (sampled every 1000 generations). Alternate models from GTR were not explored with Bayesian analyses. Gene trees for RISP were done with PAUP* using a neighbor-joining analysis (NJ). A full parsimony analysis of all sequences could not be completed for RISP in a single analysis most likely due to a history of recombination between alleles within regions. Analyses for each region with subsets of sequences from all other major clades could be completed in separate analyses using parsimony and the correspondence between the relationships found in these parsimony analyses and those found in the NJ tree was then determined.
CYTB variation within and between regions
Phylogenetic analyses of CYTB sequences reveal deep splits among the four different focal regions, with considerably less variation occurring among sites within each region (Figure 2). Pairwise divergences among regions are between 19 and 22 percent (see Additional file 5, Table S3; with the exception of individuals from the Point Loma and La Jolla sites that have 10.2% average divergence and are only 8 km apart). Although the Palos Verdes region is the closest geographically to each of the CAT, Dume, and LagBch sites, it is highly diverged from each at CYTB. In contrast, comparisons of select other geographically distant sites show much lower genetic divergence-LagBch and Point Loma sites (2.3% divergence, 107 km apart), PES and Santa Cruz sites (1.0% divergence, 47 km apart), and Dume and Cat sites (3.1% divergence, 68 km apart). Within each of the four focal regions, pairwise divergences among individuals from different sites are much lower (below 1.3%), and levels of polymorphism within individual sites are relatively low as well (below 0.7%) (Table 1). An analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) shows that although most variation at CYTB is partitioned between regions, there is also significant variation between sites within regions as well (Table 2a).
Table 2 Differences between regions, sites, and individuals for CYTB and RISP in an AMOVA
Gene tree for CYTB for selected sites of T. californicus. Tree is one of 16 most parsimonious trees based on the complete nucleotide sequence of CYTB (1131 bp) for taxa representing the range of diversity found within each of the regional areas and the additional site sequences. Bootstrap numbers based upon 10 000 replicates are given above branches (only those supporting regional clades and branches showing the relationships of additional sites are shown). T. japonicus nucleotide CYTB sequences from both Korea and Japan are used to root tree (from GenBank accession numbers AY959338 and AB060648 respectively). The relationships between the regions and additional sites are the same as those obtained in a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Credibility values from this analysis are given below each branch.
There is significant genetic structure in each region evident at scales down to the site to site comparisons but also some difference in the degree of haplotype sharing across each region. The Santa Cruz region shows the greatest degree of CYTB haplotype sharing across sites with three common haplotypes (Figure 3) that are shared by at least three different sites. Individuals from geographically separated sites share haplotypes (e.g. CCR1/2 and SCN share haplotype I, and NB1/2 and LH share haplotype III), which results in no significant correlation between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance within this region (r = 0.092, p = 0.25) despite general pairwise FST values among sites higher than 0.5 (all CYTB FST values in Additional file 6, Table S4). However, there are two groups of Santa Cruz sites that do not show significant pairwise FST values for comparisons of sites within each group (significance assessed by permutation tests and significance threshold adjusted using a sequential Bonferroni procedure to adjust for multiple tests). One group is the SCN/SC3/CCR1 sites that share haplotype I (SC3 is also not significantly differentiated from the SC2 and SC5 sites), while a second group, the NB1/NB2/SCN4/BH/LH sites, share haplotype III.
CYTB haplotype network for Santa Cruz region T. californicus. Each segment represents one nucleotide difference with non-synonymous changes indicated by an *. Size of circle indicates the number of haplotypes while the colors depict the sites from which these haplotypes come. Sites are shown on the network when more than two individuals from one site have the same haplotype. The haplotypes labeled I, II, and III are shared by three or more sites. Dashed lines surrounding some haplotypes are solely for visual clarity.
The two San Diego county regions show different patterns in their CYTB haplotypes than the Santa Cruz region. The La Jolla region displays an intermediate level of haplotype sharing (Figure 4a) with one common haplotype (haplotype IV) shared by five different sites, but clear geographic clustering for three other groups of closely related haplotypes. In contrast to the Santa Cruz haplotypes where several non-synonymous differences are located on internal branches, in the La Jolla region non-synonymous differences are largely found at or near tips and not on the branches separating the four main groups of haplotypes. Although there is less haplotype sharing within this region than the Santa Cruz region, there is no signature of isolation by distance (r = -0.045, p = 0.62). Only one group of sites showed non-significant differentiation in pairwise comparisons of FST, the LJS/NAUT/LJP3/SIO sites, all of which have haplotype IV at high frequency. FST values are much higher (>0.5) for comparisons among all other sites within La Jolla. Although not sampled as extensively, the nearby Point Loma region does not show any shared haplotypes among its three sites, but there is also no discrete clustering of haplotypes by site either (Figure 4b). The FST values between these three sites on Point Loma range from 0.49–0.63.
CYTB haplotype network for La Jolla (a) and Point Loma (b) regions for T. californicus. Network is depicted as described in Figure 3. For La Jolla, the three groups of haplotypes that cluster by geography are labeled in addition to the haplotype IV that is shared by five sites. For Point Loma, haplotypes are labeled by site when more than two individuals share a haplotype from the same site. There are 23 synonymous and 1 non-synonymous substitutions in CYTB separating Point Loma and Laguna Beach (and 101 synonymous and 6 non-synonymous substitutions separating Point Loma and La Jolla). Dashed lines indicate alternative haplotype relationships found in statistical parsimony analyses.
The Palos Verdes region shows the greatest intra-region divergences for CYTB haplotypes with little haplotype sharing beyond adjacent sites (Figure 5). There are four clusters of haplotypes, which each contain adjacent sites and a fifth cluster of haplotypes that contains the geographically separated PVL/RsPt/FR2 sites (the FR2 site has individuals in two different haplotype clusters). Two of the 24 substitutions separating these five divergent haplotype clusters are non-synonymous. AMOVA for the Palos Verdes region (Table 2b) shows that a large fraction of the genetic variation was between non-adjacent groups and contributes to a strong signal of isolation by distance (r = 0.57 p < 0.0001). Two groups of adjacent sites do not show significant differentiation by FST measures, the AB/AB2/AB3, and RP1/RP2 sites. All other FST values for pairwise comparisons among sites were higher than 0.3.
CYTB haplotype network for Palos Verdes region T. californicus. Network is constructed as depicted in Figure 3. Five clusters of haplotypes that group largely by geography are labeled by sites. Dashed lines indicate alternative haplotype relationships found in statistical parsimony analyses. Haplotypes are shadowed for visual clarity.
There is no evidence for major short-term temporal shifts in haplotypes within sites from the replicate sampling of individual sites at different time points. CYTB sequences obtained from copepods collected two years apart from the SCN, AB2, and LJP sites were not appreciably different from one another within a site (results not shown). This suggestion of short-term stability mirrors the longer-term stability in haplotype frequency (18 years or more) found for many of these same outcrops using allozyme markers [12].
Nested clade analyses for CYTB
Nested clade analyses using CYTB within each of the four studied regions show patterns of differentiation that are consistent with inferences of restricted gene flow and fragmentation (Table 3). A number of clade levels appear to show the signature of past long distance colonization, fragmentation, or past contiguous range expansion (seven total) indicating the importance of historical events on current population structure. For an equal number of cases (seven), the patterns of variation are consistent with either historical separation or lowered levels of gene flow (e.g., isolation by distance or restricted gene flow).
Table 3 Nested clade analyses inferences for T. californicus sites based on CYTB.
Tests for Selection acting upon CYTB
MK tests [35] reveal a pattern of variation consistent with excess non-synonymous polymorphism for 3 of the 4 regions (Table 4). For variation in CYTB in T. californicus Tajima's D values are biased towards negative values, 22 negative (5 significant) and 6 positive (1 significant) (Table 1). Fu and Li's F and D have a similar pattern of skew towards negative values (see Additional file 7, Table S5). If the frequency spectra of replacement sites alone are examined, Tajima's D values become slightly more negative for the Palos Verdes and La Jolla regions as a whole (the same pattern was not found overall across individuals sites; see Additional file 7, Table S5). Fay and Wu's H values [34] are significantly negative for the same five sites as Tajima's D and Fay and Wu's H is also significant at the RsPt, IP, and FR1 sites (Table 1).
Table 4 McDonald/Kreitman tests of polymorphism versus divergence for CYTB.
Variation for RISP within and among Regions
We have sequenced RISP from copepods from a subset of the regions and sites that capture much of the diversity of haplotypes found for CYTB. A NJ tree constructed from the RISP sequences illustrates the general patterns of divergence (Figure 6). There is substantial divergence among regions, but absolute levels of sequence divergence between regions for RISP are not nearly as high as those seen for CYTB. For example, for synonymous site comparisons between the Palos Verdes region and Santa Cruz region uncorrected pairwise divergence is 70 percent for CYTB and 5.5 percent for RISP. For the RISP gene tree (Figure 6) within each region there is much less clustering of haplotypes for single sites or groups of sites than was seen for CYTB (Figure 2).
NJ tree of RISP haplotypes from four focal regions for T. californicus. Tree is unrooted. Branches that were also supported by consensus trees of partial parsimony analyses of these RISP haplotypes are indicated by an *. We were unable to complete a parsimony analysis for the entire dataset but could complete analyses for pruned datasets to examine relationships between regions. Secondarily, the relationships of haplotypes within each region were separately analyzed using a parsimony method and compared to the relationships obtained from the NJ analysis. Intragenic recombination and reticulation of sequences within regions could make parsimony analyses difficult by yielding numerous equally parsimonious trees.
With the exception of the Santa Cruz region there is very little haplotype sharing either within a site or between sites for RISP, but individual polymorphisms are often shared across sites within a region. Compared to CYTB, for RISP there is somewhat less genetic divergence between sites within a region as reflected by the lower percentage of variation among sites within a region in an AMOVA for RISP (Table 2c) and the limited geographic structure within regions evident in the NJ tree (Figure 6). For the two sites in the Santa Cruz region there are only 7 singleton polymorphisms segregating at RISP (and the two sites are not significantly genetically differentiated at RISP; all RISP pairwise FST values are in Additional file 8, Table S6). In contrast, for the 4 alleles obtained for the additional site to the north, PES, there is much more variation, including an allele (m9-B) that appears to be a past recombinant between PES and Santa Cruz allele-types (see Additional file 9, Table S7). In the La Jolla region, 19 of 22 non-singleton polymorphisms are shared across sites (see Additional file 10, Table S8). The FST values indicate significant but relatively low levels of differentiation between these three La Jolla sites (with LJS and LJP having the lowest FST value: 0.064 despite having an FST of 0.74 for CYTB). The Palos Verdes region sites show the least shared polymorphism with only 9 of 21 non-singletons shared across sites (see Additional file 11, Table S9). Compared to the other two regions, pairwise differentiation is highest among Palos Verdes sites as measured by FST values, which range from 0.28 and 0.36 for IP/RP1 and IP/PVL to 0.75 for RP1/AB.
Patterns of Polymorphism in RISP
All of the polymorphisms within regions for RISP are either in non-coding positions (primarily the large intron) or in synonymous sites in the coding regions (Table 5). As expected from the lack of haplotype variation, the Santa Cruz sites show the lowest levels of nucleotide polymorphism with the average πtot-sil 10-fold lower than the corresponding value from the La Jolla sites. Estimates of intragenic recombination from both the recombination parameter (R) and minimum number of recombination events (Rm) are both non-zero in the Palos Verdes and La Jolla samples indicating a history of recombination in these samples of alleles within regions. The lack of variation within the Santa Cruz region precludes an estimation of recombination rate within that region.
Table 5 Polymorphism Within Regions and Sites for RISP.
The frequency-spectra of polymorphisms for RISP in these different sites and regions of T. californicus are not as biased towards low frequency polymorphisms as seen for CYTB (Table 5). For Tajima's D there are 6 positive values and 3 negative with no significant values. The only significant values for Fu and Li's D and F are from the PVL site and are positive (1.56 D and 1.64 F, p < 0.05 for each; see Additional file 7, Table S5). Significantly negative values of Fay and Wu's H (with low levels of recombination used in coalescent simulations) are found for the BR (-5.24), LJP (-5.36), and SD (-4.53) sites (Table 4).
Signals of population structure and history at a broad scale
Although striking, the patterns of extreme genetic divergence observed among regional populations of T. californicus are not unprecedented, with high levels of mtDNA divergence found among populations in previous studies [3, 5, 10, 11]. The high levels of genetic differentiation between T. californicus populations are likely to reflect generally low levels of gene flow between outcrops and their ability to persist on outcrops despite the ephemeral nature of individual copepod pools within a single outcrop during the course of a season [14, 15]. In some cases genetic divergence is across short distances, for example there is 10 percent divergence in CYTB between the Point Loma and La Jolla regions despite the distance between these regions being equivalent to the distance between the end sites in the La Jolla region (~9 km). At a slightly larger scale, the LagBch and Palos Verdes regions are 20 percent divergent and 53 km apart. Such patterns of high divergence in mtDNA genes have also been found in a congener, T. japonicus, with up to 28 percent divergence between populations in CYTB among locations in Japan and Korea [43].
Often the presence of highly genetically divergent lineages within a nominal species is thought to reflect the presence of cryptic species. Although defining cryptic species in allopatric populations is a difficult problem, a number of factors suggest that T. californicus may be still considered a single biological species (although they could potentially be considered separate species under other species definitions): These populations are able to interbreed in the lab and produce hybrids, including advanced generation hybrid lineages [24, 44], there is no evidence for premating isolation in crosses between populations [45, 46], and little consistent morphological divergence among populations has been found in studies done to date [12, 47]. Other groups of copepods have also been found to have divergent genetic lineages that are often morphologically similar suggesting morphological stasis may be common in copepods [48–50]. In contrast to Tigriopus, in a number of other cases, genetically divergent lineages within a nominal species are sometimes found sympatrically distributed suggesting that these lineages do represent cryptic species [51–56]. Not all copepod species show these dramatic patterns of genetic differentiation between populations with some species having world-wide distributions and apparent genetic exchange between ocean basins [54, 57].
Even though many comparisons of geographically distant populations of T. californicus show high levels of divergence, not all comparisons show this pattern, suggesting that occasionally gene flow can reach over longer spatial scales in this species. For example in the current dataset, LagBch and Point Loma are 2.3 percent divergent and 98 km apart, Dume and CAT are 3.0 percent divergent and 68 km apart, and Santa Cruz and PES are 1.0 percent divergent and 47 km apart. In some cases these population comparisons are not the most geographically proximate, for example LagBch is much closer geographically to the other populations in the Palos Verdes region (34 km) rather than Point Loma populations (107 km). Edmands [5] found that from Oregon north to Alaska there was very little divergence in COI sequences among T. californicus populations and suggested that this could reflect recolonization after the last ice age. These seemingly contradictory patterns of low divergence in spite of extensive geographic separation between select populations of T. californicus within California may be indications of past long distance colonization events; thus, implying that although rare, long distance dispersal also plays a role in the evolutionary history of this species.
The degree of temporal stability of the outcrops and pools that comprise copepod habitat may play a large role in extinction/recolonization dynamics in T. californicus. Over short time scales, factors such as the number, size, and location of pools are likely to determine whether copepod habitat persists on an outcrop from year to year. At much longer timescales, sea level changes due to water storage in ice sheets during periods of glaciation will have major impacts on the distribution of available intertidal habitat. In fact, over the past 500 000 years (500 kyr) sea levels have cycled repeatedly with sea levels in interglacial periods at or slightly above current levels and 100–150 m below current sea levels at glacial maxima. During the past 100 kyr sea levels declined unevenly down to at least 100 m below the present sea level at the glacial maximum about 21 kyr [58] and then increased rapidly until about 8 kyr when they reached their present levels (with potentially slightly higher levels in the mid-Holocene [59]). The distribution of available T. californicus habitat in the past would have been rather different from the present distribution with the current pool areas only inhabitable for at most 8 kyr. Recolonization of newly available outcrops would likely involve rare long-distance dispersal events from other outcrops. It is possible that some geographically disjunct areas with low levels of CYTB sequence divergence seen in the current dataset (e.g. Laguna Beach/Point Loma and Catalina Island/Pt. Dume) could reflect the lack of available habitat in one region during the last glacial maximum followed by dispersal from other distant refugial populations once suitable habitat became available again.
In addition to the shifting availability of copepod habitat associated with sea level changes, the outcrops themselves are not stable over the longer time periods that would be required with standard mtDNA molecular clocks to produce the CYTB divergences uncovered among T. californicus populations. The uplifted headlands containing the rocky-intertidal regions in this study from Southern California do not appear to be more than one million years (1 myr) old. The Point Loma and La Jolla headlands resulted from uplift associated with the Rose Canyon fault leading to the emergence of these areas first as offshore islands less than one myr ago [60, 61]. Similarly, the Palos Verdes region was at one point submerged and uplift resulted in its emergence as an island, also less than 1 myr ago, which was eventually connected to the mainland by the emergence of the Los Angeles basin [62]. Prior to that, it appears likely that both the San Diego and Los Angeles areas were extensively estuarine in nature until roughly 2–3 myr ago [63] and may not have supported much Tigriopus habitat. Interestingly, for several other coastal marine or intertidal animal taxa the Los Angeles region is the site of intra-specific phylogeographic breaks [64]. Given the relatively young age of the current rocky headlands in southern California, it is possible that the divergence in CYTB between copepods from nearly adjacent regions such as Point Loma and La Jolla (~10 percent) or even Point Loma and Palos Verdes (~20 percent) has accumulated over a period of less than 1 myr if this divergence is not due to colonization from previously isolated source populations. With divergence times of 1 myr or less, these genetic divergences would reflect substantially elevated mutation rates for these copepod lineages (i.e. >10 percent/myr). The observation that mtDNA genes evolve much more rapidly than nuclear genes in T. californicus [10], could also support elevated absolute mtDNA rates in this taxon. However, given that long distance dispersal events seem to occur occasionally in this species, it is also possible that dispersal from genetically divergent source populations (perhaps populations now extinct) could explain the high levels of genetic divergence between these populations.
Signals of population structure and history at a fine scale
This study differs from previous datasets from T. californicus by determining the patterns of divergence in DNA sequence at a fine geographic scale (here for both a nuclear and a mtDNA gene). Although mtDNA sequence divergences in CYTB are much more modest within regions (<1.3 percent), there is significant genetic structure between the majority of sites in all four regions as revealed by FST distances and AMOVA (Table 2). The nested clade analyses support both historical separation and separation with limited gene flow between many clades within regions (Table 3); however, the reliability of individual inferences generated from nested clade analyses has been questioned [65]. We have done exploratory analyses using likelihood-based IM analyses on selected T. californicus sites under a model of isolation with gene flow using a MCMC method [66] and these analyses revealed both strong signals of limited gene flow between some sites and much higher gene flow between other sites consistent with results obtained from FST and nested clade analyses (results not shown). Taken together, the FST analyses, AMOVA, nested clade analyses, and limited IM analyses suggest significant historical separation and limited contemporary gene flow among a large fraction of these sites within each region.
An advantage of using CYTB over nuclear genes is that a mtDNA gene tree can yield insights into population history that may be lost due to recombination in nuclear gene trees. In each of the four regions the CYTB haplotype networks suggest slightly different patterns of historical isolation. The Palos Verdes region shows haplotype groupings that are largely geographically limited (Figure 5), the major exception to this is the FR2 haplotype that is closely related to the PVL haplotypes (and may be an example of fairly recent long-distance dispersal). These results suggest isolation resulting from geographic separation is dominant in shaping genetic diversity in this region and may reflect substantial isolation between these groups of sites since perhaps the last glacial maximum 21 kya or the return to present sea levels about 8 kya. The La Jolla CYTB haplotype network (Figure 4) suggests that there may have been significant historical isolation between at least three outcrop areas with only limited gene flow. For La Jolla, however, there are also several geographically separated sites (SIO, Naut, LJP3, and LJS) that show little evidence of isolation, a pattern that must reflect either on-going gene flow or recent colonization. Of the four sites, the LJS outcrop currently has the most extensive copepod habitat and could serve as a source for recolonization of the other sites after extinctions. Note that the SIO and LJS sites are not adjacent (LJP1/LJP2 sites are closer to SIO) suggesting that migration does not always occur in a stepwise fashion. For the Santa Cruz and Point Loma regions, although there is evidence for limited gene flow from FST measures, CYTB haplotypes are either shared across many sites (Santa Cruz, Figure 3) or nested amongst one another (Point Loma, Figure 4). This pattern would seem most likely to reflect limited gene flow over short time scales but more mixing over longer periods, perhaps through occasional extinction and recolonization events of single outcrops.
There are substantial differences in the patterns of sequence divergence found between CYTB and RISP, with much greater levels of divergence among sites within a region for CYTB than for RISP. This lack of divergence is not due to a lack of variation in RISP, for the La Jolla and Palos Verdes regions, both average and total levels of polymorphism across sites within a region are similar for RISP and CYTB (Tables 1 and 4). In both of these regions phylogenetically distinct clusters of haplotypes from a limited number of sites are found for CYTB, while very few differences are fixed between sites within a region for RISP. This difference between the two loci in amount of genetic differentiation suggests that the mtDNA-encoded CYTB is behaving as if it has a lower effective population size. If males and females have the same average reproductive success, then mtDNA would be expected to have roughly a fourth the effective population size of a nuclear-encoded gene given its clonal, female-limited inheritance. In some cases the differences between the two markers are extreme (for example the LJP1/LJS comparison shows almost no structure at RISP, while LJP1 haplotypes form a distinct clade for CYTB, Figures 4 and 6). Geographically-limited selective sweeps occurring anywhere on the linked mtDNA molecule are one possible explanation for a pattern of greater differentiation of mtDNA if the sweep causes polymorphic sites to become fixed within an outcrop for CYTB but does not affect RISP.
Signals of non-neutral evolution
Given the evidence outlined in the introduction for the accumulation of functional and fitness differences in mtDNA among populations of T. californicus it is instructive to look at the patterns of sequence variation to determine if signatures of non-neutral evolution can be found and if there is any evidence for coupled selection in both CYTB and RISP. For CYTB in the La Jolla and Santa Cruz regions, MK tests suggest an excess of replacement polymorphism, which could be attributable to segregating slightly deleterious mutations. The negative values for Fu and Li's D and F and Tajima's D tests indicate excess low-frequency mutations in many of the sites as well, which could indicate some combination of a recovery from a recent selective sweep, expanding populations, or slightly deleterious mutations retained at a low frequency but unable to increase in frequency. Up to 20 of 29 non-synonymous polymorphisms within the three regions are found on terminal branches suggesting recent origin and many of these (10 of the 20) are singletons, indicating low frequency. It then appears that some fraction of the non-synonymous polymorphism is likely to consist of slightly deleterious mutations that remain at low frequency and are generally quickly lost from populations. Polymorphism in mtDNA often shows an excess of slightly deleterious mutation in comparisons of polymorphism within and divergence within and between species [67]. These rare deleterious mutations are unlikely to impact inferences about population structure and historical relationships; however, they may impact the frequency spectrum of polymorphisms and produce excess low frequency variation that could otherwise suggest the hypothesis of a population expansion. Slightly deleterious mutations in mtDNA could also contribute to intergenomic coadaptation if they occasionally go to fixation (perhaps due to lowered effective population size during a population bottleneck) and then the fitness effects are subsequently compensated by changes in nuclear-encoded proteins of the electron transport system as suggested by the compensatory co-adaptation model [68].
Some of the non-synonymous polymorphisms within regions do not fit into the pattern of rare slightly deleterious mutation, for example, in the Santa Cruz region there are three non-synonymous substitutions of nine total substitutions occurring on the branches between the three most common haplotypes (Figure 2). A comparison of the divergence amongst these three haplotypes to the divergence to the Bodega Head outgroup in a variant of a MK test (6:3 vs. 149:6 synonymous: non-synonymous polymorphism vs. synonymous: non-synonymous fixed; χ2 test, p = 0.03) suggests that non-synonymous changes are in excess amongst the three Santa Cruz haplotypes. These polymorphisms are shared across sites at moderate frequencies which suggests that they are not deleterious mutations. Given the excess replacement variation seen on these internal branches compared to fixation to an outgroup, it is even possible that selection could be acting to maintain some non-synonymous variation at CYTB in this region.
Selective sweeps occurring on mtDNA can lower its apparent effective population size further and could contribute to faster fixation of unique haplotypes within species or populations. A few sites show significantly negative values for Fu and Li's F and D, Tajima's D tests, and significant Fay and Wu H tests for CYTB that could indicate recent recovery from a selective sweep and could imply that selection has periodically driven advantageous mutations to near fixation (note that these mutations do not have to be in CYTB but could occur anywhere in the mtDNA). However, there are also demographic scenarios that could generate significant values for these tests; for example, significant Fay and Wu's H test values could potentially result from low levels of migration that introduce ancestral alleles back into a population at low frequencies. More extensive sampling of nuclear genes from these populations would be required to determine if a demographic scenario that affects all genes to some degree is likely to explain some of the deviations in allele frequencies found at CYTB for this handful of sites.
The RISP protein interacts structurally with CYTB in complex III and functionally as well through its iron-sulfur redox center, which is involved in the transfer of electrons in this complex [69]. Given this close association, evolution in the CYTB protein may be accompanied by coadaptation in RISP. The amino acid sequence of RISP is very well conserved across sites and regions in this dataset, in fact, the only polymorphic or fixed amino acid differences uncovered between sites and regions were the two amino acid differences between regions found previously for the sites AB, SCN, and SD by Willett and Burton [10]. Clearly a large amount of amino acid substitution can occur in CYTB with few changes in RISP amino acid sequence. Within regions we find amino acid changes in CYTB among some high frequency haplotypes (5 total in the Palos Verdes and Santa Cruz regions) and between certain regions (there are 6 amino acid differences in CYTB between La Jolla and Point Loma) with no changes in the RISP protein. These results indicate that structural co-evolution between these two proteins is not occurring within a region or between relatively closely related regions. These results do not rule out the possibility of CYTB coadaptation with other subunits of complex III (there are eight other nuclear-encoded subunits in this complex in most eukaryotes). At a broader scale, between the AB and SD sites, patterns of genetic interactions between RISP and two other complex III-associated genes (CYC and CYC1) suggest that there has been co-evolution between these three nuclear-encoded proteins, but the results also suggested that these interactions potentially did not involve CYTB for those two sites [27].
At the nucleotide sequence level for RISP there is some evidence for non-neutral patterns in allele frequencies in particular with the Fay and Wu's H test (for the BR, LJP, and SD sites). A potential explanation for this pattern is that these sites could have undergone a selective sweep in the region near RISP in the genome but demographic effects could provide an alternate explanation. One other unusual pattern for RISP is the extremely low level of polymorphism found in the SCN site (Table 4). This is unusual for this site as RISP has the lowest levels of silent/non-coding polymorphism of the 11 genes examined to date for the SCN site [10, 70]. In an HKA test [71] of polymorphism in these 11 genes at this site compared with divergence to the AB site, the RISP polymorphism is 4-fold lower than expected and contributes to significantly heterogeneous patterns of variation at this site between these 11 genes (results not shown). This could be explained by a selective sweep having occurred near RISP in copepods from the Santa Cruz region removing variation in this gene. Overall, for both the RISP and CYTB genes the analyses of selection and deviations from neutrality indicate that although selection could occasionally impact patterns of variation at these genes in some populations, most of the phylogeographic patterns seen in this dataset are not likely to be the result of selection.
Given the dramatic patterns of genetic differentiation within and between regions for T. californicus, it is clear that gene flow between these sites is limited over short to moderate time spans. It appears likely that both the shorter-term processes of occasional extinction of all pools on single outcrops and subsequent recolonization, and the longer-term processes such as geological uplift and repeated cycles of sea level change with past episodes of glaciation have combined to shape patterns of genetic divergence in this species. If outcrop to outcrop dispersal is limited (as appears likely), the frequency with which all pools on an outcrop go extinct simultaneously on a single outcrop will determine the degree to which an outcrop can diverge from neighboring outcrops. Over longer periods of time, changes in sea levels during cycles of glaciation will radically alter the available intertidal habitat and limit the degree of divergence among outcrops within a region. Among regions the upper limit on the accumulation of genetic divergence appears to be generated by slower acting geological forces such as the uplift of coastline that has generated rocky intertidal areas in southern California over the last million years. However, even these lengths of divergence time between regions are unlikely to explain the high levels of divergence in CYTB, and it is possible that there is an unusually high rate of mtDNA substitution in this species if these divergences are not due to colonization of these regions by previously isolated source populations.
A lack of gene flow among outcrops and potentially an elevated mtDNA substitution rate will not explain all of the patterns seen in the data; extinction events followed by long distance recolonization are also likely to play a significant role. The presence of shared haplotypes among multiple outcrops (not exclusively adjacent) is consistent with long-range colonization within regions. Geographically distant populations that show low levels of genetic divergence (some of which are more divergent from more proximate regions) suggest that past long-distance dispersal events occurred between these populations. These patterns set up a bit of a conundrum for this species with evidence for some long-distance dispersal suggesting the potential for gene flow but little gene flow over significant periods of time for comparisons of many nearby sites. One possibility is that long-distance dispersal is a very rare phenomenon and makes little contribution to genetically homogenizing disparate outcrops. It may also be possible that there is a priority effect such that the occasional migrant copepod rarely survives to reproduce upon reaching an inhabited outcrop but may survive and reproduce in uninhabited or sparsely inhabited pools.
Although selection does not appear to dramatically alter phylogeographic patterns at these genes, there are some signs from the data that it could be more subtly impacting the patterns of nucleotide variation in these copepod populations. Non-neutral patterns seen in this dataset are consistent with excess slightly deleterious polymorphism within regions and potential selective sweeps for a few sites. It is possible that these slightly deleterious polymorphisms could occasionally go to fixation during population bottlenecks and then contribute to a compensatory coevolution process between mtDNA and nuclear-encoded proteins. Suggestions of selective sweeps from some sites come from frequency-based tests (Fu and Li's D and F, Tajima's D, and Fay and Wu's H), but for these tests it would be helpful to consider multiple genes to rule out potential demographic effects such as population expansion or contraction. Spatially-limited selective sweeps in mtDNA could potentially contribute to the greater divergence in CYTB than RISP between some sites. It is possible then that selection upon mtDNA could accentuate genetic divergence between select geographic sites or shift patterns of polymorphism within sites in this system, but it does not appear likely that this selection is radically altering the patterns of genetic variation within and between populations. Therefore, despite accumulating evidence of coadaptation between the nuclear- and mtDNA-encoded proteins of the electron transport system in this species, overall phylogeographic patterns in CYTB and RISP appear to be largely a product of history and not selection.
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We would like to thank M. Qureshi, N. Gindele, and M. Alexander for help with data collection. S. Edmands generously provided copepod samples from Catalina Island. Comments from several anonymous reviewers helped to improve the manuscript. Work supported by National Science Foundation grant DEB-0516139.
Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
Christopher S Willett & Jason T Ladner
Department of Biological Sciences, Current address: Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Oceanview Blvd, Pacific Grove, 93950, USA
Jason T Ladner
Christopher S Willett
Correspondence to Christopher S Willett.
CSW conceived of the study, collected samples and sequence data, performed some analyses, and drafted manuscript. JTL collected sequence data, conducted analyses, and helped draft and revise the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Table S1
Additional file 1: . Sampling locations for Tigriopus californicus in southern and central California. (PDF 76 KB)
Additional file 2: . Primers used for PCR amplifications for the CYTB and RISP genes from T. californicus. (PDF 84 KB)
sequences in Arlequin format
Additional file 3: CYTB sequences in Arlequin format. This file contains the CYTB sequences from each of the four regions and additional sites (in non-interleaved Arlequin format). (DOC 179 KB)
sequences in Nexus format
Additional file 4: RISP sequences in Nexus format. This file contains the RISP sequences in nexus file format (interleaved sequences). (DOC 400 KB)
Additional file 5: . Pairwise percent sequence divergence between selected haplotypes for CYTB. (PDF 45 KB)
Additional file 6: . FST values for CYTB from Arlequin based on pairwise comparisons of populations (pairwise sequence divergence). (PDF 31 KB)
Additional file 7: Table S5. Measures of the departures of the frequency spectra within regions and sites from neutral expectations. (PDF 57 KB)
Additional file 8: . FST values for RISP from Arlequin based on pairwise comparisons of populations (pairwise sequence divergence). (PDF 29 KB)
Additional file 9: . RISP nucleotide and indel variation found in Santa Cruz region and PES for T. californicus. (PDF 70 KB)
Additional file 10: . RISP nucleotide and indel variation found in La Jolla region for T. californicus. (PDF 77 KB)
Additional file 11: . RISP nucleotide and indel variation found in Palos Verdes region for T. californicus. (PDF 74 KB)
Willett, C.S., Ladner, J.T. Investigations of fine-scale phylogeography in Tigriopus californicusreveal historical patterns of population divergence. BMC Evol Biol 9, 139 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-139
Selective Sweep
Electron Transport System
Phylogeographic Pattern
Limited Gene Flow
CYTB Sequence
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SUVS-VANS
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McLaren 540C Coupé : 2016
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Kate recycles chic Luisa Spagnoli ensemble for London school visit
hellofashion.com
The Duchess of Cambridge looked lovely in red as she visited a primary school in North London on Monday (Feb. 6). Kate kicked off a busy week of engagements in style in the ensemble from Italian label Luisa Spagnoli, which she has previously worn on a number of occasions.
HOW KATE BREATHES NEW LIFE INTO RECYCLED OUTFITS
The two-piece suit features a pure wool jacket with black buttons and cinched waist detail and a matching red skirt. The Duchess teamed the ensemble with black court shoes and a clutch bag, styling her glossy brunette locks into her signature bouncy blow dry.
Kate wore a red Luisa Spagnoli suit.
Kate first wore the $260 (£160) skirt and $545 (£335) jacket on a visit to St Andrews in 2011, and has since stepped out in the sophisticated suit during her royal tour of New Zealand in 2014 and to attend a ceremony where she became the Honorary Air Commandant of the RAF Air Cadets in Dec. 2015.
STORY: How to get Kate's glossy, bouncy blow dry
The 35-year-old appeared in high spirits as she joined her husband Prince William at Mitchell Brook Primary School in North West London on Monday to mark the start of Children's Mental Health Week. The royal couple are meeting staff and pupils and presenting a "Kindness Cup" to the child who has "has shown exceptional kindness in their school community and beyond". Children's Mental Health Week 2017 focuses on kindness and its benefits for wellbeing. Place2Be is encouraging youngsters to "spread a little kindness" in school and at home.
The Duchess teamed the suit with black court shoes and a clutch bag.
Place2Be is one of eight charities behind the Heads Together campaign led by the Duke and Duchess and Prince Harry. It aims to change the national conversation on mental health and is the official charity of for this year's London Marathon. This evening, William and Kate will attend a Guild of Health Writers conference focusing on mental health, which is backed by Heads Together.
Queen Letizia complements designer gown with $10 earrings
The reason why Kate always carries a clutch
Kate shines in fashionably festive Vanessa Seward dress
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UFC to hold coronavirus information sessions for fighters
01 Jan UFC to hold coronavirus information sessions for fighters
Posted at 00:00h in News by 0 Comments
The UFC is holding a pair of informational sessions to address fighters’ concerns about the coronavirus pandemic.
The industry leader will hold two video chats this Friday and Monday, April 20 to detail its response to the pandemic and plans for the future, according to a copy of the e-mail sent to several athletes on the roster that was obtained by MMA Fighting. ESPN first brought word of the meetings.
Here’s the e-mail:
UFC Athletes,
We are going through an unprecedented time with the COVID-19 pandemic. We want to communicate with you first about upcoming events for the remainder of the year as well as help answer any questions you might have about training, fights, health, safety and more.
Please join UFC President, Dana White, for a WebEx meeting where he will discuss all of the relevant information. WebEx sessions will be available starting on Friday, April 17th at 2:30pm PT/5:30 pm ET and Monday, April 20th at 10:00am PT/1:00pm ET and 5pm PT/8pm ET. Athletes are asked to join (1) informational session and translators will be provided.
The notice also instructs fighters that managers and other “outside parties” are not allowed to attend the meetings.
As previously reported, the promotion plans to reboot its live event schedule on May 9 with a stacked pay-per-view event at a location that’s being kept secret. UFC President Dana White also recently told Variety that the promotion plans to promote events at its APEX Center in Las Vegas starting next month, though Nevada State Athletic Commission has yet to lift a moratorium on the regulation of combat sports.
Confusion and speculation has been widespread since the promotion postponed a quartet of events, culminating with the banner UFC 249 pay-per-view that was called off after political pressure prompted the promotion’s broadcast partner ESPN to request a postponement.
Several fighters from the postponed cards have been left in the dark about whether they will be compensated for their scratched fights and whether they’ll be rebooked for future fights. MMA Fighting has verified that at least eight fighters from the ill-fated cards – which include UFC London, UFC Columbus, UFC Portland and UFC 249 – have not received compensation and remain in the dark about the promotion’s plans, though five from the London card say they have either received or been assured they’ll soon be paid.
In several interviews, White has tried to assure fighters that they won’t be left in the lurch by the postponements and asked anyone who was struggling due to the coronavirus to reach out to him directly. Several fighters MMA Fighting spoke to said they hadn’t reached out and were unaware of anyone who had taken up the executive.
The UFC is just one of several major sporting leagues that face severe economic challenges due to the loss of revenue from live events. Recently, combat sports promotions got some good news when Florida’s governor opened the door to holding closed-door events in the state, and President Donald Trump has pushed for a plan to restart sporting events as de-facto TV shows, allowing leagues to collect right fees that could help keep them afloat during the shutdown.
The UFC’s chief competitor, Bellator, will not promote events until it can ensure the safety of staff and competitors, promotion president Scott Coker told MMA Fighting.
© 2020 Cage Gladiators. All rights reserved
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Home » Local News » Next Court Appeareance in ‘Bubba’ Esparza Murder Trial is Feb. 18
Next Court Appeareance in ‘Bubba’ Esparza Murder Trial is Feb. 18
January 13, 2021 Richard Montenegro Brown
Rosita Deborah Torres (left) and Daniel Alexander Munguia (right) were back in court Jan. 7 in their murder and conspiracy trial in the killing of Raul “Bubba” Esparza in September 2019. The next court appearance for the pair is Feb. 18. | CALEXICO CHRONICLE PHOTO ILLUSTRATION
The murder and conspiracy trial against suspects Rosita Deborah Torres and Daniel Alexander Munguia, who remain in the county jail in connection with the killing of El Centro man Raul “Bubba” Esparza more than a year ago, will next be in court on Feb. 18.
Homicide victim Raul Esparza, 30, of El Centro. | PHOTO COURTESY OF EL CENTRO POLICE DEPARTMENT
El Centro residents Torres, 45, and Munguia, 39, appeared in the Brawley annex of the Imperial County Superior on Jan.7 in front of Judge Christopher Plourd. After a series of previous delays, Plourd, with the blessing of their court-appointed defense attorneys and a county prosecutor in agreement, set the oft-delayed pretrial hearing for both for Feb. 18, a preliminary hearing for April 20, and a bail review hearing to be hold “off calendar” at a future date, Plourd said Jan. 7.
Torres and Munguia are being tried together by Imperial County Deputy District Attorney Martin Gonzalez. Torres’ attorney is Stephen Honse and Munguia’s counsel is Jason Amavisca. Both defendants are being held on $1 million bail.
Torres pleaded not guilty on Aug. 24 and Munguia pleaded not guilty on Aug. 27 on one charge each of murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the killing of Esparza on Sept. 17, 2019, in El Centro.
Torres was arrested on the charges on Aug. 20, while Munguia was already in jail from a July 30 arrest on unrelated charges.
The Imperial County District Attorney’s Office filed charges against the pair Aug. 24.
Although authorities have yet to make the outright connection, this case does appear to be somehow linked to the unsolved murder of Torres’ son, Christopher Erasmo Torres, who was shot and killed in almost the identical spot that prosecutors say Esparza was killed, yet only several weeks apart.
Rosita Torres’ 24-year-old son, Chris, was killed Aug. 4, 2019.
El Centro police have never officially connected the cases, other than to acknowledging the fact that Chris is Rosita’s child.
The suspects are alleged by the DA’s Office to have beaten and killed 30-year-old Esparza “on or about Sept. 17, (2019).”
His remains were found burned in a trash-bin fire by El Centro firefighters about 7:10 a.m. that morning behind businesses near the railroad tracks on the east side of El Centro in the 900 block of Second Street near East Hamilton Avenue.
Prosecutors allege in court documents that Torres drove to Esparza’s home, where she picked him up, took him to an apartment and then picked up co-conspirator Munguia.
Torres then “drove (a) vehicle to (the) railroad tracks,” court documents state, where Esparza was killed.
The investigation into Esparza’s death is still considered active and ongoing as the case makes its way through the courts.
Dr. George Fareed Talks Early Treatment at Re-Open Cal Now
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UC San Diego, Library, Special Collections and Archives
University Communications & Public Relations Materials: Photographs
UCSD Commencement Exercises - Earl Warren College and Graduate Division
Image / UCSD Commencement Exercises - Earl Warren College and Graduate Division
Title: UCSD Commencement Exercises - Earl Warren College and Graduate Division Date: 1976-06-13 Collection: University Communications & Public Relations Materials: Photographs Owning Institution: UC San Diego, Library, Special Collections and Archives Source: Calisphere Date of access: January 19 2021 15:21 Permalink: https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/20775/bb3857851s/
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RE: Calisphere: Request high-resolution copy of item for UCSD Commencement Exercises - Earl Warren College and Graduate Division
University of California, San Diego. University Communications
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UCSD Commencement Exercises - Earl Warren College and Graduate Division (an2_a607_27_10), University Communications. Public Relations Materials. RSS 6020. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego
University of California, San Diego--Pictorial works
University of California, San Diego--People
University of California, San Diego--History
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: UCSD Commencement Exercises - Earl Warren College and Graduate Division
: UCSD Commencement Exercises - Graduate Division
Institution: UC San Diego, Library, Special Collections and Archives
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Legally Blonde (2001)
You are Watching Legally Blonde (2001)
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Elle Woods has it all. She’s the president of her sorority, a Hawaiian Tropic girl, Miss June in her campus calendar, and, above all, a natural blonde. She dates the cutest fraternity boy on campus and wants nothing more than to be Mrs. Warner Huntington III. But, there’s just one thing stopping Warner from popping the question: Elle is too blonde.
Director: Robert Luketic, Ronit Ravich-Boss
Actors: Alanna Ubach, Ali Larter, Holland Taylor, Jennifer Coolidge, Jessica Cauffiel, Luke Wilson, Matthew Davis, Reese Witherspoon, Selma Blair, Victor Garber
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Placed in a foster home that doesn’t allow pets, 16-year-old Andi and her younger brother, Bruce, turn an abandoned hotel into a home for their dog. Soon other strays arrive,…
Genre: Comedy, Family
Happy Feet Two (2011)
Mumble the penguin has a problem: his son Erik, who is reluctant to dance, encounters The Mighty Sven, a penguin who can fly! Things get worse for Mumble when the…
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A quartet of Parisians embark upon a guided hike in Corsica and end up working through the sometimes comical chaos of their individual lives while becoming lost and contending with…
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6th January 1975, in an infant nursery in Palermo (Italy), for a mysterious reason, a male nurse exchanges the labels of baby number 7 and 8. Thirty-one years later Tommaso…
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When world-famous air racer Dusty learns that his engine is damaged and he may never race again, he must shift gears and is launched into the world of aerial firefighting….
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A foster boy is befriended by a lost dog who turns out to belong to the President of the United States. The boy decides to run away from the foster…
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An aimless man is sent to prison for a crime he did not commit.
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United Methodists among the dead in Nigeria attack
11.Feb.2018 . 1 min read
By the Rev. Ande I. Emmanuel
Feb. 1, 2018 | LAU, Nigeria (UMNS)
A recent attack by herdsmen in Lau has left more than 55 people dead, including 38 United Methodists, according to the Rev. Irmiya Bako, superintendent of the Yugorobi District, where the incident took place.
Bako described January as the saddest month in Taraba State, adding that six villages were consistently under siege by the suspected Fulani herdsmen.
“This sad event has left over 55 people dead and, at the point of talking to you now, 44 people are still missing from these villages. Corpses of people, the majority of whom are women and children, plus defenseless senior citizens, were littered everywhere. They are decomposing (so) we don’t have a choice (other) than to bury them in a mass grave,” Bako said.
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Lego marketing mix
In December it was announced that the Rugeley Cab Systems plant would move to a new facility in Uttoxeter which would allow the in-sourcing of cab assembly currently contracted to third parties. During their three-day retreat they attended an award ceremony and enjoyed fine dining as well as relaxation time on the breathtaking beaches of the Coconut Coast.
We get a good balance between boys and girls in attendance. I also encourage them to check out a book on the evenings theme; we always have a table of such books available by the program room Lego marketing mix.
It was the time to stabilize it and build a platform from which it could grow in a phased, deliberate manner: The story is also discussed. My advice if you do decide to accept used Legos: At the time of its launch, one reviewer described the sets as "A good combination of assembly and action figure".
Arriving at the global headquarters in Billund, Denmark, I found a business unit struggling to gain support internally and traction in the market. For instance, by way of explaining how a character became a villain, there's a visual joke about his "unstable foundations.
Acquire was not only joined by their local office team, but also some of their clientele representatives and business partners from across the country. In the later episode "The Good Wound", Henry again plays with the sets, and asks himself "why [didn't] God didn't use ball-and-socket joints when he created humans.
Unit 2 aims to provide learners with the skills and knowledge required to develop a successful marketing campaign. Continue reading Show less Is it any good. For more information about Triangle Family Services and ways you can donate or volunteer year round, visit their website at www.
Legends of Metru NuiBionicle 3: One thing I enjoyed most was being able to engage with those who are doing well in this industry and finding out what made them successful on a much more one-on-one basis.
Now, Makuta uses his influence over the Rahi the island's fauna to keep the Matoran in fear.
He rented a lock-up garage 3. JCB's first welding set The first vehicle JCB made a farm trailer Insix people were working for the company, and it made the first hydraulic tipping trailer in Europe. To help make the night even more memorable for the guests, Schuch included a photo booth to the party.
Acquire is not only known for their fast paced, energetic environment, but also for the many growth opportunities they provide their employees. In order to do this Unit 2 explores the principles and purposes of marketing marketing aims and Lego marketing mix market segmentation branding, USP, budgets and specialist staff In this article we provide guidance on how to fulfil each of the criteria for Unit 2.
The problem was 3-fold: Clangers — in the episode "Small's New Star", a couple of Bionicle set parts are present among the junk in the Iron Chicken's nest. Lego was made popular not just through the conventional media but also through unique marketing strategies.
There is plenty of room for kids to move around to search other builders' buckets for a specific piece they need, and there is also space for both collaboration and individual focus.
Posted in Products, Total Reads: We, along with the Raleigh Acquire group look forward to watching Ben grow his office and provide his own employees the same opportunity he was given.
These industries, while similar, are in diverse areas. In July the company opened a dedicated logistics hub in Newcastle-Under-Lyme. It forayed into movies where an entire movie consists of moving characters made of Lego bricks.
Thus, making Raleigh a melting pot of diverse cultures. He sees one burst open, but quickly escapes before he can learn more. Don't worry about buying a "correct" proportion of the new pink Legos "for girls.
Dust gets into all of those little crevices. Attendees were expected to arrive in Dallas with an intention to learn -- ready to grow. It is important to recognise that demand may not just lead to an increase in sales or profits but it may also lead to an increase in brand awareness and recognition.
It was witnessed firsthand during this interview. Inside, they find ancient battle vehicles and use them in a final battle against the Makuta. We’ve seen some pretty creative guerrilla job resume examples here at Creative Guerrilla Marketing, but we definitely wanted to continue the theme.
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Last edited by Morg
3 edition of conduct to be observed by dissenters found in the catalog.
conduct to be observed by dissenters
by Joseph Priestley
Published 1789 by Printed by Thomas Pearson, sold by J. Johnson in Birmingham, (Eng.) .
Crook TR/39.
Statement in order to procure the repeal of the Corporation and Text Acts : recommended in a sermon, preached before the congregations of the Old and New Meetings, at Birmingham, November 5, 1789 : printed at the request of the Committee of the seven congregations of the three denominations of Protestant dissenters, in Birmingham / by Joseph Priestley.
Pagination 16 p. ;
FOX'S BOOK OF MARTYRS CHAPTER XVIII he entirely forsook the national Church, in whose tenets he had been brought up, as before observed; and in , he travelled into Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, without any set purpose of visiting particular places, but in a solitary manner he walked through several towns and villages, which way soever. Letter to William Elliot, dated 26 May , comes from the first impression of the first edition of Two Letters on the Conduct of Our Domestick Parties, With Regard to French Politicks, published on 31 October The text of A Letter to a Noble Lord, first published on 24 February , comes from the thirteenth impression.
The case arose when a police officer observed three individuals engaging in conduct which appeared to him, on the basis of training and experience, to be the ''casing'' of a store for a likely armed robbery; upon approaching the men, identifying himself, and not receiving prompt identification, the officer seized one of the men, patted the. The High Court recently split on the test for statutory unconscionability, as well as deeper questions about whether vulnerable consumers can (or should be allowed to) consent to exploitative arrangements and how mainstream Australian culture interacts with indigenous cultures and norms.
Introduction. An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense (), jointly with Francis Hutcheson’s earlier work Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (),1 presents one of the most original and wide-ranging moral philosophies of the eighteenth century. These two works, each comprising two semiautonomous. Daniel Defoe. AKA Daniel Foe. Robinson Crusoe. Birthplace: London, England Location of death: London, England Cause of death: unspecified Remains: Buried, Bunhill. English author, born in the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate, London, in the latter part of or early in , of a nonconformist family. His grandfather, Daniel Foe Died:
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Conduct to be observed by dissenters by Joseph Priestley Download PDF EPUB FB2
Get this from a library. The conduct to be observed by Dissenters in order to procure the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts.: Recommended in a sermon, preached before the congregations of the old and new meetings, at Birmingham, November 5, Printed at the Request of the Committee of the seven Congregations of the three Denominations of Protestant Dissenters, in Birmingham.
The conduct to be observed by Dissenters in order to procure the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts: Recommended in a sermon, preached before the congregations of the old and new meetings, at Birmingham, November 5, When the Revolution enabled the Dissenters to erect places of worship, and to hold their assemblies in public, the persons who attended them were more easily observed and known.
It is possible that a greater number were admitted to civic honours and public offices, by which the jealousy was : David Bogue. History of dissenters, from the Revolution into the yearVolume 1 David Bogue, James Bennett Printed for the authors and sold by Williams and Smith, - Dissenters - pages.
The Conduct to be Observed by Dissenters, in Order to Procure the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, recommended in a Sermon [on 1 Cor. ], preached before the Congregations of the Old and New Meetings, at Birmingham, November 5, Birmingham: Printed by J.
Thompson; sold by J. Johnson, London, Besides George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Charles's closest political advisor was William Laud, the Bishop of St David's, whom Charles translated to the better position of Bishop of Bath and Wells in Under Laud's influence, Charles shifted the royal ecclesiastical policy markedly.
Conflict between Charles I and Puritans, – Inshortly before the opening of the new. The Hell's Angels, riding two abreast in each lane, seemed out of place in little towns like Coyote and Gilroy. People ran out of taverns and dry-goods stores to stare at these fabled big-city Huns.
Liberalism, in its 19th century sense, is a political doctrine. It is not a theory, but an application of the theories developed by praxeology [p. ] and especially by economics to definite problems of human action within a political doctrine liberalism is not neutral with regard to values and the ultimate ends sought by action.
For instance, insect societies are observed showing perfectly well-organized groups of individuals engaged in peaceful cooperation and helping each other. “Extreme cooperation” is observed among ants, termites, bees and wasps create cooperative colonies with a single reproductive female supported by thousands of non-breeding workers.
divine conduct: or, the. mystery of providence, opened in a treatise upon psalm the whole. works. of the. rev. john flavel, late minister of the gospel. Presidents of War: The Epic Story, from to Modern Times is a meticulously researched book that author Michael Beschloss has spent the last ten years in preparing it for publication by reviewing correspondence, diaries and declassified documents, which is quite apparent in the historical sweep and scope of the book/5().
The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine, Issues barley Boyd Bremenium cafe called cause certainly character Christ Christian Church of England church of Scotland circulation clergy conduct consequence consider Critical declared discourse Dissenters divine doctrines doubt duty Editor effect English equal established evil faith fame favour.
A Modern Dissenter's Theology of Sexuality: Moral Theologian Richard C. Sparks, C.S.P. This article is about the contribution Fr. Richard Sparks has made to the disastrous effects of a secularized. The dissenters observed: “Regarding the application of constitutional due process principles to the operation of statutes that create an imposition upon individuals convicted of a certain class of offenses that does not exist for the general population, I find the defendant in Lambert and the current defendant to be similarly situated.
Annotations. Search Incident to Arrest.—The common-law rule permitting searches of the person of an arrestee as an incident to the arrest has occasioned little controversy in the Court. The Court has even upheld a search incident to an illegal (albeit not unconstitutional) arrest.
The dispute has centered around the scope of the search. Because it was the stated general rule that the. The Bible teaches the correct way to deal with sin in the fact, Paul gives us a succinct picture of church discipline in 2 Thessalonians "Take note of those who refuse to obey what we say in this letter.
Stay away from them so they will be ashamed. Don't think of them as enemies, but warn them as you would a brother or sister.". "Second-For unchristian-like conduct in neglecting to attend meetings, in uniting with and possessing the same spirit as the dissenters.
"Third-In writing letters to the dissenters in Kirtland unfavorable to the cause, and to the character of Joseph Smith, Jun.
excerpts from the book Points of Rebellion by William O. Douglas (former Supreme Court Justice) Random House, How Americans view dissent p3 The continuing episodes of protest and dissent in the United States have their basis in the First Amendment to the Constitution, a great safety valve that is lacking in most other nations of the world.
David McCullough has twice received the Pulitzer Prize, for Truman and John Adams, and twice received the National Book Award, for The Path Between the Seas and Mornings on other acclaimed books include The Johnstown Flood, The Great Bridge, Brave Companions,The Greater Journey, The American Spirit, and The Wright is the /5().
Puritan life consisted largely of farming. Both the men and women contributed to this way of life by planting and weeding from day to day. Even though the majority of men were ministers, their professional trade also consisted of a variety of other tasks.
The women wove cloth, made candles and soap, tended the garden, worked in the fields and. The A.P.A. adopted the Goldwater rule in ; Dr. Alan Stone, my colleague at Harvard Law School, was at the time the only member of the A.P.A.’s Author: Jeannie Suk Gersen.Paused You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition.
Something went wrong. Please try your request again later. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. Learn about Author Central. Discover delightful children's books with Prime Book Box, a subscription that delivers new books every 1, 2, or 3 months — new customers Cited by: Read an Excerpt.
Roll em, boys California, Labor Day weekend early, with ocean fog still in the streets, outlaw motorcyclists wearing chains, shades and greasy Levis roll out from damp garages, all-night diners and cast-off one-night pads in Frisco, Hollywood, Berdoo and East Oakland, heading for the Monterey peninsula, north of Big Sur/5(66).
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Entertaining at Highbury
During the Chamberlain period Highbury was the setting for much entertaining of family, friends and political associates. The house’s design lent itself to large events such as receptions known as ‘At Homes’ which might be attended by five hundred guests, and for small dinners for ten, or larger ones for up to thirty people. When Joseph Chamberlain built Highbury he was a widower and Beatrice, his eldest daughter, acted as his hostess. After his marriage to Mary Endicott in 1888 she took over the main responsibility for organising social events at Highbury, and increased the range of activities. Much took place at the weekend as Joseph and Mary were in London when Parliament was in session, returning to Highbury once a month and for a longer time at Easter and in the summer.
The dinner parties given at Highbury were ‘gentlemen’s dinners’ and ‘mixed diners’. At the gentlemen’s dinners Mary would act as the hostess but left the men to their discussions in the dining room or Chamberlain’s study. At the ‘mixed dinners’ the wives would accompany Mary to the drawing room when the dinner ended, leaving the men to their cigars and port. They later joined the ladies for coffee. An annual event was the dinner given on New Year’s Day for members of the extended Chamberlain family. Generally Mary Chamberlain preferred a larger number of guests as ‘it was more of an occasion’ and the ladies might be less shy.
Mary also met the ladies of their social circle when she received and paid afternoon calls. These would occur after a social event in order to thank the hostess or after a period of absence. If the lady was out a card could be left but if the lady was at home tea would be served. A lady paying calls could be accompanied by her daughter once that daughter had ‘come out’ and took a full part in the social season, normally at eighteen when her education was complete. ‘Coming out’ could be marked by a private dance, or, by being presented at Court for those in the highest political and social circles. Mary Chamberlain herself was presented in 1889 by the Duchess of Bedford and Mary subsequently presented Ida, Hilda and Ethel.
Dances were a particular part of the social scene, and Mary described to her mother how suitable Highbury was. ‘This is a charming house for a dance for the hall is just the place for it, and is so large a great many people can be disposed of…’ A dance might also be given as part of a house-party such as in October 1892. The guests, mainly friends of Beatrice and Austen, arrived on Friday and a dance was held for 200 people that evening. On Saturday the guests were taken round the grounds of Highbury and lunched with the William Kenricks at the Grove. In the evening a small dance was held for the house-party. On Sunday they toured Cannon Hill Park and in the afternoon were taken by Joseph Chamberlain on a tour of the Conservatory and the hothouses. House-parties for London friends were also organised in conjunction with the Triennial Music Festival. At other house-parties guests might play croquet or tennis or excursion might be made on bicycles exploring the Worcestershire countryside or there would be riding in the lanes around Highbury.
The largest indoor entertaining was an ‘At Home’. One given in November 1889 was attended by over five hundred guests, as Mary reported ‘all Birmingham flocked to Highbury. I heard of an unbroken stream of carriages from our door to the bottom of Cannon Hill Park.’
Annual garden parties for Joseph Chamberlain’s West Birmingham constituents and the West Birmingham Liberal Union in the grounds of Highbury were attended by several thousand people. The last party for constituents took place in June 1914, a month before Joseph Chamberlain died. Large numbers also had access to the grounds when the Moseley Flower show or the Moseley and King’s Heath Horse Show were held at Highbury.
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DEV.to
First hands on the new Twitter API ↦
logged by frenchcooc 2020-08-28T14:49:00Z #api
Twitter has officially released its new API, aka version 2. Introduced with an astonishing video and proudly promoted as a rebuild “from the ground up to better support developers”, including business, academic researchers, students, and makers.
I was really excited to see the new opportunities that it brings. While still in an early access phase, I must say that I’m a bit disappointed so far…
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Classy And Chic
Home Others New York City Clubs Ultimate Guide Revealed!
New York City Clubs Ultimate Guide Revealed!
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In lieu of his son, Abraham offered a goat being a burnt which provide. When David became king of Israel, he made Jerusalem the capital city city of his kingdom. King Solomon built the temple the actual period 960-950 B.C. It had been destroyed with Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar in 516 B.C. The Jews were taken as captives to Babylon.
Several gardens are discovered in Princess Street and have a quaint location that sits amidst snappy centre. Your garden also is honored of having some of your most breathtaking views within the famous Edinburgh castle.
This region is one of the most prolific centers of upper education and research your past European Association. There are four universities as well as private, professional, and technical colleges. โปรเว็บพนันยูฟ่า You’ll find a total of 878 schools in Germany. The city has a six year primary education regime. After completion of the program students progress to among the many four different secondary schools for six more years: Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium, or Gesamtschule. Berlin has an unusual bilingual school program; students are although the curriculum in German and then a foreign language, starting in grammar school and in secondary classes. There are 9 major European languages in 29 schools that can be chosen.
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Have you heard? Party Princess Productions is now Characters.io! Visit us here.
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Party Princess Productions is an independent company and is not associated with, affiliated with, or licensed by Walt Disney Company, Warner Brothers, DC Comics, Lucas Arts, Marvel, Saban, Mattel, or SCG Power Rangers LLC. Some of these characters are trademarks of their respective companies.
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“An Admirable Portrait” of Frederick Douglass
February 3, 2018 • Civil War and Reconstruction 1850-1877, Civil War, Slavery and Abolition
Portrait detail of Frederick Douglass. Photograph by Stephen H. Waite, 1864. Taken in Hartford during an 1864 lecture tour - Connecticut Historical Society
By Nancy Finlay for Your Pubic Media
The Great Abolitionist is Photographed in Hartford
“S. H. Waite, No. 271 Main Street, has taken an admirable photograph of Frederick Douglass, which may be seen in the store window of Geer & Pond’s, where copies (carte de visites) can be purchased.”
Hon. Frederic Douglass… Lecture in Allyn Hall. Broadside, 1883. Poster for a lecture Douglass gave in Hartford in 1883 – Connecticut Historical Society
This advertisement for a new photograph of the African American orator and abolitionist Frederick Douglass, taken by local photographer Stephen H. Waite, appeared in the Hartford Daily Courant on April 16, 1864. Cartes-de-visite (small photographs about the size of a visiting card) depicting famous people were avidly collected during the 1860s, and the fact that Douglass’s portrait received special mention in the Courant is some measure of Douglass’s popularity in Hartford.
The same evening Waite’s portrait was advertised for sale, Douglass delivered a speech on “The National Crisis” at Hartford’s Allyn Hall in which he discussed the rights of African Americans, especially African American soldiers, who were being paid less than their white counterparts for their Civil War service. Douglass had been active in recruiting young men to serve in the so-called “colored” regiments, including Connecticut’s 29th Regiment Colored Volunteers. In January 1864, Douglass had addressed the men of the 29th encamped in New Haven, waiting to be mustered in. Congress finally granted equal pay to African American troops in June 1864 and made the pay increase retroactive.
Nancy Finlay, formerly Curator of Graphics at the Connecticut Historical Society, is the editor of Picturing Victorian America: Prints by the Kellogg Brothers of Hartford, Connecticut, 1830-1880.
© Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network and Connecticut Historical Society. All rights reserved. This article originally appeared on Your Public Media
Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time, Including His Connection with the Anti-Slavery Movement. Hartford, CT: Park Publishing Company, 1882. Link.
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave. Boston, MA: The Anti-Slavery Office, 1845. Link.
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Yemi Alade Biography, Music and Net Worth
admin | August 11, 2020 | Find It | No Comments
Biography of Yemi Alade, Age and Net Worth
Yemi Eberechi Alade
31 years (2020); 13 March, 1989
Musician, Producer
Yemi Eberechi Alade, Yemi Alade is a Nigerian Afropop singer and songwriter. The King of Queens or Mama Africa as she is also known as is considered to be one of the most successful and popular Nigerian female musician having over 11 million followers on her Instagram account. Want to know some facts about her, read along. She was born on March 13, 1989 in Abia State, Nigeria although she is from Ondo state.
Nomination/Award
Yemi Alade Net Worth
Yemi Alade attended Saviour British Primary School for her primary school and then went on to attend Victory Grammar School in Lagos. She also obtained a bachelor’s degree in Geography from the University of Lagos.
Yemi Alade started singing at a very young age of about 10 when she joined her church’s choir. While in the university, she joined a singing girls group called Noty Spices. She however rose to fame when she won Peak Talent Show in 2009. After that she ventured full time into the entertainment industry.
She released her first single, Fimisile under the Jus’ Kiddin Label and in 2012, was signed into the Effyzzie Music Group. She got her major hit after she released the single, Johnny produced by Selebobo. She has released about four albums:
King of Queens (2014)
Mama Africa (2016)
Black Magic (2017) and
Woman of Steel (2019).
Some of her singles include:
Ghen Ghen Love
Taking Over Me
Duro Timi
Na Gode
Kom Kom
TumBum
Knack Am
Single and
Searching etc
Over the years, she has worked with several producers including Shady, Bizniz, Beat Nation, Selebobo, Young D, Philkeys, GospelOnDeBeatz, DIL, Mr Chidoo, Fliptyce, OJB Jezreel, El Mcee etc.
In September 2019 she signed an endorsement deal with Universal Music Africa (UMA) and UMG France that allows UMA to be the exclusive world wide record partner for Yemi Alade of her releases under the label. She is also the brand ambassador to brands like Closeup Toothpaste and The Online Jewelry Store.
Yemi Alade is also a philanthropist. One of her notable philanthropic activity is the money gotten from Mama Africa album which she announced to be given to Feed a Child Charity Initiative.
YEM Awards nominated her as the Most Promising Female Artiste in 2013
MOBO Awards nominated her as the Best African Act in 2014
City People Entertainment Awards nominated her as the Female Musician of the Year in 2014
Nigeria Entertainment Awards nominated her as the female artist of the year in 2014
BET Awards nominated her as the Best International Act: Africa in 2015
she won MTV Africa Best Female Award in 2015 & 2016
WatsUp TV nominated “Want You” as African Video of the Year, Best African Female Video, Best African Pop Video and Best African Dance Video in 2016
WatsUp TV nominated “Ferrari” as Best African Traditional Video – 2016
Won Best Performer at the 2019 Headies Awards.
The popular, talented and success female musician, Yemi Alade is estimated to worth about $3 million.
Tags:biography, my sicians, Yemi Alade, Yemi Alade Biography, Yemi Alade Musics, Yemi Alade Net worth, Yemi Alade Profile
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Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers
T. B. Hasson, D. A. Ornelles, T. Shenk
Princeton Entrepreneurship Council
Analysis of a temperature-sensitive mutant, Ad5ts369, had indicated that the adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kDa proteins (52/55-kDa proteins) are required for the assembly of infectious virions. By using monoclonal antibodies directed against bacterially produced L1 52-kDa protein, the L1 52/55-kDa proteins were found to be differentially phosphorylated forms of a single 48- kDa polypeptide. Both phosphoforms were shown to be present within all suspected virus assembly intermediates (empty capsids, 50 to 100 molecules; young virions, 1 to 2 molecules) but not within mature virions. The mobilities of these proteins in polyacrylamide gels were affected by reducing agents, indicating that the 52/55-kDa proteins may exist as homodimers within the cell and within assembling particles. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the 52/55-kDa proteins localize to regions within the infected nucleus that are distinct from viral DNA replication centers, indicating that replication and assembly of viral components likely occur in separate nuclear compartments. Immunoelectron microscopic studies determined that the 52/55- kDa proteins are found in close association with structures that appear to contain assembling virions. These results are consistent with an active but transient role for the L1 products in assembly of the adenovirus particle, perhaps as scaffolding proteins.
https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.66.10.6133-6142.1992
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Adenoviridae Agriculture & Biology
virion Agriculture & Biology
Virion Medicine & Life Sciences
proteins Agriculture & Biology
polypeptide 48 Medicine & Life Sciences
virus assembly Agriculture & Biology
scaffolding proteins Agriculture & Biology
Hasson, T. B., Ornelles, D. A., & Shenk, T. (1992). Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers. Journal of virology, 66(10), 6133-6142. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.66.10.6133-6142.1992
Hasson, T. B. ; Ornelles, D. A. ; Shenk, T. / Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers. In: Journal of virology. 1992 ; Vol. 66, No. 10. pp. 6133-6142.
@article{e0061155f3674b0f8912da8956bbe361,
title = "Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers",
abstract = "Analysis of a temperature-sensitive mutant, Ad5ts369, had indicated that the adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kDa proteins (52/55-kDa proteins) are required for the assembly of infectious virions. By using monoclonal antibodies directed against bacterially produced L1 52-kDa protein, the L1 52/55-kDa proteins were found to be differentially phosphorylated forms of a single 48- kDa polypeptide. Both phosphoforms were shown to be present within all suspected virus assembly intermediates (empty capsids, 50 to 100 molecules; young virions, 1 to 2 molecules) but not within mature virions. The mobilities of these proteins in polyacrylamide gels were affected by reducing agents, indicating that the 52/55-kDa proteins may exist as homodimers within the cell and within assembling particles. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the 52/55-kDa proteins localize to regions within the infected nucleus that are distinct from viral DNA replication centers, indicating that replication and assembly of viral components likely occur in separate nuclear compartments. Immunoelectron microscopic studies determined that the 52/55- kDa proteins are found in close association with structures that appear to contain assembling virions. These results are consistent with an active but transient role for the L1 products in assembly of the adenovirus particle, perhaps as scaffolding proteins.",
author = "Hasson, {T. B.} and Ornelles, {D. A.} and T. Shenk",
doi = "10.1128/jvi.66.10.6133-6142.1992",
Hasson, TB, Ornelles, DA & Shenk, T 1992, 'Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers', Journal of virology, vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 6133-6142. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.66.10.6133-6142.1992
Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers. / Hasson, T. B.; Ornelles, D. A.; Shenk, T.
In: Journal of virology, Vol. 66, No. 10, 1992, p. 6133-6142.
T1 - Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers
AU - Hasson, T. B.
AU - Ornelles, D. A.
AU - Shenk, T.
N2 - Analysis of a temperature-sensitive mutant, Ad5ts369, had indicated that the adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kDa proteins (52/55-kDa proteins) are required for the assembly of infectious virions. By using monoclonal antibodies directed against bacterially produced L1 52-kDa protein, the L1 52/55-kDa proteins were found to be differentially phosphorylated forms of a single 48- kDa polypeptide. Both phosphoforms were shown to be present within all suspected virus assembly intermediates (empty capsids, 50 to 100 molecules; young virions, 1 to 2 molecules) but not within mature virions. The mobilities of these proteins in polyacrylamide gels were affected by reducing agents, indicating that the 52/55-kDa proteins may exist as homodimers within the cell and within assembling particles. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the 52/55-kDa proteins localize to regions within the infected nucleus that are distinct from viral DNA replication centers, indicating that replication and assembly of viral components likely occur in separate nuclear compartments. Immunoelectron microscopic studies determined that the 52/55- kDa proteins are found in close association with structures that appear to contain assembling virions. These results are consistent with an active but transient role for the L1 products in assembly of the adenovirus particle, perhaps as scaffolding proteins.
AB - Analysis of a temperature-sensitive mutant, Ad5ts369, had indicated that the adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kDa proteins (52/55-kDa proteins) are required for the assembly of infectious virions. By using monoclonal antibodies directed against bacterially produced L1 52-kDa protein, the L1 52/55-kDa proteins were found to be differentially phosphorylated forms of a single 48- kDa polypeptide. Both phosphoforms were shown to be present within all suspected virus assembly intermediates (empty capsids, 50 to 100 molecules; young virions, 1 to 2 molecules) but not within mature virions. The mobilities of these proteins in polyacrylamide gels were affected by reducing agents, indicating that the 52/55-kDa proteins may exist as homodimers within the cell and within assembling particles. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the 52/55-kDa proteins localize to regions within the infected nucleus that are distinct from viral DNA replication centers, indicating that replication and assembly of viral components likely occur in separate nuclear compartments. Immunoelectron microscopic studies determined that the 52/55- kDa proteins are found in close association with structures that appear to contain assembling virions. These results are consistent with an active but transient role for the L1 products in assembly of the adenovirus particle, perhaps as scaffolding proteins.
U2 - 10.1128/jvi.66.10.6133-6142.1992
DO - 10.1128/jvi.66.10.6133-6142.1992
Hasson TB, Ornelles DA, Shenk T. Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are present within assembling virions and colocalize with nuclear structures distinct from replication centers. Journal of virology. 1992;66(10):6133-6142. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.66.10.6133-6142.1992
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Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation
E. Weinan
Consider a Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian of the form H (cursive Greek chi, t, p) where H is convex in p and periodic in cursive Greek chi, and t and cursive Greek chi ∈ double-struck R sign1. It is well-known that its smooth invariant curves correspond to smooth Z2-periodic solutions of the PDE ut + H (cursive Greek chi, t, u)cursive Greek chi =0. In this paper, we establish a connection between the Aubry-Mather theory of invariant sets of the Hamiltonian system and Z2-periodic weak solutions of this PDE by realizing the Aubry-Mather sets as closed subsets of the graphs of these weak solutions. We show that the complement of the Aubry-Mather set on the graph can be viewed as a subset of the generalized unstable manifold of the Aubry-Mather set, defined in (2.24). The graph itself is a backward-invariant set of the Hamiltonian system. The basic idea is to embed the globally minimizing orbits used in the Aubry-Mather theory into the characteristic fields of the above PDE. This is done by making use of one- and two-sided minimizers, a notion introduced in [12] and inspired by the work of Morse on geodesics of type A [26], The asymptotic slope of the minimizers, also known as the rotation number, is given by the derivative of the homogenized Hamiltonian, defined in [21]. As an application, we prove that the Z2-periodic weak solution of the above PDE with given irrational asymptotic slope is unique. A similar connection also exists in multidimensional problems with the convex Hamiltonian, except that in higher dimensions, two-sided minimizers with a specified asymptotic slope may not exist.
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Hamiltonians Engineering & Materials Science
Burgers Equation Mathematics
Minimizer Mathematics
Slope Mathematics
Hamiltonian Systems Mathematics
Weak Solution Mathematics
Periodic Solution Mathematics
Invariant Set Mathematics
Weinan, E. (1999). Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 52(7), 811-828.
Weinan, E. / Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation. In: Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics. 1999 ; Vol. 52, No. 7. pp. 811-828.
@article{9f3167439d2743ccb267caf287bbfb03,
title = "Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation",
abstract = "Consider a Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian of the form H (cursive Greek chi, t, p) where H is convex in p and periodic in cursive Greek chi, and t and cursive Greek chi ∈ double-struck R sign1. It is well-known that its smooth invariant curves correspond to smooth Z2-periodic solutions of the PDE ut + H (cursive Greek chi, t, u)cursive Greek chi =0. In this paper, we establish a connection between the Aubry-Mather theory of invariant sets of the Hamiltonian system and Z2-periodic weak solutions of this PDE by realizing the Aubry-Mather sets as closed subsets of the graphs of these weak solutions. We show that the complement of the Aubry-Mather set on the graph can be viewed as a subset of the generalized unstable manifold of the Aubry-Mather set, defined in (2.24). The graph itself is a backward-invariant set of the Hamiltonian system. The basic idea is to embed the globally minimizing orbits used in the Aubry-Mather theory into the characteristic fields of the above PDE. This is done by making use of one- and two-sided minimizers, a notion introduced in [12] and inspired by the work of Morse on geodesics of type A [26], The asymptotic slope of the minimizers, also known as the rotation number, is given by the derivative of the homogenized Hamiltonian, defined in [21]. As an application, we prove that the Z2-periodic weak solution of the above PDE with given irrational asymptotic slope is unique. A similar connection also exists in multidimensional problems with the convex Hamiltonian, except that in higher dimensions, two-sided minimizers with a specified asymptotic slope may not exist.",
author = "E. Weinan",
journal = "Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics",
Weinan, E 1999, 'Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation', Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 811-828.
Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation. / Weinan, E.
In: Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 52, No. 7, 01.07.1999, p. 811-828.
T1 - Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation
AU - Weinan, E.
N2 - Consider a Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian of the form H (cursive Greek chi, t, p) where H is convex in p and periodic in cursive Greek chi, and t and cursive Greek chi ∈ double-struck R sign1. It is well-known that its smooth invariant curves correspond to smooth Z2-periodic solutions of the PDE ut + H (cursive Greek chi, t, u)cursive Greek chi =0. In this paper, we establish a connection between the Aubry-Mather theory of invariant sets of the Hamiltonian system and Z2-periodic weak solutions of this PDE by realizing the Aubry-Mather sets as closed subsets of the graphs of these weak solutions. We show that the complement of the Aubry-Mather set on the graph can be viewed as a subset of the generalized unstable manifold of the Aubry-Mather set, defined in (2.24). The graph itself is a backward-invariant set of the Hamiltonian system. The basic idea is to embed the globally minimizing orbits used in the Aubry-Mather theory into the characteristic fields of the above PDE. This is done by making use of one- and two-sided minimizers, a notion introduced in [12] and inspired by the work of Morse on geodesics of type A [26], The asymptotic slope of the minimizers, also known as the rotation number, is given by the derivative of the homogenized Hamiltonian, defined in [21]. As an application, we prove that the Z2-periodic weak solution of the above PDE with given irrational asymptotic slope is unique. A similar connection also exists in multidimensional problems with the convex Hamiltonian, except that in higher dimensions, two-sided minimizers with a specified asymptotic slope may not exist.
AB - Consider a Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian of the form H (cursive Greek chi, t, p) where H is convex in p and periodic in cursive Greek chi, and t and cursive Greek chi ∈ double-struck R sign1. It is well-known that its smooth invariant curves correspond to smooth Z2-periodic solutions of the PDE ut + H (cursive Greek chi, t, u)cursive Greek chi =0. In this paper, we establish a connection between the Aubry-Mather theory of invariant sets of the Hamiltonian system and Z2-periodic weak solutions of this PDE by realizing the Aubry-Mather sets as closed subsets of the graphs of these weak solutions. We show that the complement of the Aubry-Mather set on the graph can be viewed as a subset of the generalized unstable manifold of the Aubry-Mather set, defined in (2.24). The graph itself is a backward-invariant set of the Hamiltonian system. The basic idea is to embed the globally minimizing orbits used in the Aubry-Mather theory into the characteristic fields of the above PDE. This is done by making use of one- and two-sided minimizers, a notion introduced in [12] and inspired by the work of Morse on geodesics of type A [26], The asymptotic slope of the minimizers, also known as the rotation number, is given by the derivative of the homogenized Hamiltonian, defined in [21]. As an application, we prove that the Z2-periodic weak solution of the above PDE with given irrational asymptotic slope is unique. A similar connection also exists in multidimensional problems with the convex Hamiltonian, except that in higher dimensions, two-sided minimizers with a specified asymptotic slope may not exist.
JO - Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics
JF - Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics
Weinan E. Aubry-Mather theory and periodic solutions of the forced burgers equation. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics. 1999 Jul 1;52(7):811-828.
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Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas
V. M. Malkin, N. J. Fisch
Powerful x-ray pulses might be compressed to even greater powers by means of backward Raman amplification in ultradense plasmas produced by ionizing condensed matter by the same pulses. The pulse durations contemplated are shorter than the time for complete smoothing of the crystal lattice by thermal motion of ions. Although inhomogeneities are generally thought to be deleterious to the Raman amplification, the relic lattice might, in fact, be useful for the Raman amplification. The x-ray frequency band gaps can suppress parasitic Raman scattering of amplified pulses, while enhanced dispersion of the x-ray group velocity near the gaps can delay self-phase-modulation instability, thereby enabling further amplification of the x rays.
10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205001
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
crystal lattices Physics & Astronomy
x rays Physics & Astronomy
smoothing Physics & Astronomy
group velocity Physics & Astronomy
phase modulation Physics & Astronomy
pulse duration Physics & Astronomy
Malkin, V. M., & Fisch, N. J. (2007). Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas. Physical review letters, 99(20), [205001]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205001
Malkin, V. M. ; Fisch, N. J. / Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas. In: Physical review letters. 2007 ; Vol. 99, No. 20.
@article{606b68cff12b45bfa970df2382d88dc3,
title = "Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas",
abstract = "Powerful x-ray pulses might be compressed to even greater powers by means of backward Raman amplification in ultradense plasmas produced by ionizing condensed matter by the same pulses. The pulse durations contemplated are shorter than the time for complete smoothing of the crystal lattice by thermal motion of ions. Although inhomogeneities are generally thought to be deleterious to the Raman amplification, the relic lattice might, in fact, be useful for the Raman amplification. The x-ray frequency band gaps can suppress parasitic Raman scattering of amplified pulses, while enhanced dispersion of the x-ray group velocity near the gaps can delay self-phase-modulation instability, thereby enabling further amplification of the x rays.",
author = "Malkin, {V. M.} and Fisch, {N. J.}",
doi = "10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205001",
journal = "Physical Review Letters",
Malkin, VM & Fisch, NJ 2007, 'Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas', Physical review letters, vol. 99, no. 20, 205001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205001
Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas. / Malkin, V. M.; Fisch, N. J.
In: Physical review letters, Vol. 99, No. 20, 205001, 12.11.2007.
T1 - Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas
AU - Malkin, V. M.
AU - Fisch, N. J.
N2 - Powerful x-ray pulses might be compressed to even greater powers by means of backward Raman amplification in ultradense plasmas produced by ionizing condensed matter by the same pulses. The pulse durations contemplated are shorter than the time for complete smoothing of the crystal lattice by thermal motion of ions. Although inhomogeneities are generally thought to be deleterious to the Raman amplification, the relic lattice might, in fact, be useful for the Raman amplification. The x-ray frequency band gaps can suppress parasitic Raman scattering of amplified pulses, while enhanced dispersion of the x-ray group velocity near the gaps can delay self-phase-modulation instability, thereby enabling further amplification of the x rays.
AB - Powerful x-ray pulses might be compressed to even greater powers by means of backward Raman amplification in ultradense plasmas produced by ionizing condensed matter by the same pulses. The pulse durations contemplated are shorter than the time for complete smoothing of the crystal lattice by thermal motion of ions. Although inhomogeneities are generally thought to be deleterious to the Raman amplification, the relic lattice might, in fact, be useful for the Raman amplification. The x-ray frequency band gaps can suppress parasitic Raman scattering of amplified pulses, while enhanced dispersion of the x-ray group velocity near the gaps can delay self-phase-modulation instability, thereby enabling further amplification of the x rays.
U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205001
DO - 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205001
JO - Physical Review Letters
JF - Physical Review Letters
Malkin VM, Fisch NJ. Relic crystal-lattice effects on Raman compression of powerful X-ray pulses in plasmas. Physical review letters. 2007 Nov 12;99(20). 205001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205001
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Published on August 25th, 2012 | by Breath on the Wind
Northrop Grumman’s LEMV BLIMP Takes Flight at Lakehurst, NJ (Videos)
August 25th, 2012 by Breath on the Wind
The Long Endurance Multi-IntelligenceVehicle (LEMV) has been an elusive ISR goal for the Department of Defense through numerous false starts and half-completed contracts, but on August 7th at 6:49 pm EST a new LEMV hybrid blimp first took to the air at Lakehurst Navel air station in NJ.
The vehicle, longer than a football field, is based upon a design by Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTD, and developed by Northrop Grumman. Many new considerations have come into the design of this airship, but there are some old myths to be dispelled as well.
Spy Video of the Spy Blimp?
This is not actually an oxymoron — in military use, the blimp will be flown so high that it is unlikely to be easily noticed and can be outfitted for a minimal radar signature.
Isn’t There a Danger of it Exploding in a War-zone?
While the vehicle does presently carry fuel and use conventional engines, the lifting gas is inert Helium and not the flammable Hydrogen that was used in the Hindenburg that infamously met its demise in 1937 at the same Lakehurst Air Station in NJ.
The video in the Hindenburg link above mentions the difficulty that craft had in landing, which this design addresses. Some question the effect of bullets on an airship, but experience with the Goodyear blimp shows that they get many bullet-holes in the gas bags, but because the pressure is only slightly higher than atmospheric pressure (just enough to give it shape) and the volume is so great, the effect of the leaks is minimal.
How Does This Airship Get Its Lifting Power?
It is a common misconception that the airship is just “lighter than air” and, thus, floats (aerostatic lift). The classic cigar-shaped blimps and zeppelins only derive about 90% of their buoyancy from the lifting gas (hydrogen, helium, or hot air).
The balance is provided by forward movement (aerodynamic lift). This is the same benefit of attack angle that airplanes use as they fly through the air. The combination makes it possible to land the craft, but instability in winds is an issue. The new airship uses the lifting gas for only about 60% of its lift. You can notice in the video that the airship is angled up first and then moved forward as it rises in the air.
Other Stability Factors: “Vectored Thrust”
“Vectored thrust,” the ability to direct the thrust in more than one way, included in the design, allows the craft to be pushed vertically or, when properly outfitted, sucked to the ground like the reverse of a hovercraft. It is vectored thrust which allows the airship to first angle up before taking off in the above video. The total combination of lifting options make this vehicle a “hybrid” and causes it to be more stable in the air and for landings.
The skirts along the bottom of the craft can aid in holding the craft to the ground. The potential to suck the vehicle to the ground could reduce or, in some cases, eliminate the need for a ground crew. Here is the LEMV take off:
The Ground Crew
No complex vehicle operates independently. Maintenance, fueling, and, for most airships, landings and takeoffs require an infrastructure. One thing to notice in the video is the lack of a fixed mooring mast that was so common in the “heyday” of dirigibles.
It is generally a good idea to tie an aircraft down when it is not being used for flight, and this may be even more important for airships. So important was the mooring tower that when the height of the Empire State building was increased, incorporating a mast for dirigibles was cited as the reason (although impractical and never used for that purpose). Mobile mooring platforms were developed and this is what might be seen moving away from the craft in the above take off video. Eventually, little or no ground crew will be required to land the craft. Here is some of an all-important, but less glamorous, landing:
The Economical Airship
DOD efforts to strategically economize its use of petroleum have come under fire recently in Congress by oil-soaked politicians. The airship represents another element of that toolbox. Although there have been calls to use airships for cargo, and the craft could carry 7 tons up to 2400 miles at a top speed of 30 mph, it would take more than 3 days.
Fixed-wing aircraft use less fuel in flight. It is the takeoffs and landings that are most inefficient. Therefore, for long-distance cargo, fixed-wing seems to be the way to go. But for shorter cargo flights of up to 800 miles, airships can be very economical. They also will not require a prepared landing area.
But where the economics really show up for the LEMV is as a surveillance platform.
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)
Although, for crossing civilian airspace, the vehicle must have a flight crew — for up to three weeks, the vehicle can act as a UAV and remain airborne with the operation controlled from the ground. It has been described as an “unblinking eye.” But at the right height, this “eye” commands not only a wide view with a huge radar antenna, but can incorporate imaging equipment usually relegated to spy satellites or many separate drone flights. The cost is conservatively estimated at 1/10th the price of alternative options. It also fills a special niche. It is not so easy to pull a satellite in for repairs or for an upgrade to the latest technology, and drones don’t stay up for more than about 12 hours.
An Intelligence Failure
Unfortunately, there is a risk to continued funding of cost saving measures like the LEMV. The potential for fuel savings is huge, but the project has been delayed by a lack of funding. Such cost-saving measures have ironically been attacked by the same Congressional members that advocate a balanced budget and have classically favored military spending. It seems that it is OK to save money as long as it is not oil money. No matter who wins the upcoming election, Congress continues to hold the purse strings, and oil lobbying efforts seem to control at least some members of Congress.
For further reading see also:
civilian adaptations
Northrop Grumman LEMV,
Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTD,
Previous Cleantechnica.com article
Photo Credit: Northrop Gruman
Tags: aerodynamic lift, aerostatic lift, air cargo blimps, airship design, airship economies, airship stability, airships, Blimp, blimps, bouyancy, bullets and airships, cargo airship, dod, DOD fuel saving, empire state building mooring mast, Hybrid Air Vehicles, ISR, LEMV, LEMV test flight, lifting gas, lighter than air vehicle, Long Endurance Multi-Intelligence Vehicle, military airship, military intelligence, mooring mast, Northrop Grumman, oil lobby, UAV, US Military, vectored thrust
Breath on the Wind We share this World; its past, present resources and our combined future. With every aspiration, the very molecules we use for life are passed to others through time and space so that each of us may be considered a Breath on the Wind. This part of the world's consciousness lives in NYC; has worked in law, research, construction, engineering; has traveled, often drawn to Asia; writes on Energy and Electric Vehicle issues and looks forward to all your comments. "If you would persuade, you must appeal to interest rather than intellect." -- Benjamin Franklin
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Miami-Dade Starts Transition To Electric School Bus Fleet
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Forth Smart Service PCL (FSMART TB) Executives Currently Traveling in U.S., Presenting BOONTERM Growth Plans
Hosted in the U.S. by Decker & Co., an institutional equities broker with offices in the U.S. and Asia
SAN FRANCISCO, CA, August 17, 2017 /24-7PressRelease/ — The makers of BOONTERM kiosks, Forth Smart Service PCL (FSMART TB) are currently in the United States meeting with foreign investment funds as one aspect of the company’s growth plans. Second-generation owner Mr. Pattanan Amatanont and Chief Financial Officer Mr. Chatchavin Pipatchotitham are hosted in the U.S. by Decker & Co., an institutional equities broker with offices in the U.S. and Asia.
“We are honored to host Forth Smart for its first non-deal roadshow to the U.S.,” said Mark Decker, founder and CEO of Decker & Co. “Institutional investors are interested in high-quality growth opportunities in ASEAN. Forth Smart’s business model in Thailand and visit to expand internationally is the type of growth story that captures attention.”
In meetings with global investors August 14-18 in several U.S. cities, the company executives are sharing operational advances through technological tools that have reduced data bottlenecks and lowered operating costs. They are also sharing a vision to expand into other countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region and to synchronize its physical kiosk business with its E-Wallet platform, which enables customers to purchase items using QR codes from BOONTERM kiosks.
Forth Smart is a leading provider of mobile phone top-up and online payment services, through its automatic BOONTERM kiosks, which the company manufacturers itself and has placed nationally using a franchise approach that gives Forth Smart attractive recurring revenue.
Among consumers, BOONTERM kiosks are favored because for their easy nationwide access and affordable top-ups. Approximately 88% of mobile users in Thailand use pre-paid top-up. Other Forth Smart services include money transfer, cash card and e-wallets–covering a total of 64 items in four languages.
ABOUT DECKER & CO
Decker & Co. is the leading Asia specialist brokerage based in the U.S. and will soon be the only boutique brokerage covering all of Asia. Its principals have been among the leading experts in Asian markets since the 1990s. The firm’s clearing partner is Convergex Execution Solutions. Learn more at www.deckerco.com.
The information in this release may be based on management forecasts and reflects prevailing conditions and our views as of this date, all of which are accordingly subject to change. Past performance is not an indication of future performance.
Source: Decker & Co.
Contact: Ben Bishop, The Lowe Group, +1 (414) 777-1880
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Sales Merchandisers Represented by Nichols Kaster, PLLP File Overtime Lawsuit Against Dietz & Watson, Inc.
The case is filed as a Fair Labor Standards Act collective action and Washington class action, and the named plaintiffs seek unpaid overtime wages and double damages
MINNEAPOLIS, MN, August 24, 2017 /24-7PressRelease/ — Two former employees of Dietz & Watson, Inc. filed a lawsuit on August 21, 2017, in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington alleging violations of federal overtime law. The named plaintiffs, both former sales merchandisers, bring these claims individually and on behalf of similarly situated employees who worked for Dietz & Watson, Inc.
The Complaint alleges that Dietz & Watson misclassified sales merchandisers as exempt from overtime pay by paying them a salary but overtime wages. The case is filed as a Fair Labor Standards Act collective action and Washington class action, and the named plaintiffs seek unpaid overtime wages and double damages. Plaintiffs also seek reimbursement for missed meal and rest breaks for the Washington Class.
Plaintiffs’ attorney Rebekah L. Bailey of Nichols Kaster, PLLP explained, “These employees work long hours on the road merchandising products at grocery stores. They should be fairly compensated when they work overtime doing so.”
Plaintiffs are represented by Rebekah L. Bailey and Jason D. Friedman from Nichols Kaster, PLLP, which has offices in Minneapolis, Minnesota and San Francisco, California.
The case is entitled, Rozeboom et al v. Dietz & Watson, Inc., No. 2:17-CV-01266 (Western District of Washington).
Additional information about how to make a claim for overtime pay in the case may be found at www.nka.com or by calling Nichols Kaster, PLLP toll free at (877) 448-0492.
The firm is led by its partners, who are regularly selected by their peers as Super Lawyers and Best Lawyers, and are leaders in numerous professional organizations, such as the National Employment Lawyers Association, the ABA Federal Labor Standards Legislation Committee, the Practising Law Institute, Minnesota National Employment Lawyers Association, Public Justice, and the Council for the Minnesota State Bar Association’s Consumer Litigation Section.
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Infrastructure and buildings (1)
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Extreme Precipitation (12)
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Canadian Climate Normals (Opens in a new Window)
The Canadian Climate Normals dataset contains 30-year averages of temperature, precipitation, snow depth and extreme climatic conditions at monitoring stations across Canada with at least 15 years of data. Data can be searched by station name, province, or proximity to user. Data are offered for three averaging periods: 1981-2010, 1971-2000 and 1961-1990. The values contained in this dataset are updated at the end of each decade.
Government of Canada: Environment and Climate Change Canada
Meteorological Service of Canada
Click here to view or download this data (Opens in a new Window)
Climate Portraits (Opens in a new Window)
Climate Portraits contains historically observed and future modelled climate indicators for various regions of Quebec for 2041-2070 as well as 2071-2100 horizon years. Moderate and high emissions scenarios are available and indicators can be mapped, graphed, or presented in tabular form. Indicators are reported as annual and/or seasonal averages over the horizon period, and include: average, maximum and minimum daily temperature, total precipitation, freeze-thaw events, growing degree days, days over 30C, and maximum 5-day precipitation. Projected climate indicators are compared to historical observations graphically and in tabular form. Data is available for download in csv and json formats.
CLIMOD 2 (Opens in a new Window)
CLIMOD2 (Climate Information for Management and Operational Decisions) allows for retrieval and presentation of climate data from one or more stations in the Eastern Atlantic. Historical data are available as point data. Available climate products include daily data for a month, daily degree days, calendar day summaries, and daily/normal graphs. Data could be appended in a graphical or tabular time series.
Northeast Regional Climate Center (NRCC)
Hurricane Season Flood Alert System (Opens in a new Window)
The Hurricane Season Flood Alert System (HSFAS) is based on forecasted precipitation amounts and seeks to provide communities with flood warning services as a key climate change adaptation and public safety tool. Alerts are provided to communities that have Flood Risk Mapping Studies (FRMS) or have published intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves from which precipitation-based flood triggers can be derived. The HSFAS is operational during the peak hurricane months of June to December, and provides alerts for 45 communities.
Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment, Water Resources Management Division/Fire and Emergency Services
IDF Curve Lookup (Opens in a new Window)
IDF Curve Lookup is a web-based application to retrieve rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. Users can input their location using a coordinate format, and select return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. Future projections are made based on a linear trend using 2010 as a reference year. Data are available for download in tabular and graphical formats.
NS Climate Change Data (Opens in a new Window)
NS Climate Change Data provides climate data for various regions in Nova Scotia. Each region has historical data for a 30 year baseline period (1961 – 90) and for future projections: 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s. Climate variables include cold days, cooling degree days, temperatures. Climate Change Data can be appended for download into multiple CSV formats.
Government of Nova Scotia
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Total-Body Irradiation and Fludarabine Phosphate Followed by Donor Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant in Treating Patients With Hematologic Malignancies or Kidney Cancer
Last Update Posted : December 20, 2019
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
This phase I/II trial studies whether a new kind of blood stem cell (bone marrow) transplant, that may be less toxic, is able to treat underlying blood cancer. Stem cells are "seed cells" necessary to make blood cells. Researchers want to see if using less radiation and less chemotherapy with new immune suppressing drugs will enable a stem cell transplant to work. Researchers are hoping to see a mixture of recipient and donor stem cells after transplant. This mixture of donor and recipient stem cells is called "mixed-chimerism". Researchers hope to see these donor cells eliminate tumor cells. This is called a "graft-versus-leukemia" response.
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Remission Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Remission Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Remission Childhood Myelodysplastic Syndrome Childhood Renal Cell Carcinoma Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma de Novo Myelodysplastic Syndrome Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Previously Treated Myelodysplastic Syndrome Progression of Multiple Myeloma or Plasma Cell Leukemia Recurrent Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Recurrent Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Recurrent Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Recurrent Adult Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Recurrent Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Recurrent Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Recurrent Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia Recurrent Childhood Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Recurrent Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Refractory Anemia Refractory Anemia With Ringed Sideroblasts Refractory Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Renal Medullary Carcinoma Type 1 Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Type 2 Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Untreated Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Untreated Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Untreated Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Drug: Fludarabine Phosphate Radiation: Total-Body Irradiation Procedure: Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation Procedure: Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Drug: Cyclosporine Drug: Mycophenolate Mofetil Phase 1 Phase 2
I. To determine whether stable unrelated peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) grafts can be safely established using nonmyeloablative pretransplant conditioning with intensified post-grafting immunosuppression and with every (q) 8 hours (hr) and possibly q 6 hr mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosing in patients with hematologic malignancies and renal cell carcinoma.
II. To determine if the incidence and severity of acute grades II-IV graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can be reduced in patients with sustained engraftment with the use of q 8 hr MMF dosing.
I. To determine if engraftment can be maintained in patients with low chimerism and high risk of rejection with the use of a single dose of fludarabine (fludarabine phosphate) followed by donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) on continued MMF/cyclosporine (CSP).
II. To compare survival and disease free survival to those achieved under protocol 1463.
REDUCED-INTENSITY CONDITIONING: Patients receive fludarabine phosphate intravenously (IV) on days -4, -3, and -2 and undergo total-body irradiation (TBI) on day 0.
TRANSPLANT: Patients undergo allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) on day 0.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION: Patients receive cyclosporine orally (PO) twice daily (BID) on days -3 to 100 with taper to day 177 and mycophenolate mofetil PO every 8 hours on days 0-40 with taper to day 96.
After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 6 months, 1 year, 1.5 years, 2 years, and then annually thereafter.
Actual Enrollment : 106 participants
Official Title: Low-Dose TBI and Fludarabine Followed by Nonmyeloablative Unrelated Donor Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation Using Enhanced Postgrafting Immunosuppression for Patients With Hematologic Malignancies and Renal Cell Carcinoma - A Multi-center Trial
Study Start Date : August 2001
Actual Primary Completion Date : September 2004
Actual Study Completion Date : September 5, 2004
Drug Information available for: Fludarabine Fludarabine phosphate
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center resources: Multiple Myeloma Renal Cell Carcinoma Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Myeloid Leukemia Acute Myeloid Leukemia Acute Non Lymphoblastic Leukemia Myelodysplastic Syndromes Lymphosarcoma Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Hodgkin Lymphoma Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Chromophil Renal Cell Carcinoma Thyroid Cancer, Medullary Renal Medullary Carcinoma Plasma Cell Leukemia Sideroblastic Anemia Pyridoxine-refractory Autosomal Recessive Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative Disease Neuroendocrine Tumor Neuroepithelioma
Experimental: Treatment (PBSCT)
REDUCED-INTENSITY CONDITIONING: Patients receive fludarabine phosphate IV on days -4, -3, and -2 and undergo TBI on day 0.
TRANSPLANT: Patients undergo allogeneic PBSCT on day 0.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION: Patients receive cyclosporine PO BID on days -3 to 100 with taper to day 177 and mycophenolate mofetil PO every 8 hours on days 0-40 with taper to day 96.
Drug: Fludarabine Phosphate
Given IV
2-F-ara-AMP
Beneflur
SH T 586
Radiation: Total-Body Irradiation
Undergo TBI
Total Body Irradiation
Whole-Body Irradiation
Procedure: Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
Undergo nonmyeloablative PBSCT
PBPC transplantation
Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell Transplantation
Peripheral Stem Cell Support
Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation
Procedure: Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Non-myeloablative allogeneic transplant
Nonmyeloablative Stem Cell Transplantation
Drug: Cyclosporine
Given PO
OL 27-400
Sandimmun
Drug: Mycophenolate Mofetil
Risk of true graft rejection in patients with and without preceding chemotherapy [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
The goal is to reduce the risk in patients without preceding chemotherapy to < 20% and with preceding chemotherapy to < 10%.
Risk of grades II-IV acute GVHD in those patients with sustained engraftment [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
The goal is to reduce the incidence of grades II-IV acute GVHD from 50% to less than 35% in patients with sustained engraftment by increasing the dosing of MMF to every 8 hours. The impact of the enhanced post-grafting immunosuppression on objective measures of GVHD will be described. These include doses and duration of immunosuppression (in particular corticosteroids) and number of GVHD treatment regimens used within the first year. These parameters will be compared to the results of protocol 1463.
Incidence of reversing impending graft rejection (less than 40% donor cluster of differentiation [CD]3+ T cell chimerism) [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
The secondary objective of reversing pending graft rejection with fludarabine phosphate and DLI will be evaluated in the context of overall engraftment. The number of patients given DLI in this context is expected to be small. The response to DLI will be followed and reported in a descriptive manner. The effect of this intervention on adverse outcomes will be followed.
Overall survival [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
Progression-free survival [ Time Frame: Up to 5 years ]
Ages Eligible for Study: Child, Adult, Older Adult
Ages > 50 years with hematologic malignancies treatable by unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
Ages =< 50 years of age with hematologic diseases treatable by allogeneic HSCT who through pre-existing medical conditions or prior therapy are considered to be at high risk for regimen related toxicity associated with a conventional transplant (> 40% risk of transplant related mortality [TRM]) or those patients who refuse a conventional HSCT; transplants must be approved for these inclusion criteria by both the participating institution's patient review committee such as the Patient Care Conference (PCC at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center [FHCRC]) and by the principal investigator at the collaborating center; patients =< 50 years of age who have received previous autologous transplantation do not require patient review committee approval; all children < 12 years must be discussed with the FHCRC principal investigator (PI) prior to registration
Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with the histologic subtypes of clear cell, papillary and medullary may be accepted regardless of age
The following diseases will be permitted although other diagnoses can be considered if approved by PCC or the participating institution's patient review committees and the principal investigator:
Intermediate or high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) - not eligible for autologous HSCT or after failed autologous HSCT
Low grade NHL - with < 6 month duration of complete remission (CR) between courses of conventional therapy
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) - must have failed two lines of conventional therapy and be refractory to fludarabine
Hodgkin's disease (HD) - must have received and failed frontline therapy
Multiple myeloma (MM) - must have received prior chemotherapy; consolidation of chemotherapy by autografting prior to nonmyeloablative HSCT is permitted
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) - must have < 5% marrow blasts at the time of transplant
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia - must have < 5% blasts at the time of transplant
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) - patients will be accepted in chronic phase or accelerated phase; patients who have received prior autografts after high dose therapy or have undergone intensive chemotherapy with PBSC autologous or conventional HSCT for advanced CML may be enrolled provided they are in CR or chronic phase (CP) and have < 5% marrow blasts at time of transplant
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)/myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) - only patients with MDS/refractory anemia (RA) or MDS/refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) will be eligible for this protocol; additionally patients with myeloproliferative syndromes (MPS) will be eligible; those patients with MDS or MPS with > 5% marrow blasts (including those with transformation to AML) must receive cytotoxic chemotherapy and achieve < 5% marrow blasts at time of transplant
Renal cell carcinoma - must have evidence of disease not amenable to surgical cure or history of or active metastatic disease by radiological and histologic criteria
DONOR: FHCRC matching allowed will be grade 1.0 to 2.1; unrelated donors who are prospectively:
Matched for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1 by high resolution typing
Only a single allele disparity will be allowed for HLA-A, B, or C as defined by high resolution typing
DONOR: A positive anti-donor cytotoxic crossmatch is an absolute donor exclusion
DONOR: Patient and donor pairs homozygous at a mismatched allele are considered a two-allele mismatch, i.e., the patient is A*0101 and the donor is A*0201, and this type of mismatch is not allowed
DONOR: PBSC only will be permitted as a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) source on this protocol
Patients with rapidly progressive intermediate or high grade NHL
Renal cell carcinoma patients:
With expected survival of less than 6 months
Disease resulting in severely limited performance status (< 70%)
Any vertebral instability
History of brain metastases
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement with disease refractory to intrathecal chemotherapy
Fertile men or women unwilling to use contraceptive techniques during and for 12 months following treatment
Females who are pregnant
Patients with non-hematological tumors except renal cell carcinoma
Fungal infections with radiological progression after receipt of amphotericin B or active triazole for greater than 1 month
Cardiac ejection fraction < 35%; ejection fraction is required if there is a history of anthracycline exposure or history of cardiac disease
Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < 40% and/or receiving supplementary continuous oxygen
The FHCRC PI of the study must approve of enrollment of all patients with pulmonary nodules
Patients with clinical or laboratory evidence of liver disease would be evaluated for the cause of liver disease, its clinical severity in terms of liver function, and the degree of portal hypertension; patients will be excluded if they are found to have fulminant liver failure, cirrhosis of the liver with evidence of portal hypertension, alcoholic hepatitis, esophageal varices, a history of bleeding esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, uncorrectable hepatic synthetic dysfunction evinced by prolongation of the prothrombin time, ascites related to portal hypertension, bacterial or fungal liver abscess, biliary obstruction, chronic viral hepatitis with total serum bilirubin > 3 mg/dL, and symptomatic biliary disease
Karnofsky scores < 60 (except renal cell carcinoma [RCC])
Patients with > grade II hypertension by common toxicity criteria (CTC)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients
The addition of cytotoxic agents for "cytoreduction" with the exception of hydroxyurea and imatinib mesylate will not be allowed within two weeks of the initiation of conditioning
DONOR: Marrow donors
DONOR: Donors who are HIV-positive and/or, medical conditions that would result in increased risk for filgrastim (G-CSF) mobilization and harvest of PBSC
United States, Arizona
University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
Tucson, Arizona, United States, 85724
Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics
Stanford, California, United States, 94305
United States, Georgia
Emory University/Winship Cancer Institute
Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322
United States, Oregon
OHSU Knight Cancer Institute
Portland, Oregon, United States, 97239
United States, Texas
Baylor Medical Center at Garland
Garland, Texas, United States, 75042
United States, Utah
Huntsman Cancer Institute/University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, 84112
United States, Washington
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington Cancer Consortium
Seattle, Washington, United States, 98109
United States, Wisconsin
Froedtert and the Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53226
Universitaet Leipzig
Leipzig, Germany, D-04103
University of Torino
Torino, Italy, 10126
Principal Investigator: Brenda Sandmaier Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington Cancer Consortium
Responsible Party: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Other Study ID Numbers: 1641.00
NCI-2012-00591 ( Registry Identifier: CTRP (Clinical Trial Reporting Program) )
1641.00 ( Other Identifier: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington Cancer Consortium )
Last Update Posted: December 20, 2019
Last Verified: December 2019
Leukemia, Myeloid
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
Hodgkin Disease
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
Hematologic Neoplasms
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile
Carcinoma, Medullary
Leukemia, Plasma Cell
Anemia, Refractory
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The Mütter Museum will reopen to the public on January 15, 2021!
The College of Physicians of Philadelphia
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Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Home > Sections > Public Health and Preventive Medicine > A Message from the Section on Public Health
A Message from the Section on Public Health
The Section on Public Health and Preventive Medicine at The College of Physicians of Philadelphia strongly denounces undue force and violence against any and all members of our community. We stand against systemic policies and practices that support one group to the detriment of another. We abhor acts of violence against Black people and other people of color. In this time of national outrage, we are deeply troubled by the inhumanity, racism and hatred made evident with the unnecessary, recent deaths of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery and Breonna Taylor, to name a few.
As leaders, teachers, researchers, physicians, and advocates for public health, we know the impact of racism on the health, wellness, and prosperity of our city and our community. As The Birthplace of American Medicine®, the lessons steeped in The College of Physicians of Philadelphia of our collective history in medicine have taught us how fundamentally racist practices have been woven through our past, and how continued disparities and biases have both an acute and long standing impact on health. We acknowledge that the health of Black and Brown communities has suffered most.
As a Section and as a community of leaders that span government, academia, local and community organizations and individuals, we stand together and commit to increase awareness of racial bias, to bring a scientific approach to addressing systemic racism and institutionalized disparities, and to examine history – our own, our city’s and our nation’s - to understand how best to take steps forward to health equity in medicine and towards a future of social justice and prosperity.
Finally, we acknowledge the pain that Black physicians and scientists have endured throughout their lives and throughout history. We commit to advocating for increasing the representation of Black people in sciences, medicine, and public health to the betterment of the professions and to our community as a whole.
We ask and encourage all Section members and our community as a whole to make their voices heard through the powers of democracy. Please VOTE.
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19 South 22nd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103
info@collegeofphysicians.org
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FARC reintegration site in Mesetas, Meta (Image: UN Photo)
Colombia vows reinforced security after FARC member assassinated inside reintegration site
Colombia’s President Ivan Duque vowed to reinforce security around sites where former FARC rebels are reintegrating after a death squad assassinated a demobilized guerrilla.
According to the FARC, Alexander Parra is the 168th demobilized guerrilla assassinated during the peace process and killed in his reintegration site in Mesetas, Meta.
Rearmament risk reaches new level
The killings of former combatants was already causing major unrest among the FARC’s former rank and file guerrillas, and increases the risk of rearmament.
The first assassination inside a reintegration site, formerly called ETCR, pushes the risk of rearmament to a whole new level as these sites are supposed to enjoy special protection.
Duque immediately said on Twitter that he had “ordered the Defense Ministry, the National Police and the National Army to reinforce security at all the former ETCR in the country.”
Additionally, the president said he “ordered the authorities to rapidly proceed with investigations that allow the arrest of those responsible for this horrible crime.”
The former guerrillas’ political party, said that they will “persist in peace,” but requested increased vigilance from the international community and “answers from Colombia’s institutions.”
The FARC reintegration site in Mesetas, Meta.
Violence persists
The United Nations, which oversees Colombia’s peace process, on multiple occasions has expressed its concerns about the ongoing killings of social leaders and demobilized FARC members.
According to the UN’s peace observers, the murders of demobilized rebels appear to be on the increase.
I remain gravely concerned over the high number of killings of former FARC members. During the reporting period, the Mission verified 24 homicides, bringing the total number of killings in 2019 to 52. At the current pace, the number of killings in 2019 will surpass the 64 killings reported during 2018. Since the signing of the peace agreement, the Mission has verified 147 homicides, 12 disappearances and 21 attempted homicides.
UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres
The Duque administration has blamed drug traffickers for these killings, contradicting independent investigators who say paramilitary groups are behind many of the killings.
The largest of these paramilitary groups, the AGC, have said they rearmed during the demobilization process of the now-defunct paramilitary organization AUC because of the mass killing of demobilized combatants.
FARCFARC demobilizationpeace processpolitical violence
Colombia’s late president ordered extermination of leftist party: report
Painful start of 2021 for Colombia’s former FARC guerrillas
2021: the year after massacres returned Colombia red
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Catholic schools place service at the forefront
Students use the dining hall at Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory for their annual clothing drive that offers complimentary, gently used attire to those in need. It is one of myriad service programs at the school whose motto reads: “Enter to learn, leave to serve.” (Photo by Debra Greenblat/Catholic San Francisco)
Lidia Wasowicz
Embracing service as a fundamental core of Christian education, Catholic schools offer an array of opportunities to reach out and touch someone, near and far, in meaningful, Christ-inspired ways.
In the San Francisco archdiocese, academic and extracurricular programs provide seemingly endless possibilities to practice the corporal works of mercy in and out of the classroom.
They aim to feed the hungry, provide drink to the thirsty, clothe the naked, shelter the homeless, visit the sick, give alms to the poor.
They strive to comfort the lonely, cheer the depressed, engage the ostracized, stir a sense of community among the disenfranchised.
“Our faith links our outreach to the example Jesus, the ultimate servant, has given us,” said Greg Schmitz, director of community life at Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory in San Francisco, whose motto proclaims that all who “enter to learn” will “leave to serve.”
Students get plenty of practice before graduation.
In the fall, they man tables piled with gently used jackets, skirts, pants, shoes and other attire they collected, sorted and arranged by size and style for easy selection.
To ensure word gets out to those most likely to benefit, volunteers walk to the heart of the nearby impoverished Tenderloin district, issuing personal invitations and offering directions to the one-day giveaway.
They return regularly to hand out 100 to 150 lunch boxes they packed with peanut butter sandwiches, fruit, power bars, water or juice and dessert.
In the spring, they host an on-campus barbecue for the entire neighborhood.
The first Friday of every month, they help bring a bit of respite from life on the streets at the Tenderloin block party.
The two-hour community builder provides passersby with food and entertainment that ranges from musical performances and card games to meditation or healing sessions and, on one occasion with a chemistry professor present, science experiments.
“We want to start reclaiming the humanity and relationships of this community,” explained Kathleen Cooney, instructor of religious studies.
The teens also work with, at and for a variety of charity organizations, visit the elderly, participate in cancer walks, renovate nonprofit facilities and schools, repair homes of the disadvantaged and disabled, raise funds for underserved communities in San Francisco, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Eritrea and other areas in need.
They organize proms for autistic children and distribute tampons and hygiene products to homeless women.
Members of Lasallian Vincentian Youth and similar groups lead retreats, develop plans for spiritual enrichment, knit with seniors and donate their handiwork to the downtrodden, sew hats for babies in intensive care, hold service fairs and blood drives, mentor peers, tutor youngsters, teach English as a second language, take part in immersion service-learning activities locally and abroad, including a migrant worker camp in Napa, an orphanage in Santiago, Chile, a sustainable farm in Oregon and a shelter for families along the border in El Paso.
“Seeing some of the situations in our society and educating themselves about the suffering around them is transformative,” Schmitz said.
“You never know how the Holy Spirit will work in anyone so it’s important to provide a wide range of opportunities and be open to suggestions from students,” he said.
Such suggestions drive athletic teams to create and carry out a field of assistive programs.
In the classroom, the service-seeped curriculum provides grade-specific occasions for outreach.
Senior math courses, for example, incorporate study of the worldwide Kiva financial system, an online platform that links lenders with low-income entrepreneurs and students in 82 countries.
Preferring purer motives than a graduation requirement, the school imposes no minimum service-hour mandates.
“We aim to create a culture of generosity, social justice, kindness and action that teaches, inspires and encourages our students to respond to the world using their brains, hearts and souls,” said Julia Rinaldi, associate director of service and community.
Students approve the move.
Voluntary rather than requisite participation encourages greater involvement, which can prove as enriching as her encounter with a homeless man at the annual barbecue, said Jennifer Kazaryan, co-leader of LVY, student council member and volunteer in numerous organizations.
“He actually ended up playing the piano for all of us,” she recalled. “I feel as if he made a difference in my life and made me realize that so many of the homeless people are wonderful and talented people, that everyone is unique.”
Fellow senior and LVY co-captain Chloe Jenniches underwent a similar transformation while passing out food in the Tenderloin.
“The best part of LVY is that moment when you give someone a lunch, and their eyes light up, and they thank you,” said Jenniches, who tutors peers, teaches children to read and helps out at the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.
“At this point I know I have made their day far better than it would have been, and that is one of the greatest feelings in the world.”
Such exhilarating moments signal the Holy Spirit at work, said Peter Diaz, service learning coordinator at Mercy High School in Burlingame.
“Service is an integral component to the Sisters of Mercy’s charism, following (foundress) Catherine McAuley’s mission to reach out to those who are poor, sick and uneducated, focusing on those who live on the margins of society,” he said.
It is equally central to the educational experience at Marin County’s only Catholic high school.
“The focus is on social justice and Catholic social teaching and the responsibility each of us has to the greater world around us while living out the Gospel values,” said Linda Siler, Christian service coordinator at Marin Catholic.
Therein lies an essential element that sets Catholic schools apart from the rest, said Nicole Florin, Marin Catholic campus ministry director.
“Catholic identity enhances service programs by recognizing Christ in the people and places served,” she said. “The prayer life that can proceed and continue after the service helps to make the experience holy.”
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Home » Celebrities » TOM LEONARD on Marlon Brando's new biography
TOM LEONARD on Marlon Brando's new biography
The VERY wild one: He took hundreds of lovers of both sexes but, as a new biography reveals, the only woman Marlon Brando ever truly loved took revenge on him — by sleeping with his teenage son, writes TOM LEONARD
As a young actor out on the town, Marlon Brando teamed up with his great friend, the French screen heartthrob Christian Marquand to chase women.
Marquand did the talking while Brando just stood there broodingly irresistible.
But in a complicated turn of events, the two men were also lovers. They would share a girl in bed and ‘afterwards keep going themselves’.
A compulsive womaniser and renowned lover, Brando had affairs with actresses Marilyn Monroe, Ursula Andress and Rita Moreno, and bedded hundreds of other women.
But he was no repressed, guilt-ridden homosexual. He delighted in being sexually ‘fluid’ decades before it became fashionable in Hollywood, according to a definitive new biography.
A compulsive womaniser and renowned lover, Brando had affairs with actresses Marilyn Monroe, Ursula Andress and Rita Moreno, and bedded hundreds of other women (pictured on Guys and Dolls)
Brando is remembered as one of the screen greats — arguably the greatest film actor — whose self-destructive urges squandered the talent he showed in films such as On The Waterfront, The Wild One (pictured) and A Streetcar Named Desire
Brando preferred women, says Mann, but swung both ways with relish. ‘He was insecure about many things but sex was not one of them,’ he writes (pictured with Rita Moreno in The Night of the Following Day)
At his military boarding school, Brando made no secret of his sexual tryst with another boy and may even have had another with his drama teacher, reveals author William J. Mann.
Brando preferred women, says Mann, but swung both ways with relish.
‘He was insecure about many things but sex was not one of them,’ he writes.
Or as Brando once said of his philosophy: ‘Let’s say sex has no sex.’
Among the lovers revealed after his death aged 80 in 2004 was comic actor Richard Pryor.
His widow, Jennifer Lee Pryor, and record producer Quincy Jones separately attested that the two stars had an affair in the 1970s.
‘He’d **** anything. Anything! He’d **** a mailbox,’ said Jones indelicately of Brando’s all-consuming sex drive.
Brando is remembered as one of the screen greats — arguably the greatest film actor — whose self-destructive urges squandered the talent he showed in films such as On The Waterfront, The Wild One and A Streetcar Named Desire.
Despite sporadic career comebacks, such as his memorable performances in The Godfather and Apocalypse Now, his later years were mired in a chaotic private life that produced at least 11 children and a string of B-list money-grubbing films.
Actor Marlon Brando is all smiles as he holds his Oscar which was awarded to him for the best actor of 1954. Brando, who won the Oscar for his performance in the film, On The Waterfront, was overwhelmed by the honor Hollywood bestowed upon him
American actor Marlon Brando on the set of Desiree, directed by Henry Koster
He descended into obesity and self-righteous megalomania, indulging in the sort of preachy behaviour and self-aggrandisement that antagonised film studios — such as sending a Native American protester to collect his 1973 Oscar for The Godfather.
His neglect of his children had catastrophic results when his son Christian shot dead the boyfriend of his pregnant half-sister Cheyenne who then killed herself.
However, according to Mann, whose 720-page tome, The Contender — The Story Of Marlon Brando, has been hailed as the most comprehensive biography of the enigmatic star, ‘nearly everyone who has written about him has got him wrong’.
Mann argues Brando had nothing but contempt for acting and his films. Far more important to him were the humanitarian causes he championed — and the women he obsessively chased.
Critics who dismiss him as a hypocrite and self-pitying narcissist overlook the traumatic legacy of his terrible childhood and severe mental illness.
Mann accepts Brando’s claim, after years in psychotherapy, that he ‘went after women to make up for what my mother failed to give me and to spite my father’.
The lack of love from his abusive, alcoholic parents explains why he sought only loveless, sexual relationships, says Mann. It also helps explain, he argues, how Brando could have such empathy for the dispossessed yet behave so callously to the women in his life.As his book reveals, Brando’s treatment of women was appalling and certainly takes a lot of explaining.
American actors Marlon Brando and Eva Marie Saint on the set of Waterfront, directed by Elia Kazan
British actress Vivien Leigh (Vivian Mary Hartley) and American actor Marlon Brando smoking on the set of the film A Streetcar Named Desire
Brando once said ‘the only reason I’m in Hollywood is that I don’t have the moral courage to refuse the money’. He was the first actor to break the $1 million a movie barrier and earned $3.7 million for a three-minute appearance in Superman in 1978.
But money wasn’t the only enticement. He exploited his Hollywood superstardom and his astonishing good-looks to get any woman — or man — he wanted.
Born in 1924 in Omaha, his father — also Marlon — was a pesticide salesman and his mother Dorothy, an actress. He inherited their bohemian attitudes to sex.
His tyrannical and emotionally cold father with whom ‘Bud’, as he was known, frequently came to blows, was a serial philanderer. His mother became a hopeless drunkard who once had to be collected naked from a police cell. She would flirt so disgustingly with her son’s few friends that Brando never dared bring any home.
Bullied by his angry, violent father, Brando became an angry, violent teenager who carried a knife and would slash car tyres, shoot at people with an air gun and steal money from neighbours. The ‘Rumpelstiltskin rages’ of his later life were another legacy from his father, says Mann.
Brando, aged 15, intervened one night as his father was drunkenly beating his mother, threatening to kill him if he touched her again.
Two years later, his father sent him to Shattuck Military Academy to toughen him up. Instead his acting potential was spotted and encouraged by Earle Wagner, 44, head of English and drama, who became his friend and mentor. Five years later Wagner was sacked for having sexual relations with some of the cadets.
Brando once said ‘the only reason I’m in Hollywood is that I don’t have the moral courage to refuse the money’. He was the first actor to break the $1 million a movie barrier and earned $3.7 million for a three-minute appearance in Superman in 1978 (pictured in A Streetcar Named Desire)
American actor Marlon Brando (1924 – 2004) with his father, Marlon Brando, Sr. and mother Dorothy in around 1950
Mann speculates that Brando could have been one of them. After all, he was open about having a ‘sexual fling’ with another cadet and in early 1943, he mysteriously fell out with Wagner — an incident Brando would never discuss.
Shortly after, he was expelled, supposedly for smoking, although Mann is clearly not convinced that was the reason.
‘Bud’ moved to New York at 19 to study drama. There it was the turn of the opposite sex to fall by the score for him. His first girlfriend was Celia Webb, a beautiful, young Hispanic who was married and a mother and — friends thought — ‘substitute mother’. Brando boasted they would even have sex at the ballet, ‘their hands in each other’s lap’.
She was the first of many who foolishly hoped he might marry her. Even after she had his baby stillborn and suffered depression, he refused.
He was juggling myriad girlfriends, including a petite blonde from his acting class named Blossom Plumb. Actress Elaine Stritch, also in the class, said women would pretend to faint so Brando would pick them up. His charm, she said, was ‘devastating’ and he was ‘so beautiful that it scared me’.
It wasn’t just the girls. Brando’s ‘entreating eyes and his soft, slightly high-pitched voice made him a tantalising mix of the masculine and feminine’, says Mann.
To appease his appetites, Brando would head to the bohemian artists’ colony of Provincetown, Cape Cod, where he had an affair with a gay barman.
On another occasion, Brando brought a ‘pretty young drifter’ into the attic room he shared with his friend Freddie Fiore so they could ‘share’ her together in bed.
‘While [Marlon] was humping away silently in the dark,’ said Fiore, Brando reached out and stroked his friend’s face so he wouldn’t feel left out.
In Mann’s view Brando turned to sex to cope with his feelings of depression and loneliness,.
By 21, he was bringing home a new conquest almost every night. ‘There would be 30 girls — I’m not exaggerating — at a party all trying to get Marlon for themselves,’ recalls a girlfriend. ‘I called them a ship of fools.’
Brando, she added, needed to have ‘every woman in the room, if not that night then soon’. Sometimes, he would ‘grab a script girl or wardrobe assistant in between scenes’ of a play he was in, says Mann.
‘For him, sex was like eating or going to the bathroom,’ said a fellow cast member.
Anna Kashfi, the actress who became Brando’s first wife in 1957 and divorced him about a year later, enters court in 1960 during a custody hearing involving their son Christian, who was born in May 1958
American actors Marlon Brando (1924 – 2004) and Marilyn Monroe (1926 – 1962) at a party in New York City in 1956
The more women threw themselves at him, the more he treated them like dirt. Mann believes he insisted on their unstinting devotion because he never got that from his mother.
Although he was ‘rarely’ physically abusive with women, he would start arguments then come back with a ‘hangdog’ expression and invariably the girl took him back.
Brando preferred ‘inconsequential sex’, says Mann, and most women understood this wasn’t about love. ‘I really couldn’t compete with all his sexual commitments, nor did I want to,’ said the actress Shelley Winters, one of his on-off lovers.
It wasn’t that Brando couldn’t love, he loved many women but ‘just couldn’t show it very well’, claims American singer and comedienne Kaye Ballard, another Brando flame.
History suggests that may have been wishful thinking. Brando’s secretary recalled him telling her: ‘When I awake in the morning, the first thing I think about is, ‘Who am I going to f*** today?’ ‘ — even if there was a woman sleeping beside him.
He was 26 when he became a film star with an Oscar-winning performance in his first movie, A Streetcar Named Desire, and despite his proclivities he found his instant sex symbol status overwhelming.
‘He would walk through Grand Central Station and women would open their shirts,’ said a girlfriend, Ellen Adler. ‘He was completely unprepared for that.’
Adler — daughter of Brando’s acting coach, Stella Adler, and ‘one woman Brando could never overpower’ — concluded sadly that nobody could be married to him. Marlon could only accept a woman as his equal if she was a ‘pal’, never a lover, she said.
Stardom brought him into the orbit of gorgeous female stars.
He met voluptuous Puerto Rican actress Rita Moreno in 1954 while they were making Napoleonic drama Desiree.
Having first been struck by the woman’s perfume he wore, she found him ‘swaggeringly irresistible’. They started an eight-year affair which even survived his engagement to a pretty French 19-year-old, Josanne Mariani.
Brando dragged his feet and Mariani — having accused him of affairs with Ursula Andress and Christian Marquand — left him. She had a lucky escape. Rita Moreno had a botched abortion after falling pregnant by Brando (who never used contraception) and — heartbroken by his relentless womanising — attempted suicide with sleeping pills.
Brando could hardly ignore such glaring evidence of the ‘devastating impact’ of his behaviour, says Mann, but he had a pretty good try, insisting publicly he was the perfect gentleman.
Privately, he dismissed his scorned lovers as ‘hysterical’.
In 1955, Brando reportedly started a fling with Marilyn Monroe when she was briefly single. ‘Blonde and fragile’, says Mann, Monroe wasn’t Brando’s type although she ‘had an earthy sense of humour that he would have liked’.
Marlon Brando at age six with his sister. Brando sits atop a shetland pony
Portrait of actor Marlon Brando as he appears in the film A Streetcar Named Desire
Brando claimed he and Monroe kept up their relationship intermittently for years, and she rang him days before her death. But Mann believes Brando only saw Marilyn ‘once or twice’.
Scared of being overshadowed, Brando generally preferred to go after less famous women, just as he preferred not to act alongside big name female stars.
His three marriages were all to minor actresses — including one he’d found doing the washing up in a Polynesian hotel, and were all short-lived thanks to his philandering. As Brando was dressing for his wedding to his British-born first wife, Anna Kashfi, his secretary spotted another woman in his bed.
On location his behaviour would deteriorate further. Filming 1962 film Mutiny On The Bounty in Tahiti, Brando had a different girl each day of the week. He also took a ‘perverse pleasure in playing the home-wrecker’, relishing the challenge of seducing friends’ wives, sometimes jumping over garden fences to arrive unnoticed. He once sadistically invited over the husband of a mistress while she was with him.
‘[Brando] was lonely and envious of those who weren’t,’ observes Mann.
And yet he fled commitment. When third wife Tarita Teriipaia tried to tell him she loved him, he angrily insisted she never again utter those words.
But there was one woman he claimed he truly loved — Jill Banner, a bit-part actress more than 20 years his junior with whom he started an affair in the 1970s. Her secret, said a friend, was that, unlike his other women, she never went running after Brando when he walked away.
An ex-girlfriend of Clint Eastwood, she shared Brando’s antipathy to monogamy — her first encounter with him was in a menage a trois with Marquand, Brando’s lover and her then boyfriend.
However, she, too, grew tired of Brando’s ugly behaviour and, according to Brando, she had an affair with his son Christian, 18, in revenge. Banner died in a car crash in 1982.
Brando’s last significant relationship was with his housekeeper, Maria Ruiz, with whom he had three children. When he tried to move his family away, she sued him for £70 million.
Mann omits numerous other tawdry Brando affairs, such as with British novelist and sister of Joan, Jackie Collins, who claims he seduced her when she was 15.
‘I had a lot of affairs. Far too many to describe me as a perfectly normal, reasonable, intelligent person,’ Brando once said.
Few could possibly disagree.
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Campus Blotter
ArchiveSports
Villemaire breaks program record
The Plattsburgh State track and field team competed at the SLU Open hosted by St. Lawrence University last Friday and came in first and second for the women’s and men’s team, with the points of 213.5 and 154 respectively.
The women’s team combined the total 10 first-place finishes while the men’s team topped seven events.
“We had some other people improve their seat times, personal best in order to get into the conference championship. [I’m] pretty pleased with the way things went,” head coach Nick Jones said.
Graduate student Kallie Villemaire and senior Elisabeth Plympton came in first and second for the 300-meter dash, with the time of 41.74 and 42.09 respectively. Villemaire and Plympton broke the program record of 42.29 set by Monticia Prather in 2000.
The Cardinals also won the 200-meter dash, 400-meter dash, 800-meter run, 4×200-meter relay, pole vault, long jump, shot put and weight throw.
For the men’s team, freshmen Brendyn Marrero, Cameron Aviles, Brexton Montville and Jared Davidson topped the 4×200-meter relay, combined for a time of 1:31.66, currently ranked as the second fastest time in All-Atlantic Region Track and Field Conference.
“We didn’t have the best hand-off during the race, which was kind of upsetting, but we know that we can only get better from that and the time is only going to go down, especially when we have bigger competition,” Montville said.
Montville hopes the team could finish first for the 4×200-meter relay, break the program record and keep getting better from that.
PSU also came in first for 200-meter dash, 300-meter dash, 400-meter dash, 800-meter run, pole vault and 4×400-meter relay.
Davidson was off by 0.16 seconds to the program record for the 300-meter dash set by Chris Verkey in 2000. He was disappointed for not breaking the program record, but was happy with his progress as he dropped a second compared to his previous performance in the event.
“I was happy with my progress, but it was like ‘dang man’. I can’t really describe that feeling,” Davidson said.
The Cards will be competing at SUNYAC Championships, hosted by SUNY Brockport today.
Montville said the SLU Open boosted the team’s confidence and prepared for the upcoming championships.
“We’re all going in ready. We’re definitely all focused and we expect big things to happen. We’ve all come a long way. I know for the upperclassmen, this means a lot for them,” Davidson said. “This is a big moment. We are all going in for a fight.”
Jones said 18 athletes from the men’s team and 33 from the women’s team will be competing at the championships. He believes the team was in better spirit when the SUNYAC Championships entries were finalized.
The team had a good workout on Wednesday and was prepared for the championship. The team traveled to Brockport yesterday after their pre-meet. Jones said it will not be a one-night travel as the championship only starts at 3 p.m. today.
Jones is expecting the team to hit more personal bests and wants to see some SUNYAC champions and more athletes to be qualified for AARTFC.
Montville said one of his goals was qualifying for the SUNYAC championships and he is relieved to have achieved that goal. He said most of the goals he set were met this season and he is building it up for the outdoor season.
Davidson said drinking water is the key to his preparation for the SUNYAC Championships. He also said he tries to keep his nerve down and find some downtimes to keep himself from drifting away.
“Even though I’m a freshman, I’m not looking to be casted out. I’m trying to make it in for myself here. When people see me, that’s Jared Davidson,” Davidson said.
By Kai Bing Ang
PSU closes indoor season
Kai Bing Ang - March 13, 2020 0
The Plattsburgh State track and field team closed the indoor season finishing 13th and 16th, for the men’s and women’s team respectively, in the...
Men’s team performs best since 2006
Kai Bing Ang - March 6, 2020 0
The Plattsburgh State men’s team finished fifth out of nine teams, marked the best finishes in a conference meet since the 2006 SUNYAC Championship,...
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The Plattsburgh State track and field team competed against some of the top athletes in the Northeast at the David Hemery Valentine Invitational hosted...
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Archive Kai Bing Ang - November 13, 2020 0
By Channing Prins The 2020 presidential election left the country at a stand-still for more than five days, waiting for every vote to be counted...
Sexual misconduct survivors share their campus stories
By Fernando Alba Almost anyone on SUNY Plattbsburgh’s campus can say how much of a problem sexual misconduct is on campus. But not many hear...
SUNY mandates COVID-19 testing before leaving for fall break
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Pass-fail option granted for students’ courses
By Adeeb Chowdhury Following recent efforts by Student Association leaders, the Office of the Provost announced Tuesday that a modified pass/fail option for this semester...
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Category: GeekWire
Virgin Orbit scores its first orbital launch
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LauncherOne lights up its rocket engine after its release from a carrier airplane. (Virgin Orbit Photo)
Eight months after an unsuccessful first attempt, Virgin Orbit finally lived up to its name today and used an innovative air-launch system to send 10 satellites to orbit.
With backing from British billionaire Richard Branson, Virgin Orbit’s LauncherOne system capitalizes on a concept that Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen funded 17 years ago.
The air-launch concept won SpaceShipOne a $10 million prize back in 2004. Today, it plays an essential role not only for LauncherOne, but also for Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo system and the Stratolaunch venture that Allen founded in 2011.
Virgin Orbit’s modified Boeing 747 jet, nicknamed Cosmic Girl, serves as a flying launch pad for the two-stage LauncherOne rocket.
During last May’s first full-fledged flight test, the rocket’s first-stage NewtonThree engine lit up for only a few seconds before a breach in the propellant system forced a shutdown. No such glitch arose today.
Get the full story on GeekWire
Tags LauncherOne, NASA, Satellites, Virgin Orbit
Blue Angels promise a louder post-COVID air show
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A cockpit view shows the Blue Angels conducting a training flight with F/A-18 Super Hornets. (U.S. Navy Photo / Cody Hendrix)
The U.S. Navy’s Blue Angels had to pass up their traditional Seafair air show in Seattle last year due to the coronavirus pandemic, but assuming the all-clear is given, they promise to come roaring back this August.
This will be the first year that the Blue Angels do their aerobatic act with F/A-18 Super Hornets instead of the “legacy” Hornets that the team has used for 34 years. The shift is the result of a transition that’s been years in the making.
When it comes to power, the Boeing-built Super Hornets are … well, super.
“With the Super Hornet, the show will definitely be audibly louder, because the jet itself produces more thrust,” Lt. Julius Bratton, who serves as the team’s narrator and No. 7 pilot, explained today during a Zoom video conference with reporters. “The Super Hornet has about 42,000 pounds of thrust in full afterburner, whereas the legacy Hornet that we previously flew had about 32,000 pounds of thrust.”
Tags Aviation, Blue Angels, Military, Navy, Seafair
Blue Origin aces rehearsal for crewed space trips
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Blue Origin’s New Shepard spaceship ascends from its West Texas launch pad. (Blue Origin via YouTube)
Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin space venture put the New Shepard spaceship that’s destined to fly people on suborbital trips through its first uncrewed test flight today — and by all appearances, the practice run was a success.
The reusable booster and its attached crew capsule lifted off from Blue Origin’s Launch Site 1 in West Texas at about 11:19 a.m. CT (9:19 a.m. PT), after a countdown that was delayed 20 minutes due to concerns about midlevel winds.
“Look at her go!” launch commentator Ariane Cornell said.
This was the first outing for this particular spaceship. The capsule has been dubbed RSS First Step, with RSS standing for “reusable spaceship.” During a string of 13 previous test flights going back to 2015, Blue Origin has flown two other reusable capsules — but First Step is the first one that’s fully configured to take up to six people to the edge of space and back.
If the program goes as hoped, Blue Origin could start flying people later this year.
Tags Blue Origin, New Shepard, Space, Space Tourism
Blue Origin gets set to fly a spaceship built for people
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Blue Origin’s New Shepard crew capsule is designed to send up to six people to the edge of space and back. (Blue Origin Photoillustration)
Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin space venture is planning to live-stream the first test flight of its first passenger-friendly space capsule on Thursday.
If all goes according to plan, Blue Origin will launch a never-before-flown New Shepard crew capsule and booster from its West Texas facility on an uncrewed suborbital space trip as early as 9:45 a.m. CT (7:45 a.m. PT), with coverage streamed via Blue Origin’s website and YouTube.
Coverage is due to begin 30 minutes before launch, with the precise timing dependent on weather and technical readiness.
Tags Blue Origin, New Shepard, Space, Suborbital Spaceflight
$25 million to be paid in drone whistleblower case
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Insitu built the ScanEagle drone for long-duration U.S. Navy missions. (Insitu Photo)
Bingen, Wash.-based Insitu, a Boeing subsidiary, has agreed to pay $25 million to settle allegations that it used recycled parts rather than new parts in military drones, the Justice Department announced today.
The parts were put into drones that Insitu built for the U.S. Special Operations Command and the Department of the Navy between 2009 and 2017, according to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Washington.
When Insitu was awarded the contracts to supply the drones, under the terms of no-bid contracts, the company said it would use new parts and materials. But according to the allegations, Insitu substituted less expensive recycled, refurbished, reconditions and reconfigured parts.
“Taxpayers deserve to get what they paid for — especially in significant no-bid military contracts,” U.S. Attorney Brian Moran said in a news release. “Cases such as this one should be seen as a warning to defense contractors that false claims have no place in military purchasing.”
Tags Aviation, Boeing, Insitu, Military, Technology
Boeing will pay $2.5B to resolve 737 MAX criminal case
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Ethiopian Airlines Group CEO Tewolde GebreMariam visits the site of a 737 MAX crash in March 2019. (Ethiopian Airlines Photo via Twitter)
Boeing says it’s entered into a $2.51 billion agreement with the U.S. Justice Department to resolve a criminal charge related to the Federal Aviation Administration’s evaluation of Boeing’s 737 MAX airplanes.
The deferred-prosecution agreement addresses a single charge of conspiracy to defraud FAA inspectors about the safety of the 737 MAX’s automated flight control system. Investigators say changes to a component known as the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System, or MCAS, were to blame in a pair of catastrophically fatal 737 MAX crashes that occurred in Indonesia in October 2018 and in Ethiopia in March 2019.
Those crashes led the FAA and other regulators to ground hundreds of 737 MAX planes operated by airlines around the world. After more than a year of investigations, software fixes and revisions to pilot training requirements, the FAA cleared the planes to return to service last November.
The agreement calls for Boeing to pay a penalty of $243.6 million, provide $1.77 billion in compensation to the airlines that purchased 737 MAX jets, and establish a $500 million fund to compensate the families of the 346 people who were killed in the two crashes. Boeing also agreed to cooperate with investigators and strengthen its anti-fraud compliance program.
If Boeing complies with the requirements of the agreement, filed today with a federal court in Texas, the criminal charge will be dismissed after three years.
Tags 737 MAX, Aviation, Boeing, FAA, Technology
Boeing ends an era at composites research center
No Comments on Boeing ends an era at composites research center
Boeing’s Advanced Developmental Composites Center is on East Marginal Way South in Tukwila, Wash. (Flynn Companies Photo)
Boeing says it’ll be repurposing the Seattle-area facility that has served as the focus for research into the composite materials used in aircraft ranging from the B-2 Stealth bomber to the 787 Dreamliner.
In an emailed statement, Boeing said much of the work being done at the Advanced Developmental Composites Center, situated across the street from Seattle’s Museum of Flight, will be distributed to other Boeing facilities — mostly in the Puget Sound region. Other work, unrelated to Boeing Commercial Airplanes, will continue to be done at the 600,000-square-foot facility.
Boeing cast the move as a cost-saving and efficiency-enhancing measure.
Tags Aerospace, Aviation, Boeing, Technology
Jeff Bezos names rocket recovery ship after his mom
No Comments on Jeff Bezos names rocket recovery ship after his mom
Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and his mother, Jacklyn Bezos, at the christening of Blue Origin's rocket recovery ship. (Jeff Bezos via Instagram)
SpaceX CEO Elon Musk named his rocket recovery vessels after science-fiction spaceships, but Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos stayed closer to home for the christening of the ship that his Blue Origin space venture will use for at-sea rocket landings.
In an Instagram post, Bezos said he and his siblings surprised their mom, Jacklyn Bezos, by revealing that the 600-foot recovery ship would be named after her. A video included in the post shows Jacklyn Bezos smashing a bottle of bubbly against the hull, then waving to a cheering crowd.
The landing platform vessel has had several names during its more than two decades of existence. For most of that time, it was known as the Stena Freighter. But when Blue Origin purchased the ship in 2018 and had it brought to Florida for refurbishing, it was clear that it’d be only a matter of time before a new name was painted on its prow.
Tags Blue Origin, Jeff Bezos, New Glenn, Space
The year in aerospace: Comebacks in the skies above
No Comments on The year in aerospace: Comebacks in the skies above
An American Airlines 737 MAX 8 jet takes off on a Dec. 2 test flight. (American Airlines Photo)
Boeing’s rebuilding year drew to a close today with a milestone capping a momentous year in aerospace: the first U.S. passenger flight for a 737 MAX jet since the worldwide fleet was grounded.
American Airlines Flight 718 carried 87 passengers from Miami to New York’s LaGuardia Airport, more than 21 months after two catastrophic crashes in Indonesia and Ethiopia brought a halt to 737 MAX flights.
The incidents led to months of investigation, focusing on an automated flight control system that was found to be vulnerable to software glitches. Boeing had to revamp the system and rework pilot training routines in cooperation with airlines. The Federal Aviation Administration gave the go-ahead for the return to commercial operations just last month.
Brazil’s Gol Airlines and Aeromexico resumed flying 737 MAX jets earlier this month, but Flight 718 was the first time since the grounding that a MAX carried paying passengers on a regularly scheduled U.S. flight.
Tags 737 MAX, Aerospace, Aviation, Boeing, Commercial Spaceflight, NASA, Space, Technology, Year in Review
Antenna venture gets a $30M boost from Korea
No Comments on Antenna venture gets a $30M boost from Korea
Kymeta's next-generation antenna can fit on top of a vehicle to provide hybrid cellular-satellite connectivity. (Kymeta Photo)
Hanwha Systems, a smart-technology company headquartered in South Korea, has agreed to make an $30 million investment in Redmond, Wash.-based Kymeta Corp. — with an eye toward getting a foothold in the market for antennas capable of linking up with satellite constellations in low Earth orbit.
The equity investment deal follows up on an $85 million funding round led by Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates in August. Gates has backed Kymeta since its launch as a next-generation antenna venture in 2012.
Kymeta is in the midst of the commercial rollout for its latest connectivity offering, a hybrid cellular-satellite broadband service known as Kymeta Connect.
The service relies on an innovative flat-panel antenna called the u8. Metamaterial-based electronics allow Kymeta’s antenna to lock onto satellites without the need for moving parts.
Kymeta Connect currently takes advantage of satellites in geostationary Earth orbit, or GEO. But its system can be upgraded for compatibility with the broadband satellite constellations that are taking shape in low Earth orbit, or LEO — including OneWeb, SpaceX’s Starlink and Amazon’s future Project Kuiper constellation.
That meshes perfectly with the plans being laid by Hanwha, a global conglomerate involved in industries ranging from telecommunications to aerospace and finance. Hanwha Systems Co. focuses on smart technologies in defense electronics and information infrastructure.
“The objective of our investment in Kymeta is to enter the LEO satellite antenna market early on, and diversify our technology portfolio,” Youn Chul Kim, CEO of Hanwha Systems Co., said in a news release. “With the expertise of HSC’s top-notch defense communication and radar technologies, we are joining hands with this promising U.S. satellite antenna company. All these efforts will further strengthen HSC’s aerospace systems capabilities.”
Tags Antennas, Hanwha Systems, Korea, Kymeta, Satellites
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Akiba’s Trip: Undead & Undressed Free Download
October 12, 2020 September 13, 2020 by Cracked Games
Download Akiba’s Trip: Undead & Undressed PC Game With Pre-Installed Feature. Click on Download Button and Download your Favourite Game Akiba’s Trip: Undead & Undressed with a direct Download Link.
Game DescriptionGame RequirementsDownload SectionSimilar Games
About the Akiba’s Trip: Undead & Undressed game
Akihabara. “Akiba,” for short. This suburban Tokyo ward’s seen it all, from Japan’s post-war reconstruction to the economic bubblegum crisis of the ’80s. Always on the cutting edge of progress, with a little something to offer even the most fetishistic of appetites, it was almost inevitable that this singular technocracy of indulgence would give birth to a whole new kind of appetite altogether. Enter, the “Synthisters” – vampires who prey upon the life energy of the town’s unsuspecting figurine-chasers, maid café connoisseurs and cosplayers. Those victimized by Synthisters take on the properties of their attackers while also withdrawing from society and becoming veritable shut-ins due to their newfound fatal weakness to sunlight. AKIBA’S TRIP tells the story of one such unfortunate soul: a young man named Nanashi who was lured into a trap by the promise of rare character goods and transformed into one of the walking undead. He, however, was spared the worst of his fate by the bloody kiss of a mysterious Synthister hunter named Shizuku. Together with the rest of his companions in an organization unofficially dubbed the “Akiba Freedom Fighters,” Nanashi and Shizuku must uncover the truth behind the Synthister plague and save Akiba from being overrun by violent, antisocial energy vampires.
(See instructions if you don’t know how to install: Instructions in “Download Section”)
Minimum requirements needs to run Akiba’s Trip: Undead & Undressed game
OS: Windows Vista (SP2)
Processor: Intel Core i3-530 @ 2.93 GHz / AMD Phenom II X4 810 @ 2.60 GHz
Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTS 450 / ATI Radeon HD 5870 (1GB VRAM)
Sound Card: Compatible with DirectX 11
Read the Below Instructions before downloading the Akiba’s Trip: Undead & Undressed game
Click the Download button below and you should be redirected to UploadHaven.
Once Akiba’s Trip: Undead & Undressed is done downloading, right-click the .zip file and click on “Extract to AKIBAS.TRIP.Undead.Undressed.v220416.zip” (To do this you must have WinRAR, which you can get here).
Double click inside the Akiba’s Trip: Undead Undressed folder and run the exe application.
Have fun and play! Make sure to run the game as administrator and if you get any missing dll errors, look for a Redist or _CommonRedist folder and install all the programs in the folder.
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Deep Politics Forum › Deep Politics Forum › Money, Banking, Finance, and Insurance
How to get $12 billion of gold to Venezuela
Magda Hassan
Ever since the news broke last week that Hugo Chávez wanted to transport 211 tons of physical gold from Europe to Caracas, I've been wondering how on earth he possibly intends to do such a thing.
There are 99 tons already being held at the Bank of England; according to the FT, the plan is to transfer other gold to the Bank of England from custodians such as Barclays, HSBC, and Standard Chartered; then, once it's all in one place, um, well, nobody has a clue what might happen. Here's the best guess from the FT:
Venezuela would need to transport the gold in several trips, traders said, since the high value of gold means it would be impossible to insure a single aircraft carrying 211 tonnes. It could take about 40 shipments to move the gold back to Caracas, traders estimated.
"It's going to be quite a task. Logistically, I'm not sure if the central bank realises the magnitude of the task ahead of them," said one senior gold banker.
I put the ever-resourceful Nick Rizzo on the task, but he came up with little more: the market in physical gold is tiny, and largely comprised of nutcases. The last (and only) known case of this kind of quantity of gold being transported across state lines took place almost exactly 75 years ago, in 1936, when the government of Spain removed 560 tons of gold from Madrid to Moscow as the armies of Francisco Franco approached.
http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/20...venezuela/
"The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it." Karl Marx
"He would, wouldn't he?" Mandy Rice-Davies. When asked in court whether she knew that Lord Astor had denied having sex with her.
“I think it would be a good idea” Ghandi, when asked about Western Civilisation.
Where's the Gold - odd things happening down at the Comex Chris Bowen 36 14,947 17-01-2013, 08:39 PM
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Former Goldman Commodities Research Analyst Confirms LMBA OTC Gold Market Is "Paper Gold" Ponzi Magda Hassan 0 1,581 29-03-2010, 01:22 PM
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Curious Trading by Federal Reserve Advisor May Result in JPMorgan Chase $1.264 Billion Windfall 0 331 Less than 1 minute ago
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Technical University of Crete
Technical University ..
School of Environmen ..
Spatial distribution of natural and artificial radionuclides in soils in Greece
Terzidis Konstantinos
URI: http://purl.tuc.gr/dl/dias/11984520-0733-47C3-9819-0E7841002ADB
Type of Item Diploma Work
Το work with title Spatial distribution of natural and artificial radionuclides in soils in Greece by Terzidis Konstantinos is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Bibliographic Citation Konstantinos Terzidis, "Spatial distribution of natural and artificial radionuclides in soils in Greece", Diploma Work, School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece, 2020 https://doi.org/10.26233/heallink.tuc.86714
Diploma Works in Community School of Environmental Engineering
In the present thesis the behavior of natural and artificial radionuclides in Greek soils is examined. The aim of the thesis is to accomplish the spatial distribution of the radionuclides in the examined areas and simultaneously evaluate the environmental danger which occurs from these radionuclides, by calculating the appropriate environmental indices.The areas from which we had soil samples are Lesvos, Chios and Thessaly. More precisely, we had 18 soil samples from Lesvos, 8 soil samples from Chios and 19 soil samples from Thessaly.The radionuclides examined for this thesis are Radium (226Ra, 228Ra), Uranium (238U), Thorium (228Th, 232Th), Potassium (40K) and Caesium(137Cs). From the aforementioned radionuclides Radium, Uranium, Thorium and Potassium belong to natural radionuclides, whereas Caesium belongs to artificial. Furthermore, the correlation between these radionuclides is studied by applying PCA and calculating the Pearson’s correlation coefficients.In order to carry out the spatial distribution of the radionuclides in the studied areas, the method of Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) was used. Namely, the resulting spatial distribution maps were based on the assumption that the characteristics of the samples closer to each other are more similar than the characteristics of those further apart.Regarding the assessment of the environmental danger resulting from the examined radionuclides, the necessary environmental indices were used. In more detail, the Geo-accumulation Index (IGEO), the Enrichment Factor (EF) and the Pollution Index (PI) were calculated for the determination of the pollution of the soils from each radionuclide separately. In Lesvos, increased Enrichment Factor and Pollution Index values were observed whereas in Chios and Thessaly these indices presented small values. Generally, little pollution is found by radionuclides in the examined areas, with medium pollution levels in Lesvos due to the effect of specific local geological circumstances. Moreover, several safety radiation parameters were found in order to assess the danger on human health by the radionuclides. Specifically, these parameters are the External Hazard Index (Hex), the Radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the dose (D) and the effective dose (DE). Lesvos, presented higher values for the above parameters compared to Chios and Thessaly. It is important to highlight that in Argennos and in Arisvi Hex and Raeq values were found to be higher than the acceptable limits. Finally, there was a separate calculation of the Caesium dose (DCs) and the effective dose of Caesium (DE(Cs)) because Caesium belongs to the artificial radionuclides and its danger assessment is of big interest. Lesvos and Thessaly, presented similar values when it comes to Caesium parameters, whilst in Chios those values were smaller. In conclusion, the danger for human health in the examined areas both from natural radionuclides and Caesium is minor.
Available Files
Terzidis_Konstantinos_Dip_2020.pdf 3 MB application/pdf
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Investigative Group
EXCLUSIVE: Investigators Still Keeping Details Secret Two Years After EPA Caused Disaster
REUTERS/EPA/Handout
Ethan Barton Editor in Chief
August 01, 2017 10:40 PM ET
Federal investigators are refusing to release details of a criminal probe into a disaster the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) caused two years ago, The Daily Caller News Foundation Investigative Group has found.
The EPA’s Inspector General (IG) provided the Department of Justice evidence that an employee involved in the August 2015 Gold King Mine disaster violated the Clean Water Act and made false statements. The Justice Department declined to prosecute him, the IG announced in October 2016.
The watchdog wrote a report on its completed investigation but is now keeping it secret.
“The material you requested … are part of one or more open law enforcement files,” EPA IG associate counsel Susan Barvenik told TheDCNF in a letter. Producing “such records could reasonably be expected to interfere with ongoing enforcement proceedings.”
An EPA spokeswoman provided conflicting information about the probe.
[dcquiz]
“Investigative activity has ended, but the investigation is still administratively open,” IG spokeswoman Tia Elbaum told TheDCNF. “We haven’t closed the investigation as further actions could still be pursued. We do not have plans to release the records at this time.”
She added that the IG won’t close the probe until the EPA decides if it will punish the referred employee. Saturday will mark two years since the disaster that spurred the investigation. (RELATED: EPA’s Gold King Mine Boss Dodged Federal Probe By Retiring)
The IG launched the probe after an EPA crew breached Colorado’s Gold King Mine in August 2015, which unleashed a three-million-gallon flood of toxic waste into drinking water for three states and the Navajo Nation. No one was punished for the incident, and numerous government reports omitted crucial details.
The IG’s letter was a response to TheDCNF’s Freedom of Information Act request for the watchdog’s report. TheDCNF also sought any administrative action the EPA took as a result of the probe, but there’s no evidence anything was done.
“After a thorough search based on the information you provided, the Office of Inspector General has determined that we have no records that are responsive to … your request,” Barvenik’s letter said.
“This does not mean that the agency is not pursuing administrative actions,” Elbaum added.
But it does confirm that the EPA still hasn’t punished the employee the IG said lied during the investigation. (RELATED:Watchdog Relied On Someone It Called A Liar To Clear EPA Of Wrongdoing)
Similarly, the IG cleared the agency of any wrongdoing surrounding the disaster in a June audit and provided no recommendations for improvement. (RELATED: EPA Cleared In Agency-Caused Environmental Disaster, Despite Official’s Admissions)
Meanwhile, the House Committee on Natural Resources released a thorough report less than seven months after the disaster, which detailed the EPA’s mistakes and other questionable details.
TheDCNF has also published numerous investigations revealing contradictions in the EPA’s explanation of the events surrounding the spill and other facts that suggest the agency engaged in a cover-up to obscure wrongdoing.
The EPA, for example, selected an agency with multiple interests in the Gold King Mine site to conduct what was called an “independent” review of the incident.
Additionally, the IG’s June audit relied on official statements and made no attempt to discredit or invalidate uncovered, contradicting details. The watchdog, for example, reasserts the EPA’s claim that breaching Gold King Mine was an accident, even though internal emails shows it was intentional and in violation of written orders.
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Tags : environmental protection agency gold king mine investigative group
Ethan Barton
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Kavanaugh Accuser’s Lawyer: It’s Not Her Job To Corroborate Her Story
Amber Athey Podcast Columnist
September 17, 2018 2:12 PM ET
Debra Katz, the attorney for the woman accusing Brett Kavanaugh of sexual assault, said that it is not her client’s job to corroborate her claims.
Katz said on CNN on Monday that investigators should be responsible for proving Christine Blasey Ford’s claim that Kavanaugh held her down and drunkenly groped her while at a party in high school.
During the interview, Katz revealed that there was another girl present at the party, which allegedly took place in 1982 while Kavanaugh was attending Georgetown Prep. Ford previously told the Washington Post that there were four boys at the party but never indicated if there were other girls beside herself.
“While we have you, perhaps you can help us fill in the blanks on some of her story. She says that she was at a party in probably 1982 in Montgomery County, Maryland. She says that there were four guys there, these are high school students, as was she. There were four guys there. Were there any girls there that day?” anchor Alisyn Camerota asked.
“Yes, there was another girl at this party, yes,” Katz said.
Camerota asked if Ford has tried to talk to any of the other partygoers to see if they will corroborate her story, but Katz declined to place the burden of proof on her client.
“That’s not her job to do that. If this is going to be investigated, it should be done by investigators,” Katz asserted.
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Tags : brett kavanaugh christine blasey ford
Amber Athey
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Fox Asks College Football Fans The 3 Coaches They’d Want The Most
April 13, 2020 10:25 AM ET
Fox recently tweeted a graphic stirring up an interesting debate among college football fans.
FOX College Football tweeted a graphic of several prominent college coaches, and wrote, “You can only keep 3.” (RELATED: David Hookstead Is The True King In The North When It Comes To College Football)
You can see the full list below.
You can only keep 3 ⬇️ pic.twitter.com/TldIevIrFM
— FOX College Football (@CFBONFOX) April 11, 2020
I mean, this is an incredibly easy choice. The three best coaches on that list are Nick Saban, Dabo Swinney and Ed Orgeron.
I love Mike Leach and I think Ryan Day has an incredible future ahead of him, but neither has a national title ring.
The three men I listed have nine of them combined. Anybody who is looking to win games has to pick the three coaches I listed.
Tom Herman? Are you kidding me? Mario Cristobal? I mean, he has some potential. And we all know nobody is taking Jim Harbaugh to win a title.
This might be the easiest “pick three” I’ve ever done in my life. It’s not tough at all. The decision makes itself.
Three of these coaches have national championships and the others don’t. That’s the beginning and the end of the debate.
Let us know who you’d take in the comments!
Tags : alabama crimson tide clemson tigers college football dabo swinney ed orgeron lsu tigers nick saban
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Dancing on the Edge of an Endangered Planet
adventure travel, kayaking, skiing, climbing
Skiing in South America
Caribou Cabin
Finding A New Life on Tocllaraju
The River of the Sacred Monkey
You Might Only Live Once
The Last Powder Dance
Jackal Hut
Mountains of the World & a Few Desert Towers
Adventures in Ecuador
Spring Skiing on Mount Toll
Skiing in Teton Park
Chile Photos
Norway Photos
Wind Rivers
Peter Estin Hut
Eiseman Hut
Salt River and Misc
Skiing Nevado Coropuna
First Descent of the Mekong in Tibet
Kayaking Nepal’s Humla Karnali
The Totem Pole in Monument Valley
Earthquake in the Colca Canyon
Filming “In Winter it’s Chile”
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River
More Excerpts
Trying to be a Cowboy
Learning How to Climb
A Summer in the Needles of South Dakota
Hope for the Endangered Planet
The Mute Devil and the Volcanoes of Southern Chile
Return to the Animas
Sleep When You’re Dead
The Clark’s Fork of the Yellowstone
Kayaking the Classic Rivers of Nepal
The Aspen Town Downhill
Divorce Boat in the Grand Canyon
John Mattson Design-Build
Purchase Books & Contact Info
Why Do We Climb Mountains
The Awakening to a New Life
The First Descent of Dream Canyon
The First Descent of Toltec Gorge
The First descent of the North Saint Vrain
The Gore Race
How old would you be if you didn’t know how old you was?”
— Satchel Paige
Animas River below Silverton, Colorado Dana Kopf photo
“I’d like to do the Animas again, and so would some other folks. Would you like to join us?” Ken Ransford asked, as we enjoyed a celebratory beer at the Roaring Fork takeout. Ken was about to turn 50, and the early symptoms of mid-life crisis were starting to emerge.
“Oh man! I don’t know,” I replied. “I think I’m getting too old for that stuff. I swam the whole Rockwood Box at seven grand when I was young and foolish, and the very thought of that canyon makes me nervous.”
“Aw, come on. You can still do it. It’s going to be low water, and it is such a beautiful place. I would like to do a three-day trip and spend one day hiking. If we camp at No Name, we can do a great day hike in a very remote area.”
“OK!” I said, not quite convinced. “I’ll think about it.”
A month later, I met Ken at the put-in. The flow was only about 1,000 CFS, so we packed all of our gear into our boats and headed cautiously downstream.
“Danny Roman and Jim Cardimone are planning to join us tomorrow night, and some other people may show up,” Ken told me, as we headed into the long gorge.
The mighty Animas starts as a tiny creek near Silverton, Colorado, but it soon picks up steam as it drops through an incredible canyon in the heart of the San Juan Mountains. Dozens of majestic peaks tower above the lush canyon, and a myriad of small waterfalls enhance the spectacular scenery, as well as add to the river’s volume.
Being there again revived some incredible memories of my youth, and we paddled safely to No Name Creek. My life had changed quite a bit in the last twenty-five years, but this canyon was still the same, and the scenery was better than I had remembered.
We were carefully scouting No Name Rapid, when a young pair of boaters emerged on the scene. They had decided to skip the scout, and a young gal caught the edge of a hungry entrance hole. The hydraulic feature tipped her boat and she broached for a moment on a large rock. It was an awkward place to roll, and her first attempt failed, but the rolling motion freed her from the broach, and she continued down the class V rapid upside down. The second rolling attempt also failed and so did the third and forth, but her boat followed a fairly clean line, and she finally rolled up at the bottom. She was quite out of breath, but proudly stated that she had never taken a swim while kayaking. She had only been boating for a couple of years, but she had already paddled many class V rivers.
We camped in an empty paradise, and the gentle sound of the moving river lulled us to sleep.
We awoke at dawn and found a primitive trail that led us back upstream to Ten Mile Canyon. It was a long trail, and a bit difficult to follow, but the rewards were great. The very primitive track wound its way up a remote valley with no inhabitants, and we scrambled to the top of a high pass. A small herd of young elk was playing in a shallow pond, and we spent about half an hour watching them. It was a weekend day, but we were the only humans in the whole region.
A warm fire was burning when we reached camp, and we were very happy to see Jim and Danny and a few other boaters who had decided to join us. Jim and Danny had been paddling for decades and had already broken the dismal age 50 barrier. We had known each other for more than twenty years and had paddled many rivers together, so it was a great reunion. The whitewater tales of terror flowed as freely as the whiskey, but as we hoped to live to tell more stories after this trip, we retired early and awoke with the dawn.
We were busy packing our boats when another beautiful young woman arrived on the scene. She had started very early, and had paddled solo to our camp site. She was hoping to find some companions for the rest of the journey, so we invited her to join us.
It was a bright, sunny day, but the river was cold, and the low water was more technical than a medium flow would have been. After a few miles of moderate whitewater, we reached the old broken bridge that marks the rapid of the same name. It was somewhat technical at this flow, and a careful scout brought our adrenaline up to the required level.
Adrenaline is a wonderful drug, and it may be the key to the fountain of youth. The sudden surge made us all feel young, and we rushed to our boats and aced the rapid.
After a rowdy round of high fives, we paddled onward to the upper Rockwood Gorge.
“Danger! The Rockwood Gorge is very dangerous, and walking on the tracks is strictly prohibited,” a sign at the entrance to the steep box canyon stated ominously.
We caught a small eddy just above the gorge and tried to scout the first big drop, but the crux moves could not be seen from our viewpoint. The left side was the only part we could see, and it looked horrendous.
“I ran that left side once and nearly died because somebody gave us the wrong beta. It’s a horrible hole!” one of the younger boaters informed us.
“Let’s just go for it!” Jim exclaimed, as we walked back to our boats. “I checked Mountain Buzz yesterday, and there were no warnings. And we’ve all done this before and know the line.”
The first big drop of the Rockwood Gorge was only Class IV at low water, but it was very intimidating. It could be scouted from river left, but it was a very difficult scout. There was a clean line on river right at low water, but it led to a pretty big horizon-line drop in a very sheer box canyon. At high water, it was a nasty, V-shaped wave that boaters had dubbed “Mandatory Trash,” and it was the source of my mile-long swim at seven grand.
The adrenaline kicks into second gear as we line up in the eddy and take our turns on the blind drop. I watch a few of my friends disappear over the horizon, then paddle out of the high eddy and head downstream.
Suddenly, the only thing that exists in the world is this river, and I paddle carefully toward the drop. There is a small entrance rapid that is best run on the left, and I shudder at the thought of accidentally running that channel. But the moves are easy, and I maneuver my boat back to the sheer wall on the right. Now the drop is in sight, and a strong, curling hydraulic is waiting to tip me over and push me into the wall, but my instincts point me in the right direction.
“Yow! What a rush!” I exclaimed, as I paddled into the eddy and greeted the group with another round of high fives.
We had now passed into the magnificent gorge, which was as incredible as any place that I had ever been. The floodwaters had created amazing sculptures in the narrow canyon, and the late afternoon sun transformed the abyss into a truly majestic setting. We paddled onward for another mile of less-significant rapids to a well-marked takeout.
“Wow! That was awesome! We have to make a vow to do this when we’re sixty,” I suggested.
“Sixty’s nothing! Let’s do it when we’re 70!” Jim replied.
Link to buy books
Dancing on the Edge Excerpts
In Winter it’s Chile
Peru 2014 Photos; Nevado Tocllaraju and More
Peru’s Infamous Colca Canyon
Tips for Learning to Kayak
The Mute Devil and the Volcanoes of S. Chile
Climbing Ship Rock
Cruising Cal at 50
Adventure in the Andes
Granite Mountain
The Grand Cotahuasi Canyon of Peru
Radio Beacon Mountain
Hiking in the Back Yard
Modern Climbing Techniques
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Telstra is getting seriously funny with 5G conspiracy nuts
By Daniel Tyson
With the launch of any new technology there’s always going to be an information campaign to explain the tech to everyone, but there’s more than a little bit of mis-information out there surrounding 5G. Telstra is taking the battle to the masses though with a new online content series aimed at debunking 5G myths.
It’s a serious, but not so serious series spanning 5 episodes and presented by satirist and presenter Mark Humphries as ‘5G Chief Investigator’ and Telstra’s EME (Electro-Magnetic Energy) expert Mike Wood.
‘Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic‘ said Arthur C Clarke, and it’s ringing true with more conspiracy theorists choosing to believe the magic instead of the science. Theories such as “5G hasn’t been tested” or “5G damages DNA” are popping up every day and the series will attempt to debunk these myths, and throw in some education in a lighter, but still factual way.
The series has begun with the first episode live on the Telstra YouTube channel and there’s 4 more to follow. They’re not too long, but they’re punchy and definitely worth a watch.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=fQXzU6VicMY&feature=emb_logo
Related Items:5g, telstra
Telstra 5G now available to 50 percent of Australians.
Telstra talks tech trends for the coming year
Telstra’s 5G stress test – a busy apartment, 58 devices and the all important 5G EME test for safety.
Google and Adobe make it easier to work with PDFs and more with .new web sites
Xiaomi Mi Curved Gaming Monitor 34” is now available to buy in Australia for $699
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Home › Chris Crow › Mack-Rose Called Reed Offering For A Clean Campaign Before Going Negative
Mack-Rose Called Reed Offering For A Clean Campaign Before Going Negative
By Steven Tavares on October 19, 2012 • ( 47 )
ELECTION ’12//SAN LEANDRO CITY COUNCIL DIST 2 | As early as last July, there were rumors the campaign for San Leandro’s District 2 seat would get vicious. Candidate Dan Dillman faces the possibility of incarceration next year for obstruction of justice against two Alameda County sheriff’s deputies. San Leandro school board trustee Morgan Mack-Rose heard rumors circulating surrounding her private life and the incumbent Councilwoman Ursula Reed is perceived to some as unresponsive, and, at times, absent from her district.
So it is not surprising one of the candidates apparently vowed early on to run a clean campaign. However, a voice message obtained by The Citizen shows, in hindsight, the truce was broken by the same candidate who first proposed it.
Reed played a two-minute voice mail to her from Mack-Rose calling for a respectful fall campaign. The recording, received Aug. 1 shows Mack-Rose addressing a “disturbing rumor” going around that she plans to campaign negatively against Reed.
“I have no intention of doing that,” says Mack-Rose, who later assured Reed of her “personal respect” for the sitting councilmember. Besides, says Mack-Rose, “people don’t want to hear negative.”
Reed says she is bringing the voice mail to the public in response to a claim by Mack-Rose at an event Sept. 25 that Reed proposed purchasing and later accepting, in trying economic times like these, a city-issued iPad. Mack-Rose’s implication was the expenditure was a waste of taxpayers’ dollars. A mailer featuring the same falsehood was also sent to area seniors last month.
“It would be unconscionable to take iPads when we didn’t have enough money for papers for our students and I question the validity of the councilwoman’s statement that she did not accept an iPad, because she did,” said Mack-Rose on Sept. 25.
“I have no idea where she got her facts,” said Reed, afterwards, “because that didn’t happen.” Although, Reed, already in possession of her own tablet, first broached the idea of saving money by replacing paper city council agendas with iPads, she never accepted one paid for by the city, according to its IT Department.
The accusation and falsehood is not without precedent in these odd, often times bitter races for the council’s three open seats with most of the antics centering around two of Mayor Stephen Cassidy’s hand-picked candidates, Mack-Rose and Chris Crow in District 4.
‹ San Leandro Mayor Cassidy Aids Challengers In Effort To Stack The City Council
Ong Crosses $500,000 In Total Independent Expenditure Support ›
Categories: Chris Crow, iPad, Morgan Mack-Rose, S.L. City Council, SLD2, Stephen Cassidy, Ursula Reed
October 19, 2012 • 11:59 PM
If dumping her husband for her lover doesn't bother people would dirty campaigning be a big surprise?
What does it say about our current mayor that he supports this woman who met her boyfriend while he worked for SLUSD and she was on the school board?
Also rumors are running rampant that he, Mack Rose's bf lost his job because of an altercation with a student that became physical.
What does that say about the moral fiber of these people? Cassidy, Mack Rose, Mike Katz have absolutely zero scruples. How can mack Rose address school issues when her BF is an instigator of campus unrest?
October 20, 2012 • 12:07 AM
What's up with Cassidy?
His weight.
According to information presented by City of San Leandro Information Technology Manager Rayan Fowler, the initial proposal calls for iPads to be purchased for all members of the City Council (7),At the Sep. 29 meeting of the Rules and Communications Committee, Councilmember Ursula Reed expressed a desire to have 3G-enabled iPads so that they could be used to access information, anywhere, such as BART or conferences. Reed added, “If you don't have 3G, then it almost defeats the purpose…if I didn't have 3G, it would be pointless because I could just sit in front of a computer at home.”
Steven Tavares
Yeah, that's what I wrote. Just far more succinct than you, but she didn't receive an iPad. That was Mack-Rose's clear claim and it wasn't true.
October 20, 2012 • 8:48 AM
Mack Rose is so full of shit! Tell me what did she accomplish in her years as school board pres? SL Schools are the joke of the East Bay, If you throw out rosevelt and Madison were not much better than Oakland or Hayward.
Would not be suprised if Cassidy gave Mack-Rose the ammo she tried using against Reed. That's how he got where he is today. Told lies, did dirty and mean things to good people. Didn't care who he tried to take down as long as he got to be mayor.
The sad thing is people bought into his bogus crap and believed the lies. Many now realize they too were used just to help him get votes.
Remember the saying “shame on you, you use me once. Shame on me you use me twice.”
Thank you Tavares for printing this story. People need to know how desperate these people are. They lie, cheat and deceive just to get votes.
Mac-Rose is the mother of 2 and a school boardmember. Isn't lying and cheating what intelligent people would teach their children and students not to do? She's setting a fine example.
I keep hearing rumors that the individual over seeing the bond projects (a district employee) has been fired, released or put on paid administrative leave for questionable activity with money from the most recent bonds.
If these rumors are true, what happened to that transparency and accountability Mack-Rose and her board colleagues all promised voters?
If these rumors are true, then I am not suprised Mack-Rose broke her promise to “run a clean campaign.”
If these rumors are true, how long did Mac-Rose and the board think voters would not find out?
Might be a story worth looking into Tavares.
Your so late this happen some time ago and yes he was fired for not doing his Job!! Tavares is not a journalist,possibly only a tabloid' a johnny come lately, who can't make a dime .:” Tabloids also tend to be more irreverent and slangy in their writing style than their more serious broadsheet brothers” since he is so irrelevant he couldn't carry a story …
Yes, but the board promised transperency, accountability and truth and it's NOT happening.
The entire board should be replaced. They are hurting students not helping!
These rumors did not come from Tavares. Like everyone else he probably did not know about it.
Thanks for letting us know it's true. Now voting NO on L.
I dont understand why you don't think its transparent, it's in the minutes of meeting, its a personnel issue so it cant be discussed in public, and it was done by the board. cant get much more transparent then that… would u want them to keep a guy that was almost allowed millions of dollars to be spent fraudulently? It was the board that caught it and caught him…for once i was happy on how it was handled they took steps to catch and stop the person.tabloid tavares was made aware of the story before it happen…
Don't believe a word 9:57 and don't trust this board.
9:57 I have attending board meetings and seen minutes. They never list the individual by name or give reason for termination. When looking at minutes no one, but boardmembers would know who or why. Nice try.
1028 personnel matters CANT NEVER be discussed in public . You understand the state and federal personnel privacy rules???? it can't be discussed by the employer but it can be told by the former employee….. You understand and know that right?? i think that somewhere in GOVERNMENT CODE
SECTION 3540-3540.2 it tells why its only a number and no reason for termination, and thats the same -ts
“Oh what a tangled web you weave” 11:01.
OOOOOOOOOH BOOOOOOH ITS HALLOWEEN TIME LOL.-ts
ts=Total Shit
st=Same Shit
Thanks 8:56am for letting me know the rumors as I had never heard them….. and they want more money??? I DON'T THINK SO!
WOW this is news to me too!
Does Carlos Ja slap her thigh and ride the wave in?
Look all you need to do is look at the scores of SL public Schools over the last 10 years and the current Graduation rates and college enrollment from public schools of SL kids. They want more and more money, but where is the responsibility with what they already have to spend. I am all for kids getting as many resources as possible to allow them to be successful, but damn… show me some results!
OMG can't believe after all the money problems with selling Pacific High School this district hasn't learned a thing. This person will probably get a healthy retirement.Time to say NO MO MONEY!
If this information is confidential, why did Oct.22, 9:57am post about it? How does 9:57 know the details? According to 9:57, when was “Tavares made aware of the story before it happened” and by who?
Were the Daily Review and SL Times told about the story too?
If Almonte and Mac-Rose can't control the money while on the School Board, what makes anyone think they'd do a better job on the City Council!
This is probably why 3 boardmembers have decided not to seek re-election Almonte, Mac-Rose and Sullivan. THERE'S SOMETHING WRONG HERE!!!!
Voting NO on L!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11
Ann Bonato
Measure L and those school board members seeking council seats and getting endorsements from the Mayor had the opposite effect on me,I have very serious reservations about Measure L. I am worried about the intentions of the current school board members and their stewardship of Measure L. Lest we forget those school board members who think so highly of themselves as to create a conspiracy theory that they are being watched and followed everywhere they go. I hate to break it you, but you are not that important. You’re not interesting and you are not a highly evolved scholar.
Also I hope someone can answer this, perhaps Mr. Tavares himself, if both Measure L and Proposition 30 both pass, what happens with all that money? I have been trying to see if there is anything written in the Prop 30 literature that if a local Measure regarding school funding passes then you do not get Prop 30 money or something to that affect. Or is it a case of the current school board doubling down on the measure and the proposition?
A. Bonato
Hi Ann. In my opinion we need to look at smarter spending and not just throw more money a the problem. The school board for instance is building a beautiful new football field but does not really understand how to finance the upkeep. Now they want to ask the city for help. In reality there was an opportunity to move the land for around 30 mill in which the school district have reaped most of the profits. You know how nice of a football field you build with a portion of that? And have money to sustain..just sayin
Mr. Hutchison,
I couldn't agree more. It appears to me that using a school funding measure as your personal bully pulpit is wrong and those who engage in that is not the council person I want. You had my vote long before the above response because you have run an honorable and sincere campaign. No funny business, no shenanigans, a refreshing change.
Please check out my website at http://www.hutchisonforslcc.org for a list of businesses that support me and a little more on my message. I promise you this! If elected you will get 110% everyday while i am in office.
Mr.Hutchison, Not sure selling Burrell Field was or is way to go. The kids at high school do use field for football and other events.
They don't have lights at high school field and the neighbors would have bitched if they had put them there, as it has been tried.
Now thought you'd like to know, bond money being used for new pool and there is no swimming offered for PE. There's an after school swim team only. This is money that could have and should have been better used. They could have fixed up school buildings that need improvements.
We now have performing arts center, but understand teachers that want to use it for their students, may have to pay to rent it. I believe we voters were told it was for the students. Nothing was mentioned about them having to pay to use it.
Does it make sense to cut music (which they did) when voters are paying for that perfoming arts center? It doesn't to me. This Board is guilty of using poor judgement with tax payers money and ALL SHOULD BE REPLACED.
PS we might be lucky they didn't sell Burrell Field. That money probably would have been poorly spent or magically disappeared. Good luck with your campaign.
I would encourage all of you to look at section F. in your Sample Ballot and Voter Information Pamphlet which vaguely explains what could happen to state funding for schools if Measure L passes. It states that property tax could be lessened if Prop 30 passes. Note the wording”could” also there is nothing in the proposition that says specifically how the money will be spent. Specifics for example: $20,000 for part-time librarian at each school. That is just an example and a number pulled out of the air. I want those specifics so that if that doesn't happen I can hold those school board members accountable and it will also clearly show what type of politician the are.
110% everyday?? so your giving up your Target security job to save our city? and of course since you reside in the San Lorenzo Unified School District … you don't contribute to Measure L, and then you figure that selling Burrell Field ( a tony santos wish) could solve the financial problems??????? did you pay for the rights to use the music in the thing you where doing around town?
Music was cut??? you should stop by the elementary,middle schools and high schools to watch and listen to the bands??? teachers don't have to pay to use the AEC, but outsiders have to rent it.
YES, 9:29am 5th grade instrumental music was CUT in half. They now meet only ONCE a week, last year they were meeting TWICE a week. YES,TEACHERS do HAVE TO PAY to use the AEC, $50.00 an hour. This I know!!
Marga, U are always so nasty. No body cares what you think. You don't know as much as you think you do about schools. Yes 12:00pm is correct once again music was cut by this board. Go help Crow, he needs it.
For the record; Yes Oct.29, 9:29am, the board did make cuts to music. We lost 2 music teachers this school year. 5th grade music was cut 50% and yes we do have to pay to use (rent) the AEC for performances.
Mr. Hutchinson, Glad to learn your willing to give 110% and I don't care if you live in San Lorenzo and use SLZ schools. As a parent and San Leandro resident, I am glad there are people that care.
The post from Oct. 29, 9:29am is bitter, mean and nasty. Must be worried the candidate they support will lose. Their negative remarks are a turn off and not working. Good luck to you.
Oops, my post at 3:58 pm should have read the post from 9:26 am is bitter, mean and nasty.
This San Leandro Talk has no values, based on her comments, reflecting an enept, annoying and troublesome person.
She's an evil instigator!
Yes 1200pm nooner.. you're covering custodial and Theater manager… , just like when the PTA uses a elementary school they have to pay also, and that I know cause I have paid out of my personnel monies! and yes music only meets once per week, not working out well either.. and this is why we Measure L needs all the support and needs to pass, so to all the haters here , I thank you for bringing out the reasons for supporting Measure L
If they could not afford to operate the AEC, they should have not have built it!! When did school custodians start making $50.00 an hour? How much are they paying that theater manager?
Reminder; they never had to pay to used the gym and custodians clean gyms too.
How they going to pay to maintain the new pool and Burrell Field? Measure L says it's for core programs, according to their literature.
This board is clueless. Voting NO on Measure L.
All Candidates quit your jobs, you have better chances to be elected when you are UNEMPLOYED, be a liar, announce phony endorsements, smoke pots before debate forums, Most Important, even a warrant after you – blame on mailman. Must do to win is making fun of the Chinese, because their small heads and chests are funny and inferior according to District 4 Candidate Chris Crow
926 am… Wow!! How did I miss this over the last few days. No jackass I do not plan on quitting my executive salaried manager job at a fortune 500 company instead I plan on bringing some of the fiscal responsibility and operational practices that allow us to be as competitive as we are to your poorly ran school district.
Oh and by the way you since you brought it up it is a parody video not for sale on youtube. you dont have to pay for the music, you just have to have friends who have the equipment. Try being less of a douche bag and maybe you can record one too.
So a school board that builds a preforming arts center, hires a theather manager, charging teachers for their students to use the theather and a district employee that was overseeing bond projects is fired and we are suppose to vote to hand over more money? I don't think so. Not with this board. If you can't afford to take care of it don't build it.
Oct.29, 5:35pm Please don't refer to voters not supporting Measure L as “haters.” The economy is not good and many people are having a very tuff time trying to live within their means.
If you lived in my area, you would know many neighbors that have or soon will be losing their homes. Lots of people are still out of work or working at jobs for less pay.
If you are lucky to have a good paying job and a roof over your head I hope you remember to thank God every night and remember don't be a hater!!
Am not impressed with school board, theather manager, charging students…
I will support Measure L for the benefit of a doubt of our next generation.
Please shape up!
Mack de Venezuela
MAck say: The economy is not good and many people are having a very tuff time trying to live within their means
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Necmiye Ozay receives Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems paper prize
Catharine June • June 25, 2017
The authors demonstrated that it is possible to synthesize provably-correct robust feedback controllers that can handle various types of imperfections in the models or measurements.
Prof. Necmiye Ozay received the Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems Paper Prize for the paper Finite abstractions with robustness margins for temporal logic-based control synthesis, co-authored by Prof. Jun Liu (U. of Waterloo).
This Prize is awarded for outstanding contributions to the field of hybrid systems documented in a paper published in the journal Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems. The prize is awarded to the authors of two selected papers published in the journal in the three years preceding the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) World Congress.
The paper introduces a notion of finite abstractions that can be used to synthesize robust controllers for dynamical systems from temporal logic specifications. These finite abstractions, equipped with certain robustness margins, provide a unified approach to various issues commonly encountered in implementing control systems.
One example of an imperfection is an implementation imperfection. “For example,” explained Ozay, “when an embedded controller computes a control decision, the computation time might vary from one step to another, a problem referred to as jitter. Most control design techniques ignore these variations and assume ideal uniform sampling. The new robust control synthesis algorithms can guarantee correct execution even in the existence of such variations.”
A simple adaptive cruise control system was used by the authors to illustrate robustness–performance trade-offs. Ozay gives an example of how robustness-performance trade-offs can be used in such a system:
“Assume you want to decide between two sensors, one very high-precision (and very expensive) and one slightly less accurate (but cheaper). To work with the latter sensor, your controller needs to be more robust and its overall performance may decrease a bit as a result. Our algorithms can help designers to precisely know how much the performance of the overall system will degrade with a change in the sensor precision so that the designers can pick the best sensors for their needs.”
The research has implications for any autonomous system, including robots and autonomous vehicles.
Prof. Ozay’s research interests include dynamical systems, control, optimization and formal methods with applications in cyber-physical systems, system identification, verification and validation, and autonomy and vision.
She has received an NSF CAREER Award, a NASA Early Career Faculty Award, and a DARPA Young Faculty Award. She serves as an Associate Editor for Journal of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems, and recently served as an organizer of the 6th Midwest Workshop on Control and Game Theory, held in Ann Arbor, MI.
The award will be officially presented at the closing ceremony of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) World Congress, July 14, 2017, in Toulouse, France.
Control Systems; Honors and Awards; Necmiye Ozay
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Business News›Rural Areas
West Bengal BJP to raise concerns regarding political violence with EC
State BJP vice president Pratap Banerjee, who is in charge of the election office set up for the assembly polls, told ET, “Sudip Jain is coming to Kolkata. We will meet him and inform him about our concerns. We have complete faith in the body. The core agenda of the BJP is to ensure justice to the people of Bengal, and it starts with free and fair elections."
Assam govt to waiving loan taken by women from micro finance institution
MFI lending in poll-bound Assam has become an election issue, while ...
As the fight for political space gets brutal in West Bengal, a look at its violent past
Last month, BJP president JP Nadda’s convoy was attac...
India's clean fuel transition slowed by belief linking firewood to well-being, say scientists
"Despite India's aim of switching to clean fuels, the scale of solid fuel use in rural areas signals that widespread uptake and sustained use of clean fuels is a distant reality," said Rosie Day, senior author of the study from the University of Birmingham in the UK.
Economy picks up momentum, COVID handled much better: SBI Research
Corporate results for July-September quarter shows that the companies producing essential goods have mostly witnessed strong results while those producing non-essential goods and services have mostly shown weaker results.
What stalls real-time database on poverty
06 Nov, 2020, 10.50 AM IST
A rural development ministry working paper on measurement of poverty, as reported by TOI, has underlined the need for social registry information system (SRIS). But well-placed sources said an internal committee has not been able to get the novel proposal off the table because of “problems at conceptual level”.
Industries smile with rising export orders, but power woes snap the joy
20 Oct, 2020, 10.48 AM IST
The state government has been pushing for investments in rural Karnataka in a bid to decongest Bengaluru and create employment opportunities in rural areas so that the youths don’t have to migrate to big cities. But the lack of quality power supply has emerged as a spoiler, even as the manufacturing sector is recovering from the Covid-19 shock.
Can Bharat really pull India out of Covid rut without urban support?
With high disguised unemployment and relatively lower paying jobs, surplus labour may lower wages in rural/semi-urban areas unless urban centers return to normal activity levels.
M&M in line for sustained re-rating on rural gains
M&M’s stock has gained 50 per cent in the previous three months and is trading at 16 times its one-year forward projected core auto business earnings, which is close to its long-term mean level.
Only 5,000 out of 24 lakh registered skilled migrants got jobs in 116 districts
This grim scenario is reportedly due to the offer of low wages not in keeping with the skills of the job-seeker, the job not being of the standard of the skill possessed, and some near impossible conditionalities put up by the prospective employer.
In UP & rural Gujarat, it’s harder for a baby to survive than a 75-year-old
The data also shows that in most of India’s big states, the death rate among those less than a year old is higher than those aged 65-69. This is correlated to high infant mortality rate (IMR), which India has been struggling to bring down.
Automakers steer towards rural markets to reap more
Automakers retailed 60,000 passenger vehicles in the local market last month, just over a fourth of what they did in May a year earlier.
Tamil Nadu imposes complete lockdown in Madurai and neighbouring areas as state sees 2710 cases
Even in these areas, shops to be open from 6 am to 2 pm and people will be allowed to buy essential items. However, there will be a complete lockdown in on Sunday.
Authorities in rural Maharashtra concerned over influx from cities
Kolhapur Collector Daulat Desai, in a video conference with Pune divisional commissioner on Sunday, said if people coming in large numbers do not follow the institutional or home quarantine orders and skip COVID-19 testing, it could harm the local population.
Poor migrants move to other rural areas, relatively well-off to urban, finds study
A study found that 78% of all individuals from rural Bihar went to an urban destination. However, those belonging to the top of the social and economic hierarchy in villages are disproportionately represented in the rural-urban migrations.
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Digitally remastered edition. 1998 album by the Swedish hard rock band. Haystack was formed 1994 by Ulf Cederlund (Entombed, Disfear, Murder Squad, Alpha Safari, Swarm of Souls) after a North American tour where the band Unsane opened up for Entombed. Uffe liked what they were doing and formed a three-piece band influenced mainly by Unsane but also other Noise-rock/Fucked-up punk-rock three-piece bands like: Hammerhead (US), NoMeansNo, Steel Pole Bath Tub, Bitch Magnet, Melvins, Dinosaur Jr, Wipers and Dead Moon. Near future.
Label: THREEMAN RECORDINGS
Slave Me
Artist: Haystack
1. Life
2. Burn-Out
3. She Calms Down
4. This Is the Day
5. Slave Me
6. I Feel Fine
7. An Object I Can'T Control
8. Get It Out
9. Alright
10. What'S in It for Me?
11. Born Beyond Belief
12. The Collector
13. What a Way to Go
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Tag: sugars
Consumer Concerns Over Corn Syrup
The 'Sweet Scam Lineup' ad produced by the Center for Consumer Freedom is one of many run by corn syrup manufacturers and food companies. They're running to combat what these industries see as myths about high fructose corn syrup. (Center for Consumer Freedom - screenshot)
USDA data show the amount of high fructose corn syrup and sugar added to foods (measured by calories, here) has leveled off, with corn syrup's rise replaced by a modest decline. High fructose corn syrup is still cheaper than sugar, but the relevance of the ingredient's price has lessened over the past few years. (USDA ERS Service)
High fructose corn syrup and sugar sweeten lots of food.
They’re in sweet stuff like soda-pop, but they’re also added to pasta sauce, gravy, bread, and other foods that don’t seem sweet.
Scientists are debating whether high fructose corn syrup is worse than sugar when it comes to making us fat.
But Shawn Allee reports high fructose corn syrup is losing ground before that science is finished.
https://environmentreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/100422_allee_feature.mp3
Let’s face it, most of us did not know high fructose corn syrup sweetened so much food.
We have no excuse now: the food industry sponsors ads like this one.
“sugar cube face forward.”
Here, a policeman lines up suspects.
There’s an ear of corn, a sugar cube, and a plastic honey-bear bottle.
The cop turns to the victim of the crime.
“… Do you see the one responsible for you gaining weight?”
“I’ve seen that high fructose corn syrup guy on the news. maybe it was him.”
“you mean you’re making all this up without any proof?”
At this point … the policeman lets the corn sweetener go.
The sugar cube and the honey bear bumble out, too.
“maybe it’s a sugar-cube. No, no, no. the honey bear!”
There’s a reason we’re seeing ads like this.
One market research survey showed more than half of consumers had “some concern” about corn syrup.
Some feel like the victim in that ad – they have this vague fear corn syrup’s worse for your waistline than sugar.
And they know scientists really are looking at this question.
“this particular study has stirred up extraordinary interest … much more than we expected.”
Dr. Bart Hoebel is from Princeton University.
A while ago his research team fed rats watered-down sugar.
Those rats didn’t get fat, but recently his team looked at what happened when rats drank watered-down corn syrup.
“The ones drinking fructose gained more weight … even though they’re taking in fewer calories there was something special or different about the high fructose corn syrup in that group.”
Hoebel says there’re several studies like his moving through the scientific pipeline.
They all look at whether eating high fructose corn syrup is worse than eating sugar … but he worries the public’s missing a big point.
Nearly all scientists agree we get too many calories from both corn syrup and sugar.
But … market research shows people miss the caveats and mixed results behind the science.
They’ve made up their minds.
“They’re looking for an ingredient that they know and sugar is a more recognizable ingredient.”
That’s Dr. Helen Jensen.
She studies food economics at Iowa State University.
She says some food companies don’t care if customers have the science right or wrong.
“so from the manufacturer’s point of view, they’re looking to make more product mixes that offer consumers the choice of having a sugar-based product.”
That’s why you’re seeing products that say sweetened with real sugar.
For example, the Pepsi company is pitching a sugar-version of Mountain-Dew while its regular version is still sweetened with corn syrup.
Other companies are switching, too.
Jensen says this is a big change.
“Tariffs raise the price of sugar. And subsidies for corn used to make corn syrup cheap.”
today it’s a little different. While sugar is still more expensive, it’s not as expensive as it used to be.
So, Jensen says if consumers are pushing a company to switch from corn syrup to sugar, the company just might pay more for ingredients to keep more customers.
But Jensen has a word of caution for people who hope sugar wins the battle over our sweet tooths.
She says countries like Australia sweeten a lot of food, too.
But they use almost no corn syrup … they use sugar, and Australians have gotten more and more obese, just like we have in the U-S.
For The Environment Report, I’m Shawn Allee.
A related story from The Environment Report
A related article from the DesMoines Register
A press release from the Corn Refiners Association
Author Shawn AlleePosted on April 22, 2010 Categories FeaturesTags better, consumer, consumers, corn, food, fructose, gain, health, heavy, high, industry, rats, research, science, study, sugar, sugars, sweetener, syrup, weight, worse
The Skinny on High Fructose Corn Syrup
A Princeton University research team lead by psychology professor Bart Hoebel (pictured) demonstrated that rats with access to high-fructose corn syrup gain significantly more weight than those with access to water sweetened with table sugar. (Photo courtesy of Princeton University, Denise Applewhite)
We know eating too much sweet stuff puts on the pounds. A new study suggests the kind of sweet stuff matters too. Shawn Allee reports:
https://environmentreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/100331_allee_spot.mp3
We know eating too much sweet stuff puts on the pounds.
Shawn Allee reports a new study suggests the kind of sweet stuff matters, too.
Food companies mostly sweeten things with table sugar, called sucrose, or they use high fructose corn syrup.
Dr. Bart Hoebel is at Princeton University.
A while back, his team fed rats regular food and let them drink watered-down sucrose to see if they’d put on fat.
They didn’t.
But, recently he let rats eat the same food, but drink a solution of high-fructose corn syrup.
“The ones with the high-fructose corn syrup became significantly fatter.
Corn sweetener companies dismiss the study since it involves rats, not people.”
Hoebel says rat studies point out where we should do human studies later.
“So we want to find out if the kind of sugar matters as the food producers are putting sugar in more and more things.”
More research on corn syrup is in the pipeline, including work on animals and people.
A related article from The Washington Post
More about high-fructose corn syrup from the Mayo Clinic
The Princeton Neuroscience Institute
Author Shawn AlleePosted on March 31, 2010 Categories News SpotsTags animal, animals, bart, corn, fat, fructose, gain, high, people, pounds, princeton, produce, production, rats, study, sugar, sugars, sweetener, syrup, weight
Trying for a Healthier Holiday
Linda Barberic's partner Keith helps her prepare a healthy meal, using olive oil instead of butter. (Photo by Julie Grant)
With so many Americans facing diabetes,
heart disease, and other health problems,
the Thanksgiving meal has become a battleground
in some families. Some family members want
to make it a healthy meal, others want to
stick with their traditional family dishes.
Julie Grant reports:
https://environmentreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/feature_grant_112509.mp3
Four years ago, Linda Barberic gave her left kidney to her sister. The surgery went well. But since then, there have been a lot of other health problems in the family.
“We’ve had a few strokes in the family, we’ve got diabetes, we’ve got high blood pressure, we’ve got some other heart conditions, a few heart attacks.”
That’s some serious stuff. Linda thinks a lot of it has to do with the way her family eats: lots of salt, fat and sweets. She is hosting everyone for Thanksgiving dinner. And thought this might be a good time to get them all on board with healthier eating.
So she sent out a mass email to the family.
“So I thought this year, why not give everyone a challenge and make it a healthy Thanksgiving. Really – no fats, no butters, no salts, no heavy creams.”
Linda even suggested some recipes: steamed green beans with lemon zest, fingerling potatoes roasted with fresh garlic and thyme.
The resounding response: No salt, no fat, no fun.
Someone even said they wouldn’t come. They wanted the turkey with gravy, green bean casserole with crispy onions on top, and Mom’s dumplings with lots of butter.
Her brother-in-law Matt Previte is one of those with a heart condition. He and Linda’s sister, Sandy Previte, appreciate Linda’s thought, but…
Matt: “For one meal, for one day, one special occasion – it’s not worth it.”
Sandy: “How often do we eat gravy? Twice a year. So I’m like, let’s do the traditional. Why not? Let’s just stick with what it’s about – people getting together to have good food.”
So Sandy says why not have the gravy, have the butter?
But her sister Linda says it’s not one or two days a year. Her family, like many, eats fatty, salty foods all the time.
That’s one big reason why two-thirds of American adults are considered overweight or obese. And diabetes has become an epidemic.
So, why do we keep going back for more – when we know it’s making us sick?
Linda Spurlock is director of human health at the Museum of Natural History in Cleveland.
She says we’re hard-wired to crave sugar, fat and salt.
“If you did not have the inherited yearning for fat or for sugar and grab it anytime you could get your hands on it, you probably would not live to reproduce back 2- or 3- million years ago.”
But while our ancestors had to smash open bones to get to the marrow – so they could get the fat they needed – we can just pull up to the drive through and order whatever we want to eat.
Spurlock says the original Thanksgiving meal was probably a small, lean turkey, squirrel, raccoon, and roasted root vegetables.
“And how it got bigger and bigger and bigger –
I have a feeling that it wasn’t until quite recently that people had the expectation of several kinds of pie for dessert and yes giblet gravy and mashed potatoes and sweet potatoes.”
Spurlock says Americans can start eating healthier by training themselves to enjoy the simple taste of vegetables. But she says Thanksgiving probably isn’t the time for it.
Linda Barberic has come to the same conclusion.
“ I kind of just backed off on it. And said, ‘do what you’re going to do.’ Thanksgiving is about family. I’m grateful that everyone is healthy this year and everyone is here. So, I’m just grateful to have Thanksgiving. But, I have a feeling there will be some fat. (laughs)”
For The Environment Report, I’m Julie Grant.
A TER story on tofurkey
Another Thanksgiving story from TER
Author Julie GrantPosted on November 25, 2009 Categories FeaturesTags butter, dinner, dinners, disease, diseases, eating, families, family, fats, food, foods, health, healthier, healthy, heart, holiday, holidays, illness, meal, meals, parties, party, salt, salts, sick, sickness, sugar, sugars, thanksgiving, tradition, traditional, turkey, unhealthy
Sampling a New Crop: Sugar Corn
Todd Krone researches corn for Targeted Growth, a bio-energy company. Targeted Growth is tweaking corn genetics to produce 'Sugarcorn,' a variety with high amounts of sugar and biomass. The hope is the plants can be converted into ethanol cheaply. (Photo by Shawn Allee)
Traditional corn varieties pollinate and send energy into the kernels, which form sugar and starch. (Photo by Shawn Allee)
This corn ear shows one of Sugarcorn's key traits. Bio-energy company Targeted Growth is perfecting corn varieties that stop pollination and preserve sugar in the stalk instead of creating starch in kernels. Researchers in public universities such as the University of Illinois are conducting similar work. (Photo by Shawn Allee)
The federal government wants more
and more ethanol in our fuel supplies,
but it worries about how its made.
Most American ethanol is made from
corn kernels. That’s inefficient
and it makes the ethanol and food
industries compete for corn. The
government’s mandating we start making
ethanol out of things other than corn
kernels. Shawn Allee looks
at one effort to meet that mandate:
https://environmentreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/feature_allee_092909.mp3
I’m just outside an ethanol plant in central Indiana and its pretty much like most ethanol
plants. There’re a lot of semi-trucks going by and they’re loaded with yellow corn kernels.
Most ethanol plants grind corn kernels for starch, they let that starch turn into sugar, then
they brew the sugary juice into ethanol. Now, this whole process would be easier and
cheaper if we could make ethanol directly from sugary plants instead of starchy grain
kernels like corn.
Pretty quick here, I’m gonna meet a guy who’s trying to make corn a plant that’s easy to
grow in the Midwest but produces sweet juice – not starchy corn kernels.
“If you walk over here, these are our sugar corn hybrids.”
I’m with Todd Krone. He’s a researcher with a company called Targeted Growth. He walks me
through a test plot of a plant nicknamed ‘Sugarcorn.’ He pulls off a ear of corn and pulls back the
(sound of leaves being pulled back)
The ear is almost bare.
Allee: “There’re just a few stray kernels developing, very few.”
Krone: “Yep. A few got through.”
Krone says this plant avoids making corn kernels. Instead, it puts energy and sugar into the
stalk. He can prove it with a taste test – right here in field.
He snips a piece of stalk.
(sound of snipping)
And pulls out a little press.
Krone: “You squeeze some of the juice to see how much sugar’s there. It’s up to you, if
you like, you could put on on your finger and taste. Is there sweetness?”
Allee: “Yeah, it’s definitely sweet. It’s definitely got a sweet tinge to it.”
Krone: “It might be a bit sweeter than pop might be.”
Krone says tests show Sugarcorn juice is as sweet as juice from sugar cane. He says this means
America could have a new plant that boosts ethanol production – but doesn’t compete with food,
and uses equipment farmers already have.
Krone: “For the farmer, not much changes until harvest when some logistics still need to
be worked out.”
Allee: “Obviously if you’re selling a lot of this corn, you’d be making a good deal of profit,
hopefully, what’s in it for the rest of us in terms of the success or failure of this, for drivers
and everybody else?”
Krone: “I would say, hopefully, it results in cheaper ethanol that can compete with cheap
oil. And then meeting that mandate to get more and more ethanol produced.”
Well, that’s the idea, but Targeted Growth would have to change more than just corn plants to
succeed. They’de have to change how at least some ethanol companies do business. And some
ethanol companies have some tough questions about it.
“How could you handle sugarcorn? How would you store it?”
This is Jeff Harts. He works at Central Indiana Ethanol. Harts says he likes the idea of using
sweet corn juice to make ethanol – it could be efficient. But he worries about getting enough to
run an expensive operation like his. He has no problem finding corn kernels.
“It’s a consistent flow of corn and we need that consistent flow to keep going. That’s why
we have storage, the farmers have storage. That’s why we have a local grain elevator
network to ship corn to us to keep that flow steady 12 months out of the year.”
Harts’ company might be a bit reluctant to change right away, but ethanol producers will have
find alternatives to the corn kernel. The government is capping how much ethanol can come
from corn starch.
As those requirements phase in, alternatives like Sugarcorn might look sweeter than they do
Some background on sugar corn
A similar project
Author Shawn AlleePosted on September 29, 2009 Categories FeaturesTags agriculture, alternative, alternatives, biofuel, biofuels, bios, cars, corn, corns, crop, crops, drive, drives, driving, drove, efficiency, efficient, ethanol, ethanols, fuel, fuels, gallon, gallons, gases, gasoline, gasolines, gasses, mile, miles, oils, starch, sugar, sugars, tank, tanks, transport, transportation, transported, truck, trucks
Interview: The End of Overeating
Dr. Kessler's new book describes the three components in food that keep us addicted: sugar, salt, and fat. (Photo courtesy of the National Canter Institute)
On average, people in the US
are much fatter than just 30
years ago. Obesity is an epidemic.
The Environment Report’s Lester
Graham talked with the author
of the book ‘The End of Overeating,’
which argues the American diet
is to blame:
https://environmentreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/interview_graham_080609.mp3
Lester Graham: This is The Environment Report. People in the US are much fatter than just 30 years ago. Obesity has become an epidemic. The author of the book, “The End of Overeating” argues, “It’s the American diet.” David Kessler is a pediatrician and served as commissioner of the US Food and Drug administration under George Bush I and Bill Clinton. Dr. Kessler, give me the short answer, why has obesity become so rampant in the US?
David Kessler: We’ve taken fat, sugar, and salt, put it on every corner in America, made it available 24/7, made it socially acceptable to eat any time. We’ve added the emotional gloss of advertising—you’ll love it, you’ll want it. We’ve made food into entertainment. In fact, we’re living in a food carnival.
LG: I’ve been watching restaurant commercials, especially since reading your book, and I see a lot of, “It’s a fun time, it’s a good time, bring your friends, it’s a family gathering.” There is a lot of that emotional appeal, but it doesn’t talk about nutrition.
DK: Exactly. Sometimes about the economic value of food, but always it’s the emotional gloss that’s added. And food’s very reinforcing. Fat, sugar, and salt stimulate us, we come back more. But when you add that emotional gloss: “You’ll want it, you need it, you’ll have a good time.” That amplifies the reward value of food.
LG: Now your book spends a lot of time looking at the science of why we respond to sugar, salt, and fat and how the food industry has taken advantage of our response to sugar, salt, and fat. Why do we like those things in our food, why do we always crave more?
DK: That was the question that got me started 7 years ago. I wanted to understand why it was so hard for me to resist my favorite foods. I was watching Oprah one night, there was a woman on the show who said, “I eat when my husband leaves for work in the morning, I eat before he comes home at night, I eat when I’m happy, I eat when I’m sad, I eat when I’m hungry, I eat when I’m not hungry.” And then she said, “I don’t like myself.” And it was that behavior, I could relate to that. I have suits in every size. That’s what I wanted to understand, I wanted to understand the science and we finally do have the science to explain to that woman that it’s not her fault. In fact, her brain is becoming excessively activated by all the food cues in our environment—she’s being bombarded, she’s being constantly stimulated.
LG: You infer the food processors and the chain restaurants, are using some of the same techniques the tobacco companies used to get people hooked on cigarettes. In what ways?
DK: They certainly understand the inputs. They understand that sugar, fat and salt stimulate. They understand the outputs, that you come back for more. Have they understand the neuroscience? I doubt it. But they learned experientially what works, and they optimized food, they constructed food to stimulate us to come back for more. Let me explain how it works, let me give you analogy with tobacco. We have to be careful, there are similarities but there are also differences. Nicotine: nicotine is a moderately reinforcing chemical. But add to that the smoke, the throat scratch, the cellophane crinkling of the pack, the color of the pack, the image of the cowboy, the glamour, the sexiness, the sense that it was cool, the imagery from 20, 30, 40 years ago. What did we end up with? A highly addictive product. If I give you a packet of sugar and say, go have a good time, you’ll look at me and say, “What are you talking about?” Add to that sugar fat, add texture, add mouth-feel, add color, add temperature, put it on every corner, make it into entertainment, and what do we end up with? One of the great public health crises of our times.
LG: Now I don’t think the food industry sees this as necessarily trying to build addiction or using these chemicals as a way to re-wire our brain. I think any good chef will tell you, I want to cook things that will please you, that make you happy. It just so happens that sugar, salt, and fat make us happy. So, what’s wrong with it, if that’s what we want?
DK: The argument that the food companies will use is that all their giving consumers is what they want. But we now know, we have the science to show, that these chemicals are activating the brains of millions of Americans and what happens is that we keep on coming back for more. Look at modern American food, pick any appetizer from any major American restaurant chain. What is it? It’s layered and loaded with fat, sugar, and salt.
LG: Well, let’s pick one you highlighted in your book, because I happen to like it, it’s the Southwest Egg Roll at Chilis. It’s tasty!
DK: The Washington Post outed me because I had to go dumpster diving in order to find out what was in restaurant foods. We worked for a decade at the FDA putting nutrition facts labeling on all foods in the Supermarket, but not so in the restaurant foods. If you look at the ingredients, some fifty ingredients: the sugars, the fat, the fat loaded on fat, the salt in that eggroll. One industry insider just called it the equivalent of a fat bomb.
LG: You spend a little bit of time in the book on how food is labeled. How, for example, cereal manufacturers hide just how much sugar is really in that box. How do they hide it?
DK: Different names on the label, not just sugar, they’ll use honey, they’ll use molasses, they’ll use other terms so its not the first ingredient listed on cereals. But, understand, its not just any one ingredient. We have made food highly stimulating. The multi-sensory nature of food, it’s a rollercoaster in the mouth. 30 years ago, we used to chew on the average of 30 times per bite. Now it’s less than half of that. Food goes down in a whoosh, it stimulates, it rarely lingers. In fact, most of what we are eating is so pre-digested. Chicken: I went in and ordered a margarita grilled chicken dish, I thought it was healthy. Little did I know it was bathed, it was mixed in these cement mixers with sugar and fat, our meat is injected with these needles, solutions are added, sure it tastes good. But in some ways it keeps us in this cycle of consumption. And understand the cycle of consumption based on past learning, past memory, we get cued. Our brains get activated. The cue can be as simple as a sight, a smell, a location, my car can be a cue! Because where I’ve gone before, I get in the car and start having these thoughts of wanting. I was walking down Powell street and I started thinking about chocolate covered pretzels. Why? Because I had been, six months earlier, a place on Powell street. I had forgotten entirely about it, we’re such effective learners—just walking down that street will create thoughts of wanting. Thoughts of wanting arouse me, they capture my attention, they pre-occupy me, I eat for that momentary pleasure. Next time I get cued, I do it again, and every time I engage in this cycle, I just strengthen the neural circuits. What am I in search of? I’m in search of this ephemeral pleasure, is there any real satisfaction? Rarely.
LG: Your book is called “The End of Overeating.” How do we stop overeating, when much of the food at the grocery store and the restaurants is prepared the way it is, we have all these visual cues, these reminders of how food is a reward in our lives. How do we stop that cycle, how do we break or rewire our brain back to a more healthy style of eating?
DK: First, we have to come to the understanding that our behavior is becoming conditioned and driven. And it’s not just our behavior, it’s the behavior of our children. And once we understand that, once we understand that food in fact has become hot stimuli, and preoccupy us and capture our brains, and hijack our brain circuits, and we can see this on the neural imaging. What we have to do is cool down the stimulus. How do you cool down a stimulus? First, you can just get rid of the cues. That sounds easy, you create a safe environment in your home, but you end up walking down the street so that’s not very practical. The other effective way is to eat with some structure. What do we do in The United States? By putting fat, sugar, and salt on every corner, eating 24/7, eating in our cars, eating all the time, we’ve taken down any boundaries. So eating with some structure—knowing what you’re going to eat, when you’re going to eat it, and if it’s food that you want, it helps protect you from being bombarded by cues, because if you know what you’re going to be eating in several of hours, the cues in the intervening time that you get hit with just don’t have the same power. In the end, what’s the best way to reduce and take the power out of a stimulus? How do you change what you want? Want something else more. What we have to do, and I think this is essential as a country, because social norms effect us, they really effect our behavior, they effect our neural circuitry. If I look at that huge plate of fries and say, “That’s my friend, that’s gonna make me feel better,” my brain’s going to get activated and then there’s nothing I can do to stop myself from finishing that plate of fries. If however, we change how we view food, psychologists call it a critical perceptual shift. How did we win, well, we haven’t quite won it but how did we succeed in the perceptual shift against tobacco? 30, 40 years ago we used to view the product as something that was cool, something that was socially acceptable, something that we wanted. We changed that perception. Now we look at it for what it is, a deadly, disgusting, addictive product. Tobacco is easy because we can live without tobacco. Food is much harder. But, all the processed foods, foods that stimulate us, that are just fat and sugar, fat and salt, fat and sugar and salt, getting us to come back for more and more, I think we have to change how we view food back, perhaps it’s very simple in the end, ho w much real food are we eating?
LG: You did the research, started 7 years ago, you wrote the book, now you’re talking about food on interviews like this. How has it changed your life?
DK: What’s very interesting, being trained as a physician, I thought I would go into the world and understand the metabolism, the endocrinology, the bariatrics, the physiology. What I actually gained in understanding was that we’re all wired to focus on the most salient stimuli in our environment. That’s what makes us so successful as a species. It could be alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, it could be gambling, but for many of us, food has become the most salient stimuli, and what about that food? It’s the fat, sugar, and salt. I look at that food and I say, I need it, it’s going to make me feel better, and I’ve come over time to understand that I can feel just fine, eat about half as much as I was eating but feel just as satisfied.
LG: David Kessler is the author of “The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite.” Thanks very much for speaking with us.
DK: Thank you.
The End Of Overeating
A Q&A from the Huffington Post
Author Lester GrahamPosted on August 6, 2009 Categories InterviewsTags cook, cooked, cooking, cooks, dinner, eating, eats, fats, food, foods, health, healthy, illness, lunch, obese, obesity, restaurant, restaurants, salt, salts, sickness, snack, snacks, sugar, sugars, unhealthy, weight
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You are here Home › Satellite Missions › Missions Database › J › JWST
JWST (James Webb Space Telescope)
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JWST is an orbiting optical observatory and a key element in NASA's Origins Program, optimized for observations in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is considered the successor mission of HST (Hubble Space Telescope) while operating over a different spectral range. At the NIR and MWIR wavelengths, it benefits from operating at intrinsically lower backgrounds than any comparably sized telescope on the ground. JWST, previously known as NGST (Next Generation Space Telescope), will be the premier space facility for astronomers in the decade following its launch. The overall objectives are to study the first stars and galaxies after the big bang. Major science goals (themes) of the mission are to find answers to the following questions: 1) 2)
• What is the shape of the Universe?
• How do galaxies evolve?
• How do stars and planetary systems form and interact?
• How did the Universe built up its present chemical/elemental composition?
• What is the nature of dark matter?
The radiation from the very distant objects to be observed is practically all in the infrared region. Many of the early events happened when the Universe was between 1 million and 1 billion years old, a period that is not known to earthlings (the dark ages of the Universe). To accomplish the goals of the science themes, the main JWST design requirement calls for the detection of objects up to 400 times fainter than those observable by current ground-based or spaceborne observatories.
Historical background: Large next-generation projects with high-performance observation requirements take about two decades (and more) from first studies to launch. Initial planning for the new mission started in 1989 (visions, conceptual studies). The goal was to have a successor mission for HST ready for launch well before 2010.
In the mid-1990s, a telescope design with an 8 m aperture was considered. The challenge was to come up with a lower cost for the large telescope than for previous much smaller space telescopes. This involved conceptual studies by industry. In 1996, a committee report was written, based on these studies: “Next Generation Space Telescope, Visiting a Time When Galaxies Were Young.” This report established also a roadmap to NGST activities, defining the new building blocks and to search for enabling technologies and concepts - in particular in the fields of large-aperture lightweight mirrors that are actively controlled, of advanced detector designs, of suitable cooling techniques for all critical components, and of precision metrology to achieve the goal of measuring ultra precise stellar positions.
A broad range of talent on a national and international level and from many institutions, academia and industry was directly involved in the NGST detailed definition phase (Phase A) including simulations and feasibility studies. In 1997, an ad hoc Science Working Group was formed which came up with thematic science goals and developed a so-called “Design Reference Mission” (DRM), representing a hypothetical suite of key science observing programs [stating the expected physical properties (number density and brightness), the desired observation modes (wavelength band, spectral resolution, number of revisits), and a minimum operational life of 2.5 years to complete the mission] for NGST - which provided a yardstick for technology testing. DRM was and is the primary tool against which any JWST architectures are being measured. The shear complexity of the project and the performance requirements demanded a technology development and validation strategy to address and demonstrate a critical path to a workable design of the mission. 3) 4) 5) 6)
In 2000/1, the NGST project experienced a rescoping of the telescope size (from 8 m aperture to 6.5 m) to keep projected costs in bounds. There were also some technology maturity uncertainties.
The project started in 2002 with a Mission Definition Review. NASA began to realize that the critical technologies had reached a level of sufficient maturity to justify a go-ahead with the next phase of the project.
In September 2002, NASA renamed NGST to JWST (James Webb Space Telescope) in honor of James E. Webb (1906-1992), NASA's second administrator during the Apollo Program of the 1960s (1961-1968). At the same time in Sept. 2002, NASA awarded the prime contract of the JWST observatory development (spacecraft, telescope, integration and testing) to Northrop Grumman Space Technology (formerly TRW) of Redondo Beach, CA.
In the fall of 2003 ICR(Initial Confirmation Review) was given, starting the Phase B of the JWST project. The C/D Phase started in 2008.
The CDR (Critical Design Review) of the JWST (James Webb Space Telescope) is planned for December 2013 (Ref. 29).
Project partners: NASA leads an international partnership in the joint JWST mission that includes ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency). Both agencies (ESA, CSA) collaborated in the JWST project already at an early planning stage (1996). Aside from instrument contributions, ESA will also launch the JWST spacecraft on an Ariane 5 launcher as agreed to with NASA. NASA/GSFC is managing the JWST project, while STScI (Space Telescope Science Institute) of Baltimore, MD, is responsible for JWST science and mission operations, as well as ground station development (STScI is the same organization that is operating the Hubble Space Telescope). A formal JWST and LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) cooperation agreement between NASA and ESA was signed on June 18, 2007 at the International Paris Air Show at Le Bourget, France. 7) 8) 9) 10) 11)
A most interesting and valuable side effect of the technology development effort for JWST is that these new technologies will also be available to many other space projects (astronomy, space science, Earth observation, etc.) providing potentially a quantum step in observation performance.
Mission concept:
The JWST mission concept is an ambitious and most challenging development program, requiring a lot of innovative technology introduction as well as conceptual breakthroughs on various levels to meet the proposed observational performances. The objectives of the science themes can only be met by a combination of a large-aperture telescope in space (6.5 m φ ), a very low detection temperature to eliminate noise, and an ideal observing environment (elimination of stray light).
The observatory will be shielded from the sun and Earth by a large deployable sunshade, the entire telescope assembly will be passively cooled to about 37 K, giving JWST exceptional performance in the near-infrared and mid-infrared wavebands. The baseline wavelength range for the instrumentation is 0.6 - 28 µm, and the telescope will be diffraction-limited above 2 µm. The sensitivity of the telescope will be limited only by the natural zodiacal background, and should exceed that of ground-based and other space-based observatories by factors of 10 to 100,000, depending on the wavelength and type of observation. The JWST observatory will have a 5 year design life (with a goal of 10 years of operations) and will not be serviceable by astronauts (as is Hubble). The total mass of JWST at launch is estimated to be 6,500 kg.
Like Hubble, the JWST will be used by a broad astronomical community to observe targets ranging from objects within our Solar System to the most remote galaxies seen during their formation in the early universe.
Major enabling technologies are:
• Large deployable and lightweight beryllium mirrors (a folding 6.5 meter mirror made up of 18 individual segments, adjustable by cryogenic actuators). To fit inside the launch vehicle, the large space telescope prime mirror must be folded in sections for launch, then unfolded (deployed) precisely into place after launch, making it the first segmented optical system deployed in space.
• Deployment of large structures. Once in space, the multilayer sunshield that was folded over the optics during launch will deploy to its full size and keep the telescope shadowed from the sun.
• Introduction of MEMS technology to the microshutter system of the NIRSpec instrument. The programmable microshutters to allow object selection for the spectrograph.
Overview of payload instruments:
• NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera), funded by NASA with the University of Arizona as prime contractor. CSA is participating in the development of the NIRCam instrument.
• NIRSpec (Near-Infrared multi-object Spectrograph), funded by ESA with EADS Astrium GmbH as prime contractor (the detector arrays and a micro-shutter are supplied by NASA/GSFC)
• MIRI (Mid-Infrared Camera-Spectrograph) a joint instrument of JPL and ESA. The instrument (about 50%) is being provided by ESA member states, coordinated but not funded by ESA.
• FGS (Fine Guidance Sensor) with TFI (Tunable Filter Imager), funded by CSA (Canadian Space Agency)
Figure 1: Photometric performance of JWST instruments as compared to those of current observatories (image credit: STScI)
Legend to Figure 1: Plotted is the faintest flux for a point source that can be detected at 10 sigma in a 104 s integration. The fluxes are given in Janskies as well as AB magnitudes. 12)
Figure 2: Comparison of JWST light gathering power vs spectral range with Hubble and Spitzer telescopes (image credit: STScI) 13)
Launch: NASA is targeting Oct. 31, 2021, for the launch of the agency’s James Webb Space Telescope from French Guiana, due to impacts from the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as technical challenges. 14) The launch of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope (Webb) on an Ariane 5 rocket from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana is now planned for 31 October 2021. 15)
This decision is based on a recently completed schedule risk assessment of the remaining integration and test activities prior to launch. Previously, Webb was targeted to launch in March 2021.
• NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope currently is undergoing final integration and test phases that will require more time to ensure a successful mission. After an independent assessment of remaining tasks for the highly complex space observatory, Webb’s previously revised 2019 launch window now is targeted for approximately May 2020 (Ref. NO TAG#.
- “Webb is the highest priority project for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate, and the largest international space science project in U.S. history. All the observatory’s flight hardware is now complete, however, the issues brought to light with the spacecraft element are prompting us to take the necessary steps to refocus our efforts on the completion of this ambitious and complex observatory,” said acting NASA Administrator Robert Lightfoot.
- Testing the hardware on the observatory’s telescope element and spacecraft element demonstrate that these systems individually meet their requirements. However, recent findings from the project’s Standing Review Board (SRB) indicate more time is needed to test and integrate these components together and then perform environmental testing at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California, the project’s observatory contractor.
- NASA is establishing an external Independent Review Board (IRB), chaired by Thomas Young, a highly respected NASA and industry veteran who is often called on to chair advisory committees and analyze organizational and technical issues. The IRB findings, which will complement the SRB data, are expected to bolster confidence in NASA’s approach to completing the final integration and test phase of the mission, the launch campaign, commissioning, as well as the entire deployment sequence. Both boards’ findings and recommendations, as well as the project’s input, will be considered by NASA as it defines a more specific launch time frame. NASA will then provide its assessment in a report to Congress this summer.
- NASA will work with its partner, ESA (European Space Agency), on a new launch readiness date for the Ariane 5 vehicle that will launch Webb into space. Once a new launch readiness date is determined, NASA will provide a cost estimate that may exceed the projected $8 billion development cost to complete the final phase of testing and prepare for launch. Additional steps to address project challenges include increasing NASA engineering oversight, personnel changes, and new management reporting structures.
- This is a pivotal year for Webb when the 6.5-meter telescope and science payload element will be joined with the spacecraft element to form the complete observatory. The spacecraft element consists of the tennis-court-sized sunshield, designed by Northrop Grumman, and the spacecraft bus, which houses the flight avionics, power system, and solar panels. Because of Webb’s large size, engineers had to design components that fold origami-style into the Ariane 5 rocket’s fairing configuration.
- Webb has already completed an extensive range of tests to ensure it will safely reach its orbit at nearly one million miles from Earth and perform its science mission. As with all NASA projects, rigorous testing takes time, increasing the likelihood of mission success.
- “Considering the investment NASA and our international partners have made, we want to proceed systematically through these last tests, with the additional time necessary, to be ready for a May 2020 launch,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.
- After the successful test performance of Webb’s telescope and science payload in 2017 at NASA’s Johnson Space Flight Center in Houston, the telescope element was delivered to Northrop Grumman earlier this year. Both halves of the 13,500-pound observatory now are together in the same facility for the first time.
- The spacecraft element will next undergo environmental testing, subjecting it to the vibrational, acoustic and thermal environments it will experience during its launch and operations. These tests will take a few months to complete. Engineers then will integrate and test the fully assembled observatory and verify all components work together properly.
- Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, ESA and the Canadian Space Agency. ESA is providing the Ariane 5 as part of its scientific collaboration with NASA.
- The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world’s premier infrared space observatory and the biggest astronomical space science telescope ever built, complementing the scientific discoveries of NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and other science missions. Webb will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it.
Table 1: NASA statement of Release 18-019 of 27 March 2018 regarding the new launch target of May 2020 for JWST
Figure 3: James Webb Space Telescope Launch and Deployment (video credit: NASA, Northrop Grumman) 16)
• April 6, 2018: NASA has assembled members of an external Independent Review Board for the agency’s James Webb Space Telescope. The board will evaluate a wide range of factors influencing Webb’s mission success and reinforce the agency’s approach to completing the final integration and testing phase, launch campaign, and commissioning for NASA’s next flagship space science observatory.
- “We are exploring every aspect of Webb’s final testing and integration to ensure a successful mission, delivering on its scientific promise,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, Associate Administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. “This board’s input will provide a higher level of confidence in the estimated time needed to successfully complete the highly complex tasks ahead before NASA defines a specific launch time frame.”
- The board, convened by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, includes individuals with extensive experience in program and project management, schedule and cost management, systems engineering, and the integration and testing of large and complex space systems, including systems with science instrumentation, unique flight hardware, and science objectives similar to Webb.
- The Independent Review Board review process will take approximately eight weeks. Once the review concludes, the board members will deliver a presentation and final report to NASA outlining their findings and recommendations, which are expected to complement recent data input from Webb’s Standing Review Board. NASA will review those findings and then provide its assessment in a report to Congress at the end of June. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, the project’s observatory contractor, will proceed with the remaining integration and testing phase prior to launch.
The board consists of the following notable leaders in the space science community:
Mr. Thomas Young, NASA/Lockheed Martin in Bethesda, Maryland – Retired (Chair)
Dr. William Ballhaus, Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California- Retired
Mr. Steve Battel, Battel Engineering, Inc. in Scottsdale, Arizona
Mr. Orlando Figueroa, NASA Headquarters and Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland – Retired
Dr. Fiona Harrison, Caltech University in Pasadena, California
Ms. Michele King, NASA Office of Chief Financial Officer/Strategic Investments Division in Washington, DC
Mr. Paul McConnaughey, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center/Webb Standing Review Board (Chair) in Huntsville, Alabama
Ms. Dorothy Perkins, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland - Retired
Mr. Pete Theisinger, Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California
Dr. Maria Zuber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Table 2: Independent Review Board of JWST 17)
• Dec. 17, 2015: The next great space observatory took a step closer this week when ESA signed the contract with Arianespace that will see the James Webb Space Telescope launched on an Ariane 5 rocket from Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou in October 2018. The contract includes a cleaner fairing and integration facility to avoid contaminating the sensitive telescope optics. 18)
- With a 6.5 m diameter telescope, the observatory must be launched folded up inside Ariane’s fairing. The 6.6 ton craft will begin unfolding shortly after launch, once en route to its operating position some 1.5 million km from Earth on the anti-sunward side.
Orbit:
The orbit of JWST has been selected to be at L2. The spacecraft will be in a Lissajous (or halo) orbit about the Lagrangian point L2. In the Sun‐Earth system the L2 point is on the rotating Sun-Earth axis about the same distance away as L1 (1.5 million km, representing 1/100 the distance from Earth to the Sun) but at the opposite side of the Earth. The L1 location is inside the Earth orbit while the L2 location is outside the Earth orbit.
The halo orbit of JWST is in a plane slightly out of the ecliptic plane. This orbit avoids Earth and moon eclipses of the sun. The halo orbit period is about 6 months. Nominal station keeping maneuvers will be performed every half orbit (i.e. in intervals of about 3 months).
Figure 4: Locations of the five Lagrangian points in the Sun-Earth system
The L2 location is considered to offer the most advantageous viewing for astronomical targets (looking toward the universe) due to nearly constant lighting conditions (minimum of stray light). Another advantage of the L2 location is that it offers a stable thermal environment. The telescope is kept in perpetual shadow by looking into the deep space direction. The deep space provides a 2.7 K black body radiation. This ideal heat sink is being used to provide the passive cooling for the payload to a temperature range of about 37 K, shielded from sunlight (entering the spacecraft from the opposite direction) by a five-layer sunshield [passive cooling is the most elegant and economical method available to obtain the required operating temperatures for infrared detection].
Figure 5: Overview of JWST trajectory to L2 (image credit: NASA)
Figure 6: Artist's rendering of the JWST observatory (image credit: NASA)
JWST deployment sequence:
During the transfer orbit to L2 different elements of the JWST will be deployed and commissioning will start. The observatory has five deployment stages involving the following elements: 19)
1) Deployment of spacecraft appendages (solar arrays, high gain antenna)
2) Deployment of the sunshield (unfolding 2 days after launch)
3) Extension of the tower
4) Deployment of the secondary mirror (positioned on a tripod structure)
5) Deployment of the primary mirror wings
The deployment of the solar arrays and the high gain antenna is scheduled for the first day to provide the capabilities of onboard power generation and a spacecraft communications link. The unfolding of the sunshield will occur two days after launch, while the timeline for secondary and primary mirror deployment is foreseen after four days. “First light” will occur about 28 days after launch, initiating wavefront sensing and control activities to align the mirror segments. Instrument checkout will start 37 days after launch, well before the final L2 orbit insertion is obtained after 106 days. This is being followed by full commissioning procedures expected to last until about 6 months after launch. 20)
Figure 7: Deployment sequence of the OTE (image credit: NASA, STScI)
The Observatory architecture is comprised of three elements: OTE (Optical Telescope Element), ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module), and the spacecraft (bus and sunshield). A key aspect of the JWST architecture is the use of semi-rigid primary mirror segments mounted on a very stable and rigid backplane composite structure. The architecture is referred to as “semi-rigid” because it has a modest amount of flexibility that allows for on-orbit compensation of segment-to-segment radius of curvature variations. 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29)
Figure 8: The three elements of the JWST flight segment (image credit: NASA) 30)
Figure 9: The JWST spacecraft, reflecting the addition of the trim flap and the new solar panel array (image credit: NASA)
(Optical Telescope Element)
- TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) design, f/20, 25 m2 collecting area
- Fine steering mirror (FSM) with line-of-sight (LOS) stabilization < 7.3 marcsec (or mas)
- Four separate deployments
- Semi-rigid hexagonal mirror segments and graphite composite backplane structure
- Superior image quality over the ISIM FOV, provides science resolution and sensitivity
- Excellent pointing control and stability in conjunction with the spacecraft attitude control
- Simple, reliable and robust deployment
- Allows ground verification of the OTE, provides stable optical performance over temperature
Primary mirror
- Primary mirror deploys in two steps (2-chord fold)
- Composed of 18 semi-rigid hexagonal segments, each with set-and-monitor wavefront control actuators
- Mirror segment material is Beryllium
- Highly reliable deployment
- All segments are mechanically near-identical, achieving efficiencies in manufacturing, assembly and testing
- Known material properties with demonstrated optical performance over temperature
Secondary mirror
- Tripod configuration for support structure
- Deployment using a single redundant actuator
- Semi-rigid optic with 6 degrees of freedom (DoF) alignment
- Provides rigidity, minimizes obscuration and scattered light into the field of view
- Low risk, high margin (torque margin > 32 times the friction load)
- Permits reliable and accurate telescope alignment
Aft optics
Fixed baffle
Reduces stray light and houses the tertiary mirror and the FSM
ISIM
- Simple semi-kinematic mount; 8 m2 of thermal radiators, and 19.9 m3 volume.
- Contains all science instruments (SI) and FGS
- Provides a simple interface for the ISIM to decouple ISIM development from the OTE
- Allows for parallel development and early testing
- Integral 1 Hz passive vibration isolators
- Thermally isolates the OTE from the spacecraft
- Reduces S/C dynamic noise onto OTE/ISIM
- Achieves small mirror temperature gradients
Sunshield
- 5 layer “V” groove radiator design reduces solar energy to a few 10's of mW
- Folded about OTE during launch
- Sized (~19.4 m x 11.4 m) and shaped to limit solar radiation induced momentum buildup
- Provides a stable thermal environment for passively cooling the OTE and the ISIM
- Reliable deployment, protects OTE during launch
- Reduces the time and fuel for momentum unloading, increases operational efficiency
S/C bus
- Chandra-based attitude control subsystem
- Two-axis gimbaled high gain Earth-pointing antenna (omni-directional), Ka- and S-band
- 471 Gbit solid state recorder
- Propellant for >11 years
- Flight-proven low noise dynamic environment that minimizes line-of-sight jitter
- Contingency operations and link margin
- Store > 2 days of science & engineering data
- Extended operation capability
Table 3: Overview of key design features and benefits of the Observatory
0.6 - 29 µm. Reflective gold coatings
Lissajous orbit about L2
NIRCam
FGS tunable
NIRSpec
NIRSpec Med
MIRI Spec
- SNR=10, integration time = τi, R=λ/Δλ and Zodicial of 1.2 times that at north ecliptic pole
- 12 nJy (1.1 μm, τi=10,000 s, and λ/Δλ= 4)
- 10.4 nJy (2.0 μm, τi=10,000 s, and λ/Δλ = 4)
- 368 nJy (3.5 μm, τi=10,000 s, and λ/Δλ = 100)
- 560 nJy (10 μm, τi=10,000 s, and λ/Δλ = 5)
- 5000 nJy (21 μm, τi=10,000 s, and λ/Δλ = 4.2)
- 5.2 x 10-22 Wm-2 (2 µm, τi=100,000 s, R=1000)
- 3.4 x 10-21 Wm-2 (9.2 µm, τi=10,000 s, R=2400)
- 3.1 x 10-20 Wm-2 (22.5 µm, τi=10,000 s, R=1200)
Celestial sphere coverage
observing efficiency
- 100% annually
- 39.7% at any given time
- 100% of sphere has at least 51 contiguous days visibility
- 30% for > 197 days
- Continuous within 5º of ecliptic poles
- Observatory ~80.7%
& stability
- Encircled Energy of 75% at 1 µm for 150 mas radius
- Strehl ratio of ~ 0.86 at 2 µm.
- PSF stability better than 1%
Mission life
- 5-year minimum lifetime
- 11 years for fuel
- Commissioning in < 6 months
Telescope FOV
- 166 arcmin x 166 arcmin FOV
-ISIM instruments share FOV with common aperture
Table 4: Overview of the predicted performance of the JWST observatory
OTE (Optical Telescope Element):
The OTE is of course the key element of the observatory with a primary mirror aperture diameter of 6.5 m. A lightweight design is mandatory to keep the launch costs in bounds. Early in the JWST program, an AMSD (Advanced Mirror System Demonstrator) project was launched to address the feasibility and readiness level of the required enabling technologies.
The following requirements were placed on JWST's optics (based on an “optical telescope element” study of 1996:
• The mirror should be sensitive to 1-5 µm (0.6-30 µm extended)
• It should be diffraction limited to 2 µm
• It will have to operate in the temperature range of 30-60 K
• It should have an areal density of < 15 kg/m2.
Figure 10: Isometric drawing of the OTE telescope structure (image credit: NASA, STScI)
The JWST prime contractor, NGAS (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) in consultation with the JWST Telescope Team, selected the beryllium-based mirror technology design made by BATC (Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation) as the primary mirror material with the following features: 31) 32)
• 1.318 m point-to-point light-weighted beryllium semi-rigid mirror (element size)
• 13.4 kg/m2 beryllium substrate areal density
• 19.3 kg/m2 areal density for the mirror system - including mirror, reaction structure, flexures, and actuators
• A SBMD (Subscale Beryllium Model Demonstrator) element achieved a 19 nm rms “surface roughness” at 38 K.
Beryllium was chosen over glass as the mirror material because it is lighter and has a low coefficient of thermal expansion at cryogenic temperatures. Since JWST is an infrared telescope, it must operate at cryogenic temperatures (< 40 K) so that the heat of the telescope does not interfere with the radiation it captures. Beryllium mirrors have a heritage in past astronomy missions such as in IRAS (InfraRed Astronomical Satellite, launch Jan. 25, 1983), COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer, launch Nov. 18, 1989) and the Spitzer Space Telescope (launch Aug. 25, 2003). The material properties of beryllium are known to temperatures of 10 K.
Aside from its lightweight features, the primary mirror must be segmented, so that it can be folded up to fit into the nose cone of a rocket. Once on orbit, the telescope will be deployed, using motors to unfold the primary mirror and other important assemblies. Then the telescope will be cooled down from room temperature to about 37 K by the ambient environment on its way to L2 - a temperature change of about 300 K is experienced which obviously causes misalignments and figure errors of the optics system. Note: Passive cooling is attained by placing the observatory at L2 and keeping the telescope and its instrumentation in perpetual shadow by means of a large deployable sunshade.
The primary mirror design consists of 18 hexagonal segments (1.315 m flat-to-flat side), in two rings around the center, resulting in a 6.5 m flat-to-flat diameter with a collecting area of 25 m2. A TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmatic) design is employed with a Strehl ratio of ~0.84 at λ = 2 µm providing a very low background noise. The telescope has an effective f/number of f/16.67, and an effective focal length of 131.4 m.
The segments of the primary mirror act as a single mirror when properly phased relative to each other. The phasing is achieved via a 6 DoF (Degree of Freedom) rigid body motion of the individual segments, and an additional control for the segment mirror radius of curvature. The 18 segments have three separate segment types (A, B, C) with slightly different aspheric prescriptions depending on placement as shown in Figure 11. The numbers 1 to 6 represent the six-fold symmetry of the hexagonal packing of the primary mirror.
Figure 12 shows the rear portion of the mirror segments and the seven actuators. The architecture is “semi-rigid” because it has a modest amount of flexibility that allows for on-orbit compensation of segment-to-segment radius of curvature (ROC) variations. This ROC adjustment is made independent of any attachment to the backplane structure to prevent mirror distortion.
The six actuators providing rigid body motion are arranged in three bipods to form a kinematic attachment to the backplane. Each bipod attaches to a triangular shaped structure which is attached to the isogrid structure of the mirror segment. This structure spreads the loads over the surface of the mirror. The other end of the actuators attaches through a secondary structure and flexure to the backplane. The seventh actuator controls the segment radius of curvature and is independent of the rigid body actuators. The actuators operate at cryogenic and ambient temperatures, and have both coarse and fine positioning capability. This configuration enables simple rigid body motion of the segments without distorting the segment surface. 33)
Figure 11: Arrangement and designation of primary mirror segments and images of the mirrors (image credit: NASA, BATC)
Legend to Figure 11: JWST completes the gold coating of it's telescope mirrors with segment C1. A microscopically thin layer of gold maximizes the reflectivity of these mirrors to infrared light.
Figure 12: Backside of the primary mirror with the three bipod actuators (image credit: NGAS)
WFS&C (Wavefront Sensing and Control) subsystem: A WF&C semi-rigid structure is being used for phasing (to counteract the misalignments). WFS&C consists of actuators mounted on the telescope primary mirror segments and on the secondary mirror, to deform and displace the critical telescope optics in ways that are very effective in compensating the likely on-orbit deformations. The WFS&C software processes images from the cameras to measure the optical aberrations. The software then computes actuator commands to correct the aberrations.
Figure 13: Illustration of the OTE subsystems/assemblies (image credit: NASA, STScI) 34)
Operating temperatures: The large sunshade will protect the telescope from heating by direct sunlight, allowing it to cool down to temperatures of < 45 K. The near-infrared instruments will work at about 30 K through a passive cooling system. The mid-infrared detectors will work at a temperature of 7 K, using stored cryogen (active cooling).
Figure 14: Conceptual layout of the OTE and interfaces to ISIM (image credit: NGAS, STScI)
Figure 15: As at the end of 2013, all 18 of the JWST primary mirror segment assemblies are complete and have arrived at Goddard, where they are being stored inside separate stainless steel shock-absorbing canisters until it is time for mirror assembly (image credit: NASA)
ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module)
The ISIM provides structure, environment, control electronics and data handling for three modular science instruments: NIRCam, NIRSpec, and MIRI, and the observatory FGS (Fine Guidance Sensor). ISIM is being provided by NASA/GSFC. In addition to designing the ISIM structure, NASA Goddard provides other infrastructure subsystems critical for the operation of the instruments, including the ISIM Thermal Control Subsystem; ISIM Control and Data Handling Subsystem; ISIM Remote Services Unit; ISIM Flight Software; ISIM Electronics Compartment, and ISIM Harness Assemblies. 35) 36) 37) 38) 39)
ISIM is a distributed system consisting of cold and warm modules.
• The cryogenic instrument module is integrated with the OTE and the sensor complement, all of which are passively cooled to the cryogenic temperature of 39 K. This passively cooled cryogenic (39 K) section houses the instruments NIRCam, NIRSpec, MIRI and the FGS (Fine Guidance Sensor). The MIRI instrument is further cooled by a cryocooler to 7 K.
• The second area is the IEC (ISIM Electronics Compartment), which provides the mounting surfaces and a thermally-controlled environment for the instrument control electronics (region 2 maintained at 298 K). The ICE package is mounted onto the exterior of the ISIM structure.
• The third area (warm module) is the ISIM Command and Data Handling (ICDH) subsystem, which includes ISIM flight software, and the MIRI cryocooler compressor and control electronics (region 3 maintained at 298 K). The warm region of ISIM is located in the spacecraft on the warm side of the Observatory. This more benign environment allows for relaxed thermal requirements on major portions of the electronics with higher power dissipation, and it avoids unnecessary heat loads in the cold section.
Figure 16: ISIM is the science instrument payload of JWST (image credit: NASA) 40)
Figure 17: Components of the integrated ISIM with the FGS mounted inside the structure (image credit: NASA)
Each ISIM instrument reimages the OTE focal plane onto its FPA (Focal Plane Array) assembly, allowing for independent selection of detector plate scale for sampling of the optical PSF (Point Spread Function). A fine steering mirror (FSM) is used for accurate optical pointing and image stabilization. The FSM is located at the image of the pupil, after the tertiary mirror but forward of the focal plane interface to the ISIM. The FSM, coupled with the low structural noise spacecraft, suppresses line-of-sight jitter to allow diffraction-limited performance at 2 µm. The V1, V2, and V3 coordinate systems are defined by the vertex of the primary mirror as shown in Figure 14.
The four scientific instruments onboard JWST are contained in the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module) which is mounted to the BSF (Back Plane Support) behind the primary mirror. ISIM contains four instruments: MIRI,FGS/IRISS, NIRCam, and NIRSpec. The IEC (ISIM Electronics Compartment) is also mounted to the BSF and holds a number of high-power boxes, totaling 200 W of dissipation, at room temperature on the cold side of the sunshield. This is an order of magnitude above the summed dissipation of the remainder of the cold side. Its proximity to the cryogenic instruments is driven by the noise-sensitive science data that must be processed by electronics with the IEC. 41)
The IEC has been designed to hold room-temperature electronics boxes in close proximity to the cryogenic telescope and instrument module and to direct the 200 W dissipation so that is does not have a negative affect on the observatory performance. This is made possible through multiple radiative isolators in series, conductive isolation, and directional baffles. Analysis has shown that this design will meet the requirements levied on the IEC by the observatory, allowing the IEC to function as an integral part of the James Webb Space Telescope.
Figure 18: ISIM components within the Observatory (image credit: NASA)
Spectral range (µm)
Plate scale
(marcsec/pixel)
FOV (Field of View)
NIRCam (Short
Wave)
(R~4, R~10, R~100),
coronagraphic spots
Two 2 x 2 mosaics of 2048 x 2048 arrays
(arcmin)
NIRCam (Long
NIRSpec (prism,
R=100 resolving power)
Transmissive slit mask:
4 x 384 x 175 micro-shutter
array, 250 (spectral) by 500
(spatial) marcsec; fixed
slits 200 or 300 marcsec wide
by 10 cm long
NIRSpec (Grating,
R=1000)
NIRSpec (IFU,
IFU (Integrated Field Unit)
(arcsec)
MIRI (Imaging)
Broad-band filters,
coronagraphic spots &
phase masks
(26” x 26”
coronagraphic)
MIRI (Prism
spectroscopy)
5 -10
R ~ 100
(Spectroscopy)
Integral field spectrograph
(R~3000) in 4 bands
Two 1024 x 1024
200-470 depending on band
3.6” x 3.6” to
Order-blocking
filters+etalon (R~100)
Table 5: Overview of science instrument characteristics
The ISIM instruments are located in an off-axis position, which yield excellent image quality over the 9.4 arcminute field, as shown by the contours of residual wavefront error as a function of field location in Figure 21. The cold portion of the ISIM is integrated with the OTE.
Figure 19: Schematic diagram of the accommodation of the four science instruments in ISIM (image credit: NASA)
Figure 20: NASA engineers check out the unwrapped ISIM structure in a clean room in 2009 (image credit: NASA) 42)
Figure 21: ISIM focal plane allocation layout (image credit: STScI, NASA)
Legend to Figure 21: Placement of the ISM instruments in the telescope field of view. The field of view of each instrument is fully contained within the instrument allocation regions. The numbers indicate the wavefront error contribution by the optical telescope element (in nm) at each location.
Figure 22: The cryogenic portion of the ISIM system (left) is shown in its test configuration (right) for the CV-1RR (image credit: NASA)
Legend to Figure 22: A high fidelity simulation of the JWST telescope beam is fed from below into the ISIM by an Optical SIMulator (OSIM) that is mounted on vibration isolators. The SES vacuum vessel is equipped with nitrogen and helium shrouds to enable testing at the 40 K nominal flight operating temperature. 43)
The ISIM structure and assembly has a total mass of ~ 1400 kg which is about 23% of the JWST mass.
ISIM status:
• Summer 2015: The ISIM enters this final testing sequence in its full flight configuration. After some precursor integration and test activities, which included two very successful cryo-vacuum campaigns (called CV1-RR and CV2, the latter of which was in a nearly-final configuration), the ISIM underwent a series of activities to upgrade its instruments and systems to full flight readiness. These activities included: 44)
- Completion of the upgrade of the near-infrared detector arrays in NIRCam, NIRSpec, and FGS/NIRISS to a newer, more robust design that eliminates a dark current degradation mechanism suffered by the earlier generation arrays.
- Installation of new Microshutter Arrays in the NIRSpec with improved stability against the acoustic loads of launch.
- Installation of new grisms in the NIRISS instrument, including a new grism for exoplanet spectroscopy with 2-3 times higher throughput than the original optic.
- Upgraded electronics boards in several instruments for improved performance or reliability.
- Installation of the flight cold head of the MIRI cryocooler system (the Heat Exchanger Stage Assembly, mounted to the ISIM structure).
The first phase of this final environmental test sequence, vibration testing, was completed in June 2015, with vibration of the “ISIM prime” module. Sinusoidal sweep testing was carried out in each of three axes, with amplitudes up to ~2.5g in some frequency bands, in order to verify workmanship by subjecting the system to the low frequency structural dynamic spectrum of the launch environment.
Figure 23: The ISIM structure and flight instruments, re-integrated and ready for environmental testing (image credit: NASA, Chris Nunn)
Sensor complement: (NIRCam, NIRSpec, MIRI, FGS/NIRISS)
NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera)
NIRCam funded by NASA with the University of Arizona as prime contractor (PI: Marcia J. Rieke). CSA is participating in the development of the NIRCam instrument. The industrial partner is Lockheed-Martin Advanced Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA. The NIRCam objectives are: 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50)
• To find “first light” sources. NIRCam surveys will become the backbone of the first light searches and for galaxy evolution studies.
• To assist the space telescope in initial (after deployment) and periodic alignment tests throughout the mission. This requires wavefront sensing to assure perfect alignment and shape of the different primary mirror segments.
• The camera also includes features for studying star formation in the Milky Way and for discovering and characterizing planets around other stars.
The various roles place additional constraints on the camera design. First, the camera must accommodate extra optics and pupil analyzers to enable the wavefront sensing. Secondly, the modules incorporating the wavefront sensing must be fully redundant as the mission depends critically on this functionality. Hence, the NIRCam design includes two identical imaging modules each of which includes dual filter wheels. The dual filter wheels are configured so that one wheel holds bandpass filters while the other wheel holds pupil analyzers thus permitting wavefront analysis as a function of wavelength.
NIRCam employs a compact refractive optics design using dichroics (to split the incoming radiation in 2 wavelengths) to enable simultaneous observation of a field at λ < 2.5 µm and at λ > 2.5 µm. The short wavelength module is Nyquist-sampled at 2 µm while the long wavelength module is Nyquist-sampled at 4 µm.
0.6 - 5.0 µm
Spectral resolution
Selection of R~4 and R~10 discrete filters, R~100 using 2 tunable filters
Imaging: 2.16 x 2.16 arcmin at two wavelengths simultaneously
R=100 imaging: Two 2.16 x 2.16 arcmin fields (one λ<2.5µm, one λ>2.5µm)
Imaging: 0.0317 arcsec/pixel, λ<2.5µm; 0.068 arcsec/pixel, λ > 2.5µm
R=100: 0.0648 arcsec/pixel
Coronagraphy
Choice of coronagraphic spots and pupils in all instrument sections
Table 6: Overview of the NIRCam capabilities
Imaging module 1
Tunable filter module short λ
Tunable filter module long λ
Wavelength range (µm)
1 to 2.5 goal
2.3 to 5 goal
Nyquist sampling (µm)
4096 x 4096 (short λ)
2048 x 2048 (long λ)
FOV (arcmin)
Table 7: NIRCam module characteristics
Figure 24: Schematic layout of a NIRCam imaging module (image credit: NASA)
Figure 25: Schematic of NIRCam coronagraphic design (image credit: STScI)
Legend to Figure 25: An optical wedge in the pupil wheel brings the coronagraphic spots into the field of view. The spots are matched with Lyot stops.
Coronagraphy: To enable the coronagraphic imaging of nearby stars, each of the two identical optical trains in the instrument also contains a traditional focal plane coronagraphic mask plate held at a fixed distance from the FPAs (Focal Plane Assemblies), so that the coronagraph spots are always in focus at the detector plane. Each coronagraphic plate is transmissive, and contains a series of spots of different sizes to block the light from a bright object. Each coronagraphic plate also includes a neutral density spot to enable centroiding on bright stars, as well as point sources at each end that can send light through the optical train of the imager to enable internal alignment checks. Normally these coronagraphic plates are not in the optical path for the instrument, but they are selected by rotating into the beam a mild optical wedge that is mounted in the pupil wheel (Figure 25), which translates the image plane so that the coronagraphic masks are shifted onto the active detector area (Ref. 34).
Figure 26: Layout of a NIRCam imaging module (image credit: University of Arizona)
The NIRCam filters and pupil selections are given in Table 8. All of the camera's filter wheels are identical, 12 position dual wheels. NIRCam also includes a set of broadband filters whose wavelengths and widths have been carefully chosen to support accurate photometric redshift estimation.
Shortwave imaging
Longwave imaging
Tunable filter
Filter wheel (µm)
Pupil wheel
Filter wheel
B1: 0.7
Imaging pupil
Blocker-1
Flat field source
Outward pinholes
Coron pupil 1
I4: 2.4-2.6
I1: 1.55-1.7
I2: 1.7-1.94
HeI 1.083 µm
Cal pattern 1
WFS-1 (Wavefront Sensing)
I7-CO2: 4.3
B8: 0.8-1.0
WFS-2
I8-CO: 4.6
Hα: 0.656
Brα: 4.05
[Fell] 1.64
H2: 2.41
1%-1
Pα: 1.875
Table 8: Specification of NIRCam filters and pupils
Figure 27: Illustration of the NIRCam instrument (image credit: NASA)
The expected point-source sensitivity is ~3.5 nJy for wavelengths from 0.7 - 5 µm in a 100,000 second exposure at a SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) of 10. All ten detectors arrays needed for NIRCam are using Teledyne Technologies (former Rockwell Scientific )HgCdTe 2k x 2k devices (HAWAII-2RG detector technology, also referred to as H2RG). The short wavelength bands will be sampled at 4096 x 4096 pixels (0.0317 arcsec/pixel), while the long wavelength bands are being sampled by 2048 x 2048 pixels (0.0648 arcsec/pixel). The focal plane array includes detector and cryogenic electronics. 51) 52)
Note: The term “Jy” refers to the “Jansky,” the unit of radio‐wave emission strength, in honor of Karl G. Jansky (1905‐1950) an American engineer whose discovery of radio waves (1931) from an extraterrestrial source inaugurated the development of radio astronomy. Jansky published his findings in 1932 while working at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ.
The “Jy” is a unit of radiative flux density (or radio‐wave emission strength) which is commonly used in radio and infrared astronomy. 1 Jy = 10‐26 W/(m2 Hz). The units of Jy (Hz)‐1/2 then refer to the noise power.
Figure 28: This new 2Kx2K pixel NIRCam sensor chip assembly incorporates improved barrier layers to increase the ground storage lifetime (image credit,NASA, Bernie Rauscher, “JWST Detector Update,” Ref. 43)
Legend to Figure 28: The Teledyne H2RG detectors are being used in 3 instruments of JWST, namely in NIRCam, NIRSpec, and in FGS/NIRISS.
The NIRCam coronagraph: Each NIRCam module will be equipped with a simple Lyot coronagraph consisting of a selection of focal plane occulters and pupil masks (Lyot stops). The requirements are:
1) Provide imaging to within 0.6 arcsec (4λ/D) of the star at λ = 4.6 μm and to within 0.3 arcsec at λ = 2.1 μm for the detection of extrasolar planets seen in emission.
2) Provide imaging to within 0.8 arcsec (6λ/D) of the star at λ = 4.3 μm, 0.64 arcsec at λ = 3.35 μm, and 0.4 arcsec at λ = 2.1 μm for observations of circumstellar disks seen in reflected light.
3) The occulters must be rigidly mounted and must not interfere with imaging during non-coronagraphic observations, requiring placement outside the normal field of view.
4) Ideally, suppress the diffraction pattern produced by the JWST obscurations to a level equal to or below the scattered light created by the uncorrectable optical surface errors, given the budgeted ~131 nm rms of wavefront error prior to the coronagraphic occulters.
5) Provide sufficient throughput to image 1 Gyr-old Jupiter-mass planets around the nearest late-type stars with 1-2 hours of exposure time.
6) Tolerate 2% pupil misalignments due to pupil wheel positioning errors and telescope-to-instrument rotational offsets.
7) Tolerate 10-40 marcsec (milliarcsecond) of pointing error at λ = 4.6 μm without a significant decrease in performance.
NIRCam status:
• Jan. 6, 2015: The MIRCam instrument surpassed expectations during tests in late 2014. NIRCam performed significantly better than requirements during the first integrated, cryogenic testing program at GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center), Maryland. 53)
- In April 2014, NASA installed the instrument alongside others in the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module), which finished cryogenic and vacuum testing late last year.
• Flight NIRCam ready for integration into ISIM (Ref. 175).
NIRSpec (Near-Infrared multi-object Spectrograph)
NIRSpec is funded by ESA (Project Scientist: Peter Jakobsen of ESA/ESTEC) with Airbus Defince and Space (formerly EADS Astrium GmbH) as prime instrument contractor (the detector arrays and a microshutter are supplied by NASA/GSFC). The key objectives are the study of galaxy formation, clustering, chemical abundances, star formation, and kinematics, as well as active galactic nuclei, young stellar clusters, and measurements of the initial mass function of stars (IMF). 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60)
The region of sky to be observed is transferred from the JWST optical telescope element (OTE) to the spectrograph aperture focal plane (AFP) by a pick-off mirror (POM) and a system of foreoptics which includes a filter wheel for selecting band passes and introducing internal calibration sources. The nominal scale at the AFP is 2.516 arcsec/mm.
Figure 29: CAD layout of the NIRSpec instrument with outer shroud removed (image credit: ESA)
The NIRSpec baseline design uses a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), consisting of an array of about 1000 x 500 microshutters, to select hundreds of different objects in a single field of view.
The NIRSpec instrument will be the first slit-based astronomical MOS (Multi-Object Spectrograph) in space providing spectra of faint objects over the near-infrared 1.0-5.0 µm wavelength range at spectral resolutions of R=100, R=1000 and R=2700. The instrument's all-reflective wide-field optics, together with its novel MEMS-based programmable microshutter array slit selection device and its large format low-noise HgCdTe detector arrays (2 detectors of 2 k x 2 k pixels), combine to allow simultaneous observations of > 100 objects within a FOV of 3.4 arcmin x 3.6 arcmin with unprecedented sensitivity. 61) 62) 63)
Figure 30: Schematic layout of the NIRSpec optics (image credit: ESA)
NIRSpec is required to select various spectral band widths and split these up into its comprised wavelengths. These functions are achieved by the FWA (Filter Wheel Assembly) and the GWA (Grating Wheel Assembly). The filters of the FWA select a different bandwidth of the spectrum each while the gratings on the GWA yield specific diffractive characteristic for spectral segmentation. A high spectral sensitivity as well as the ability to detect the spectra of various objects at the same time result in high requirements regarding the positioning accuracy of the optics of both mechanisms in order to link the detected spectra to the 2-dimensional images of the observed objects. 64)
The spectrometer uses diffractive gratings to spatially separate the incoming light and analyze several objects simultaneously. The NIRSpec mechanism yields 6 different gratings and one prism to work with various spectral resolutions and in different ranges of the infrared spectrum. A TAM (Target Acquisition Mirror) allows allocation of the spectra and the corresponding stellar objects. These 8 optical elements are integrated on a GWA (Grating Wheel Assembly) as shown in Figure 31. It exchanges the diffractive optic within the instrument's beam path with high precision to allow correlation of different spectra taken from the same object.
To avoid the overlap of various orders of diffraction on the detector, a set of spectral filters was designed to select the desired wavelength range. These filters are mounted on a mechanism quite similar to the GWA. It moves one filter into the beam path to build a fitting combination of grating in use and preselected range of wavelength. This FWA (Filter Wheel Assembly) holds four edge filters and two band filters for various wavelengths, one clear filter for target acquisition and a mirror assembly for in-orbit calibration and pupil alignment during integration of the mechanism (Figure 32).
Figure 31: Illustration of the GWA mechanism (image credit: Carl-Zeiss Optronics)
Figure 32: Illustration of the FWA mechanism (image credit: Carl-Zeiss Optronics)
Mechanical alignment: Since both FWA and GWA are mechanisms actively influencing the beam path of the instrument, precise and repeatable alignment of the currently used optic, it is essential to ensure a stable image on the detector. Especially the GWA alignment is crucial since its optic works in reflection where every tilt of the optic is carried over directly into the alignment of the instrument. The FWA on the other hand uses planar elements working in transmission inducing but a fraction of their misalignment into an aberration of the beam (Ref. 64).
NIRSpec includes also an IFU (Integral Field Unit) device with the objective to study of the dynamics of high redshift galaxies. This device provides in addition a NIRSpec backup acquisition mode for spectroscopy. The IFU permits a 2-D spectral characterization of astronomical objects with unprecedented depths, especially in the 2-5 µm wavelength range. The IFU covers a FOV of 3 arcsec x 3 arcsec and provides five fixed slits for detailed spectroscopic studies of single objects. The NIRSpec-IFU is expected to be capable of reaching a continuum flux of 20 nJy (AB>28) in R=100 mode, and a line flux of 6 x 10-19 erg s-1 cm-2 in R=1000 mode at an SNR> 3 in an exposure period of 104 s.
The FPA (Focal Plane Array) consists of sub-units, each 2 k x 2 k, forming an array of 2 k x 4 k sampled at 100 marcsec (milliarcsecond) pixels. The detectors are thinned HgCdTe arrays (ASICs) built by the Rockwell Science Center and referred to as SIDECAR (System for Image Digitization, Enhancement, Control and Retrieval). Each of the two ASICs has 2048 x 2048 pixels, pixel size of 18 µm, pixel scale = 100 mas (micro arcseconds), the data are locally digitized. 65)
The NIRSpec also contains a calibration unit with a number of continuum and line sources.
Figure 33: Illustration of a MSA (Microshutter Array) assembly at left and the FPA SIDECAR ASIC at right, (image credit: NASA)
Multiobject spectroscopy: A special MEMS device, referred to as MSA (MicroShutter Array), is being developed at NASA/GSFC to be used as a programmable field selector for NIRSpec. The objective is to provide a means to observe numerous objects simultaneously and to eliminate the confusion caused by all other sources. MSA consists of microshutter arrays arranged in a 2 x 2 quadrant mosaic. Each quadrant represents a closely packed array of 175 x 384 of shutters each of which may be addressed independently - allowing only the light from objects of interest into the instrument. The MSA covers a FOV of 3.6 arcmin x 3.6 arcmin (each microshutter has a FOV of 0.2 x 0.4 arcsec) - allowing the simultaneous observation of about 100 objects.
The microshutters themselves are MEMS devices produced on a thin silicon nitride membrane on 100 µm x 200 µm pitch (spectral x spatial direction). They are actuated magnetically and latched and addressed electrostatically. The MSA object selection feature represents an enabling technology development with a first introduction in spaceborne astronomy. 66)
Figure 34: Schematic layout of the microshutter assembly (image credit: NASA, ESA)
The MSA microshutter array consists of ust under a quarter of a million individually controlled microshutters. By programming the array to only open those shutters coinciding with pre-selected objects of interest, light from these objects is isolated and directed to the spectroscopic stage of NIRSpec to produce the spectra.
Figure 35: Photo of NASA/GSFC engineers inspecting an MSA with a low light test (image credit: GSFC, Chris Gunn, ESA) 67) 68)
Legend to Figure 35: The inspection light source is held by the technician at the front of the picture. Four array quadrants are located within the octagonal frame in the center of a titanium mosaic base plate.
The team, led by Principal Investigator Harvey Moseley of GSFC has demonstrated that electrostatically actuated microshutter arrays — that is, those activated by applying an specific voltage — are as functional as the current technology’s magnetically activated arrays. This advance makes them a highly attractive capability for potential Explorer-class missions designed to perform multi-object observations. 69)
Considered among the most innovative technologies to fly on the Webb telescope, the microshutter assembly is created from MEMS technologies and comprises thousands of tiny shutters, each about the width of a human hair. Assembled on four postage-size grids or arrays, the 250,000 shutters open or close individually to allow only the light from targeted objects to enter Webb’s NIRSpec, which will help identify types of stars and gases and measure their distances and motions. Because Webb will observe faint, far-away objects, it will take as long as a week for NIRSpec to gather enough light to obtain good spectra.
Figure 36: Alternate view of the NIRSpec instrument (ESA, NASA)
The NIRSpec instrument has a size of about 1.90 m x 1.3 m x 0.7 m and an estimated mass of about 196 kg.
Figure 37: Photo of the NIRSpec engineering test unit in Oct. 2009 (image credit: ESA)
The spectrograph structure is built from silicon carbide (SiC) - a monolithic ceramic providing the properties to meet the extremely high demands for dimensional stability and geometrical accuracy for the optical assembly. Geometrical distortions between NIRSpec and the ISIM, generated by very high temperature differences between cryogenic operational and ambient on ground environment are balanced by so called Kinematic Mounts made from titanium alloy. The need to exchange these parts without losing optical performance of the already aligned instrument led to the development of a highly sophisticated exchange procedure. 70)
The existing Kinematic Mounts already integrated on the Flight Model of NIRSpec were declared non-flight-worthy due to a detection of a manufacturing issue within the tapered areas, dedicated for flexural bending. Consequently a remanufacturing of the three OBKs (Optical Bench Kinematic Mounts) was decided and the development of an exchange philosophy considering all aspects of safety and technical requirements was developed in a joint team of ESA and Airbus Defence and Space.
Due to the detailed planning, preparation and practice, the actual exchange on the NIRSpec flight hardware was performed in five days without any procedure variation. The exchange was successfully performed as trained before.
The dye penetrant investigations performed in between the individual OBK exchange activities confirmed no damage of the SiC interfaces of the OBBP (Optical Bench Base Plate). These results were backed by acoustic monitoring which showed that no shock was introduced and no crack was initiated inside the SiC structure.
The results of the online optical measurements showed that the relative position and the PAR (Pupil Alignment Reference) remained stable within the measurement accuracy better than 3 acrsec angular and 10 µm relative PAR center displacement.
Status of NIRSpec:
• July 20, 2015: Engineers from Airbus and ESA (European Space Agency) work inside NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s large clean room to remove the cover on Webb Telescope’s NIRSpec (Near InfraRed Spectrometer) instrument in preparation for the replacement of the MSA (Micro Shutter Array) and the FPA (Focal Plane Assembly). 71)
• Feb. 2015: The past two months have seen a team of engineers engaged in the intricate activity of replacing key components of the NIRSpec (Near InfraRed Spectrograph) on the James Webb Space Telescope. The instrument is now ready for the next series of extensive environmental tests devised to ensure that JWST's instruments can withstand the stresses and strains of launch and operation in space. 72) 73) 74)
- In the summer of 2014, the JWST Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM), fitted with all four instruments (NIRSpec, MIRI, NIRCam, and FGS/NIRISS), successfully completed cryogenic testing in a '24/7' campaign that lasted 116 days.
- However, the positive outcome of this important test campaign did not mean that ISIM and the instruments were ready for integration onto JWST's telescope. It has been known for over a year that additional work would be necessary to get some of the instruments into their final flight configuration. As a consequence, a period of a few months was allocated for these activities, immediately after the completion of the cryogenic test campaign.
- In particular, NIRSpec needed to have its detectors, microshutter assembly and optical assembly cover replaced. Also, the NIRCAM and FGS/NIRISS teams had to exchange some components in their instruments. MIRI was the only instrument that remained integrated with the ISIM. However, MIRI's configuration was also updated by installing the flight model cooler Cold Head Assembly (CHA) and exchanging some of the cooler lines and their supports.
- The first generation of JWST’s highly sensitive near-infrared detectors were found to suffer from a design flaw that resulted in a progressive degradation of their performance. New detectors have now been installed in all three near-infrared instruments.
- Another crucial component of NIRSpec are its MSA (Microshutter Assembly), a new technology developed for JWST by NASA. - One of the defining and pioneering features of NIRSpec is its ability to analyze the light from more than 100 astronomical objects at the same time. This is made possible by an assembly of four microshutter arrays, totalling almost a quarter of a million individual shutters.
- One of the defining and pioneering features of NIRSpec is its ability to analyze the light from more than 100 astronomical objects at the same time. This is made possible by an assembly of four MSAs, totalling almost a quarter of a million individual shutters.
- The cryogenic test revealed that several thousand of the individual microshutters had become inoperable and could not be opened. This susceptibility to acoustic noise was not expected and had gone undetected because of the difficulty of reproducing the environment to which the microshutters are actually subjected in this instrument. As a result of this problem, the performance of the microshutters in NIRSpec was strongly degraded. The NIRSpec Engineering Test Unit (ETU) provided the most realistic test environment for the MSA. These various tests provided a wealth of information that helped NASA to identify the cause of the 'failed closed' shutters issue.
- The new MSA contains three 'original design' arrays and one 'new design' array. In addition to most arrays being pre-screened at array level, the complete new MSA flight model was acoustically tested in the NIRSpec ETU before it was installed in the flight version of NIRSpec.
• April 4, 2014: An important milestone for JWST was passed on 25 March with the installation of the NIRSpec instrument on the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module) at NASA/GSFC. All four science instruments are now in place on the ISIM, ready for the next series of tests. 75)
• Feb. 2014: The NIRSpec instrument is being installed on the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module) at Goddard in preparation for an extensive series of tests with the full instrument complement. In addition, new detectors have been selected for NIRSpec, to be installed later this year. 76)
• Sept. 30, 2013: The NIRSpec instrument has arrived at the NASA/GSFC. 77)
• In early September 2013, the NIRSpec instrument, built by Astrium GmbH, was formally handed over to ESA. This marks an important milestone in Europe’s contribution to the JWST mission. Having undergone rigorous testing in Europe, NIRSpec will be shipped to NASA later this month for integration into JWST’s instrument module, followed by further testing and calibration as the whole observatory is built up. 78)
MIRI (Mid-Infrared Camera-Spectrograph)
MIRI is a joint instrument development of NASA and ESA. The instrument optics module and optical bench will be provided by the European MIRI Consortium funded by the ESA member states. NASA/JPL will provide the remainder of the instrument, notably the detector and cryostat subsystems. Within the joint instrument science team, Gillian S. Wright of the UKATC (UK Astronomy Technology Center), Edinburgh, is the PI of the European MIRI Consortium while George H. Rieke at the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona (UA) is the MIRI PI for NASA. ESA coordinates the activities of the European MIRI Consortium (21 institutes from 10 countries) while EADS Astrium Ltd. functions as the main instrument contractor. The MIRI instrument has a mass of ~ 103 kg. 79) 80) 81) 82) 83) 84) 85) 86) 87)
Note: The ROE (Royal Observatory Edinburgh) comprises the UKTAC (UK Astronomy Technology Center) of the Science and Technology Facility Council (STSC), the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Edinburgh and the ROE Visitor Center.
Further participating European organizations in the MIRI project are: Astron, The Netherlands; CCLRC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), UK; CEA Service d'Astrophysique, Saclay, France; Centre Spatial De Liège, Belgium; CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Spain; DSRI (Danish Space Research Institute), Denmark; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland; IAS (Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale), Orsay, France; INTA (Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial), Spain; LAM (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille), France; MPIA (Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie), Heidelberg, Germany; Observatoire de Paris, France; PSI (Paul Scherrer Institut), Switzerland; University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Cologne, Germany; University of Leicester, UK; University of Leiden, The Netherlands; University of Leuven, Belgium; University of Stockholm, Sweden.
As part of the European cooperation with NASA on the JWST program, MIRI was set up as a 50 : 50 partnership between ESA and NASA, with the European Consortium (EC) in charge of the optical bench assembly and the JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) in charge of the detector system, the cooling system, and the flight software (Figure 38). In addition to the responsibilities shown, GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) provides the harness between the optical module and the ICE (Instrument Control Electronics). The formal delivery of the MIRI Optical System, including the detectors chain provided by JPL, to NASA is the responsibility of ESA.
Figure 38: Overview of MIRI instrument concept, contributions, interfaces and responsibilities (image credit: ESA, NASA)
In contrast to other science missions, where each scientific instrument has its own dedicated computer, on JWST there is one unit for all instruments where the flight software for each instrument resides – the ICDH (Instrument Control and Data Handling) electronics. Failure modes and event upsets are handled in this unit. The ICDH interfaces via an IEEE-1553B (MIL-STD-1553B) bus to the dedicated control electronics for the instrument mechanisms (ICE) and, via a remote services unit, for the FPE (Focal Plane Electronics) unit as shown in Figure 39.
Figure 39: Functional block diagram of MIRI optical and cooler subsystem interfaces (image credit: MIRI consortium)
MIRI's principal science objectives relate to the origin and evolution of all cosmic constituents, in particular to galaxy formation, star formation, and planet formation on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. MIRI is to provide imaging, coronagraphy and low- and medium-resolution spectroscopy in the mid-infrared band (the 5-28 µm), representing a broad wavelength response in the thermal infrared. To achieve an optimized detection sensitivity, MIRI requires a high photon conversion efficiency as well as spectral and spatial passbands matched to the observation targets.
The MIRI design features an imager and a dual spectrometer (Figure 41). Light enters from the telescope through the IOC (Input Optics and Calibration) module. The IOC is part of the MIRI Optical Bench Assembly. It is designed to pick-off the MIRI field of view from the JWST Fine Steering Mirror and to relay the relevant parts of this FOV into the spectrometer and into the imager subsystems. The IOC additionally provides in-flight calibration fluxes to the imager and is mounted onto the MIRI primary structure (deck) and is operated at about 6 K. The IOC is being provided by CSL (Centre Spatial de Liege) of Liege University, Belgium.
The imager and the two spectrometer modules are based on all reflecting designs. The optical configuration of MIRI supports four science modes:
1) Photometric imaging in a number of bands from 5.6-25.5 µm within a FOV of 1.9 arcmin x 1.4 arcmin
2) Coronagraphy with a spectral range 10-27 µm in 4 bands (10.65, 11.4, 15.5, and 23 µm)
3) Low-resolution (R = 100) resolving power slit spectroscopy of single objects in the spectral range 5-11 µm
4) Medium-resolution (~100 km/s velocity resolution) integral field spectroscopy in the spectral range 5-28.5 µm over FOVs growing with wavelength from 3.5 x 3.5 to 7 arcsec x 7 arcsec.
Figure 40: The MIRI optics module (image credit: MIRI consortium)
The optical concept splits the instrument into two separate channels operating over the 5 to 28 µm wavelength range, one for imaging (over a 1.9 x 1.4 arcmin FOV) and one for medium resolution spectroscopy (up to 8 x 8 arcmin FOV). The functional split into two parts was chosen because it was found that it simplified the internal optical interfaces, and the complexity of the layout and of the mechanisms. Both the imager and spectrometer channels are fed by common optics from a single pick-off mirror placed close to the telescope focal plane, and fed also by a common calibration subsystem. - The pick-off mirror in front of the JWST OTE focal plane directs the MIRI FOV towards the imager. A small fold mirror adjacent to the imager light path picks off the small (up to 8 x 8 arcsec) FOV of the spectrometer. A second tilting fold in the spectrometer optical path is used to select either light from the telescope or from the MIRI calibration system.
Figure 41: MIRI instrument optical bench assembly and key subsystem layout (image credit: MIRI consortium)
The MIRI spectrometer is comprised of two parts, the SPO (Spectrometer Pre-Optics), built by UKATC, and the SMO (Spectrometer Main Optics), built by Astron, The Netherlands. The two parts of the spectrometer combine together using a spectrograph filter wheel which is made by MPIA (Max Planck Institute of Astronomy). The SPO houses the image slicers and the dichroic/grating wheels. Light enters the SPO directly from the IOC. Light passes from the image slicer, through a series of mirrors, to the FPM. The FPM in turn is located in the SMO. 88) 89)
Figure 42: Main optics of the MIRI spectrometer (image credit: MIRI European Consortium)
Figure 43: Illustration of the SPO (image credit: MIRI European Consortium)
The light is divided into four spectral ranges by the dichroics, and two of these ranges are imaged onto each of the two detector arrays. Along the way to the appropriate array, the light is dispersed by a diffraction grating. The gratings are mounted on mechanical turrets with three for each spectral range. A full spectrum is obtained by taking exposures at the three settings of each mechanical turret - the turrets are ganged together and operated with a single mechanism, and the dichroics allow the same spot on the sky to be distributed to all four spectrometer arms. Thus, only three exposures are required to obtain a complete spectrum.
Nr of slices (N)
Slice width (arcsec)
Pixel size (arcsec)
FOV (arcsec)
3 x 3.87
3.5 x 4.42
Resolving power
Table 9: Summary of imager channels
The imager module has a combined FOV for the imager and coronagraph/low-resolution spectrometer modes. The coronagraph masks are placed at a fixed location on one edge of the imager field.
Figure 44: Schematic configuration of the MIRI imager module (image credit: MIRI European Consortium)
Figure 45: Illustration of the MIRI imager (image credit: MIRI European Consortium)
Figure 46: Illustration of the coronagraph (image credit: MIRI European Consortium)
The instrument uses phase mask coronagraphs. They reject the light of a central source by introducing phase shifts using a quadrant-design plate at the instrument input focal plane. These shifts cause the light from the source to interfere destructively at the detector array. Unlike conventional occulting Lyot coronagraphs, phase plates allow measurements to be obtained very close to the central object. Further from the central object, they provide performance similar to that of a conventional occulting coronagraph. The 4-quadrant phase mask is dividing an Airy disk (image of a point source) in the center of the field into 4 domains; and it applies a phase difference of p to two of them, so that the image is eliminated by destructive interference.
The dichroic filter wheel comprises three working positions to move gratings and dichroics simultaneously. Each is located on separate wheel discs. The two wheels feed light in to the four spectrometer channels inside MIRI.
Figure 47: Scheme of the spectrograph filter wheel (image credit: MIRI European Consortium)
Figure 48: Illustration of the dichroic wheel (image credit: MIRI European Consortium)
The filter wheel has 18 positions: 10 imaging filters, 4 coronagraphic diaphragms/filters, 1 neutral density filter, 1 double prism, 1 lens and 1 clear/blind position (counterweight of prism). The system has to operate in the cryo-vacuum of 7 K up to 10 years. The design is of ISOPHOT wheel mechanisms heritage flown on ESA's ISO (Infrared Space Observatory) mission. The filter wheel assembly houses a wheel disc carrying all the optical elements. Rotation is realized by a central two-phase torque motor (allows for bi-directional movement).
Figure 49: Illustration of the filter wheel (image credit: MIRI European Consortium)
The FPS (Focal Plane System) consists of three FPM (Focal Plane Module) units (two in the spectrometer and one in the imager), a single FPE (Focal Plane Electronics) unit, and a set of low noise FPE/FPM cryogenic harnesses that connect the FPMs to the FPE. Each FPM houses a single SCA (Sensor Chip Assembly) containing a 1024 x 1024 Si:As IBC detector array and readout electronics. The IBC (Impurity Band Conduction) technology of Raytheon Vision Systems has been selected for very sensitive, cryogenically cooled infrared detectors. These arrays are manufactured as a hybrid structure, referred to as SCA (Sensor Chip Assembly), consisting of a detector array connected with indium bumps to a ROIC (Readout Integrated Circuit). The Si:As IBC detector material offers the highest performance for longwave detection in low-background systems. 90) 91)
Wavelength band (µm)
Support mode
Sensitivity (10σ, 10,000 s)
0.19 mJy
1.4 mJy
29 Jy
Line spectroscopy
1.2 x 10-20 W m-2
Table 10: Overview of expected MIRI sensitivities
Figure 50: Schematic of the silicon detector array (image credit: JPL)
Figure 51: The FPM of MIRI (image credit: JPL)
MIRI cryocooler: The MIRI instrument (optical bench, all focal planes) is cooled to ~7 K by a super-frigid mechanical helium cryocooler system of NASA/JPL built by NGAS (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems), Redondo Beach, CA. The cryocooling is achieved by means of a cryostat. Two hydrogen vessels are being used, the larger one for the optical bench, and the smaller one for the detectors. The vessels are designed to hold 1000 liter of solid hydrogen at 7 K.
Active cooling is provided by a dedicated three stage Stirling-cycle PT (Pulse-Tube) to precool a circulating helium flow loop, with a Joule-Thomson (JT) expansion stage to provide continuous cooling to 6.2 K to a single point on the MIRI optical bench. Significant development of the cryocooler occurred as part of the ACTDP (Advanced Cryocooler Technology Development Program) prior to selection as the flight cryocooler for MIRI. 92) 93) 94)
Figure 52: Block diagram of the ACTDP design applied to the MIRI cooler subsystem; the dark lines show the He gas flow in the JT cooler loop (image credit: NGAS)
Figure 53: Illustration of the MIRI cryocooler elements (image credit: NGAS, UA, Ref. 87)
Figure 54: Schematic view of the distributed MIRI cryocooler subsystem (image credit: NGAS)
Legend to Figure 54: The drawing on the left side shows the spacecraft bus (bottom) and the OTE. The CCA (Cooler Compressor Assembly) and the CHA (Cold Head Assembly) are shown as expanded CAD renderings on the right hand side. The CCA is shown in context of the spacecraft bus and tower structures in the immediate vicinity. The CCE (Cryocooler Control Electronics) and the CTA (Cooler Tower Assembly) are not shown.
Status of MIRI:
• Feb. 2014: MIRI has performed beautifully during its first cryo-vacuum test campaign carried out at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center towards the end of 2013. An examination of data recorded during those tests confirms that the instrument is in good health and performing well. 95)
• July 2013: The ISIM, with the two instruments (MIRI and FGS/NIRISS), is now being prepared for the first series of cryogenic tests, planned for later this summer. These will include optical, electrical and electromagnetic interference tests, all under cold vacuum conditions. The tests will be conducted in the SES (Space Environment Simulator) vacuum chamber at GSFC. 96)
• On April 29, 2013, MIRI was the second instrument to be installed into the ISIM (after FGS/NIRISS).
• MIRI arrived at GSFC on 28 May 2012, having been despatched from the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom, where it had been assembled. Engineers from ESA, the MIRI European Consortium and NASA were on hand to take delivery of this, the first of JWST's four instruments to arrive at GSFC.
FGS (Fine Guidance Sensor):
The FGS is a sensitive camera that provides dedicated, mission-critical support for the observatory's ACS (Attitude Control System). The camera can image two adjacent fields of view, each approximately 2.4 arcmin x 2.4 arcmin in size, and can also be configured to read out small subarrays (8 x 8 pixels) at a rate of 16 times/s. Even with these short integration times, the FGS is sensitive enough to reach 58 µJy at 1.25 µm (~Jab = 19.5). This combination of sky coverage and sensitivity ensures that an appropriate guide star can be found with 95% probability at any point in the sky, including high galactic latitudes.
The objectives of FGS are to provide constant directional data for the telescope, enabling it to maintain stability for improved image acquisition. Specific requirements are: 97) 98)
1) To obtain images for target acquisition. Full-frame images are used to identify star fields by correlating the observed brightness and position of sources with the properties of cataloged objects selected by the observation planning software.
2) To acquire preselected guide stars. During acquisition, a guide star is first centered in an 8 x 8 pixel window. Small angle maneuvers are then executed to translate this window to a pre-specified location within the FOV, so that an observation with one of the science instruments will be oriented correctly.
3) To provide the ACS with centroid measurements of the guide stars at an update rate of 16 Hz. These measurements will be used to enable stable pointing at the milli-arcsecond level.
Note: In the course of building and testing of the TFI (Tunable Filter Imager) flight model, numerous technical issues arose with unforeseeable length of required mitigation effort. In addition to that, emerging new science priorities caused that in summer of 2011 a decision was taken to replace TFI with a new instrument, called NIRISS (Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph). 99) 100)
FGS/NIRISS (Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph):
FGS is one of the four science instruments on board the JWST, a contribution of CSA (Canadian Space Agency). The FGS-NIRISS science team is jointly led by John Hutchings of NRC (National Research Council) of Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada and René Doyon, University of Montréal. - The FGS consists of two Guider channels and one Near-Infrared Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS) channel. COM DEV Space Systems of Ottawa Canada is CSA’s prime contractor for the FGS instrument. The NIRISS channel makes use of grisms and filters optimized for first-light science and exo-planet observations. This is a recent change in the configuration of the instrument which until the summer of 2011 made use of a tunable filter. The block diagram of the updated instrument configuration is shown in Figure 55. 101) 102)
Figure 55: Block diagram of the FGS (image credit: CSA, ComDev Ltd.)
The FGS prime function is to work with the ACS (Attitude Control Subsystem) of the Observatory to provide fine guiding. The guiding side of FGS (FGS-Guider) is a near-infrared (IR) camera operating in broadband light over the full 0.6-5 µm bandpass of its two Hawaii-2RG detectors. The FGS-Guider features an all reflective optical design with two redundant 2.3 arcmin x 2.3 arcmin FOV each capable of reading a small (8 x 8) subarray window to select any star in the FOV and to report its centroid every 64 ms (16 Hz) to the ACS, which in turn sends an error signal to the fine steering mirror of the telescope. At this sampling rate, the FGS-Guider is required to have a NEA (Noise Equivalent Angle) less than 4 marcsec (one axis) on a star with an integrated signal of 800 electrons, equivalent to approximately a JAB = 19:5 star. This limiting magnitude guarantees more than 95% of the sky coverage with at least three stars within the FGS-Guider FOV. 103) 104)
FGS features two modules: an infrared camera dedicated to fine guiding of the observatory and a science camera module, the NIRISS (Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph) covering the wavelength range between 0.7 and 5.0 µm with a FOV of 2.2 arcmin x2.2 arcmin.
A schematic optical layout of NIRISS is shown in Figure 56. The optical design is an all reflective design with gold-coated diamond-turned aluminum mirrors. The average WFE ( Wavefront Error) over the FOV of the instrument (telescope excluded) is less than 79 nm RMS.
Figure 56: NIRISS optical layout. The NIRISS optical configuration is identical to the old TFI one except that the etalon is no longer present and that the dual wheel has been repopulated with new filters and grisms as shown in Figure 57 (image credit: CSA, ComDev Ltd.)
NIRISS has a dual pupil and filter wheel assembly. Collimated light first passes through a selected position in the pupil wheel and then through the selected position in the filter wheel. Figure 57 shows the elements of the pupil and filter wheels. The PAR (Pupil Alignment Reference) shown in Figure 1 is used during ground testing to verify the positioning of NIRISS in the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module). Its presence decreases the throughput of the "CLEARP" element by about 10%. 105)
The Dual Wheel is comprised of pupil and filter wheels, bearings, gears, static hub, rear motor/resolver plate and the support bracket. The equipment includes drive motors, resolvers and variable reluctance sensors. Each wheel (~280 mm diameter) is capable of rotating the optical elements to one of 9 desired positions, supported by a preloaded duplex pair of angular contact bearings. All moving parts use MoS2 dry lubricants compatible with the cryogenic environment. A stepper motor with a single-stage planetary gearhead is used to drive each wheel independently, through a reduction gear train. The optical parts are held in place by a metallic spring gasket with a precision holder machined from Ti 6Al-4V ELI annealed, stress-relieved prior to final machining and cryo-cycled prior to installing optical elements. A black tiodize coating is used for stray light control. 106) 107)
Figure 57: NIRISS dual wheel optical elements (image credit: CSA, COM DEV Ltd.)
Detector: The NIRISS detector consists of a single SCA (Sensor Chip Assembly) with the following characteristics:
- 2048 x 2048 pixel HgCdTe array. Each pixel is 18 microns on a side.
- Dark rate: < 0.02 e-/s
- Noise: 23 e- (correlated double sample)
- Gain: 1.5 e-/ADU
- 2.2 arcmin x 2.2 arcmin FOV
- Plate scale in x: 0.0654 arcsec/pixel; plate scale in y: 0.0658 arcsec/pixel
• The 2048 x 2048 pixels of the SCA are divided into 2040 x 2040 photosensitive pixels and a 4-pixel wide border of non-photosensitive reference pixels around the outside perimeter. The reference pixels do not respond to light, but are sampled and digitized in exactly the same way as the light sensitive pixels. The reference pixels can be used to monitor and remove various low-frequency bias drifts.
• The composition of the detector is tuned to provide a long-wavelength cutoff at approximately 5.3 microns.
• The SCA is fabricated and packaged into a FPA (Focal Plane Assembly ) that includes a HAWAII-2RG readout integrated circuit (ROIC), which is controlled by a SIDECAR ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). The ASIC is a custom-built chip that clocks the array, sets the bias voltages, and performs the analog-to-digital conversion of the pixel voltages.
• The SCA is fabricated and packaged into a focal-plane assembly (FPA) that includes a HAWAII-2RG readout integrated circuit (ROIC), which is controlled by a SIDECAR Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). The ASIC is a custom-built chip that clocks the array, sets the bias voltages, and performs the analog-to-digital conversion of the pixel voltages.
• A full-frame read of the SCA is digitized through four readout amplifiers. Each amplifier reads a strip that is 512 x 2048 pixels. 108)
Figure 58: Schematic view of the NIRISS SCA (image credit: STScI)
Observation modes: NIRISS has four observing modes (Ref. 103):
1) BBI (Broadband Imaging) featuring seven of the eight NIRCam broadband filters
2) Low resolution WFSS (Wide-Field Slitless Spectroscopy) at a resolving power of ~150 between 1 and 2.5 µm
3) Medium-resolution SOSS (Single-Object Spectroscopy). The single-object cross-dispersed slitless spectroscopy enabling simultaneous wavelength coverage between 0.7 and 2.5 µm at R~660, a mode optimized for transit spectroscopy of relatively bright (J > 7) stars
4) sparse AMI (Aperture Interferometric Imaging) between 3.8 and 4.8 µm enabling high-contrast (~ 10-4) imaging of M < 8 point sources at angular separations between 70 and 500 marcsec.
Broadband imaging: NIRISS offers the same broadband imaging capability as NIRCam except that NIRISS does not carry the NIRCam F070W filter. The new blocking filters procured for NIRISS, used in combination with NIRCam short wavelength fitters, have measured inband transmission of 95% typically. As shown in Figure 59, NIRISS and NIRCam are predicted to have similar sensitivities within 10%. This sensitivity calculation takes into account the coarser pixel sampling (65 marcsec) of NIRISS at short wavelengths compared to NIRCam (32 marcsec). NIRISS is not expected to be used for broadband imaging unless parallel observing is eventually offered by the Observatory. If so, NIRISS could be easily used in parallel with NIRCam for a wide variety of programs including deep extragalactic surveys aiming at probing the galaxy population of the early universe.
Figure 59: Predicted NIRISS broadband imaging sensitivity (10σ, 104s) compared to NIRCam (image credit: CSA, COM DEV Ltd.)
WFSS (Wide-Field Slitless Spectroscopy): The WFSS mode of NIRISS operation is optimized for Ly α emitters (1-2.5 µm) and makes use of a pair of grisms GR150V and GR150H. In order to break wavelength-position degeneracy two prisms are at 90º angle to each other and are used in two separate imaging sessions. In this scheme, the intersection of the two perpendicular dispersion lines indicates undeviated wavelength and true sky position of the source.
It is implemented through the two GR150R & GR150C grisms operated in slitless mode at R = 150 (2 pixels), enabling low-resolution multi-object spectroscopy between 1 and 2.5 µm in first order. The grisms are resin-replicated on a low refractive index material (Infrasil 301) to minimize Fresnel loss. They were manufactured by Bach Research. The peak efficiency of a flight-like GR150 grism, i.e. manufactured with the same replication process (same substrate prism, same master), was measured to be ~80% (see Figure 60). Wavefront error measured at 90 K on both grism surfaces showed some distortion due to stress induced by CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) mismatch between the resin and the glass substrate. However, within uncertainties, the distortion was measured to be identical on both sides at 90 K. This distortion effectively turns the grism into a weak meniscus lens which, to first order, has no defocus. Cryogenic (90 K) monochromatic PSF measurements were also secured to estimate the TWFE (Transmitted Wavefront Error) of the GR150 grisms; the results indicate that they should have less than 30 nm (RMS) of TWFE. The image quality in the WFSS mode is therefore expected to be as good as in broadband imaging i.e. with a typical Strehl ratio of ~0.5 at 1.3 µm.
Figure 60: Blaze function of the GR150 grism measured on a flight-like grism. The flight prisms are expected to have very similar performance (image credit: CSA, COM DEV Ltd.)
SOSS (Single-Object Slitless Spectroscopy): This mode of NIRISS operation is optimized for relatively bright stars (e.g. exoplanet transiting systems) in 0.6-2.5 µm spectral range in the first order of dispersion. It is based on a GR700XD grism made of the directly ruled ZnSe. A ZnSe cross-dispersion prism is placed in front of the grism for an optimal separation of the first and second order spectra.
To optimize this mode for very high signal-to-noise ratio observations of bright objects, the entrance face of the ZnSe prism has a built-in cylindrical weak lens that defocusses the spectrum over ~25 pixels along the spatial direction, keeping the point spread function nearly diffraction-limited in the spectral direction. As a result, the spectrum is undersampled at most wavelengths along the spectral direction which, given the non-uniform detector pixel response in the presence of pointing jitter noise, constitutes a potential source of systematic effect for achieving high-precision differential spectrophotometry. To mitigate/minimize this problem, the GR700XD grism is slightly rotated by ~ 2º with respect to the detector. Given that the PSF (Point Spread Function) is spread over 25 pixels in the spatial direction, this rotation effectively provides Nyquist sampling at all wavelengths. Furthermore, since the GR700XD grism is operated in slitless mode, there are no flux variations induced by a slit. All these features, designed for achieving high-precision differential spectrophotometry, combined with the very stable thermal environment expected at L2, will make the NIRISS SOSS mode a powerful capability for atmospheric characterization of transiting exoplanets.
Figure 61: Line-flux sensitivity in the NIRISS WFSS mode for various blocking filters (image credit: CSA, COM DEV Ltd.)
Legend to Figure 61: The dashed line is the predicted NIRSpec sensitivity for the multi-slit low-resolution (R ~100) mode; the solid circles superimposed on the dashed line is the spectral resolution of NIRSpec at that wavelength. The green triangle is the sensitivity that TFI would have had at its shortest wavelength (1.45 µm; zLyα = 10:9); TFI would have been typically a factor ~3 more sensitive than NIRISS at the expense of sampling a very narrow redshift range at a given wavelength and limited to probe zLyα > 10:9.
AMI (Aperture Masking Interferometry): The NIRISS PW includes a seven-aperture non-redundant mask (NRM; Figure 62) used for aperture masking interferometry (AMI). The AMI technique enables high-contrast imaging at inner working angle theoretically as small as 1 λ/2D. This mode is particularly appealing for faint companion detection (brown dwarfs & exoplanets) around relatively bright stars. AMI has been successfully used on the ground for a variety of applications, for example to unveil the spiral structure of the stellar wind of the Wolf-Rayet star WR98A (Monnier et al. 1999), detect brown dwarfs (Lloyd et al., 2006) and to put mass limits on the presence of brown dwarfs and exoplanets within the inner 10 AU of the multi-planetary system HR8799.
Figure 62: NIRISS non-redundant mask design (image credit: CSA, COM DEV Ltd.)
The main scientific application of AMI with NIRISS is for high-contrast imaging of point sources but it can also be used for aperture synthesis applications like probing the inner structure of nearby active galactic nuclei. For the former, simulations suggest that contrast of ~ 2 x 10-4 within one λ/D at 4.3 µm should be achieved on a M = 8 star in 104 seconds. This level of contrast is sufficient to detect 5-10 MJup gas-giant exoplanets around bright nearby young (10-100 Myrs) stars. For comparison, contrast at the level of ~ 10-3 within one λ/D at L0 has been achieved on Keck. Since AMI is particularly sensitive to amplitude errors, a space-based environment is ideal for AMI. The NIRISS simulations take into account the instrumental effect of bad pixels, intra-pixel response and flat field errors and assume one calibrator/reference star; using more than one calibrator should improved the performance. As seen in Figure 12, AMI is probing a unique discovery space between 70 and 500 marcsec which is very complementary to NIRCam and MIRI, both virtually "blind" to companions at separations less than ~0.5 arcsec.
Figure 63: Five sigma contrast curve predicted for the NIRCam/MIRI coronagraphs and the NIRISS/AMI mode. AMI is probing relatively small inner working angles (image credit: CSA, COM DEV Ltd.)
NIRISS mode
Grism
BBI (Broadband Imaging)
F090W, F115M, F150W, F200W, F277W, F444W, F356W
WSS (Wide-Field Slitless Spectroscopy)
F115W, F150W, F200W, F140M, F158M
GR150H or GR150V
SOSS (Single Object Slitless Spectroscopy)
GR700XD
AMI (Aperture Interferometric Imaging)
F380M, F430M, F444W
NMR (Non Redundant Mask)
Pupil Alignment (used only during on- ground testing)
PAR (Pupil Alignment Reference)
Table 11: Summary of NIRISS filter, grism and mask configurations for different modes of operation (Ref. 99)
FGS/NIRISS integration and status:
• August 27, 2015: Preparations for the third cryo-vacuum test (CV3) of the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module) at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center continued throughout the summer. For the first time, the flight configuration of the ISIM was vigorously shaken – not stirred! – and bombarded by intense acoustical waves to simulate the harsh conditions of launch. Both NIRISS and FGS sailed through their “system functional tests” before and after these perturbations with no issues. Additional tests to confirm the electromagnetic compatibility of the subsystems of ISIM under conditions that simulate normal operations were also completed successfully. Now that the robustness of the ISIM has been demonstrated, it’s “full speed ahead” for the beginning of CV3 in late October! 109)
• Feb. 12, 2015: FGS/NIRISS became the first instrument to be reinstalled in the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module) following the "Half-Time Show." All the planned hardware changes were successfully completed and both instruments passed their electronic check-outs at room temperature with flying colors. FGS/NIRISS is ready for the final series of tests at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center! 110)
• Oct. 29, 2013: NIRISS completed its first suite of tests under cryogenic conditions in the large vacuum chamber at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The tests featured "first light" observations for all the observing modes of NIRISS. Although a few glitches occurred, initial analysis of the test data show that NIRISS is performing marvelously.
• March 1, 2013: NIRISS and the FGS became the first flight instruments to be attached to the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module), which is currently located in the large clean room at NASA/GSFC (Ref.98).
• Dec. 21, 2012: NIRISS and the FGS successfully completed room-temperature functional tests at NASA/GSFC.
• Nov. 15, 2012: NIRISS and the FGS became the first JWST instruments to be accepted formally by NASA during the Delivery Review Board meeting at the Goddard Space Flight Center.
• The Canadian Space Agency delivered NIRISS and the Fine Guidance Sensor to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center on July 30, 2012.
• The end-to-end functional and performance cryogenic vacuum testing of NIRISS was successfully completed at the beginning of 2012. The new, compared to TFI, components of the Dual Wheel went through separate qualification process afterwards.
Figure 64: FGS and NIRISS are two instruments in one package (image credit: CSA)
Legend to Figure 64: The left image shows the components of FGS. Light from the telescope is redirected by the POM (Pick-Off Mirror), and refocused by the TMA (Three-Mirror Assembly) onto the Fine Focus Mechanism before entering the detector assembly. The FGS has two detectors, called FPAs (Focal Plane Assemblies), which record the light . — The right image shows the components of NIRISS. Light from the telescope is redirected into NIRISS by its Pick-Off Mirror. The collimator makes the light rays parallel to each other so they pass correctly through various combinations of filters or light-splitting grisms in the Pupil and Filter Wheel. Finally, the light is focused by the camera onto the detector (Ref. 100).
Figure 65: FGS full instrument level test (image credit: CSA, COM DEV Ltd., Ref. 108)
Figure 66: Photo of the fully assembled NIRISS (bottom) and FGS-Guider (image credit: CSA, NASA) 111)
Spacecraft bus and sunshield
The JWST spacecraft bus provides the necessary support functions for the operation of the JWST observatory. The bus is the home for six major subsystems: 112)
• ACS (Attitude Control Subsystem)
• EPS (Electrical Power Subsystem)
• C&DHS (Command and Data Handling Subsystem)
• RF communications subsystem
• Propulsion subsystem
• TCS (Thermal Control Subsystem)
The spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized. Two star trackers (+ 1 for redundancy) point the observatory toward the science target prior to guide star acquisition, and they provide roll stability about the telescope line of sight (V1 axis.) Six reaction wheels (two are redundant) are mounted on isolators near the center of gravity of the bus to reduce disturbances to the observatory. These reaction wheels offload the fine steering control (operation from a 16 Hz update from the FGS) to maintain the fine steering mirror near its central position to limit differential distortion-induced blurring onto the target star. 113) 114)
Figure 67: Top view of the JWST spacecraft bus (image credit: NASA)
Figure 68: Observatory schematic block diagram (image credit: NASA)
A propulsion subsystem, containing the fuel tanks and thrusters, is used to support trajectory maneuvers to L2 and to maintain the halo orbit at L2.
The avionics design of JWST employs the FPE (Focal Plane Electronics) onboard network which uses the SpaceWire specification and a transport layer (not part of SpaceWire). SpaceWire is used to provide point‐to‐point links to ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module). A MIL‐STD‐1553 data bus is being used to communicate with the ICEs (Instrument Control Electronics) of each instrument, and FGS (Fine Guidance Sensor).
Figure 69: Various FM (Flight Model) and EM (Engineering Model) components of the JWST spacecraft (image credit: NASA, Ref. 40)
RF communications: JWST will be using CCTS (Common Command and Telemetry System), a modified multimission COTS system of Northrop Grumman which is based on Raytheon's ECLIPSE product line (Raytheon was responsible for developing this system for Northrop Grumman. ECLIPSE is a commercial off-the-shelf command and telemetry product that is configured to support both satellite flight operations and integration and test for JWST. 115)
Onboard storage is provided by a solid-state recorder with a capacity of 58.9 GB (manufacturer: SEAKR Engineering, Inc.). Operating like a digital video recorder, the spacecraft flight unit records all science data together with continuous engineering "state of health" telemetry for the entire observatory 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The data is downloaded to the ground station when the telescope communicates with Earth during a four-hour window every 12 hours. 116)
A high gain antenna provides Ka-band and S-band communications. The Ka-band downlink from L2 is used for science data at the selectable rates of 7, 14, or 28 Mbit/s. A pair of omni-directional antennas (S-band) provide near hemispherical coverage for emergency communications. The S-band nominal downlink is 40 kbit/s and the uplink is 16 kbit/s.
Note: Unlike Hubble, JWST was never meant to be repaired. But in May 2007, NASA announced that it is considering installing a grapple attachment anyway, just to be safe.
Figure 70: JWST communications system architecture (image credit: NASA) 117)
JWST Sunshield:
The sunshield provides a very stable passively cooled cryogenic environment to the OTE and ISIM instrumentation - taking full advantage of the steady thermal conditions of the JWST halo orbit at L2. Thermal stability is further enhanced by the two-chord fold architecture of the primary mirror. The folding architecture allows simple thermal straps across the hinge lines and results in a uniform temperature distribution on the primary mirror structure. With these features, the observatory can maintain its optical performance and optical stability for any pointing within its FOR (Field of Regard) without relying on active thermal control or active wavefront control. The sunshield deployment concept is based on Northrop Grumman's precision antenna mesh system. 118) 119)
The FOR (Field of Regard) is the region of the sky in which observations can be conducted safely at a given time. For JWST, the FOR is a large annulus that moves with the position of the Sun and covers about 40% of the sky at any time. This coverage is lower than the ~80% that is accessible by Hubble. The FOR, as is shown in Figure 71, allows one to observe targets from 85º to 135º of the Sun. Most astronomical targets are observable for two periods separated by 6 months during each year. The length of the observing window varies with ecliptic latitude, and targets within 5º of the ecliptic poles are visible continuously, and provides 100% accessibility of the sky during a year period. The sunshield permits the observatory to pitch toward and away from the sun by approximately 68º, while still keeping the telescope in the shade (Figure 72). The continuous viewing zone is important for some science programs that involve monitoring throughout the year and will also be useful for calibration purposes. Outside the continuous viewing zone every area in the sky is observable for at least 100 days per year. The maximum time on target at a given orientation is 10 days.
Figure 71: Schematic of observatory FOR (image credit: STScI, Ref. 34)
Figure 72: FOR directions of the OTE in relation to the Sun, Earth and Moon (red arrow), image credit: STScI
The sunshield has dimensions of about 20 m x 14 m providing ample shielding from light of the sun and the Earth. The sunshield provides a 5 layer, ”V” groove radiator design of lightweight reflecting material. It reduces the 300 kW of radiation it receives from the sun on its sunward side, to a mere 23 mW (milliwatt) at the back, sufficient to sustain a 300 K temperature drop from front to back. With a back sunshield temperature of ~ 90 K, the primary mirror, the optical truss, and the instrument payload can radiate their heat to space (at 2.7 K) and reach cryogenic temperatures of 30-50 K. These low temperatures and the total blocking of direct or reflected sunlight are crucial to the scientific success of JWST. 120)
The five sunshield layers of ultra-thin membrane are constructed from DuPont Kapton® E. The first layer, at the hot side, is 50.8 µm thick. The remaining four layers are each 25.4 µm thick, similar in thickness to a human hair. The membranes use a vapor-deposited aluminum coating to produce a highly reflective surface and can sustain a 300 K temperature drop. Z-folded at launch, the sunshield will be signaled to begin deploying two days into launch, as the spacecraft heads toward its orbit. 121)
Figure 73: The five-layer finite element model of the JWST sunshield (image credit: NGAS)
Historically, membranes have been designed to induce a biaxial-tension stress state, thus guaranteeing that wrinkles do not form. The large-scale geometry of the JWST sunshield, along with its complex design features, may hinder such a biaxial stress state. Therefore, the ability to accurately predict the response of the membrane becomes critical to mission success. This article addresses the analytical problems involved in meeting those objectives and looks ahead to the challenges remaining in manufacturing the sunshield.
Figure 74: Overview of the JWST sunshield analysis process (image credit: NGAS)
Figure 75: Deployed observatory, back view: Spacecraft bus, solar arrays, communications antenna, and ISIM (image credit: NGAS)
Total mass of spacecraft
~ 6200 kg, including observatory, on-orbit consumables and launch vehicle adaptor
Mission duration
5 years (10 year goal)
Diameter of primary mirror
Clear aperture of primary mirror
Primary mirror material
Mass of primary mirror
Mass of a single primary mirror segment
20.1 kg for a single beryllium mirror, 39.48 kg for one entire PMSA (Primary Mirror Segment Assembly)
Number of primary mirror segments
Optical resolution
~0.1 arcsecond
Wavelength coverage
0.6 - 28 µm
Size of sunshield
21.2 m x 14.2 m
Telescope operating temperature
~45 K
Ariane 5 ECA (an ESA sponsored flight from Kourou)
Table 12: Overview of JWST mission parameters 122)
JWST continued
Development status of the JWST project
• December 18, 2020: Lengthened to the size of a tennis court, the five-layer sunshield of NASA’s fully assembled James Webb Space Telescope successfully completed a final series of large-scale deployment and tensioning tests. This milestone puts the observatory one step closer to its launch in 2021. 123)
- “This is one of Webb’s biggest accomplishments in 2020,” said Alphonso Stewart, Webb deployment systems lead for NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “We were able to precisely synchronize the unfolding motion in a very slow and controlled fashion and maintain its critical kite-like shape, signifying it is ready to perform these actions in space.”
- The sunshield protects the telescope and reflects light and background heat from the Sun, Earth and Moon into space. The observatory must be kept cold to accomplish groundbreaking science in infrared light, which is invisible to human eyes and felt as heat.
- In the sunshield’s shadow, Webb’s innovative technologies and sensitive infrared sensors will allow scientists to observe distant galaxies and study many other intriguing objects in the universe.
- Maintaining the sunshield’s shape involves a delicate, complicated process.
- “Congratulations to the entire team. Due to Webb’s large size and stringent performance requirements, the deployments are incredibly complex. In addition to the required technical expertise, this set of tests required detailed planning, determination, patience and open communication. The team proved that it has all these attributes. It’s amazing to think that next time Webb’s sunshield is deployed it will be many thousands of miles away, hurtling through space,” said James Cooper, Webb’s sunshield manager at Goddard.
- The Kapton® polymer-coated membranes of Webb’s sunshield were fully deployed and tensioned in December at Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California. Northrop Grumman designed the observatory’s sunshield for NASA.
- During testing, engineers sent a series of commands to spacecraft hardware that activated 139 actuators, eight motors, and thousands of other components to unfold and stretch the five membranes of the sunshield into its final taut shape. A challenging part of the test is to unfold the sunshield in Earth’s gravity environment, which causes friction, unlike unfolding material in space without the effects of gravity.
- For launch the sunshield will be folded up around two sides of the observatory and placed in an Ariane 5 launch vehicle, which is provided by the European Space Agency.
Figure 76: The James Webb Space Telescope's final tests are underway with the successful completion of its last sunshield deployment test, which occurred at Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California (image credit: NASA/Chris Gunn)
- In this test, two pallet structures that hold the sunshield upright folded down, then two huge “arms” (known as the Mid-Boom Assembly) of the sunshield slowly telescoped outward, pulling the folded membranes along with them to resemble the synchronized movements of a very slowly choreographed dance. Once the arms locked in their horizontal position, the membranes of the sunshield were successfully tensioned individually starting with the bottom layer, separating each into their fully deployed shape.
- The large sunshield divides the observatory into a warm, Sun-facing side (about 185 degrees Fahrenheit) and a cold-space-facing side (minus 388 degrees Fahrenheit) comprised of the optics and scientific instruments. The sunshield will protect the observatory’s optics and sensors, so they remain at extremely cold temperatures to conduct science.
- “This milestone signals that Webb is well on its way to being ready for launch. Our engineers and technicians achieved incredible testing progress this month, reducing significant risk to the project by completing these milestones for launch next year,” said Bill Ochs, project manager for Webb at Goddard. “The team is now preparing for final post-environmental deployment testing on the observatory these next couple of months prior to shipping to the launch site next summer.”
- Webb has passed other rigorous deployment tests during its development, which successfully uncovered and resolved technical issues with the spacecraft. These tests validate that once in orbit, the observatory and its many redundant systems will function flawlessly.
- The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world's premier space science observatory when it launches in 2021. Webb will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.
• August 24, 2020: Testing teams have successfully completed a critical milestone focused on demonstrating that NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope will respond to commands once in space. - Known as a “Ground Segment Test,” this is the first time commands to power on and test Webb’s scientific instruments have been sent to the fully-assembled observatory from its Mission Operations Center at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland. 124)
- Since reliably communicating with Webb when in space is a mission-critical priority for NASA, tests like these are part of a comprehensive regimen designed to validate and ensure all components of the observatory will function in space with the complex communications networks involved in both sending commands, and downlinking scientific data. This test successfully demonstrated the complete end-to-end flow from planning the science Webb will perform to posting the scientific data to the community archive.
- “This was the first time we have done this with both the actual Webb flight hardware and the ground system. We’ve performed pieces of this test as the observatory was being assembled, but this is the first ever, and fully successful, end-to-end operation of the observatory and ground segment. This is a big milestone for the project, and very rewarding to see Webb working as expected,” said Amanda Arvai, Deputy Division Head of Mission Operations at STScI in Maryland.
- In this test, commands to sequentially turn on, move, and operate each of Webb’s four scientific instruments were relayed from the Mission Operations Center. During the test, the observatory is treated as if it were a million miles away in orbit. To do this, the Flight Operations Team connected the spacecraft to the Deep Space Network, an international array of giant radio antennas that NASA uses to communicate with many spacecraft. However, since Webb isn’t in space yet, special equipment was used to emulate the real radio link that will exist between Webb and the Deep Space Network when Webb is in orbit. Commands were then relayed through the Deep Space Network emulator to the observatory, which is currently inside a Northrop Grumman clean room in Redondo Beach, California.
- “This was also the first time we’ve demonstrated the complete cycle for conducting observations with the observatory’s science instruments. This cycle starts with the creation of an observation plan by the ground system which is uplinked to the observatory by the Flight Operations Team. Webb’s science instruments then performed the observations and the data was transmitted back to the Mission Operations Center in Baltimore, where the science was processed and distributed to scientists,” said Arvai.
- When Webb is in space, commands will flow from STScI in Baltimore to one of the three Deep Space Network locations —California, Spain, or Australia. Signals will then be sent to the orbiting observatory nearly one million miles away. Additionally the NASA’s Tracking and Data Relay Satellite network, the Space Network in New Mexico, the European Space Agency’s Malindi station in Kenya, and European Space Operations Centre in Germany will also aid in keeping a constant line of communication open with Webb at all times.
Figure 77: Inside Webb’s Mission Operations Center, Test Operator Jessica Hart is seen on-console at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland monitoring test progress with social distancing protocol in place (image credits: STSCI/Amanda Arvai)
- To complete the ground segment test a team of nearly 100 people worked together through the course of four consecutive days. Due to staffing restrictions in place due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, only seven individuals were present inside the Mission Operations Center, with the rest working remotely to routinely monitor progress. Next up for Webb: observatory level acoustic and sine-vibration testing that will demonstrate that the assembled telescope is capable of surviving the rigors of launch by exposing it to similar conditions.
- Webb is NASA’s next great space science observatory, which will help in solving the mysteries of our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mystifying structures and origins of our universe. Webb is an international program led by NASA, along with its partners ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.
• June 9, 2020: To test the James Webb Space Telescope’s readiness for its journey in space, technicians successfully commanded it to deploy and extend a critical part of the observatory known as the Deployable Tower Assembly. 125)
- The primary purpose of the deployable tower is to create a large gap between the upper part of the observatory that houses its iconic gold mirrors and scientific instruments, and the lower section known as the spacecraft bus which holds its comparatively warm electronics and propulsion systems. By creating a space between the two, it allows for Webb’s active and passive cooling systems to bring its mirrors and sensors down to staggeringly cold temperatures required to perform optimal science.
- Webb was designed to look for faint traces of infrared light, which is essentially heat energy. To detect the extremely faint heat signals of astronomical objects that are incredibly far away, the telescope itself has to be very cold and stable.
- During the test, the tower was slowly extended 48 inches (1.2 meters) upward over the course of several hours, in the same maneuver it will perform once in space. Simulating the zero-gravity environment Webb will operate in, engineers employed an innovative series of pulleys, counterbalances and a special crane called a gravity-negation system that perfectly offloaded all of the effects of Earth’s gravity on the observatory. Now that Webb is fully assembled, the difficulty of testing and properly simulating a zero-gravity environment has increased significantly.
- “The Deployable Tower Assembly worked beautifully during the test,” said Alphonso Stewart the Webb deployment systems lead for NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “It performed exactly as predicted, and from our expectations from previous tests before the full observatory was assembled. This was the first time that this part of Webb was tested in its flight-like configuration to the highest level of fidelity we possibly could. This test provides the opportunity to assess all interfaces and interactions between the instrument and bus sections of the observatory."
- In addition to helping the observatory cool down, the Deployable Tower Assembly is also a big part of how Webb is able to pack into a much smaller size to fit inside an Ariane 5 rocket for launch. Webb is the largest space science observatory ever built, but to fit a telescope that big into a rocket, engineers had to design it to fold down into a much smaller configuration. Webb’s Deployable Tower Assembly helps Webb to just barely fit inside a 17.8-foot (5.4-meter) payload fairing. Once in space, the tower will extend to give the rest of Webb’s deployable parts, such as the sunshield and mirrors, the necessary amount of room needed to unpack and unfold into a fully functional infrared space observatory.
- “We need to know that Webb will work the way we expect it to before we send it to space,” said Stewart. “This is why we test, and when we do, we test as flight-like as possible. The way we send the commands to the spacecraft, the sequence, the individual sitting at the console, the communication that we use. We replicate all of these things to see if we are missing something, to see if there is something that needs to be changed, and to make sure that all of our planning to date has been correct.”
Figure 78: To test the James Webb Space Telescope’s readiness for its journey in space, technicians successfully commanded it to deploy and extend a critical part of the observatory known as the Deployable Tower Assembly. In this test, the deployable tower was commanded to extend 48 inches (1.2 meters) over the course of several hours to ensure that the observatory will be able to complete this process once in space (Producer, Videographer, Editor – Michael McClare (KBRwyle). Video credits: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
- Following augmented personal safety procedures due to COVID-19, the James Webb Space Telescope’s Northrop Grumman team in California continued integration and testing work with significantly reduced on-site personnel and shifts. The NASA/Northrop Grumman team recently resumed near-full operations. NASA is evaluating potential impacts on the March 2021 launch date, and will continually assess the schedule and adjust decisions as the situation unfolds.
• May 14, 2020: NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has been successfully folded and stowed into the same configuration it will have when loaded onto an Ariane 5 rocket for launch next year. 126)
- Webb is NASA’s largest and most complex space science telescope ever built. Too big for any rocket available in its fully expanded form, the entire observatory was designed to fold in on itself to achieve a much smaller configuration. Once in space, the observatory will unfold and stretch itself out in a carefully practiced series of steps before beginning to make groundbreaking observations of the cosmos.
- “The James Webb Space Telescope achieved another significant milestone with the entire observatory in its launch configuration for the first time, in preparation for environmental testing,” said Bill Ochs, Webb project manager for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “I am very proud of the entire Northrop Grumman and NASA integration and test team. This accomplishment demonstrates the outstanding dedication and diligence of the team in such trying times due to COVID-19.”
- The testing team’s charter is to make sure every piece of hardware and every piece of software that comprise Webb will work not only individually, but as a full observatory. Now that Webb is completely assembled, technicians and engineers have seized the unique opportunity to command the entire spacecraft and carry out the various stages of movement and deployment it will perform when in space. By folding and stowing the spacecraft into the same configuration when it launches from French Guiana, the engineering team can confidently move forward with final environmental testing (acoustics and vibration). After completing the series of tests, Webb will be deployed one last time on Earth for testing prior to preparing for launch.
- “While operating under augmented personal safety measures because of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), the project continues to make good progress and achieve significant milestones in preparation for upcoming environmental testing,” said Gregory L. Robinson, the Webb program director at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. “Team member safety continues to be our highest priority as the project takes precautions to protect Webb’s hardware and continue with integration and testing. NASA will continually assess the project’s schedule and adjust decisions as the situation evolves.”
- The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world’s premier space science observatory when it launches in 2021. Webb will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.
Figure 79: A first look at NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope fully stowed into the same configuration it will have when loaded into an Ariane V rocket for launch. The image was taken from a webcam in the clean room at Northrop Grumman, in Redondo Beach, California. With staffing restrictions in place due to COVID-19, only essential staff are allowed in the clean room (image credit: Northrop Grumman)
Figure 80: This video shows how NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is designed to fold to a much smaller size in order to fit inside the Ariane V rocket for launch to space. The largest, most complex space observatory ever built, must fold itself to fit within a 17.8 foot (5.4 m diameter) payload fairing, and survive the rigors of a rocket ride to orbit. After liftoff, the entire observatory will unfold in a carefully choreographed series of steps before beginning to make groundbreaking observations of the cosmos [video credit: Michael McClare (KBRwyle): Lead Producer, Bailee DesRocher (USRA): Lead Animator; (credits: NASA Goddard)]
Figure 81: For NASA's JWST to fit into an Ariane V rocket for launch, it must fold up. This graphic shows how Webb fits into the rocket fairing with little room to spare (image credit: Arianespace.com)
• March 31, 2020: In a recent test, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope fully deployed its primary mirror into the same configuration it will have when in space. 127)
- As Webb progresses towards liftoff in 2021, technicians and engineers have been diligently checking off a long list of final tests the observatory will undergo before being packaged for delivery to French Guiana for launch. Performed in early March, this procedure involved commanding the spacecraft’s internal systems to fully extend and latch Webb’s iconic 21 feet 4-inch (6.5 meter) primary mirror, appearing just like it would after it has been launched to orbit. The observatory is currently in a cleanroom at Northrop Grumman Space Systems in Redondo Beach, California.
Figure 82: Performed in early March, this most recent test involved commanding the spacecraft’s internal systems to fully extend, and latch Webb’s iconic 6.5 meter primary mirror into the same configuration it will have when in space (video credit: NASA, Sophia Roberts)
- The difficulty and complexity of performing tests for Webb has increased significantly, now that the observatory has been fully assembled. Special gravity offsetting equipment was attached to Webb’s mirror to simulate the zero-gravity environment its mechanisms will have to operate in. Tests like these help safeguard mission success by physically demonstrating that the spacecraft is able to move and unfold as intended. The Webb team will deploy the observatory’s primary mirror only once more on the ground, just before preparing it for delivery to the launch site.
- A telescope’s sensitivity, or how much detail it can see, is directly related to the size of the mirror that collects light from the objects being observed. A larger surface area collects more light, just like a larger bucket collects more water in a rain shower than a small one. Webb’s mirror is the biggest of its kind that NASA has ever built.
- In order to perform groundbreaking science, Webb’s primary mirror needs to be so large that it cannot fit inside any rocket available in its fully extended form. Like the art of origami, Webb is a collection of movable parts employing applied material science that have been specifically designed to fold themselves to a compact formation that is considerably smaller than when the observatory is fully deployed. This allows it to just barely fit within a 5-meter payload fairing, with little room to spare.
- “Deploying both wings of the telescope while part of the fully assembled observatory is another significant milestone showing Webb will deploy properly in space. This is a great achievement and an inspiring image for the entire team,” said Lee Feinberg, optical telescope element manager for Webb at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
- The evolving novel coronavirus COVID-19 situation is causing significant impact and disruption globally. Given these circumstances, Webb’s Northrop Grumman team in California has resumed integration and testing work with reduced personnel and shifts until the Deployable Tower Assembly set up in April. The project will then shut down integration and testing operations due to the lack of required NASA onsite personnel related to the COVID-19 situation. The project will reassess over the next couple of weeks and adjust decisions as the situation continues to unfold.
• January 6, 2020: Researchers may have found a way that NASA's James Webb Space Telescope can quickly identify nearby planets that could be promising for our search for life, as well as worlds that are uninhabitable because their oceans have vaporized. 128)
Figure 83: Conceptual image of water-bearing (left) and dry (right) exoplanets with oxygen-rich atmospheres. Crescents are other planets in the system, and the red sphere is the M-dwarf star around which the exoplanets orbit. The dry exoplanet is closer to the star, so the star appears larger (image credit: NASA/GSFC/Friedlander-Griswold)
- Since planets around other stars (exoplanets) are so far away, scientists cannot look for signs of life by visiting these distant worlds. Instead, they must use a cutting-edge telescope like Webb to see what's inside the atmospheres of exoplanets. One possible indication of life, or biosignature, is the presence of oxygen in an exoplanet’s atmosphere. Oxygen is generated by life on Earth when organisms such as plants, algae and cyanobacteria use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical energy.
- But what should Webb look for to determine if a planet has a lot of oxygen? In a new study, researchers identified a strong signal that oxygen molecules produce when they collide. Scientists say Webb has the potential to detect this signal in the atmospheres of exoplanets.
- “Before our work, oxygen at similar levels as on Earth was thought to be undetectable with Webb, but we identify a promising way to detect it in nearby planetary systems,” said Thomas Fauchez of the Universities Space Research Association at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “This oxygen signal is known since the early 80’s from Earth’s atmospheric studies, but has never been studied for exoplanet research.” Fauchez is the lead author of the study, appearing in the journal Nature Astronomy January 6.
- The researchers used a computer model to simulate this oxygen signature by modeling the atmospheric conditions of an exoplanet around an M dwarf, the most common type of star in the universe. M dwarf stars are much smaller, cooler, and fainter than our Sun, yet much more active, with explosive activity that generates intense ultraviolet light. The team modelled the impact of this enhanced radiation on atmospheric chemistry, and used this to simulate how the component colors of the star's light would change when the planet would pass in front of it.
- As starlight passes through the exoplanet’s atmosphere, the oxygen absorbs certain colors (wavelengths) of light— in this case, infrared light with a wavelength of 6.4 µm. When oxygen molecules collide with each other or with other molecules in the exoplanet’s atmosphere, energy from the collision puts the oxygen molecule in a special state that temporarily allows it to absorb the infrared light. Infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but detectable using instruments attached to telescopes.
- “Similar oxygen signals exist at 1.06 and 1.27 m and have been discussed in previous studies but these are less strong and much more mitigated by the presence of clouds than the 6.4 µm signal,” said Geronimo Villanueva, a co-author of the paper at Goddard.
- Intriguingly, oxygen can also make an exoplanet appear to host life when it does not, because it can accumulate in a planet’s atmosphere without any life activity at all. For example, if the exoplanet is too close to its host star or receives too much star light, the atmosphere becomes very warm and saturated with water vapor from evaporating oceans. This water could be then broken down by the strong ultraviolet radiation into atomic hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen, which is a light atom, escapes to space very easily, leaving the oxygen behind.
- Over time, this process can cause entire oceans to be lost while building up a thick oxygen atmosphere. So, abundant oxygen in an exoplanet’s atmosphere does not necessarily mean abundant life, but may instead indicate a rich water history.
- “Depending upon how easily Webb detects this 6.4 µm signal, we can get an idea about how likely it is that the planet is habitable,” said Ravi Kopparapu, a co-author of the paper at Goddard. “If Webb points to a planet and detects this 6.4 µm signal with relative ease, this would mean that the planet has a very dense oxygen atmosphere and may be uninhabitable.”
- The oxygen signal is so strong that it also can tell astronomers whether M dwarf planets have atmospheres at all, using just a few Webb transit observations.
- “This is important because M dwarf stars are highly active, and it has been postulated that stellar activity might ‘blow away’ entire planetary atmospheres,” said Fauchez. “Knowing simply whether a planet orbiting an M dwarf can have an atmosphere at all is important for understanding star-planet interactions around these abundant but active stars.”
- Although the oxygen signal is strong, cosmic distances are vast and M dwarfs are dim, so these stars will have to be relatively nearby for Webb to detect the signal in exoplanet atmospheres within a reasonable amount of time. An exoplanet with a modern Earth-like atmosphere will have to be orbiting an M dwarf that is within approximately 16 light-years of Earth. For a desiccated exoplanet with an oxygen atmosphere 22 times the pressure of Earth’s, the signal could be detected up to about 82 light-years away. One light-year, the distance light travels in a year, is almost six trillion miles. For comparison, the closest stars to our Sun are found in the Alpha Centauri system a little over 4 light-years away, and our galaxy is about 100,000 light-years across.
- The research was funded in part by Goddard’s Sellers Exoplanet Environments Collaboration (SEEC), which is funded in part by the NASA Planetary Science Division's Internal Scientist Funding Model. This project has also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant, the NASA Astrobiology Institute Alternative Earths team, and the NExSS Virtual Planetary Laboratory.
- Webb will be the world's premier space science observatory, when it launches in 2021. It will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.
• August 28, 2019: Reaching a major milestone, engineers have successfully connected the two halves of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope for the first time at Northrop Grumman’s facilities in Redondo Beach, California. Once it reaches space, NASA's most powerful and complex space telescope will explore the cosmos using infrared light, from planets and moons within our solar system to the most ancient and distant galaxies. 129)
- To combine both halves of Webb, engineers carefully lifted the telescope (which includes the mirrors and science instruments) above the already-combined sunshield and spacecraft using a crane. Team members slowly guided the telescope into place, ensuring that all primary points of contact were perfectly aligned and seated properly. The observatory has been mechanically connected; next steps will be to electrically connect the halves, and then test the electrical connections.
- “The assembly of the telescope and its scientific instruments, sunshield and the spacecraft into one observatory represents an incredible achievement by the entire Webb team,” said Bill Ochs, Webb project manager for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “This milestone symbolizes the efforts of thousands of dedicated individuals for over more than 20 years across NASA, the European Space Agency, the Canadian Space Agency, Northrop Grumman, and the rest of our industrial and academic partners.”
- Next up for Webb testing, engineers will fully deploy the intricate five-layer sunshield, which is designed to keep Webb's mirrors and scientific instruments cold by blocking infrared light from the Earth, Moon and Sun. The ability of the sunshield to deploy to its correct shape is critical to mission success.
- “This is an exciting time to now see all Webb’s parts finally joined together into a single observatory for the very first time,” said Gregory Robinson, the Webb program director at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. “The engineering team has accomplished a huge step forward and soon we will be able to see incredible new views of our amazing universe.”
- Both of the telescope’s major components have been tested individually through all of the environments they would encounter during a rocket ride and orbiting mission a million miles away from Earth. Now that Webb is a fully assembled observatory, it will go through additional environmental and deployment testing to ensure mission success. The spacecraft is scheduled to launch in 2021.
- Webb will be the world's premier space science observatory. It will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency), and the Canadian Space Agency.
Figure 84: The fully assembled James Webb Space Telescope with its sunshield and unitized pallet structures (UPSs) that fold up around the telescope for launch, are seen partially deployed to an open configuration to enable telescope installation (image credit: NASA/Chris Gunn)
• August 6, 2019: In order to do groundbreaking science, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope must first perform an extremely choreographed series of deployments, extensions, and movements that bring the observatory to life shortly after launch. Too big to fit in any rocket available in its fully deployed form, Webb was engineered to intricately fold in on itself to achieve a much smaller size during transport. 130)
- Technicians and engineers recently tested a key part of this choreography by successfully commanding Webb to deploy the support structure that holds its secondary mirror in place. This is a critical milestone in preparing the observatory for its journey to orbit. The next time this will occur will be when Webb is in space, and on its way to gaze into the cosmos from a million miles away.
Figure 85: To ensure NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is prepared for liftoff, involved team members test critical parts of its deployment sequences on the ground. Recently Webb’s secondary mirror and accompanying support structure were successfully fully deployed in the same configuration it will see when in space (video credit: NASA, Sophia Roberts)
- The secondary mirror is one of the most important pieces of equipment on the telescope, and is essential to the success of the mission. When deployed, this mirror will sit out in front of Webb's hexagonal primary mirrors, which form an iconic honeycomb-like shape. This smaller circular mirror serves an important role in collecting light from Webb’s 18 primary mirrors into a focused beam. That beam is then sent down into the tertiary and fine steering mirrors, and finally to Webb's four powerful scientific instruments.
- “The proper deployment and positioning of its secondary mirror is what makes this a telescope – without it, Webb would not be able to perform the revolutionary science we expect it to achieve. This successful deployment test is another significant step towards completing the final observatory,” said Lee Feinberg, optical telescope element manager for Webb at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
- Though there are many preparations still underway for the full assembly of the James Webb Space Telescope’s two halves, the secondary mirror test represents the last large milestone before the integration of Webb into its final form as a complete observatory. This operation was also another demonstration that the electronic connection between the spacecraft and the telescope is working properly, and is capable of delivering commands throughout the observatory as designed.
- Webb will be the world's premier space science observatory. It will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.
Figure 86: Deployment test of Webb’s secondary mirror. As one of the NASA Webb’s most important components, technicians and engineers thoroughly inspect the support structure that holds its secondary mirror in place (visible in the top right corner of the image) following successful testing (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• February 8, 2019: NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has successfully passed another series of critical testing milestones on its march to the launch pad. In recent acoustic and sine vibration tests, technicians and engineers exposed Webb's spacecraft element to brutal dynamic mechanical environmental conditions to ensure it will endure the rigors of a rocket launch to space. 131)
Figure 87: NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has successfully passed another series of critical testing milestones on its march to the launch pad. In recent acoustic and sine vibration tests, technicians and engineers exposed Webb’s spacecraft element to brutal dynamic mechanical environmental conditions to ensure it will endure the rigors of a rocket launch to space (video credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Mike Menzel)
- During liftoff, rockets generate extremely powerful vibrations and energetic sound waves that bounce off the ground and nearby buildings and impact the rocket as it makes its way skyward. Technicians and engineers aim to protect Webb from these intense sound waves and vibrations.
- To simulate these conditions, flight components are intentionally punished with a long litany of tests throughout different facilities to identify potential issues on the ground. Webb was bombarded by powerful sound waves from massive speakers and then placed on an electrodynamic vibration table and strongly but precisely shaken. Together, these tests mimic the range of extreme shaking that spacecraft experience while riding a rocket to space.
- “Webb’s launch vibration environment is similar to a pretty bumpy commercial airplane flight during turbulence,” said Paul Geithner, deputy project manager – technical, James Webb Space Telescope at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “And, its launch acoustic environment is about 10 times more sound pressure, 100 times more intense and four times louder than a rock concert.”
- One half of the Webb observatory, known as the “spacecraft element,” was the subject of this latest testing. The spacecraft element consists of the “bus,” which is the equipment that actually flies the observatory in space, plus the tennis-court-size sunshield that will keep Webb’s sensitive optics and instruments at their required super-cold operating temperature. Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California, NASA’s lead industrial teammate on Webb, designed and built the spacecraft element, and conducted the testing in their facilities with NASA support and guidance. Northrop Grumman and NASA engineers and technicians worked tirelessly together as a team over the last few months to complete these complex dynamic mechanical environmental tests.
Figure 88: To keep Webb’s spacecraft element and its sensitive instruments contaminant free, technicians and engineers enclose it in a protective clamshell that serves as a mobile clean room while in transport (image credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Gunn)
- The initial attempt at acoustic testing last spring uncovered a problem with a specific portion of sunshield hardware, which required some modifications taking several months. Subsequently, the acoustic test was redone, and this time everything went successfully. With acoustic testing complete, the spacecraft element was transported in a mobile clean room to a separate vibration facility, where its spacecraft hardware was exposed to the bumps and shakes that occur when riding a rocket soaring through the atmosphere at high Mach speeds. Northrop Grumman, NASA and its partner, ESA (European Space Agency), are familiar with the flight profile and performance of the Ariane 5 rocket that will carry Webb into space in early 2021, so technicians tuned the tests to mimic the conditions it’s expected to face during launch.
- With the successful completion of its mechanical environmental testing, the spacecraft element is being prepared for thermal vacuum testing. This other major environmental test will ensure it functions electrically in the harsh temperatures and vacuum of space. The other half of Webb, which consists of the telescope and science instruments, had completed its own vibration and acoustic testing at Goddard and cryogenic-temperature thermal vacuum testing at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston prior to delivery at Northrop Grumman last year. Once finished with thermal vacuum testing, the spacecraft element will return to the giant clean room where it was assembled, to be deployed from its folded-up launch configuration and into its operational configuration, which will be the final proof that it has passed all of its environmental tests. Then, the two halves of Webb — the spacecraft and the telescope elements — will be integrated into one complete observatory for a final round of testing and evaluation prior to launch.
- Webb will be the world's premier space science observatory. It will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, ESA and the Canadian Space Agency.
• September 26, 2018: For the first time, the two halves of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope — the spacecraft and the telescope—were connected together using temporary ground wiring that enabled them to “speak” to each other like they will in flight. 132)
- Although it was a significant step forward for the program, this test was an optional "risk reduction" test that took advantage of an opportunity to connect the two halves of the observatory together electrically months earlier than planned. If any issues had been found, it would have given engineers more time to fix them and without causing further delays. As a bonus, it also provided a jumpstart for the separate spacecraft and telescope test teams to begin working jointly as they will when the whole observatory is put together in one piece next year.
- The James Webb telescope is both an exceedingly complex and rewarding undertaking for NASA and its international partners. Scientists anticipate its findings to rewrite textbooks on astronomy by providing revolutionary observations of the cosmos, while engineers and involved technicians forecast that its challenging design will enable and influence future spacecraft architecture for years to come.
- Each piece of Webb has undergone rigorous testing throughout various historic and state of the art facilities across the United States. This ensures the entire observatory is prepared to survive the inherent harshness of a rocket launch to space, and years of continuous exposure to the extremes encountered on a mission nearly a million miles away from Earth.
- In February, Webb made an important, and symbolic step forward in its path to completion when all primary flight components of the observatory came to reside under the same roof at Northrop Grumman in Los Angeles, California. This is where all flight hardware is undergoing final assembly and testing until cleared to launch from the Guiana Space Centre near Kourou in French Guiana.
- “What we did now was make electrical connections between the flight telescope and flight spacecraft to understand all the nuances of the electrical interface. Specifically in this test, the spacecraft commanded mirror motion on the telescope, and the telescope replied back with telemetry confirming it. Even though we have tested each half with a simulator of the other half during their parallel construction, there is nothing exactly like connecting the real thing to the real thing. While the sunshield was being reassembled to get back into its environmental testing, we took advantage of the time and did a flight-to-flight electrical dry run right now to reduce schedule risk later,” said Mike Menzel, Webb’s Mission System Engineer. “The full complement of electrical and software tests will be run next year when the observatory is finally fully assembled for flight.”
- The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world's premier space science observatory. Webb will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).
Figure 89: With all flight components under one roof, technicians and engineers work to prepare the two halves of the James Webb Space Telescope for continued testing and eventual assembly in 2019 (image credit: Northrop Grumman)
• September 5, 2018: Success in JWST critical communications tests: When NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope launches in 2021, it will write a new chapter in cosmic history. This premier space science observatory will seek the first stars and galaxies, explore distant planets around other stars, and solve mysteries of own solar system. Webb will be controlled from the MOC (Mission Operations Center) at the STScI (Space Telescope Science Institute) in Baltimore, Maryland. 133)
- To prepare for launch, the flight operations team recently conducted two successful communications tests. The first simulated the complex communications among numerous entities in the critical period of launch through the first six hours of flight. The second demonstrated that the MOC could successfully communicate with the telescope.
- A complicated dance: From the moment Webb launches, and through the first six hours of flight, five different telecommunications service providers located around the world will alternately convey command and telemetry data to the mission operations team in the MOC. The first exercise demonstrated the complex exchange among these facilities.
- These different providers are needed because of the geometry of Earth in relation to Webb’s orbit and altitude. “Whereas most low-Earth missions can use TDRS (Tracking and Data Relay Satellite) or some other kind of communications satellite in orbit around Earth to relay data, we are so far away that we have to use other facilities,” explained NASA’s Carl Starr, the Mission Operations Manager for Webb at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.
- By six hours after liftoff, Webb will be about halfway to the Moon and six times higher in altitude than the geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) where TDRS and many communications satellites dwell. When the telescope reaches its destination, it will be 1.5 million km from Earth—about 45 times farther away than GEO.
- “It’s a lot of going back and forth,” said Starr. “You have to change configurations, you need a stable connection with Webb at each change, you have to establish the network connections, you have to process the data—and you have to do it multiple times with different stations and make it seamless.”
- “And to make things even more complicated,” Starr continued, “everyone we are talking about is in different places. You have the Space Network out in New Mexico, the DSN (Deep Space Network) in California, and the European Space Agency’s Malindi station in Kenya and ESOC (European Space Operations Center) in Germany. It becomes a very complicated test to do, because no one is in the same time zone—and all of that data comes in and out of this building.”
- This test was a major step in demonstrating the flight operations capabilities and processes to support launch-day communications. After the first day, the team moves to a normal setup with just the three DSN terminals around the world.
- “The teams were able to talk with the external entities, and prove the concept that we can manipulate the communications on the day of launch here in the building for the mission,” Starr said. “We’ll have other proficiency exercises later, but this was the first time that we did it, and it was very successful.”
Figure 90: The Mission Operations Center for the James Webb Space Telescope is located at the STScI (Space Telescope Science Institute) in Baltimore, Maryland. In preparation for launch, the flight operations team recently conducted two critical and successful communications tests (image credit: STScI)
- Talking to the Telescope: No mission would be possible without communicating with the telescope. The flight operations team in Baltimore recently did that for the first time, talking to the actual Webb spacecraft on the ground while it’s being integrated and tested across the country at the Northrop Grumman facility in Los Angeles, California.
- “We treated Webb as if it were a million miles away,” said Starr. To do this, the flight operations team connected the spacecraft to the Deep Space Network. However, since Webb isn’t really in space yet, special equipment was used to emulate the real radio link that will exist between Webb and the Deep Space Network when Webb flies. “We can command and control the vehicle now, and run tests with it from here, without having to travel to Northrop Grumman,” Starr explained. “It really is making use of technology to stay on schedule.”
- It didn’t really matter where Webb was during the test. “As far as we’re concerned, it could be in the basement of this building, and we wouldn’t know any different,” Starr added. “You’re just at your console, you’ve got a data line, your screen ...it’s all very much remote. I could imagine it must be how drone pilots feel. They’re not anywhere near where their vehicle is.”
- During the exercise, the team executed non-operational commands and initiated a recorder playback. This important test demonstrated the flight operations team’s ability to command Webb from the MOC in Baltimore.
- Throughout most of commissioning, the MOC will be in constant communication with Webb. After commissioning, approximately 180 days after launch, the team will communicate for 8 hours a day with the telescope. During that time, operators will send up packages of commands for the telescope to run autonomously and downlink the science data.
- More to come: More tests will follow, but these were the first to show the MOC’s successful communication with Webb and with the many command and telemetry service providers. The fact that these exercises were carried out flawlessly is a testament to the hard work of the flight operations team, as well as teams across the country and around the world.
- The JWST will be the world's premier space science observatory. Webb will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
• July 18, 2018: The sound associated with a rocket launch creates extreme vibrations that can adversely affect any satellite or observatory, so engineers put spacecraft through simulations to ensure they will remain operational. 134)
- The sunshield separates the observatory into a hot, sun-facing side (reaching temperatures close to 110º C), and a cold side (approximately -240ºC) where the sunlight is blocked from interfering with the sensitive telescope instruments.
- The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world's premier space science observatory. Webb will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
Figure 91: In this photo, technicians delicately inspect stowed sunshield membranes of NASA's JWST on the forward side of the spacecraft. Acoustic testing exposes the spacecraft to similar forces and stress experienced during liftoff, allowing engineers to better prepare it for the rigors of spaceflight (image credit: Northrop Grumman)
• June 5, 2018: How will NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope shed the heat generated by its science instruments and their supporting electronics? To anyone who is not an engineer or scientist, the answer might be complex and “baffling,” and it turns out the process is exactly that. 135)
- Webb’s four science instruments are held within a support structure called the integrated science instrument module (ISIM), located behind the telescope’s primary mirror. The ISIM and Webb’s optics form the science payload of the observatory. To keep heat away from the sensitive instruments, a majority of the electronics used to power and operate the instruments are housed in a compartment below ISIM, where specially designed baffles direct the heat safely into space and away from any cold surfaces of the observatory.
- The baffles essentially act as mirrors to reflect the heat (infrared radiation) outward in a specific direction. If that sounds familiar, it is because Webb’s mirrors will do very much the same thing — but instead of reflecting the infrared light into space, they will guide it with pinpoint accuracy to the telescope’s science instruments.
- “Gold has a very high reflectivity in the infrared spectrum range, so it is ideal for directing heat,” explained Matthew Stephens, a mechanical systems engineer for Webb at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. “This is the same reason all of the primary, secondary, and tertiary mirrors are gold-coated.”
- The engineers in this photo of Figure 92 are reinstalling the baffles, which had been previously removed and safely stored in a clean environment to protect them from any contamination during integration and testing of the science payload. The clear plastic sheets placed over the baffles will protect them from any contamination during the remaining integration and testing phases for the observatory.
- The engineers had to reinstall the baffles before Webb’s science payload and its spacecraft element (the combined spacecraft bus and sunshield) are integrated at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California, where both halves of the observatory currently reside. If the engineers wait until after integration, Webb’s tennis-court-sized sunshield will obstruct the ISIM electronics compartment and make reinstalling the baffles much more difficult.
Figure 92: Engineers reinstall one of the gold-plated baffles that helps direct heat away from the integrated science instrument module (ISIM) of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. The baffles direct the heat generated by the instrument electronics safely into space and away from any cold areas of the infrared telescope image credit: NASA/Chris Gunn)
Figure 93: Engineers carefully hold onto a gold-plated baffle as they use a scissor lift to access the back of the integrated science instrument module (ISIM) of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. They are in the process of reinstalling the baffles, which direct the heat generated by the instrument electronics safely into space and away from any cold areas of the infrared telescope (image credit: NASA/Chris Gunn)
• June 4, 2018: In the last year, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and in particular the telescope and the instruments have passed some key milestones on their road towards launch, now planned for 2020. 136)
- The first landmark was the completion of four-month long cryogenic tests in the giant thermal vacuum chamber, known as Chamber A, at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. There, JWST's optical telescope and integrated science instrument module (OTIS) underwent a series of tests designed to check that the telescope and its four scientific instruments functioned as expected in an extremely cold, airless environment, similar to the conditions they will experience in space.
- On 27 September 2017, after confirming that OTIS can survive and operate flawlessly in temperatures of approximately 40 Kelvin (-233º C), engineers began to gradually warm the chamber. This was a very precise operation that required extreme caution in order to avoid contaminating the optical equipment or generating mechanical stresses that could damage the instruments or other JWST hardware.
- Once the thermal conditions inside the chamber returned to near room temperature, a final set of functional tests was performed under vacuum conditions. These tests confirmed that the warm-up procedure and OTIS cold testing had not caused any issue with respect to the functionality of the instruments and telescope. After this, the vacuum was slowly counteracted by pumping extra-clean air back into the chamber.
- The 40-ton chamber door was unsealed on 18 November 2017, marking the successful completion of the cryogenic testing, and OTIS finally emerged from Chamber A on 1 December, after some 100 days shut inside the cavernous vault.
Figure 94: The JWST's optical telescope and integrated science instrument module (OTIS) was removed from Chamber A at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston on 1 December 2017 (image credit: NASA/Chris Gunn)
A closer look at NIRSpec microshutters and detectors:
- After analysis of the data collected during the OTIS cryogenic test campaign, the team responsible for the European NIRSpec (Near InfraRed Spectrograph) confirmed that the instrument had operated very well and that its performance had not been impacted negatively, despite the intensive OTIS test campaign.
- The NIRSpec team was particularly pleased that the instrument's MSA (Micro Shutter Assembly), which comprises approximately 250,000 minuscule 'doors' that enable its Multi-Object Spectrograph capabilities, was in good health, having survived the earlier severe vibration and acoustic testing of OTIS. The performance of the microshutters, which are extremely delicate and can be susceptible to the strong acoustic stresses, could only be verified fully in cryogenic conditions.
Figure 95: Left: The NIRSpec instrument micro shutters – front view. Right: The NIRSpec instrument micro shutters – rear view (image credit: NASA)
- During testing, ESA scientists also commanded the instrument to mimic scientific operations in space and acquired samples of data to verify the spectrograph performance. The testing of OTIS demonstrated that the NIRSpec optics are very stable and ready to withstand the harsh conditions of launch.
- As for the detectors, their performance was confirmed to be "exquisite". Calibration images were acquired during OTIS testing while operating in NIRSpec MOS (Multi-Object Spectrographic) mode, which will allow astronomers to obtain spectra of more than 100 sources simultaneously. A typical calibration image shows many spectra recorded by the NIRSpec detectors and obtained by commanding selected microshutters open, with illumination provided using one of the instrument's internal calibration lamps.
- The calibration image of Figure 96 was acquired during testing of the NIRSpec instrument. NIRSpec will be used to study astronomical objects focussing on very distant galaxies. It will do so by splitting their light into spectra – separating the light into components allows scientists to investigate what these objects are made of.
Figure 96: This abstract image is a preview of the instrumental power that will be unleashed once the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope will be in space (image credit: ESA/SOT team)
- Created using one of the instrument’s internal calibration lamps as the light source, the image shows many spectra as horizontal bands that were recorded by two detectors,. The wavelengths are spread from left to right; the pattern of dark stripes, called absorption lines, is characteristic of the light source, much like a fingerprint.
- The image was produced by sending commands to open over 100 of the instrument's micro-shutters – minuscule windows the width of a human hair – that will be used to study hundreds of celestial objects simultaneously. The thin strips in the upper and lower parts of the image are spectra created by light that passed through the micro-shutters, while the thicker bands at the center of the images were produced by light that enters the instrument through five slits at the center.
- Once in space, the micro-shutters will be opened or closed depending on the distribution of stars and galaxies in the sky.
- This calibration image was obtained in 2017 during testing in the giant thermal vacuum chamber at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The tests demonstrated that the combined structure, comprising the Webb telescope and its four science instruments, operated flawlessly at temperatures of around –233°C, similar to those they will experience in space.
- The telescope and instruments are now at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California, where they will be integrated with the spacecraft and sunshield for further tests and launch preparations.
OTIS in the spotlight
- During the OTIS test campaign, the telescope and the instrument module were tested together at their operating temperature for the first time. To take advantage of that, a long suite of tests was performed using dedicated light sources that were temporarily mounted on OTIS.
- These sources, called ASPA (Aft Optical System Plate Assembly) optical stimuli, are used to send a variety of light beams onto the telescope and instrument optics in order to perform true end-to-end testing of the full JWST optical system, something that had not been done before.
- The resulting images and spectra obtained using all four of the Webb's instruments matched remarkably well with the expectations from computer simulations that had been performed several years prior to the actual OTIS test campaign.
- Another set of entirely different measurements also took place in the chamber to assess the stability of the OTIS hardware. Three very high-resolution camera systems, equipped with specially designed flash lamps and mounted on gigantic 3.4 meter-long rotating booms, were used to take multiple photographs of OTIS, tracking the position of hundreds of little reflective targets installed on the OTIS hardware.
Figure 97: The OTIS undergoing cryogenic testing inside Chamber A at NASA's Johnson Space Center in September 2017. A photogrammetry camera was placed inside the chamber to measure the telescope's alignment and to monitor the effect of extremely cold temperature on the black Kapton® material that is fitted to block unwanted light from behind the telescope. Also visible are the hexagonal primary mirror segments. The bright "stars" shining in this long-exposure photograph are photogrammetry targets that were used to measure extremely precise movements of the telescope as it cooled (image credit: NASA/Chris Gunn)
- The photogrammetry technique was instrumental to measure the miniscule movements and shrinkage of the hardware during the cool down. By doing so, engineers were able to measure positions with an accuracy of only a few tens of µm across the full extent of OTIS, which spans several meters.
- Finally a set of tests was conducted to check that a particular optical path, known as the "rogue path", was blocked. Unlike the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, which is equipped with a tube, JWST has an open, tubeless telescope design, so extra effort has to be spent to make sure that stray light cannot reach its detectors.
- This check was conducted using a third set of special light sources, consisting of arrays of LEDs arranged around the perimeter of the primary mirror. The procedure confirmed that this stray light path is properly blocked.
- After the warm-up inside Chamber A was completed, the actuators for the telescope's primary mirror segment were functionally tested before all 18 of the mirror segments were stowed. This cleared the way for the transportation of OTIS from Houston to Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California, at the beginning of 2018 (Ref. 136).
• February 05, 2018: The two halves of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope now reside at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California, where they will come together to form the complete observatory. 137)
- Webb’s OTIS (Optical Telescope and Integrated Science) instrument module arrived at Northrop Grumman Feb. 2, from NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, where it successfully completed cryogenic testing.
- “This is a major milestone,” said Eric Smith, director of the James Webb Space Telescope Program at NASA. “The Webb observatory, which is the work of thousands of scientists and engineers across the globe, will be carefully tested to ensure it is ready to launch and enable scientists to seek the first luminous objects in the universe and search for signs of habitable planets.”
- In preparation for leaving Johnson, OTIS was placed inside a specially designed shipping container called the Space Telescope Transporter for Air, Road and Sea (STTARS). The container then was loaded onto a U.S. military C-5 Charlie aircraft at Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base, just outside of Johnson. From there, OTIS took a flight to Los Angeles International Airport. After arrival, OTIS was driven from the airport to Northrop Grumman’s Space Park facility (Figure 98).
- “It’s exciting to have both halves of the Webb observatory – OTIS and the integrated spacecraft element – here at our campus,” said Scott Willoughby, vice president and program manager for Webb at Northrop Grumman. “The team will begin the final stages of integration of the world’s largest space telescope.”
- During this summer, OTIS will combined with the spacecraft element to form the complete Webb observatory. Once the telescope is fully integrated, the entire observatory will undergo more tests during what is called observatory-level testing. Webb is scheduled to launch from Kourou, French Guiana, in 2019.
Figure 98: Photo of the STTARS (Space Telescope for Air, Road, and Sea) container with OTIS inside during unloading from the C-5 Charlie military aircraft at LAX (Los Angeles International Airport) on 2 Feb. 2018 (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
Legend to Figure 98: STTARS is a massive container, measuring 4.6 m wide, 5.2 m toll, and 33.5 m long with a mass of 75,000 kg. It’s much larger than the James Webb itself, but even then, the primary mirror wings and the secondary mirror tripod must be folded into flight configuration in order to fit.
• November 13, 2017: Following the recommendation of the Time Allocation Committee and a thorough technical review, the STScI (Space Telescope Science Institute) Director Ken Sembach has selected 13 science programs for the JWST Director’s DD-ERS (Discretionary Early Release Science Program). It is anticipated that the DD-ERS observations will take place during the first 5 months of JWST science operations, following the 6-month commissioning period. 138) 139)
- With a total award of 460 hours of JWST observing time, the selected programs span a wide range of science areas as well as instrument modes, such as surveys of galaxies and their nuclei, stellar clusters and star formation near and far, the chemistry of interstellar and circumstellar matter, and the characterization of exoplanets. The successful programs include 16 Principal investigators (PIs) and co-PIs from North America and 6 from Europe, with broad world-wide participation.
1) The selected programs represent participation by 253 investigators from 18 countries, 22 U.S. states, and 106 unique institutions.
2) Of the 253 investigators, 157 are based in the U.S., 84 are from ESA countries, 7 are from Canada, and 5 are from other countries (Australia and Chile), with 248 unique investigators.
3) There are an additional 456 science collaborators involved in the programs.
4) The three largest teams have combined totals of 138, 105, and 80 investigators and collaborators.
The successful DD-ERS teams are now tasked with developing "science-enabling products," such as documentation for their programs, scientific software, and data products — all designed to help the full astronomical community maximize the science output of the JWST mission.
ERS Program
PI & Co-PIs
Through the Looking GLASS: A JWST
Exploration of Galaxy Formation and Evolution
from Cosmic Dawn to Present Day
PI: Tommaso Treu (University of
California - Los Angeles)
Galaxies and the IGM
(Intergalactic Medium)
NIRISS
The Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science
(CEERS) Survey
PI: Steven Finkelstein (University of Texas at Austin)
High Contrast Imaging of Exoplanets and
Exoplanetary Systems with JWST
PI: Sasha Hinkley (University of Exeter)
CoPIs: Andrew Skemer (University of California
-Santa Cruz) and Beth Biller (University of
Edinburgh)
Planets and Planet
The Transiting Exoplanet Community Early
Release Science Program
PI: Natalie Batalha (NASA Ames Research Center)
CoPIs: Jacob Bean (University of Chicago) and
Kevin Stevenson (Space Telescope Science Institute)
Nuclear Dynamics of a Nearby Seyfert with
NIRSpec Integral Field Spectroscopy
PI: Misty Bentz (Georgia State University
Research Foundation)
Massive Black Holes
and their Galaxies
IceAge: Chemical Evolution of Ices during
PI: Melissa McClure (Universiteit van Amsterdam)
CoPIs: Adwin Boogert (University of Hawaii) and
Harold Linnartz (Universiteit Leiden)
A JWST Study of the Starburst-AGN
Connection in Merging LIRGs
PI: Lee Armus (California Institute of Technology)
TEMPLATES: Targeting Extremely Magnified
Panchromatic Lensed Arcs and Their Extended
PI: Jane Rigby (NASA/GSFC
CoPI: Joaquin Vieira (University of Illinois)
ERS observations of the Jovian System as a
Demonstration of JWST’s Capabilities for Solar
System Science
PI: Imke de Pater (University of California
- Berkeley)
Q-3D: Imaging Spectroscopy of Quasar Hosts
with JWST Analyzed with a Powerful New PSF
Decomposition and Spectral Analysis Package
PI: Dominika Wylezalek (European Southern
Observatory - Germany)
CoPIs: Sylvain Veilleux (University of Maryland)
and Nadia Zakamska (Johns Hopkins University)
The Resolved Stellar Populations Early Release
Science Program
PI: Daniel Weisz (University of California
Stellar Populations
Establishing Extreme Dynamic Range with JWST:
Decoding Smoke Signals in the Glare of a
Wolf-Rayet Binary
PI: Ryan Lau (California Institute of Technology)
Radiative Feedback from Massive Stars as Traced
by Multiband Imaging and Spectroscopic Mosaics
PI: Olivier Berne (Universite Toulouse)
CoPIs: Emilie Habart (Institut d'Astrophysique
Spatiale) and Els Peeters (University of Western
Ontario)
Table 13: List of investigations in the DD-ERS Program
Figure 99: Once deployed, the JWST will conduct a variety of science missions aimed at improving our understanding of the Universe (image credit: NASA/STScI)
• October 19, 2017: What appears to be a unique selfie opportunity was actually a critical photo for the cryogenic testing of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope in Chamber A at NASA/JSC (Johnson Space Center) in Houston. The photo (Figure 100) was used to verify the line of sight (the path light will travel) for the testing configuration. 140)
- During Webb’s extensive cryogenic testing, engineers checked the alignment of all the telescope optics and demonstrated the individual primary mirror segments can be properly aligned to each other and to the rest of the system. This all occurred in test conditions that simulated the space environment where Webb will operate, and where it will collect data of never-before-observed portions of the universe. Verifying the optics as a system is a very important step that will ensure the telescope will work correctly in space.
- The actual test of the optics involved a piece of support equipment called the ASPA (AOS Source Plate Assembly). The ASPA is a piece of hardware that sits atop Webb’s AOS (Aft Optics Subsystem), which is recognizable as a black “nose cone” that protrudes from the center of Webb’s primary mirror. The AOS contains the telescope’s tertiary and fine-steering mirrors. The ASPA is ground test hardware, and it will be removed from the telescope before it is launched into space.
- During testing, the ASPA fed laser light of various infrared wavelengths into and out of the telescope, thus acting like a source of artificial stars. In the first part of the optical test, called the “half-pass” test, the ASPA fed laser light straight into the AOS, where it was directed by the tertiary and fine-steering mirrors to Webb’s science instruments, which sit in a compartment directly behind the giant primary mirror. This test let engineers make measurements of the optics inside the AOS, and how the optics interacted with the science instruments. Critically, the test verified the tertiary mirror, which is immovable, was correctly aligned to the instruments.
- In another part of the test, called the “pass-and-a-half” test, light traveled in a reverse path through the telescope optics. The light was again fed into the system from the ASPA, but upwards, to the secondary mirror. The secondary mirror then reflected the light down to the primary mirror, which sent it back up to the top of Chamber A. Mirrors at the top of the chamber sent the light back down again, where it followed its normal path through the telescope to the instruments. This verified not only the alignment of the primary mirror itself but also the alignment of the whole telescope — the primary mirror, secondary mirror, and the tertiary and fine-steering mirrors inside the AOS.
- Taken together, the half-pass and pass-and-a-half tests demonstrated all the telescope optics are properly aligned and that they can be aligned again after being deployed in space.
Figure 100: Ball Aerospace optical engineer Larkin Carey is reflected in the James Webb Space Telescope’s secondary mirror, as he photographs the line of sight for hardware used during an important test of the telescope’s optics image credit: Ball Aerospace)
- The photo, snapped by Ball Aerospace optical engineer Larkin Carey after the final fiber optic connections between ASPA and the laser source outside the chamber were made, verified the line of sight for the pass-and-a-half part of the test. The image was compared with one collected once the telescope was cold inside the chamber, to ensure any observed obscurations were due to the ASPA hardware and would not be present during science data collection on orbit.
- In the photo, Carey is harnessed to a “diving board” over the primary mirror. All tools (including the camera) were tethered, and all safety protocol for working over the mirror were closely followed. Carey faced upwards and took the photo of the secondary mirror to verify the ASPA line of sight. The secondary mirror is reflecting him as well as the AOS, the ASPA, and the primary mirror below.
- “Intricate equipment is required to test an instrument as complex as the Webb telescope. The ASPA allowed us to directly test key alignments to ensure the telescope is working as we expect, but its location meant we had to have a person install over 100 fiber optic cables by hand over the primary mirror,” said Allison Barto, Webb telescope program manager at Ball Aerospace. “This challenging task, which Larkin rehearsed many times to ensure it could be performed safely, also offered the opportunity to check the alignments by taking this ‘selfie’ prior to entering the test.”
- After cryogenic testing at Johnson is complete, Webb’s combined science instruments and optics journey to Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California, where they will be integrated with the spacecraft element, which is the combined sunshield and spacecraft bus. Together, the pieces form the complete James Webb Space Telescope observatory. Once fully integrated, the entire observatory will undergo more tests during what is called "observatory-level testing." This testing is the last exposure to a simulated launch environment before flight and deployment testing on the whole observatory.
- Webb is expected to launch from Kourou, French Guiana, in the spring of 2019.
• August 24, 2017: NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope will use its infrared capabilities to study the “ocean worlds” of Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Enceladus, adding to observations previously made by NASA’s Galileo and Cassini orbiters. The Webb telescope’s observations could also help guide future missions to the icy moons. 141)
- Europa (Galilean moon of Jupiter) and Enceladus (moon of Saturn)are on the Webb telescope’s list of targets chosen by guaranteed time observers, scientists who helped develop the telescope and thus get to be among the first to use it to observe the universe. One of the telescope’s science goals is to study planets that could help shed light on the origins of life, but this does not just mean exoplanets; Webb will also help unravel the mysteries still held by objects in our own solar system (from Mars outward).
- Geronimo Villanueva, a planetary scientist at NASA/GSFC in Greenbelt, Maryland, is the lead scientist on the Webb telescope’s observation of Europa and Enceladus. His team is part of a larger effort to study our solar system with the telescope, spearheaded by astronomer Heidi Hammel, the executive vice president of the Association of AURA (Universities for Research in Astronomy). NASA selected Hammel as an interdisciplinary scientist for Webb in 2002.
- Of particular interest to the scientists are the plumes of water that breach the surface of Enceladus and Europa, and that contain a mixture of water vapor and simple organic chemicals. NASA’s Cassini-Huygens and Galileo missions, and NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, previously gathered evidence that these jets are the result of geologic processes heating large subsurface oceans. “We chose these two moons because of their potential to exhibit chemical signatures of astrobiological interest,” said Hammel.
- Villanueva and his team plan to use Webb’s near-infrared camera (NIRCam) to take high-resolution imagery of Europa, which they will use to study its surface and to search for hot surface regions indicative of plume activity and active geologic processes. Once they locate a plume, they will use Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) to spectroscopically analyze the plume’s composition.
- Webb telescope’s observations might be particularly telling for the plumes on Europa, the composition of which largely remains a mystery. “Are they made of water ice? Is hot water vapor being released? What is the temperature of the active regions and the emitted water?” questioned Villanueva. “Webb telescope’s measurements will allow us to address these questions with unprecedented accuracy and precision.”
- For Enceladus, Villanueva explained that because that moon is nearly 10 times smaller than Europa as seen from the Webb telescope, high-resolution imagery of its surface will not be possible. However, the telescope can still analyze the molecular composition of Enceladus’ plumes and perform a broad analysis of its surface features. Much of the moon’s terrain has already been mapped by NASA’s Cassini orbiter, which has spent about 13 years studying Saturn and its satellites.
- Villanueva cautioned that while he and his team plan to use NIRSpec to search for organic signatures (such as methane, methanol, and ethane) in the plumes of both moons, there is no guarantee the team will be able to time the Webb telescope’s observations to catch one of the intermittent emissions, nor that the emissions will have a significant organic composition. “We only expect detections if the plumes are particularly active and if they are organic-rich,” said Villanueva.
- Evidence of life in the plumes could prove even more elusive. Villanueva explained that while chemical disequilibrium in the plumes (an unexpected abundance or scarcity of certain chemicals) could be a sign of the natural processes of microbial life, it could also be caused by natural geologic processes.
- While the Webb telescope may be unable to concretely answer whether the subsurface oceans of the moons contain life, Villanueva said it will be able to pinpoint and better characterize active regions of the moons that could merit further study. Future missions, such as NASA’s Europa Clipper, the primary objective of which is to determine if Europa is habitable, could use Webb’s data to hone in on prime locations for observation.
Figure 101: Possible spectroscopy results from one of Europa’s water plumes. This is an example of the data the Webb telescope could return (image credit: NASA-GSFC/SVS, Hubble Space Telescope, Stefanie Milam, Geronimo Villanueva)
• August 9, 2017: NASA's James Webb Space Telescope began a nearly 100-day cryogenic test in a giant chamber in Texas in mid-July. Components of the Webb have previously endured similar tests to ensure they would function in the cold environment of space. Now all of those components are being tested together in the giant thermal vacuum known as Chamber A at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. 142)
- "A combination of liquid nitrogen and cold gaseous helium will be used to cool the telescope and science instruments to their operational temperature during high-vacuum operations," said Mark Voyton, manager of testing effort, who works at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
- Next year, the tennis-court sized sunshield and spacecraft bus will be added to make up the entire observatory.
Figure 102: NASA's JWST sits in Chamber A at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston awaiting the colossal door to close (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• May 1, 2017: The JWST has successfully passed the center of curvature test, an important optical measurement of Webb's fully assembled primary mirror prior to cryogenic testing, and the last test held at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, before the spacecraft is shipped to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston for more testing. 143) 144)
- After undergoing rigorous environmental tests simulating the stresses of its rocket launch, the Webb telescope team at Goddard analyzed the results from this critical optical test and compared it to the pre-test measurements. The team concluded that the mirrors passed the test with the optical system unscathed.
- “The Webb telescope is about to embark on its next step in reaching the stars as it has successfully completed its integration and testing at Goddard. It has taken a tremendous team of talented individuals to get to this point from all across NASA, our industry and international partners, and academia,” said Bill Ochs, NASA’s Webb telescope project manager. “It is also a sad time as we say goodbye to the Webb Telescope at Goddard, but are excited to begin cryogenic testing at Johnson.”
- The Webb telescope will be shipped to Johnson for end-to-end optical testing in a vacuum at its extremely cold operating temperatures. Then it will continue on its journey to Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California, for final assembly and testing prior to launch in 2018.
• March 28, 2017: The JWST team completed the acoustic and vibration portions of environmental testing on the telescope at NASA/GSFC. These tests are merely two of the many that spacecraft and instruments endure to ensure they are fit for spaceflight. 145)
- For the acoustic test, the telescope was wrapped in a clean tent, and engineers and technicians pushed it through a large pair of insulated steel doors, nearly 30 cm thick, into the Acoustic Test Chamber. In the chamber the telescope was exposed to the earsplitting noise and resulting vibration of launch.
- A new vibration test system also known as a shaker table, was built specifically for testing the Webb. The Webb was mounted on the shaker table and experienced the simulated forces the telescope will feel during the launch by vibrating it from 5 to 100 times per second. The test ensures a spacecraft like Webb can withstand the vibrations that occur as a result of the ride into space on a rocket.
- This spring, after other environmental tests are completed, the Webb telescope will be shipped to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, for end-to-end optical testing in a vacuum at its extremely cold operating temperatures, before it goes to Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California, for final assembly and testing prior to launch.
- By performing these tests, scientists and engineers can ensure that the spacecraft and all of its instruments will endure the launch and maintain functionality when it is launched from French Guiana in 2018.
Figure 103: NASA engineers and technicians perform vibration testing on the James Webb Space Telescope (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• January 25, 2017: Engineers have resumed a series of critical and rigorous vibration qualification tests on JWST at NASA/GSFC. On December 3, 2016, vibration testing automatically shut down early due to some sensor readings that exceeded predicted levels. After a thorough investigation, the JWST team at NASA Goddard determined that the cause was extremely small motions of the numerous tie-downs or “launch restraint mechanisms” that keep one of the telescope’s mirror wings folded-up for launch. 146)
- “In-depth analysis of the test sensor data and detailed computer simulations confirmed that the input vibration was strong enough and the resonance of the telescope high enough at specific vibration frequencies to generate these tiny motions. Now that we understand how it happened, we have implemented changes to the test profile to prevent it from happening again,” said Lee Feinberg, an engineer and James Webb Space Telescope Optical Telescope Element Manager at Goddard. “We have learned valuable lessons that will be applied to the final pre-launch tests of Webb at the observatory level once it is fully assembled in 2018. Fortunately, by learning these lessons early, we’ve been able to add diagnostic tests that let us show how the ground vibration test itself is more severe than the launch vibration environment in a way that can give us confidence that the launch itself will be fully successful.”
- The team resumed testing last week picking up where they left off in December. The test was successfully completed. Now that vibration testing along this one direction or “axis” is finished, the team is now moving forward with shaking the telescope in the other two directions to show that it can withstand vibrations in all three dimensions. “This was a great team effort between the NASA Goddard team, Northrop Grumman, Orbital ATK, Ball Aerospace, the European Space Agency, and Arianespace,” Feinberg said. “We can now proceed with the rest of the planned tests of the telescope and instruments.”
• January 3, 2017: Vibration tests are one of the many tests that spacecraft and instruments endure to ensure they are fit for spaceflight. During routine testing of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, an unexpected response occurred from several of the more than 100 devices designed to detect small changes in the motion of the structure. This prompted the engineers put the vibration tests on hold to determine the cause. 147)
- Since then, the team of engineers and scientists have analyzed many potential scenarios for the measured responses. They are closer to pinning down the cause, and have successfully conducted three low-level vibrations of the telescope.
- All visual and ultrasonic examinations of the structure continue to show it to be sound. "Currently, the team is continuing their analyses with the goal of having a review of their findings, conclusions and plans for resuming vibration testing in January," said Eric Smith, program director for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, NASA Headquarters in Washington.
- "This is why we test—to know how things really are, as opposed to how we think they are," said Paul Geithner, deputy project manager-technical for the Webb telescope at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
- During the vibration tests on December 3, 2016 at NASA/GSFC, accelerometers attached to the telescope detected unexpected responses and consequently the test shut itself down to protect the hardware.
- The test shut itself down in a fraction of a second after a higher-than-expected response was detected at a particular frequency of vibration, about one note lower than the lowest note on a piano.
- At NASA, vibration and acoustics test facilities provide vibration and shock testing of spaceflight hardware to ensure that functionality is not impaired by severe launch and landing environments. Launches create high levels of vibration in spacecraft and equipment and ground testing is done to simulate that launch induced vibration. Vibration testing is done on components as small as a few ounces to as large as complete structures or systems.
- By performing the vibration tests on NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, scientists and engineers can ensure that the spacecraft and all of its instruments will endure the launch and maintain functionality when it is launched from French Guiana in 2018.
• November 2, 2016: Engineers and technicians working on the James Webb Space Telescope successfully completed the first important optical measurement of Webb's fully assembled primary mirror, called a Center of Curvature test. 148)
- Taking a "before" optical measurement of the telescope's deployed mirror is crucial before the telescope goes into several stages of rigorous mechanical testing. These tests will simulate the violent sound and vibration environments the telescope will experience inside its rocket on its way out into space. This environment is one of the most stressful structurally and could alter the shape and alignment of Webb's primary mirror, which could degrade or, in the worst case, ruin its performance.
- The JWST has been designed and constructed to withstand its launch environment, but it must be tested to verify that it will indeed survive and not change in any unexpected way. Making the same optical measurements both before and after simulated launch environment testing and comparing the results is fundamental to Webb's development, assuring that it will work in space.
- "This is the only test of the entire mirror where we can use the same equipment during a before and after test," said Ritva Keski-Kuha, the test lead and NASA's Deputy Telescope Manager for Webb at NASA/GSFC in Greenbelt, Maryland. "This test will show if there are any changes or damages to the optical system."
- In order to conduct the test, optical engineers set up an interferometer, the main device used to measure the shape of Webb's mirror. Waves of visible light are less than a thousandth of a millimeter long, and optics like Webb's need to be shaped and aligned even more accurately than this to work correctly. Making measurements of the mirror shape and position by lasers prevents physical contact and damage (scratches to the mirror). So scientists use wavelengths of light to make tiny measurements. By measuring light reflected off the optics using an interferometer, they are able to measure extremely small changes in shape or position. An interferometer gets its name from the process of recording and measuring the ripple patterns that result when different beams of light mix and their waves combine or 'interfere.'
- During the test conducted by a team from NASA Goddard, Ball Aerospace of Boulder, Colorado, and the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore Maryland, temperature and humidity conditions in the cleanroom were kept incredibly stable to minimize drift in the sensitive optical measurements over time. Even so, tiny vibrations are ever-present in the cleanroom that cause jitter during measurements, so the interferometer is a 'high-speed' one, taking 5,000 'frames' every second, which is a faster rate than the background vibrations themselves. This allows engineers to subtract out jitter and get good, clean results.
- The Center of Curvature test measures the shape of Webb's main mirror by comparing light reflected off of it with light from a computer-generated hologram that represents what Webb's mirror ideally should be. By interfering the beam of light from Webb with the beam from the hologram reference, the interferometer accurately compares the two by measuring the difference to incredible precision. "Interferometry using a computer-generated hologram is a classic modern optical test used to measure mirrors," said Keski-Kuha.
- With the largest mirror of any space telescope, taking this measurement is a challenge. "We have spent the last four years preparing for this test," said David Chaney, Webb's primary mirror metrology lead at Goddard. "The challenges of this test include the large size of the primary mirror, the long radius of curvature, and the background noise. Our test is so sensitive we can measure the vibrations of the mirrors due to people talking in the room."
- After the measurements come back from the interferometer the team will analyze the data to make sure the mirrors are aligned perfectly before the launch environment tests. The Center of Curvature test will be repeated after the launch environment testing and the results compared to confirm that Webb's optics will work after their launch into space.
- The most powerful space telescope ever built, the Webb telescope will provide images of the first galaxies ever formed, and explore planets around distant stars. It is a joint project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.
Figure 104: Engineers conduct a 'Center of Curvature' test on NASA's James Webb Space Telescope in the clean room at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• October 31, 2016: The last of the five sunshield layers responsible for protecting the optics and instruments of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is now complete. Designed by Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California, the Webb telescope’s sunshield will prevent the background heat from the sun from interfering with the telescope’s infrared sensors. The five sunshield membrane layers, designed and manufactured by the NeXolve Corporation in Huntsville, Alabama, are each as thin as a human hair. The layers work together to reduce the temperatures between the hot and cold sides of the observatory by approximately 300ºC. Each successive layer of the sunshield, made of Kapton, is cooler than the one below. The fifth and final layer was delivered on Sept. 29, 2016 to Northrop Grumman Corporation’s Space Park facility in Redondo Beach. 149)
- “The completed sunshield membranes are the culmination of years of collaborative effort by the NeXolve, Northrop Grumman and NASA team," said James Cooper, Webb telescope Sunshield manager at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "All five layers are beautifully executed and exceed their requirements. This is another big milestone for the Webb telescope project.”
- Northrop Grumman, who also designed the Webb telescope’s optics and spacecraft bus for NASA Goddard will integrate the final flight layers into the sunshield subsystem to conduct folding and deployment testing as part of the final system validation process. The sunshield is the size of a tennis court, helping solidify the Webb telescope as the largest ever built for space. The sunshield, along with the rest of the spacecraft, will fold origami-style into an Ariane 5 rocket.
- “The five tennis court-sized sunshield membranes took more than three years to complete and represents a decade of design, development and manufacturing,” said Greg Laue, sunshield program manager at NeXolve.
Figure 105: Photo of the JWST sunshield at Northrop Grumman’s Space Park facility in Redondo Beach, California (image credit: Northrop Grumman)
• May 24, 2016: With surgical precision, two dozen engineers and technicians successfully installed the package of science instruments of the James Webb Space Telescope into the telescope structure (Figure 106). The package is the collection of cameras and spectrographs that will record the light collected by Webb’s giant golden mirror. 150)
- Inside the world’s largest clean room at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, the team crane-lifted the heavy science instrument package, lowered it into an enclosure on the back of the telescope, and secured it to the telescope.
- Now that the instruments, mirrors, and telescope structure have been assembled, the combination will go through vibration and acoustic tests in order to ensure the whole science payload will withstand the conditions of launch.
Figure 106: In this view, the James Webb Space Telescope team crane lifted the science instrument package for installation into the telescope structure (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• April 27, 2016: NASA engineers recently unveiled the giant golden mirror of NASA's JWST (James Webb Space Telescope) as part of the integration and testing of the infrared telescope. The 18 mirrors that make up the primary mirror were individually protected with a black covers when they were assembled on the telescope structure. Now, for the first time since the primary mirror was completed, the covers have been lifted. 151)
- Scientists from around the world will use this unique observatory to capture images and spectra of not only the first galaxies to appear in the early universe over 13.5 billion years ago, but also the full range of astronomical sources such as star forming nebulae, exoplanets, and even moons and planets within our own Solar System. To ensure the mirror is both strong and light, the team made the mirrors out of beryllium. Each mirror segment is about the size of a coffee table and weighs approximately 20 kg. A very fine film of vaporized gold coats each segment to improve the mirror's reflection of infrared light. The fully assembled mirror is larger than any rocket so the two sides of it fold up. Behind each mirror are several motors so that the team can focus the telescope out in space.
Figure 107: Standing tall and glimmering gold inside the NASA/GSFC clean room in Greenbelt, Maryland is the James Webb Space Telescope primary mirror. It will be the largest yet sent into space (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• March 21, 2016: After over a year of planning, nearly four months of final cryo testing and monitoring, the testing on the science instruments module of the observatory was completed. They were removed from a giant thermal vacuum chamber at NASA/GSFC in Greenbelt, Maryland called the SES (Space Environment Simulator) that duplicates the vacuum and extreme temperatures of space. The SES is a 12 m tall, 8.3 m diameter cylindrical chamber that eliminates almost all of the air with vacuum pumps and uses liquid nitrogen and even colder gaseous helium to drop the temperature. 152)
- The testing is critical because at these instrument’s final destination in space at L2, 1.5 million km away from Earth, it will operate at incredibly cold temperatures of 40 K. The science instrument modules tested consist of MIRI (Mid Infrared Instrument), jointly developed by a nationally funded European Consortium under the auspices of ESA (European Space Agency) and the JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); NIRSpec (Near Infrared Spectrometer), jointly developed by Airbus for ESA and the U.S.; FGS/NIRISS (Fine Guidance Sensor/ Near-InfraRed Imager and Slitless Spectrograph), provided by CSA (Canadian Space Agency) and developed by COM DEV International, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada; and NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera), built by a team at the University of Arizona and Lockheed Martin's Advanced Technology Center.
• March 7, 2016: The sole secondary mirror that will fly aboard NASA's James Webb Space Telescope was installed onto the telescope at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, on March 3, 2016. 153)
• Feb. 24, 2016: The year 2015 marked big progress on NASA's James Webb Space Telescope and there are still a number of large milestones before the next generation telescope is launched in 2018. Recently, all of the 18 segments of the Webb telescope primary mirror segments were installed on the observatory's backplane at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. But that's just one component of the Webb. 154)
- Over the next two years, more components of the Webb will be integrated onto the spacecraft and it will visit three more locations before launch. "From 2016 to 2018, there are installations and tests for the telescope and the telescope plus the instruments, followed by shipping to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas where end-to-end optical testing in a simulated cryo-temperature and vacuum space environment will occur," said Paul Geithner, Webb telescope manager - Technical, at NASA Goddard. “Then all the parts will be shipped to Northrop Grumman for final assembly and testing, then to French Guiana for launch.”
- The two largest parts of the observatory are the primary mirror and the tennis-court-sized sunshield. Additionally, there are four scientific instruments—cameras and spectrographs with detectors able to record extremely faint signals—that will fly aboard Webb. All four flight science instruments were integrated into the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module) in March 2014 and since have been undergoing multiple tests. However, the ISIM has not yet been added to the observatory.
- Over the next year, teams at Goddard will work to complete the telescope by installing the other optics in addition to the primary mirror segments. The other optics include installing the aft-optics subsystem or AOS, secondary mirror and both fixed and deployed radiators. Once complete, engineers will connect the Telescope and instruments together when the ISIM is attached to the observatory.
- Testing is a continuous part of the assembly process. "After the mating of the ISIM, to the Telescope there will be a room-temperature optical check before a simulated launch environment exposure," Geithner said. That means the observatory will undergo vibration and acoustic testing to ensure it can endure the sound and shaking that occurs during launch. After those tests, there is yet another room-temperature optical check.
- Once all of those milestones are accomplished, the observatory will then be prepared and flown to NASA's Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. At Johnson, the observatory will endure end-to-end optical testing in a simulated cryo-temperature and vacuum space environment in Chamber-A. Chamber-A is NASA's giant thermal vacuum chamber where the Webb telescope pathfinder or non-flight replica was tested in April 2015.
- After NASA/JSC, the Webb telescope will be then transported to Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California where engineers will connect the telescope and instruments together with the spacecraft and sunshield to form the complete Observatory. Once every component is together, more testing is done. That testing is called "Observatory-level testing." It's the last exposure to a simulated launch environment before flight and deployment testing on the whole observatory.
- What follows the flight and deployment testing is the shipping of the complete observatory to the launch site in South America where the Webb telescope is slated to launch in 2018.
• At NASA/GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center):
- Aft-Optics System installation
- Secondary mirror installation
- ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module) installation into Telescope Structure
- Metrology test of Telescope and Instruments
- Vibration test of Telescope and Instruments
- Acoustic test of Telescope and Instruments
• At NASA/JSC (Johnson Space Center):
- Optical test of Telescope and Instruments in Chamber A
• At Northrop Grumman:
- Assemble Spacecraft Element
- Finish Sunshield and Integrate into Spacecraft
- Assembling entire Observatory (Telescope and Instruments and Spacecraft)
- Observatory-level tests
- Transport to French Guiana
Table 14: A general list of milestones before launch (Ref. 154)
• February 4, 2016: The 18th and final primary mirror segment is installed on what will be the biggest and most powerful space telescope ever launched. The final mirror installati at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland marks an important milestone in the assembly of the agency’s James Webb Space Telescope. 155)
- Using a robotic arm reminiscent of a claw machine, the team meticulously installed all of Webb's primary mirror segments onto the telescope structure. Each of the hexagonal-shaped mirror segments measures just 1.3 m across with a mass of ~40 kg. Once in space and fully deployed, the 18 primary mirror segments will work together as one large 6.5 m diameter mirror.
- The mirrors were built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., in Boulder, Colorado. Ball is the principal subcontractor to Northrop Grumman for the optical technology and optical system design. The installation of the mirrors onto the telescope structure is performed by Harris Corporation, a subcontractor to Northrop Grumman. Harris Corporation leads integration and testing for the telescope.
Figure 108: In this rare view, the JWST's 18 mirrors are seen fully installed on the JWST structure at NASA/GSFC in Greenbelt (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• Dec. 28, 2015: As the year 2015 comes to an end, the assembly of the JWST reached the halfway point in the installation of the primary mirrors onto the telescope structure. Technicians have just installed the ninth of 18 primary flight mirrors onto the mirror holding backplane structure at the NASA/GSFC in Greenbelt, MD. 156)
Figure 109: This overhead photo of JWST shows the nine primary flight mirrors installed on the telescope structure in a clean room at NASA/GSFC (image credit: NASA/GSFC, Chris Gunn)
• Nov. 25, 2015: NASA has successfully installed the first of 18 flight mirrors onto the James Webb Space Telescope, beginning a critical piece of the observatory’s construction. In the clean room at NASA/GSFC this week, the engineering team used a robot arm to lift and lower the hexagonal-shaped segment that measures just over 1.3 m with a mass of ~40 kg. After being pieced together, the 18 primary mirror segments will work together as one large 6.5 m mirror. The full installation is expected to be complete early next year. 157)
Figure 110: An engineer at NAS/GSFC worked to install the first flight mirror onto the telescope structure (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• Nov. 16, 2015: Inside the clean room at NASA/GSFC, engineers successfully completed two deployments for the James Webb Space Telescope's "wings" or side portions of the backplane structure that fold up. The wings and telescope structure are essential because they make up the telescope's carbon fiber framework which will hold all 18 of the telescope's mirrors and the tower for the primary mirror.158)
- "We deploy the wings one at a time. Each individual deployment can take up to 16 hours or more to complete," said Adam Carpenter, Mechanical Integration Engineer at Goddard, as he and other engineers prepared for the move. "It is a delicate operation requiring multiple groups to perform specific tasks." Leading up to this test, engineers lined the telescope structure with cables. In space, these cables will enable the telescope to open up and will provide electrical signals to the active the mirror segments. During the wing test, however, the engineers needed to make sure the cables did not block the deployment, and so the team arranged the cables carefully.
- "The two wings of the telescope structure will eventually hold 6 of Webb's 18 primary mirror segment assemblies," said Carpenter said. "They are necessary so that the observatory can fold up in order to fit into the launch vehicle." The James Webb Space telescope, once fully assembled, will be bigger than any rocket that can launch the telescope into space. So the engineering team designed the telescope to fold like origami to fit inside its Ariane 5 rocket.
Figure 111: Engineers successfully completed two deployments for the James Webb Space Telescope's "wings" or side portions of the backplane structure that fold up (image credit: NASA)
• October 8, 2015: Northrop Grumman is reporting that the manufacturing and assembly of the JWST spacecraft structure was successfully completed July 1 at NGC's (Northrop Grumman Corporation's) Redondo Beach facility (Figure 112). 159)
- The bus must withstand a force equivalent to 45 tons while supporting the observatory during launch. The spacecraft structure integrates the system's optical telescope, sunshield, and instrument electronics and mounts the whole observatory to the Ariane 5 rocket — tasked with launching the Webb Telescope to its destination in space. To launch such a large observatory out to the L2 orbit 1.5 km away, the structure must also be of very low mass so its mass efficiency allows it to carry 64 times its own mass.
Figure 112: Photo of the JWST bus structure which is made of carbon fiber composites and houses the spacecraft propulsion, electrical power and the communication systems (image credit: NGC, NASA)
• Sept. 16, 2015: The flight structure of NASA's JWST was standing tall on a platform in the cleanroom at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland on August 30 (Figure 113). The telescope structure includes the primary mirror backplane assembly; the main backplane support fixture; and the deployable tower structure that lifts the telescope off of the spacecraft. The three arms at the top come together into a ring where the secondary mirror will reside. 160)
- Standing tall and standing up in the stowed-for-launch configuration as it appears in this photo, the complete telescope structure stretches about 8 m from its base on the roll-over fixture to the secondary mirror support at the top. There is a yellow fixture at the bottom of the telescope structure that is designed to secure the bottom of the tower until the telescope structure is mounted on the spacecraft.
- In late fall, Webb's hexagonal flight mirrors will be placed by a robotic arm onto the backplane, which will hold the hexagonal mirrors and instruments steady while the telescope is looking into deep space. Together, those 18 mirrors make up Webb's 6.5 m diameter "primary mirror." Along with the secondary, tertiary, and fine steering mirrors, this primary mirror comprises a telescope that will help scientists observe the formation of the first stars and galaxies over 13.5 billion years ago.
- In addition to the primary mirror, the backplane will also be carrying 2400 kg of telescope optics and instruments. The backplane must keep the mirrors motionless in order to get clear images far in deep space. It was engineered to remain stationary down to about 1/10,000 the diameter of a human hair (32 nm) at temperatures colder than -240°C, such as those experienced in space.
- The flight backplane arrived at Goddard after undergoing integration and testing at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems in Redondo Beach, California. ATK designed, engineered and constructed the backplane at its facilities in Magna, Utah. Once the backplane arrived, it was inspected by engineers and then set upright using a giant crane in the clean room.
Figure 113: Photo of the JWST in the cleanroom of NASA/GSFC (image credit: NASA, C. Gunn)
• August 12, 2015: The sunshield on NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is the largest part of the observatory—five layers of thin, silvery membrane that must unfurl reliably in space. The precision in which the tennis-court sized sunshield has to open must be no more than a few centimeters different from its planned position (Figure 114). 161)
- The sunshield separates the observatory into a warm sun-facing side and a cold side where the sunshine is blocked from interfering with the sensitive infrared instruments. The infrared instruments need to be kept very cold (under 50 K to operate. The sunshield protects these sensitive instruments with an effective SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of 1,000,000. A sunscreen generally has an SPF of 8 to 50.
Figure 114: In this photo, engineers and scientists examine the sunshield layers on this full-sized test unit. Because there's a layer of the shiny silver material on the base under the five layers of the sunshield, it appears as if the sunshield has a mouth that is "open wide" while engineers take a look. The photo was taken in a clean room at Northrop Grumman Corporation, Redondo Beach, California.. (image credit: NASA)
• Summer 2015: The JWST team has just successfully completed the first of three planned, large-scale pathfinder tests at the Chamber A facility at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. These tests are designed to verify the operation of the support and test equipment as well as check critical alignment and test procedures, train personnel, and improve test efficiency in preparation for the final, full scale flight testing of JWST scheduled for Winter, 2016-2017. 162)
- This first pathfinder test, denoted OGSE1 (Optical Ground Support Equipment test 1), incorporated an engineering version of the JWST composite backplane (the mounting and support system for the telescope), two spares of the eighteen primary mirror segments and a flight spare secondary mirror and support structure.
- The next pathfinder test (OGSE2 - currently scheduled for Fall, 2015) will add the flight AOS (Aft-Optics-System) incorporating the flight tertiary and fine steering mirrors as well as a set of precisely located sources ASPA (AOS Source Plate Assembly) which will be imaged through the telescope system.
- A third, primarily thermal model validation pathfinder, is scheduled for testing in spring 2016.
• April 20, 2015: Inside NASA's giant thermal vacuum chamber, called Chamber A, at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, the James Webb Space Telescope's Pathfinder backplane test model, is being prepared for its cryogenic test. Previously used for manned spaceflight missions, this historic chamber is now filled with engineers and technicians preparing for a crucial test. Exelis developed and installed the optical test equipment in the chamber. 163)
- "This will be the first time on the program that we will be aligning two primary mirror segments together," said Lee Feinberg, NASA Optical Telescope Element Manager. "In the past, we have always tested one mirror at a time, but this time we will use a single test system and align both mirrors to it as though they are a single monolithic mirror."
Figure 115: Photo of the JWST telescope pathfinder backplane test model in Chamber A at NASA/JSC (Johnson Space Center) in Houston (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• March 17-18, 2015: John Durning, JWST Deputy Program Manager, presented a current general status of the JWST project at the Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting . He remarked that the schedule is healthy, with 10 months of critical path slack. The milestones are such that a lot of hardware will be delivered in FY16. Almost all hardware has passed critical design review (CDR). There was a late thermal challenge with the radiator, but that is catching up. The mission is deep into building and testing at this point. 164) 165)
- OTE (Optical Telescope Element): The flight telescope build begins in August 2015. All flight backplane components are built and are at Northrop Grumman for integration.
- The sunshield is making good progress and the team has done a practice deployment, including integration onto a practice spacecraft. There is a lot of testing and verification going on, as this is a key risk reduction activity. The flight membranes are in varying levels of completion.
- Four instruments make up the ISIM payload: the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) from Canada, the MIRI from Europe, the Near Infra-Red Camera (NIRCam), and the Near Infra-Red Spectrometer (NIRSpec). The spacecraft is not as far along in integration and testing, but the components are coming together.
- There will be three risk reductions tests this year for the Optical Telescope and ISIM (OTIS). Each test establishes the procedures and processes for higher- level assembly, giving confidence that the procedures work.
- Two of the three MIRI cryocooler components have been delivered, but the compressor assembly is taking longer than expected. Still, it should be delivered to JPL this summer. On the NIRSpec microshutter control electronics, there was a shorted wire during testing. The team is therefore rebuilding the affected board and the adjacent board; these will be delivered next month. The NIRCam detector system tests found that two of the four detector chips on one of the instrument channels had anomalous readings. Replacement of those units will be completed by the end of the month.
Figure 116: Simplified schedule of the JWST project (image credit: NASA, John Durning)
• The Figure 117 is a photo of the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module), released by ESA on March 2, 2015. ISIM is a structure containing the four science infrared instruments of JWST. The JWST team hit a milestone in the summer of 2014 as all four science instruments passed their cryogenic testing in this chamber, the SES (Space Environment Simulator). The three near-infrared units were cooled to around –233°C, while the MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) reached an even lower –266°C, for a total of 116 days. 166)
Figure 117: The gold-colored structure is the ISIM inside the Goddard Thermal Vacuum Chamber (image credit: NASA/GSFC, C. Gunn)
Legend to Figure 117: The photographer, wielding a torch at the bottom of the SES, took his picture of ISM prior to the cooling test in 2014.
• Oct. 21, 2014: After 116 days of being subjected to extremely frigid temperatures like that in space, the heart of the James Webb Space Telescope, the ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module) and its sensitive instruments, emerged unscathed from the thermal vacuum chamber at NASA/GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) in Greenbelt, Maryland. 167)
- SES (Space Environment Simulator) is the name of the massive thermal vacuum chamber, that duplicates the vacuum and extreme temperatures of space. SES is a cylindrical chamber of 12 m in height and 8.3 m in diameter which was kept at a temperature of 40 K during the ISIM test. SES eliminates the tiniest trace of air with vacuum pumps and uses liquid nitrogen and even colder liquid helium to drop the temperature simulating the space environment.
- These tests were conducted to make sure that when JWST cools down in space, the four instruments of ISIM are still positioned meticulously so that when light enters the telescope, it is captured in the right way. Paul Geithner, the JWST deputy project manger, commented: "The biggest stress for this telescope will be when it cools down. When the telescope structure goes from room temperature to its super cold operating temperature (of ~ 35 K), it will see more stress from shrinkage than it will from violent vibration during launch.”
- Once the test was completed, the team warmed up the chamber, and completed the final functional test and a series of data analyses before they opened up the chamber.
Figure 118: A crane lifts ISIM, the heart of the JWST, from the Goddard Thermal Vacuum Chamber where it spent 116 days in a space-like environment (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• In July 2014, the sunshield of JWST was fully and successfully tested for the first time, at a cleanroom in the Northrop Grumman facility in Redondo Beach, CA, USA. 168) 169)
The Sunshield is the largest part of the Webb telescope (about the size of a tennis court). The five layers of thin membrane called Kapton, that feels like a Mylar balloon, must unfurl reliably in space like a parasol. The sunshield provides a cold-side stable environment of < 50 K to permit in particular top quality measurements of the instruments in the far infrared region of the spectrum. - The Sunshield will be folded up like an umbrella around the Webb telescope’s mirrors and instruments during launch. Once it reaches its orbit, the Webb telescope will receive a command from Earth to unfold, and separate the sunshield's five layers into their precisely stacked arrangement with its kite-like shape.
Thanks to the sunshield, these low temperatures are reached passively, without the help of any active cooling system, by re-radiating the sun's heat into deep space. Just one of JWST's instruments, MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), will be cooled even further by a dedicated cryogenic cooler, reaching around 7 K (–266 ºC ). Although parts of JWST will reach such low temperatures, the shield will create a thermal barrier so that on JWST’s ‘hot’ side, the spacecraft electronics can work at room temperature.
Figure 119: Photo of the fully deployed sunshield in the Northrop Grumman cleanroom (image credit: NASA, Chris Gunn)
• During the summer of 2014, a milestone event in the JWST test program is underway: the first of two cryo-verification tests of the complete ISIM (Integrated Science Instrument Module). Pumpdown for this critical test began a few weeks ago in Goddard’s largest thermal-vacuum chamber, the SES (Space Environment Simulator). The team expects the test will continue for about 110 days. 170)
• In August 2014, the central piece of the “pathfinder” backplane that will hold all the mirrors for JWST, has arrived at the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for critical assembly testing on vital parts of the mammoth telescope. 171)
• In July 2014, the JWST has reached another development milestone with the completion of static load testing of its primary mirror backplane support structure (PMBSS) moving the telescope one step closer to its 2018 launch. The PMBSS is the stable platform that holds the telescope's science instruments and the 18 beryllium mirror-segments that form the 6.5 m diameter primary mirror nearly motionless while the telescope peers into deep space. The primary mirror is the largest mirror in the telescope — the one starlight will hit first. 172)
• In January 2014, JWST has passed its first significant mission milestone for 2014, the SCDR (Spacecraft Critical Design Review) that examined the telescope's power, communications and pointing control systems. 173) 174) 175)
During the SCDR, the details, designs, construction and testing plans, and the spacecraft's operating procedures were subjected to rigorous review by an independent panel of experts. The week-long review involved extensive discussions on all aspects of the spacecraft to ensure the plans to finish construction would result in a vehicle that enables the powerful telescope and science instruments to deliver their unique and invaluable views of the universe.
Introduction of JWST spinoff technologies:
In the timeframe 2010/12, new technologies developed for NASA's JWST (James Webb Space Telescope) have already been adapted and applied to commercial applications in various industries including optics, aerospace, astronomy, medical and materials. Some of these technologies can be explored for use and licensed through NASA's Office of the Chief Technologist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. - Note: NASA's JWST is also simply referred to as the Webb. 176) 177)
1) Optics Industry: Telescopes, Cameras and More
The optics industry has been the beneficiary of a new stitching technique that is an improved method for measuring large aspheres. An asphere is a lens whose surface profiles are not portions of a sphere or cylinder. In photography, a lens assembly that includes an aspheric element is often called an aspherical lens.
Stitching is a method of combining several measurements of a surface into a single measurement by digitally combining the data as though it has been "stitched" together.
Because NASA depends on the fabrication and testing of large, high-quality aspheric (nonspherical) optics for applications like the JWST, it sought an improved method for measuring large aspheres. Through SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) awards from NASA/GSFC, QED Technologies, of Rochester, New York, upgraded and enhanced its stitching technology for aspheres.
QED developed the SSI-A® (Subaperture Stitching Interferometer for Aspheres) metrology technology, which earned the company an "R and D 100" award, and also developed a breakthrough machine tool called the aspheric stitching interferometer. The equipment is applied to advanced optics in telescopes, microscopes, cameras, medical scopes, binoculars, and photolithography.
2) Aerospace and Astronomy
In the aerospace and astronomy industries, the JWST program gave 4D Technology its first commercial contract to develop the PhaseCam interferometer system, which measures the quality of the JWST telescope's mirror segments in a cryogenic vacuum environment. This is a new way of using interferometers in the aerospace sector.
• The PhaseCam interferometer verified that the surfaces of the JWST telescope's mirror segments were as close to perfect as possible, and that they will remain that way in the cold vacuum of space. To test the Webb mirror segments, they were placed in a "cryovac" environment, where air is removed by a vacuum pump and temperatures are dropped to the extreme cold of deep space that the space craft will experience. A new dynamic interferometric technique with very short exposures that are not smeared by vibration was necessary to perform these measurements to the accuracy required, particularly in the high-vibration environment caused by the vacuum chamber's pumps. - The interferometer resulting from this NASA partnership can be used to evaluate future mirrors that need to be tested in vacuum chambers where vibration is a problem.
• Restoring Hubble: Integrated circuits used in camera repair. Webb investments in cryogenic ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) led to the development of the ASICs that are now flying on the Hubble Space Telescope. This is a unique example of “future heritage”: a program in development (Webb) invented a technology for a program well into the operations phase (Hubble). Webb’s investments into this technology allowed the ASICs to be programmable, which was important in the repair of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys that has produced stunning views of our universe.
• Astronomical Detectors: The benefits of the near-infrared detectors developed for Webb’s instruments have already spread far and wide in the world of science. “Infrared sensors based on the technology developed for Webb are now the universal choice for astronomical observations, both from space and the ground,” said Dr. James Beletic, Senior Director at Teledyne. This technology is also being used for Earth science and national security missions. An early pathfinder version of Webb’s HAWAII-2RG 4 Megapixel array has been used in several NASA missions including Hubble, Deep Impact/EPOXI, WISE, and the OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2), and the HAWAII-2RG is already in use at dozens of ground-based observatories around the world. The availability of these high-performance detectors developed for Webb has been critical to a breathtaking collection of missions, both present and future (Ref. 177).
3) Medical Industry: Eye Health
New "wavefront" optical measurement devices and techniques were created for making the JWST telescope mirrors. Those have led to spinoffs in the medical industry where precise measurements are critical in eye health, for example.
• The technology came about to accurately measure the JWST primary mirror segments during manufacturing. Scientists at AMO WaveFront Sciences, LLC of Albuquerque, N.M. developed a new "wavefront" measurement device called a Scanning Shack Hartmann Sensor.
• The optical measuring technology developed for the JWST, called "wavefront sensing" has been applied to the measurement of the human eye and allowed for significant improvements.
• "The Webb telescope program has enabled a number of improvements in measurement of human eyes, diagnosis of ocular diseases and potentially improved surgery," said Dan Neal, Director of Research and Development AMO (Abbott Medical Optics Inc.) in Albuquerque, N.M. The Webb improvements have enabled eye doctors to get much more detailed information about the shape and "topography" of the eye in seconds rather than hours.
4) Materials Industry: Measuring Strength
The JWST technologies have opened the door to better measurement in testing the strength of composite materials. Measuring strain in composite materials is the same as measuring how much they change in certain environments. Measuring step heights allows one to understand very small changes in a surface profile and doing all of this at high speed allows the device to work even in the presence of vibration that would normally blur the results.
"Technology developed for the Webb telescope has also helped 4D Technologies, Inc. to develop unique technology to measure strain in composite materials, to measure step heights in precision machined surfaces, and for high speed wavefront detection," said James Millerd, President, 4D Technology Corporation, Tucson, AZ.
The Webb telescope technologies have also been beneficial to the economy. The technologies have enabled private sector companies such as 4D to generate significant revenue and create high-skill jobs. Much of 4D's growth from a two man start-up to over 35 people can be traced to projects originally developed for the telescope. 4D has also been able to adapt these technologies for a wide range of applications within the astronomy, aerospace, semiconductor and medical industries.
Feature Stories of the Solar System and Beyond
• December 16, 2020: Forming solar systems are a bit unkempt—a profusion of gas and dust, and an array of molecules orbits a star that's still gathering material. Over time, some of the dust bumps into one another, forming larger and larger particles until planets begin forming. Researchers know quite a bit about the outer regions of these planet-forming disks, but the inner areas, extending about as far as Saturn in our solar system, and the forming planets they may contain aren't yet well studied. NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's specialization in mid-infrared light, specifically its collection of data known as spectra, will help researchers model what's going on at the centers of these systems with unprecedented detail. 178)
- We live in a mature solar system—eight planets and several dwarf planets (like Pluto) have formed, the latter within the rock- and debris-filled region known as the Kuiper Belt. If we could turn back time, what would we see as our solar system formed? While we can’t answer this question directly, researchers can study other systems that are actively forming—along with gas and dust that encircles their still-forming stars—to learn about this process.
- A team led by Dr. Thomas Henning of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, will employ NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope to survey more than 50 planet-forming disks in various stages of growth to determine which molecules are present and ideally pinpoint similarities, helping to shape what we know about how solar systems assemble.
- Their research with Webb will specifically focus on the inner disks of relatively nearby, forming systems. Although information about these regions has been obtained by previous telescopes, none match Webb's sensitivity, which means many more details will pour in for the first time. Plus, Webb's space-based location about a million miles (1.5 million kilometers) from Earth will give it an unobstructed view of its targets. "Webb will provide unique data that we can't get any other way," said Inga Kamp of the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. "Its observations will provide molecular inventories of the inner disks of these solar systems."
- This research program will primarily gather data in the form of spectra. Spectra are like rainbows—they spread out light into its component wavelengths to reveal high-resolution information about the temperatures, speeds, and compositions of the gas and dust. This incredibly rich information will allow the researchers to construct far more detailed models of what is present in the inner disks—and where. "If you apply a model to these spectra, you can find out where molecules are located and what their temperatures are," Henning explained.
- These observations will be incredibly valuable in helping the researchers pinpoint similarities and differences among these planet-forming disks, which are also known as protoplanetary disks. "What can we learn from spectroscopy that we can't learn from imaging? Everything!" Ewine van Dishoeck of Leiden University in the Netherlands exclaimed. "One spectrum is worth a thousand images."
Figure 120: Protoplanetary Disk Around the Dwarf Star PDS 70. PDS 70 is approximately 370 light-years away and features a large gap in its inner ring. The European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope provided the first clear image of a planet forming around the central star in 2018. The planet is a bright point to the right of the center of the image. The central star is black since its light was blocked by an instrument known as a coronagraph. A second planet has also been detected. This system is a future target of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (image credit: ESO/A. Müller et al.)
A 'Mountain' of New Data
- Researchers have long studied protoplanetary disks in a variety of wavelengths of light, from radio to near-infrared. Some of the team's existing data are from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, which collects radio light. ALMA excels at constructing images of the outer disks. If you were to compare the span of their outer disks to the size of our Solar System, this region is past Saturn's orbit. Webb's data will complete the picture by helping researchers model the inner disks.
- Some data already exist about these inner disks—NASA's retired Spitzer Space Telescope served as a pathfinder—but Webb's sensitivity and resolution are required to identify the precise quantities of each molecule as well as the elemental compositions of the gas with its data, known as spectra. "What used to be a very blurry peak in the spectrum will consist of hundreds if not thousands of detailed spectral lines," van Dishoeck said.
- Webb's specialty in mid-infrared light is particularly important. It will enable researchers to identify the "fingerprints" of molecules like water, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia—which can't be identified with any other existing instruments. The observatory will also determine how starlight impacts the chemistry and physical structures of the disks.
- Protoplanetary disks are complex systems. As they form, their mix of gas and dust is distributed into rings across the system. Their materials travel from the outer disk to the inner disk—but how? "The inner portion of the disk is a very dynamic place," explains Tom Ray of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies in Ireland. "It's not only where terrestrial-type planets form, but it's also where supersonic jets are launched by the star."
- Jets emitted by the star lead to a mixing of elements in the inner and outer disks, both by sending out particles and permitting other particles to move inward. "We think that as material leaves, it loses its spin, or angular momentum, and that this allows other material to move inward," Ray continued. "These exchanges of material will obviously impact the chemistry of the inner disk, which we’re excited to explore with Webb."
Exciting Insights Await
- One of the research team's targets is TW Hydrae, which lies 196 light-years from Earth. This protoplanetary disk is close enough for Webb to image—which it will do while blocking the star to more clearly identify forming planets. It will also return a slew of spectra to detail the molecules in its inner disk. Existing data show a prominent inner area cleared of debris, which is where planets may be forming. Henning's team hopes to identify and characterize them with Webb.
- PDS 70 is farther at 370 light-years away. It also has a large gap in its inner ring, plus data have revealed that two forming planets, known as protoplanets, are present and gathering material. "Webb's mid-infrared measurements will help us refine what we know about them, as well as the material around them," Kamp explained.
- With dozens of targets on their list, it's difficult for team members to play favorites. "I love them all," Henning said. "One question I'd like to answer concerns the connection between the composition of planet-forming disks and the planets themselves. With Webb, we will observe far more detail about which types of material are available for a potential planet to accrete."
- After refining the data, his team will apply the discrete data points to models. "This will allow us to do a graphic reconstruction of these systems," he continued. These models will be shared with the astronomical community, enabling other scientists to examine the data, and make their own projections or glean new findings. These studies will be conducted through a Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) program.
• November 18, 2020: Dust may seem insignificant, but it plays a huge role in the universe, from the formation of stars and planets to facilitating the complex chemistry that becomes the stuff of life—including us. Big questions like “How did we get here?” come down to dust, and yet the origin and formation process of cosmic dust has eluded scientists. Astronomers refer to the unexplained abundance of dust in galaxies as the “dust budget crisis.” It is a mystery that astronomers are excited to get to work solving using the specialized technology of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. 179)
- Discovering too much money in your bank account may not be what you would call a "crisis," but it would still be unexpected and you should figure out how it got there. Astronomers find themselves in a similar position when calculating the amount of dust galaxies should have; there is more dust than expected, and they don’t know where it’s coming from. This matters because cosmic dust is essential to the function of the universe: it shelters forming stars, becomes part of planets, and can contain the organic compounds that lead to life as we know it. Dust led to us.
- "What we refer to as the 'dust budget crisis' is the major problem in astronomy of not being able to account for all the dust that's observed in galaxies, both in the nearby and distant, early universe," says Ryan Lau of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Lau is leading an Director's Discretionary-Early Release Science Program with NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope to study dust-producing Wolf-Rayet binary stars.
- Wolf-Rayet stars are very hot and very bright. There is evidence that Wolf-Rayet stars, through interactions with a companion star, produce large amounts of dust in a distinctive pinwheel pattern as the two stars orbit each other and their stellar winds collide. It is possible that these binary-star systems account for a large percentage of a galaxy's "dust budget." However, the intense luminosity and heat coming from the Wolf-Rayet stars has made it difficult to study the faint, more diffuse dust of these systems. This is where Webb comes in.
- "Webb has an unprecedented combination of spatial resolution and sensitivity in mid-infrared wavelengths that is really what enables us to conduct these interesting observations," Lau says. "We can achieve the spatial resolution from ground-based telescopes, but lack the sensitivity that Webb can achieve from its observing location in space, without the interference of Earth's atmosphere. Conversely, with previous infrared space-based telescopes like NASA’s Spitzer mission, we could achieve the sensitivity but lacked the spatial resolution."
Figure 121: Evidence indicates that large amounts of cosmic dust are produced as the stellar winds of massive stars collide in Wolf-Rayet binary or multiple-star systems. As the stars orbit each other and dust is produced, a distinctive pinwheel pattern is formed, as shown in this image from the European Southern Observatory. Warm dust like this glows in the mid-infrared wavelengths of light detectable by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Confirming the origin of dust will help account for the mysterious over-abundance of it found in galaxies, which is crucial to the later development of stars, planets, and life as we know it (image credit: ESO)
Targeting Two Dust Factories
- Lau and the Director's Discretionary-Early Release Science (DD-ERS) team will use Webb to study two Wolf-Rayet binary systems, using the telescope's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS). The WR140 binary system has been studied extensively in many wavelengths of light and so will provide a good baseline for gauging Webb's best observing modes for this kind of cosmic subject. Another Wolf-Rayet binary, WR137, will experience its stars’ closest approach to each other—when the most dust is thought to be produced—early in Webb's mission when the DD-ERS program observations are scheduled.
- Beyond new discoveries about the formation and chemical composition of dust, the DD-ERS program also will be among the first opportunities astronomers have to test out best practices for Webb’s instruments and processing the data it delivers.
- "This DD-ERS program will look at the best ways to maximize Webb’s dynamic range—the difference between the brightest and faintest objects it observes—and that will be useful to the astronomy community in many ways in the future; for example, in studying the dusty disk surrounding the bright center of an active galaxy, or finding a planet orbiting a bright star,” says Mansi Kasliwal, another astronomer on the DD-ERS team. Kasliwal led the laboratory at the California Institute of Technology where Lau performed his post-doctoral research on Wolf-Rayet binaries and developed the proposal for the DD-ERS program.
- Both Lau and Kasliwal agree that while the open question of how cosmic dust is created and disseminated throughout the universe is a fascinating one, it is really a stepping stone toward answering one of the biggest questions ever posed: How did we get here? As far as we know, Earth is an island of life in the universe, and in seeking to understand something as seemingly remote as cosmic dust, Lau says that we are ultimately seeking to understand ourselves. "Understanding the formation of dust is critical for us to trace our own cosmic origins," Lau says. "Webb is one of the most powerful scientific tools ever built in the quest to find answers to these fundamental questions."
• October 28, 2020: Beyond the orbit of Neptune, a diverse collection of thousands of dwarf planets and other relatively small objects dwells in a region called the Kuiper Belt. These often-pristine leftovers from our solar system's days of planet formation are called Kuiper Belt Objects, or Trans-Newtonian Objects. NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope will examine an assortment of these icy bodies in a series of programs called Guaranteed Time Observations shortly after its launch in 2021. The goal is to learn more about how our solar system formed. 180)
- "These are objects that are in the graveyard of solar system formation," explained Cornell University's Jonathan Lunine, a Webb Interdisciplinary Scientist who will use Webb to study some of these targets. "They're in a place where they could last for billions of years, and there aren't many places like that in our solar system. We'd love to know what they're like."
- By studying these bodies, Lunine and his colleagues hope to learn about which ices were present in the early solar system. These are the coldest worlds to display geologic and atmospheric activity, so scientists are also interested in comparing them with the planets.
- Kuiper Belt Objects are very cold and faint, yet they glow in infrared light, which is at wavelengths beyond what our human eyes can see. Webb is specifically designed to detect infrared light. To study these distant objects, scientists mainly will use a technique called spectroscopy, which divides light into its individual colors to determine the properties of materials that interact with that light.
Figure 122: Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are two of the best-known residents of the Kuiper Belt. This composite of enhanced color images of Pluto (lower right) and Charon (upper left), was taken by NASA's New Horizons spacecraft as it passed through the Pluto system on July 14, 2015. The color and brightness of both Pluto and Charon have been processed identically to allow direct comparison of their surfaces, and to highlight the similarity between Charon's polar red terrain and Pluto's equatorial red terrain. Pluto and Charon are shown with approximately correct relative sizes, but their true separation is not to scale (image credits: NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI)
A Wide Assortment
- The denizens of the Kuiper Belt come in various shapes and sizes. Some reside in pairs or multiples, while others have rings or moons. They exhibit a wide range of colors, which may indicate different formation histories or different exposure to sunlight.
- "Some seem to be redder in color, others are bluer. Why is that?" said Heidi Hammel, a Webb Interdisciplinary Scientist for solar system observations. She is also Vice President for Science at the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) in Washington, D.C. "Using Webb, we will be able to get information about surface chemistry that might be able to give us some clues into why there are these different populations in the Kuiper Belt."
Figure 123: This global color mosaic of Neptune's moon Triton, likely a captured KBO, was taken in 1989 by Voyager 2 during its flyby of the Neptune system. Triton is by far the largest satellite of Neptune (image credits: NASA/JPL/USGS)
Kicked out of the Club
- Between Jupiter and Neptune, and crossing the orbit of one or more of the giant planets, lies a different population of objects called centaurs. These are small solar system bodies that have been ejected from the Kuiper Belt. In addition to observing current Kuiper Belt Objects, these Webb programs will study such solar system bodies that have been "kicked out of the club." These former Kuiper Belt Objects have orbits that have been dramatically disturbed, bringing them significantly closer to the Sun.
- "Because they cross the orbits of Neptune, Uranus, and Saturn, centaurs are short-lived. So they are typically only around for about 10 million years," explained John Stansberry of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. Stansberry is leading a different team that will use Webb to study Kuiper Belt Objects. "By that point, they have an interaction with one of the major planets that's very strong, and they either get thrown into the Sun or thrown out of the solar system."
- Another body that Webb will study is Neptune's moon Triton. The largest of the ice giant's 13 moons, Triton shares many similarities with Pluto. "Even though it's Neptune's moon, we have evidence to suggest that it is a Kuiper Belt Object that got too close to Neptune sometime in its past, and it was captured into orbit around Neptune," said Hammel. "Triton was studied by the Voyager 2 probe in 1989. That spacecraft data will provide us very important 'ground truth' for our Webb observations of Kuiper Belt Objects."
A Sampling of the Targets
- Here is a small sampling of some of the dozens of current and former Kuiper Belt Objects that Webb will observe:
a) Pluto and Charon: The dwarf planet Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are two of the most well-known residents of the Kuiper Belt. Pluto boasts an atmosphere, haze, and seasons. It has geologic activity on its surface and may have an ocean in its interior. In addition to Charon, it hosts four other moons: Nix, Hydra, Styx, and Kerberos. The Webb data will complement the observations made by NASA's New Horizons spacecraft when it flew by the Pluto system in 2015.
b) Eris: Nearly the size of Pluto, Eris is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the solar system. At its farthest point, mysterious Eris is more than 97 times as far from the Sun as the Earth is. Because of its distance, it is difficult to observe, but Webb will tell scientists quite a bit about what kinds of ices are on its surface.
c)- Sedna: With its deep red hue, Sedna is actually located beyond the main Kuiper Belt. It takes approximately 11,400 years to complete one orbit, and the farthest point of that highly elongated orbit is estimated to be 940 times Earth's distance from the Sun.
d) Haumea: This large, rapidly spinning body is egg-shaped, and scientists would like to know why. In addition to moons, it also seems to have a ring system. With Webb, scientists hope to learn more about how those rings formed.
e) Chariklo: The largest centaur, Chariklo is also the first asteroid found to have a ring system. It was the fifth ring system found in our solar system—after Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune. The rings are believed to be between two and four miles wide.
- Another program, called a Target of Opportunity, will observe a Kuiper Belt Object passing in front of a star, if such an alignment should occur during the first two years of Webb's lifetime. Called an occultation, this type of observation can reveal an object's size.
- The few spacecraft that have flown by Kuiper Belt Objects could only study these intriguing objects for a very short period of time. With Webb, astronomers can target more Kuiper Belt Objects over an extended time. The result will be new insights into our solar system's earliest history.
• July 31 2020: NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope will have a challenging early assignment in the solar system: observe the largest, fastest-rotating planet—Jupiter—as well as its faint rings and two of the four Galilean satellites: icy Ganymede and fiery Io. In addition to laying groundwork for the rest of Webb’s mission, the ambitious program should yield new scientific insights, not only into the Jovian system, but also the geological history of Earth and exoplanet science. 181)
Jupiter, named for the king of the ancient Roman gods, commands its own mini-version of our solar system of circling satellites; their movements convinced Galileo Galilei that Earth is not the center of the universe in the early 17th century. More than 400 years later, astronomers will use NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to observe these famous subjects, pushing the observatory’s instruments to their fullest capabilities and laying the groundwork for far-reaching scientific discovery.
A diverse team of more than 40 researchers, led by astronomers Imke de Pater of the University of California, Berkeley and Thierry Fouchet of the Observatoire de Paris, have designed an ambitious observing program that will conduct some of Webb’s first scientific observations in the solar system—studying Jupiter, its ring system, and two of its moons: Ganymede and Io.
“It will be a really challenging experiment,” said de Pater. “Jupiter is so bright, and Webb’s instruments are so sensitive, that observing both the bright planet and its fainter rings and moons will be an excellent test of how to get the most out of Webb’s innovative technology.”
Figure 124: Jupiter and Io. The moon Io orbits Jupiter in this image from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. Io is similar in size to Earth’s moon. Jupiter and Io appear deceptively close in this image, when in fact the moon is orbiting 217,000 miles from the gas giant planet (image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)
Jupiter: In addition to calibrating Webb’s instruments for Jupiter’s brightness, astronomers must also take into account the planet’s rotation, because Jupiter completes one day in only 10 hours. Several images must be stitched together in a mosaic to fully capture a certain area—the famous storm known as the Great Red Spot, for example—a task made more difficult when the object itself is moving. While many telescopes have studied Jupiter and its storms, Webb’s large mirror and powerful instruments will provide new insights.
We know that the immediate atmosphere above the Great Red Spot is colder than other areas of Jupiter, but at higher altitudes, in the mesosphere, the atmosphere appears to be warmer. We will use Webb to investigate this phenomenon,” de Pater said.
Webb will also examine the atmosphere of the polar region, where NASA’s Juno spacecraft discovered clusters of cyclones. Webb’s spectroscopic data will provide much more detail than has been possible in past observations, measuring winds, cloud particles, gas composition, and temperature.
Future solar system observations of the giant planets with Webb will benefit from the lessons learned in these early observations of the Jovian system. The team is tasked with developing methods for working with Webb observations of solar system planets, which can be used later by other scientists.
Rings: All four of the gas giant planets of the solar system have rings, with Saturn’s being the most prominent. Jupiter’s ring system is composed of three parts: a flat main ring; a halo inside the main ring, shaped like a double-convex lens; and the gossamer ring, exterior to the main ring. Jupiter’s ring system is exceptionally faint because the particles that make up the rings are so small and sparse that they do not reflect much light. Next to the brightness of the planet they practically disappear, presenting a challenge for astronomers.
“We are really pushing the capabilities of some of Webb’s instruments to the limit to get a unique new set of observations,” said co-investigator Michael Wong of the University of California, Berkeley. The team will test observing strategies to deal with Jupiter’s scattered light, and build models for use by other astronomers, including those studying exoplanets orbiting bright stars.
The team will look to make new discoveries in the rings as well. De Pater noted that there may be undiscovered “ephemeral moonlets” in the dynamic ring system, and potential ripples in the ring from comet impacts, like those observed and traced back to the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1994.
Ganymede: Several features of icy Ganymede make it fascinating for astronomers. Aside from being the largest moon in the solar system, and larger even than the planet Mercury, it is the only moon known to have its own magnetic field. The team will investigate the very outer parts of Ganymede’s atmosphere, its exosphere, to better understand the moon’s interaction with particles in Jupiter’s magnetic field.
There is also evidence that Ganymede may have a liquid saltwater ocean beneath its thick surface ice, which Webb will investigate with detailed spectroscopic study of surface salts and other compounds. The team’s experience studying Ganymede’s surface may be useful in the future study of other icy solar system moons suspected of having subsurface oceans, including Saturn’s moon Enceladus and fellow Jovian satellite Europa.
Io: In dramatic contrast to Ganymede is the other moon the team will study, Io, the most volcanically active world in the solar system. The dynamic surface is covered with hundreds of huge volcanoes that would dwarf those on Earth, as well as lakes of molten lava and smooth floodplains of solidified lava. Astronomers plan to use Webb to learn more about the effects of Io’s volcanoes on its atmosphere.
“There is still much we don’t know about Io’s atmospheric temperature structure, because we haven’t had the data to distinguish the temperature at different altitudes,” said de Pater. “On Earth we take for granted that as you hike up a mountain, the air gets cooler—would it be the same on Io? Right now we don’t know, but Webb may help us to find out.”
Another mystery Webb will investigate on Io is the existence of “stealth volcanoes,” which emit plumes of gas without the light-reflecting dust that can be detected by spacecraft like NASA’s Voyager and Galileo missions, and so have thus far gone undetected. Webb’s high spatial resolution will be able to isolate individual volcanoes that previously would have appeared as one large hotspot, allowing astronomers to gather detailed data on Io’s geology.
Webb will also provide unprecedented data on the temperature of Io’s hotspots, and determine if they are closer to volcanism on Earth today, or if they have a much higher temperature, similar to the environment on Earth in the early years after its formation. Previous observations by the Galileo mission and ground observatories have hinted at these high temperatures; Webb will follow up on that research and provide new evidence that may settle the question.
Team Effort: Webb’s detailed observations will not supplant those of other observatories, but rather coordinate with them, Wong explained. “Webb’s spectroscopic observations will cover just a small area of the planet, so global views from ground-based observatories can show how the detailed Webb data fit in with what’s happening on a larger scale, similar to how Hubble and the Gemini Observatory provide context for Juno’s narrow, close-up observations.”
In turn, Webb’s study of Jupiter’s storms and atmosphere will complement Juno data, including radio signals from lightning, which Webb does not detect. “No one observatory or spacecraft can do it all,” Wong said, “so we are very excited about combining data from multiple observatories to tell us much more than we could learn from only a single source.”
This research is being conducted as part of a Webb Early Release Science (ERS) program. This program provides time to selected projects early in the observatory’s mission, allowing researchers to quickly learn how best to use Webb’s capabilities, while also yielding robust science.
The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world’s premier space science observatory when it launches in 2021. Webb will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.
Mapping the Early Universe with NASA's Webb Telescope
• June 24, 2020: Astronomers and engineers have designed telescopes, in part, to be "time travelers." The farther away an object is, the longer its light takes to reach Earth. Peering back in time is one reason why NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope specializes in collecting infrared light: These longer wavelengths, which were initially emitted by stars and galaxies as ultraviolet light more than 13 billion years ago, have stretched, or redshifted, into infrared light as they traveled toward us through the expanding universe. 182) 183)
Although many other observatories, including NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, have previously created "deep fields" by staring at small areas of the sky for significant chunks of time, the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey, led by Steven L. Finkelstein of the University of Texas at Austin, will be one of the first for Webb. He and his research team will spend just over 60 hours pointing the telescope at a slice of the sky known as the Extended Groth Strip, which was observed as part of Hubble's Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey or CANDELS.
"With Webb, we want to do the first reconnaissance for galaxies even closer to the big bang," Finkelstein said. "It is absolutely not possible to do this research with any other telescope. Webb is able to do remarkable things at wavelengths that have been difficult to observe in the past, on the ground or in space."
Mark Dickinson of the National Science Foundation's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory in Arizona, and one of the CEERS Survey co-investigators, gives a nod to Hubble while also looking forward to Webb's observations. "Surveys like the Hubble Deep Field have allowed us to map the history of cosmic star formation in galaxies within a half a billion years of the big bang all the way to the present in surprising detail," he said. "With CEERS, Webb will look even farther to add new data to those surveys."
Figure 125: The CEERS Survey researchers will use the James Webb Space Telescope to observe the Extended Groth Strip in infrared light. Their observations employ three of the telescope’s instruments and will provide both images and spectra of the objects in the field — which includes at least 50,000 galaxies — helping to expand what we know about galaxies in the very early universe [image credits: NASA, ESA, and M. Davis (University of California, Berkeley)]
Delivering the Unseen
What was the early universe like? There are certainly many data points, but not enough to create an exhaustive census of its conditions. Plus, researchers' knowledge and assumptions are updated frequently — each time a new deep exposure is released. "Every time we look farther, we find galaxies earlier and earlier than we thought possible," said CEERS Survey co-investigator Jeyhan Kartaltepe of the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York. "The conditions in the very early universe had to be right for galaxies to form — and they formed and became massive very quickly."
"The universe was more compact at this time, which means stars and galaxies could have formed at a greater efficiency," Finkelstein added. "Some models predict we'll find 50 galaxies at earlier eras more distant than Hubble can reach, but others predict we will only find a few. In both cases, the data will help us constrain galaxy formation in the early universe."
The CEERS Survey team hopes to identify an abundance of distant objects, including the most distant galaxies in the universe, early galaxy mergers and interactions, the first massive or supermassive black holes, and even earlier quasars than previously identified. These potential "firsts" are only the beginning of the value of this research: The team, which is made up of over 100 researchers from around the world, will go on to classify many objects in the field. "These data will help demonstrate what the structure of the universe was like at various periods," Finkelstein explained.
Hitting "Rewind"
Perhaps the most exciting element of this research is how the team will use the data to uncover new findings about an important period of the universe's history called the "Era of Reionization." The big bang set off a series of events, leading to the cosmic microwave background, the dark ages, the first stars and galaxies — and then to the Era of Reionization. During this period, the gas in the universe transformed from mostly neutral, meaning it was opaque to ultraviolet light, and became completely ionized, which allowed it to be transparent. Ionization means the atoms were stripped of their electrons — eventually leading to the "clear" conditions detected in much of the universe today.
Many questions remain about this unique time in our universe. For example, what was responsible for converting the gas from neutral to ionized? And how long did it take before the universe became significantly less opaque and much more transparent?
Figure 126: Our view of the universe wasn’t always so clear. More than 13 billion years ago, neutral gas made the universe opaque to some types of light. Over hundreds of millions of years, the universe became transparent as its gas particles became charged or ionized. What caused the gas to change? The James Webb Space Telescope will peer deep into space to gather more information about objects in this period, known as the Era of Reionization, to help us understand this major transition in the history of the universe (Ref. 183).
"We think this happened when ultraviolet light escaped young, forming galaxies," Dickinson explained. "There may be other factors. For example, early accreting black holes may also have emitted ultraviolet light that eventually helped transform the gas."
Where the galaxies appear on the sky offers another clue. "We'll examine reionization-era galaxies to see if they are clustered together in the same regions or if they are more isolated," said Kartaltepe. "We have a lot of ideas about what causes galaxies to grow and become more massive, but we need more comprehensive information about these galaxies to fully understand how they initially grew and evolved."
The presence of galactic mergers or interactions — or lack thereof — will also help the team trace the conditions of the environment during the Era of Reionization. "The CEERS Survey will give us hints about how this period proceeded," Dickinson adds. "We will certainly learn about the galaxies we think are responsible, and also hope to learn about the ionizing radiation that escaped them."
The team has designed the CEERS Survey to provide as much complementary data as possible for many targets in this field of view. They will employ three of Webb's instruments, in several modes, to obtain images of the Extended Groth Strip, in addition to spectra. Spectra are invaluable data since they help researchers identify the colors, temperatures, motions, and masses of each target, and provide a much more in-depth look at the chemical makeup of distant objects.
"That's the difference with Webb's NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph)," Dickinson emphasized. "We'll open the spectrograph's microshutter slits to individually observe hundreds of galaxies to obtain their spectra for the first time."
Beginning to Build a Census
In the months following the initial data release, the CEERS Survey researchers will create and post new tools and catalogs any researcher can use to analyze the data, including masses of galaxies, galaxy shapes, and photometric redshifts. "With the same set of observations, hundreds of researchers can conduct hundreds of science experiments," Kartaltepe said. "We're also going to find things we didn't even think to ask, which is one more reason why the CEERS Survey research will be so rewarding."
"Our hope is that the CEERS Survey will influence future distant galaxy surveys with Webb," Finkelstein added. "It will also demonstrate to the community that observing with a variety of instruments and modes are very valid ways to increase Webb's scientific yield."
This research is being conducted as part of a Webb Early Release Science (ERS) program. This program provides time to selected projects early in the telescope's mission, allowing researchers to quickly learn how best to use Webb's capabilities, while also yielding robust science.
The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world's premier space science observatory when it launches in 2021. Webb will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.
NASA's Webb Telescope Will Study an Iconic Supernova
• February 28, 2019: Within a galaxy known as the Large Magellanic Cloud, a star exploded 160,000 years ago. In 1987, light from that exploding star reached Earth. Over the past 32 years, astronomers have studied Supernova 1987A to learn about the physics of supernovas and their gaseous remnants. Those observations have revealed a surprising amount of dust, up to an entire sun’s worth. NASA’s infrared James Webb Space Telescope will study the dust within SN 1987A to learn about its composition, temperature and density. 184)
In February 1987, light from an exploding star arrived at Earth after traveling across 160,000 light-years of space. It was the closest supernova humanity had seen in centuries. Thirty-two years later, the light of the supernova itself has faded, but astronomers continue to study its remains for clues about how stars live and die. Scientists will use NASA's James Webb Space Telescope to observe Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A), as it is known, in order to gain new insights into the physics of the explosion and its aftermath.
When you look at a photo of SN 1987A, two features stand out: a clumpy outer ring that looks like a pearl necklace, and an inner blob. The outer ring is material that the star shed thousands of years ago. When the supernova's blast wave hit this ring, it caused the previously invisible material to heat up and glow. The inner blob is material ejected when the star exploded.
That ejected material revealed a surprise when astronomers observed it with the European Space Agency’s infrared Herschel Space Observatory. They found that it contained an entire sun's worth of cold dust. More recently, NASA’s SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) mission studied the ring and detected 10 times more dust than expected, indicating a growing amount of dust there, too.
Theories suggest that any dust within the ring that predated the explosion should have been destroyed by the blast wave, and the ejecta itself should be too hot for new dust to form. As a result, there should be little dust within SN 1987A. Yet observations tell a different story.
"Something has produced dust there. We need Webb to answer questions like, how was the dust produced, and what is it made of?" said lead researcher Margaret Meixner of the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, both in Baltimore, Maryland.
Figure 127: Multiwavelength view of Supernova 1987A. Astronomers combined observations from three different observatories ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array), red; Hubble, green; Chandra X-ray Observatory, blue) to produce this colorful, multiwavelength image of the intricate remains of Supernova 1987A [image credit: NASA, ESA, A. Angelich (NRAO/AUI/NSF); Hubble credit: NASA, ESA, R. Kirshner; Chandra credit: NASA/CXC/Penn State/K. Frank et al.; ALMA credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO) and R. Indebetouw (NRAO/AUI/NSF)]
What is dust, and why is it important?
Cosmic dust is different from the dust bunnies that you find under your furniture. It's smaller, mainly consisting of µm-sized particles like those in smoke. And rather than being made of bits of hair or clothing fibers, cosmic dust is composed of a variety of chemical elements like carbon, silicon and iron all stuck together. As a result, measuring the composition of a particular patch of cosmic dust is challenging because the signatures of the elements blend together.
"We have no clue what the dust in Supernova 1987A is made of – whether it's rocky and silicate-rich, or sooty and carbon-rich. Webb will let us learn not only the composition of the dust, but its temperature and density," explained Olivia Jones of the United Kingdom Astronomy Technology Center, a co-investigator on the project.
As dust from dying stars spreads through space, it carries essential elements to help seed the next generation of star and planet formation. "Dust is what the planets are made out of, what we're made out of. Without dust, you have no planets," said Jones.
Dust also is important for the evolution of galaxies. Observations have shown that distant, young galaxies had lots of dust. Those galaxies weren't old enough for sun-like stars to create so much dust, since sun-like stars last for billions of years. Only more massive, short-lived stars could have died soon enough and in large enough numbers to create the vast quantities of dust astronomers see in the early universe.
The birth of a supernova remnant
The team plans to examine SN 1987A with two of Webb's instruments: the Mid-Infrared Imager (MIRI) and the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). With imaging, Webb will reveal features of SN 1987A far beyond any previous infrared observations due to its exquisite resolution. Astronomers expect to be able to map the temperature of the dust within both the supernova ejecta and the surrounding ring. They can also study the interaction of the blast wave with the ring in great detail.
Webb's true power will come from its spectroscopic measurements. By spreading light out into a rainbow spectrum of colors, scientists can determine not only chemical compositions but also temperatures, densities, and speeds. They can examine the physics of the blast wave, and determine how it is affecting the surrounding environment. They can also watch the evolution of the ejected material and ring over time.
"We're witnessing the birth of a supernova remnant," said Patrice Bouchet of DRF/Irfu/Astrophysics Department, CEA-Saclay in France, a co-principal investigator for the MIRI European Consortium. "This is a once-in-a-lifetime event."
"Supernova 1987A is an object that continually surprises people," said Meixner. "This is one you'll want to keep your eyes open for!"
The observations described here will be taken as part of Webb's Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) program. The GTO program provides dedicated time to the scientists who have worked with NASA to craft the science and instrument capabilities of Webb throughout its development.
The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world's premier space science observatory when it launches in 2021. Webb will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency.
How to Weigh a Black Hole Using JWST
October 17, 2018: At first glance, the galaxy NGC 4151 looks like an average spiral. Examine its center more closely, though, and you can spot a bright smudge that stands out from the softer glow around it. That point of light marks the location of a supermassive black hole weighing about 40 million times as much as our Sun. 185)
Astronomers will use NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to measure that black hole’s mass. The result might seem like a piece of trivia, but its mass determines how a black hole feeds and affects the surrounding galaxy. And since most galaxies contain a supermassive black hole, learning about this nearby galaxy will improve our understanding of many galaxies across the cosmos.
“Some central questions in astrophysics are: How does a galaxy’s central black hole grow with time; how does the galaxy itself grow with time; and how do they affect each other? This project is a step toward answering those questions,” explained Misty Bentz of Georgia State University, Atlanta, the principal investigator of the project.
Figure 128: The spiral galaxy NGC 4151 has a bright, active core powered by a supermassive black hole. Webb will weigh the black hole by measuring the motions of stars at the galaxy’s center [image credits: NASA, ESA, and J. DePasquale (STScI)]
Probing a galaxy’s core: There are several methods of weighing supermassive black holes. One technique relies on measuring the motions of stars in the galaxy’s core. The heavier the black hole, the faster nearby stars will move under its gravitational influence.
NGC 4151 represents a challenging target, because it contains a particularly active black hole that is feeding voraciously. As a result, the material swirling around the black hole, known as an accretion disk, shines brightly. The light from the accretion disk threatens to overwhelm the fainter light from stars in the region.
“With Webb’s beautifully shaped mirrors and sharp ‘vision,’ we should be able to probe closer to the galaxy’s center even though there’s a really bright accretion disk there,” said Bentz.
The team expects to be able to investigate the central 1,000 light-years of NGC 4151, and be able to resolve stellar motions on a scale of about 15 light-years.
A thousand spectra at once: To achieve this feat, the team will use Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) integral field unit, or IFU. It will be the first IFU flown in space, and it has a unique capability.
Webb’s IFU takes the light from every location in an image and splits it into a rainbow spectrum. To do this it employs almost 100 mirrors, each of them precision crafted to a specific shape, all squeezed into an instrument the size of a shoebox. Those mirrors effectively slice a small square of the sky into strips, then spread the light from those strips out both spatially and in wavelength.
In this way a single image yields 1,000 spectra. Each spectrum tells astronomers not only about the elements that make up the stars and gas at that exact point of the sky, but also about their relative motions.
Despite Webb’s exquisite resolution, the team won’t be able to measure the motions of individual stars. Instead, they will get information about groups of stars very close to the center of the galaxy. They will then apply computer models to determine the gravitational field affecting the stars, which depends on the size of the black hole.
“Our computer code generates a bunch of mock stars – tens of thousands of stars, mimicking the motions of real stars in the galaxy. We put in a variety of different black holes and see what matches the observations the best,” said Monica Valluri of the University of Michigan, a co-investigator on the project.
The result of this technique will be compared with a second one that focuses on the gas at the galaxy’s center, rather than the stars.
“We should get the same answer, no matter what technique we use, if we’re looking at the same black hole,” said Bentz. “NGC 4151 is one of the best targets for making that comparison.”
These observations will be taken as part of the Director’s Discretionary-Early Release Science program. The DD-ERS program provides time to selected projects enabling the astronomical community to quickly learn how best to use Webb’s capabilities, while also yielding robust science.
The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world's premier space science observatory. Webb will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
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113) D. D. Fitzgerald Simmons, R. C. Smith, “Spacecraft Design to Support a Large Cryogenic Telescope Science Mission Near the Second Lagrange Point of the Earth-Sun System,” Space 2004 Conference and Exhibit 28 - 30 September 2004, San Diego, CA, AIAA 2004-5989
114) Mark Clampin, “JWST Observatory Status,” NASA, APS July 16-17, 2013, URL: http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2013/07/24/Clampin-JWST.pdf
115) “Customized Telemetry System For The James Webb Space Telescope Successful,” NASA, Nov. 15, 2007, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/jwst_telemetry.html
116) “First Spacecraft Flight Recorder for NASA's JWST Delivered to Northrop Grumman,” Space Daily, April 11, 2012, URL: http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/
First_Spacecraft_Flight_Recorder_for_NASA_JWST_Delivered_to_Northrop_Grumman_999.html
117) “JWST Functional Flow Diagrams and Schematic Block Diagrams,” URL: http://spacese.spacegrant.org/uploads/Functional%20Analysis/JWST_FFBD_rev2.ppt
118) “The Sunshield,” NASA, URL: http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/sunshield.html
119) James Webb Space Telescope Sunshield,” STScI, URL: http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/overview/design/sunshield
120) http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/overview/design/sunshade.html
121) Ryan A. Fellini, Yury L. Kropp, “James Webb Space Telescope Sunshield: Challenges in Analysis of Gossamer Structures,” Technology Review Journal, Spring/Summer 2008, URL: http://www.is.northropgrumman.com/about/ngtr_journal/assets/TRJ-2008/SS/08SS_Fellini.pdf
122) http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/facts.html
123) Karl Hille, ”NASA’s Webb Sunshield Successfully Unfolds and Tensions in Final Tests,” NASA Feature, 18 December 2020, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/
webb-sunshield-successfully-unfolds-and-tensions-in-final-tests/
124) ”Ground Segment Testing a Success for NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope,” NASA Feature, 24 August 2020, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/
ground-segment-testing-a-success-for-nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope/
125) Thaddeus Cesari, ”Tower Extension Test a Success for NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope,” NASA, 9 June 2020, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/
tower-extension-test-a-success-for-nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope
126) Thaddeus Cesari, ”First Look: NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Fully Stowed,” NASA Feature, 14 May 2020, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
2020/first-look-nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope-fully-stowed
127) Thaddeus Cesari, Lynn Jenner, ”NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Full Mirror Deployment a Success,” NASA, 31 March 2020, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
2020/nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope-full-mirror-deployment-a-success
128) Bill Steigenwald, Nancy Jones, ”New Technique May Give NASA’s Webb Telescope a Way to Quickly Identify Planets with Oxygen,” NASA Release 20-001, 6 January 2020, URL: https://www.nasa.gov
/press-release/goddard/2019/oxygen-planets
129) Thaddeus Cesari, Lynn Jenner, ”NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Has Been Assembled for the First Time,” NASA, 28 August 2019, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
2019/nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope-has-been-assembled-for-the-first-time
130) Thaddeus Cesari, ”Critical Deployment of NASA Webb’s Secondary Mirror a Success,” NASA Feature, 6 August, 2019, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/
critical-deployment-of-nasa-webb-s-secondary-mirror-a-success
131) Thaddeus Cesari, Rob Garner, ”NASA’s Webb Is Sound After Completing Critical Milestones,” NASA, 8 February, 2019, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/
nasa-s-webb-is-sound-after-completing-critical-milestones
132) Thaddeus Cesari, ”Both Halves of NASA’s Webb Telescope Successfully Communicate,” NASA, 26 September 2018, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/
both-halves-of-nasa-s-webb-telescope-successfully-communicate
133) Ann Jenkins, ”Success in Critical Communications Tests for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope,” NASA, 5 September 2018, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/
success-in-critical-communications-tests-for-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope
134) ”Technicians Ensure James Webb Space Telescope’s Sunshield Survives Stresses Experienced During Liftoff,” NASA, 18 July 2018, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/
technicians-ensure-james-webb-space-telescope-s-sunshield-survives-stresses
135) Eric Villard, Rob Gutro, ”Engineers Solve Excessive Heat Removal from NASA’s Webb Telescope,” NASA, 5 June 2018, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/
engineers-solve-excessive-heat-removal-from-nasa-s-webb-telescope
136) ”#14: Tests, moving to a new home, and more tests,” ESA, 4 June 2018, URL: http://sci.esa.int/jwst/60351-14-tests-moving-to-a-new-home-and-more-tests/
137) ”Combined Optics, Science Instruments of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Arrive in California,” NASA, 5 Feb. 2018, Release 18-007, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/
combined-optics-science-instruments-of-nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope-arrive-in
138) ”Selections Made for the JWST Director’s Discretionary Early Release Science Program,” STScI, 13 Nov. 2017, URL: https://jwst.stsci.edu/news-events/news/News%20items/
selections-made-for-the-jwst-directors-discretionary-early-release-science-program
139) ”Webb's first space targets chosen,” ESA Science and Technology, 13 Nov. 2017, URL: http://sci.esa.int/jwst/59765-webb-s-first-space-targets-chosen/
140) ”Self-Portrait of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Marks Critical Test,” NASA, 19 Oct. 2017, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/
self-portrait-of-nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope-marks-critical-test
141) Eric Villard, ”NASA’s Webb Telescope Will Study Our Solar System’s “Ocean Worlds”,” NASA, Aug. 24, 2017, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/
nasa-s-webb-telescope-will-study-our-solar-system-s-ocean-worlds
142) Rob Gutro, Lynn Jenner, ”NASA's Webb Telescope Summertime Deep-Freeze Continues,” NASA, Aug. 9, 2017, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/
nasas-webb-telescope-summertime-deep-freeze-continues
143) Laura Betz, ”NASA’s Webb Telescope Completes Goddard Testing, Heading to Texas for More,” NASA, May 1, 2017, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/
nasa-s-webb-telescope-completes-goddard-testing-heading-to-texas-for-more
144) ”#12: Testing times for JWST,” ESA, 16, June 2017, URL: http://sci.esa.int
/jwst/59233-12-testing-times-for-jwst/
145) Rob Gutro, ”NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Completes Acoustic and Vibration Tests,” NASA, March 28, 2017, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/
nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-completes-acoustic-and-vibration-tests
146) Laura Betz, Lynn Jenner, ”NASA Restarts Rigorous Vibration Testing on the James Webb Space Telescope,” NASA, Jan. 25, 2017, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
2017/nasa-restarts-rigorous-vibration-testing-on-the-james-webb-space-telescope
147) ”NASA's Webb... Seeking Good Vibrations,” Satnews Daily, Jan. 3, 2017, URL: http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=286107654
148) Laura Betz, ”NASA completes Webb Telescope Center of Curvature pre-test,” NASA, Nov. 2, 2016, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/
nasa-completes-webb-telescope-center-of-curvature-pre-test
149) Connie Reese, Rob Gutro, ”Final Sunshield Layer Completed for NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope,” NASA, Oct. 31, 2016: URL: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/
final-sunshield-layer-completed-for-nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope
150) Laura Betz, ”Science Instruments of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Successfully Installed,” NASA, May 24, 2016, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
2016/science-instruments-of-nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope-successfully-installed
151) Laura Betz, ”James Webb Space Telescope's Golden Mirror Unveiled,” NASA, April 27, 2016, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/james-webb-space-telescopes-golden-mirror-unveiled
152) Laura Betz, ”NASA Marks Major Milestones for the James Webb Space Telescope,” NASA, March 21, 2016, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/
james-webb-space-telescopes-instruments-removed-from-super-cold-chamber
153) Rob Gutro, ”NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Secondary Mirror Installed,” NASA, March 7, 2016, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/
nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-secondary-mirror-installed
154) Rob Gutro, ”NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Coming Together Over Next Two Years,” NASA, Feb. 24, 2016, URL: http://www.nasa.gov
/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-coming-together-over-next-two-years
155) Felicia Chou, Rob Gutro, ”NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Primary Mirror Fully Assembled,” NASA, Press Release, 16-013, Feb. 4, 2016, URL: https://www.nasa.gov
/press-release/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-primary-mirror-fully-assembled
156) Laura Betz, ”James Webb Space Telescope Mirror Halfway Complete,” NASA/GSFC, Dec. 28, 2015, URL: http://www.nasa.gov
/feature/goddard/james-webb-space-telescope-mirror-halfway-complete
157) Dwayne Brown, Lynn Chandler, ”NASA’s Webb Space Telescope Receives First Mirror Installation,” NASA Release 15-226, Nov. 25, 2015, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-webb-space-telescope-receives-first-mirror-installation
158) Laura Betz, ”James Webb Space Telescope 'Wings' Successfully Deployed,” NASA, Nov. 16, 2015, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/james-webb-space-telescope-wings-successfully-deployed
159) ”Northrop Grumman Team Successfully Completes Manufacturing of Optical Class Spacecraft Structure for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope,” Northrop Grumman, Oct. 8, 2015, URL: http://investor.northropgrumman.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=112386&p=irol-newsArticle_Print&ID=2095587
160) Rob Gutro, ”NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Structure Stands Tall,” NASA, Sept. 16, 2015. URL: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-structure-stands-tall
161) Rob Gutro, “NASA's Webb Sunshield Gives an 'Open Wide' for Inspection,” NASA, Aug. 12, 2015, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/nasas-webb-sunshield-gives-an-open-wide-for-inspection
162) Chuck Bowers, “Pathfinder Tests Completed at Johnson Space Center,” NASA,Webb Update, Issue No 18, Summer 2015, URL: http://jwst.nasa.gov/resources/WebbUpdate_Summer2015.pdf
163) Laura Betz, “Building Hubble's Successor: Crucial Pathfinder Test Set Up Inside Chamber A,” NASA, April 20, 2015, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/
building-hubbles-successor-crucial-pathfinder-test-set-up-inside-chamber-a
164) Hashima Hasan, “NAC (NASA Advisory Council) Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting Minutes,” NASA HQ, Washington DC, March 17-18, 2015, URL: http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2015/04/29/APS_March_Minutes_Final.pdf
165) John Durning, “James Webb Space Telescope Mission Status,” Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting, NASA HQ, Washington DC, March 17-18, 2015, URL: http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary
/2015/04/07/Durning_JWST_Astrophysics_Subcommitte_mtg_3_15_r2_NXPowerLite.pdf
166) “Simulating space for JWST’s four infrared instruments,” ESA, March 2, 2015, URL: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2015/03/Simulating_space_for_JWST_s_four_infrared_instruments
167) Laura Betz, “NASA Webb's Heart Survives Deep Freeze Test,” NASA, Oct. 21, 2014, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-webbs-heart-survives-deep-freeze-test/#.VO3gBy7-Y_c
168) Rob Gutro, “NASA's Webb Sunshield Stacks Up to Test!,” NASA, July 25, 2014, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasas-webb-sunshield-stacks-up-to-test/#.U_sBGqNmP5o
169) “Shelter from the Sun,” ESA, Aug. 25, 214, URL: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2014/08/Shelter_from_the_Sun
170) Randy Kimble, “Cryo-Verification Test of the Complete ISIM Begins!,” NASA, JWST Update, Issue No 17, Summer 2014, URL: http://jwst.nasa.gov/resources/WebbUpdate_Summer2014.pdf
171) Ken Kremer, “James Webb Space Telescope’s Pathfinder Mirror Backplane Arrives at NASA Goddard for Critical Assembly Testing,” Universe Today, August 13, 2014, URL: http://www.universetoday.com/113890/james-webb-space-telescopes-
pathfinder-mirror-backplane-arrives-at-nasa-goddard-for-critical-assembly-testing/
172) J. D. Harrington, Christina Thompson, Hillary Searle, “Testing Completed on NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Backplane,” NASA, Release 14-178, July 8, 2014, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/july/testing-completed-on-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-backplane/
173) J. D. Harrington, Lynn Chandler, “James Webb Space Telescope Passes a Mission Milestone,” NASA News Release 14-026, Jan. 24, 2014, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/
january/james-webb-space-telescope-passes-a-mission-milestone/#.UuNDv_swdR4
174) “NGC Completes Critical Design Review For James Webb Space Telescope,” Space Daily, Jan. 30, 2014, URL: http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Northrop_Grumman_
Completes_Critical_Design_Review_For_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_999.html
175) “JWST Recent Accomplishment,” NASA, March 12, 2014, URL: http://jwst.nasa.gov/recentaccomplish.html
176) Rob Gutro, “JWST Spinoff Technologies Already Seen in Some Industries,” NASA, April 18, 2012, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/technology/features/webb-spinoffs.html
177) “Webb Spinoffs,” NASA, URL: http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/resources/JWST_spinoffs_v122011.pdf
178) ”Detailing the Formation of Distant Solar Systems with NASA's Webb Telescope — Researchers will conduct a survey to compare planet-forming disks,” NASA News Release 10: 2020-60, 16 December 2020, URL: https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2020/news-2020-60
179) ”NASA’s Webb Telescope Will Investigate the Intertwined Origins of Dust and Life,” NASA JWST, 18 November 2020, URL: https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2020/news-2020-57
180) Ann Jenkins (STSI),”NASA’s Webb To Examine Objects in the Graveyard of the Solar System,” NASA Feature, 28 October 2020, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
2020/nasa-s-webb-to-examine-objects-in-the-graveyard-of-the-solar-system/
181) ”NASA's Webb Telescope Will Study Jupiter, its Rings, and Two Intriguing Moons,” NASA News Release 2020-38, 31 July 2020, URL: https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2020/news-2020-38
182) Claire Blome (STScI), ”Mapping the Early Universe with NASA's Webb Telescope,” NASA Feature, 24 June 2020, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/
2020/mapping-the-early-universe-with-nasas-webb-telescope
183) ”Cosmic Reionization,” URL: https://hubblesite.org/uploads/
image_file/image_attachment/32192/Webb-Eor-infographic-full_res.pdf
184) Christine Pulliam,”Webb Will Probe the Dusty Remains of Supernova 1987A,” STSI News, 28 February 2019, Release ID: 2019-13, URL: https://webbtelescope.org/articles/2019-13
185) Christine Pulliam, ”How to Weigh a Black Hole Using NASA’s Webb Space Telescope,” NASA, 17 October 2018, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/
how-to-weigh-a-black-hole-using-nasa-s-webb-space-telescope
The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: ”Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors” (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates (herb.kramer@gmx.net).
How to Weigh a Black Hole References Back to Top
JAWSAT
JC2Sat-FF
JPSS-1/NOAA-20
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Divine Varod
Five (and a half) comedians influenced by ABBA
2015/05/19 at 4:31 pm (Comedy, Rik Mayall)
Tags: ABBA, Alan Partridge, Benny, Bjorn, Boyzone, Dancing Queen, David Walliams, I Know Him So Well, Johnny English, Knowing Me Knowing You, Miranda Hart, Money Money Money, Not The Nine o Clock News, Our Last Video Ever, Peter Kay, Rik Mayall, Rob Brydon, Rowan Atkinson, Sport Relief, Steve Coogan, Susan Boyle, Thames Swim, The New Statesman, The Trip, The Winner Takes it all
With Eurovision rapidly approaching most of us are recalling the dazzling days of yore where the contest could create lasting stars and songs the whole world remembered.
No act, though, could ever match the massive legend that would become ABBA the fabulous foursome left a legacy that continues to influence new generations.
The most interesting thing is that ABBA did not just touch the gay scene and the music scene, but the comedy scene as well.
Let’s take a look at some British comedians whose acts were touched by Swedish genius. Read the rest of this entry »
About Dannii Cohen
Red Dwarf fics
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Horizontal Wave Testing Helps
December 2009 Bob Hardage
Collecting optimal-quality seismic data across some onshore prospects can be a challenge for numerous reasons:
Near-surface conditions may produce strong refraction noise.
Ambient noise may exist because of local culture.
Different energy sources, such as shot hole explosives, vibrators and impulsive impactors, need to be considered.
Several receiver-patch dimensions should be evaluated for effectiveness.
Because of these factors, a source that produces good-quality data across a sandy-soil grassland may produce poor data across an area of hard rock outcrops, and a receiver dimension that cancels ground-roll noise at prospect A may fail to do so at prospect B.
Before a seismic data-acquisition effort is launched across a prospect, seismic test data need to be acquired to determine:
The type of energy source.
The dimension of the receiver patch.
The specific source-receiver geometry that will yield data with appropriate signal bandwidth and signal-to-noise character.
The effort expended in acquiring this basic planning information is commonly referred to as wave testing or noise testing.
Seismic wave-test data are usually acquired using a “walkaway,” or moving source geometry, such as illustrated onfigure 1.
When recording the data, the receiver spread remains stationary and source stations are moved away from the receiver patch at distance increments L that equal the receiver spread length. The maximum source-to-receiver offset distance X should equal or exceed the depth to the deepest target that needs to be imaged with the surface-recorded seismic data.
Each receiver station within the receiver patch should be occupied by a single geophone – not by a string of geophones that extend over an appreciable distance – which prevents the cancellation of short-wavelength energy modes that need to be analyzed.
There should be no skipped source stations along the line of profile. If a source station is inaccessible for any reason, that source point should be moved closer to the receiver spread to prevent gaps in the offset profile.
Successive source stations should then be moved forward by the same distance to preserve a uniform spacing L between the remaining source-station positions.
Site selection is important when recording wave-test data because the data sample only a small portion of a prospect.
A wave-test site should be representative of the entire prospect. If surface conditions change over a prospect, more than one wave-test site should be considered.
Wave-test data acquired across one prospect area circa 1975, using a recording geometry such as described on figure 1, are illustrated on figure 2.
These data illustrate several coherent noise modes. The dominant noises are a refraction event that has an apparent velocity of 9,500 feet/second (2,900 meters/second) and a band of surface waves with apparent velocities ranging from 2,750 to 4,200 ft/s (825 to 1,280 m/s). Several reflection events can be seen between 1.5 and 2.5 s at large offset distances beyond the surface-wave noise cone.
Because wave-test data are acquired using a small trace spacing d, any arbitrary-length inline receiver array can be simulated by summing an appropriate number of adjacent traces.
For example, the data on figure 3show the effect of adding 11 consecutive traces of wave-test data acquired with a geophone spacing d = 20 feet (figure 1) to simulate data that would be acquired with a string of geophones spanning 220 feet (67 meters) at each offset station. A 12-Hz low-cut filter has been applied to these data to aid in reducing low-frequency noise.
The frequency and wavelength content of the data inside the indicated Transform window is illustrated on figure 4 and confirms that the data are dominated by high-velocity reflection signals.
Running sums can be made using different numbers of test-data traces to simulate how receiver groups spanning any desired distance affect the frequency content and signal-to-noise ratio of prospect data. With this knowledge, seismic contractors can deploy receiver groups that have dimensions that will produce optimal quality data when production data recording is done.
Similarly, different sources can be deployed at each source station SP1 to SPN (figure 1) to compare data quality produced by vibrators versus impactors or by small explosive charges deployed at shallow depth versus large explosive charges placed at deep depths.
By comparing data quality generated by each source option, a contractor will know the best source to use across a specific prospect.
The concept described here should really be called horizontal wave testing, meaning geophones are deployed horizontally across the Earth surface when acquiring the test data.
Next month, we will consider the concept of vertical wave testing, where geophones are deployed vertically in a deep well as test data are acquired.
Shrinking Seismic Not an Easy Task
Once data compression for geophysics was criticized for pr...
Future Trends in 3-D Seismic Analysis: The I...
The application of seismic data to stratigraphy and deposit...
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South America > Brazil > Southeast (Brazil) > Minas Gerais > Central East (Minas Gerais) > Belo Horizonte
2.2 By plane
2.3 By car
3.1 On foot
3.5 By e-hailing
9 Stay healthy
10 Stay safe
11.1 By net
11.2 By phone
12.1 Public hospitals
12.2 Private hospitals
12.3 Drug stores
12.4 Free rescue and ambulance service
View of Praça do Papa from the Serra do Curral
Belo Horizonte is Brazil's third largest city and the capital of the state of Minas Gerais. With its orderly grid plan and tree-lined avenues, it's a pleasant metropolis. For travelers, it's a good stopping point on the way to the beautiful colonial towns such as Ouro Preto and Tiradentes.
Founded in 1897, Belo Horizonte (or simply "BH" (beh-ah-GAH) to locals) is a little over a century old. With a metropolitan population reaching more than 5 million (edging out Salvador), it was built as a planned city to take the place of Ouro Preto as the state's capital. Its layout features square sections delineated by broad avenues, intersected diagonally by smaller streets.
The city lies in the center of the Minas Gerais state, and was intended to bring together the many parts of this very diverse state.
BH is a major national hub for bus travel. The bus terminal rodoviária is located downtown at the northern end of Afonso Pena Avenue. Approximate travel times from other capitals:
Brasília - 10 hours
Rio de Janeiro - 7 hours
São Paulo - 8 hours
By plane[edit]
BH is served by two airports:
-19.623889-43.9713891 Confins (Aeroporto Internacional Tancredo Neves CNF IATA) (Rodovia MG 010 S/N, 40 km - Confins/MG.), ☏ +55 31 3689-2700. Confins connects the city with direct flights to the USA, the Caribbean and Europe, and to most major cities in Brazil through domestic flights. It's about 40 km from the city center. To get to the city center (around Mercadão), expect to pay around R$ 75 for uber-like ride services, or R$ 125 for a cab. There are also two types of bus services: "conventional" for R$ 13,50 and "executive" for R$ 29,40 and some itineraries desserve Pampulha Airport and the City Bus Station - details at Conexão Aeroporto website. (updated Jan 2019)
-19.851944-43.9505562 [formerly dead link] Pampulha (PLU IATA Aeroporto Carlos Drummond de Andrade) (9 km from downtown.). For a few domestic flights, especially within the state of Minas Gerais.
By car[edit]
You can safely drive to Belo Horizonte from major Brazilian cities, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia and Vitoria. You have to pay toll on the roads from Rio de Janeiro and from São Paulo. All major car rental companies can be found in Brazil. You can also drive from/to the historical cities of Minas Gerais, like Ouro Preto, Tiradentes, Diamantina, São João del Rey, Mariana and others. The roads and the city of Belo Horizonte are GPS mapped. Be sure that the GPS contains the latest version of the maps.
Belo Horizonte is one of very few Brazilian cities with a scheduled long-distance train service. A daily morning train operated by mining giant Companhia Vale do Rio Doce takes around 12 hr to get to Cariacica's Pedro Nolasco station, which is one bridge hop away from Vitória, the island capital of Espírito Santo state. As of Jan 2019, tickets cost R$ 105 for first class (executiva) and R$ 73 for second class (econômica). The central station, -19.917867-43.9333553 Estação Central, is located in the city centre on Av. dos Andradas.
Map of Belo Horizonte
On foot[edit]
If you plan to get around the city center on foot, you might want to take a map. Because the city grid is laid out with both ordinal and diagonal streets, it is very easy to take a wrong turn. Also, the land where the city was built has plenty of hills, so one should wear comfortable shoes to go up and down the streets. At night, stay on the main avenues and streets for safety, because it can be dangerous.
BH is well served by buses. The SC buses circulate through the downtown area; others serve outlying neighborhoods.
To pay the bus tariff, you can use cash, or the electronic billing card (Cartão BHBUS). For the tourist, its recommended to use cash. As of 2014, you can buy a rechargeable bus card with the onboard agent or the driver for R$12. You can recharge it on some BRT stations, BHTrans offices or even into some buses.
From 2016, the bus tariff is R$3.70 (or R$ 2.65 for some feeder lines or specific lines)
The buses are color-coded:
Blue buses go from one region of the city to another, via the city center;
Lemonish-and-gray normal and articulated buses are from the municipal BRT service. Usually, they link some specific stations to some region of the city, and are feed by the yellow or green buses, as well. These buses have air conditioned system, and a little more of comfort.
Yellow buses are called "circular" (or SC) buses - they circulate within a single city region, and unlike other bus lines, travel in a roughly circular route. Stay on long enough, and you'll eventually loop back to where you originally boarded;
Orange buses go from one region of the city to another, without going through downtown (there are very few of these lines). It also serves for the Orange minibuses as well (as known as "Suplementar")
Green buses serve BHBUS bus stations, going from a BHBUS station to downtown and then back or connecting two different BHBUS stations.
Grey buses (can be identified by the SE prefix in line number), are the special executive service, and it's a more expensive buses, that circulate through some specific regions. These lines have free Wi-Fi and Air Conditioned system.
Some companies sometimes use temporary replacements buses with the wrong color, so even thought the colors can help, always pay attention to the line number.
If you are outside the downtown area (and wish to go there), take a blue bus headed in that direction. As there is no bus map, remember its number to find your way back. Keep in mind that the return route may be on a different street than where you got off. Check BHTrans-Ônibus [1] [dead link] for more information on buses.
The buses are complicated and are excruciatingly slow and crowded during rush hours. Don't go anywhere by yourself without properly planning your itinerary first.
The Metrô. snakes through the city, from Eldorado northeast to Vilarinho, tangential to the north side of downtown. Lagoinha Station is near the rodoviária (bus station), Gameleira Station is near the ExpoMinas Convention Center and Minas Shopping Station is near the Mall of the same name and Ouro Minas Palace Hotel. Unfortunately, unlike subways in developed countries or in São Paulo, the Metrô lines, even though connecting the two biggest cities in the metro area, Belo Horizonte and Contagem, do not cover most of the city and outside the stations can be dangerous (true for São Paulo's). New lines have been planned and when completed will connect downtown to Pampulha and Savassi, the two most visited neighborhoods.
The trains are useless for someone traveling. Take a taxi.
Taxis inside the safe are generally considered very safe (if a bit expensive).
The main taxi companies in Belo Horizonte include Hutaxi, Jo Taxi, Intertaxi, Pitangui and Protaxi. Most cabs in Belo Horizonte are painted white - however, starting from 2012, there are some so-called "special" cabs which are black (and are marked as such). Inside the city, all cabs work with taximeters. However, in case of travelling to the countryside or others states, the fare can be discussed.
There are also radio taxis such as Coopertramo [2] ((31) 3454-5757) which can be booked and the fare discussed beforehand. It's a common way of getting from the airport to the city and the other way around. They have boths in Confins airport. Their cars are all dark blue.
By e-hailing[edit]
Belo Horizonte is covered by some e-hailing services, Uber being the largest of them. Notable e-hailing services in the city, are:
Uber (covers neighboring cities, like Contagem, Betim and Confins Airport as well)
You can rent cars at the Confins Airport or at Pampulha Airport. All major car rental companies, like Localiza and Hertz have booths at the airports. It is a long drive from Confins airport to downtown Belo Horizonte. Be sure to get a GPS with new maps, since there were some modifications on main avenues for the World Cup. You can also rent a car at other places around the city.
Pope Square
Nighttime view from the Alta Vila Tower
Note that a lot of places including museums, the parque municipal and the Mangueira park are closed on Mondays.
Pampulha - This 1940s neighborhood has some of the highlights of Brazil modern architecture, including the São Francisco de Assis Church, designed by the famous architect Oscar Niemeyer (designer of the United Nations building in NYC and also Brasilia, Brazil's capital) . The building is not shocking by itself, until you realize it was meant to be a church. Not surprisingly, the Catholic Church refused to consecrate it for more than one decade. Next to the church, there's the Parque Guanabara, an amusement park that is small, but worth visiting. In Pampulha lies the world-famous Iate Tenis Clube, founded along with the Pampulha Architectural Complex designed by Oscar Niemeyer. Invitations to the club can be bought at the place (they are free if you know someone affiliated to the club). The Pampulha Modern Ensemble is listed as a world heritage site.
Mineirão Stadium - One of the largest and newly renovated stadiums in Brazil, where several matches from the FIFA Federation Coup (2013) and FIFA World Cup (2014) were played including the infamous 1-7 semifinal loss in Brazil v Germany. It is located at Pampulha neighborhood.
Mangabeiras Park - This is an amazing place for nature lovers, a place where the Cerrado mixes with the Atlantic Forest, this is a great visit for children and family.
Praça da Liberdade - A beautiful palm tree-lined square, sidelined by interesting buildings from the 19th century, including the seat of the State Government, and a curvaceous (yes, you can use this word to describe an Oscar Niemeyer building) edifice from the 60s. Also museums and a Planetarium (you can get tickets for free)
Museum of Arts and Crafts, Praça Rui Barbosa, Centro, ☏ +55 31 3248-8600, ✉ info@mao.org.br. Tu Th F 12:00-17:00, W 12:00-21:00, Sa Su 11:17:00; groups: daily, from 09:00-12:00. The Museu de Artes e Ofícios is installed in the 19th-century buildings of the former Central Train Station. Its collection shows the richness of Brazilian popular work and professions before the country's industrialization. R$4. Saturday - free.
Alta Vila Tower - Located in the district of Nova Lima, (Belo Horizonte city Metro area), this tower offers a spectacular view of Belo Horizonte and its surrounding mountains. On the main floor is the Hard Rock Cafe - Belo Horizonte.
Parque Municipal - An oasis of green right in the centre of downtown. Based on French parks, it has small lagoons where you can rent a boat or feed the ducks. It has the Casa Maluca (Crazy House), the Casa dos Pneus and a small amusement park - three places where children always like to play.
Museu de Ciencias Naturais - Take the Metro to the Gameleira station, go NW to the PUC campus, and turn right. Diverse mollusks, whales, and Brazilian forest animals. A new exhibit is under construction. Admission: R$3.
Museu Histórico Abílio Barreto, Av Prudente de Morais, 135. Cidade Jardim Neighborhood - (0xx)31 3342-1268 - This museum is dedicated to the history of the city and was created in the only standing farmhouse from the old Curral d'El Rey, farmland replaced by the new planned city.
BH Shopping. BH's oldest and largest shopping malls, with shops, a food court, movie theatre and games. It's in the Belvedere area and close to Nova Lima road.
Shopping Del Rey. Another of BH's oldest and largest shopping malls, with shops, food court, movie theatre and games.
Minas Shopping. Among the largest shopping malls, with shops, a food court, movie theatre and games. Metrô station nearby.
Diamond Mall. A very refined (and usually expensive) shopping center.
Pátio Savassi. Also very refined (and usually expensive) shopping center, in the heart of Savassi.
Mercado Central, Av. Augusto de Lima and R. Curitiba. A large, traditional indoor market founded in 1929 where you can find tofu, whole grains, cheese, meat, herbs, traditional foods, religious articles, fruit, live birds, pots, souvenirs and lots of other stuff. It's one the most visited places in the city.
Hippie Fair, Av. Afonso Pena in front of the Municipal Park. Opens every Sunday, from 08:00-14:00. This artesian fair is one of the largest in the country and offers everything from crafts to jewelry, furniture to souvenir, clothing to food. Receives from up to 100,000 people every Sunday. Definitively worth the visit.
Minas Gerais is renown for its cuisine across Brazil, and is the origin of many famous foods such as pão de queijo (small baked roll made with cheese and cassava flour) and feijoada (black bean and meat stew). Like elsewhere in Brazil, restaurant food is typically served in some variation of a buffet. For a good sample of traditional mineira food, here are some options:
Dona Lucinha II, Rua Sergipe, 811, ☏ +55 31 3261-5930, ✉ dl2@uol.com.br. M-F 12:00-15:00 and 20:00-00:00, 12:00-17:00 and 20:00-00:00, Sun 12:00-17:00. R$19-27.
Restaurante Xapuri, Rua Mandacaru, 260. Pampulha, near the Pampulha Lake and the City Zoo, the restaurant is open Tu-Th 11:00-23:00, F Sa 11:00-02:00 and Sunday and holidays 11:00-18:00. It has live music from W-Su (and holidays)
For great Brazilian food, here are some options:
[dead link] Porcão, Avenida Raja Gabaglia 2671, ☏ +55 31 3293 8787. Cep:30350-540. One of the most famous restaurants in BH is the steakhouse chain Porcão. Considered to have the best meat in BH, it is also one of the most expensive in town. Some nights there are live performances by some of the more well-known performers in BH.
[dead link] Fogo de chão, Rua Sergipe, 1208, ☏ +55 31 3227-2730. Savassi. It's a restaurant chain similar to Porcão. Both offer the traditional Brazilian barbecue. They are a must go to any tourist who isn't familiar with the Brazilian way to prepare and serve meat. Fogo de chão started in Porto Alegre (Brazil) and now has subsidiaries in many other Brazilian cities and even in the United States.
For great international food, here are some options:
If your food tastes lean toward brown rice and tofu, try Bem Natural. This is both a snack bar with tuna and chicken sandwiches on whole wheat, and a por quilo buffet with stuffed tomatoes, vegetarian feijoada, and brown rice. There are four locations in BH:
Av. Afonso Pena 941, Centro, +55 31 3224-1385.
Augusto de Lima 1652, Barro Preto, +55 31 3295-2325.
Bernardo Guimarães 166, Funcionários, +55 31 3284-6680.
Tomé de Souza 947, Savassi, +55 31 3261-5676, open weekends and holidays too.
Beware: Brazilian law regulates that you can't drive if you have more than 0.2g/l of alcohol in your blood. It used to be 0.6g/l, and the new law is commonly referred to as the "dry law". If you drink, take extra care if you're going to drive through big avenues or through places crowded with bars. If you ever get caught by an officer while drinking and driving, treat the policeman with respect and calmly refuse to take the breathalyzer test—you are not obligated to generate evidence against yourself. You are going to be charged anyway, but they will only have the testimony of the officers. Of course, the safest thing to do if you drink is not to drive afterwards. There are usually plenty of taxis in front of popular bars during peak hours.
People from BH are famous for their love of bars. The central Savassi neighborhood has dozens of bars. Also, at São Lucas neighborhood, on Contorno Avenue, you will find "Sociedad Pub", one of the best Pubs in town (Contorno Av., n.3849). The city is widely known (although without any confirmation) as the city with most bars per capita in the world. Some clubs that charge a cover are overrated and expensive. The outdoor bar scene is the authentic Brazilian experience. Good places to look for a bar:
Avenida Prudente de Morais
Rua Marília de Dirceu (follow it while it becomes Rua Curitiba and then Rua São Paulo—yeah, that's how streets work in Belo Horizonte)
Rua Pium-í crossing with Rua Passatempo
Avenida Fleming (only if you are in the Pampulha region)
You may know it only as an ingredient in vitamin pills, but here you can get fresh acerola puree in orange juice squeezed before your eyes. This is called a vitamina with good reason. The fruit is perishable and is stored on ice. Other fruits prepared the same way are abacaxi (pineapple), açaí, banana, and mamão (papaya).
Although Savassi is the place to go on Friday and Saturday nights, Trevo Five Place (close to the Hard Rock Cafe) is a great spot on Thursday nights. The dancing is great however the environment is not for the cautious.
The state of Minas Gerais is famous for their cachaça (distilled spirit similar to rum made from sugarcane juice). The price ranges from R$1 to R$50 and above, for some high-end brands. It is the main ingredient of the famous caipirinha cocktail, but Brazilians enjoy drinking it straight as well.
Another great drink is a sweet tasting wine-like substance called pronounced "catuaba".
If your looking for some dancing and clubbing visit naSala [3]. For sure the best nightlife in town. Expect to meet beautiful people.
Rei Do Pastel, Savassi. Rei Do Pasetel is a small little corner bar located in the centre of Savassi. It has cheap shots, cheap food and always has something interesting going on, a great place for backpackers.
Major high-rise hotels are generally on Av. Afonso Pena or at Savassi neighborhood, while mid-range and budget accommodations are clustered around the train station.
Rock! and Hostel, Rua Cristina, 1185 (Santo Antõnio), ☏ +55 31 2531-0579. Located in the most exclusive area of the capital, 10 minutes walk from Savassi Rock! and Hostel offers a truly Brazilian experience, with comfort, safety and fun.)
Hostel Chalé Mineiro, Rua Santa Luzia, 288 (Santa Efigênia), ☏ +55 31 3467-1576. This hostel is a member of Hostelling International and has a nice swimming pool for its guests. (From Rodoviaria take bus 9801 (Saudade-Santa Cruz), at Rua dos Caetés, or the subway to the Santa Tereza station) From R$15.
Hostel Sossego da Pampulha, Av. Coronel Jose Dias Bicalho, 1258 (Quite distant from downtown but really closer to Pampulha's Lake), ☏ +55 31 3439-3250.
Hotel São Bento, Rua dos Guaranis, 438 (Located within walking distance of Mercado Central, Parque Municipal and Minascentro Exhibition Centre), ☏ +55 31 3025-3399, +55 31 3271-3399. Good value. From R$46.
-19.920259-43.9383421 Normandy Hotel, Rua Tamois, 212, ☏ +55 31 3115-9500. The Normandy Hotel highlight is its great location, right at the cultural, commercial and financial hub of Belo Horizonte, making it a good option for travellers looking for commodity and agility when staying in town. (updated May 2015)
-19.93424-43.9314052 Le Flamboyant, Rua Rio Grande do Norte, 1007, ☏ +55 31 3261-5233. Good value for money. The 80s décor may be a little out of date, but the flats are spacious and there is a swimming pool for guests. Besides, location is excellent: right in the middle of the lively Savassi neighborhood. Singles/doubles R$100-120. (updated May 2015)
Stay healthy[edit]
To keep hydrated, drink bottled water or water from drinking fountains, usually located at malls.
Tap water provided by COPASA (sole provider for the city) is regarded as fully potable (filtered, sterilized, PH controlled and fluoridated), but it is important to note that due to historical unreliability of water supply in Brazil, the vast majority of buildings have water tanks, so even if it is provided by COPASA, if you are unsure of the sanitary conditions of the building water tank, you should avoid drinking it before filtering, boiling or ozonizing it.
Even though bottled water in Brazil is labeled as “mineral water”, you should be careful and use good sense when buying it. Cases of tap water and untreated water being bottled and labeled as “mineral” are not uncommon. Always check the color of the water, the general aspect of the bottle and the seal. Some Brazilians are used to untreated water but it is very likely that tourists will have serious issues with it, including diarrhea, vomits, fever, headaches and muscular pain. It is usually safer to drink COPASA tap water then bootleg bottled water.
Free healthcare is widely available, but waiting times may be long (even on minor emergencies), for non urgent cases go to the free “Posto de Saúde” near where you are staying (there are plenty all over the city). Private hospitals usually have faster service and better facilities and you can pay your treatment with either cash or with your insurance. Check with your insurance company the hospitals and clinics covered beforehand. If you have any allergies or known health problems, it is wise to learn some Portuguese words to describe it as it is very likely most of the hospital staff won’t speak English except for more qualified MDs, nurses and social workers. Although you might not see any initial difference, nurses are divided into “college nurses”, “technical nurses” and “auxiliary nurses”. You are more likely to find an English speaker among the college nurses (they are called Enfermeira or Enfermeiro and usually act as sector supervisors in a hospital).
Belo Horizonte can get very hot during summer, so avoid staying out in the sun for too long, specially between 10:00 and 15:00. Even though it is not on the coast, sunscreen is advisable, especially if you have light skin.
Public restrooms can be found at malls and public buildings. A small fee may apply. Also, bars and restaurants are required by law to have a restroom available to its customers, but even if you are not buying anything, just ask nicely and they will let you use it.
Smoking in Belo Horizonte is banned from closed buildings. This includes malls, restaurants, bars (except if you are sitting outside), clubs, public buildings, airports and others. Smoking has been increasingly regarded as a bad habit and even on the sidewalk people might get annoyed by it, so it is best to smoke privately or away from non smokers.
Stay safe[edit]
When crossing the street, watch for motorcycles, which can appear out of nowhere and sometimes ignore stop signs. At some intersections with divided streets, you can cross only one side at once.
Minas has both the military police (polícia militar) who are the enforcers of the law at street level, however not linked to the Brazilian Military and the civilian police (polícia civil) who conduct further investigations like the British CID. Most officers don't have a knowledge of basic English. The uniform of the Minas Gerais state military police is brown.
The emergency number (by which you can reach the military police) is 190.
The city has its own police, the Municipal Guard, the uniform is blue and officers are found in parks, near monuments, schools, hospitals.
The city suffers from crime related to drugs. Avoid walking alone at night or carrying expensive electronics such as cameras, notebooks, iPods or jewelry. It is not uncommon to be mugged at traffic lights or walking during the day or night. Tourists can be easily identified by bad guys as people who carry electronics carelessly and seem to be always wondering where are they going. Be discreet.
If someone mugs you, don't resist. You could be killed.
By net[edit]
MP Games, Rua dos Inconfidentes 868, between Pernambuco and Paraíba, Savassi. You can bring your laptop. R$3/hr.
Wifi is readily available in many bars and restaurants throughout the city.
By phone[edit]
The area code for Belo Horizonte is 31. The code for Oi, the phone company that runs most of the phone booths in the city, is also 31. So to call Belo from outside using Oi, you dial 031 31 and the desired number, for example: from São Paulo to Belo, dial 03131 xxxx-xxxx. But to make a local call, you don't have to dial 31 at all, just the eight digits. Sometimes, it depends, because there are many other cities surrounding Belo, with the same area code, so you might be dialling the long distance code, using 31. Dialing from or to Ouro Preto, to or from Belo, you need to dial 03131 xxxx-xxxx.
There are other long distance companies codes available, which can be used to make calls, such as Embratel (21), Intelig (23), which provides long distance calls with suitable rates, to or from Brazil, and to other countries.
Belo Horizonte has a good network of hospitals. The main hospital area of the city is located downtown, close to the Municipal Park, where it is possible to find lots of healthcare institutions such as hospitals, clinics, and laboratories.
Public hospitals[edit]
Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, Av.Professor Alfredo Balena, 110 - Santa Efigênia, ☏ +55 31 3409-9300.
Hospital de Pronto-Socorro JOÃO XXIII, Av.Professor Alfredo Balena, 400 - Centro, ☏ +55 31 3239 9200.
Hospital Odilon Behrens, Rua Formiga, 50 – São Cristóvão, ☏ +55 31 3277-6206, +55 31 3277-6181.
-19.817888-43.9490761 Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, Rua das Gabirobas, 01, ☏ +55 31 3459-3200. Bairro Laranjeiras.
Private hospitals[edit]
-19.923078-43.9570922 Hospital Felício Rocho, Av.do Contorno, 9.530 - Barro Preto, ☏ +55 31 3514-7000.
Hospital Lifecenter, Av. do Contorno, 4747, ☏ +55 31 3280-4000. Serra.
Hospital Mater Dei, Rua Gonçalves Dias, 2700, ☏ +55 31 3339-9000. Santo Agostinho.
Hospital Socor, Rua Tupis, 1578, ☏ +55 31 3295-1399. Centro.
Hospital Vera Cruz, Av. Barbacena, 653, ☏ +55 31 3290-1000. Barro Preto.
Santa Casa Hospital, Av. Francisco Sales, 1, ☏ +55 31 3238-8100. 111 - Santa Efigênia.
Drug stores[edit]
Araújo Drugstore - +55 31 3270-5000
Onofre Drugstore - +55 31 3115-1515
Pacheco Drugstore - +55 31 3489-1300
Droga Raia - 0800 774 4040
Free rescue and ambulance service[edit]
This can be requested by a free call to one of two instituitions: SAMU (the acronym for the health emergency service) - Phone: 192 or Fire Department - Phone: 193 [4].
Belo Horizonte is an entryway to many of the country's most important colonial towns:
Congonhas - 83 km
Diamantina - 290 km
Ouro Preto - 96 km
São João del Rey - 186 km
Tiradentes - 194 km
Belo Horizonte is an entryway to the following other sights:
Inhotim
This article or section may benefit from translation from the article on Portuguese Wikivoyage. If you can help translate, please do!
This city travel guide to Belo Horizonte is a usable article. It has information on how to get there and on restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please feel free to improve it by editing the page.
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Airport listing
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Central East (Minas Gerais)
This travel guide page was last edited at 04:16, on 3 December 2020 by Wikivoyage user Wrh2Bot. Based on work by Wikivoyage users Ground Zero, ויקיג'אנקי, Traveler100, Jura1, DaGizza, Traveler100bot, Kyriri and Alistair1978, Wikivoyage anonymous user 191.35.178.112 and others.
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Homechevron_rightOpinionchevron_rightEditorialchevron_rightA victory won the...
date_range 5 March 2018 12:09 PM GMT
A victory won the smart way – and a defeat begged for
The BJP has achieved success by destroying the CPM fortress of Tripura they held for the past two decades and putting an end to the decades-long dominance of the Congress.
The confidence which the victory gives to the BJP in its attempts to saffronise the whole of India is not small. The northeastern states' elections came, and gave some solace to the BJP, in the backdrop of first having a stunning victory in Uttar Pradesh, and then losing its grip in Gujarat and also sensing the same in the looming Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh elections. . The severe jolt to the economy in the form of demonetization and Goods and Services Tax (GST) hit the rural sector the most. The BJP might have been convinced that the growing displeasure towards the party in the rural areas may affect its victory in the coming elections. It was then that the party turned to other strategies to ensure success in the next Parliamentary elections. Calculating a significant drain of support from the discontented Hindi belt, BJP now focuses on the tactic of securing a decent figure from the small states and the coalitions of regional parties. Alongside, the BJP leadership believes that if they could paint India saffron by winning the north east as well, the party would as well be able to win the psychological war which is the first step in preparing for the general elections next year.
The Sangh Parivar has not only abandoned its ideology that internal enemies such as the Muslims, Christians and Communists are to be eliminated, but it is trudging along the same path. Evidence of this is clear in the slackness and negligence displayed by the Centre and the states where BJP is in power, in the matter of violence against these three sections. At the same time, the Sangh Parivar is also on a lookout for strategies regarding how and to what extent to utilize each of these communities in order to make the march towards a Hindutva India easy. Taking the support of the PDP - which backs separatism - for securing power in Jammu and Kashmir is the biggest evidence for that. It was after seeing this experiment a success that the BJP began moves to saffronise the north eastern states for almost three years. The Sangh Parivar which raised a hue and cry for a ban on cow slaughter across India and beat Muslims to death in the name of consuming beef, allowed beef and cow slaughter for the people of the north east. The ‘Parivar’ which burned Christian missionaries to death, rampantly vandalized their institutions and manhandled nuns, formed coalitions with evangelical groups which had dedicated their lives to religious conversions in Tripura, Nagaland and Meghalaya. The party who used to try for polarization citing that Muslims and Christians were incapable of loving their native land because they turn to holy places outside India, were soon seen floating lottery for Jerusalem tours and adopting appeasement tactics by making alliance with separatist parties struggling for free "Twipaland" and for autonomy of the parts of Tripura where they have an upper hand. This is how the BJP has toppled the CPM's red fort in Tripura this time.
The CPM was not without any knowledge of the BJP's attempts to capture their stronghold by any means including through roping in MLAs and their supporters. But Manik Sarkar, the sole survivor from among the breed of selfless leaders who have become extinct even within the CPM – was confidently pinning all hopes on the image of their self-declared political honesty. The CPM leadership was watching it right under their eyes when central ministers and the prime minister were visiting the state over seventy times, strutting about all over the state, throwing promises of benefits worth crores of rupees. But Manik and company were complacent of how far Agartala was from Delhi, and adhering to the Prakash Karat line which was still undecided with the ideological analysis how much carat of Fascism was ingrained in the BJP. Ever since 1978, except for an interregnum of five years of Congress rule, CPM has been the party that ruled Tripura. The balance sheet of this long rule is an unemployed army of seven lakhs. In spite of Agartala being the third internet gateway of the country since 2015, the state could not attract even a single major IT company there. The conventional system of creating government jobs by fetching funds from the Centre has ended with the arrival of Modi regime. The special package for the Northeastern states initiated by the UPA government was taken forward by the Modi Government with a clear political motive. When the Centre granted the limited autonomy demanded by several tribes, and liberally pumped funds, it did not take long for the tribal population to go for BJP en bloc.
The entire young generation of tribal population and Bengali Hindus who were not burdened with any dogmatic inflexibility went behind the BJP. When the people shed all ideological obduracy with a hope of good governance, the CPM doctrinaire chief that Manik Sarkar was, stuck to his guns without budging an inch with pragmatism. Finally that has stripped the CPM of its bastion called Tripura. If the BJP's victory was one that knew the soil and sowed the right seed, the defeat of the CPM should be described as one that it begged for. The hamartia of CPM has always been its inability to read the writing on the wall.
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Homechevron_rightIndiachevron_rightChennai building...
date_range 3 July 2014 7:55 AM GMT
Chennai building collapse toll rises to 53
Chennai: The death toll in the collapse of an 11-storey under-construction residential building in Chennai has risen to 53.
“The death toll stands at 53 as of now. Rescue work is continuing in full swing”, a senior Tamil Nadu government revenue official said on Thursday. Twenty seven people have been pulled out alive.
It is feared another 20 to 25 persons could still be under the rubble, he said.
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Homechevron_rightSportschevron_rightSouth zone U-19 women...
date_range 8 Oct 2012 9:28 AM GMT
South zone U-19 women One-day tournament from Oct 9
Vijayawada: The South Zone Under-19 Women's One-day tournament will start here from October 9, Andhra Cricket Association (ACA) has informed.
A total six teams - Andhra, Hyderabad, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Goa - will participate in the tournament and 15 matches will be played at different venues, the ACA said in its press release.
The matches of this tournament will be conducted simultaneously at IGMC stadium in Vijayawada, ACA stadium in Mangalagiri and JKC College in Guntur, it said.
The matches will be played at different venues, the release said adding that this is the second consecutive year that the ACA is conducting this tournament.
Deputy General Manager (B&O) of State Bank of India (Vijayawada) Hannah Rachel Mani will Inaugurate this event nt 8.30 am at IGMC Stadium, Labbipet, Vijayawada.
ACA had organised Womens Senior India probables' camp this year at its Womans Cricket Academy at JKC College Guntur in August, the release said.
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Homechevron_rightKeralachevron_rightCentre to fund new...
date_range 11 Jan 2015 9:01 PM GMT
Centre to fund new ayurveda research centre in Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram: The Central government will extend financial support to set up a new ayurvedic clinical research centre in Kerala to help scientifically validate traditional systems of healing, a union minister said Sunday.
Shripad Yesso Naik, minister of state for AYUSH, said this as he announced the new National Programme of Ayurveda Inspired Research initiated by the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) and the proposed ayurveda expo National Arogya 2015 at a function here.
The RGCB will set up the National Centre for Excellence for Ayurveda Inspired Discovery that will lead research into efficacy mechanisms involved in ayurvedic therapeutics.
It has also proposed two sister campuses, an 'ayurvedic clinical research centre' in Konni and a 'high altitude discovery centre' in Munnar in Kerala.
Naik said the central government will fund the setting up of the clinical research facility in Konni.
Kerala's Minister for Health and Family Welfare V.S. Sivakumar promised to provide approximately 50 acres of land for the project.
"The set-up in Kerala, including training and delivery system in both the public and private sectors, is of a very high standard," Naik said.
"Kerala can contribute immensely towards raising the status of traditional healthcare systems for which we require scientific inputs, standardisation and certification processes," he said.
Sivakumar said ayurveda was not only an alternative way of treatment but also one of the "engines" for the state's economic growth.
The industry, which is worth Rs.1,000 crore annually, aims to grow five-fold by 2020.
The National Arogya 2015, an initiative of the World Ayurveda Foundation (WAF) in partnership with the RGCB, is proposed to be held here April 23-26, at the end of a month-long ayurveda festival that will bring together practitioners, policy makers, manufacturers, research and development institutes, students and members of the public to widen the global reach of Indian traditional medicine.
The proposed expo will have more than 400 exhibition stalls, scientific sessions, free AYUSH clinics, live yoga demonstrations, ayurvedic food festival and cooking classes.
RGCB director M. Radhakrishna Pillai said the proposed Centre for Excellence was a small effort in facilitating the rediscovery of Indian traditional medicine.
Among the objectives of the Centre of Excellence will be analysis of ayurvedic therapeutics for treatment response and their effect on patho-physiological processes and developing uniform protocols, compositions and components.
The project will also include a research centre to study medicinal plant conservation, metabolic engineering to improve active plant components and a discovery programme looking for therapeutically significant molecules and compounds.
Leading bio-medical companies such as central public sector enterprise HLL Lifecare Ltd. and other ayurveda companies and organisations are expected to be partners in the project.
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All posts for the month November, 2010
Recruit Update
Ok, time to see how the future Minutemen fared.
John Parker had a goal over the weekend as his Muskegon Lumberjacks lost in overtime.
Shane Walsh was held off the scoresheet for his Tri-city Storm.
Kevin Boyle got a win for his Westside Warriors, giving up 3 goals on 20 shots in their only game of the weekend. The Warriors just made a move for another goaltender so it’ll be interesting to see how this affects Boyle’s playing time going forward.
A reader reminded me that Eddie Nolan, a potential recruiting target, is playing with the South Shore Kings of the EJHL. So far Nolan has 4 assists and 14 PIM in 16 games for the Kings.
Dick Baker has some insight from Coach Cahoon on what’s wrong with the power play.
Paul Dainton was named the UMass athlete of the week.
It looks like the athletic department will be providing a weekly update of UMass players in the pros.
by rocks22 on November 16, 2010 • Permalink
Posted by rocks22 on November 16, 2010
https://fearthetriangle.com/2010/11/16/recruit-update-5/
Another week, another #1 team. For just the 2nd time in school history Minnesota-Duluth is the top ranked team in the country. Hockey East holds the 2nd and 3rd ranked spots as well as two other in the top ten.
Pretty much the same for the USA Hockey/USA Today poll.
Duluth also grabs the top spot in INCH’s Power Rankings.
Paul Dainton was named one of the top performers in this week’s Hockey East awards.
The Collegian has their recap of the weekend.
Dick Baker has captain Paul Dainton’s thoughts on Saturday’s game. He also takes a look at the great game T.J. Syner had that night.
A couple people have asked me when the last time UMass was winless this far into the season. That would be 1994-95, the second year of the program’s rebirth and its first year playing a true DI schedule and member of Hockey East. That team started 0-13-1, not getting their first win until a New Year’s Eve tilt against Notre Dame, in overtime no less. Included in that losing streak was a 4-0 loss at home to Princeton and then Tiger coach Toot Cahoon.
https://fearthetriangle.com/2010/11/15/polls-and-awards-3/
Saturday Recap
Listening to last night’s game I have to assume it was a much better effort than the night before. The box scores are at least dramatically different. I’m sure it pains the team a bit to be less than a minute from their first win and only come away with a tie. Especially since one of UNH’s goals came with 7, yes 7, skaters on the ice. I’ll have to look it up later, but I’m pretty sure that’s against the rules. Yet, the game is something to build on and it’s back to the type of play we saw at the beginning of the season against the likes of Minnesota and BU. What was encouraging was that the team was ready to compete from the moment the puck was dropped. True, UNH got off to the early lead, but UMass put together one of their best first periods of the season last night. That’s something that has to continue.
Yesterday I mentioned that Mike Pereira’s absence was a big factor in the loss on Friday and sure enough he comes back, has a good game, and scores what could’ve been the game winner with a minute left. That goal was a putback on a T.J. Syner shot. Syner had a very strong game, setting up the Pereira goal and scoring one himself on a heads up play picking up a loose puck on the forecheck and coming back in to the zone and blistering one past Digirolamo. And of course it’s been a long time coming, only because he has looked so good on offense the entire season, but Branden Gracel picked up his first collegiate goal in the first.
There are still a lot of things to work on, the first being the power play which was horrible last night. UMass had five power play opportunities and only managed one shot in that 4:41 of time. The penalty kill improved a bit, only allowing 1 goal on 5 opportunities, an outing that will help their stats. A lot of that came from strong goaltending in those periods.
The team now gets a week and a half off before taking on Vermont on the traditional Turkey Tuesday game. Vermont got off the winless snide beating BC in Burlington yesterday. This is an excellent chance to heal some bumps and bruises but also take a step back and adjust the game plan. Hopefully the coaching staff is able to focus on whatever it’s going to take to get the special teams in order.
Fear The Triangle Player of the Game – Paul Dainton
A career high 43 saves including 18 in the third period alone. UNH is a great team and they completely poured it on in the third to try to get the win at home in the third and Dainton was there to deny them. I wish I had been able to watch the game as some of them sounded downright amazing given the reactions of John and Brock. Two nights, two excellent performances from the UMass goaltenders. Goalie competition? That’s usually not a bad thing.
Elsewhere in Hockey East this weekend, BC and Vermont split as mentioned. Merrimack and BU traded a couple home and home ties. Maine swept Northeastern in Orono while Providence took two from Alabama-Huntsville down south.
Dick Baker recounts UMass getting away with too many men on the ice for a goal from ten years ago, scored by the infamous Brad Nizwantowski. He also has a recap from the game itself.
UNH, understandably, was not happy with how Pereira celebrated his go-ahead goal. I’ve said from the beginning that Pereira seems to play with a chip on his shoulder, which I personally love. But it’s all about time and place.
Here’s another recap from north of the border.
https://fearthetriangle.com/2010/11/14/saturday-recap-10/
UNH Thoughts
No recap today since I didn’t get to watch or listen to the game. All in all I’m glad I was in Amherst watching a miraculous comeback by the basketball team. But I will share a few thoughts while I sit here tailgating before UMass takes on #1 Delaware.
I don’t think it’s coincidence that UMass could only muster 19 shots, including a ridiculous 2 in the first, with Mike Pereira out. Next to TJ Syner he’s the most important player on offense. Hopefully he’s back soon.
By all accounts Jeff Teglia had a great game. It’s easy to see why he was so highly thought of. It’ll be interesting to see the goaltending rotation from here on out.
Obviously special teams is killing this team. The penalty kill is absolutely horrid. If the team isn’t going to improve on the kill, which they haven’t, then they have to stay out of the box altogether. Not an easy proposition but there aren’t a lot of options at this point. I have no idea how a team can regularly generate so little shots on the power play. Just two shots in six power play chances last night. How does that happen?
Nice job by Gracel in the face-off circle last night going 8 for 11.
Where is Rocco Carzo? He hasn’t made himself as big a part of the offense as had hoped. Zero shots last night.
Fear The Triangle player of the game – Jeff Teglia
https://fearthetriangle.com/2010/11/13/unh-thoughts/
UNH Preview
#9 New Hampshire Wildcats 4-1-2 (2-0-1) T-4th Hockey East
Massachusetts Minutemen 0-5-2 (0-2-2) T-9th Hockey East
The task to gain their first win likely could not be more daunting than what the Minutemen have in front of them this weekend. UMass is heading in to play two games in a rink where they haven’t won in four years against the 9th best team in the country who hasn’t lost since the first weekend of the season and that is coming. Oh, and did I mention that they’re facing a goaltender that was named player of the week by pretty much everyone who follows Hockey East and college hockey?
Since UNH dropped their first game of the season out at Miami they’ve been close to flawless, with some key wins over those same Redhawks, Cornell, and BC as well as ties to Michigan and Northeastern. While the Wildcats have done well defensively, it has actually been their offense that has carried them through. They’re averaging 3.57 goals a game, good for 2nd among Hockey East teams and 13th in the country. Leading the charge offensively are a couple of sophomore forwards, Dalton Speelman and John Henrion. Both have a team leading 7 points with four goals each. They also are getting good production from their upperclassmen, namely Mike Sislo and Phil DeSimone. While the team is scoring well, their power play hasn’t been dominant to date, but still dangerous at 17.9%. Still, if UMass continues to take a lot of penalties as they have recently, it won’t matter what UNH’s conversion rate is, because it won’t take many to put the Minutemen away.
Defensively UNH has been led by guys like Matt Campanale and Connor Hardowa, who are both +6 for the season. Of course another blueliner to keep an eye on is Blake Kessel, one of the better two way defensemen in all of college hockey. In net for the Wildcats is Matt DiGirolamo. Like Brian Foster, Kevin Regan, and other UNH goalies before him DiGirolamo has put in his time on the bench for a couple years and then come forward to play very solid goaltending in Durham. After giving up only two goals total last weekend DiGirolamo was named Hockey East player of the week and national player of the week by INCH. On the season he has a goals against average of 2.66 and save percentage of .921.
If there is a weakness for UNH so far it has been their penalty kill. So far they’re preventing goals on just 75.9% of their opponent’s chances, second to last in Hockey East. Last? Unfortunately, UMass. The UMass power play is going to have to be much improved to use it as a means to win. Other than that I’m not too sure what UMass needs to do different. Last weekend, they finished up their worst effort of the season against Army with a very good one against a talented Swedish National Team. The fact that they were able to do so well and even overcome some mistakes in the exhibition win makes me wonder if the majority of their problems are mental. Without the pressure of trying to go out there and have that first possible win hanging over their heads they were able to just that, handily.
Maybe that’s the trick. Fair or not, those around Hockey East assume UMass is going to get destroyed by the Wildcats this weekend. Certainly the UNH fans will be thinking that going in. I think they’d be best just going out there, concentrating on what they’ve been stressing in practice, try to hit the open guys, and get back on defense. Do that for 60 minutes then look up at the scoreboard and see what it says. Maybe it’ll be a pleasant surprise.
Beer The Triangle
I will not be making the trip up to Durham this weekend for a couple reasons. Namely, I will be attending Saturday’s big football game against Delaware and quite frankly I don’t enjoy watching games at Lake Whitt. In fact, the main thing that was leading me to consider a trip north was a chance to head to Portsmouth Brewery. Portsmouth Brewery is only about a 25 minute drive from the arena in, surprisingly, downtown Portsmouth. Easily one of the best brewpubs in all of New England when it comes to quality beer. Looking at their website they have the Winter Weizen on draft, which I recommend, and something called Dunkel Gose which looks intriguing. If you try some, let me know how it is. As for me I’ll be drinking some 21st Amendment Fireside Chat at what should be an epic last tailgate of the season. Any beer that has FDR on the side can’t be bad.
Coach Cahoon says he’s note sure who will be in net in this preview from the Collegian.
Dick Baker previews the weekend series as well.
Here’s a preview from the New Hampshire side of things. As well as another.
USCHO has a feature on UNH goaltender Matt DiGirolamo.
Greg Mauldin was recalled by the Avalanche yesterday.
https://fearthetriangle.com/2010/11/12/unh-preview-2/
View From Section U: A Gift For Isenberg
As I mentioned when I first started my Wednesday View From Section U feature I wanted to write about more than just the UMass hockey program but subjects of interest relating to the university itself. Last week the Sports Management department of the Isenberg School of Management announced that they received a monumental gift consisting of the archives of Mark McCormack. Who is Mark McCormack? He is seen as the father of the sports management industry. His first client was none other than golf legend Arnold Palmer and with his representation of the golfer started the sports management firm IMG, the largest in the world. IMG represents athletes, puts on sporting events around the world, and producer of sports TV.
For UMass to be chosen to host the archives of a pioneer of an entire industry is a huge honor and speaks to the elite stature of the school’s sports management program. That program, in conjunction with the gift, will now be known as the McCormack Sports Management Program. I personally was not part of the sports management program although there are certainly times when I wish I had been. My graduate degree however is from the Isenberg School of Management and I did have the chance to take a class in sports marketing, which taught me more about marketing concepts than my core marketing classes.
The UMass sports management department has put out a staggering amount of alumni who are now in high level positions among all in sports. I no longer am surprised when I hear that this MLB general manager, or that NBA league office executive, or some ESPN honcho holds a degree from UMass. The McCormack papers doesn’t establish the department’s place among the elite in the nation, it merely solidifies it. One would think all those well-placed alumni in various positions in sport would have to benefit the athletic programs back at the alma mater. But that’s something that’s tough to measure. Either way, as a fan of sport and an alum of UMass it was nice to see one of the jewels of the flagship campus get even that more of a shine to it with this tremendous gift made last week.
Did I say something about alumni from the sports management program all over the country? Oh yeah, recruit John Parker’s coach, Kevin Patrick, is one of them. Patrick started his coaching career at Deerfield Academy and has been an assistant at Union, Bowling Green, and Wisconsin.
Speaking of recruits, today marked the beginning of the fall signing period. Parker and Kevin Boyle have already signed theirs. To my knowledge Shane Walsh has not as of yet. This may also be a time when we learn of new committed recruits to the program. Too bad Parker already signed his because his Lumberjacks had a clever fan event surrounding signing day. Think UMass could have a similar event where we all gather around a fax machine and wait for LOIs to come in?
Dick Baker has a short blurb on UNH rounding out the corners of Lake Whitt.
https://fearthetriangle.com/2010/11/10/view-from-section-u-a-gift-for-isenberg/
Let’s see how the recruits did over the weekend.
Shane Walsh scored his USHL first goal in the Tri-City Storm’s only game of the weekend, a 4-3 win over Fargo. The achievement earned him a mention in the USHL’s weekly update.
John Parker had three assists over the weekend as his Muskegon Lumberjacks swept the Under-18 USA team.
Kevin Boyle split his the series for the Westside Warriors, giving up just two goals on 28 shots in the win but giving up 5 on 28 shots in the loss.
There are a few recruits out there that I’ve written about in previous posts that have been mentioned as considering UMass.
Defenseman Logan Roe’s season will be starting up soon. Roe attends Kent Prep and his team will start play at the end of this month. I suspect the same is true for Devin Tringale and Lawrence Academy. Still trying to figure out if defenseman Eddie Nolan will be at BC High for another year or has moved on.
Mike Weaver has 10 goals and 2 assists in 17 games for the Junior Bruins in the Empire Junior Hockey League.
Kevin Moore has a funny edition of his One Moore Minute following him and a few of his teammates trick or treating around Amherst and the dorms.
UMass and Vermont, the country’s only winless teams, are mentioned in INCH’s First Shift. And yes, that is the goaltender that the Minutemen will face this weekend picked as national player of the week.
by rocks22 on November 9, 2010 • Permalink
Posted by rocks22 on November 9, 2010
Hockey East has recaptured the top spot in the polls as the BU Terriers are the new #1 in this week’s USCHO rankings. BU is also atop the USA Hockey/USA Today poll, which has four Hockey East teams in the top ten.
Here’s how INCH’s Power Rankings look.
UMass’ next opponent, UNH, was named Hockey East’s team of the week with their goaltender, Matt Digirolamo the player of the week.
The Collegian recaps the loss to Army and the role of bad penalties in the game.
Dick Baker covers Kevin Moore’s big moment during the game against Sweden. He also talks about Mike Donnellan playing up front in the exhibition, complete with a picture showing how effective the tactic was. As I mentioned in my recap of the game it’ll be interesting to see if this change takes hold as it would address a huge hole in the makeup of this team.
Sweden Recap
First thing first. My hope going into yesterday’s exhibition game was that no one gets hurt. That didn’t happened as Mike Pereira was hit into the boards, and had to be helped off the ice and immediately into the locker room. It looked like a knee but from what I heard it sounds like it might just be a deep bruise. Anything more serious would’ve put a huge damper on what was a good effort by the Minutemen who dominated the Swedes 5-1.
This game won’t count in the standings but hopefully it registers with the players’ confidence as they soundly defeated a very skilled, though perhaps a bit tired, Swedish team. The Swedes were playing their fourth game in 6 days. It was interesting to see guys like T.J. Syner and Mike Marcou in the lineup because in his post-game press conference Coach Cahoon specifically mentioned that those two would not be playing. Perhaps the horrible loss to Army spurred him to reconsider and want his captains on the ice to try to inspire the rest of the team. Whatever it was, it worked because this was the most sound effort that we’ve seen all season.
One highlights from the game is the fact that UMass killed all six Sweden power plays, limiting them to only four shots. On the other side UMass went 1 for 4 on the power play generating 11 shots. The power play goal was a great effort by Conor Sheary where he skated into the slot and roofed a shot just under the crossbar. One of the better goals of the young season. Sheary was assisted on the play by Chase Langeraap who had a huge game and made an excellent case that he should be getting playing time in the future. In the end Langeraap had two goals, including one shorthanded, and an assist. I don’t give out player of the games for exhibitions, but he’d obviously be it. I thought Conor Allen played well, rebounding from some poor games as of late. The box score has him only with an assist on one of the goals, the first where he made a nice cross ice pass to Langeraap on a two on one. I could’ve sworn he assisted on the second Langeraap goal as well, but either way Allen’s play was improved.
Coach Cahoon used the game to experiment with some lines and other strategies. One of the more interesting ones was putting Mike Donnellan out there taking shifts as a forward. The idea behind it is like to add some physical play that has been lacking from the forward position so far this season. He definitely has the checking ability to do so and skates well enough to be a forward. If this is something Cahoon is going to implement going forward though it looks like it’ll take some more time in practice as there were a few times were Donnellan got crossed up with his linemates. But overall I don’t think the idea is without merit and it would help fill a glaring need on this team currently.
Jeff Teglia saw the majority of the time in net, playing 50 minutes. Overall I thought he played very solid and ended the game with 30 saves even with the shortened playtime. He’s beginning to look much more comfortable in there and each game he seems to get a little better with his positioning before the initial shot and also knowing when to or not to come out and play the puck. Dainton came in for a few minutes in relief and looked fine. But one of the best moments of the afternoon was when Kevin Moore came in to play the last three and a half minutes to a loud cheer from the sparse, Mallen-like crowd in attendance. He didn’t just play, he got tested and came up with what I thought were a couple tough saves.
It doesn’t count, but it’s something and hopefully gives the team a bit of a boost heading into this week’s practices. Getting their first win will be a tough task with two games at #10 UNH on the slate, but if they can play defense like they did yesterday and have upperclassmen step up like Langeraap, they just may pull off the upset.
Dick Baker has his recap of the game.
Providence’s success against Northeastern and UMass earlier this season does not appear to be a fluke as the Friars shutout Merrimack and tied Vermont this weekend and find themselves in second place. Northeastern lost to another Atlantic Hockey team, their third this season, dropping a 4-1 decision to Niagara. UNH got four points on the weekend with wins over BC and Lowell.
https://fearthetriangle.com/2010/11/07/sweden-recap/
Army Recap: UMass Surrenders
Embarassed. Pathetic. Selfish. Not prepared to play. Disappointed beyond measure. All ways that Coach Cahoon described his team’s performance after they were beat 5-2 (FIVE – TWO) by Army. I have to agree with him. This had to be one of the more horrid performances I’ve seen from a UMass team in some time. Think last year’s loss to Bentley was bad? No way, at least that one was close. Losing to Holy Cross a few years ago? Not nearly as bad. One friend talked about the loss to Alabama-Huntsville out in Minnesota. This is easily one of the worst UMass losses in the last ten years. Easily.
And frankly, it all came down to effort. Effort in the corners. Effort in clearing the puck out from the front of the net. Effort in making sure you’re in the right place on defense. Effort in moving your skates and stick and not taking stupid penalties. I was amazed at the complete inability to either clear the puck from in front of the net or get it out of the zone. T.J. Syner admitted that his team was “outbattled”. Yep. Completely right. From the opening drop of the puck Army wanted this game more and not only did they get a win, they got a dominant win. Army was averaging 1.80 goals per game on the season coming in. They scored FIVE. The defense was horrid. There is absolutely nothing positive I can say about the defensive effort. It was all bad. I guess maybe the lone exception is the play of Jeff Teglia who came in for Paul Dainton in the third and played well, giving up a lone goal that came on an Army breakaway. I’m not exactly sure how you give up a power play breakaway, but UMass found a way.
Believe it or not, the offense wasn’t half bad at times. But they need to get better shots off. UMass attempted 66 total shots. 19 were blocked, 15 were off target. That’s more than half of the shots right there that never get to Ryan Leets, the Army goaltender that dazzled in his college debut. Seriously, his college debut. But overall I can’t complain about the offense other than they just seem to be one second behind everything. A step behind on passes. Just late on putting home rebounds. One timers going off the heels of the stick. You would hope, please, that as the season goes along and the team plays more together that they can close the small gaps in timing that’s preventing them from putting the puck home.
Today’s game against Sweden should be interesting. Matt Vautour of the Gazette asked Cahoon after the game if last night’s performance would cause him to play people that he originally didn’t plan to. Cahoon said the opposite, he’s still planning on keeping key guys out (specifically mentioning Syner and Marcou) and he’s going to allow guys to play who haven’t seen a lot of action this season to basically try out for playing time. He said whoever does well will find themselves dressed because there were a lot of no-shows last night.
Sounds good to me. After all, what’s the worst that can happen? This team just got dominated at home by a lower tier Atlantic Hockey team.
Fear The Triangle Player of the Game – Mike Pereira
There were a few bright spots in this one believe it or not. Pereira was probably the brightest, scoring again and ending the night with a +2. At times I felt Syner, Troy Power, Brian Keane, and Kevin Czepiel all looked good.
Dick Baker calls the game a “horror show”. Accurate. And here’s his post game analysis.
Matt Vautour notes that the team has fallen behind 2-0 in five of the team’s seven games.
https://fearthetriangle.com/2010/11/06/army-recap-umass-surrenders/
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The Call of the Wilde
Filed under: Talking Books — Fergal Casey @ 3:41 pm
Tags: Oscar Wilde
As this is now a time for staying indoors for a few weeks(/months) and reading all those books you always meant to but could (cough) never find the time to, why not start by delving into the collected works of Oscar Wilde?
The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888)
The Decay of Lying (1889)
Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime and Other Stories (1891)
The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891)
Intentions (1891)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891)
Lady Windemere’s Fan (1892)
A Woman of No Importance (1893)
Salome (1893)
An Ideal Husband (1895)
The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)
De Profundis (1897)
The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898)
On Rewatching Movies
Tags: 007, Andrei Tarkovsky, Apocalypse Now, Back to the Future, Back to the Future Day, Birdman, Boss Jim W Gettys, Chad Harbach, Charles Foster Kane, Citizen Kane, Constantine, Donald Sutherland, Donald Trump, DVD, DVR, Henry Skrimshander, High Rise, Hillary Clinton, IFI, ITV 2, James Bond, Jaws, Jean-Luc Godard, JFK, Joe Pinsker, John Healy, Keanu Reeves, Ken Adam, Louis Malle, Marcus Aurelius, Mia Hansen-Love, Mike Schwartz, Orson Welles, Oscar Wilde, Paul Fennessy, Roger Moore, Sean Connery, Stephen Errity, The 2010s, The Art of Fielding, The Atlantic, The Dark Knight, The Joker, The Lighthouse, The Matrix, The Matrix Reloaded, The Zeroes, VHS, Woody Allen
The Atlantic recently showcased some findings from behavioural economists suggesting that we overvalue novelty and undervalue repetition, and it made me think about how I’ve been watching movies of late.
Listener up there! what have you to confide to me? Do I anticipate Trump? Very well then I anticipate Trump.
I have been finding it hard, looking back to 2010 in the last few weeks, to get a handle on the contours of this decade, cinematically speaking. And I think some of that difficulty is owing to my not having rewatched as many movies as I would have done during the previous decade. This was a deliberate decision to use my time to add as many new titles to my ken as possible rather than simply rewatching what I had already seen. And that decision has been quite rewarding: I have seen more Jean-Luc Godard, Woody Allen, Orson Welles, Andrei Tarkovsky, Louis Malle, and Mia Hansen-Love films than I would’ve had I not sought them out. But it seems there is an opportunity cost: if you focus on expanding your knowledge, it comes at the cost of deepening existing knowledge.
There is a lot to be said for repetition to really soak in a film. After all a vital check on whether a film really stands up is whether it can be rewatched with profit. I saw Birdman and High-Rise twice within days and loved them both times. In the case of High-Rise I had a totally different viewing experience each time: a crowded screening in IFI 2, where Stephen Errity and I managed to miss the opening scene, brought out the comedy of the film, whereas a deserted screening in IFI 1 with Paul Fennessy brought out the visual grandeur of the film. John Healy opines that repetition, like constantly catching snippets or indeed all of Jaws on heavy rotation on a movie channel, allows you enjoy lots of little details you’d otherwise miss without seeing it so often.
Little details can create what I’ve previously dubbed ‘mental architecture’. Watching The Matrix again and again and again you find yourself responding to someone asking your name with ‘Yeah, that’s me’ and only later realise you were quoting Keanu Reeves. Clambering off the floor with a somewhat awkward grace you realise later you were approximating how Keanu Reeves got up off his knees at the end of Constantine. In neither instance were these conscious emulations, simply physical or verbal replications of an oft-seen physical action or verbal response. The joy of repetition is that which comes from knowing a movie inside out: like watching a James Bond movie with my Dad, hooting at in-jokes about Ken Adam’s inability to stop blowing the budget on working monorails, or quoting along to The Matrix Reloaded line after line en masse with friends.
Whooping up Back to the Future Day on ITV 2 with my Dad back in 2015 wouldn’t have been half as awesome if we hadn’t watched each film repeatedly together over three decades. When Dad couldn’t countenance a full film I would summon from the DVR just the helicopter attack in Apocalypse Now, Donald Sutherland’s JFK monologue, the Joker’s attack on the van in The Dark Knight:
At the far left of the shelf of DVDs was a single unlabelled videocassette. Schwartz slid it out with a finger and popped it into the ancient VCR.
“What’s this?” Henry asked.
“You’ll see.”
Schwartz watched this tape alone sometimes, late at night, the way he reread certain passages of Aurelius. It restored some nameless element of his personality that threatened to slip away if he didn’t stay vigilant. (The Art of Fielding)
Repetition can allow us grasp a film from different angles, enjoy the red herrings we missed before, create personal in-jokes, and provide us with an idiosyncratic frame of reference. But it can also utterly surprise. I was experiencing the rare joy of sharing a friend’s first encounter with a classic in 2017 when I nearly gasped at Citizen Kane on the big screen. Donald Trump’s threat to Hillary Clinton during their debates that he would, if elected, appoint a special prosecutor to look into her situation, now found an incredible anticipation in Charles Foster Kane’s threat during his speech that his “first official act as governor of this state will be to appoint a special district attorney to arrange for the indictment, prosecution and conviction of Boss Jim W Gettys”. There was now a new meaning in an old text.
In the case of Citizen Kane and American politics life was imitating art, as Oscar Wilde opined happened more often than vice versa, and a piece of art that had seemed to have a stable meaning had had that meaning upended. Repetition is not old hat in a world of novelty and completist instincts. It is both a time machine, that can enable us remember the way we enjoyed a movie the first time we saw it and remember ourselves and the milieu of that experience, and a transmogrifier that reworks old movies into something we never suspected our contemporary.
Why shouldn’t Fast & Furious 8 win the Best Picture Oscar?
Tags: 12 Years a Slave, American Sniper, Argo, Avatar, Ben-Hur, Birdman, Boxofficemojo.com, Bret Easton Ellis, Catching Fire, Cavalcade, Fast & Furious 8, Forrest Gump, George Bernard Shaw, Going My Way, Gone with the Wind, Harry Potter 7, Helen Mirren, James Stewart, Jason Statham, Kramer Vs Kramer, Lawrence of Arabia, Moonlight, Mr Smith Goes to Washington, Mrs Miniver, Mutiny on the Bounty, My Fair Lady, Oscar Wilde, Rain Man, Rebecca, Rocky, Rogue One, Sigmund Freud, Spotlight, Talking Movies, The Artist, The Avengers, The Bret Easton Ellis Podcast, The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Dark Knight, The Force Awakens, The Godfather, The Greatest Show on Earth, The Guardian, The Hurt Locker, The King's Speech, The Last Jedi, The Lord of the Rings, The Oscars, The Philadelphia Story, The Return of the King, The Rock, The Shape of Water, The Sound of Music, The State, The Sting, Titanic, Toy Story 3, Vin Diesel, West Side Story, Wikipedia
The obvious answer is because it wasn’t nominated, but there’s an awful lot to be said about that obvious fact.
George Bernard Shaw once complained, after hearing one too many twits at dinner parties dismissing Wilde as facile, that he seemed to be the only man in London who could not sit down and write an Oscar Wilde play at will. Fast & Furious 8 would, Vin Diesel promised, star Dame Helen Mirren and win the Oscar for Best Picture. It achieved one of those impossible missions. And probably the one more worth achieving. Can one say that Fast & Furious 8 was not nominated for Best Picture because it was facile? Surely not, because, like Wilde, if it was really that easy then every studio would be able to make their own Fast & Furious at will, and they cannot. This film saga has liberated itself from realism, probability, physics, logic, and continuity in a manner that defines gleefulness. The only people who can save the world are petrol-heads, people escaping explosions or jumping off bridges or falling cars can always land just where someone is driving to pick them, cars can fly between and through and then between skyscrapers, and again cars can fly between and through and then between skyscrapers, the State is welcomed into the family after murdering one of the family because of insinuations that he has a forgiveness-worthy back story. This is glee incarnate.
And glee does not win Oscars. Fast & Furious 8 was not nominated for Best Picture for the same reason that The Dark Knight was nominated on the understanding that nobody was to actually vote for it. One of my regular theatre cohorts dropped the Freudian slip/zinger “The Dark Knight is great but obviously it wouldn’t the Oscar” when discussing Fast 8 and the Oscars. Think about that, a film is great, but obviously it can’t win the Oscar. Why? Well, because it’s just, um, too popular… A mantra here at Talking Movies is that is what good ought be popular, and what is popular ought be good. That would ring alien to Oscar voters, and that’s not my opinion, it’s an empirically observable trend.
Consider the 1980s. Here are the films that topped the North American Box Office and the films that were awarded Best Picture year by year:
1980 The Empire Strikes Back
1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark
1982 E.T.
1983 Return of the Jedi
1984 Beverly Hills Cop
1985 Back to the Future
1986 Top Gun
1987 Three Men and a Baby
1988 Rain Man
1989 Batman
1980 Ordinary People
1981 Chariots of Fire
1982 Gandhi
1983 Terms of Endearment
1984 Amadeus
1985 Out of Africa
1986 Platoon
1987 The Last Emperor
1989 Driving Miss Daisy
Only Rain Man won both the commercial and Oscar stakes, but some of the others were damn close. Ordinary People was 11th, Chariots of Fire 7th, Gandhi 12th, Terms of Endearment 2nd, Amadeus 12th, Out of Africa 5th, Platoon 3rd, The Last Emperor 25th, and Driving Miss Daisy 8th at the North American box office in their year of release.
Consider the 1990s, when two films topped the North American box office and were crowned with a Best Picture Oscar on their lap of honour.
1990 Home Alone
1991 Terminator 2
1992 Aladdin
1993 Jurassic Park
1994 Forrest Gump
1995 Toy Story
1997 Titanic
1998 Saving Private Ryan
1999 The Phantom Menace
1990 Dances with Wolves
1991 The Silence of the Lambs
1992 Unforgiven
1993 Schindler’s List
1995 Braveheart
1996 The English Patient
1998 Shakespeare in Love
1999 American Beauty
Oscars were still going to reasonably popular films. Dances with Wolves was 3rd, The Silence of the Lambs 4th, Unforgiven 11th, Schindler’s List 11th, Braveheart 18th, The English Patient 19th, Shakespeare in Love 18th, and American Beauty 13th at the North American box office in their year of release. But the Weinstein campaign that successfully prevented the seminal, serious, and popular Saving Private Ryan from taking the Oscar in favour of their slight but aggressively campaigned for confection bode ill.
Consider the 2000s, and you’ll see the people’s choices at the North American box office getting worryingly and increasingly ever further from the Oscar’s choices.
2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas
2001 Harry Potter 1
2002 Spider-Man
2003 The Return of the King
2004 Shrek 2
2005 Revenge of the Sith
2006 Pirates of the Caribbean 2
2007 Spider-Man 3
2008 The Dark Knight
2009 Avatar
2001 A Beautiful Mind
2004 Million Dollar Baby
2005 Crash
2006 The Departed
2007 No Country for Old Men
2008 Slumdog Millionaire
2009 The Hurt Locker
The Oscars now start to veer sharply away from reality… Gladiator was 4th, A Beautiful Mind 11th, Chicago 10th, Million Dollar Baby 24th, Crash 49th, The Departed 15th, No Country for Old Men 36th, Slumdog Millionaire 16th, and The Hurt Locker 116th at the North American box office in their year of release. Where The Last Emperor at 25 had been an outlier in the 1980s when all other 9 films placed 12 or higher, now we find Million Dollar Baby at 24, and then beyond it Crash, No Country for Old Men, and The Hurt Locker. Where in the 1990s only 4 films placed lower than 12, now only 4 films placed 12 or higher – something is definitely up.
Consider the 2010s, a decade in which the Oscars have for eight years ostentatiously disdained the North American box office.
2010 Toy Story 3
2012 The Avengers
2013 Catching Fire
2014 American Sniper
2015 The Force Awakens
2016 Rogue One
2017 The Last Jedi
2010 The King’s Speech
2011 The Artist
2012 Argo
2013 12 Years a Slave
2014 Birdman
2015 Spotlight
2016 Moonlight
2017 The Shape of Water (?)
Oh dear… The King’s Speech was 18th, The Artist 71st, Argo 22nd, 12 Years a Slave 62nd, Birdman 78th, Spotlight 62nd, Moonlight 92nd, and (sic) The Shape of Water 46th at the North American box office in their year of release. Remember the good old days in the 1980s when The Last Emperor at 25 had been an outlier as all the other films were placed 12 or higher? Remember the 1990s when only 4 films placed lower than 12? Or the 2000s when 4 films placed 12 or higher? Now only 1 film out of 8 has even broken into the top 20, and 5 films out of 8 couldn’t even crack the top 50.
What is good ought be popular, and what is popular ought be good, clearly has no currency as a mantra for the Oscar voters.
Bret Easton Ellis on his Podcast has persuasively trashed the Oscars from their inception as a ruse to pretend that the Hollywood studios were interested in art not money by parading a social conscience and worthy/boring movies for public notice. Talking Movies some years ago argued the Oscars were out of step, with many awards effectively do-overs, such as James Stewart winning Best Actor for The Philadelphia Story not Mr Smith Goes to Washington. But the Ellis verdict doesn’t sit with the notion in this piece that films which top the North American box office were crowned with a Best Picture Oscar on their lap of honour. Boxofficemojo.com only has detailed figures going back to 1980, the less documented Filmsite.org has errors that render it unreliable, so we’re forced to Wikipedia to allow us tentatively examine if there is a basis for saying that the biggest film of a year once customarily won the biggest Oscar prize, not just occasionally.
1930 Tom Sawyer
1931 Frankenstein
1932 Shanghai Express
1933 Cavalcade
1934 Viva Villa!
1935 Mutiny on the Bounty
1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
1938 Alexander’s Ragtime Band
1939 Gone with the Wind
1930 All Quiet on the Western Front
1931 Cimarron
1934 It Happened One Night
1936 The Great Ziegfeld
1937 The Life of Emile Zola
1938 You Can’t Take It with You
1941 Sergeant York
1942 Mrs Miniver
1943 For Whom the Bell Tolls
1944 Going My Way
1945 The Bells of St Mary’s
1946 Song of the South
1947 Unconquered
1948 The Red Shoes
1949 Samson and Delilah
1941 How Green Was My Valley
1943 Casablanca
1945 The Lost Weekend
1946 The Best Years of Our Lives
1947 Gentlemen’s Agreement
1948 Hamlet
1949 All the King’s Men
1950 King Solomon’s Mines
1951 Quo Vadis
1952 The Greatest Show on Earth
1953 The Robe
1954 Rear Window
1955 Cinerama Holiday
1956 The Ten Commandments
1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai
1958 South Pacific
1959 Ben-Hur
1950 All About Eve
1951 An American in Paris
1953 From Here to Eternity
1954 On the Waterfront
1955 Marty
1956 Around the World in 80 Days
1958 Gigi
1960 Spartacus
1961 West Side Story
1962 Lawrence of Arabia
1963 Cleopatra
1964 My Fair Lady
1965 The Sound of Music
1966 The Bible
1967 The Graduate
1968 2001: Space Odyssey
1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
1960 The Apartment
1963 Tom Jones
1966 A Man for All Seasons
1967 In the Heat of the Night
1968 Oliver!
1969 Midnight Cowboy
1970 Love Story
1972 The Godfather
1973 The Sting
1974 Blazing Saddles
1975 Jaws
1978 Grease
1979 Kramer vs. Kramer
1970 Patton
1971 The French Connection
1974 The Godfather: Part II
1975 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
1977 Annie Hall
1978 The Deer Hunter
Now then, while there are a lot of boring/worthy films crowding out crowd-pleasers in those years, my impression wasn’t entirely unfounded. In the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s the Best Picture Oscar went to the North American box office champion a regulation 3 times per decade. In the 1960s and 1970s that rose to a regulation 4 times per decade. And then from 1980 to 2018 reverse all engines: instead of 4 times per decade, it has happened 4 times in 4 decades. Something has changed… The Dark Knight would probably have picked up the Best Picture Oscar had it been a film of the 1960s or 1970s, been as great as it was, and been as popular as it was. Unfortunately it arrived a truly obscurantist time for the Oscars, as the very next year the Oscars suckered viewers by nominating Avatar, a genuinely phenomenally popular film, and then awarding the Oscar to The Hurt Locker, which set a new record for unpopularity; being the 116th most popular film at the North American box office in the year of its release. You have to go to the second page of the 2009 statistics on Boxofficemojo.com to find it.
What seemed a deliberate slap in the face to the audience set up this current decade’s obstinate obscurantism and has reaped the appropriate result, fewer and fewer people watching. Now, one shouldn’t automatically equate popularity with artistic merit, but I can’t see that Fast & Furious 8’s glee is completely alien to 1963’s Oscar-winner Tom Jones, nor can I see that its crowd-pleasing is markedly different to 1976’s Oscar-winner Rocky. If it is well-crafted and pleases so many people globally why is it treated like the damn plague? Wouldn’t it be refreshing to announce that the winner at the North American box office would automatically be given the Best Picture Oscar? Or that the nominees for Best Picture would simply be the top 10 films at the box office? Instead the Oscars wring their hands: Why is nobody watching? (Nobody saw the movies) Were the presenters not young and hip enough? (Nobody saw the movies) Were the presenters too young and hip? (Nobody saw the movies) Were the nominations not diverse enough? (Nobody saw the movies) Yes! We must make the voters more diverse to produce more diverse nominations, that will make people watch, yes? (No, nobody saw the movies)
The Oscars have tied themselves into knots responding to vitriolic campaigns about their supposed racism lest, in the pompous Guardian terminology, they become increasingly insular and irrelevant if they ignore these sorts of institutional biases. And yet, even just going with the rigorously documented last 4 decades, the Oscars have already demonstrably become insular and irrelevant over these recent decades by becoming like a snooty waiter who when asked what’s good on the menu, laughs and says “Well, we have some fine fare for ourselves in the kitchen, but that’s not for the likes of you, eat the slop you’re given”, and clearly have no intention doing anything about that. It’s almost comical after the viewing figures turn out poorly every year to see them scrabble for any and all solutions except the actual, obvious one: nominate popular films, and not just for show, to win, like in the 1970s.
It might concentrate a few minds in Hollywood to automatically give the Oscar to the box office winners, because if you don’t value your stock in trade, and thereby show your contempt for your audience, how exactly do you expect the audience to feel about that – it’s pretty remarkable to expect them to tune in in their billions to watch you slap yourself on the back for movies nobody saw because in large part nobody wanted or would want to see them. It might also make global blockbusters a bit better to have people not simply start shooting with a shoddy script because they know all they need is CGI visuals when this is going to sell mostly in foreign language markets. The decline of the North American box office in its importance to Hollywood is fodder for a whole series of posts, but re-attaching the Oscars to domestic popularity might work on ego if pride is not enough to get people to stand over their work for the masses.
Fast & Furious 9 needs to win the Best Picture Oscar as a grand apology for the ridiculous conduct of the Oscars for many, many years. Make it happen, Hollywood.
A Statue for Bill Clinton
Filed under: Talking Theatre (Reviews) — Fergal Casey @ 3:36 pm
Tags: A Statue for Bill Clinton, Ballybunion, Belvedere College, Bill Clinton, Celtic Tiger, Conversations on a Homecoming, Damien Devaney, Enda Kilroy, Frank O'Sullivan, George Bernard Shaw, Good Friday Agreement, Joan Sheehy, John Bull's Other Island, John Olohan, Kings of the Kilburn High Road, Liz Fitzgibbon, Mark Fitzgerald, Monica Lewinsky, Oscar Wilde, San Jose, Seamus Heaney, Tom McEnery, Translations
Tom McEnery, former mayor of San Jose, turns playwright with a whimsical take on the locals of Ballybunion attempting to crash the news-cycle in 1998.
Jackie Costello (John Olohan) is trying to put some hope back into Ballybunion, but the other members of the local civic Committee aren’t much help. John Joe (Frank O’Sullivan) wants a statue of the O’Rahilly, Shamie (Enda Kilroy) doesn’t care, Hannah (Joan Sheehy) is preoccupied waiting for a mystical island to rise, and local politician Austin (Damien Devaney) is more concerned with the cost of preserving the local ruined castle than with the prestige of preserving it. Local enigma Ted provides a solution, which, with the help of visiting emigrant Jimmy (Mark Fitzgerald), might be a real boost for Ballybunion. Dedicate a statue to Bill Clinton to lure the President into town for a game of golf beside Costello’s pub while visiting to celebrate the Good Friday Agreement’s adoption. The only objections come from Kathy (Liz Fitzgibbon), Jackie’s cynical daughter.
Watching A Statue for Bill Clinton is a disconcerting experience. Everything feels made for export: Irish characters in Ireland, as written by an American for Americans. Much quoting of Wilde, Shaw, Heaney amid analyses of Ireland, while can-do American spirit provides the answer to all ills. Not that how hoping that getting POTUS to do a photo-op will magically rejuvenate the town’s economy is ever interrogated as dubious ‘self-help’. The pub setting, returning emigrants, and dreams of success and idealism recall Conversations on a Homecoming and Kings of the Kilburn High Road. Which is unfortunate as it clearly does not aspire to their depth. But then despite billing itself as a true Irish comedy, it doesn’t attack the comedic jugular either. Instead Jackie speechifies hopefully and Kathy speechifies cynically on the motion of the superstitious backwardness of dear old Ireland.
Things pick up in the second half as the characters wince their way thru radio reports on the deepening Lewinsky scandal, and shenanigans abound with dodgy sculptors and mischievous local rivals. You wish that McEnery had either concentrated on this material from the beginning, or done another draft to trim some of the thematic posturing and deepen the characters. At times it feels like he’s 80% towards a successful script, if only he would make the economic homilies a little less on the nose, the relationship between Jimmy and Kathy a little less of a homage to that Irish theatrical trope from John Bull’s Other Island to Translations of the instant romance between the Irish girl and the arriving foreigner, and stop making 1998 quite so anachronistic: pretending the Church is all-powerful, while also anticipating the demise of the Tiger.
A Statue for Bill Clinton is enjoyable, but it’s not quite a comedy and it’s not quite a proper drama either.
A Statue for Bill Clinton continues its run at Belvedere College until the 13th of August.
Tags: 20th Century Blues, Adolf Hitler, Arcadia, Brief Encounter, Deauville, Francis O'Connor, Gate Theatre, Hay Fever, Lorna Quinn, Marty Rea, Michael Colgan, Noel Coward, Oscar Wilde, Paris, Patrick Mason, Peter Gaynor, Private Lives, Rebecca O'Mara, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Selina Cartmell, Sergei Rachmaninov, Shane O'Reilly, The Father, The Hollow Men, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Rivals, The Second Coming, The Vortex, Tom Stoppard, TS Eliot, Waiting for Godot, WB Yeats
The Gate celebrates its regime change by producing a Noel Coward play. Plus ca change, and all that drivel, darling.
Our man Elyot (Shane O’Reilly) arrives at a spiffy hotel in old Deauville for a second honeymoon, as it were, this being his second marriage. His present wife Sibyl (Lorna Quinn) tediously cannot stop talking about his previous wife Amanda (Rebecca O’Mara) and do you know the damndest thing happens; doesn’t she turn out to be staying in the very next room with her present husband, dear old Victor (Peter Gaynor). Whole thing is most extraordinary… Would you credit that their balconies even adjoin?! Sibyl and Victor make themselves so beastly when Elyot and Amanda both independently try to escape this positively sick-making set-up that it really serves them right when El and Am decide to simply decamp together to their old flat in Paris to avoid all the unpleasantness. But the course of true love never did run smooth…
Coward’s ‘intimate comedy’ is a sight too intimate for its own good here. One misses the variety afforded by recent hilarious outings by waspish ensembles for Hay Fever and The Vortex at the Gate. Instead we have a four-hander, and for the whole second act largely a two-hander, where you keep wondering if director Patrick Mason was foiled in casting his regular foil Marty Rea by the latter’s touring commitments. Mason and Rea have triumphed with Sheridan, Stoppard, Coward, Wilde, and you feel Rea urgently needs to play Elyot before he ages out. O’Mara and Quinn are patently too old for their parts, and it makes great bosh of Coward’s script if the naive 23 year old that Elyot flees to here is obviously thirtysomething, while instead of seeking the stolidity of an older man Amanda has married a contemporary.
O’Reilly is nicely abrupt as Elyot, but he and O’Mara never quite reach the heights for which these parts are constructed. But they deliver a wonderfully choreographed fight, chaos so exploding you feel it must topple offstage. Tellingly the audience reacted with shock when he pushed her, but laughed when she broke an LP over his head… Francis O’Connor’s set design reuses familiar elements (The Father, Waiting for Godot) but its transformation from art deco hotel to primitive chic flat is a marvel and delight. There are also divine musical jokes as Coward’s ‘20th Century Blues’ plays between acts, and Rachmaninov’s 2nd Piano Concerto (the soul of Coward’s Brief Encounter) mixes with Hitler on the wireless. And did anyone from the Gate see Gaynor in Hedda Gabler? He can do bombast well, but subtle even better; give him a chance!
This, then, is how the Gate Theatre as it was during the Age of Colgan ends, not with a bang but a whimper, and what rough beast slouches towards the Rotunda to be born?
Private Lives continues its run at the Gate for ever so long.
The Constant Wife
Filed under: Talking Theatre (Reviews) — Fergal Casey @ 10:46 am
Tags: Abbey Theatre, Alan Stanford, Arcadia, Belinda Lang, Caoimhe O'Malley, Charybdis, Conor Mullen, Eileen Diss, Fassbendering, Gate Theatre, George Bernard Shaw, Indian Ink, Jumpers, Lady Bracknell, Michael Colgan, Night and Day, Noel Coward, Oscar Wilde, Patrick Mason, Peter Gaynor, Peter O'Brien, Rachel O'Byrne, Ruth McGill, Scylla, Simon O'Gorman, Somerset Maugham, Tara Egan Langley, The Constant Wife, The Real Thing, The Wake, Tom Murphy, Tom Stoppard
Alan Stanford directs Somerset Maugham’s 1920s comedy of marital infidelity and hypocrisy to amusing effect, but in a broad manner.
Constance Middleton (Tara Egan Langley) has it all: rich, lovely house, delightful daughter at boarding school. But her friends and relations feel sorry for her. Well, some of them do. Her redoubtable mother Mrs Culver (Belinda Lang) most certainly does not; indeed she has called on her daughter expressly to prevent her spinster daughter Martha (Rachel O’Byrne) informing Constance that her husband John (Simon O’Gorman) is having an affair with Constance’s bubbly and vacuous best friend Marie-Louise (Caoimhe O’Malley). Both of them are surprised when they learn that Constance knew all along, and even more surprised when she manages to convince Marie-Louise’s husband Mortimer (Peter Gaynor) that he is a monstrous cad for suspecting his wife. Little do they realise that Constance has a plan, involving gossip, plausible deniability, and her former beau Bernard (Conor Mullen) just returned from China.
Constance takes a job with her entrepreneur friend Barbara (Ruth McGill), and emancipates herself from economic dependence on her husband; much to his fury. Indeed there’s a lot of comic male bluster in this play. The Constant Wife is quite funny, but is played as slapstick. Gaynor has a fantastic stride of determined and manly apology, while Mullen lurks in a doorway looking back and forth at the adulterous couple with the suspicious gaze of a man who’s just been told what’s going on (and leans back hilariously for one parting warning glance), and O’Gorman nearly blows a gasket in remaining dashed polite to a man he wholeheartedly desires to knock down and set to. Given Constance’s Shavian speeches on economics and her mother’s Bracknellisms you wonder if Patrick Mason could elicit subtler laughs and trim the third act repetitions.
O’Malley Fassbenders as the callous airhead, and Lang is delightfully withering, but O’Byrne overplays her RP accent somewhat. Eileen Diss’ appropriately airy set design gives us a drawing room flooded with light, and Peter O’Brien pulls out all the stops in designing a whole wardrobe of glorious flapper era outfits for Maugham’s women to model. Programming this as high summer fare, for the second time in a decade, seemed an absurd exemplar of Michael Colgan’s latter sterility as artistic director, and news of his retirement followed soon after. Maugham’s play is good, but can one justify reviving it when the Gate has only produced three Stoppard shows since 1984? Being The Real Thing, and Arcadia twice. We know the Gate needs full houses but couldn’t an exuberant Stoppard like Night and Day, Indian Ink, or Jumpers pack a house too?
The Constant Wife is entertaining, but not of Cowardian calibre. It and the Abbey’s ramshackle The Wake have represented a veritable Scylla and Charybdis of commerce over aesthetics and ideology over aesthetics this summer.
The Constant Wife continues its run at the Gate Theatre until the 3rd of September.
Jamie & Spencer Need Movie Dates
Tags: 50/50, Adam Devine, Andrew Jay Cohen, Anna Kendrick, Aubrey Plaza, Bad Neighbours, Brendan O'Brien, Funny Or Die, Instagram, Jake Szymanski, Jamie & Spencer Need Movie Dates, Jamie Laing, Jonathan Levine, London, Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates, Oscar Wilde, SNL, Spencer Matthews, Stephen Root, Twitter, Zac Efron
“Life imitates art far more than art imitates life” said Oscar Wilde, and so to celebrate the release of Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates on August 10th, eligible bachelors Jamie Laing and Spencer Matthews are looking for two friends to join them as their dates to a preview screening of the film in London on August 2nd.
To enter the competition, applicants must comment on Jamie Laing’s post on Twitter or Instagram, tagging 1 friend that they would like to enter the competition with, explaining why they would make the best dates for Jamie and Spencer.
Entry for the competition is open now and closes Wednesday 27th of July at 11:59pm GMT.
See here for terms and conditions. Entrants must be 18 or older.
Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates sees hard-partying brothers Mike (Adam Devine) and Dave (Zac Efron) place an online ad to find the perfect dates for their sister’s Hawaiian wedding. They’re looking for respectable girls at the insistence of their father (Stephen Root) who doesn’t want them ruining the wedding. But the ad soon goes viral and instead of respectable girls they get a conniving and uncontrollable duo (Aubrey Plaza, Anna Kendrick) and find themselves outsmarted and out-partied.
Kendrick’s 50/50 director Jonathan Levine produces a script by Bad Neighbours creators Andrew Jay Cohen and Brendan O’Brien as SNL and Funny Or Die director Jake Szymanski makes his cinematic debut.
Tags: 1798, 1916, Algernon Moncrieff, Ali White, Antrim, As You Like It, Bertolt Brecht, Captain Boyle, Charlotte McCurry, Darragh Kelly, Defenders, Dion Boucicault, Edward Bunting, Eleanor Methven, Henry Joy McCracken, Juno and the Paycock, Lynne Parker, Northern Star, Orangemen, Oscar Wilde, Paul Mallon, Project Arts Centre, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Richard Clements, Robbie O'Connor, Rory Nolan, Rough Magic, Samuel Beckett, Sean O'Casey, Stewart Parker, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Melancholy Jacques, The Troubles, Tom Stoppard, Travesties, United Irishmen, Wolfe Tone, Zia Holly
Director Lynne Parker revisits her late uncle Stewart Parker’s 1984 script again, with a Brechtian touch, and the result is a theatrical tour de force.
Henry Joy McCracken (Paul Mallon) is on the run. The 1798 Rebellion has failed miserably in Antrim as he has found himself leading literally dozens of men, to exaggerate slightly. And exaggerating slightly is something McCracken does a lot during a purgatorial night in a ruined house with his Catholic lover Mary (Charlotte McCurry). As he attempts to construct some sort of decent speech from the gallows for the citizens of Belfast he trawls through his memories of the 1790s, remembered in flashbacks that approximate to Shakespeare’s 7 Ages of Man and to the style of 7 different Irish playwrights. There is the ribald shenanigans of Sheridan in rooting out informers, the melodramatic balderdash of Boucicault in uniting Defenders and Orangemen, and the witty quips of Wilde in McCracken’s dealing with Wolfe Tone and Edward Bunting. But there’s also darkness…
Lynne Parker has spoken of adopting a Brechtian approach by having McCracken identified by his jacket, so Mallon can hand it over to other actors and sit back and observe himself in his own flashbacks; played by Ali White with gusto in the Boucicault flashback and with comic disbelief in the O’Casey flashback. This combined with Zia Holly’s design, confronting the audience with the wings of a theatre as the playing space, amps up the theatricality of Stewart Parker’s script, which was already reminiscent of Stoppard’s Travesties in its dialogue with and pitch-perfect parodies of older works. Rory Nolan is hilarious as a dodgy Defender played in the style of O’Casey’s Paycock, and as harp enthusiast Edward Bunting played as Algernon Moncrieff’s ancestor, in Stewart Parker’s two most acute ventriloquisms. But all these capers occur underneath an ever-present literal noose.
Mallon and McCurry scenes in McCracken’s long night of the soul are the emotional glue that binds together the fantastical flashbacks, and they are affecting as she tries to convince him that his sister’s plan to escape to America under false papers is a reprieve not banishment. The flashbacks become more contemplative after the interval with Darragh Kelly’s loyalist labourer challenging McCracken over his failure to rally Protestants to the United Irishmen’s standard, and a prison flashback revealing the desperation of McCracken’s situation. Richard Clements, Eleanor Methven, and Robbie O’Connor complete the ensemble, deftly portraying a dizzying array of characters in McCracken’s remembrances. Mallon is wonderfully melancholic during Parker’s most overtly state of the nation moments, and remarkably, even with the Troubles’ paramilitary iconography at work, a 1984 play about 1798 sounds like it’s addressing 1916 at a theatrical remove.
Rough Magic’s 2012 Travesties occasionally lost the audience with its intellectual bravura, but Lynne Parker through theatrical panache has indeed ‘liberated’ this equally clever meditation on history and culture.
Northern Star continues its run at the Project Arts Centre until the 7th of May.
‘A Celtic Twilight in Little England: GK Chesterton and WB Yeats’ published in Irish Studies Review
Tags: A Celtic Twilight in Little England: GK Chesterton and WB Yeats, Adam Wayne, Autobiography, Benedict Anderson, Boer War, Catherine Wilsdon, Declan Kiberd, Giulia Bruni, GK Chesterton, Heretics, Imagined Communities, Irish Revival, Irish Studies Review, Joseph Chamberlain, Matthew Arnold, Oscar Wilde, PJ Mathews, Revival, The Napoleon of Notting Hill, UCD, University College Dublin, WB Yeats
I’m pleased to belatedly report that my essay ‘A Celtic Twilight in Little England: GK Chesterton and WB Yeats’ has been published in a special issue of the Irish Studies Review edited by Catherine Wilsdon and Giulia Bruni.
G.K. Chesterton’s 1936 Autobiography affectionately re-creates his first meetings with W.B. Yeats, whose critical thought Chesterton parsed in his 1905 book Heretics. Chesterton was dubious about Yeats’s occultism, but attracted by the Irish Revival’s linking of cultural reawakening with small-scale economic independence. His criticism of Yeats’s linking of nationalism and mysticism anticipates Benedict Anderson’s seminal theorising of nationalism. P.J. Mathews’s Revival locates texts in the context of separatist agitation against Joseph Chamberlain’s Boer War. Chesterton’s 1904 novel The Napoleon of Notting Hill can be read as a parallel text, explicitly rebutting Chamberlain’s imperialist philosophy, but also repurposing elements of Yeats’s critique of Matthew Arnold’s Celt/Teuton cultural binaries for application to English classes. Declan Kiberd’s idea that Wilde exposed England as deeply colonised by the British Empire usefully situates Notting Hill‘s anti-imperialism. Chesterton grants the English populace the Hellenistic spontaneity of consciousness Arnold denied them, and sets forth a vision of English nationalism that even contains a critique of Anderson’s “official nationalism”. Notting Hill‘s politico-cultural revolution, led by Wayne, a poet-warrior, and Turnbull, a visionary shop-keeper, defeats the forces of imperialist politics, plutocratic economics, and empiricist philistinism, and acts as an English parallel in its concerns to Yeats’s decolonising process.
Tags: A Very Impressive Clergyman, Abbey Theatre, Algernon Moncrieff, Bosco Hogan, Bunbury, Bunburying, Canon Chasuble, Cecily Cardew, Deirdre Donnelly, Des Keogh, Eminent Victorians, Ernest Worthing, Fassbendering, Francis O'Connor, Gate Lab, Gate Theatre, George Bernard Shaw, Gwendolen Fairfax, Heartbreak House, Jack Worthing, James Murphy, Kate Canning, Kevin Shackleton, Lady Bracknell, Lisa Dwyer Hogg, Lorna Quinn, Marion O'Dwyer, Marty Rea, Miss Prism, Oscar Wilde, Patrick Mason, Peter Cook, Queen Victoria, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Roisin McBrinn, Rory Nolan, Smock Alley Theatre, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Princess Bride, The Rivals
Director Patrick Mason reunites with Marty Rea and Rory Nolan, the double act from his 2009 production of The Rivals, for an elegant production of Wilde’s comedy of dual identities.
Algernon Moncrieff (Rory Nolan) is a confirmed Bunburyist; evading formidable aunt Lady Bracknell (Deirdre Donnelly) by dint of imaginary invalid friend Bunbury, who is at death’s door whenever she issues invitations. Algernon is determined to unmask his friend Ernest Worthing (Marty Rea) as a secret Bunburyist after finding a card revealing him to be Ernest in town, but Jack in the country. Jack insists he is merely maintaining a high moral tone for the benefit of his ward Cecily (Lorna Quinn) by the invention of disreputable brother Ernest, whose outrages necessitate frequent trips to London. But when Jack’s new fiancé, Algernon’s cousin Gwendolen (Lisa Dwyer Hogg), announces she could only love a man named Ernest, and Lady Bracknell declares Jack’s unknown parentage an insurmountable objection, Jack’s engagement seems doomed. And that’s before Algernon helpfully complicates matters with some absurdist Bunburying…
Designer Francis O’Connor spoke in his Gate Lab talk of producing a space of ‘vivid neutrality’ hiding playfulness and tricks; from Oscar’s visage faintly imprinted on the back wall, to a toy train running on tracks laid into the floor for Act 2’s shift to the country, to the startling ejection of rows of champagne or filing cabinets from a side wall when given a push. Panels in the back wall open to reveal Algy’s vases full of perfect green carnations, bucolic countryside impressions, and Jack’s massive portrait of Queen Victoria surrounded by eminent Victorians. O’Connor’s costumes visually cue Mason’s take on the characters: Algy is the perfect aesthete, his blue suit perfectly fitted to his decor, Gwendolen is a chip off the old block, her lavender outfit a variation on her mother’s dress, and Jack is trying too hard to pass as an Establishment worthy, his dark clothes always too sombre. Even Jack’s servant is off. Lane (Bosco Hogan) is in insouciant synch with Algy, but uncertain Merriman (a Fassbendering Des Keogh) is nearly clobbered by filing cabinets, makes heavy weather of clearing away Cecily’s books to lay the table, and runs away whimpering after serving Gwendolen detestable tea-cake.
It’s instructive to note the Rea/Nolan double act’s contrast to Shackleton/Murphy in Smock Alley’s recent Earnest. The business of the last muffin here sees Algy magnificently insouciant and inert, not mischievous and active, with Jack’s despairing throwing of a handkerchief over the muffin tray, rather than engaging in a tug-of-war for it, summarising Rea’s interpretation. This is a man at pains to be respectable but continually thwarted by others. Pushed on to the ground by Miss Prism (a droll Marion O’Dwyer), he attempts to muster an entirely imaginary dignity before asking Lady Bracknell if she’d mind awfully telling him who he is. Rea’s expression when Jack finds his real name in the Army Lists is a comic joy. Donnelly is a wonderful Lady Bracknell, eschewing outright scenery chewing for a forthright indomitability that makes quotable lines fresh putdowns, while Dwyer Hogg, the polar opposite of her Heartbreak House ingénue, vamps it up as Gwendolen, with a Brackenellian imperiousness towards Cecily. Mark Lambert, so rambunctious in that Heartbreak House, seems underused as Canon Chasuble; amusingly rendered a relation of Peter Cook’s Very Impressive Clergyman; but complaining that supporting players have too much star power clearly points to an embarrassment of riches.
Mason had wondered what he could bring to another production of Earnest; the answer was reforming an unbeatable trio of himself, Rea, and Nolan.
The Importance of Being Earnest continues its run at the Gate until the 30th of January.
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Healthy Sperm
Home › Male Infertility › Male Fertility Issues › Sperm Tests
In The Comfort Of Home
It's not much fun for men to go through producing sperm samples at an office for fertility testing. The thought that everyone knows what you've done to get that sample is well, unsavory and embarrassing—even if it is for a good cause. Now there's another way to get tested.
A brand new home test that can check a man's sperm count will be available soon in Europe and is now awaiting Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval so that it can be sold within the United States. SpermCheck Fertility is meant for couples who have been trying to get pregnant for a short time. The test can be used as the first step in determining a couple's fertility status and can indicate whether they should seek professional advice.
According to statistics issued by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, about 7.3 million U.S. couples or 12% of the population that is of childbearing age, are troubled by fertility problems. Fertility is time-consuming, expensive, and anxiety-producing. This low-cost test that can be performed at home may help make things a little less difficult.
In Privacy
One of the developers of the new test, Dr. John C. Herr of Charlottesville's University of Virginia explains that the function of this test is to determine whether there is a male factor to a couple's infertility. According to Herr, the couple can purchase the test, " …and do that in privacy with some cost savings."
Herr says the kit retails for around $25. "That's a lot cheaper than going in and having a full semen analysis." Herr adds, depending on where you live, a semen analysis can run from $65 all the way up to $250 and insurance may not cover your costs.
The manufacturer claims that SpermCheck Fertility works much like a home pregnancy test, and is very sensitive. The test is said to have 95% accuracy in tallying sperm count levels, using standards provided by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Primary Objective
To test with the home kit, the semen is allowed to rest for a period of 20 minutes after which 100 microliters is collected with a pipette. The semen is then mixed with a formula that will release the protein known as SP-10 that is contained with the sperm. Measuring the levels of this protein is the primary objective of this test. A few drops of the combined mixture are then placed into two sample wells. In seven minutes, results will appear in the test windows.
Antisperm Antibodies
Male Biological Clock
Personal Lubricants & Infertility
The Testing Process
Fertility Myths
Varicoceles
Sperm Tests
Sperm DNA Signature
Klinefelter Test
Shopping And Fertility
Treating Impotence
Men and Infertility
Prostate Cancer Fertility
Overweight & Male Infertility
Testicular Cancer and Fertility
Varicocele Surgery--Success Stories?
Low Sperm Motility
Does Puregon Work/Male Infertility..?
When Dh Becomes An A** After Semen Results, What Do We Do
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Malibu Media attorneys reveal defendant’s identity despite the order prohibiting that. Judge is not amused
Malibu Media v. John Doe (OHSD 14-cv-00493) is one of the cases I list on the “Cases to watch” page. A mere fact that the defendant is represented by Jason Sweet means that it is worth attentively watching how this case progresses.
I wrote about this lawsuit half a year ago. That post was mainly about the defendant’s argument that the plaintiff didn’t need to know the Doe’s identity because his/her attorney would happily accept the service. The motion exchange revealed that Malibu’s local Yousef Faroniya is merely a stooge who files shakedown lawsuits and forwards email to/from the troll center in Miami. Not surprisingly, he avoids talking to the opposite party’s attorneys at all costs; hence I named the post “Copyright troll Yousef Faroniya and his telephonophobia.”
Normally I would edit the post to append a new information, but because at least three major events happened since my last update, a new article is appropriate. These events are:
the judge’s order denying the defendant’s motion to quash, and striking parts of the plaintiff’s complaint;
the defense’s motion to dismiss for failure to timely serve;
the plaintiff’s violation of the court’s order and the resulting motion to show cause.
The judge denies the motion to quash yet expresses concerns
Unfortunately, Judge Timothy Black was not persuaded by Sweet’s argument and on 1/21/2015 ruled that the plaintiff is entitled to know the defendant’s identity. Nonetheless, while the judge didn’t explicitly order not to identify the defendant publicly at that time, the tone of the order suggested the assumption that the defendant would proceed pseudonymously.
Denying the motion to quash didn’t mean that Judge Black was happy with the plaintiff’s conduct. The following paragraphs from the complaint piqued his attention:
25. IPP’s software also logged Defendant’s IP address being used to distribute third party files through BitTorrent. This evidence indicates that Defendant engaged in BitTorrent transactions associated with 2732 files between 06/23/2013 and 05/13/2014. Collectively, this evidence is referred as the “Additional Evidence”.
26. Plaintiff has the Additional Evidence on a document and can produce it.
27. The Additional Evidence demonstrates that Defendant is a persistent BitTorrent user.
28. Many of the titles to the third party works may also be relevant to proving Defendant is the infringer because they correlate to the Defendant’s hobbies, profession, or other interests.
Those who follow these cases remember that Malibu Media and its attorney Mary K. Schulz was sanctioned twice in Wisconsin for filing an infamous irrelevant and scandalous “exhibit C” — the list of filenames, many of which are embarrassing, purportedly shared from the defendant’s IP address. The judge thought that the above paragraphs from the complaint are nothing but a concealed “Exhibit C,” so he sua sponte ordered to strike this travesty:
Finally, the Court sua sponte raises what appears to be a remnant of one of Plaintiff’s particularly controversial litigation practices. Plaintiff’s complaint makes the seemingly off-hand allegation that IPP International UG logged Defendant’s IP address distributing 2,732 third-party files through BitTorrent. Plaintiff euphemistically describes this as “additional evidence” that Defendant is a persistent BitTorrent user and that “[m]any of the titles to the third party works may also be relevant to proving Defendant is the infringer because they correlate to the Defendant’s hobbies, profession, or other interests.” Plaintiff advises that it has this “additional evidence” on a separate document and gratuitously offers to produce it upon request.
Plaintiff presumably did not attach this document to its complaint because its lawyers have been sanctioned for the same. This attachment, the sequentially numbered Exhibit C, “consistently includes far more disturbing lewd, unusual and unredacted titles of pornographic films allegedly downloaded by the defendant than those belonging to plaintiff.” Courts concluded that the sole purpose of this exhibit was to “harass and intimidate defendants into early settlements by use of the salacious nature of others’ materials, rather than the merit of its own copyright claims.”
Although Plaintiff did not attach Exhibit C to its complaint, references to its existence and thinly-veiled threats of its production demonstrate that “these cases are fraught with circumstances that could embarrass the putative defendant should they become public and strongly influence his or her decision to settle even a meritless suit just to make the case go away before being publicly associated with their client’s film.” The alleged infringement of third-party copyrights is “immaterial to the allegations in the complaint.” Further, “the exhibit is merely a list of filenames, and it likely constitutes ‘immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter’ that should be stricken from the complaint.”
Accordingly, the Court STRIKES paragraphs 25-28 from the complaint.
Service games and motion to dismiss for failure to serve
The judge’s order also gave the plaintiff additional 38 days to serve the defendant.
The troll got a hold on the defendant’s identity on 2/2/2015. A reasonable bystander would think that Malibu would rush to serve, right? Wrong. The defendant was not served by the 2/28/2015 deadline. Why? Maybe because Lipscomb’s back office is not that good with the logistics, maybe because the trolls are spoiled by the majority of gullible judges who rubberstamp extensions without asking questions, or maybe because Lipscomb was scared of the prospect of the defendant answering the complaint, which would close the backdoor of the voluntary dismissal cut-and-run.
Moreover, after an email sent to the defense attorney strategically on Friday night before the deadline, the troll had an audacity to ask the judge for another extension.
On 3/11/2015 Jason Sweet filed a motion to dismiss for failure to effectuate the service:
Note that this motion lists seven other Malibu cases from this district in which the deadlines to serve passed.
What judge immediately did is encouraging: not only did he sua sponte expedite the briefing of this motion, setting a tight schedule (troll’s memorandum contra due by 3/18/2015; defense’s reply memorandum — by 3/23/2015), he also issued an order to show cause in one of other Malibu cases assigned to him, in which the defendants were not served past deadline.
The troll reveals the defendant’s name and address in violation of the judge’s order
Two days after the defendant’s motion to dismiss, on 3/13/2015, Malibu filed an amended complaint, and the exhibits, purposefully or not, displayed the defendant’s name and address, which was a clear violation of the 2/26/2015 judge’s order granting plaintiff’s motion to file the amended complaint and summons:
[…]The Clerk is DIRECTED to issue the summons under seal. The Court establishes the following procedure to balance Defendant’s privacy interests with the presumption of open judicial proceedings. Simultaneously with filing its proposed summons under seal, Plaintiff shall also file a Reference List and an amended complaint. The Reference List, which shall be filed under seal, must contain Defendant’s name and any other identifying information that Plaintiff deems necessary to the prosecution of its case, as well as an appropriate identifier that uniquely corresponds to each item listed. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.2(g). The amended complaint and all subsequent filings shall be publicly filed and must refer to Defendant only as John Doe and use the identifier provided in the Reference List for other identifying information. The Court reaffirms the other directives set forth in the 1/21/15 Order. (Doc. 20 ).
Fortunately, thanks to the judge’s clerk’s sharp eye, the documents were sealed immediately. Nonetheless, defendant’s attorney was understandably furious, and yesterday he asked the judge to sanction Malibu’s counsel.
In his motion, Jason Sweet claimed that what happened was not a mistake, but a deliberate premeditated action:
On March 13, 2015, Plaintiff, in violation of the Court’s repeated Orders, filed an unredacted summons and reference list with John Doe’s name and address plainly visible. See Docs. 24 & 25. By choosing to file these documents at 8:00 PM on a Friday evening, Plaintiff intentionally chose a time when it would be difficult to correct, and the embarrassment alone might cause John Doe to seek a non-trial disposition just to end the matter. More so, the documents are dated March 12, 2015, further compounding the inference that Plaintiff intentionally waited until Friday evening to file them. Nor is this the first time Plaintiff has indicated a willingness to employ this tactic against Does who refuse to settle.
To substantiate his claims, Sweet listed three other Lipscomb’s cases, in which the defendants’ identities were “mistakenly” publicized.
Judge Black didn’t procrastinate, and today he issued an order to show cause why the troll shouldn’t be sanctioned for a blatant violation of the court’s order:
TechDirt: Massive Copyright Troll Malibu Media/xArt Defies Court Order To Publicly Name Defendant
So, the Troll Center in Miami scrambled all its crafty young attorneys and produced Malibu’s response in opposition to the motion to dismiss discussed above. This is one of the weakest (and most arrogant) excuses I saw from Lipscomb & Co. The troll has been waiting to serve for a month, because… (put your drinks to the table in order to avoid spillage):
[…] Plaintiff could not immediately effectuate service at that time, not only because it did not yet have an issued summons but because it still had to adequately carry out a due diligent investigation to ensure it had a good faith basis for proceeding.
Triple facepalm. These guys, who are infamous for their pick-from-the-ass investigative techniques, which often result in wrong people being dragged through costly lawsuits had an audacity to claim this as an excuse? Spare me.
Here is how our young Yousef’s telephonophobia is explained:
Although largely irrelevant to the analysis, undersigned notes that he has experienced issues with Defendant’s attorney in this and other cases concerning telephonic miscommunications. To avoid any intentional or inadvertent miscommunication, undersigned has made it a point to confer with Defendant’s attorney only in writing to avoid repeated miscommunications.3 Although Defendant’s attorney is aware of this, he continues to badger undersigned to communicate telephonically, and habitually delays in responding to emails.
Yeah, right, “avoiding miscommunication.” For those with IQ > 70, it’s obvious that it is rather avoiding revelation of the fact that our young Yousef is only a stooge, who is not only incapable of putting two words together coherently, but can’t even maintain an illusion of his involvement.
Jason Sweet will have a field day with theses crappy “explanations.” Can’t wait.
Young Yousef replied to the order to show cause. Of course he said it was a mistake.
The following day, Friday, March 13, 2015, was my birthday. I was distracted and in a hurry and filed the documents erroneously.
(While I say “he,” the text is most like written in Miami: I don’t believe the Troll Center would let an inexperienced stooge handle such a serious situation unsupervised.)
Beside attacking Jason Sweet (“Defense counsel is a well-known anti-copyright lawyer” — this is funny!), our drama queen claims that it was him who notified the clerk. I would take it with a grain of salt given the way how he described a similar “mistake” in the Bellwether case:
Once Plaintiff and its counsel were made aware of the mistake, the clerk was immediately contacted and the problem was resolved
I know the circumstances of that event: it wasn’t plaintiff’s counsel who contacted the clerk.
While I don’t claim that the defendant’s name exposure was a deliberate action and not a blooper, the results of the poll above are telling: even given that the sample is admittedly biased, it’s obvious that there is zero trust in what copyright extortionists say. And plenty of disgust of what they do.
The defendant replied to Faroniya’s response to the OSC. Jason Sweet’s point is that the said response failed to address the merits of judge’s concerns and that the “innocent mistake” explanation is both insufficient to be excused from contempt sanctions, and disingenuous:
[…] Plaintiff seems to indicate that it should be applauded for immediately seeking retroactive compliance rather than sanctioned for violating the Court’s orders. Such a position is both naive and disingenuous. It calls into question the integrity of the discovery process conducted under protective orders. Plaintiff has filed thousands of actions throughout the federal court system, most of which follow a similar path: pre-trial discovery and a speedy voluntary dismissal. In the handful of cases where a defendant has chosen to fight, and where Plaintiff has violated a protective order via an after-hours filing, the claims against the defendants are soon after voluntarily dismissed. Thus, Plaintiff is able to “cut and run”—avoid responsibility, avoid sanctions and continue the practice as need be. Given the similarity in circumstances and that Plaintiff controls all aspects of the litigation, there can be little doubt of “intelligent error” on the Plaintiff’s part.
I liked a small but powerful remark that called out Malibu’s massive lies (FN 3):
Plaintiff states most of its 3,600 cases have protective orders requiring anonymity for the defendant. Doc. 29, p. 4. Concerning ourselves with only those matters filed in this District, of the 179 cases filed only 13 have protective orders. Two were issued upon motion by John Does who timely obtained counsel, see Nos. 14-cv-00804 and 14-cv-00456, the remaining 11 were issued sua sponte by your Honor.
Yesterday Judge Timothy Black addressed three issues, ruling in favor of Malibu (yet with a caveat: read along). In his order, the judge
Granted plaintiff’s second motion for extension of time to complete service of process (doc. 22)
Denied defendant’s motion to dismiss (doc. 23)
Withdrew the order to show cause why Plaintiff and its attorney Yousef Faroniya should not be sanctioned or held in contempt for publicly filing Defendant’s name and address in violation of the Court’s Orders (doc. 27)
The overall tone of the order echoes the orders to show case issued on the same day in two different Malibu cases: in those orders the judge scolded the plaintiff, explicitly calling it “copyright troll.” This tone can be summarized as
Although Malibu Media has not proceeded with the utmost diligence, it also has not exhibited the level of dilatory conduct that would justify dismissal for failure to prosecute.
It is undisputed that Malibu Media violated a procedural protection that it proposed and that this purported gesture of good faith rings hollow if it is not followed in practice. However, the drastic sanction of holding Malibu Media or Mr. Faroniya in civil contempt is not the appropriate response from the Court.
In other words, it was a close call and further games played by Malibu and its counsel won’t be tolerated:
The Court trusts that Malibu Media, Mr. Faroniya, and Lipscomb, Eisenberg & Baker have received the message. Lest there be any confusion, future misconduct or violation of Court orders, which is not limited to the particular misconduct at issue here, in this or any other action will likely result in the imposition of monetary sanctions.
Defendant asks judge to declare Malibu Media a vexatious litigant
Tags: 14-cv-00493, Bittorrent, Booth Sweet, Brigham Field, Colette Field, Copyright, Copyright Troll, Emilie Kennedy, Keith Lipscomb, Lipscomb Eisenberg & Baker, Malibu Media, Mary K. Schulz, Ohio, x-art, x-art torrent, XArt, YMF Inc., Yousef Faroniya
Published on: March 16, 2015 July 19, 2019 Author: SJD
29 responses to ‘Malibu Media attorneys reveal defendant’s identity despite the order prohibiting that. Judge is not amused’
Anon E. Mous March 17, 2015 00:06 • Reply
I would say this isn’t really a surprise. We all know the trolls tactic’s and revealing the subscribers information and then naming them in the action is all designed to embarrass and put pressure on the ISP subscriber to settle and not fight the trolls.
The fact that Sweet had long ago offered to accept service for his client and the trolls refusal to serve through Sweet just reinforces that naming and shaming is all part of the troll playbook. It never has been about fair, it never has been about working with opposing counsel, the trolls motives are all designed to exert the maximum amount of pressure to achieve a settlement.
The fact the trolls have revealed previous defendants names in other cases demonstrates that the trolls will violate rules of the courts orders in order to achieve that settlement cash. The trolls know they will get a slap on the wrist and in my opinion they just see it as a cost of doing business.
From the outset of the case we have seen how the trolls business model and how the games are played using the courts to effect their settlement scheme, if you fight, they will drag the case out to cost the defendant money in legal costs.
The trolls have been gaming these cases from the get go, and they do not like it when defendants counsel starts to ask questions about the trolls operation, so retaliation in delays, extensions quibbling over minor things are all designed by the trolls to ramp up costs for the defendants.
This wont be the first or last time we see the trolls pull this stunt and ignoring the courts order. The trolls dont have any shame, anything is game in their dash for the cash
Stoat August 16, 2015 13:09 • Reply
“The fact the trolls have revealed previous defendants names in other cases demonstrates that the trolls will violate rules of the courts orders in order to achieve that settlement cash.”
What happens if those previous cases are brought to the judge’s attention when they do it again?
WDS March 17, 2015 12:12 • Reply
The order to show cause on the related case that the judge did on his own, may be a step in the right direction, but he still is only threatening dismissal without prejudice. Lips comb has his name, which is all he is really after. He can hassle the defendant with the threat to refile now with no limit other than the statue of limitations.
Raul March 17, 2015 21:18 • Reply
It might be that Booth & Sweet would immediately file a declaratory judgement action complaint in that event.
I don’t think they represent that client. I didn’t dig into the case to check to see if Ramsey is represented or not. Since he hasn’t been served, unless he filed a motion to quash, there is no reason that he would have filed anything yet.
JohnD March 17, 2015 12:45 • Reply
Posted this also in the New Jersey Section
36 more filed in March 2015 by Troll Patrick J. Cerillo
Malibu Media LLC v. John Doe
people must be paying the ransom, for him to keep filing for master troll Lipscomb in NJ
Christenson March 17, 2015 13:21 • Reply
Alert clerk there to seal the documents before Sweet & co moved for it. Thank you, clerk!
I HATE TROLL EXTORTION March 18, 2015 00:25 • Reply
just goes to show you what INCOMPETENT DUMBASS’s Lipscomb and his followers really are.
I really doesn’t matter if they are incompetent dumb asses or lying scumbags. In either case they shouldn’t be allowed inside a courtroom (except as a possible defendant).
I would really like to know what all that “Due Diligence” investigative work was. It doesn’t take that long to pull a nexus/lexis record, which is about all they have ever done in the past.
SJD March 19, 2015 15:15 • Reply
That’s absolute hogwash. As I said, I salivate waiting for Jason’s response.
MM team: “Judge, it took quite a while to refine our investigative, and defendant verification systems”
Translation: “We had to have the darts sharpened. They keep bouncing off of the board instead of sticking”
I am sure if we set a stopwatch while they were doing their so called “due diligence” we’d find that a pop tart would take longer to toast.
We all know their investigation is thin at best ( and that’s my being generous by saying that ) in reality much like the 27 page diatribe they usually file with these cases, there is a lot of fluff and filler which is short on substance, so this in my opinion is all a mere ploy to delay a response until the “answer” from troll central in Florida about how to proceed further comes forth
Hey poll! Where is the button for “all of the above” for the cause of revealing the defendant’s name. (That’s where my checkmark goes!)
EXTORTION TROLLS CAN ROT IN HELL March 19, 2015 23:37 • Reply
To Keith Lipscomb et al,
DEAR PIECE OF SHIT……………
I HATE EXTORTION TROLLS
Anonymous March 20, 2015 00:25 • Reply
I’m guessing that the only “due diligence” being done is pulling a credit check. There is little point in shaking down someone with no job and bad credit. Nor is there likelihood of success shaking down someone that doesn’t fit the stereotype and that has enough money for a strong defense.
Neither of those is relevant to the merits of the case.
This filing must open up the question of what “due diligence” was done, both before and after the filing.
that anonymous coward March 20, 2015 20:35 • Reply
“had to adequately carry out a due diligent investigation to ensure it had a good faith basis for proceeding.”
So there was no good faith when the action was initially brought?
There was no good faith in demanding the name be turned over?
You brought an action, compelled someone to seek representation against your claims, and you didn’t have good faith?!?
One really needs to ask why the legal system keeps allowing them to move forward, make others bear the costs/harassment/and extensions when they can not be bothered to have good faith when they bring the damn cases.
Methinks the Troll doth protesteth too much.
Falsus in unum, falsus in omnes.
I’m betting Booth Sweet will have some pithy Shakespeare in the reply. Their biggest problem is going to be keeping the page count down — I’m betting the reply is almost entirely counterfactual and borders on perjury.
What is Yousef’s actual birthday? Did the judge laugh out loud at that excuse? Is Yousef much more real than Darren Griffin? If he is, is he actually in the United States right now? Or is he an Alan Cooper? If a troll can fabricate experts and companies, why not a lawyer?
Well Yousef did a good job of falling on the sword (or of signing the document that stabbed him with it at least) with the response to the order to show cause.
Mr. Sweet does write a nice reply doesn’t he. Do we know if he has replied to the dismissal objection as well, and it just hasn’t been recapped yet? When I get home in a couple of hours I will check on Pacer.
The deadline for the defense’s reply memorandum was yesterday, so I doubt it will be filed: it may be that the defense thinks that the original motion was strong enough, and that plaintiff’s response didn’t refute it. I just speculate though. No need to check Pacer: I keep an eye on the pacerrssscraper twitter feed.
Okay, Just thought we could get some of this recapped on someones Pacer account other than yours. I still have quite a bit of “Free” space left on mine.
Copyright troll Yousef Faroniya and his telephonophobia | Fight Copyright Trolls March 16, 2015 23:34
Malibu Media attorneys reveal defendant’s identity despite the order prohibiting that. Judge is not amused | Ignorant and unreasonable March 17, 2015 04:31
Malibu Media v. Rodlan: the battle continues | Fight Copyright Trolls March 26, 2015 16:19
Malibu Media’s new low: grossly overboard evidence preservation order | Fight Copyright Trolls April 22, 2015 23:54
Court scolds copyright troll Malibu Media for improper litigation tactics | Fight Copyright Trolls May 26, 2015 23:21
Citing previous Malibu Media’s sheer abuse of court process, New York judge denies early discovery | Fight Copyright Trolls July 6, 2015 23:59
Defendant asks judge to declare Malibu Media a vexatious litigant | Fight Copyright Trolls August 31, 2015 23:31
Rightscorp is hit with another TCPA lawsuit
Malibu Media v. Roldan: the battle continues
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MyFiziq and Triage join forces to address skin disease
By Trevor Hoey. Published at Dec 3, 2020, in Technology
In what shapes up as a highly value accretive development for health tech group MyFiziq Limited (ASX:MYQ), management has signed a binding term sheet with Canadian based Triage Technologies Inc that will see the company take a strategic equity stake in Triage and license use of Triage AI health assistant technology for integration into the CompleteScan SaaS offering.
As a backdrop, MYQ has developed a proprietary body dimensioning technology that enables its users to check, track and assess their dimensions using a smartphone, from the comfort of their home.
The technology empowers users to create a representation of their body structure in the form of a 3D avatar, with accurate circumference measurements and total body fat assessment.
This technology along with management’s ability to establish partnerships in industries aligned with that of MYQ has resulted in a stellar year for the company, reflected in the strong share price performance as it increased about seven-fold from January levels to trade as high as $1.50 in October.
The Triage transaction is just another example of management’s astute ability to leverage off its state-of-the-art technology, effectively positioning it to broaden its market reach and create new revenue streams.
Cash and equity consideration demonstrates Triage’s confidence
Discussing the rationale behind the collaborative agreement and the complementary aspects of the acquisition, MYQ chief executive Vlado Bosanac said, “Over the past 6 months, I have been developing a multi-platform strategy for MyFiziq.
"I first obtained the NuraLogix capabilities with the integration of Facial Scan using Transdermal Optical Imaging, which quickly proved to be a very attractive and complementary addition to the deep suite of image captures that MyFiziq has been releasing to the world.
"I have identified Triage as a natural fit for the platform and for the expanded interest which MYQ has developed from the medical and remote care communities for triaging users not only in the current COVID situation but also in normal times.
"Triage brings a complementary offering to our CompleteScan platform, which is assisting in the completion of my vision in creating the “Tricorder” of digital health screening in your hand.’’
Under the terms of the agreement Triage will license MyFiziq to use the Triage AI engine, and the companies will work together to integrate Triage’s technology into the MyFiziq-owned CompleteScan platform.
The MyFiziq team, with its ‘on-device’ expertise, will be advancing the AI engine of Triage to be an on-device ready to use application for consumers.
MyFiziq and Triage intend to integrate the patented solutions to expand the capabilities of their image capture suites for the global market.
MyFiziq has agreed to invest a total of up to US$6 million into Triage, being US$3 million in cash and US$3 million in MyFiziq ordinary shares.
Most advanced global dermatological AI system can identify skin cancers
Triage has developed the world’s most advanced dermatological AI system which can accurately identify skin conditions from a photo in only seconds.
The technology was created using a proprietary database that is not only the largest of its kind in the world, but it is also larger than those of IBM and Google combined.
Triage expects to receive a US patent for its system in 2021, with further jurisdiction to follow.
The AI engine identifies 588 skin conditions in the major 133 categories, including the identification of all categories of skin cancers.
The Triage web application was released at the end of 2019 and has had over 160,000 people use the application over 500,000 times with 12% of the initial user base being clinicians utilising this new tool to provide an improved standard of care.
Triage is being used by individuals and clinicians in over 200 countries worldwide, allowing skin conditions of all skin types and tones across all ethnicities to be detected and identified.
Triage outsmarts dermatologists
The accuracy of the sophisticated AI engine has been tested against dermatologists and has proven to be more accurate more often than a dermatologist.
In a recent study in Canada conducted with 157 dermatologists, the Triage application beat 154 dermatologists and tied with 3 dermatologists in identifying various skin conditions including both benign and malignant skin lesions.
Benchmarking data for this study was originally published in the European Journal of Cancer.
The need for an accessible and easy-to-use application such as Triage is well understood in the current global environment, especially with 1 in 5 Americans and 2 in 3 Australians expected to develop a skin cancer by the age of 70.
With early detection and intervention, the 5-year survival rate for melanoma is 99% as stated by the US Skin Cancer Foundation (skincancer.org).
Further cited works have identified skin and related subcutaneous conditions affecting an estimated 1.9 billion people at any given time and they remain the fourth leading cause of non-fatal disease burden worldwide, affecting 30-70% of individuals and prevalent in all geographies and age groups.
Dermatologists can’t keep up with ever-increasing demand
Access to dermatological care is limited due to a shortage of dermatologists, causing long wait times and leaving patients to seek dermatology care from general practitioners.
Skin disease is also one of the most common chief complaints in a primary care context, with 8-36% of patients presenting with at least one skin complaint.
However, dermatologists are consistently in short supply, particularly in rural areas, and their consultation costs are rising.
Thus, the burden of initial triage and subsequent diagnosis commonly falls on non-specialists such as primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants.
Because of limited dermatology knowledge and training in this specialty for hundreds of conditions, diagnostic accuracy of non-specialists ranges from 24-70% leading to poor patient outcomes, such as delayed or improper treatment.
Use of teledermatology becoming more extensive
To expand access to specialists and to improve diagnostic accuracy, store-and-forward “teledermatology” has become more popular, with the number of such programs increasing by 48% in US non-governmental programs between 2011 and 2016.
In store-and-forward teledermatology, digital images of affected skin areas typically captured with digital cameras or smartphones are transmitted along with other medical information to a dermatologist.
The dermatologist then remotely reviews the case and provides consultation on the diagnosis, work-up, treatment and recommendations for follow-up.
This approach has been shown to result in similar clinical outcomes compared to conventional in-person consultation in dermatology clinics, and improved satisfaction from both patients and providers (arxiv.org).
Incentives for government, medical insurers and consumers
As a means of highlighting the scale of the industry, particularly bearing in mind a large percentage of identified skin diseases will continue to require treatment, 85 million Americans were seen by a physician for at least one skin disease in 2013.
There are definitely key drivers in place for governments to incentivise industry service providers and consumers alike to be proactive in addressing skin disease issues as they accounted for US$75 billion in direct healthcare costs and US$11 billion in lost opportunity costs in 2013.
Independent research indicates that the associated costs and prevalence of skin disease are comparable with, or exceed, other diseases with significant public health concerns, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
MYQ expanding
Talking more broadly Bosanac said, "As I have shared with you all over the last few months, I am looking to expand MYQ’s ability to monetise its aggregate capabilities amongst the vast amount of people that are gaining access to our platform through the many contracts which MYQ has executed, a number of which have started to go live.
"By bringing in platforms like personal health/wellness and medical checking application, this expansion process not only broadens user/market interest in MYQ capability but also generates better service by combining all these functionalities directly on the smartphone/mobile device.
‘’Consequently, these technologies and wider utilisation should significantly improve the value of MYQ.”
USED IN 200 COUNTRIES DERMATOLOGY AI TECHNOLOGY PATENTED TECHNOLOGY SKIN DISEASE COMPLETESCAN SAAS TRIAGE TECHNOLOGIES SMARTPHONE
Biomorphik App with MyFiziq technology released on Google and Apple
MYQ and Biomorphik complete fast to market product
MyFiziq’s partner venture study highlights an “unseen epidemic” of obesity in Indonesia
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FN Features
Boat Of The Week
Fishing nostalgia
2020 Fishing News Awards winners
Awards Sponsors
2020 Fishing News Awards programme
Brexit talks on knife-edge
Brexit talks go the wire in struggle for a deal
Fisheries is toughest obstacle
Efforts were still being made to reach a Brexit trade deal before 31 December as Fishing News went to press, but while there had been some progress, there were still wide gaps last week on fisheries and regulatory alignment, reports Tim Oliver.
Briefing MEPs last Wednesday (16 December), Commission president Ursula von der Leyen said that EU and UK negotiators were working ‘day and night’, but that the two sides were ‘so close and yet so far away from each other’.
She said that all but the most difficult issues had been resolved, but it was still far from certain that there would be a deal.
Fisheries, in particular, remained a very tough issue, and the gap might not be surmountable. “On fisheries, the discussion is still very difficult,” said Ursula von der Leyen.
“We do not question the UK’s sovereignty over its own waters, but we ask for predictability and stability for our fishermen and our fisherwomen. And in all honesty, it sometimes feels that we will not be able to resolve this question, but we must continue to try to find a solution.”
She told MEPs: “As things stand, I cannot tell you whether there will be a deal or not. But I can tell you that there is a path to an agreement now. The path may be very narrow, but it is there, and it is therefore our responsibility to continue trying.
“The good news is that we have found a way forward on most issues. But this is now a case of us being so close and yet being so far away from each other because two issues remain outstanding – the level playing field and the fisheries.”
She said negotiators were still deadlocked over how to address instances where the EU and UK might diverge in their regulatory regimes in the future.
“On the level playing field, our aim is simply to ensure fair competition on our own market – very simple,” said the Commission president, adding that there had been some progress.
She acknowledged that time was running extremely short, and that MEPs would have very little time to scrutinise any agreement.
Downing Street said that if a deal was agreed, a Commons vote could be held as soon as Monday (21 December), although the week between Christmas and New Year was more likely. The government has drafted plans to fast-track legislation through parliament, including by sitting for longer hours.
The lack of a Brexit deal means that fishermen face total uncertainty over their fishing opportunities in 2021. The normal December Council mechanism for setting TACs is now irrelevant as far as UK fishermen are concerned.
This year’s Council was held last week and DEFRA did not attend, even on an observer basis. The Commission was only able to set TACs for those stocks which it controls exclusively in its own waters. Fisheries ministers agreed to set interim TACs for the first quarter of 2021 based on a rollover of 25% of the 2020 TACs for most stocks.
Most stocks are managed on a shared basis, and normally at this time of year there would be trilateral and bilateral negotiations between coastal states to set TACs on jointly managed stocks.
NFFO chief executive Barrie Deas said: “It is unclear at this stage whether there will be bilateral UK-EU negotiations to fix TACs for shared stocks for 2021, or whether we will move straight to autonomous quotas, set by each side, which will remain in place until there is an agreement.
“Norway, as a major player in the North Sea, has been waiting patiently for the UK and the EU to settle their differences and for talks to begin. What is clear is that mutual access to fish in each other’s waters will be part of that agreement, and not an automatic right.”
He said there would be an agreement between the UK and the EU on fish ‘sometime’, and that there is a legal obligation on countries that share stocks to negotiate, and to manage fish stocks sustainably.
The MMO said that if there is a no-deal Brexit, non-UK-registered vessels will no longer be permitted to fish in UK waters, and UK-registered vessels will not be allowed to fish outside UK waters.
UK-registered vessels may have their licences varied to cover where they can fish, depending on the outcome of negotiations on a fisheries agreement.
Annual negotiations with Norway, Faroes and the EU to agree TACs for 2021 are already underway and will continue this month, according to the MMO. If arrangements are not agreed between coastal states, provisional TACs may be set for a period of time.
But Norwegian fisheries minister Odd Emil Ingebrigtsen said that, if agreements with the UK and EU are not in place by 1 January, ‘we will not open Norway’s economic zone for fishermen from the EU and the UK – nor can we expect Norwegian fishermen to have access to their zones’. He added: “That is why I now urge the EU and the UK to come to the negotiating table.”
He added that Norway is ready to start negotiations, but ‘we need clarification soon’.
Brexit threat to exports
Brexit talks go to the wire
Export delays hit fleet
First mackerel of the year landed at Peterhead
Jacqueline Anne – New ideas incorporated into new Fraserburgh
Inshore future highlighted
Building for the future: new over 15m boats – part 1
Commercial fishing in Hastings
Kelsey Media Ltd
Cudham Tithe Barn
Berry's Hill
Kent TN16 3AG
www.kelsey.co.uk
© 2021 Kelsey Media Ltd
TILT Digital Agency WordPress Designers and Developers in Kent
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Kira Muratova's films in Cambridge
Received from Andrew Jameson.
A retrospective of the work of the Ukrainian director
KIRA MURATOVA
Arts Picturehouse and Trinity College (Cambridge)
7-12 NOVEMBER 2004.
The Russian/Ukrainian director, actress and scriptwriter Kira Muratova will
be 70 on November 5, 2004. Widely recognized as one of the most important
directors of the Soviet period, Muratova is also one of the most individual
and avant-garde of living filmmakers. She was for a long time a lone female
director in the politically difficult, male-dominated world of Russian and
Soviet cinema, and her oeuvre as a whole is testimony to the creative
tensions of the Soviet and post-Soviet experience. This will be the first
retrospective of her work in the U.K., and will include several very rare
films, as well as the U.K. premiere of her latest film. It will be
accompanied by a one-day workshop held in Trinity College on November 12th.
This programme is presented in collaboration with Seagull Films and the
assistance of the Russian Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography.
Sunday 7th November, 5pm
BRIEF ENCOUNTERS(Korotkiye vstrechi)
Dir. Kira Muratova. Starring: Vladimir Vysotskii, Kira Muratova, Nina
Ruslanova, Elena Bazil'skaia, Aleksei Glazyrin. Soviet Union 1967. 96 mins.
Russian with English subtitles. B&W.
One of the most celebrated but controversial of Muratova's films, Brief
Encounters was not released until twenty years after its production. It
follows the intertwining fate of two very different women ? Valentina, an
urban official (played by Muratova), and Nadia, a country waitress
(Ruslanova, in her first film role) ? who fall in love with a wandering
geologist, Maksim (Vysotsky, a well-known actor at Moscow's Taganka Theatre
and much loved singer and 'bard'). Muratova moves far from the traditional
love-triangle structure as she experiments with flashbacks and black comedy
to create an enigmatic and wrily poetic film that stands apart
aesthetically from other Soviet productions of its time. As one reviewer
writes, Muratova prefers 'disrupting and disturbing the genteel norms of
her audiences, rather than satisfying their love of a predictable,
well-wrought story.' She has been particularly praised for her charged
interpretation of Valentina.
The Screening will be introduced by Dr. Emma Widdis.
Tuesday 9th November, 3pm
GETTING TO KNOW THE WIDE WORLD (Poznavaya belyj svet)
Dir. Kira Muratova. Starring: Nina Ruslanova, Sergei Popov, Aleksei
Zharkov. Soviet Union 1979. 75 mins. Russian with English Subtitles.
Another love-triangle film, WIDE WORLD is remarkably set almost exclusively
on a construction site amidst the mundanity of cement, dust, and rubble.
This work reveals Muratova abandoning some of her more experimental, early
techniques for a graceful simplicity of style. In theme, however, she
continues to delve into the enigmas of human behaviour as she teases out
the intricacies of the relationships between the characters Mikhail,
Nikolai and Liuba. Russian film critic Andrey Plakhov has called this film
the 'greatest neglected Russian masterpiece.'
Wednesday 10th November, 5pm
THREE STORIES (Tri istorii)
Dir. Kira Muratova. Starring: Sergei Makovetsky, Leonid Kushnir, Renata
Litvinova. Russia/Ukraine 1997. 109 mins. Russian with English subtitles.
In this film, three murder mysteries are presented not through traditional
'crime film' language, but in all their ordinariness: in the first tale,
'Heating Basement No. 6', a man kills his neighbour and then seeks the aid
of a friend who works in a boiler room to help him dispose of the body; the
second tale, 'Ofelia', focuses on a nurse, Ofa who, having been given up
for adoption at birth, has become a serial killer; the third tale, 'Death
and the Maiden', shows the poisoning of an old man by a neighbour's
daughter. Of this complex work, Muratova has said: 'A director should never
judge the characters ? it's better to leave that to the audience. I simply
want to show things as they are.' Many agree that the second segment stands
out as the most extraordinary part of the film, with its fascinating
delineation of the sensuous, cynical character of Ofa (played by the
remarkable Renata Litvinova) , who seems to embody Muratova's own
relationship to cinema ? her engagement, at once, of the superhuman and the
down-to-earth.
Thursday 11th November, 7pm
THE TUNER (Nastroishchik): UK Premiere
Dir. Kira Muratova. Starring: Renata Litvinova, George Deliyev, Alla
Demidova. Russia 2004. 154 mins. Russian with English Subtitles. UK
Premiere.
In this story about Andrei, a poor piano tuner who turns to a life of
computer-generated crime in order to satisfy the extravagant needs of Lina,
the beautiful woman (Renata Litvinova again) whom he loves, Muratova
returns to her early mannerism to create a psychologically thrilling and
beautifully composed drama. Muratova's reputation as a 'director of actors'
is confirmed by the brilliant, often poignant, performances she evokes from
her cast of film as well as stage actors, who typically portray a range of
eccentric, but highly authentic characters. One reviewer calls this film
'an elegant, sophisticated and irresistible recital ? breathtaking
filmmaking from a true artist.'
Jane Taubman, author of Kira Muratova (IB
Tauris Kino Series, 2004) will introduce the screening.
WORKSHOP, Trinity College Cambridge, 12 November 2004
10.00 Opening remarks. Showing of the documentary film Kira (2003),
directed by Vladimir Nepevnyi, followed by discussion.
11.30. Coffee
11.45 Pis´mo v Ameriku – a Muratova compendium. This session will consist
of a showing of this 20-minute film, made by Muratova in 1999, and an
analysis by Julian Graffy (SSEES, UCL)
1.00 Lunch
2.00 Case studies:
Eugénie Zvonkine – Semantic structure of the fairy tale in Chuvstvitel´nyi
militsioner (Université de Paris 8);
Helen Ferguson – The structure of space in Tri istorii (London)
3.30 Tea
4.00 Muratova writ large:
Jane Taubman – Muratova on Muratova (Amherst, author of new book on Kira
Muratova, IB Tauris 2004)
Philip Cavendish – Kira Muratova and Artaud's Theatre of Cruelty: some
comparisons (SSEES, UCL)
5.30. Concluding discussion
If you wish to attend this workshop, please contact Dr Emma Widdis on
« BEARR Trust Annual Conference
BRS Midlands Evening of Music »
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> Support > Skins Support > Skin Archive > Back Row > Get "Fan Art" in the "Videos" section? Can only see in "Movies" section.
Get "Fan Art" in the "Videos" section? Can only see in "Movies" section.
Unfortunately, the "Videos" section doesn't have any views which use "Fan Art".
Only the "Movies" section does that.
I have my movies organized in folders, based on genre.
That's why I like the "Videos" section.
Using "Add Source", I can add the appropriate folder/genre to my screen.
The "Movies" section just mixes everything together.
So I don't use it at all.
This really sucks.
It's not only "Back Row" that does it, other skins do it as well.
I hope someone can offer some fixes or modifications.
Skilled Skinner
The main videos section does have views that use fanart (Well in widescreen mode)
If you are using the skin on a 4:3 screen - up until a few minutes ago the videos section didn't have fanart views - it does now though.
BACK ROW - DOWNLOADS
Sharpe Wrote: If you are using the skin on a 4:3 screen - up until a few minutes ago the videos section didn't have fanart views - it does now though.
Yes, I have a 4:3 screen.
Sorry...I don't understand.
What do you mean by "Up until a few minutes ago"?
Do you mean that it'll just randomly show up?
Or that the skin has been updated recently?
Sorry not being clear there - I mean that it's just been updated
Okay, thanks to the creators for uploading the new version!
Unfortunately, the view I really liked was called "FanArt".
It displayed everything: the covers, title, fan art, & details.
But this seems to be missing in the videos section.
The closest new view is "Fan Art Wrap".
Sadly, it only shows the cover & fan art...no title or details.
Is there a simple modification one can make to the skin?
Or does this have to be left to the pros?
escobar Wrote: ...Sadly, it only shows the cover & fan art...no title or details....
I've just updated it to include the title. Unfortunately you can't (as far as I'm aware) display plot details in file mode.
Sharpe Wrote: I've just updated it to include the title. Unfortunately you can't (as far as I'm aware) display plot details in file mode.
That's okay, I could always press "Info" for details.
I have one last suggestion...
And there's no need to act on it, because I've already asked enough of you.
In the Video section...
Could there be "Fan Art" added to the "DVD Case Wrap 2" view?
Because I love the look of the big cases, & the title positioned above.
But currently, only the curtain serves as the background.
Maybe it could be called "DVD Case Wrap 2 with FanArt".
I haven't said it, but for my Tube TV...BackRow is the only skin that combines elegance & usability. So thanks for maintaining it.
Get "Fan Art" in the "Videos" section? Can only see in "Movies" section.0
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F.U.C.K
Feminist Union of Creativity and Knowledge
October 21, 2020 Louise Love
ENDSARS the Police Unit holding Nigeria Youth at Ranson
The month of October (2020) has seen nationwide protests taking place all over Nigeria in hope of highlighting the injustice and exposing the corruption that exists within the special police unit SARS (Special Anti-Robbery Squad). The SARS unit was created to stop aggravated robbery but have reportedly been abusing their power and the people of Nigeria for decades. Finally, the peoples voice has been heard and SARS was officially dissolved on the 11th October making history and a commemorative date for the people of Nigeria and UK Black history month.
But the question is. Has the battle really been won? Or is this just another promise to be broken by the Nigerian government and police who have a long history of human rights violations including torture, extrajudicial killings, unlawful detention, arbitrary arrests, and extortion. Over the years reform has repeatedly been promised by the Nigerian authorities but little has been done to ensure that justice is adequately served.
Continuing concern regarding SARS ruthless activities led to a Twitter campaign in 2017 which uses the hashtag #EndSARS. At the time it was successful in getting the Chief of police in Nigeria to immediately re-order the SARS unit. However National protests started again on the 8th October 2020 calling for the authorities to disband the Special Anti-Robbery Squad after a video of a SARS officer shooting a young man dead in front of a hotel in Delta state was released on social media further proving reform has failed to curb the abuses administered by the SARS police unit.
This has since lead to the earnest widespread of protests which have been met with police brutality despite being overwhelmingly peaceful. The police responded to the protests by shooting water cannons, tear gas and live rounds of bullets. Civilians taking part in the protests have also been being attacked by gangs of thugs armed with guns, knives, clubs and machete’s hoping to disrupt the protests.
Amnesty international reported that at least 10 protestors were killed and 100’s injured during the peaceful demonstrations.
Nigerian researcher and human rights watch campaigner commented on the situation, saying “people exercising their right to protest and calling for an end to Police brutality are themselves being brutalised and harassed by those who should be protecting them, “This underscores the importance of the protesters’ demands and the culture of impunity across the policing system, which is in dire need of reform.”
What is SARS?
SARS (Special Anti-Robbery Squad) was originally set up in 1992 by former police commissioner Simeon Danladi Midenda to help tackle the growing problem of aggravated robbery. The pandemic had occurred due to a breakdown in relationship between the Nigerian army and the police over the killing of Colonial Ridnam at a checkpoint in Lagos. When the army was informed about the death of Ridnam army troops were dispatched onto the streets of Lagos in search of revenge against any police officer. Scared for their lives police officers withdrew from their posts and duties and went into hiding. Two weeks of absence from the police led to a rise in crime.
Mindenda initially formed SARS from only 15 officers to distinguish this new squad unit form three other established anti-robbery squads in existence. After months of negotiation eventually the arrests of three officers were made. This agreement managed to curb tension between the police and the army who ceasefire and withdrew their manpower. Official police duties in Lagos began again and the SARS were officially commissioned as a police unit. However, despite tension between the two government bodies being forgiven and forgotten the unit have been numerous human rights violations and deaths associated with those being investigated and interrogated by the unit.
A law unto Themselves
A series of allegations documented by human rights groups have directly accused and linked the unit with bribery, torture and extortion.
A report by the Nigerian Human Rights Watch in 2010 warned the authorities to intervene. Reporiting that long term failure to address police brutality would only increase the police units willingness to abuse their power the civil and human rights of the Nigerian people. People. Therefore increasing systematic violation of government authority.
“Nigerian authorities can no longer evade the need for serious reform and accountability in the police system,” Ewang said. “They should go beyond words and send a signal that it is no longer business as usual by investigating the attacks on protesters and taking immediate steps to hold officers and others accountable.”
SARS unit have been said to target the youth. Profiling those with tattoos, piercings, dyed hair or dread locks as criminals called “Yahoo-Boys” which is a slang name for an internet fraudster.
Those who are considered well-to-do or “flashy” by owning a laptop or nice car and work from home are often reported by neighbours to the police.
Bright Echefu a 22-year-old website developer told the BBC “My estate once called police officers to come pick me up because I was always at home and turning the generator on and living well”.
Human Rights Violation Incidents
6 months into the year of 1996 two security guards suspected of assisting a robbery were arrested by SARS but released without charge. The following year in January 1997 the dead bodies of the guards were placed unexplainably in the morgue with no one knowing or admitting how their deaths came about
In 2005 in Obiaruku within Delta state a SARS operative killed a man for failing to pay a bribe he had demanded. The officer in question was fired and arrested on charges of murder.
In May 2010 Amnesty international put in proceedings to sue the Nigeria Police department for brutalising three bicyclists they had arrested in Borokiri, Port Harcourt and detained for over a week allegedly beating them every night with an iron belts and gun bucks. In the same month of May 2010 The Federal High Court in Engu State ordered Ognonna Okechukwu Onoro who was at the time Inspecctor general of police to identify and handover a SARS unit officer who shot a 15 year old boy dead on the premises of his high school.
2 months later on July 2010 an extensive editorial report was published by Sahara Reporters which detailed the way SARS police units made profits from extortion and roadblocks reporting that an estimated $60 million dollars had been taken from civilians by these corrupt means over the course of the last 18 months.
During June 2011 a plan by SARS operative Musa Agbu to bomb the its head quarters was discovered by Nigerian police. Members of the public officially handed several reports of human rights violations to Solomon Arase the then General of Police who on 7 August 2015 made the announcement that he would divide the SARS unit in two with one working as an operational unit and the other as and investigations unit in a bid to decrease the number of humans rights violations occurring.
A report released in September 2016 entitled ‘Meet SARS, the Police Unit with a license to Kill’ was published by Pulse.ng highlighting the ignorance and brutality of the squads conduct against the people of Nigeria. In same month Amnesty International published a report which detailing SARS inhuman treatment of people by means of ongoing torture, imprisonment without trial, forced confessions and the withholding food from detainees amongst other abuses.
On August 10th 2019 a pregnant woman was reportedly killed instantly by the stray bullet of a SARS operative who were on a raid in Ijegun in an attempt of arrest some kidnappers in the area. In retaliation the officers were lynched on the spot by an angry mob.
Two SARS officers were arrested on 21 August 2019 after being caught on film in broad daylight beating and then shooting to death two men suspected of phone theft. The following month on September 2019 SARS operatives in the town of Lekki in Lagos reportedly kidnapped, tortured and robbed Ikechukwu Onunaku a Nigerian rapper for no apparent reason forcing him to make several ATM withdrawals before they left him alone.
Many more reports have been made in addition to the above list. Every day the people of Nigeria suffer at the hands at hands of a rogue police unit that are supposed to protect them not harass and brutalise them.
Protesters in Lagos blocked the road and highways leading into the City and Airport on Friday and in the countries capital Abuja; protestors dedicated the day to all Nigerians that have been killed by SARS police brutality.
The voice of Nigeria’s large youth population has had enough and are now demanding the SARS unit be dismantled with total police reforms and individual rogue officers to face justice accordingly. The people are fed up with individuals in a corrupt government which have been plaguing their country with contradictory virtue since its independence now 60 years ago.
These protests go beyond police brutality. Revealing a vast majority of comfortably well off youth that are deeply dissatisfied with its conservative governments past and present performance and the ignorant profiling they suffer daily from its security staff (police), who are quick to label, judge and violate. Hypocritically labelling the youth as lazy criminals based on how they look and what they do for a living. The residing truth regardless of the tattoo and piercings is that most are hard-working individuals who have predominantly had to fend for themselves without support from the Nigerian state which is always on the take.
The Nigerian Governments Reaction
The Nigerian government has now responded to the demonstrations by dissolving the SARS unit. But civilians are not convinced based on the government’s past performance and lack of commitment to promises of reform not being met. Protesters say they are being attacked by people that are backed by the police and the government and will continue to protest calling for an end to all police brutality.
In response a warning from Nigeria’s military against “subversive elements and troublemakers” has been made saying “we will maintain law and order and deal with the situation decisively”.
Calls from authorities in Abuja ordering protestors to disperse because of Covid-19 have been defied with a back lash criticizing the governments hypocrisy commenting “If they are sincere, they would have banned the crowed rallies politicians have been holding”.
Controversially during the protests police damaged and confiscated cameras from journalists and arrested dozens of protesters refusing them access to legal help and only released them because of the intervention senior government officials and the Senate President Ahmed Lawan.
Protests spread to London last weekend, in a further sign of the international solidarity that has formed around the movement.
Posts on social media and local and international TV coverage showed people taking to the streets. Marching in both the West African country and London from Marble Arch to the Nigerian High Commission. The protests have also received the backing from some high profile people and celebrities in the entertainment industry such as Nigerian super stars Wizkid and Davido, US rapper Kanye West, Star Wars actor John Boyega, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey, Star Wars actor John Boyega and premier league footballers Marcus Rashford and Mesut Ozil all showing their support.
Wizkid Commented at the London March, “My people, I want this message to go out to every Nigerian youth. Your voice has been heard,” said Wizkid at Sunday’s protest in London.
Image taken from http://www.pininterest.com
“Don’t let anyone tell you don’t have a voice. You all have a voice! And don’t be scared to speak up.
“Next election [2023] we show real power,” he said.
Published by Louise Love
My Name is Louise Scott aka Loulou Love London the Founder and Chief Editor of F.U.C.K the Feminist Union of Creativity and Knowledge. As leaders of change we aim to unify and empower women around the world through creative expression, truth telling and healing as a LIFESTYLE. View all posts by Louise Love
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Hazelwood Park Bowling Greens to Receive a Makeover
Kasey Silvia
According to a recent press release from Senator Montigny’s office, Senator Mark Montigny’s Children’s Equality and Empowerment Fund will jumpstart the Hazelwood Park Bowling Greens Restoration Project in New Bedford and will break ground today.
Montigny created the Children’s Fund in 2017 to provide New Bedford youth expanded access to arts, culture, and recreation in response to growing levels of inequality and lack of access to significant youth development opportunities. Since its inception, the fund has infused over $1.1 million into New Bedford for the direct benefit of city kids.
The Hazelwood Park bowling greens in the city’s South End was a longtime destination for local recreation, featuring lawn bowling and croquet. These sports are accessible to all age groups and offer creative ways to connect today’s youth with the city’s history and senior citizen community. The park’s historic greens, however, had fallen into disrepair and needed a major overhaul. After witnessing city-youth trying to make use of the old facilities, Senator Montigny chose to invest $50,000 from the Children’s Fund into the restoration project. A major anonymous donor and countless individual donors also stepped up to fund the restoration.
“This is a challenging time for many in our community, especially our kids,” said Montigny. “Restoration of these historic greens will provide an additional opportunity for outdoor recreation that can help improve children’s physical and mental wellbeing now and well into the future. The Friends of Hazelwood Park and countless individual donors stepped up with the Children’s Fund to help make this project a big win for our youth, and I look forward to its completion.”
Filed Under: Bowling Greens, hazelwood park, lawn bowl, New Bedford, renovation, Senator Mark Montigny’s Children’s Equality and Empowerment Fund, Senator Montigny
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Best Cameras for a Wedding Photographers
Sony Alpha A7 III
Here are some things to consider when deciding to invest in an enhanced SLR-style mirrorless. Most professional-grade cameras will have full frame sensors, allowing for higher dynamic range, better low light performance, and a shallower depth of field. Many professional photographers, especially those who haul their gear around, have given up DSLRs entirely for the back-saving size of a mirrorless. Shoot fascinating high-resolution photos with high-speed continuous shooting up to 10.0 fps.
White Balance bracketing is particularly useful when there are multiple light sources, and the White Balance reading becomes a compromise of the two or more sources. Wirelessly connect to the camera with a compatible smartphone or tablet, browse the memory card, download your vivid shots and then email them. Don't let its small size fool you - the Sony Alpha A7 III is an ultimate photography tool capable of delivering colorful photos without breaking a sweat. Autofocus performance is as good as you could hope for: it’s silent and goes about its business accurately. Sony has 83 lenses and to make the most of its capabilities, and it's essential that you invest in high-quality lenses. Overall, from sports to wedding, traveling to nature, the camera excels, delivering modern features, tiny amount of noise, and the ability to enjoy the stunning features of a reasonable amount of Sony E mount enhanced glass. Generally, it has all the modified improvements that we expect along with a few remarkable options in a body that feels well made and intuitive in hand.
There’s so much more to like about the camera. The camera is a high-grade choice if you want to shoot a detailed wedding, studio and stunning landscapes photos. For anyone who has a suitable collection of lenses and wants to make the step up from APS-C to full-frame, the Canon EOS 6D Mark II is elementary to recommend. Remarkable, modern and elegant camera body with straightforward physical controls. Canon cameras have many lenses and impressive, customized cases and a surprising number of grips available for them. Don't let its small size fool you - the Canon EOS 6D Mark II is an ultimate photography tool capable of delivering dreamy photos without breaking a sweat. This flexible-tilt screen is particularly handy when shooting in live view with the camera on a tripod.
With digital photography, experimentation is free. Change multiple modes. Alter your environment exposure. Change until you get the results you want. Wirelessly connect to the camera with a compatible smartphone or tablet, browse the memory card, download your vivid photos and then email them. Videographers will be pleased to know that the Canon EOS 6D Mark II can output video to an external monitor via the HDMI port and input audio using an external microphone. The autofocus is immediately set to the subject by just touching it on the touch screen. First presented on 2017-06-29, the best-selling Canon camera is still up-to-date and full of enhancements and popular among wildlife photographers. The camera has Multi-Segment metering mode which takes reflectivity information from the entire scene to try to achieve a balanced exposure for the entire scene, which gives the photographer a more precise measurement of the light. However, if you see yourself snowballing with photography and investing in a lot of lenses, this could be something to think about. After using the Canon EOS 6D Mark II for a few months on two separate photography places, I can naturally say that it is one of the innovative and modern cameras what you can buy.
Body Type Mid-size SLR
Lens Mount Canon EF
Battery Life 1200 shots
After spending a month shooting with it last year, I felt compelled to write a full review on the innovative, excellent Nikon D850 – it impressed me that much!. It makes the camera a joy to hold, has excellent image quality and won’t break the bank. The is a top-grade choice if you want to shoot colorful portraits, studio, and surprising fashion photos. Starting with a pro-level camera with a full-frame sensor is an excellent option for people who know they want to take their photography seriously. Image quality from the Nikon D850 is exceptional, lifelike, stunning and detailed. Nikon D850 has a Nikon F lens mount, and currently, there are 286 native lenses available for this mount. And if you have a cherished collection of film-era glasses, the gear will make the most of them.
The camera uses a 46 megapixels BSI-CMOS sensor, which takes incredibly stunning, colorful, and razor-sharp photos - even in low light settings. 7.0 fps burst rate are good enough for most applications, and it performs well in low light situations. With 153 AF points and 7.0 fps frames-per-second, you won’t be missing any shots of fast-moving action. However, it is a luxury to have such high AF in a camera at this price, so we’ll take it if it’s there!. We would have liked to see the 4K recording, but this one is limited to 1080p Full HD video recording. The camera utilizes modern SD/SDHC/SDXC (UHS-II supported) + XQD memory cards. Fast, super simple and available in increasingly large capacities. We liked the long battery life of the Nikon D850, which can take more than 1840 shots per charge. A marvel of high-quality, it manages top-tier image quality, enhanced light gathering efficiency, faster data transfer, and unusual colors. For this price, you’d expect Nikon to deliver a solid-feeling, advanced, ergonomically sound and excellent camera, and with the Nikon D850 that’s precisely what you get.
Lens Mount Nikon F
DxO Overall Score 100
Nikon D750 Full frame Mid-size SLR cameras became an instant hit when they were launched back in 2014-09-12. Look for features that will allow your camera to be used in the broadest array of situations possible. Professionals will appreciate the Nikon D750 24 megapixels full frame sensor low-light performance, higher burst rate (6.5 fps) and fast and accurate (51 points) autofocus. The sensor is one of the best in its class, delivering stunning, sharp, vivid, pro-quality photos and videos. The noise only starts to become visible beyond ISO 800 when examining images close-up, and detail is still maintained very well at ISO 3200. The camera comes with a stunning selection of lenses, which will allow you to make the most of its capabilities. Choosing Nikon brand also opens the doors to endless creative opportunity with a large number of vivid upstanding lenses on offer. The versatile camera was presented on 2014-09-12. But it's still high-end, worldly-wise and up-to-date.
The Nikon D750 is equipped with a 100% viewfinder with a magnification of around Optical (pentaprism) and coverage. Confirm photos capture and view menu options, histograms, video settings and more using the improved, ultimate, simple to use 3.2″-inch 1,229k dots LCD screen with 100% coverage. Photographers who shoot sports, wildlife or energized toddlers will especially appreciate faster shooting rates, and this camera can shoot at 6.5 fps. Autofocus works exceptionally well, and in good light focusing is essentially instantaneous. The top deck has stereo mics, a built-in flash, power on/off lever, and a combo zoom toggle/shutter button. We liked the long battery life of the Nikon D750, which can take more than 1230 shots per charge. The camera now has two SD card slots, which is very useful for wedding photographers. No matter the type of photography, from commercial to traveling, sports to cities, the Nikon D750 excels, delivering remarkable features, expanded depth-of-field control, and the ability to enjoy the superb features of a wide variety of Nikon F mount improved lens.
Hats off to Canon - the upstanding Canon EOS 5D Mark IV comes with many enhancements continues to get more and more appealing. The massive 30 megapixels Full frame-format (36 x 24 mm) CMOS sensor can shoot low-noise photos with extraordinary dynamic range, clarity, and precise color. If you are shooting a football game at night, or need to avoid blurry images while walking around, then ISO 25,600 is very useful. The 30 megapixels images it can capture are among the best in its class, as is the clear lens ecosystem. However, if you can afford it, the lifelike, razor-sharp, detailed photos you'll capture will make the investment well worth it. Keep in mind that such a camera requires quality lenses to get the best results, so a full setup can quickly approach a five-figure price tag.
Photographers who shoot sports, wildlife or energized toddlers will especially appreciate faster-shooting rates, and this camera can shoot at 7.0 fps. Its -inch LCD (sans touchscreen) flips 180 degrees for fantastic selfies upward. The advanced camera has a stellar improved no electronic viewfinder OLED electronic viewfinder with 100% coverage. The most comprehensive phase detection coverage in a Mid-size SLR camera utilizing 61 Auto Focus points. Canon includes complete connectivity options, with onboard Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other communication features. The Canon's dimensions are 151 x 116 x 76mm and weigh 890g. That's the body only, without the lens. Genuinely, the upgraded Canon EOS 5D Mark IV itself feels like a high-class imaging device, with a beautiful, innovative and remarkable design and simple controls. Even first-time DLSR owners will quickly feel at home - the camera's buttons are cleverly laid out for comfort and super simple control. While the Canon EOS 5D Mark IV’s image quality isn’t obviously changed from the original, it’s still the very fine indeed, and overall the best you can get for the price.
Sensor Dimensions 36 x 24 mm
Sony Alpha A9
, while it may look like just another SLR-style mirrorless, Sony has packed a surprising number of features into the Sony Alpha A9 remarkable camera body. Mirrorless cameras are becoming wildly popular among photographers because they pack in many of the features of a DSLR in a much smaller shape. Sony Alpha A9 is made with short-range flange focal distance and use adapted lenses on this mirror-less camera is very easy. Starting with a pro-level camera with a full-frame sensor is an excellent option for people who know they want to take their photography seriously. Generally, the modified Sony Alpha A9 itself feels like a premium imaging device, with a modern, forward-looking and robust design and simple navigation. There are large buttons and dials all over the body, making sure your first Manual Mode experience in photography is a fun one!.
The Sony Alpha A9 can shoot 4K video, which nowadays is the standard. Sony includes comprehensive connectivity options, with onboard Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other communication features. When shooting indoors, you’ll have to raise the ISO if the light is terrible, but if you have a newer Sony, then you can confidently shoot at values around ISO 3,200 – 51,200. In terms of AF performance, the Sony Alpha A9 features the same pro-level 693-point AF system complete with Unknown cross-type sensors and enhanced performance in low light conditions. Furthermore, this camera provides superb photo quality in a beautiful body, thanks to its Full frame, 24 megapixels BSI-CMOS sensor and sharp lens. A very modern, monstrous and refined model, equipped with plenty of upgrades like wide dynamic range, low-light capability, low noise, and good ISO range, overall, Sony Alpha A9 is a marvelous camera. I spent a month shooting with its big brother the Sony Alpha A9 (reviewed here) and was impressed by the superb image quality. Furthermore, if it works consistently in a wide range of real-world shooting situations (landscapes, wildlife or traveling), and with the majority of well-known Sony glasses, then we think Sony Alpha A9 could well be the top-grade choice.
It is vital to remember that cameras, like anything else, can break the higher the quality of your camera, the less of a chance that this will happen. The massive 42 megapixels Full frame-format (35.9 x 24 mm) BSI-CMOS sensor is capable of creating low-noise images with extraordinary dynamic range, clarity, and precise color, even in challenging light. While most people who are getting into photography think they want a DSLR, many should consider mirrorless options as well. It’s wonderfully executed and is so to use. It’s innovative, robust, forward-looking and manufactured for the modern buyer.
In addition to taking shake-free photos, the camera is also image stabilization for higher quality images. Sony has 83 lenses and to make the most of its capabilities, and it's essential that you invest in high-quality lenses. The screen also offers various touch gestures for zooming, picture navigation, and a feature assistant to guide you through all the stuff you can’t find yourself. I found high-ISO RAW performance ultimate in shadow areas, especially when you push the exposure in the post but I’d avoid going much higher than this. Make an awesome photo revealing a reputable wide dynamic range, but with less noise and stunning color rendering than ever before. From low light indoor environments to the high-grade outdoors in broad daylight, the great Sony Alpha A7R III captures every marvelous, awesome picture in the best possible light. Overall, from traveling to nature, wildlife to sports, the Sony Alpha A7R III come through, offers razor sharpness, low-light capability, and the ability to enjoy the remarkable benefits of a massive number of Sony enhanced glass.
It offers 36 megapixels, wide dynamic range, straight-forward grip, and is also very lightweight and compact. This means that one camera will let you do an awful lot of things. While subjective, I think the best-selling camera body design is innovative, stylish and elegant. You can even use it at sub-freezing temperatures without a cover!. Don't let its small size fool you - the Pentax K-1 Mark II is an advanced photography tool capable of delivering expressive photos without breaking a sweat. I found the RAW buffer depth sufficient in the field, and the buffer clearing time wasn't wrong. If the images are going on the web, then ISO 819,200 is excellent, though even with noise reduction off, some details surely do get missed. I spent a month shooting with its big brother the Pentax K-1 Mark II (reviewed here) and was impressed by the outstanding image quality. Recommended as a spare for vacation and the like and for people who want to upgrade from smartphone photography.
Max Native ISO 819,200
Lens Mount Pentax KAF4
Sony Alpha A99 II
Get stunning, marvelous and superb photos with this enhanced modern camera from Sony. Digital Camera World named it as a tremendous Mid-size SLR that's an excellent choice for a lot of different photographers and experience levels. Most professional-grade cameras will have full frame sensors, allowing for higher dynamic range, better low light performance, and a shallower depth of field. Moderately, the improved camera itself feels like a top-shelf imaging device, with an elegant, modern and robust design and simple controls. The large handgrip is coated with thick, textured rubber and provides a very secure hold. Most notably, it's worth noting that it comes with a new selection of original accessories, which can expand its capabilities even further.
Photos were generally detailed and vivid, particularly at lower ISO settings, although images do appear a bit matted than some of its competition. One of the hallmarks of DSLR cameras is the fact that the lenses are interchangeable. If you’re going to be shooting high-speed sport and action, the other thing you’ll look out for is an EVF that features no viewfinder blackout. The display of the Sony can tilt at a full 180 degrees, so you can use the camera to capture high-quality selfies, too. The camera is very comfortable and handy, weighing only 849g which is very useful for photographers who travel a lot. Overall, the last image taking device handles very nicely for such a and advanced camera. If it works consistently in a wide range of real-world shooting situations (cities, landscapes or portraits ), and with the majority of well-known Sony lenses, then we think Sony Alpha A99 II could well be on to a winner.
Lens Mount Sony/Minolta Alpha
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DUERST, DIANE LOUISE thru DUESEL, EARL A.
The Key To Economic Justice And Prosperity: Scroll Down
DUERST, DIANE LOUISE was born 26 January 1961, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 4805 Inverness Ct, #102, Palm Harbor, Florida 34685. Florida voter ID number 107072709. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 1505 S ROSE FARM RD, WOODSTOCK IL 60098-9562. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 October 2018.
Duerst, Emily was born 20 May 1983, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 3450 S Ocean Blvd, Palm Beach, Florida 33480. Florida voter ID number 127335677. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUERST, GAIL MARIE was born 7 March 1958, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2932 Bougainvillea St, Sarasota, Florida 34239. Florida voter ID number 100092429. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 March 2019 voter list: GAIL MARIE DUERST, 3047 BOUGAINVILLEA ST, SARASOTA, 34239 Florida Democratic Party.
DUERST, HUNTER GARRETT was born 21 September 1994, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4125 Park St N, #139, St Petersburg, Florida 33709. Florida voter ID number 124207883. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2020 voter list: Hunter Garrett Duerst, 5620 24Th AVE N, ST PETERSBURG, 33709 Republican Party of Florida.
Duerst, Hunter Garrett born 21 September 1994, Florida voter ID number 124207883 See DUERST, HUNTER GARRETT. CLICK HERE.
DUERST, JAMES M. born 30 November 1948, Florida voter ID number 100093487 See DUERST, JAMES MICHAEL. CLICK HERE.
DUERST, JAMES MICHAEL was born 30 November 1948, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 3745 Almeria Ave, #1S, Sarasota, Florida 34239. Florida voter ID number 100093487. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 April 2014 voter list: JAMES M. DUERST, 2932 BOUGAINVILLEA ST, SARASOTA, 34239 Republican Party of Florida.
DUERST, JENNA M. born 10 August 1993, Florida voter ID number 119835715 See Duerst, Jenna Marie. CLICK HERE.
Duerst, Jenna Marie was born 10 August 1993, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 7521 Sw 63Rd Ct, South Miami, Florida 33143. Florida voter ID number 119835715. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 September 2019 voter list: JENNA M. DUERST, 2932 BOUGAINVILLEA ST, SARASOTA, 33143 Florida Democratic Party.
DUERST, LAURA ALLISON was born 19 August 1985, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 11301 Plantation Lakes Cir, Sanford, Florida 32771. Florida voter ID number 104794650. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2014.
Duerst, Leonhard D. born 14 August 1934, Florida voter ID number 104782652 See DUERST, LEONHARD DANIEL E. CLICK HERE.
DUERST, LEONHARD DANIEL E was born 14 August 1934, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 300 E Church St, Apt 515, Orlando, Florida 32801. Florida voter ID number 104782652. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 June 2020 voter list: Leonhard D. Duerst, 5725 King James AVE, Leesburg, 32801 No Party Affiliation.
Duerst, Lisa Marie R was born 5 March 1965, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 909 Lido Cir E, Niceville, Florida 32578-4404. Florida voter ID number 106092450. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Duerst, Mark Allen was born 17 April 1956, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 12284 Sussex St, Fort Myers, Florida 33913. Florida voter ID number 117821447. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 July 2020 voter list: Mark Allen Duerst, 12950 Kentfield Ln, Fort Myers, 33913 Republican Party of Florida.
31 December 2018 voter list: Mark Allen Duerst, 20132 Cheetah Ln, Estero, 33913 Republican Party of Florida.
DUERST, MERCEDES LE MAE was born 21 December 1931, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 300 E Church St, Apt 515, Orlando, Florida 32801. Florida voter ID number 104782653. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 June 2020 voter list: Mercedes Le Mae Duerst, 5725 King James Ave, Leesburg, 32801 No Party Affiliation.
Duerst, Mercedes Le Mae born 21 December 1931, Florida voter ID number 104782653 See DUERST, MERCEDES LE MAE. CLICK HERE.
DUERST, NANCY ANN was born 2 May 1963, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 58 Weber Ln, Palm Coast, Florida 32164. Florida voter ID number 126101739. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUERST, NINA A. was born 25 August 1983, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1506 Farrindon Cir, Heathrow, Florida 32746. Florida voter ID number 112992326. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 3373 CRIPPLE CREEK TRL, BOULDER CO 80305-7164. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2014.
Duerst, Nury Fatima was born 18 October 1958, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 12284 Sussex St, Fort Myers, Florida 33913. Florida voter ID number 117823982. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 July 2020 voter list: Nury Fatima Duerst, 12950 Kentfield Ln, Fort Myers, 33913 Republican Party of Florida.
31 December 2018 voter list: Nury Fatima Duerst, 20132 Cheetah Ln, Estero, 33913 Republican Party of Florida.
DUERST, RICHARD JOSEPH was born 18 June 1946, is male, registered as Independent Party of Florida, residing at 58 Weber Ln, Palm Coast, Florida 32164. Florida voter ID number 126101770. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Duerst, Samantha A. born 5 May 1988, Florida voter ID number 115628445 See Duerst, Samantha Anne. CLICK HERE.
Duerst, Samantha Anne was born 5 May 1988, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 909 Lido Cir E, Niceville, Florida 32578-4404. Florida voter ID number 115628445. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2013 voter list: Samantha A. Duerst, 909 Lido Cir E, Niceville, 32578-4404 No Party Affiliation.
Duerst, Steven was born 20 July 1990, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 909 Lido Cir E, Niceville, Florida 32578. Florida voter ID number 115628290. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Duerst, Steven was born 2 December 1959, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 909 Lido Cir E, Niceville, Florida 32578-4404. Florida voter ID number 106092452. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUERST, STEVEN JAMES born 6 July 1988, Florida voter ID number 114777594 See Duerst, Steven James. CLICK HERE.
Duerst, Steven James was born 6 July 1988, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 210 3Rd St W, Apt 2303, Bradenton, Florida 34205-8863. Florida voter ID number 114777594. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 March 2020 voter list: Steven James Duerst, 1340 Carlton Arms Dr, apt D, Bradenton, 34205-8863 Republican Party of Florida.
30 September 2018 voter list: STEVEN JAMES DUERST, 2932 BOUGAINVILLEA ST, SARASOTA, 34205-8863 Republican Party of Florida.
DUERST, TARA RINDA born 17 October 1990, Florida voter ID number 115928432 See DUERST, TARA RINDA LEE. CLICK HERE.
DUERST, TARA RINDA LEE born 17 October 1990, Florida voter ID number 115928432 See GARNER, TARA RINDA LEE. CLICK HERE.
DUERST, TRACY LEE was born 9 May 1968, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4125 Park St N, #139, St Petersburg, Florida 33709. Florida voter ID number 106979771. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2020 voter list: TRACY LEE DUERST, 5620 24TH AVE N, ST PETERSBURG, 33709 Republican Party of Florida.
DUERSTEN, ALTHEA LAUREL was born 11 June 1951, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 4333 N Ocean Blvd, Apt An1, Gulf Stream, Florida 33483. Florida voter ID number 124707412. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUERSTEN, MICHAEL J. was born 1 March 1928, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 32 Laurel Oaks Cir, Tequesta, Florida 33469. Florida voter ID number 112477937. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 August 2014.
DUERSTEN, ROBERT A. born 2 March 1955, Florida voter ID number 111753042 See Duersten, Robert Allen. CLICK HERE.
Duersten, Robert Allen was born 2 March 1955, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 9403 Se Randall Ct, Apt H, Hobe Sound, Florida 33455. Florida voter ID number 111753042. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 August 2020 voter list: Robert Allen Duersten, 32 Laurel Oaks Cir, Tequesta, 33455 Republican Party of Florida.
30 November 2014 voter list: ROBERT A. DUERSTEN, 1606 KINGSLEY RD, JUPITER, 33455 Republican Party of Florida.
DUERSTINE, ALYSSA SIMONE was born 24 July 1998, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6202 Piedmont Dr, Spring Hill, Florida 34606. Florida voter ID number 128540221. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Duerstock, Alicia was born 11 August 1944, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6638 Tonetta Way, Apt 203, New Port Richey, Florida 34653. Florida voter ID number 122623245. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 July 2019 voter list: Alicia Duerstock, 6507 Thicket TRL, New Port Richey, 34653 Florida Democratic Party.
DUERSTOCK, CAROL S. was born 27 January 1943, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 12 Hammock Pl, Safety Harbor, Florida 34695. Florida voter ID number 107330484. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUERSTOCK, GERTRUDE was born 12 December 1936, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 9206 Belvedere St, Spring Hill, Florida 34608. Florida voter ID number 104456520. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2017.
DUERSTOCK, ROBERT J. was born 9 July 1935, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 9206 Belvedere St, Spring Hill, Florida 34608-5603. Florida voter ID number 104456519. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016.
DUERSTOCK, ROBERT S. was born 14 June 1969, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1016 Bonita Dr, Pensacola, Florida 32507. Florida voter ID number 103940755. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 1652 LAUGHTER RD S, HERNANDO MS 38632-9292. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012.
DUERSTOCK, STUART WAIT was born 28 September 1937, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 12 Hammock Pl, Safety Harbor, Florida 34695-5213. Florida voter ID number 107343157. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUERTO, CARLOS E. was born 15 November 1958, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 2004 Sw 20Th Pl, Boynton Beach, Florida 33426. Florida voter ID number 123484795. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2019 voter list: CARLOS E. DUERTO, 5701 NW 2ND AVE, APT 205, BOCA RATON, 33426 No Party Affiliation.
DUERTO, KELLYE A. born 16 November 1958, Florida voter ID number 112312056 See Duerto, Kellye Anne. CLICK HERE.
Duerto, Kellye Anne was born 16 November 1958, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2004 Sw 20Th Pl, Boynton Beach, Florida 33426. Florida voter ID number 112312056. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 October 2018 voter list: KELLYE A. DUERTO, 5701 NW 2ND AVE, BOCA RATON, 33426 Republican Party of Florida.
DUERTO, KITA born 2 June 1992, Florida voter ID number 119809529 See Duerto, Kita. CLICK HERE.
Duerto, Kita born 2 June 1992, Florida voter ID number 119809529 See Duerto, Kita Ivy. CLICK HERE.
Duerto, Kita Ivy was born 2 June 1992, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 333 Ne Mizner Blvd, Apt Th6, Boca Raton, Florida 33432. Florida voter ID number 119809529. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 August 2020 voter list: Kita Ivy Duerto, 30 NE 20th Ave, APT 4, Deerfield Beach, 33432 No Party Affiliation.
31 December 2019 voter list: Kita Duerto, 1010 N Swallow Tail Dr, UNIT 1407, Port Orange, 33432 No Party Affiliation.
31 August 2017 voter list: KITA DUERTO, 5701 NW 2ND AVE, #205, BOCA RATON, 33432 No Party Affiliation.
Duerto De Villarroel, Betinitza was born 10 November 1953, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 678 Siesta Key Cir, Apt 2227, Deerfield Beach, Florida 33441-7894. Florida voter ID number 120992252. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 2605 Gulfstream Rd, Palm Springs FL 33406. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 June 2015 voter list: Betinitza Duerto De Villarroel, 678 Siesta Key Cir, APT 2227, Deerfield Beach, 33441-7894 No Party Affiliation.
Duerton, Cynthia L. was born 4 March 1959, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 345 Nw 3Rd St, Miami, Florida 33128. Florida voter ID number 116056625. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012.
Duerto Pupo, Lilian was born 18 March 1971, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 5780 Fernley Dr W, Apt 91, West Palm Beach, Florida 33415. Florida voter ID number 125700082. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUERWACHTER, DONNA J. was born 7 January 1950, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1600 Baywood Way, Sarasota, Florida 34231. Florida voter ID number 115099125. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2013 voter list: Donna J. Duerwachter, 1008 Rainbow Ct, Bradenton, 34231 Republican Party of Florida.
Duerwachter, Donna J. born 7 January 1950, Florida voter ID number 115099125 See DUERWACHTER, DONNA J. CLICK HERE.
DUERWACHTER, STEVEN S. was born 25 July 1948, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1600 Baywood Way, Sarasota, Florida 34231. Florida voter ID number 115099129. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2012 voter list: Steven S. Duerwachter, 1008 Rainbow CT, Bradenton, 34231 Republican Party of Florida.
Duerwachter, Steven S. born 25 July 1948, Florida voter ID number 115099129 See DUERWACHTER, STEVEN S. CLICK HERE.
Duerwald, Andrew G. was born 14 November 1942, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5260 S Landings Dr, Unit 901, Fort Myers, Florida 33919. Florida voter ID number 114859531. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Duerwald, Connie L. was born 5 December 1949, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5260 S Landings Dr, Unit 901, Fort Myers, Florida 33919. Florida voter ID number 114188057. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUER-WHYTE, HENRIETTA ISABELLE was born 24 October 1957, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 8128 Gabanna Dr, Sarasota, Florida 34231. Florida voter ID number 122268012. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 September 2015 voter list: HENRIETTA ISABELLE DUER-WHYTE, 546 FREELING DR, SARASOTA, 34231 Republican Party of Florida.
Dues, Alexander Waymon was born 12 October 1981, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3248 Ribbon Grass Dr, Melbourne, Florida 32940. Florida voter ID number 128360275. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 August 2020 voter list: Alexander Waymon Dues, 2155 Judge Fran Jamieson WAY, APT 210, Melbourne, 32940 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Annette Y. was born 1 January 1954, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 672 Ivy St, Jacksonville, Florida 32206. Florida voter ID number 103407310. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 July 2018 voter list: Annette Y. Dues, 241 Tallulah Ave, Jacksonville, 32206 Florida Democratic Party.
News flash: Rights are not gifts from the government.
DUES, ANTHONY WILLIAM was born 19 April 1976, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1744 Hollow Glen Dr, Middleburg, Florida 32068-6880. Florida voter ID number 123800652. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 June 2019 voter list: ANTHONY WILLIAM DUES, 2088 CREEKMONT DR, MIDDLEBURG, 32068-6880 No Party Affiliation.
DUES, BONNIE M. was born 9 November 1950, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 39702 Nw 24Th Dr, Okeechobee, Florida 34972. Florida voter ID number 108131795. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2017 voter list: BONNIE M. DUES, 426 SW SEAFLOWER TER, PT ST LUCIE, 34972 Republican Party of Florida.
31 May 2012 voter list: BONNIE M. DUES, 2581 SW BAER ST, PT ST LUCIE, 34972 Republican Party of Florida.
Dues, Brandon A. was born 11 March 1988, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3512 N Arlington Ave, Tampa, Florida 33603. Florida voter ID number 122809855. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 September 2015 voter list: Brandon A. Dues, 10388 CARROLLWOOD LN, APT 285, Tampa, 33603 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Brandon Thomas was born 9 September 1984, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1946 Mooring Dr, Navarre, Florida 32566. Florida voter ID number 120192599. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 2339 Huntington Station Court, Alexandria VA 22303. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Brian Matthew was born 27 September 1982, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 16810 Bellwood Mnr, Tampa, Florida 33618-1123. Florida voter ID number 125860746. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 April 2019 voter list: Brian Matthew Dues, 14004 Clubhouse CIR, APT 405, Tampa, 33618-1123 No Party Affiliation.
Dues, Bryan T. born 7 October 1977, Florida voter ID number 100860835 See Dues, Bryan Taylor. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Bryan Taylor was born 7 October 1977, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2355 Twin Bay Vw, Ft Walton Bch, Florida 32547-1895. Florida voter ID number 100860835. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 March 2019 voter list: Bryan Taylor Dues, 1204 Foxfire Ct, Melbourne, 32547-1895 Republican Party of Florida.
31 May 2012 voter list: Bryan T. Dues, 1204 Foxfire CT, Melbourne, 32547-1895 Republican Party of Florida.
Dues, Caroline Elizabeth was born 12 September 1976, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 15303 Summerwind Dr, Tampa, Florida 33624-2118. Florida voter ID number 125380293. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 January 2019 voter list: Caroline Elizabeth Dues, 4917 W McElroy Ave, Tampa, 33624-2118 No Party Affiliation.
Dues, Cassidy Michelle was born 25 October 2001, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 916 Haymarket Dr, Lakeland, Florida 33809. Florida voter ID number 128162868. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Cherie Roxanne was born 11 March 1979, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3248 Ribbon Grass Dr, Melbourne, Florida 32940. Florida voter ID number 128360291. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 August 2020 voter list: Cherie Roxanne Dues, 2155 Judge Fran Jamieson WAY, APT 210, Melbourne, 32940 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Danell was born 30 August 1987, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 672 Ivy St, Jacksonville, Florida 32206. Florida voter ID number 116906437. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 October 2016 voter list: Darnell Dues, 241 Tallulah Ave, Jacksonville, 32206 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Darnell was born 19 June 1986, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3807 Stuart St, Jacksonville, Florida 32209. Florida voter ID number 103682819. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 September 2017.
Dues, Darnell born 30 August 1987, Florida voter ID number 116906437 See Dues, Danell. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Darnell A. was born 2 October 1971, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1497 W 33Rd St, Jacksonville, Florida 32209. Florida voter ID number 117133301. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 11794 HIGH PLAINS DR E, JACKSONVILLE FL 32218. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 August 2017.
30 April 2016 voter list: Darnell A. Dues, 11794 High Plains Dr E, Jacksonville, 32209 Florida Democratic Party.
31 March 2016 voter list: Darnell A. Dues, 1877 W 33RD ST, Jacksonville, 32209 Florida Democratic Party.
30 June 2015 voter list: Darnell A. Dues, 1877 33Rd ST W, Jacksonville, 32209 Florida Democratic Party.
31 January 2015 voter list: Darnell A. Dues, 11794 High Plains Dr E, Jacksonville, 32209 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2013 voter list: Darnell A. Dues, 1532 Golf Forest Dr, Jacksonville, 32209 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Deborah Rose was born 17 March 1953, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3434 Blanding Blvd, Unit 229, Jacksonville, Florida 32210-5212. Florida voter ID number 103882444. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 March 2019 voter list: Deborah Rose Dues, 4375 Confederate Point RD, 24X, Jacksonville, 32210-5212 Florida Democratic Party.
31 August 2015 voter list: Deborah Rose Dues, 4375 Confederate Pt RD, 24X, Jacksonville, 32210-5212 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2012 voter list: Deborah R. Bridges, 2056 Hartridge St, Jacksonville, 32210-5212 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Donell was born 27 May 1953, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 241 Tallulah Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32208. Florida voter ID number 127721470. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Dylan David Ray was born 5 October 2002, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 120 Tower Rd, Lakeland, Florida 33809. Florida voter ID number 128404897. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Ebonie M. was born 20 September 1983, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5813 Pompano Dr, Jacksonville, Florida 32277. Florida voter ID number 103436806. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 1435 Boggs Rd Apt 3205, Duluth GA 30096-1236. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 October 2016.
Dues, Fadale was born 11 December 1990, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1532 Golf Forest Dr, Jacksonville, Florida 32208. Florida voter ID number 116154563. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 300 E 13Th St Apt 516, Woodbine GA 31569-3522. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 October 2016.
31 May 2012 voter list: Fudale Dues, 1532 Golf Forest Dr, Jacksonville, 32208 Florida Democratic Party.
DUES, FRANCES J. was born 15 November 1934, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 15504 Brookridge Blvd, Brooksville, Florida 34613. Florida voter ID number 104473943. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Fudale born 11 December 1990, Florida voter ID number 116154563 See Dues, Fadale. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Gerald Leon was born 6 December 1992, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6406 Silk Leaf Ln, Jacksonville, Florida 32244. Florida voter ID number 118688316. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 October 2018.
Dues, Gladys Suzanne was born 12 November 1937, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2430 Windsong Ln, Vernon, Florida 32462. Florida voter ID number 108899836. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: PO BOX 708, VERNON FL 32462. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Gretchen Covert was born 29 July 1976, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 2355 Twin Bay Vw, Ft Walton Bch, Florida 32547-1895. Florida voter ID number 100860836. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 November 2019 voter list: Gretchen Covert Dues, 101 James Lee Blvd E, Crestview, 32547-1895 No Party Affiliation.
30 September 2015 voter list: Gretchen Covert Dues, 778 Boulevard Of The Champions, Shalimar, 32547-1895 No Party Affiliation.
31 January 2014 voter list: Gretchen Covert Dues, 778 Blvd Of The Champions, Shalimar, 32547-1895 No Party Affiliation.
31 May 2013 voter list: Gretchen Covert Dues, 1204 Foxfire Ct, Melbourne, 32547-1895 No Party Affiliation.
DUES, HAROLD J. born 29 October 1943, Florida voter ID number 114279285 See Dues, Harold Joseph. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Harold Joseph was born 29 October 1943, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 9725 Deerfoot Dr, Fort Myers, Florida 33919. Florida voter ID number 114279285. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2012 voter list: HAROLD J. DUES, 16320 DUBLIN CIR, #101, FORT MYERS, 33919 Florida Democratic Party.
DUES, HOWARD M. was born 12 July 1927, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 15504 Brookridge Blvd, Brooksville, Florida 34613. Florida voter ID number 104473944. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 June 2015.
DUES, JENNIFER LYNN born 25 May 1978, Florida voter ID number 113647110 See Dues, Jennifer Lynn. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Jennifer Lynn was born 25 May 1978, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3961 Strickland Mnr, Lakeland, Florida 33812. Florida voter ID number 113647110. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2012 voter list: JENNIFER LYNN DUES, 526 HEARTLAND CIR, MULBERRY, 33812 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Johnetta A. was born 13 August 1968, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2056 Hartridge St, Jacksonville, Florida 32209. Florida voter ID number 103683579. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, John L. was born 9 September 1949, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5787 Teeler Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32208. Florida voter ID number 103575108. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 22 October 2014.
Dues, John Lee was born 28 December 1987, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 5787 Teeler Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32208. Florida voter ID number 103243481. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 601 Ashley Pl, Stone Mountain GA 30083-3395. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Joseph Robert was born 13 May 1979, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 120 Tower Rd, Lakeland, Florida 33809. Florida voter ID number 118138730. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Kelly Lynn was born 29 March 1967, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1806 Mira Lago Cir, Ruskin, Florida 33570. Florida voter ID number 127640878. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Kimberly L. was born 3 October 1981, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5787 Teeler Ave, Jacksonville, Florida 32208. Florida voter ID number 103579520. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 601 Ashley Pl, Stone Mountain GA 30083-3395. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2020.
31 July 2018 voter list: Kimberly L. Dues, 2871 W 8TH ST, Jacksonville, 32208 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2017 voter list: Kimberly L. Dues, 1714 Rutledge Ave, Jacksonville, 32208 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Kylie Anne was born 8 July 1993, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 2620 Sr 17 South, Lot 17, Avon Park, Florida 33825. Florida voter ID number 127224310. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Latisha S. born 22 July 1987, Florida voter ID number 103850553 See Dues, Latisha Samone. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Latisha Samone was born 22 July 1987, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 672 Ivy St, Jacksonville, Florida 32206. Florida voter ID number 103850553. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 October 2018 voter list: Latisha S. Dues, 672 Ivy St, Jacksonville, 32206 Florida Democratic Party.
30 September 2018 voter list: Latisha S. Bryson, 5321 Cruz Rd, Jacksonville, 32206 Florida Democratic Party.
31 January 2015 voter list: Latisha S. Bryson, 3501 Townsend Blvd, Apt 195, Jacksonville, 32206 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2012 voter list: Latisha S. Bryson, 5321 Cruz Rd, Jacksonville, 32206 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Leonni A. born 11 October 2001, Florida voter ID number 127988247 See Dues, Leonni Aundrea. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Leonni Aundrea was born 11 October 2001, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 991 Chalmet Ln, Jacksonville, Florida 32218. Florida voter ID number 127988247. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
26 October 2020 voter list: Leonni A. Dues, 991 Chalmet Ln, Jacksonville, 32218 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Nicole Ashley was born 7 November 1985, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1946 Mooring Dr, Navarre, Florida 32566. Florida voter ID number 102343198. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 2339 Huntington Station Court, Alexandria VA 22303. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 November 2015 voter list: Nicole Ashley Rose, 1946 Mooring Dr, Navarre, 32566 Florida Democratic Party.
31 March 2015 voter list: Nicole Ashley Rose, 2111 Pine TER, SARASOTA, 32566 Florida Democratic Party.
31 March 2014 voter list: Nicole Ashley Rose, 2508 SW 35Th Pl, APT S-112, Gainesville, 32566 Florida Democratic Party.
DUES, RAYMOND ARTHUR was born 10 June 1958, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1 Clay County, Grn Cv Spgs, Florida 32043. Florida voter ID number 117087467. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: GENERAL DELIVERY, ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD 21005-9999. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 December 2014.
Dues, Richard Quay was born 3 May 1977, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 916 Haymarket Dr, Lakeland, Florida 33809. Florida voter ID number 113725954. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Ronald Anthony was born 19 November 1950, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6890 Sw 44Th St, Apt 109, Miami, Florida 33155. Florida voter ID number 116628688. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 5206 Mattershorn Dr, Louisville KY 40216. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2014.
DUES, RONALD P. was born 18 February 1949, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 39702 Nw 24Th Dr, Okeechobee, Florida 34972. Florida voter ID number 108131797. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2017 voter list: RONALD PAUL DUES, 426 SW SEAFLOWER TER, PT ST LUCIE, 34972 Republican Party of Florida.
DUES, RONALD PAUL born 18 February 1949, Florida voter ID number 108131797 See DUES, RONALD P. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Ronald Richard was born 20 February 1935, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2430 Windsong Ln, Vernon, Florida 32462. Florida voter ID number 108900933. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: PO BOX 708, Vernon FL 32462. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Scott Charles was born 2 May 1956, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1806 Mira Lago Cir, Ruskin, Florida 33570. Florida voter ID number 127640915. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Dues, Sharon was born 11 March 1959, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2133 Lennox Dale Ln, Brandon, Florida 33510-3351. Florida voter ID number 111097286. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 January 2020 voter list: Sharon Dues, 6221 Watermark DR, APT 203, Riverview, 33510-3351 Florida Democratic Party.
28 February 2018 voter list: Sharon Dues, 1916 22ND AVE, VERO BEACH, 33510-3351 Florida Democratic Party.
30 November 2016 voter list: Sharon Dues, 10388 Carrollwood LN, APT 285, Tampa, 33510-3351 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Stacy R. born 20 September 1978, Florida voter ID number 102897972 See Knisely, Stacy Culverwell. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Steven Edward was born 12 August 1959, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2645 Vareo Ct, Cape Coral, Florida 33991. Florida voter ID number 118573502. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 November 2018 voter list: Steven Edward Dues, 3904 SW 20Th Ave, Cape Coral, 33991 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Susan Diane was born 8 July 1953, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2645 Vareo Ct, Cape Coral, Florida 33991. Florida voter ID number 118601216. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 November 2018 voter list: Susan Diane Dues, 3904 SW 20Th Ave, Cape Coral, 33991 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Tanisha V. was born 12 September 1994, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3807 Stuart St, Jacksonville, Florida 32209. Florida voter ID number 122144968. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUES, THOMAS LEE was born 30 April 1949, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2285 Marsh Hawk Ln, Apt 2205, Fleming Island, Florida 32003. Florida voter ID number 124465745. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 December 2017.
DUES, TIFFANY RENEA born 13 March 1982, Florida voter ID number 113725928 See Dues, Tiffany Renea. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Tiffany Renea was born 13 March 1982, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 916 Haymarket Dr, Lakeland, Florida 33809-0000. Florida voter ID number 113725928. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 March 2015 voter list: TIFFANY RENEA DUES, 916 HAYMARKET DR, LAKELAND, 33809-0000 Republican Party of Florida.
Dues, Tiffine E. born 27 November 1970, Florida voter ID number 103304669 See Daniels, Tiffine E. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Timothy L. born 27 March 1952, Florida voter ID number 116726800 See Dues, Timothy Lee. CLICK HERE.
Dues, Timothy Lee was born 27 March 1952, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3350 North Key Dr, Apt A704, North Fort Myers, Florida 33903. Florida voter ID number 116726800. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 December 2019 voter list: Timothy L. Dues, 1920 Virginia Ave, UNIT 401, Fort Myers, 33903 Florida Democratic Party.
29 February 2016 voter list: Timothy L. Dues, 1920 Virginia Ave, #104, Fort Myers, 33903 Florida Democratic Party.
30 November 2015 voter list: Timothy L. Dues, 8284 Southwind Bay Cir, Fort Myers, 33903 Florida Democratic Party.
Dues, Tina Louise was born 18 September 1971, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 268 W 62Nd St, Jacksonville, Florida 32208-4636. Florida voter ID number 103244377. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
26 October 2020 voter list: Tina Louise Dues, 9421 Waynesboro AVE, Jacksonville, 32208-4636 Florida Democratic Party.
30 September 2018 voter list: Tina Louise Jones, 9421 Waynesboro AVE, Jacksonville, 32208-4636 Florida Democratic Party.
31 July 2018 voter list: Tina L. Jones, 11503 Americana Ln, Jacksonville, 32208-4636 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2013 voter list: Tina L. Jones, 3544 St Johns Bluff RD S, APT 209, Jacksonville, 32208-4636 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2012 voter list: Tina L. Jones, 1591 Lane Ave S, APT 16, Jacksonville, 32208-4636 Florida Democratic Party.
DUES, TONYA A. was born 9 January 1981, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1744 Hollow Glen Dr, Middleburg, Florida 32068. Florida voter ID number 103603867. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2019 voter list: TONYA ANN DUES, 2088 CREEKMONT DR, MIDDLEBURG, 32068 Republican Party of Florida.
28 February 2015 voter list: Tonya A. W650801815090, 3417 Charmont Dr, Jacksonville, 32068 Republican Party of Florida.
DUES, TONYA ANN born 9 January 1981, Florida voter ID number 103603867 See DUES, TONYA A. CLICK HERE.
DUES, WADE E. was born 19 November 1958, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 10909 Carnelian Ln, Riverview, Florida 33578. Florida voter ID number 110751681. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012.
Dues, Wade Everette was born 19 November 1958, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1916 22Nd Ave, Vero Beach, Florida 32960. Florida voter ID number 123880408. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
DUESBERG, CECILIA PATRICIA born 31 July 1968, Florida voter ID number 120642460 See Finlay, Cecilia Patricia. CLICK HERE.
Duesberg, Katherine M. was born 24 October 1945, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2 Oceans West Blvd, Unit 204, Daytona Bch Shores, Florida 32118. Florida voter ID number 115389061. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Duesberry, Terald R. was born 19 March 1960, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 11620 Meadowlane Dr, Dade City, Florida 33525. Florida voter ID number 125465071. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
Duesbery, Matthew Samuel was born 31 January 1967, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 7149 Trysail Cir, Tampa, Florida 33607-5844. Florida voter ID number 120751180. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 64 Briarwood Dr, Fredericksburg VA 22405-2823. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
30 November 2016 voter list: Matthew Samuel Duesbery, 11205 Bay Club Ct, Tampa, 33607-5844 No Party Affiliation.
31 March 2014 voter list: Matthew Samuel Duesbery, 6308 Bay Club CT, Tampa, 33607-5844 No Party Affiliation.
Duesbury, Carmen B. was born 4 November 1924, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1301 Sw 142Nd Ave, Apt 108 H, Pembroke Pines, Florida 33027. Florida voter ID number 102569806. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016.
Duescher, Colleen born 3 December 1926, Florida voter ID number 119864805 See Duescher, Colleen Beth. CLICK HERE.
Duescher, Colleen Beth was born 3 December 1926, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6608 Ridgewood Dr, Naples, Florida 34108. Florida voter ID number 119864805. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2020.
31 May 2016 voter list: Colleen Beth Duescher, 1710 SW Health Pkwy, APT 219, Naples, 34108 Republican Party of Florida.
31 January 2014 voter list: Colleen Duescher, 1710 SW Health Pkwy, APT 219, Naples, 34108 Republican Party of Florida.
DUESEL, EARL A. was born 5 February 1910, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 2950 Nw 5Th Ave, Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Florida voter ID number 112641842. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 174 FLORAL STREET, SHREWSBURY MA 01545. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 January 2014.
Abolish Zoning
The key to achieving economic justice and prosperity is to abolish the zoning restrictions. Immediately, an abundance of new jobs in demolition and construction will follow. The glut of new housing, meeting the latest code, would force down rents. Families could save money. If you want a house with a big yard, buy one, but bureaucrats backed by the long arm of the law have no right to force you to buy one.
Likewise, they force the builder to add a parking lot. Folks without cars obviously do not need that, but it increases their rents.
In a free country, somebody who buys all the land on a block could erect an apartment house from corner to corner. City Hall has no right to force them to add an off-street loading dock, but in practice it would be necessary because City Hall could forbid stopping on the street to load and unload moving vans. The ambulance would also need a place to park.
One hundred families living in one building will leak a lot less heat than one hundred single-family homes spread out on land that was recently a farm. With more persons waiting at each bus stop, bus companies could extend their hours and routes. In a free country, anybody could buy some buses, hire qualified drivers, and open a bus route.
If you have a car, don’t move into a place without parking, genius.
There will be plenty of opposition from residents who don’t want working class, immigrants and Black folks moving into “their” town. They think that a low traffic volume on “their” street is a right that belongs to folks who can afford a house on a side street. News flash: It is a public way.
Some landlords will face declining rents as the glut of new housing goes onto the market. Some will lose everything when they cannot make their mortgage payments. A similar thing happened in the 1860’s when slaves were emancipated.
If you cannot afford to move into an affluent suburb, then you cannot vote there, but you can vote for pro-liberty candidates for the State legislature, a body that can eliminate zoning by State law.
Monday 21 December 2020 08:50:22 UTC
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Jim Jinn-Chyuan SHEU
Current position: Professor and Chair
Institution /Faculty /Department : Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University
Jim J.-C. Sheu, molecular biologist, received his Ph.D. degree from National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan and post-doc training at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, USA. Before he went to Hopkins, Dr. Sheu served as Director of Protein Drugs at Development Center for Biotechnology (DCB), Taiwan to develop human neutralizing antibodies against infectious diseases. Dr. Sheu’s study focuses on the discovery of novel cancer-driving genes using genomewide technologies and their functional roles in cancer development. The research topics include genome instability triggered by aberrations of chromatin remodeling factors, gentotoxic shock induced by unbalanced ribosome biogenesis, and cancer stemness manipulated by cytoskeleton-mediated cell adhesion. Of note, Dr. Sheu recently discovered novel keratin fusion events during the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Since keratin filament is critical for mechano-sensing, nuclear integrity and gene regulation, his study thus reveals a novel mechanism in OSCC carcinogenesis. Achievements in cancer biology research made Dr. Sheu won “Marquis Who’s Who in the World” in 2013, and MOST (the Ministry of Science and Technology/Taiwan) Academic Research Award “Wu-Da-You Memorial Award” in 2014. He was also recognized as a Top 5% Biomedical Researcher in the World by Sparrho study in 2016.
Cancer genomics/genetics, Cell adhesion, Keratin filament, Mechanotransduction, Chromatin remodeling, Functional genomics in TCM (traditional Chinese medicine)
1. Chromatin remodeling factor Rsf-1 triggers genome instability during cancer development
2. Biological functions of novel keratin fusions in cancer stem cell development
3. Using ribosome biogenesis as a therapeutic target for treating endometriosis and the associated complications
Recent Highlight Projects
Keratin fusions induce cancer stemness by nuclear remodeling
Keratin intermediate filament (IF) is a component of cytoskeleton which provides necessary mechanical support for cells to conquer mechanical stresses. Recent studies in tissue engineering showed undeniable evidence that cell stiffness in response to the softness of extracellular matrix can direct stem cell reprogramming for differentiation via mechanotransduction. Our recent study identified several novel keratin chimeras in OSCC, and their existence correlated with cancer progression and poor clinical outcome. When expressed in OSCC cells, the keratin fusions competed with the wild type and disturbed the keratin network, resulting in reduced perinuclear array and nuclear deformation. Expression of carcinogen-responsive fusion variants in OSCC cells upregulated TGF- and G-CSF signaling, leading to cell stemness, drug tolerance, and cancer aggressiveness. Notably, cells expressing keratin fusions can easily adapt to a soft 3-D culture condition in vitro and formed larger, less differentiated tumors in vivo. Our study therefore revealed a novel mechanism in OSCC carcinogenesis via the formation of keratin chimeras.
Ambassador of European Association for Cancer Research (EACR)
Taiwan Research Highlight in Life Sciences field in Global Affairs and Science Engagement (GASE) report 2019 Nov.
F1000Prime Highly Recommended Research
Distinguished Young Investigator of National Sun Yatsen University
Top 5% Biomedical Researcher in the World by Sparrho study
IBC Outstanding Scientific Achievement/International Biographical Centre, Cambridge
National Science Council Academic Research Award-Wu-Da-You Memorial Award / TAIWAN
Outstanding Research Awards by China Medical University
2013 Marquis Who's Who in the world
Medical Young Investigator Award sponsored by Prof. Chen-Yuan Lee Foundation
Professional Memberships and Services
Jan 2009-
American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Mar 2014-
European Association for Cancer Research (EACR)
The Chinese Society of Cell Molecular Biology (CSCMB)
Dec 2016-
Taiwan Endometriosis Society (TES)
Oct 2018-
The Chinese Physiological Society (CPS)
Feb 2019-
Taiwan Society for Mechanobiology (TSM)
Chair of Institute of Biomedical Sciences / National Sun Yatsen University / TAIWAN
May 2019-Jan 2020
Associate VP of Research & Development at National Sun Yatsen University / TAIWAN
CEO for Higher Education Sprout Project at National Sun Yatsen University / TAIWAN
Aug 2018-Apr 2019
Director for Research Resources at National Sun Yatsen University / TAIWAN
Review Board Member of Life Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan
Review Board Member of Foresight and Innovation Policies, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan
Review Board Member of Human Biobank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University
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You searched for: “Jefferson, Thomas; Opinions on; U.S. military preparedness”
sorted by: relevance
Thomas Jefferson to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 26 February 1810
To Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Monticello Feb. 26. 10.
My dear General & friend
I have rarely written to you; never but by safe conveyances; & avoiding every thing political, lest, coming from one in the station I then held, it might be imputed injuriously to our country, or perhaps even excite jealousy of you. hence my letters were necessarily dry. retired now from public concerns, totally unconnected with them, and avoiding all curiosity about what is done or intended, what I say is from myself only, the workings of my own mind, imputable to nobody else. The anxieties which I know you have felt, on seeing exposed to the justlings of a warring world, a country to which in early life you devoted your sword & services, when oppressed by foreign dominion, were worthy of your philanthropy & disinterested attachment to the freedom and happiness of man. altho’ we have not made all the provisions which might be necessary for a war in the field of Europe, yet we have not been inattentive to such as would be necessary here. from the moment that the affair of the Chesapeake rendered the prospect of war imminent, every faculty was exerted to be prepared for it, & I think I may venture to solace you with the assurance that we are in a good degree prepared. military stores for many campaigns are on hand, all the necessary articles (sulphur excepted) & the art of preparing them among ourselves abundantly, arms in our magazines for more men than will ever be required in the field, & 40,000. new stand yearly added, of our own fabrication, superior to any we have ever seen from Europe; heavy artillery much beyond our need, an increasing stock of field pieces, several founderies casting one every other day, each; a military school of about 50. students which has been in operation a dozen years, and the manufacture of men constantly going on, and adding 40,000. young souldiers to our force every year that the war is deferred: at all our seaport towns of the least consequence we have erected works of defence, and assigned them gunboats, carrying one or two heavy pieces, either 18s 24s or 32 pounders, sufficient, in the smaller harbors to repel the predatory attacks of privateers or single armed ships, & proportioned in the larger harbors to such more serious attacks as they may probably be exposed [to].1 all these were nearly completed, & their gunboats in readiness, when I retired from the government. the works of New York & New Orleans alone, being on a much larger scale, are not yet compleated. the former will be finished this summer, [mounting 438. guns,]2 & with the aid of from 50. to 100. gunboats will be adequate to the resistance of any fleet which will ever be trusted across the Atlantic; the works for N. Orleans are less advanced. these are our preparations. they are very different from what you will be told by newspapers, and travellers, even Americans. but it is not to them the government communicates the public condition. ask one of them if he knows the exact state of any particular3 harbour, and you will find probably that he does not know even that of the one he comes from. you will ask perhaps where are the proofs of these preparations for one who cannot go & see them. I answer, in the acts of Congress authorising such preparations, & in your knolege of me that, if authorised, they would be executed. two measures have not been adopted which I pressed on Congress repeatedly at their meetings. the one, to settle the whole ungranted territory of Orleans by donations of land to able bodied young men, to be engaged & carried there at the public expence, who would constitute a force always ready on the spot to defend New Orleans.the other was to class the militia according to the years of their birth, & make all those from 20. to 25. liable to be trained & called into service at a moment’s warning. this would have given us a force of 300,000. young men, prepared by proper training for service in any part of the US. while those who had passed thro’ that period would remain at home liable to be used in their own or adjacent states. these two measures would have compleated what I deemed necessary for the entire security of our country. they would have given me, on my retirement from the government, of the nation, the consolatory reflection that having found, when I was called to it, not a single seaport town in a condition to repel a levy of contribution by a single privateer or pirate, I had left every harbor so prepared by works & gunboats as to be in a reasonable state of security against any probable attack, the territory of Orleans acquired & planted with an internal force sufficient for it’s protection, & the whole territory of the US. organised by such a classification of it’s male force as would give it the benefit of all it’s young population for active service, and that of a middle & advanced age for stationary defence. but these measures will, I hope, be compleated by my successor, who, to the purest principles of republican patriotism, adds a wisdom & foresight second to no man on earth.
So much as to my country. now a word as to myself. I am retired to Monticello, where, in the bosom of my family, & surrounded by my books, I enjoy a repose to which I have been long a stranger. my mornings are devoted to correspondence. from breakfast to dinner I am in my shops, my garden, or on horseback among my farms; from dinner to dark I give to society & recreation with my neighbors & friends; & from candlelight to early bed-time I read. my health is perfect; and my strength considerably reinforced by the activity of the course I pursue; perhaps it is as great as usually falls to the lot of near 67.4 years of age. I talk of ploughs & harrows, seeding & harvesting, with my neighbors, & of politics too, if they chuse, with as little reserve as the rest of my fellow citizens, & feel at length the blessing of being free to say & do what I please, without being responsible for it to any mortal. a part of my occupation, & by no means the least pleasing, is the direction of the studies of such young men as ask it. they place themselves in the neighboring village, and have the use of my library & counsel, & make a part of my society. in advising the course of their reading, I endeavor to keep their attention fixed on the main objects of all science, the freedom & happiness of man. so that coming to bear a share in the councils and government of their country, they will keep ever in view the sole objects of all legitimate government.
From this portion of my personal condition, I must turn to another of unpleasant hue, and apologize to you for what has given me much mortification. for some time before I retired from the government I anxiously endeavored to have all outstanding accounts called in, & no new ones contracted, that I might retire, at least without any embarrasment of debt. wholly occupied with the care of the public affairs, I was obliged to trust to others for that of my own: and in the last moments of my stay in Washington, notwithstanding my precautions, accounts came in in a mass so overwhelming as to exceed all my resources by ten or twelve thousand Dollars. a friend accomodated me readily with a considerable part of the deficiency, to be reimbursed out of the first proceeds of my estate. while sunk in affliction as to the residue, mr Barnes suggested that the public were paying off the whole of the 8. percent stock, that he had not yet recieved yours of that description, or reinvested it in any other form: that he had thought of placing it in bank stock, but, he supposed, if I should pay you an interest equal to the dividends on bank stock, it would be indifferent to you from what hand your profits came: & that the 4500.D. of yours then disengaged, would entirely relieve my remaining deficiency. the proposition was like a beam of light; & I was satisfied that were you on the spot to be consulted the kindness of your heart would be gratified, while recieving punctually the interest for your own subsistence, to let the principal be so disposed of for a time, as to lift a friend out of distress. I therefore gave mr Barnes a proper written acknolegement of the debt, & he applied your 8. percent principal to the closing of my affairs. I was the more encouraged to do this, because I knew it was not your intention to call your capital from this country during your life, & that should any accident happen to you, it’s charitable destination, as directed by the paper you left with me, would not be at all delayed. I have set apart an estate of 3000.D. a year which I have at5 some distance from Monticello, & which is now engaged in reimbursing what was furnished by the friend I alluded to. it will be nearly accomplished by the close of this year. two more years will suffice for the residue of that, & yours; when this part of your funds can again be invested in some of the monied institutions. the diversion of it from them for 4. or 5. years, will in the mean time have saved me. but the affliction is a sore one, & needs the solace of your approbation. instead of the unalloyed happiness of retiring, unembarrased & independent, to the enjoiment of my estate, which is ample for my limited views, I have to pass such a length of time in a thraldom of mind never before known to me. except for this, my happiness would have been perfect. that yours may never know6 disturbance, & that you may enjoy as many years of life, health & ease as yourself shall wish, is the sincere prayer of your constant & affectionate friend.
Th: Jefferson
P.S. I put under cover herewith mr Barnes’s letter with his annual account & a remittance of £200. sterl. the Duplicates shall follow by another occasion.
RC (PlKMN); first four pages only; at foot of first page: “Genl Kosciuzko.” RC (Herbert R. Strauss, Chicago, 1953); final page only. PoC (DLC). Dupl (PlKMN); at head of text: “Duplicate. Original sent soon after date.” Enclosures not found. Enclosed in TJ to John Graham, 26 Feb., 15 July 1810, TJ to David Bailie Warden, 15 July 1810, and TJ to Kosciuszko, 16 Apr. 1811.
On 22 June 1807 HMS Leopard provoked a crisis in Anglo-American relations by firing on the United States frigate chesapeake, inflicting casualties, obliging it to lower its flag, subjecting it to a search for British deserters, and taking several members of its crew into custody (Malone, Jefferson description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and his Time, 1948–81, 6 vols. description ends , 5:416–23, 428–9). sulphur is one of the primary ingredients of gunpowder. The American military school at West Point, New York, was actually founded in 1802 (U.S. Statutes at Large description begins Richard Peters, ed., The Public Statutes at Large of the United States . . . 1789 to March 3, 1845, 1855–56, 8 vols. description ends , 2:137).
James Madison was the friend who accomodated me readily by endorsing TJ’s note (Madison to TJ, 30 May 1809). By his proper written acknolegement of his debt to Kosciuszko, TJ evidently meant his letter of 15 June 1809 to John Barnes. The paper Kosciuszko left with TJ when he returned to Europe was his will of 5 May 1798, which dedicated the proceeds from the sale of his American possessions following his death to freeing and educating as many slaves as possible. A later will revoked this provision (PTJ description begins Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1950– , 31 vols. description ends , 30:332–3).
1. Word supplied from PoC and Dupl.
2. Preceding three words supplied from PoC and Dupl.
3. Word interlined in place of “one.”
4. Reworked from “77.”
5. Fourth page of RC ends here.
6. Word interlined in place of “need.”
Army, U.S.; and militia search
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Kosciuszko, Tadeusz
“Thomas Jefferson to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 26 February 1810,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-02-02-0211. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 2, 16 November 1809 to 11 August 1810, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005, pp. 257–261.]
From Kosciuszko to Jefferson [20 May 1809]
From Kosciuszko to Jefferson [1 March 1811]
All correspondence between Kosciuszko and Jefferson
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